Context: Flit

Context: what is its storyline?

Context: who did the animation of the movie?

Context: Glen Keane

Context: how much did the movie make?

Context: It grossed $346.1 million worldwide.

Context: who directed this movie?

Context: Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg

Context: November 5th, 1954.

Context: He was also an animator.

Context: who are an animator?

Context: are there different fields in them?

Context: what was the name of that video?

Context: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

Question: how accurate from history is the first part of the movie?

Answer: It is loosely based on the life of the Native American woman Pocahontas.

Explanation: Pocahontas is a 1995 American animated musical historical romantic drama film loosely based on the life of the Native American woman Pocahontas.


Context: what's the hummingbird's name in pocahontas

Context: Flit

Context: what is its storyline?

Context: is a 1995 American animated musical historical romantic drama film loosely based on the life of the Native American woman Pocahontas. It portrays a fictionalized account of her historical encounter with Englishman John Smith and the Jamestown settlers that arrived from the Virginia Company.

Context: can you mention few voice artists who worked in the movie?

Context: Gordon Tootoosis, Christian Bale and Irene Bedard, to name a few.

Context: who did the animation of the movie?

Context: Glen Keane

Context: how much did the movie make?

Context: It grossed $346.1 million worldwide.

Context: who directed this movie?

Context: Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg

Context: when was the first mentioned person born?

Context: November 5th, 1954.

Context: what are his other professions apart from director?

Context: He was also an animator.

Context: who are an animator?

Context: An animator is an artist who creates multiple images, known as frames, which give an illusion of movement called animation when displayed in rapid sequence.

Context: are there different fields in them?

Context: Yes, they work in a variety of fields including film, television, and video games.

Context: is the a sequel to the aforementioned movie?

Context: Yes, was followed by a direct-to-video sequel.

Context: what was the name of that video?

Context: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

Context: how accurate from history is the first part of the movie?

Context: It is loosely based on the life of the Native American woman Pocahontas.

Question: who was the writer of this movie?

Answer: Carl Binder

Pocahontas (1995 film) [SEP] Writing

In January 1993, Carl Binder joined the project, having previous expertise as a television writer on shows such as "Punky Brewster", "War of the Worlds", "", and "Top Cops". Four months later, Susannah Grant and Philip LaZebnik joined the writing team. Susannah Grant was selected by Disney as a screenwriter on "Pocahontas" after winning the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting awarded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences the year before while still attending film school. On board as a screenwriter, she was only one of the many who was contributing the specific vision the upper management at Disney had in mind, and collaborated with Native American consultants.


Context: Flit

Context: what is its storyline?

Context: who did the animation of the movie?

Context: Glen Keane

Context: how much did the movie make?

Context: It grossed $346.1 million worldwide.

Context: who directed this movie?

Context: Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg

Context: November 5th, 1954.

Context: He was also an animator.

Context: who are an animator?

Context: are there different fields in them?

Context: what was the name of that video?

Context: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

Context: who was the writer of this movie?

Context: Carl Binder

Question: when was this writer born?

Answer: August 10th, 1960.

Carl Binder [SEP] Introduction

Carl Binder (born August 10, 1960) is a Canadian television writer and producer. He is most noted for his contributions to the "Stargate SG-1" and "Stargate Atlantis" series as well as "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" and "Little Men". Binder currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia.


Context: Flit

Context: what is its storyline?

Context: who did the animation of the movie?

Context: Glen Keane

Context: how much did the movie make?

Context: It grossed $346.1 million worldwide.

Context: who directed this movie?

Context: Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg

Context: November 5th, 1954.

Context: He was also an animator.

Context: who are an animator?

Context: are there different fields in them?

Context: what was the name of that video?

Context: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

Context: who was the writer of this movie?

Context: Carl Binder

Context: when was this writer born?

Context: August 10th, 1960.

Question: can you mention some of his work?

Answer: He is most noted for his contributions to the "Stargate SG-1" and "Stargate Atlantis" series as well as "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" and "Little Men".

Explanation: He is most noted for his contributions to the "Stargate SG-1" and "Stargate Atlantis" series as well as "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" and "Little Men".

Carl Binder [SEP] Introduction


Question: when was the book of the dead published

Answer: Around 1550 BCE.

Book of the Dead [SEP] Introduction

The Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text generally written on papyrus and used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BCE) to around 50 BCE. The original Egyptian name for the text, transliterated "rw nw prt m hrw", is translated as Book of Coming Forth by Day or Book of Emerging Forth into the Light. "Book" is the closest term to describe the loose collection of texts consisting of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the "Duat", or underworld, and into the afterlife and written by many priests over a period of about 1,000 years.


Context:
when was the book of the dead published
Around 1550 BCE.

Question: what is the specialty of this book?

Answer: It is an ancient Egyptian funerary text.

Explanation: The Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text generally written on papyrus and used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BCE) to around 50 BCE. The

Book of the Dead [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: It is an ancient Egyptian funerary text.

Question: by whom was it compiled?

Answer: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Book of the Dead [SEP] Discovery, translation, interpretation and preservation

The existence of the "Book of the Dead" was known as early as the Middle Ages, well before its contents could be understood. Since it was found in tombs, it was evidently a document of a religious nature, and this led to the widespread but mistaken belief that the "Book of the Dead" was the equivalent of a Bible or Qur'an. In 1842 Karl Richard Lepsius published a translation of a manuscript dated to the Ptolemaic era and coined the name ""Book of The Dead"" ("das Todtenbuch"). He also introduced the spell numbering system which is still in use, identifying 165 different spells.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Question: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Answer: One aspect of death was the disintegration of the various "kheperu", or modes of existence.

Book of the Dead [SEP] Preservation

One aspect of death was the disintegration of the various "kheperu", or modes of existence. Funerary rituals served to re-integrate these different aspects of being. Mummification served to preserve and transform the physical body into "sah", an idealised form with divine aspects; the "Book of the Dead" contained spells aimed at preserving the body of the deceased, which may have been recited during the process of mummification. The heart, which was regarded as the aspect of being which included intelligence and memory, was also protected with spells, and in case anything happened to the physical heart, it was common to bury jewelled heart scarabs with a body to provide a replacement.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: One aspect of death was the disintegration of the various "kheperu", or modes of existence.

Question: by whom was the book discovered?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Book of the Dead [SEP] Preservation


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: has it been translated?

Answer: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Discovery, translation, interpretation and preservation

Lepsius promoted the idea of a comparative edition of the "Book of the Dead", drawing on all relevant manuscripts. This project was undertaken by Édouard Naville, starting in 1875 and completed in 1886, producing a three-volume work including a selection of vignettes for every one of the 186 spells he worked with, the more significant variations of the text for every spell, and commentary. In 1867 Samuel Birch of the British Museum published the first extensive English translation. In 1876 he published a photographic copy of the Papyrus of Nebseny. The work of E. A. Wallis Budge, Birch's successor at the British Museum, is still in wide circulation – including both his hieroglyphic editions and his English translations of the Papyrus of Ani, though the latter are now considered inaccurate and out-of-date.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Question: who was he?

Answer: He was a British Egyptologist and antiquary.

Samuel Birch [SEP] Introduction

Samuel Birch (3 November 1813 – 27 December 1885) was a British Egyptologist and antiquary.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: He was a British Egyptologist and antiquary.

Question: where was the compiler from?

Answer: Prussia.

Explanation: Karl Richard Lepsius () (23 December 181010 July 1884) was a pioneering Prussian egyptologist, linguist and modern archaeologist.

Karl Richard Lepsius [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Question: did he have any other profession?

Answer: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Karl Richard Lepsius [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Question: did he marry?

Answer: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Karl Richard Lepsius [SEP] Family

On 5 July 1846, he married Elisabeth Klein, (1828–1899), daughter of the composer Bernhard Klein and great-granddaughter of Friedrich Nicolai. They had six children, including the geologist and Rector of the Darmstadt University of Technology G. Richard Lepsius (1851–1915), the chemist and director of the Chemical Factory Griesheim Bernhard Lepsius (1854–1934), the portrait painter and member of the Prussian Academy of Arts (as of 1916) Reinhold Lepsius (1857–1929) and the youngest son Johannes Lepsius, Protestant theologian, humanist and Orientalist.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Question: what is the material of which the book is made?

Answer: Papyrus.

Explanation: The Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text generally written on papyrus and used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BCE) to around 50 BCE. The original Egyptian name for the text, transliterated "rw nw prt m hrw", is translated as Book

Book of the Dead [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: what is the material of which the book is made?

Context: Papyrus.

Question: what is it?

Answer: It is a material similar to thick paper and it was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, "Cyperus papyrus", a wetland sedge.

Papyrus [SEP] Introduction

Papyrus ( ) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, "Cyperus papyrus", a wetland sedge. "Papyrus" (plural: "papyri") can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book. Papyrus is first known to have been used in Egypt (at least as far back as the First Dynasty), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta. It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region and in the Kingdom of Kush.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: Papyrus.

Context: what is it?

Context: It is a material similar to thick paper and it was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, "Cyperus papyrus", a wetland sedge.

Question: how is it made?

Answer: It is made from the stem of the papyrus plant, "Cyperus papyrus".

Explanation: Papyrus is made from the stem of the papyrus plant, "Cyperus papyrus". The outer rind is first removed, and the sticky fibrous inner pith is cut lengthwise into thin strips of about long. The strips are then placed side by side on a hard surface with their edges slightly overlapping, and then another layer of strips is laid on top at a right angle. The strips may have been soaked in water long enough for decomposition to begin, perhaps increasing adhesion, but this is not certain. The two layers possibly were glued together. While still moist, the two layers are hammered together, mashing the layers into a single sheet. The sheet is then dried under pressure. After drying, the sheet is polished with some rounded object, possibly a stone or seashell or round hardwood.

Papyrus [SEP] Manufacture and use


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: Papyrus.

Context: what is it?

Context: how is it made?

Context: It is made from the stem of the papyrus plant, "Cyperus papyrus".

Question: how did its name originate?

Answer: From Greek "papyros" via Latin a loanword of unknown origin.

Papyrus [SEP] Etymology

The English word "papyrus" derives, via Latin, from Greek πάπυρος ("papyros"), a loanword of unknown (perhaps Pre-Greek) origin. Greek has a second word for it, βύβλος ("byblos"), said to derive from the name of the Phoenician city of Byblos. The Greek writer Theophrastus, who flourished during the 4th century BCE, uses "papyros" when referring to the plant used as a foodstuff and "byblos" for the same plant when used for nonfood products, such as cordage, basketry, or writing surfaces. The more specific term βίβλος "biblos", which finds its way into English in such words as 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', and 'bible', refers to the inner bark of the papyrus plant.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: Papyrus.

Context: what is it?

Context: how is it made?

Context: how did its name originate?

Context: From Greek "papyros" via Latin a loanword of unknown origin.

Question: is this language used for religious purposes?

Answer: Yes, Latin is the official language in the Holy See (Vatican City).

Latin [SEP] Introduction

Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in the area around Rome, known as Latium. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in Italy, and subsequently throughout the western Roman Empire. Latin has contributed many words to the English language. In particular, Latin (and Ancient Greek) roots are used in English descriptions of theology, the sciences, medicine, and law. It is the official language in the Holy See (Vatican City). By the late Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: Papyrus.

Context: what is it?

Context: how is it made?

Context: how did its name originate?

Context: is this language used for religious purposes?

Context: Yes, Latin is the official language in the Holy See (Vatican City).

Question: is it used nowadays for any other purposes?

Answer: Yes, Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name on coins and stamp.

Latin [SEP] Other modern uses

Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages. For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code "CH", which stands for , the country's full Latin name. Some films of ancient settings, such as "Sebastiane" and "The Passion of the Christ", have been made with dialogue in Latin for the sake of realism. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as "The Exorcist" and "Lost" ("Jughead"). Subtitles are usually shown for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: Papyrus.

Context: what is it?

Context: how is it made?

Context: how did its name originate?

Context: is it used nowadays for any other purposes?

Context: Yes, Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name on coins and stamp.

Question: what is a delicacy famous in this country?

Answer: Fondue, raclette or rösti.

Switzerland [SEP] Cuisine

The cuisine of Switzerland is multifaceted. While some dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent through the country, each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages. Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland. Chocolate has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century but it gained its reputation at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as conching and tempering which enabled its production on a high quality level.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: Papyrus.

Context: what is it?

Context: how is it made?

Context: how did its name originate?

Context: what is a delicacy famous in this country?

Context: Fondue, raclette or rösti.

Question: what ingredients are required to prepare the first one?

Answer: Cheeses, wine and seasoning.

Fondue [SEP] Preparation

Cheese fondue consists of a blend of cheeses, wine and seasoning. To prepare the "caquelon" it is first rubbed with a cut garlic clove. White wine is slightly heated with cornstarch, and then grated cheese is added and stirred until melted. It is often topped off with a bit of kirsch. The cornstarch or other starch stabilizes and thickens the mixture. Additional wine may be added if the fondue is too thick; its acid and ethanol decrease the fondue's viscosity.


Context: when was the book of the dead published

Context: Around 1550 BCE.

Context: what is the specialty of this book?

Context: by whom was it compiled?

Context: Karl Richard Lepsius.

Context: what was the idea of death in egypt?

Context: by whom was the book discovered?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has it been translated?

Context: Yes, by Samuel Birch into English.

Context: who was he?

Context: where was the compiler from?

Context: Prussia.

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: Yes, he was also a linguist.

Context: did he marry?

Context: Yes, Elisabeth Klein.

Context: Papyrus.

Context: what is it?

Context: how is it made?

Context: how did its name originate?

Context: Fondue, raclette or rösti.

Context: what ingredients are required to prepare the first one?

Context: Cheeses, wine and seasoning.

Question: how is it consumed?

Answer: It is eaten by spearing a piece of bread on a fork, swirling it in the pot, and putting it into the mouth.

Fondue [SEP] Consumption and etiquette

Fondue is eaten by spearing a piece of bread on a fork, swirling it in the pot, and putting it into the mouth. Some writers recommend that the dipping fork be used only to transport the food from the pot to one's plate, not to eat from. Losing a piece of bread in the caquelon is traditionally penalized by buying a round of drinks, singing a song, or running around in the snow naked. This is parodied in "Asterix in Switzerland", where a character is sentenced to be drowned in Lake Geneva after losing his third piece of bread. There are various recommendations on the choice of accompanying beverage: some say white wine, others specify black tea.


Question: where is the mitochondria located in an animal cell

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Mitochondrion [SEP] Introduction

The mitochondrion (, plural mitochondria) is a semi autonomous double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms. Some cells in some multicellular organisms may, however, lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids, and diplomonads, have also reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. To date, only one eukaryote, "Monocercomonoides", is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one multicellular organism, "Henneguya salminicola", is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek , , "thread", and , , "granule" or "grain-like".


Context: where is the mitochondria located in an animal cell

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the main topic in discussion?

Answer: Mitochondrion.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Structure

A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins. The two membranes have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. They are: Mitochondria stripped of their outer membrane are called mitoplasts.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Question: what is it's structural composition?

Answer: They contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins, that have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion.

Explanation: A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins. The two membranes have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Structure


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Context: what is it's structural composition?

Context: They contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins, that have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion.

Question: what does the first membrane mentioned consist of?

Answer: It contains large numbers of integral membrane proteins called porins.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Outer membrane

The outer mitochondrial membrane, which encloses the entire organelle, is 60 to 75 angstroms (Å) thick. It has a protein-to-phospholipid ratio similar to that of the cell membrane (about 1:1 by weight). It contains large numbers of integral membrane proteins called porins. A major trafficking protein is the pore-forming voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). The VDAC is the primary transporter of nucleotides, ions and metabolites between the cytosol and the intermembrane space. It is formed as a beta barrel that spans the outer membrane, similar to that in the gram-negative bacterial membrane. Larger proteins can enter the mitochondrion if a signaling sequence at their N-terminus binds to a large multisubunit protein called translocase in the outer membrane, which then actively moves them across the membrane.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Context: what is it's structural composition?

Context: what does the first membrane mentioned consist of?

Context: It contains large numbers of integral membrane proteins called porins.

Question: and what does the other membrane consist?

Answer: It contains more than 151 different polypeptides, and has a very high protein-to-phospholipid ratio.

Explanation: It contains more than 151 different polypeptides, and has a very high protein-to-phospholipid ratio (more than 3:1 by weight, which is about 1 protein for 15 phospholipids).

Mitochondrion [SEP] Inner membrane

Unlike the outer membrane, the inner membrane does not contain porins, and is highly impermeable to all molecules. Almost all ions and molecules require special membrane transporters to enter or exit the matrix. Proteins are ferried into the matrix via the translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) complex or via Oxa1. In addition, there is a membrane potential across the inner membrane, formed by the action of the enzymes of the electron transport chain. Inner membrane fusion is mediated by the inner membrane protein OPA1.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Context: what is it's structural composition?

Context: and what does the other membrane consist?

Context: It contains more than 151 different polypeptides, and has a very high protein-to-phospholipid ratio.

Question: what is the functionality of the main topic in discussion?

Answer: The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Function

The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. However, the mitochondrion has many other functions in addition to the production of ATP.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Context: what is it's structural composition?

Context: what is the functionality of the main topic in discussion?

Context: The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism.

Question: does it have any co-relation with calcium?

Answer: The concentrations of free calcium in the cell can regulate an array of reactions and is important for signal transduction in the cell. Mitochondria can transiently store calcium, a contributing process for the cell's homeostasis of calcium.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Storage of calcium ions

The concentrations of free calcium in the cell can regulate an array of reactions and is important for signal transduction in the cell. Mitochondria can transiently store calcium, a contributing process for the cell's homeostasis of calcium. Ca influx to the mitochondrial matrix has recently been implicated as a mechanism to regulate respiratory bioenergetics by allowing the electrochemical potential across the membrane to transiently "pulse" from ΔΨ-dominated to pH-dominated, facilitating a reduction of oxidative stress. In neurons, concomitant increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium act to synchronize neuronal activity with mitochondrial energy metabolism. Mitochondrial matrix calcium levels can reach the tens of micromolar levels, which is necessary for the activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, one of the key regulatory enzymes of the Krebs cycle.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Context: what is it's structural composition?

Context: does it have any co-relation with calcium?

Context: The concentrations of free calcium in the cell can regulate an array of reactions and is important for signal transduction in the cell. Mitochondria can transiently store calcium, a contributing process for the cell's homeostasis of calcium.

Question: does the main element assist in any kind of repair?

Answer: Yes, it can repair oxidative DNA damage by mechanisms that are analogous to those occurring in the cell nucleus.

Mitochondrion [SEP] DNA repair

Mitochondria can repair oxidative DNA damage by mechanisms that are analogous to those occurring in the cell nucleus. The proteins that are employed in mtDNA repair are encoded by nuclear genes, and are translocated to the mitochondria. The DNA repair pathways in mammalian mitochondria include base excision repair, double-strand break repair, direct reversal and mismatch repair. Also DNA damages may be bypassed, rather than repaired, by translesion synthesis. Of the several DNA repair process in mitochondria, the base excision repair pathway is the one that has been most comprehensively studied. Base excision repair is carried out by a sequence of enzymatic catalyzed steps that include recognition and excision of a damaged DNA base, removal of the resulting abasic site, end processing, gap filling and ligation.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Context: what is it's structural composition?

Context: does the main element assist in any kind of repair?

Context: Yes, it can repair oxidative DNA damage by mechanisms that are analogous to those occurring in the cell nucleus.

Question: what is the full form of the above acronym?

Answer: Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA [SEP] Introduction

Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the main topic in discussion?

Context: Mitochondrion.

Context: what is it's structural composition?

Context: what is the full form of the above acronym?

Context: Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question: what are it's composition?

Answer: It is composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

DNA [SEP] Introduction


Question: rko was the first studio to sell off its film library

Answer: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Explanation: As copyright holder, RKO Pictures LLC is the owner of all the trademarks and logos connected with RKO Radio Pictures Inc., as well as the rights concerning stories, screenplays (including 800 to 900 unproduced scripts), remakes, sequels, and prequels connected with the RKO library. Although RKO still holds the film library's copyright, the television, video, and theatrical distribution rights, however, are in other hands: The U.S. and Canadian TV—and consequently, video—rights to most of the RKO film library were sold at auction in 1971 after the holders, TransBeacon (a corporate descendant of C&C Television), went bankrupt. The auctioned rights were split between United Artists and Marian B. Inc. (MBI). In 1984, MBI created a subsidiary, Marian Pictures Inc. (MBP), to which it transferred its share of the RKO rights. Two years later GenCorp's subsidiaries, RKO General and RKO Pictures, repurchased the rights then controlled by MBP.

RKO Pictures [SEP] Studio library


Context: rko was the first studio to sell off its film library

Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Question: what kind of a company was it?

Answer: It was an American film production and distribution company.

Explanation: RKO Pictures was an American film production and distribution company. In its original incarnation, as RKO Radio Pictures, Inc. (a subsidiary of Radio-Keith-Orpheum, aka: RKO) it was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood's Golden Age. The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America (FBO) studio were brought together under the control of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in October 1928. RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the company's sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone. By the mid-1940s, the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum.

RKO Pictures [SEP] Introduction


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: It was an American film production and distribution company.

Question: who founded it?

Answer: It was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America (FBO).

Explanation: The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America (FBO) studio were brought together under the control of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in October 1928. RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the company's sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone. By the mid-1940s, the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum.

RKO Pictures [SEP] Introduction


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: It was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America (FBO).

Question: can you name any works that brought them success?

Answer: Selznick backed several major successes like  "A Bill of Divorcement", "King Kong" .

Explanation: Exceptions like "Cimarron" and "Rio Rita" aside, RKO's product was largely regarded as mediocre, so in October 1931 Sarnoff hired twenty-nine-year-old David O. Selznick to replace LeBaron as production chief. In addition to implementing rigorous cost-control measures, Selznick championed the unit production system, which gave the producers of individual movies much greater independence than they had under the prevailing central producer system. "Under the factory system of production you rob the director of his individualism", said Selznick, "and this being a creative industry that is harmful to the quality of the product made." Instituting unit production, he predicted, would also result in cost savings of 30–40 percent. To make films under the new system, Selznick recruited prize behind-the-camera personnel, such as director George Cukor and producer/director Merian C. Cooper, and gave producer Pandro S. Berman, aged twenty-six, increasingly important projects. Selznick discovered an

RKO Pictures [SEP] Success under Selznick


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: can you name any works that brought them success?

Context: Selznick backed several major successes like  "A Bill of Divorcement", "King Kong" .

Question: who is the aforesaid person?

Answer: He was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive.

Explanation: David O. Selznick (May 10, 1902June 22, 1965) was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive. He is best known for producing "Gone with the Wind" (1939) and "Rebecca" (1940), both of which earned him an Academy Award for Best Picture.

David O. Selznick [SEP] Introduction


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: He was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

David O. Selznick [SEP] Early life

Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he was the son of Florence Anna (Sachs) and silent movie producer and distributor Lewis J. Selznick. His parents were Lithuanian Jews, and he had four siblings. His father was born in Lithuania in 1870. Selznick added the "O" to distinguish himself from an uncle with the same name, and because he thought it had flair. The "O" does not stand for anything. He studied at Columbia University in New York City and worked as an apprentice for his father until the elder's bankruptcy in 1923. In 1926, Selznick moved to Hollywood, and with the help of his father's connections, he gained a job as an assistant story editor at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Question: what is its estimated population?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

David O. Selznick [SEP] Early life


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what is its estimated population?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was the aforesaid latter movie released?

Answer: In 1933.

King Kong (1933 film) [SEP] Introduction

King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure romance film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack. The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was developed from an idea conceived by Cooper and Edgar Wallace. It stars Fay Wray, Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong, and opened in New York City on March 2, 1933, to rave reviews. It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the fourth greatest horror film of all time and the forty-sixth greatest film of all time. The film portrays the story of a huge, gorilla-like creature dubbed Kong who perishes in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman (Wray).


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what is its estimated population?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the aforesaid latter movie released?

Context: In 1933.

Question: what is the storyline?

Answer: The film portrays the story of a huge, gorilla-like creature dubbed Kong who perishes in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman (Wray).

Explanation: The film portrays the story of a huge, gorilla-like creature dubbed Kong who perishes in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman (Wray). "King Kong" contains stop-motion animation by Willis O'Brien and a music score by Max Steiner. In 1991, it was deemed "culturally, historically and aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. A sequel quickly followed with "Son of Kong" (also released in 1933), with several more films made in the following decades, including two remakes which were made in 1976 and 2005 respectively.


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what is its estimated population?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In 1933.

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: The film portrays the story of a huge, gorilla-like creature dubbed Kong who perishes in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman (Wray).

Question: where did the filming take place?

Answer: Skull Island.

Explanation: Denham reveals to the crew that their destination is, in fact, Skull Island, an uncharted territory of which he has come to knowledge from a Norwegian ship captain who saved some natives of the island from a canoe, although they died before reaching land. He alludes to a monstrous creature named "Kong", rumored to dwell on the island. The crew arrives and anchor offshore. They encounter a native village, separated from the rest of the island by an ancient stone wall with an enormous wooden gate. They witness a group of natives preparing to presumably sacrifice a young woman termed the "bride of Kong" by confining her on the other side of the wall. The intruders are spotted, and the native chief stops the ceremony. When he sees Ann, he offers to trade six of his tribal women for the "golden woman." They rebuff him and return to the "Venture".

King Kong (1933 film) [SEP] Plot

In New York Harbor, filmmaker Carl Denham, known for wildlife films in remote and exotic locations, charters Captain Englehorn's ship, the "Venture", for his new project. However, he cannot secure an actress for a female role he has been reluctant to disclose. Searching in the streets of New York City, he finds Ann Darrow and promises her the adventure of a lifetime. The crew boards the "Venture" and sets off, during which the ship's first mate, Jack Driscoll, falls in love with Ann. Denham reveals to the crew that their destination is, in fact, Skull Island, an uncharted territory of which he has come to knowledge from a Norwegian ship captain who saved some natives of the island from a canoe, although they died before reaching land.


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what is its estimated population?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In 1933.

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: where did the filming take place?

Context: Skull Island.

Question: who did the effects for the movie?

Answer: Willis O'Brien and his assistant animator, Buzz Gibson.

Explanation: The numerous prehistoric creatures inhabiting Skull Island were brought to life through the use of stop-motion animation by Willis O'Brien and his assistant animator, Buzz Gibson. The stop-motion animation scenes were painstaking and difficult to achieve and complete after the special effects crew realized that they could not stop, because it would make the movements of the creatures seem inconsistent and the lighting would not have the same intensity over the many days it took to fully animate a finished sequence. A device called the surface gauge was used in order to keep track of the stop-motion animation performance. The iconic fight between Kong and the "Tyrannosaurus" took seven weeks to be completed. O'Brien's protegé, Ray Harryhausen, who later worked with him on several films, stated that O'Brien's second wife noticed that there was so much of her husband in Kong.

King Kong (1933 film) [SEP] Special effects

"King Kong" is well known for its groundbreaking use of special effects, such as stop-motion animation, matte painting, rear projection and miniatures, all of which were conceived decades before the digital age. The numerous prehistoric creatures inhabiting Skull Island were brought to life through the use of stop-motion animation by Willis O'Brien and his assistant animator, Buzz Gibson. The stop-motion animation scenes were painstaking and difficult to achieve and complete after the special effects crew realized that they could not stop, because it would make the movements of the creatures seem inconsistent and the lighting would not have the same intensity over the many days it took to fully animate a finished sequence.


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what is its estimated population?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In 1933.

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: where did the filming take place?

Context: Skull Island.

Context: who did the effects for the movie?

Context: Willis O'Brien and his assistant animator, Buzz Gibson.

Question: did the movie face any kind of assertion?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what is its estimated population?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In 1933.

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: where did the filming take place?

Context: Skull Island.

Context: who did the effects for the movie?

Context: did the movie face any kind of assertion?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what response did it get from the critics?

Answer: Some critics mentioned the film  making audiences scream and cry throughout the film. It has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "Universal acclaim".

Explanation:
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on , with a weighted average rating of 9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""King Kong" explores the soul of a monster – making audiences scream and cry throughout the film – in large part due to Kong's breakthrough special effects." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "Universal acclaim".

"Variety" thought the film was a powerful adventure. "The New York Times" gave readers an enthusiastic account of the plot and thought the film a fascinating adventure. John Mosher of "The New Yorker" called it "ridiculous", but wrote that there were "many scenes in this picture that are certainly diverting". The "New York World-Telegram" said it was "one of the very best of all the screen thrillers, done with all the cinema's slickest camera tricks". The "Chicago Tribune" called it "one of the most original, thrilling and mammoth novelties to emerge from a movi

King Kong (1933 film) [SEP] Critical response


Context: Yes, It was sold in an auction.

Context: what kind of a company was it?

Context: who founded it?

Context: who is the aforesaid person?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what is its estimated population?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In 1933.

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: where did the filming take place?

Context: Skull Island.

Context: who did the effects for the movie?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what response did it get from the critics?

Context: Some critics mentioned the film  making audiences scream and cry throughout the film. It has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "Universal acclaim".

Question: what awards did the movie receive?

Answer: Special achievement award.

Explanation: "Kong" did not receive any Academy Awards nominations. Selznick wanted to nominate O'Brien and his crew for a special award in visual effects but the Academy declined. Such a category did not exist at the time and would not exist until 1938. Sidney Saunders and Fred Jackman received a special achievement award for the development of the translucent acetate/cellulose rear screen – the only "Kong"-related award.

King Kong (1933 film) [SEP] Awards and nominations


Question: in which of the following does manganese have the highest oxidation number

Answer: Manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7, which are mostly restricted to the unstable oxide MnO, compounds of the intensely purple permanganate anion MnO, and a few oxyhalides (MnOF and MnOCl), are powerful oxidizing agents.

Manganese [SEP] Oxidation states

The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, though all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. Mn often competes with Mg in biological systems. Manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7, which are mostly restricted to the unstable oxide MnO, compounds of the intensely purple permanganate anion MnO, and a few oxyhalides (MnOF and MnOCl), are powerful oxidizing agents. Compounds with oxidation states +5 (blue) and +6 (green) are strong oxidizing agents and are vulnerable to disproportionation. The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, which has a pale pink color, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl).


Context: in which of the following does manganese have the highest oxidation number

Context: Manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7, which are mostly restricted to the unstable oxide MnO, compounds of the intensely purple permanganate anion MnO, and a few oxyhalides (MnOF and MnOCl), are powerful oxidizing agents.

Question: are there any developmental disorders associated with it?

Answer: Yes - short-term memory, visual identification, diminished IQ scores

Explanation: Several recent studies attempt to examine the effects of chronic low-dose manganese overexposure on child development. The earliest study was conducted in the Chinese province of Shanxi. Drinking water there had been contaminated through improper sewage irrigation and contained 240–350 µg Mn/L. Although Mn concentrations at or below 300 µg Mn/L were considered safe at the time of the study by the US EPA and 400 µg Mn/L by the World Health Organization, the 92 children sampled (between 11 and 13 years of age) from this province displayed lower performance on tests of manual dexterity and rapidity, short-term memory, and visual identification, compared to children from an uncontaminated area. More recently, a study of 10-year-old children in Bangladesh showed a relationship between Mn concentration in well water and diminished IQ scores. A third study conducted in Quebec examined school children between the ages of 6 and 15 living in homes that received water from a well containing 610 µ

Manganese [SEP] Childhood developmental disorders


Context: are there any developmental disorders associated with it?

Context: Yes - short-term memory, visual identification, diminished IQ scores

Question: what is its role in human biology?

Answer: It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes.

Explanation: Manganese is an essential human dietary element. It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes.

Manganese [SEP] Biological role in humans


Context: what is its role in human biology?

Context: It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes.

Question: and its role in plants?

Answer: In photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants.

Explanation: Manganese is also important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants. The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it is responsible for the terminal photooxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and has a metalloenzyme core containing four atoms of manganese. To fulfill this requirement, most broad-spectrum plant fertilizers contain manganese.

Manganese [SEP] Biological role in plants


Context: what is its role in human biology?

Context: and its role in plants?

Context: In photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants.

Question: how toxic is it?

Answer: At levels of 500 mg/m, manganese is immediately dangerous to life and health.

Explanation:
Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals, such as nickel and copper. However, exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m even for short periods because of its toxicity level. Manganese poisoning has been linked to impaired motor skills and cognitive disorders.

Permanganate exhibits a higher toxicity than manganese(II) compounds. The fatal dose is about 10 g, and several fatal intoxications have occurred. The strong oxidative effect leads to necrosis of the mucous membrane. For example, the esophagus is affected if the permanganate is swallowed. Only a limited amount is absorbed by the intestines, but this small amount shows severe effects on the kidneys and on the liver.

Manganese exposure in United States is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). People can be exposed to manganese in the workplace by breathing it in or swallowing it. OSHA has set the legal limit (permissible expo

Manganese [SEP] Precautions


Context: what is its role in human biology?

Context: and its role in plants?

Context: how toxic is it?

Context: At levels of 500 mg/m, manganese is immediately dangerous to life and health.

Question: is it even recommended for consumption?

Answer: For people ages 15 and older the Adequate Intake is set at 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years the Adequate Intakes increase with age from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/day.

Explanation:
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for minerals in 2001. For manganese there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for Adequate Intakes (AIs). As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of manganese the adult UL is set at 11 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Manganese deficiency is rare.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For people ages 15 and older the AI is set at 3.0 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years the AIs increase with

Manganese [SEP] Dietary recommendations


Context: what is its role in human biology?

Context: and its role in plants?

Context: how toxic is it?

Context: is it even recommended for consumption?

Context: For people ages 15 and older the Adequate Intake is set at 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years the Adequate Intakes increase with age from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/day.

Question: mention a few of its applications?

Answer: iron and steel production; to make aluminium alloys; Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline to boost octane rating and reduce engine knocking.

Explanation: Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties, as first recognized by the British metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet (1811–1891) who, in 1856, introduced the element, in the form of Spiegeleisen, into steel for the specific purpose of removing excess dissolved oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus in order to improve its malleability. Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand. Manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel. Often ferromanganese (usually about 80% manganese) is the intermediate in modern processes.

Manganese [SEP] Steel

Small amounts of manganese improve the workability of steel at high temperatures by forming a high-melting sulfide and preventing the formation of a liquid iron sulfide at the grain boundaries. If the manganese content reaches 4%, the embrittlement of the steel becomes a dominant feature. The embrittlement decreases at higher manganese concentrations and reaches an acceptable level at 8%. Steel containing 8 to 15% of manganese has a high tensile strength of up to 863 MPa. Steel with 12% manganese was discovered in 1882 by Robert Hadfield and is still known as Hadfield steel (mangalloy). It was used for British military steel helmets and later by the U.S.


Context: what is its role in human biology?

Context: and its role in plants?

Context: how toxic is it?

Context: is it even recommended for consumption?

Context: mention a few of its applications?

Context: iron and steel production; to make aluminium alloys; Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline to boost octane rating and reduce engine knocking.

Question: any authority that looks after the safety of food that contains manganese in it?

Answer: he U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM); European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

Manganese [SEP] Dietary recommendations


Context: what is its role in human biology?

Context: and its role in plants?

Context: how toxic is it?

Context: is it even recommended for consumption?

Context: mention a few of its applications?

Context: any authority that looks after the safety of food that contains manganese in it?

Context: he U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM); European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

Question: describe some criticism faced by the latter?

Answer: For its alleged "overregulation"

European Food Safety Authority [SEP] Criticism

The EFSA has been criticised for its alleged "overregulation".


Context: what is its role in human biology?

Context: and its role in plants?

Context: how toxic is it?

Context: is it even recommended for consumption?

Context: mention a few of its applications?

Context: describe some criticism faced by the latter?

Context: For its alleged "overregulation"

Question: mention a few of its conflicts of interest?

Answer: Some of them undeclared conflicts of interests;  in 2013, 58 % of the experts of the agency were in situation of conflict of interests

Explanation:
The EFSA has been criticised, including by the European Court of Auditors in 2012, for "frequent conflicts of interests", some of them undeclared.

According to Corporate Europe Observatory, in 2013, 58 % of the experts of the agency were in situation of conflict of interests. In 2017, they were still 46 % in situation of conflict of interests.

European Food Safety Authority [SEP] Conflicts of interests


Question: the word ipod was inspired by a line from what sci-fi movie

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Blade Runner [SEP] Introduction

Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. Starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young and Edward James Olmos, it is loosely based on Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work at space colonies. When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.


Context: the word ipod was inspired by a line from what sci-fi movie

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was it released?

Answer: 25 June 1982.

Blade Runner [SEP] Theatrical run

"Blade Runner" was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25, 1982. That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr. because his previous highest-grossing films ("Star Wars" and "Alien") had a similar opening date (May 25) in 1977 and 1979, making the 25th of the month his "lucky day". "Blade Runner" grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend; earning $6.1 million during its first weekend in theaters. The film was released close to other major science-fiction and fantasy releases such as "The Thing", "", "Conan the Barbarian" and "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", which affected its commercial success.


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Context: when was it released?

Context: 25 June 1982.

Question: what kind of a work is it?

Answer: A science fiction film.

Explanation: Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. Starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young and Edward James Olmos,

Blade Runner [SEP] Introduction


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Context: when was it released?

Context: 25 June 1982.

Context: what kind of a work is it?

Context: A science fiction film.

Question: who are the characters?

Answer: Rick Deckard, Gaff, Bryant, Holden, Leon, Roy Batty, Zhora, Pris and others.

Explanation: In 2019 Los Angeles, former policeman Rick Deckard is detained by Officer Gaff, and brought to his former supervisor, Bryant. Deckard, whose job as a "blade runner" was to track down bioengineered humanoids known as replicants and terminally "retire" them, is informed that four replicants are on Earth illegally. Deckard begins to leave, but Bryant ambiguously threatens him and Deckard stays. The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test, which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional response to questions. The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden on the second question. Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and the other three Nexus-6 replicants: Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris.

Blade Runner [SEP] Plot


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Context: when was it released?

Context: 25 June 1982.

Context: what kind of a work is it?

Context: A science fiction film.

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Rick Deckard, Gaff, Bryant, Holden, Leon, Roy Batty, Zhora, Pris and others.

Question: what is the storyline?

Answer: The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work at space colonies. When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard  reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.

Explanation: The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work at space colonies. When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.

Blade Runner [SEP] Introduction


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Context: when was it released?

Context: 25 June 1982.

Context: what kind of a work is it?

Context: A science fiction film.

Context: who are the characters?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work at space colonies. When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard  reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.

Question: what are the various themes here?

Answer: Film noir, narration by the protagonist, chiaroscuro cinematography, a hero with a questionable moral outlook, religious and moral philosophies, and Biblical images to name a few.

Explanation:
 It is a literate science fiction film, thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris. It also draws on Biblical images, such as Noah's flood, and literary sources, such as "Frankenstein". Although Scott said any similarity was merely coincidental, fans claimed that the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell was based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851.

"Blade Runner" delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past, using literature, religious symbolism, classical dramatic themes, and "film noir" techniques. This tension between past, present, and future is represented in the "retrofitted" future depicted in the film, one which is high-tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere. In an interview with "The Observer" in 2002, director Ridley Scott described the film as "extremely dark, both literally and m

Blade Runner [SEP] Themes

The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels. It employs some of the conventions of film noir, among them the character of a "femme fatale"; narration by the protagonist (in the original release); chiaroscuro cinematography; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook – extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity. It is a literate science fiction film, thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris. It also draws on Biblical images, such as Noah's flood, and literary sources, such as "Frankenstein".


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Context: when was it released?

Context: 25 June 1982.

Context: what kind of a work is it?

Context: A science fiction film.

Context: who are the characters?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: what are the various themes here?

Context: Film noir, narration by the protagonist, chiaroscuro cinematography, a hero with a questionable moral outlook, religious and moral philosophies, and Biblical images to name a few.

Question: did it receive any awards?

Answer: Yes, the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.

Blade Runner [SEP] Introduction

Dick to the attention of Hollywood, and several later big-budget films were based on his work, such as "Total Recall" (1990), "Minority Report" (2002) and "A Scanner Darkly" (2006). In the year after its release, "Blade Runner" won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, and in 1993 it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". A sequel, "Blade Runner 2049", was released in October 2017.


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Context: when was it released?

Context: 25 June 1982.

Context: what kind of a work is it?

Context: A science fiction film.

Context: who are the characters?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: what are the various themes here?

Context: did it receive any awards?

Context: Yes, the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.

Question: what can you tell me about the protagonist of the movie?

Answer: Rick Deckard is a fictional character, the protagonist of Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". The movie is based on this novel.

Rick Deckard [SEP] Introduction

Rick Deckard is a fictional character, the protagonist of Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". Harrison Ford portrayed the character in the 1982 film adaptation, "Blade Runner", and reprised his role in the 2017 sequel, "Blade Runner 2049". James Purefoy voiced the character in the 2014 BBC Radio 4 adaptation.


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Context: 25 June 1982.

Context: what kind of a work is it?

Context: A science fiction film.

Context: who are the characters?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: what are the various themes here?

Context: did it receive any awards?

Context: what can you tell me about the protagonist of the movie?

Context: Rick Deckard is a fictional character, the protagonist of Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". The movie is based on this novel.

Question: when did the writer begin his career?

Answer: Dick sold his first story, "Roog", in 1951.

Philip K. Dick [SEP] Early writing

Dick sold his first story, "Roog", in 1951, when he was 22-years-old, about "a dog who imagined that the garbagemen who came every Friday morning were stealing valuable food which the family had carefully stored away in a safe metal container", and from then on wrote full-time. During 1952, his first speculative fiction publications appeared in July and September numbers of "Planet Stories", edited by Jack O'Sullivan, and in "If" and "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction" that year. His debut novel was "Solar Lottery", published in 1955 as half of Ace Double #D-103 alongside "The Big Jump" by Leigh Brackett.


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Context: 25 June 1982.

Context: what kind of a work is it?

Context: A science fiction film.

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Context: what is the storyline?

Context: what are the various themes here?

Context: did it receive any awards?

Context: when did the writer begin his career?

Context: Dick sold his first story, "Roog", in 1951.

Question: can you name any of his works that has been adapted into movies?

Answer: "Total recall", "Minority Report", "A Scanner Darkly", and " The Adjustment Bureau".

Philip K. Dick [SEP] Introduction

A collection of his nonfiction writing on these themes was published posthumously as "The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick" (2011). He died in 1982 in Santa Ana, California, at the age of 53, due to complications from a stroke. Dick's posthumous influence has been widespread, extending beyond literary circles into Hollywood filmmaking. Popular films based on Dick's works include "Blade Runner" (1982), "Total Recall" (adapted twice: in 1990 and in 2012), "Minority Report" (2002), "A Scanner Darkly" (2006), and "The Adjustment Bureau" (2011). Beginning in 2015, Amazon produced the multi-season television adaptation "The Man in the High Castle" based on Dick's 1962 novel, and in 2017 Channel 4 began producing the ongoing anthology series "Electric Dreams" based on various Dick stories.


Question: what are the effects of the solar eclips

Answer: Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by 3 °C this causes the wind power to decrease potentially. In addition to the drop in light level and air temperature, animals change their behaviour during totality.

Explanation:
Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by 3 °C, with wind power potentially decreasing as winds are reduced by 0.7 m/s.

In addition to the drop in light level and air temperature, animals change their behavior during totality. For example, birds and squirrels return to their nests and crickets chirp.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Impact

The solar eclipse of March 20, 2015, was the first occurrence of an eclipse estimated to potentially have a significant impact on the power system, with the electricity sector taking measures to mitigate any impact. The continental Europe and Great Britain synchronous areas were estimated to have about 90 gigawatts of solar power and it was estimated that production would temporarily decrease by up to 34 GW compared to a clear sky day. Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by 3 °C, with wind power potentially decreasing as winds are reduced by 0.7 m/s. In addition to the drop in light level and air temperature, animals change their behavior during totality.


Context: what are the effects of the solar eclips

Context: Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by 3 °C this causes the wind power to decrease potentially. In addition to the drop in light level and air temperature, animals change their behaviour during totality.

Question: when does this type of eclipse occur?

Answer: A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is engulfed in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight. This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Introduction

A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is engulfed in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight. This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned. Such alignment coincides with a new moon (syzygy) indicating the Moon is closest to the ecliptic plane. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured. If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar eclipses every new moon.


Context: when does this type of eclipse occur?

Context: A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is engulfed in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight. This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned.

Question: can you tell me some of its types?

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Solar eclipse [SEP] Introduction


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Question: can you tell me one physical characteristic of the moon?

Answer: It's surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt.

Explanation: Its surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt. Its gravitational influence produces the ocean tides, body tides, and the slight lengthening of the day.

Moon [SEP] Introduction

New research of Moon rocks, although not rejecting the Theia hypothesis, suggests that the Moon may be older than previously thought. The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, and thus always shows the same side to Earth, the near side. Because of libration, slightly more than half (about 59%) of the total lunar surface can be viewed from Earth. The near side is marked by dark volcanic maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters. After the Sun, the Moon is the second-brightest celestial object regularly visible in Earth's sky. Its surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt.


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Context: can you tell me one physical characteristic of the moon?

Context: It's surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt.

Question: how is the atmosphere like here?

Answer: It has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, a product of the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions. Elements that have been detected include sodium and potassium, helium, neon, argon and polonium.

Explanation: The Moon has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum, with a total mass of less than . The surface pressure of this small mass is around 3 × 10 atm (0.3 nPa); it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, a product of the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions. Elements that have been detected include sodium and potassium, produced by sputtering (also found in the atmospheres of Mercury and Io); helium-4 and neon from the solar wind; and argon-40, radon-222, and polonium-210, outgassed after their creation by radioactive decay within the crust and mantle.

Moon [SEP] Atmosphere


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Context: how is the atmosphere like here?

Context: It has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, a product of the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions. Elements that have been detected include sodium and potassium, helium, neon, argon and polonium.

Question: can you tell me any impact it has on us?

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Moon [SEP] Atmosphere


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Question: what path does the eclipse move on?

Answer: During a central eclipse, the Moon's umbra (or antumbra, in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west to east across the Earth.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Path

During a central eclipse, the Moon's umbra (or antumbra, in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west to east across the Earth. The Earth is also rotating from west to east, at about 28 km/min at the Equator, but as the Moon is moving in the same direction as the Earth's rotation at about 61 km/min, the umbra almost always appears to move in a roughly west–east direction across a map of the Earth at the speed of the Moon's orbital velocity minus the Earth's rotational velocity. Rare exceptions can occur in polar regions where the path may go over or near the pole, as in 2021 on June 10 and December 4.


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Context: what path does the eclipse move on?

Context: During a central eclipse, the Moon's umbra (or antumbra, in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west to east across the Earth.

Question: how long does this eclipse takes place?

Answer: They are rare events. Although they occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, it is estimated that they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years, on average.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Occurrence and cycles

Total solar eclipses are rare events. Although they occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, it is estimated that they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years, on average. The total eclipse lasts for only a maximum of a few minutes at any location, because the Moon's umbra moves eastward at over 1700 km/h. Totality currently can never last more than 7 min 32 s. This value changes over the millennia and is currently decreasing. By the 8th millennium, the longest theoretically possible total eclipse will be less than 7 min 2 s.


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Context: what path does the eclipse move on?

Context: how long does this eclipse takes place?

Context: They are rare events. Although they occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, it is estimated that they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years, on average.

Question: what is the frequency of an eclipse per year?

Answer: Between two and five solar eclipses occur every year, with at least one per eclipse season.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Frequency per year

Between two and five solar eclipses occur every year, with at least one per eclipse season. Since the Gregorian calendar was instituted in 1582, years that have had five solar eclipses were 1693, 1758, 1805, 1823, 1870, and 1935. The next occurrence will be 2206. On average, there are about 240 solar eclipses each century.


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Context: what is the frequency of an eclipse per year?

Context: Between two and five solar eclipses occur every year, with at least one per eclipse season.

Question: how can one view the eclipse?

Answer: It can be viewed only during the brief period of totality i.e. when the Sun's disk is completely covered.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Viewing

However, during an eclipse, with so much of the Sun covered, it is easier and more tempting to stare at it. Looking at the Sun during an eclipse is as dangerous as looking at it outside an eclipse, except during the brief period of totality, when the Sun's disk is completely covered (totality occurs only during a total eclipse and only very briefly; it does not occur during a partial or annular eclipse). Viewing the Sun's disk through any kind of optical aid (binoculars, a telescope, or even an optical camera viewfinder) is extremely hazardous and can cause irreversible eye damage within a fraction of a second.


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Context: how can one view the eclipse?

Context: It can be viewed only during the brief period of totality i.e. when the Sun's disk is completely covered.

Question: any precautions are needed to be taken while viewing it?

Answer: The safest way to view the Sun's disk is by indirect projection. This can be done by projecting an image of the disk onto a white piece of paper or card using a pair of binoculars, a telescope, or another piece of cardboard with a small hole in it, often called a pinhole camera.

Explanation: The safest way to view the Sun's disk is by indirect projection. This can be done by projecting an image of the disk onto a white piece of paper or card using a pair of binoculars (with one of the lenses covered), a telescope, or another piece of cardboard with a small hole in it (about 1 mm diameter), often called a pinhole camera.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Partial and annular eclipses

Viewing the Sun's disk on a video display screen (provided by a video camera or digital camera) is safe, although the camera itself may be damaged by direct exposure to the Sun. The optical viewfinders provided with some video and digital cameras are not safe. Securely mounting #14 welder's glass in front of the lens and viewfinder protects the equipment and makes viewing possible. Professional workmanship is essential because of the dire consequences any gaps or detaching mountings will have. In the partial eclipse path, one will not be able to see the corona or nearly complete darkening of the sky.


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Context: any precautions are needed to be taken while viewing it?

Context: The safest way to view the Sun's disk is by indirect projection. This can be done by projecting an image of the disk onto a white piece of paper or card using a pair of binoculars, a telescope, or another piece of cardboard with a small hole in it, often called a pinhole camera.

Question: and who developed this camera?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Viewing the Sun during partial and annular eclipses (and during total eclipses outside the brief period of totality) requires special eye protection, or indirect viewing methods if eye damage is to be avoided. The Sun's disk can be viewed using appropriate filtration to block the harmful part of the Sun's radiation. Sunglasses do not make viewing the Sun safe. Only properly designed and certified solar filters should be used for direct viewing of the Sun's disk. Especially, self-made filters using common objects such as a floppy disk removed from its case, a Compact Disc, a black colour slide film, smoked glass, etc.


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Question: when was this kind of camera first used in photography?

Answer: 1856

Explanation:
The first known description of pinhole photography is found in the 1856 book "The Stereoscope" by Scottish inventor David Brewster, including the description of the idea as "a camera without lenses, and with only a pin-hole".

Sir William Crookes and William de Wiveleslie Abney were other early photographers to try the pinhole technique.

Pinhole camera [SEP] Early pinhole photography


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Question: were any artificial satellites sent to study or view the eclipse?

Answer: Yes, Apollo–Soyuz Test Project.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Artificial satellites

The longest International Space Station transits may occur just after the sunrise or just before the sunset when the way from observer to the object is the longest (see the Parallax phenomenon). Observations of eclipses from spacecraft or artificial satellites orbiting above the Earth's atmosphere are not subject to weather conditions. The crew of Gemini 12 observed a total solar eclipse from space in 1966. The partial phase of the 1999 total eclipse was visible from Mir. During the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project conducted in July 1975, the Apollo spacecraft was positioned to create an artificial solar eclipse giving the Soyuz crew an opportunity to photograph the solar corona.


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Context: Yes, Apollo–Soyuz Test Project.

Question: does this kind of eclipse have any impact on anything?

Answer: It can have a significant impact on the power system.

Explanation: The solar eclipse of March 20, 2015, was the first occurrence of an eclipse estimated to potentially have a significant impact on the power system, with the electricity sector taking measures to mitigate any impact.

Solar eclipse [SEP] Impact


Question: who was william henry bury?

Answer: He was suspected of being the notorious serial killer "Jack the Ripper".

William Henry Bury [SEP] Introduction

William Henry Bury (25 May 1859 – 24 April 1889) was suspected of being the notorious serial killer "Jack the Ripper". He was hanged for the murder of his wife Ellen in 1889, and was the last person executed in Dundee, Scotland. Bury was orphaned at an early age and was educated at a charitable school in the English Midlands. After a few years in regular employment, he fell into financial difficulty, was dismissed for theft, and became a street peddler. In 1887 he moved to London, where he married Ellen Elliot, who was probably a prostitute. During their stormy marriage, which lasted just over a year, they faced increasing financial hardship.


Context: who was william henry bury?

Context: He was suspected of being the notorious serial killer "Jack the Ripper".

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

William Henry Bury [SEP] Childhood and youth

William Bury was born in Stourbridge, Worcestershire, the youngest of four children of Henry Bury and his wife Mary Jane (née Henley). He was orphaned in infancy. His father, who worked for a local fishmonger called Joscelyne, died in a horse and cart accident in Halesowen on 10 April 1860. While on an incline, he fell beneath the wheels of his fish cart and was killed when the horse bolted and pulled the cart over his prone body. William's mother may have been suffering from post-natal depression at the time of her husband's death and was committed to the Worcester County Pauper and Lunatic Asylum on 7 May 1860 suffering from melancholia.


Context: who was william henry bury?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

Question: what made him suspected to be the killer?

Answer: The way he killed his wife was the same way Jack The Ripper killed his victims Bury also lived in the same area and there was graffiti at Bury's Dundee flat that implied that Jack the Ripper lived there.

William Henry Bury [SEP] Jack the Ripper suspect

They highlighted that the canonical five Whitechapel murders ended in November 1888, which roughly coincided with Bury's departure from Whitechapel. There was graffiti at Bury's Dundee flat that implied that Jack the Ripper lived there, and Macpherson supposed this was written by Bury as a form of confession. William took Ellen's rings, and the Ripper is believed to have taken rings from victim Annie Chapman. Bury was persistently violent to his wife, threatened her with a knife, and cut open her abdomen after death in a manner not dissimilar to the Whitechapel murderer. In a conversation with her neighbours, Marjory Smith, who ran the shop above the Burys' Prince's Street flat in Dundee, asked them "What sort of work was this you Whitechapel folk have been about, letting Jack the Ripper kill so many people?" Bury did not answer her, but Ellen replied "Jack the Ripper is quiet now." She reportedly told another neighbour, "Jack the Ripper is taking a rest." Beadle and Macpherson argued that Ellen's comments might indicate that she had knowledge of the Ripper's whereabouts.


Context: who was william henry bury?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

Context: what made him suspected to be the killer?

Context: The way he killed his wife was the same way Jack The Ripper killed his victims Bury also lived in the same area and there was graffiti at Bury's Dundee flat that implied that Jack the Ripper lived there.

Question: how many murders did the aforementioned killer commit?

Answer: Authorities are not agreed on the exact number of the Ripper's victims, and at least eleven Whitechapel murders.

Traditionally, five murders (known as the "canonical five") are attributed to the notorious serial killer "Jack the Ripper", who terrorised Whitechapel in the East End of London between August and November 1888. Authorities are not agreed on the exact number of the Ripper's victims, and at least eleven Whitechapel murders between April 1888 and February 1891 were included in the same extensive police investigation. All the crimes remain unsolved. Claims that Bury could have been the Ripper began to appear in newspapers shortly after Bury's arrest. Like Bury, the Ripper had inflicted abdominal wounds on his victims immediately after their deaths, and Bury lived in Bow, near Whitechapel, from October 1887 to January 1889, which placed him fairly near the Whitechapel murders at the appropriate time.


Context: who was william henry bury?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

Context: how many murders did the aforementioned killer commit?

Context: Authorities are not agreed on the exact number of the Ripper's victims, and at least eleven Whitechapel murders.

Question: is there a committee for keeping watch for the killer?

Answer: No.

Explanation: William Henry Bury (25 May 1859 – 24 April 1889) was suspected of being the notorious serial killer "Jack the Ripper". He was hanged for the murder of his wife Ellen in 1889, and was the last person executed in Dundee, Scotland.

William Henry Bury [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was william henry bury?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

Context: is there a committee for keeping watch for the killer?

Context: No.

Question: when did the last series of murders mentioned above happen?

Answer: Between April 1888 and February 1891.

Explanation: Authorities are not agreed on the exact number of the Ripper's victims, and at least eleven Whitechapel murders between April 1888 and February 1891 were included in


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Context: where was he born?

Context: Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

Context: No.

Context: when did the last series of murders mentioned above happen?

Context: Between April 1888 and February 1891.

Question: why was it given that particular name?

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