Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Question: how many teams were there then?

Answer: Thirteen

1930 FIFA World Cup [SEP] Introduction

The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930. FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics. All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo, the majority at the Estadio Centenario, which was built for the tournament. Thirteen teams (seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America) entered the tournament.


Context: soccer team that won the most world cups

Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Question: which team did win in it?

Answer: Uruguay

Explanation: In the final, hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 68,346 people to become the first nation to win the World Cup.

1930 FIFA World Cup [SEP] Introduction

Only a few European teams chose to participate because of the difficulty of travelling to South America. The teams were divided into four groups, with the winner of each group progressing to the semi-finals. The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously and were won by France and the United States, who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0, respectively. Lucien Laurent of France scored the first goal in World Cup history, while that day United States goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas posted the first "clean sheet" in the tournament. Argentina, Uruguay, the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Question: who is responsible for conducting this?

Answer: FIFA

Explanation: FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, a

1930 FIFA World Cup [SEP] Introduction


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Question: what does it stand for?

Answer: The Fédération Internationale de Football Association

FIFA [SEP] History

The need for a single body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in the rear of the headquarters of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA) at the Rue Saint Honoré 229 in Paris on 21 May 1904. The French name and acronym are used even outside French-speaking countries. The founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain (represented by the then-Madrid Football Club; the Royal Spanish Football Federation was not created until 1913), Sweden and Switzerland.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Question: when was it established?

Answer: 21 May 1904

Explanation: The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in the rear of the headquarters of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA) at the Rue Saint Honoré 229 in Paris on 21 May 1904.

FIFA [SEP] History


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Question: what are the other competitions it organizes?

Answer: Women's World Cup

FIFA [SEP] Introduction

Today, FIFA outlines a number of objectives in the organizational Statutes, including growing football internationally, providing efforts to ensure football is accessible to everyone, and advocating for integrity and fair play. FIFA is responsible for the organization and promotion of football's major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women's World Cup which commenced in 1991. Although FIFA does not solely set the rules of football, that being the responsibility of the International Football Association Board of which FIFA is a member, it applies and enforces the rules across all FIFA competitions. All FIFA tournaments generate revenue from sponsorship; in 2018, FIFA had revenues of over US $4.6 billion, ending the 2015–2018 cycle with a net positive of US$1.2 billion, and had cash reserves of over US$2.7 billion.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: what are the other competitions it organizes?

Context: Women's World Cup

Question: who holds the right to broadcast the men's matches?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

FIFA [SEP] Introduction

FIFA ( , ', '; "") is a non-profit organization which describes itself as an international governing body of association football, fútsal and beach soccer. It is the highest governing body of football. FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations. These national associations must each also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided: Africa, Asia, Europe, North & Central America and the Caribbean, Oceania, and South America.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: who holds the right to broadcast the men's matches?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: name a few awards given by it after the men's event?

Answer: The Best FIFA Men's Player, The Best FIFA Football Coach and FIFA FIFPro World11

FIFA [SEP] Recognitions and awards

FIFA holds an annual awards ceremony, The Best FIFA Football Awards since 2016, which recognizes both individual and team achievements in international association football. Individually, the top men's player is awarded The Best FIFA Men's Player and the top women's player is The Best FIFA Women's Player. Another main awards are The Best FIFA Football Coach and FIFA FIFPro World11. In 2000 FIFA presented two awards, FIFA Club of the Century and FIFA Player of the Century, to decide the greatest football club and player of the 20th century. Real Madrid was the club winner, while Diego Maradona and Pelé were the joint players winners.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: name a few awards given by it after the men's event?

Context: The Best FIFA Men's Player, The Best FIFA Football Coach and FIFA FIFPro World11

Question: who all have received the first one?

Answer: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

The Best FIFA Men's Player [SEP] History

In 2010, the FIFA World Player of the Year award combined with the Ballon d'Or to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or in a six-year partnership. FIFA presided over the FIFA Ballon d'Or after agreeing to pay £13million for the merge of the two major player awards with "France Football". The six editions of the FIFA Ballon d'Or were dominated by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, as part of their ongoing rivalry. In 2016, the Ballon d'Or again lost its ‘FIFA' tag and would be voted for exclusively by journalists, while the FIFA World Player of the Year award — which ran from 1991 to 2009 — was resurrected, this time as The Best FIFA Men's Player.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who all have received the first one?

Context: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

Question: which country does the latter play for?

Answer: Portugal

Cristiano Ronaldo [SEP] Introduction

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Juventus and captains the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has won five Ballons d'Or and four European Golden Shoes, both of which are records for a European player. He has won 30 major trophies in his career, including seven league titles, five UEFA Champions Leagues, one UEFA European Championship, and one UEFA Nations League title. Ronaldo holds the records for the most goals (130) and assists (40) in the history of the UEFA Champions League.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who all have received the first one?

Context: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

Context: which country does the latter play for?

Context: Portugal

Question: does he represent any club?

Answer: Yes. Juventus

Cristiano Ronaldo [SEP] Introduction


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who all have received the first one?

Context: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

Context: which country does the latter play for?

Context: Portugal

Context: does he represent any club?

Context: Yes. Juventus

Question: which league does this club compete in?

Answer: Serie A

List of Italian football champions [SEP] Introduction

The Italian football champions (, plural: "Campioni") are the annual winners of Serie A, Italy's premier football league competition. The title has been contested since 1898 in varying forms of competition. Juventus are the current champions, and have won a record of 36 titles. The first time the "Scudetto" (, "little shield", plural: "scudetti") was used was in 1924 when Genoa won its 9th championship title and decided to add a little shield to their shirt as to reward and celebrate themselves as champions. The finals of the first Italian Football Championship was decided in a single day with four teams competing, three from Turin and one from Genoa.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who all have received the first one?

Context: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

Context: which country does the latter play for?

Context: Portugal

Context: does he represent any club?

Context: Yes. Juventus

Context: which league does this club compete in?

Context: Serie A

Question: is he involved in any social works?

Answer: Yes. Ronaldo visited Aceh, Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction after Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

Explanation: Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career. Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight-year-old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed. Following this, Ronaldo visited Aceh, Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction. After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against "The Sun" newspaper in 2008, Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira. In 2009, Ronaldo donated £100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer, so that they could build a cancer centre on the island.

Cristiano Ronaldo [SEP] Philanthropy


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who all have received the first one?

Context: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

Context: which country does the latter play for?

Context: Portugal

Context: does he represent any club?

Context: Yes. Juventus

Context: which league does this club compete in?

Context: Serie A

Context: is he involved in any social works?

Context: Yes. Ronaldo visited Aceh, Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction after Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

Question: how does he celebrate after scoring a goal?

Answer: He usually celebrates with a "storming jump" and "turn", before "landing in spread-eagled fashion" into his "signature power stance", while usually simultaneously exclaiming "Sí"

Cristiano Ronaldo [SEP] Goal celebrations

Ronaldo has adopted several goalscoring celebrations throughout his career, including one particular celebration which gained widespread coverage in the media, when he squatted and stared directly into a camera on the sidelines of the pitch with his hand on his chin. However, after scoring a goal, he usually celebrates with a "storming jump" and "turn", before "landing in spread-eagled fashion" into his "signature power stance", while usually simultaneously exclaiming "Sí" (Spanish and Italian for "yes"); as such, this trademark celebration has been dubbed the "Sii!" in the media.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who all have received the first one?

Context: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

Context: which country does the latter play for?

Context: Portugal

Context: does he represent any club?

Context: Yes. Juventus

Context: which league does this club compete in?

Context: Serie A

Context: is he involved in any social works?

Context: how does he celebrate after scoring a goal?

Context: He usually celebrates with a "storming jump" and "turn", before "landing in spread-eagled fashion" into his "signature power stance", while usually simultaneously exclaiming "Sí"

Question: was he ever compered with any other player?

Answer: Yes. With Lionel Messi

Explanation:
Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50-goal barrier in a single season. Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football. It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Borg–McEnroe rivalry in tennis, and the Ayrton Senna–Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing.

Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two, while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players: Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff, while Messi is portrayed as a shy, humble character.

In a 2012 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry, saying "I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high", while Ronaldo's manager duri

Cristiano Ronaldo [SEP] Comparisons to Lionel Messi

In a 2012 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry, saying "I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high", while Ronaldo's manager during his time at Manchester United, Alex Ferguson, opined that "I don't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best". Messi himself denied any rivalry, saying that it was "only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano". Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented, "We don't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we don't with a lot of other players", before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating; "We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it's a good thing." Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid, the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world's biggest club game, "El Clásico", which is among the world's most viewed annual sporting events.


Context: Brazil

Context: when was this competition started?

Context: how many teams were there then?

Context: Thirteen

Context: which team did win in it?

Context: Uruguay

Context: who is responsible for conducting this?

Context: FIFA

Context: what does it stand for?

Context: when was it established?

Context: 21 May 1904

Context: Women's World Cup

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who all have received the first one?

Context: Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo

Context: which country does the latter play for?

Context: Portugal

Context: does he represent any club?

Context: Yes. Juventus

Context: which league does this club compete in?

Context: Serie A

Context: is he involved in any social works?

Context: was he ever compered with any other player?

Context: Yes. With Lionel Messi

Question: is he married?

Answer: No

Explanation:
Ronaldo has four children. He first became a father to a son, Cristiano Jr., born on 17 June 2010 in the United States. He stated that he has full custody of the child and would not be publicly revealing the identity of the mother as per agreement with her. In January 2015, Ronaldo announced his five-year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk had ended.

Ronaldo then became father to twins, daughter Eva and son Mateo, born on 8 June 2017 in the United States via surrogacy. He is in a relationship with Spanish Georgina Rodríguez, a former shop assistant, who gave birth to their daughter Alana Martina, on 12 November 2017.

Ronaldo's father, José, died of an alcoholism-related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20. Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol, and he received libel damages over a "Daily Telegraph" article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008. His mother, Dolores, was diagnosed wi

Cristiano Ronaldo [SEP] Family, children and relationships


Question: who attacked sydney harbour?

Answer: Submarines belonging to the Imperial Japanese Navy

Attack on Sydney Harbour [SEP] Introduction

In late May and early June 1942, during World War II, submarines belonging to the Imperial Japanese Navy made a series of attacks on the cities of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia. On the night of 31 May – 1 June, three "Ko-hyoteki"-class midget submarines, (M-14, M-21 and M-24) each with a two-member crew, entered Sydney Harbour, avoided the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net, and attempted to sink Allied warships. Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could engage any Allied vessels. The crew of M-14 scuttled their submarine, whilst m-21 was successfully attacked and sunk.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: Submarines belonging to the Imperial Japanese Navy

Question: when?

Answer: Late May and early June 1942

Explanation: late May and early June 1942


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Question: do you know why?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what were the harbour defences?

Answer: They were defences that were constructed to protect the Australian city of Sydney from attack by enemy warships and submarines.

Sydney Harbour defences [SEP] Introduction

Sydney Harbour was protected by coastal batteries and other fixed defences from the early 19th century until the 1960s. These defences were constructed to protect the Australian city of Sydney from attack by enemy warships and submarines.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: They were defences that were constructed to protect the Australian city of Sydney from attack by enemy warships and submarines.

Question: was the attack successful?

Answer: No, Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could engage any Allied vessels.

Explanation: Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could engage any Allied vessels.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: No, Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could engage any Allied vessels.

Question: what was the flaw in the japanese strategy?

Answer: The use of midget submarines for the primary attack.

Attack on Sydney Harbour [SEP] Flaws in Japanese tactics

The main flaw in the Japanese plans was the use of midget submarines for the primary attack. Midget submarines were originally intended to operate during fleet actions: they would be released from modified seaplane carriers to run amok through the enemy fleet. This concept went out of favour as changing Japanese naval thinking and experience led to recognition that naval warfare would centre around carrier-supported aerial combat. As a result, the midget program's focus changed to the infiltration of enemy harbours, where they would attack vessels at anchor. This concept failed completely during the attack on Pearl Harbor, where the midgets had no effect, and tying up 11 large submarines for six weeks in support of further midget submarine attacks on Sydney and Diego Suarez proved a waste of resources.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the flaw in the japanese strategy?

Context: The use of midget submarines for the primary attack.

Question: did the japanese have a secondary mission?

Answer: Yes, on 3rd June, Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines, and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions.

Attack on Sydney Harbour [SEP] Secondary missions

As per the operation plan, the five mother submarines waited off Port Hacking on the nights of 1 and 2 June for the midget submarines to return. FRUMEL picked up wireless traffic between the five submarines, leading the RAAF to task three Lockheed Hudsons and two Bristol Beauforts with finding the source of the communications. They were unsuccessful. On 3 June, Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines, and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: did the japanese have a secondary mission?

Context: Yes, on 3rd June, Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines, and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions.

Question: what was the aftermath?

Answer: The Allies had destroyed three submarines in Sydney Harbour, and 21 dead sailors were recovered, it also caused political damage etc

Attack on Sydney Harbour [SEP] Aftermath

The papers did not publish news of the submarine attack until 2 June, as most of the attack occurred after the newspapers went to press on the morning of 1 June. Instead, on the morning after the attack, the front pages carried news of Operation Millennium, the Royal Air Force's first 1,000-bomber raid, although several newspapers included a small interior article mentioning the final reconnaissance flyover. The Federal Censor ordered total censorship of the events, issuing an official statement on the afternoon of 1 June which reported that the Allies had destroyed three submarines in Sydney Harbour, and described the loss of "Kuttabul" and the 21 deaths as the loss of "one small harbour vessel of no military value".


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: The Allies had destroyed three submarines in Sydney Harbour, and 21 dead sailors were recovered, it also caused political damage etc

Question: did any survive?

Answer: USS "Chicago M-24

Attack on Sydney Harbour [SEP] USS "Chicago"s survival

Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS "Chicago". At the time of "M-24"s attack on "Chicago", the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and stationary, was producing large volumes of white smoke as the boilers warmed up. This smoke, streaming aft under the influence of the wind, and contrasting against the dark, low-lying cloud, may have given the impression that "Chicago" was moving, causing "M-24" to lead the target when firing its torpedoes, and consequently sending its torpedoes across the bow. Another factor that may have influenced "Chicago"s survival was the extinguishing of Garden Island's floodlights minutes before "M-24" fired its first torpedo, impeding targeting.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Question: the place where the attack took place, to which country does it belong to?

Answer: Australia

Explanation: Australia


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: the place where the attack took place, to which country does it belong to?

Context: Australia

Question: what is the population here?

Answer: 7682300 round 1 persons per square kilometre of total land area

Australia [SEP] Demographics

Australia has an average population density of / 7682300 round 1 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between South East Queensland to the north-east and Adelaide to the south-west. Australia is highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018. Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: 7682300 round 1 persons per square kilometre of total land area

Question: what religions are followed?

Answer: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Australia [SEP] Religion

Australia has no state religion; Section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion. In the 2016 census, 52.1% of Australians were counted as Christian, including 22.6% as Catholic and 13.3% as Anglican; 30.1% of the population reported having "no religion"; 8.2% identify with non-Christian religions, the largest of these being Islam (2.6%), followed by Buddhism (2.4%), Hinduism (1.9%), Sikhism (0.5%) and Judaism (0.4%). The remaining 9.7% of the population did not provide an adequate answer. Those who reported having no religion increased conspicuously from 19% in 2006 to 22% in 2011 to 30.1% in 2016.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: what religions are followed?

Context: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Question: which languages are spoken?

Answer: Australian English, Mandarin, Arabic etc

Explanation: Australian English

Australia [SEP] Language

Although Australia has no official language, English is the "de facto" national language. Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling. General Australian serves as the standard dialect. According to the 2016 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for 72.7% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin (2.5%), Arabic (1.4%), Cantonese (1.2%), Vietnamese (1.2%) and Italian (1.2%). A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. Over 250 Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact, of which fewer than twenty are still in daily use by all age groups.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: what religions are followed?

Context: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Context: which languages are spoken?

Context: Australian English, Mandarin, Arabic etc

Question: what kind of food would you find here?

Answer: Bush tucker, British food such as Sunday roast, coffee culture etc

Explanation: bush tucker

Australia [SEP] Cuisine

Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker. The first settlers introduced British food to the continent, much of which is now considered typical Australian food, such as the Sunday roast. Multicultural immigration transformed Australian cuisine; post-World War II European migrants, particularly from the Mediterranean, helped to build a thriving Australian coffee culture, and the influence of Asian cultures has led to Australian variants of their staple foods, such as the Chinese-inspired dim sim and Chiko Roll. Vegemite, pavlova, lamingtons and meat pies are regarded as iconic Australian foods.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: what religions are followed?

Context: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Context: which languages are spoken?

Context: what kind of food would you find here?

Context: Bush tucker, British food such as Sunday roast, coffee culture etc

Question: are there any sports played?

Answer: Yes, cricket and football

Explanation: Cricket and football

Australia [SEP] Sport and recreation

Cricket and football are the predominate sports in Australia during the summer and winter months, respectively. Australia is unique in that it has professional leagues for four football codes. Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, Australian rules football is the most popular code in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union. Soccer, while ranked fourth in popularity and resources, has the highest overall participation rates. Cricket is popular across all borders and has been regarded by many Australians as the national sport. The Australian national cricket team competed against England in the first Test match (1877) and the first One Day International (1971), and against New Zealand in the first Twenty20 International (2004), winning all three games.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: what religions are followed?

Context: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Context: which languages are spoken?

Context: what kind of food would you find here?

Context: are there any sports played?

Context: Yes, cricket and football

Question: can you please name some educational institutions?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Australia [SEP] Sport and recreation


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: what religions are followed?

Context: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Context: which languages are spoken?

Context: what kind of food would you find here?

Context: are there any sports played?

Context: Yes, cricket and football

Context: can you please name some educational institutions?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you please name the states in this country?

Answer: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia etc

Australia [SEP] States and territories

Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT). In most respects, these two territories function as states, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments. Under the constitution, the states essentially have plenary legislative power to legislate on any subject, whereas the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament may legislate only within the subject areas enumerated under section 51. For example, state parliaments have the power to legislate with respect to education, criminal law and state police, health, transport, and local government, but the Commonwealth Parliament does not have any specific power to legislate in these areas.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: what religions are followed?

Context: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Context: which languages are spoken?

Context: what kind of food would you find here?

Context: are there any sports played?

Context: Yes, cricket and football

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you please name the states in this country?

Context: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia etc

Question: were there any immigrants that came here?

Answer: Yes, they came from the British Isles, China and Germany

Australia [SEP] Ancestry and immigration

Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism, and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.


Context: who attacked sydney harbour?

Context: when?

Context: Late May and early June 1942

Context: do you know why?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the harbour defences?

Context: was the attack successful?

Context: what was the aftermath?

Context: did any survive?

Context: USS "Chicago M-24

Context: Australia

Context: what is the population here?

Context: what religions are followed?

Context: Catholic , Anglican,  Islam etc

Context: which languages are spoken?

Context: what kind of food would you find here?

Context: are there any sports played?

Context: Yes, cricket and football

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: were there any immigrants that came here?

Context: Yes, they came from the British Isles, China and Germany

Question: who are the original inhabitants?

Answer: Aboriginal Australians

Explanation: Aboriginal Australian

Australia [SEP] Prehistory

Human habitation of the Australian continent is known to have begun at least 65,000 years ago, with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now Southeast Asia. The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is recognised as the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia. The oldest human remains found are the Lake Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago. These people were the ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continual cultures on earth. At the time of first European contact, most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers with complex economies and societies.


Question: politics in new england middle and southern colonies

Answer: The Middle Colonies’ political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations.

Explanation: The Middle Colonies’ political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations, evolving especially during the French and Indian War.

Middle Colonies [SEP] Politics

The Middle Colonies' political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations, evolving especially during the French and Indian War. The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies. Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation. Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion, most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler's Rebellion in New York. Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress, and a center for revolution.


Context: politics in new england middle and southern colonies

Context: The Middle Colonies’ political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations.

Question: which areas comes under these colonies?

Answer: The Provinces of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Explanation: Much of the area was part of New Netherland until the British exerted their control over the region. The British captured much of the area in their war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York. The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn.

Middle Colonies [SEP] Introduction

The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn. The Middle Colonies had much fertile soil, which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. The lumber and shipbuilding industries were also successful in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests, and Pennsylvania was moderately successful in the textile and iron industries. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America with settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and German states. Farm land was both productive and much less expensive than in Europe.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: The Provinces of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Question: when was it formed?

Answer: 1664.

Explanation: The British captured much of the area in their war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York. The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William

Middle Colonies [SEP] Introduction


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Question: which industries were developed during this time?

Answer: Textile, printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking.

Middle Colonies [SEP] Industry

Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies. These industries, along with the presence of deep river estuaries, led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia. While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the Southern Colonies, it still did not rival the industry of New England. In Pennsylvania, sawmills and gristmills were abundant, and the textile industry grew quickly. The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products, including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon. Other important industries included printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: which industries were developed during this time?

Context: Textile, printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking.

Question: regarding this last term you mentioned; how is this process done?

Answer: A dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating.

Explanation: In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating. Once dry, a generally flat, uniform and strong sheet of paper is achieved.

Papermaking [SEP] Introduction

Before the invention and current widespread adoption of automated machinery, all paper was made by hand, formed or laid one sheet at a time by specialized laborers. Even today those who make paper by hand use tools and technologies quite similar to those existing hundreds of years ago, as originally developed in China and Asia, or those further modified in Europe. Handmade paper is still appreciated for its distinctive uniqueness and the skilled craft involved in making each sheet, in contrast with the higher degree of uniformity and perfection at lower prices achieved among industrial products.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: regarding this last term you mentioned; how is this process done?

Context: A dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating.

Question: can you name some iconic makers of this thing?

Answer: Key inventors include James Whatman, Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.

Papermaking [SEP] Notable papermakers

One of the most notable examples might be that of the first humans that achieved flight, the Montgolfier brothers, where many accounts barely mention the paper mill their family owned, although paper used in their balloons did play a relevant role in their success, as probably did their familiarity with this light and strong material. Key inventors include James Whatman, Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: can you name some iconic makers of this thing?

Context: Key inventors include James Whatman, Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.

Question: was this last person only into this manufacturing work or did something else later?

Answer: He worked for two years for the wine processor Liljeholmens Vinfabriks Aktiebolag.

Explanation: In 1861 Carl Daniel finished school and began working in the Ugglan pharmacy in Stockholm. It is believed that he passed his pharmacist examination before starting his education as an engineer in 1865 at the Technological Institute in Stockholm. He graduated in June, 1868 with first class honors, then worked for two years for the wine processor Liljeholmens Vinfabriks Aktiebolag, on Svartmangatan, Stockholm.

Carl Daniel Ekman [SEP] Early life

Ekman was the sixteenth and final child born in a 28-year period to Otto Christian Ekman at his home at 36 Södra Långgatan in Kalmar, Sweden. Carl Daniel was the third child born to Otto Christian's second wife, Maria Louise Indebetou, formerly of Forshaga. Otto Christian was a medical doctor who served at Kalmar Castle. Otto's father had been a pewterer in Malmö. In 1861 Carl Daniel finished school and began working in the Ugglan pharmacy in Stockholm. It is believed that he passed his pharmacist examination before starting his education as an engineer in 1865 at the Technological Institute in Stockholm.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: was this last person only into this manufacturing work or did something else later?

Context: He worked for two years for the wine processor Liljeholmens Vinfabriks Aktiebolag.

Question: the two provinces you mentioned earlier; did the former one fight any war?

Answer: Yes, against the French during King George's War and during the French and Indian War.

Province of New York [SEP] King George's War

This province, as a British colony, fought against the French during King George's War. The assembly was determined to control expenditures for this war and only weak support was given. When the call came for New York to help raise an expeditionary force against Louisburg, the New York assembly refused to raise troops and only appropriated a token three thousand pounds. The assembly was opposed to a significant war effort because it would interrupt trade with Quebec and would result in higher taxes. The French raid on Saratoga in 1745 destroyed that settlement, killing and capturing more than one hundred people.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: the two provinces you mentioned earlier; did the former one fight any war?

Context: Yes, against the French during King George's War and during the French and Indian War.

Question: can you mention any cause of this former war?

Answer: It was a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne.

Explanation: The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen.

King George's War [SEP] Causes

The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was restrained to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia. The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: can you mention any cause of this former war?

Context: It was a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne.

Question: who is this person you mentioned?

Answer: She was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Maria Theresa [SEP] Introduction

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: who is this person you mentioned?

Context: She was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Question: when did she ascend the throne?

Answer: October 1740.

Explanation: Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740.

Maria Theresa [SEP] Introduction


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: who is this person you mentioned?

Context: when did she ascend the throne?

Context: October 1740.

Question: you mentioned about a house; what is that?

Answer: It was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

House of Habsburg [SEP] Introduction

The House of Habsburg (; ; alternatively spelled Hapsburg in English; ), also officially called the House of Austria (; ), was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740 and after the death of Francis I from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806. The house also produced kings of Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Galicia, Portugal and Spain with their respective colonies, as well as rulers of several principalities in the Netherlands and Italy and emperors of Austria, Austria-Hungary and Mexico.


Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: who is this person you mentioned?

Context: when did she ascend the throne?

Context: October 1740.

Context: you mentioned about a house; what is that?

Context: It was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

Question: who were its monarchs?

Answer: Count Radbot, Otto II and Rudolph, to name a few.

Explanation: he house takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, by Count Radbot of Klettgau, who named his fortress Habsburg. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding "Count of Habsburg" to his title. The House of Habsburg gathered dynastic momentum through the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. In 1273, Count Radbot's seventh generation descendant Rudolph of Habsburg became Roman-German King. He moved the family's power base to the Duchy of Austria, which the Habsburgs ruled until 1918.

House of Habsburg [SEP] Introduction

From the 16th century, following the reign of Charles V, the dynasty was split between its Spanish and Austrian branches. Although they ruled distinct territories, they nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried including the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil and House of Habsburg of his wife, Empress Maria Leopoldina. The house takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, by Count Radbot of Klettgau, who named his fortress Habsburg. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding "Count of Habsburg" to his title.


Context: politics in new england middle and southern colonies

Context: The Middle Colonies’ political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations.

Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: The Provinces of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Context: when was it formed?

Context: which industries were developed during this time?

Context: Textile, printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking.

Context: regarding this last term you mentioned; how is this process done?

Context: A dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating.

Context: can you name some iconic makers of this thing?

Context: Key inventors include James Whatman, Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.

Context: was this last person only into this manufacturing work or did something else later?

Context: He worked for two years for the wine processor Liljeholmens Vinfabriks Aktiebolag.

Context: the two provinces you mentioned earlier; did the former one fight any war?

Context: Yes, against the French during King George's War and during the French and Indian War.

Context: can you mention any cause of this former war?

Context: It was a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne.

Context: who is this person you mentioned?

Context: She was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Context: when did she ascend the throne?

Context: October 1740.

Context: you mentioned about a house; what is that?

Context: It was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

Context: who were its monarchs?

Context: Count Radbot, Otto II and Rudolph, to name a few.

Question: was there any division within this house?

Answer: Yes, the Austrian Habsburgs and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs.

House of Habsburg [SEP] Division of the house: Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs

After the abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Habsburg dynasty split into the branch of the Austrian Habsburgs (or German Habsburgs) and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs. Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and archduke of Austria in the name of his brother Charles V became suo jure monarch as well as the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor (designated as successor already in 1531). Philip II of Spain, son of Charles V, became King of Spain and its colonial empire, and ruler of the Mezzogiorno of Italy. The Spanish Habsburgs also ruled Portugal for a time (1580–1640). The Seventeen Provinces and the Duchy of Milan were also left in personal union under the King of Spain, but remained part of the Holy Roman Empire.


Context: politics in new england middle and southern colonies

Context: The Middle Colonies’ political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations.

Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: The Provinces of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Context: when was it formed?

Context: which industries were developed during this time?

Context: Textile, printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking.

Context: regarding this last term you mentioned; how is this process done?

Context: A dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating.

Context: can you name some iconic makers of this thing?

Context: Key inventors include James Whatman, Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.

Context: was this last person only into this manufacturing work or did something else later?

Context: He worked for two years for the wine processor Liljeholmens Vinfabriks Aktiebolag.

Context: the two provinces you mentioned earlier; did the former one fight any war?

Context: Yes, against the French during King George's War and during the French and Indian War.

Context: can you mention any cause of this former war?

Context: It was a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne.

Context: who is this person you mentioned?

Context: She was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Context: when did she ascend the throne?

Context: October 1740.

Context: you mentioned about a house; what is that?

Context: It was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

Context: who were its monarchs?

Context: Count Radbot, Otto II and Rudolph, to name a few.

Context: was there any division within this house?

Context: Yes, the Austrian Habsburgs and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs.

Question: what was this house's main role of working?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: politics in new england middle and southern colonies

Context: The Middle Colonies’ political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations.

Context: which areas comes under these colonies?

Context: The Provinces of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Context: when was it formed?

Context: which industries were developed during this time?

Context: Textile, printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking.

Context: regarding this last term you mentioned; how is this process done?

Context: A dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating.

Context: can you name some iconic makers of this thing?

Context: Key inventors include James Whatman, Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.

Context: was this last person only into this manufacturing work or did something else later?

Context: He worked for two years for the wine processor Liljeholmens Vinfabriks Aktiebolag.

Context: the two provinces you mentioned earlier; did the former one fight any war?

Context: Yes, against the French during King George's War and during the French and Indian War.

Context: can you mention any cause of this former war?

Context: It was a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne.

Context: who is this person you mentioned?

Context: She was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Context: when did she ascend the throne?

Context: October 1740.

Context: you mentioned about a house; what is that?

Context: It was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

Context: who were its monarchs?

Context: Count Radbot, Otto II and Rudolph, to name a few.

Context: was there any division within this house?

Context: Yes, the Austrian Habsburgs and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs.

Context: what was this house's main role of working?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what connection does the above female ruler had with the jews?

Answer: She regarded them as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them.

Maria Theresa [SEP] Jews and Protestants

Though she eventually gave up trying to convert her non-Catholic subjects to Catholicism, Maria Theresa regarded both the Jews and Protestants as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. She was probably the most anti-Jewish monarch of her time, having inherited the traditional prejudices of her ancestors and acquired new ones. This was a product of deep religious devotion and was not kept secret in her time. In 1777, she wrote of the Jews: "I know of no greater plague than this race, which on account of its deceit, usury and avarice is driving my subjects into beggary.


Question: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Answer: It is the third episode of the first season of "The X-Files".

Squeeze (The X-Files) [SEP] Introduction

"Squeeze" is the third episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files". It premiered on the Fox network on September 24, 1993. "Squeeze" was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong and directed by Harry Longstreet, with Michael Katleman directing additional footage. The episode featured the first of two guest appearances by Doug Hutchison as the mutant serial killer Eugene Victor Tooms, a role he would reprise in "Tooms". "Squeeze" is the first "monster-of-the-week" episode of "The X-Files", a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to the series' overarching mythology. The show's main characters are FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: It is the third episode of the first season of "The X-Files".

Question: what is that episode about?

Answer: The investigation of a series of ritualistic killings by somebody seemingly capable of squeezing his body through impossibly narrow gaps.

Explanation: The show's main characters are FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a series of ritualistic killings by somebody seemingly capable of squeezing his body through impossibly narrow gaps. The agents deduce that their suspect may be a genetic mutant who has been killing in sprees for ninety years

Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a series of ritualistic killings by somebody seemingly capable of squeezing his body through impossibly narrow gaps. The agents deduce that their suspect may be a genetic mutant who has been killing in sprees for ninety years. Production of "Squeeze" was problematic; creative differences between Longstreet and the crew led to him being replaced as director, while some missing scenes needed to be shot after the initial filming. Because of this turbulence, the completion of the episode relied on post-production techniques.


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: The investigation of a series of ritualistic killings by somebody seemingly capable of squeezing his body through impossibly narrow gaps.

Question: where did the shooting take place?

Answer: Many of the scenes were shot in Vancouver.

Squeeze (The X-Files) [SEP] Filming

The episode's establishing exterior shots, and those of Tooms' house, were filmed around Hastings Street in Vancouver. When filming the first shot of Tooms' eyes glowing from a storm drain, the production crew arrived too late to secure the street for filming, and a nearby construction crew were temporarily drafted to guard the area. The ventilation system through which the first victim is attacked at night was meant to be of a multistory car park. However, to avoid a costly tenting operation to simulate night-time, a replica of the necessary parts of the ventilation system was built in a lower level of the car park.


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: where did the shooting take place?

Context: Many of the scenes were shot in Vancouver.

Question: what were some of the reviews it received?

Answer: "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a B+; Thomas Sutcliffe of "The Independent" was more critical; "Vancouver Sun" listed it as one of the best stand-alone episodes of the show.

Explanation: In "Entertainment Weekly"'s 1996 retrospective of the first season, "Squeeze" was rated B+; it was called "an important episode", and Hutchison's portrayal of Tooms was described as "profoundly creepy". However, Thomas Sutcliffe of "The Independent" was more critical, deriding the premise in a 1994 review, as "entirely ludicrous", and sarcastically described Mulder's deduction of Tooms' abilities as "clearly another triumph for the deductive method". A 2008 article in the "Vancouver Sun" listed "Squeeze" as one of the best stand-alone episodes of the show, saying, ""The X-Files" became known for its creepy, monster-of-the-week episodes, and Squeeze was the one that started it all", and that, together with "Tooms", it "remains one of the scariest things ever seen on television".

Squeeze (The X-Files) [SEP] Broadcast and reception


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: where did the shooting take place?

Context: what were some of the reviews it received?

Context: "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a B+; Thomas Sutcliffe of "The Independent" was more critical; "Vancouver Sun" listed it as one of the best stand-alone episodes of the show.

Question: does this series have any connection with mythology?

Answer: Some of the myths were: the extraterrestrial/conspiracy, cryptids, mutants, science fiction technology, horror monsters, and religious phenomena.

The X-Files [SEP] Mythology

As the show progressed, key episodes, called parts of the "Mytharc", were recognized as the "mythology" of the series canon; these episodes carried the extraterrestrial/conspiracy storyline that evolved throughout the series. "Monster of the week"—often abbreviated as "MOTW" or "MoW"—came to denote the remainder of "The X-Files" episodes. These episodes, comprising the majority of the series, dealt with paranormal phenomena, including: cryptids, mutants, science fiction technology, horror monsters, and religious phenomena. Some of the Monster-of-the-Week episodes even featured satiric elements and comedic story lines. The main story arc involves the agents' efforts to uncover a government conspiracy that covers up the existence of extraterrestrials and their sinister collaboration with said government.


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: where did the shooting take place?

Context: does this series have any connection with mythology?

Context: Some of the myths were: the extraterrestrial/conspiracy, cryptids, mutants, science fiction technology, horror monsters, and religious phenomena.

Question: was it converted into film?

Answer: Yes, "The X-Files: Fight the Future"

Explanation: On June 19, 1998, the eponymous "The X-Files", also known as "The X-Files: Fight the Future" was released. The crew intended the movie to be a continuation of the season five finale "The End", but was also meant to stand on its own. The season six premiere, "The Beginning", began where the film ended.

The X-Files [SEP] Films

In April 2002, Carter reiterated his desire and the studio's desire to do a sequel film. He planned to write the script over the summer and begin production in spring or summer 2003 for a 2004 release. Carter described the film as independent of the series, saying "We're looking at the movies as stand-alones. They're not necessarily going to have to deal with the mythology." Bowman, who had directed various episodes of "The X-Files" in the past as well as the 1998 film, expressed an interest in the sequel, but Carter took the job. Spotnitz co-authored the script with Carter.


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: where did the shooting take place?

Context: was it converted into film?

Context: Yes, "The X-Files: Fight the Future"

Question: did it also have a comic book edition?

Answer: Yes, "The X-Files" written by Stefan Petrucha.

The X-Files [SEP] Comic books

"The X-Files" was converted into a comic book series published by Topps Comics during the show's third and fourth seasons. The initial comic books were written solely by Stefan Petrucha. According to Petrucha, there were three types of stories: "those that dealt with the characters, those that dealt with the conspiracy, and the monster-of-the-week sort of stuff". Petrucha cited the latter as the easiest to write. Petrucha saw Scully as a "scientist [...] with real world faith", and that the difference between [Mulder and Scully] is not that Mulder believes and Scully doesn't; it's more a difference in procedure." In this manner, Mulder's viewpoint was often written to be just as valid as Scully's, and Scully's science was often portrayed to be just as convincing as Mulder's more outlandish ideas.


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: where did the shooting take place?

Context: was it converted into film?

Context: Yes, "The X-Files: Fight the Future"

Context: did it also have a comic book edition?

Context: Yes, "The X-Files" written by Stefan Petrucha.

Question: who released the merchandise?

Answer: Wildstorm and the Fox Broadcasting Company

Explanation: "The X-Files" spawned an industry of spin-off products. In 2004, U.S.-based Topps Comics and most recently, DC Comics imprint Wildstorm launched a new series of licensed tie-in comics. During the series' run, the Fox Broadcasting Company published the official "The X-Files Magazine". "The X-Files" Collectible Card Game was released in 1996 and an expansion set was released in 1997. "The X-Files" has inspired four video games. In 1997, Fox Interactive released "", a game-style database for Windows and Mac, which allowed users access to every case file. In 1998, "The X-Files Game" was released for the PC and Macintosh and a year later for the PlayStation. This game is set within the timeline of the second or third season and follows an Agent Craig Willmore in his search for the missing Mulder and Scully.

The X-Files [SEP] Merchandise


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: where did the shooting take place?

Context: was it converted into film?

Context: Yes, "The X-Files: Fight the Future"

Context: did it also have a comic book edition?

Context: who released the merchandise?

Context: Wildstorm and the Fox Broadcasting Company

Question: where was the second company founded?

Answer: New York City

Fox Broadcasting Company [SEP] Introduction

The Fox Broadcasting Company (often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX) is an American commercial broadcast over-the-air television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation. The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City, with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center (also in New York) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles. Launched on October 9, 1986, as a competitor to the Big Three television networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC), Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network. It was the highest-rated free-to-air network in the 18–49 demographic from 2004 to 2012, and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007–08 season.


Context: what is squeeze (the x-files)?

Context: what is that episode about?

Context: where did the shooting take place?

Context: was it converted into film?

Context: Yes, "The X-Files: Fight the Future"

Context: did it also have a comic book edition?

Context: who released the merchandise?

Context: where was the second company founded?

Context: New York City

Question: are they involved in children's programming?

Answer: Yes, the network is called Fox Kids.

Fox Broadcasting Company [SEP] Children's programming

Fox began airing children's programming on September 8, 1990 with the debut of the Fox Children's Network (rebranded as the Fox Kids Network in 1991, and then to simply Fox Kids in 1998), a programming block that aired on Saturday mornings and weekday afternoons. Programming within the Fox Kids block consisted mainly of animated series, although it also featured some live-action series as part of the lineup. Shows featured in the block included "Bobby's World", "X-Men", "Spider-Man", "The Tick", "Fun House", "Goosebumps" and "Digimon"; it also aired select shows from Warner Bros. Animation including the popular animated series "Tiny Toon Adventures", "Animaniacs" and "" (Warner Bros.


Question: how many years ago was the thescelosaurus in existence?

Answer: More than 66 million years ago

Explanation: It was a member of the last dinosaurian fauna before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event around 66 million years ago.

Thescelosaurus [SEP] Introduction

There was much discussion over whether the remains were of a heart. Many scientists now doubt the identification of the object and the implications of such an identification.


Context: how many years ago was the thescelosaurus in existence?

Context: More than 66 million years ago

Question: which period was that?

Answer: Late Cretaceous period

Thescelosaurus [SEP] Introduction

Thescelosaurus ( ; ancient Greek θέσκελος- ("-") meaning "godlike", "marvellous", or "wondrous" and σαυρος ("") "lizard") was a genus of small ornithopod dinosaur that appeared at the very end of the Late Cretaceous period in North America. It was a member of the last dinosaurian fauna before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event around 66 million years ago. The preservation and completeness of many of its specimens indicate that it may have preferred to live near streams. This bipedal ornithopod is known from several partial skeletons and skulls that indicate it grew to between 2.5 and 4.0 meters (8.2 to 13.1 ft) in length on average.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Question: describe this creature's physical characteristics.

Answer: Its size has been estimated in the 2.5–4.0 m range for length, a weight of 200–300 kilograms and it may have been sexually dimorphic, with one sex larger than the other

Explanation: The animal's size has been estimated in the 2.5–4.0 m range for length (8.2–13.1 ft) for various specimens, and a weight of 200–300 kilograms (450–660 pounds), with the large type specimen of "T. garbanii" estimated at 4–4.5 meters (13.1–14.8 feet) long. As discussed more fully under "Discovery, history, and species", it may have been sexually dimorphic, with one sex larger than the other.

Thescelosaurus [SEP] Description

Charles M. Sternberg reconstructed it with the upper arm oriented almost perpendicular to the body, another idea that has gone by the wayside. As noted by Peter Galton, the upper arm bone of most ornithischians articulated with the shoulder by an articular surface that consisted of the entire end of the bone, instead of a distinct ball and socket as in mammals. The orientation of the shoulder's articular surface also indicates a vertical and not horizontal upper arm in dinosaurs.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: describe this creature's physical characteristics.

Context: Its size has been estimated in the 2.5–4.0 m range for length, a weight of 200–300 kilograms and it may have been sexually dimorphic, with one sex larger than the other

Question: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Answer: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Explanation: The type specimen of "Thescelosaurus" (USNM 7757) was discovered in 1891 by paleontologists John Bell Hatcher and William H. Utterback, from beds of the late Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Niobrara County (at the time part of Converse County), Wyoming, USA.

Thescelosaurus [SEP] Discovery, history, and species

garbanii". Finally, they noted that another specimen, RSM P.1225.1, differed from "T. neglectus" in some anatomical details, and may represent a new species. Thus, "Thescelosaurus" per Boyd et al. (2009) is represented by at least two, and possibly three valid species: type species "T. neglectus", "T. garbanii", and a possible unnamed species. In December 2011, RSM P.1225.1 was assigned to its own species, "Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis". It was named by Caleb M. Brown, Clint A. Boyd and Anthony P. Russell and is known only from its holotype, a small, articulated and almost complete skeleton from the Frenchman Formation (late Maastrichtian stage) of Saskatchewan.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Question: who discovered them?

Answer: John Bell Hatcher and William H. Utterback

Explanation: The type specimen of "Thescelosaurus" (USNM 7757) was discovered in 1891 by paleontologists John Bell Hatcher and William H. Utterback


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Question: were these fossils recovered and preserved somewhere in an institution?

Answer: Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History

The type specimen of "Thescelosaurus" (USNM 7757) was discovered in 1891 by paleontologists John Bell Hatcher and William H. Utterback, from beds of the late Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Niobrara County (at the time part of Converse County), Wyoming, USA. The skeleton, however, remained in its shipping crates for years until Charles W. Gilmore of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History had it prepared and described it in a short paper in 1913, naming it "T. neglectus" ("neglectus": "neglected"). At the time, he thought it was related to "Camptosaurus". He provided a detailed monograph in 1915, describing the well-preserved skeleton.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: were these fossils recovered and preserved somewhere in an institution?

Context: Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History

Question: were there any body organs of this creature recovered?

Answer: Remnants of a four-chambered heart and an aorta but these conclusions have been disputed

Thescelosaurus [SEP] Supposed fossilized heart

In 2000, a skeleton of this genus (specimen NCSM 15728) informally known as "Willo", now on display at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, was described as including the remnants of a four-chambered heart and an aorta. It had been originally unearthed in 1993 in northwestern South Dakota. The authors had found the internal detail through computed tomography (CT) imagery. They suggested that the heart had been saponified (turned to grave wax) under airless burial conditions, and then changed to goethite, an iron mineral, by replacement of the original material. The authors interpreted the structure of the heart as indicating an elevated metabolic rate for "Thescelosaurus", not reptilian cold-bloodedness.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: were there any body organs of this creature recovered?

Context: Remnants of a four-chambered heart and an aorta but these conclusions have been disputed

Question: can you name a few other species from that period you mentioned earlier?

Answer: Hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs and ceratopsians

Late Cretaceous [SEP] Non-Avian Dinosaurs

In the Late Cretaceous, the hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs, and ceratopsians experienced success in Asiamerica (Western North America and eastern Asia). Tyrannosaurs dominated the large predator niche in North America. They were also present in Asia, although were usually smaller and more primitive than the North American varieties. Pachycephalosaurs were also present in both North America and Asia. Dromaeosaurs shared the same geographical distribution, and are well documented in both Mongolia and Western North America. Additionally therizinosaurs (known previously as segnosaurs) appear to have been in North America and Asia. Gondwana held a very different dinosaurian fauna, with most predators being abelisaurs and carcharodontosaurs; and titanosaurs being among the dominant herbivores.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: can you name a few other species from that period you mentioned earlier?

Context: Hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs and ceratopsians

Question: can you name a few birds which existed during that period?

Answer: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Late Cretaceous [SEP] Birds

Birds became increasingly common, diversifying in a variety of enantiornithe and ornithurine forms. Early Neornithes such as "Vegavis" co-existed with forms as bizarre as "Yungavolucris" and "Avisaurus". Though mostly small, marine Hesperornithes became relatively large and flightless, adapted to life in the open sea.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: can you name a few birds which existed during that period?

Context: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Question: can you name a few mammals during that period?

Answer: Cimolodont, multituberculates, metatherians and eutherians

Late Cretaceous [SEP] Mammals

Several old mammal groups began to disappear, with the last eutriconodonts occurring in the Campanian of North America. In the northern hemisphere, cimolodont, multituberculates, metatherians and eutherians were the dominant mammals, with the former two groups being the most common mammals in North America. In the southern hemisphere there was instead a more complex fauna of dryolestoids, gondwanatheres and other multituberculates and basal eutherians; monotremes were presumably present, as was the last of the haramiyidans, "Avashishta". Mammals, though generally small, ranged into a variety of ecological niches, from carnivores (Deltatheroida), to mollusc-eater (Stagodontidae), to herbivores (multituberculates, "Schowalteria", Zhelestidae and Mesungulatidae) to highly atypical cursorial forms (Zalambdalestidae, Brandoniidae).


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Context: can you name a few mammals during that period?

Context: Cimolodont, multituberculates, metatherians and eutherians

Question: what plants were found during that period?

Answer: Magnolias, sassafras, roses, redwoods and willows

Late Cretaceous [SEP] Flora

Near the end of the Cretaceous Period, flowering plants diversified. In temperate regions, familiar plants like magnolias, sassafras, roses, redwoods, and willows could be found in abundance.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Context: what plants were found during that period?

Context: Magnolias, sassafras, roses, redwoods and willows

Question: with reference to the first bird mentioned during that period, were their fossils recovered?

Answer: Yes. On Vega Island, Antarctica

Vegavis [SEP] Description

The discovery of the type species, Vegavis iaai, demonstrates that the major groups of bird alive today had already diversified in the Cretaceous. This supports the longstanding phylogenetic inferences of paleornithologists. It has been hailed as the first definitive physical proof that representatives of some of the groups of modern birds lived in the Mesozoic. The holotype specimen of "Vegavis" is held by the Museo de La Plata, Argentina. The specimen, cataloged as MLP 93-I-3-1, was found in the López de Bertodano Formation at Cape Lamb on Vega Island, Antarctica, in 1993, but was only described as a new species in 2005 because it consists of the very delicate remains of one bird embedded in a concretion, which had to be meticulously prepared for study.


Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Context: with reference to the first bird mentioned during that period, were their fossils recovered?

Context: Yes. On Vega Island, Antarctica

Question: where are these fossils preserved?

Answer: Museo de La Plata, Argentina

Explanation: The holotype specimen of "Vegavis" is held by the Museo de La Plata, Argentina.

Vegavis [SEP] Description


Context: how many years ago was the thescelosaurus in existence?

Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: describe this creature's physical characteristics.

Context: Its size has been estimated in the 2.5–4.0 m range for length, a weight of 200–300 kilograms and it may have been sexually dimorphic, with one sex larger than the other

Context: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: John Bell Hatcher and William H. Utterback

Context: were these fossils recovered and preserved somewhere in an institution?

Context: Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History

Context: were there any body organs of this creature recovered?

Context: Remnants of a four-chambered heart and an aorta but these conclusions have been disputed

Context: can you name a few other species from that period you mentioned earlier?

Context: Hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs and ceratopsians

Context: can you name a few birds which existed during that period?

Context: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Context: can you name a few mammals during that period?

Context: Cimolodont, multituberculates, metatherians and eutherians

Context: what plants were found during that period?

Context: Magnolias, sassafras, roses, redwoods and willows

Context: with reference to the first bird mentioned during that period, were their fossils recovered?

Context: Yes. On Vega Island, Antarctica

Context: where are these fossils preserved?

Context: Museo de La Plata, Argentina

Question: with reference to the second bird mentioned during that period, where were their fossils recovered?

Answer: El Brete, Argentina

Yungavolucris [SEP] Introduction

Yungavolucris is a genus of enantiornithean birds. It contains the single species Yungavolucris brevipedalis, which lived in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, c.70.6 – 66 mya). The fossil bones were found in the Lecho Formation at "estancia" El Brete, Argentina.""Yungavolucris brevipedalis"" means "Short-footed Yungas bird". The generic name, "Yungavolucris" is after the Yungas region + the Latin "volucris", which translates to "bird" (literally "flyer"). The specific name "brevipedalis" is from the Latin "brevis", which means "short", + "pedalis", from the Latin "pes", meaning "foot".


Context: how many years ago was the thescelosaurus in existence?

Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: describe this creature's physical characteristics.

Context: Its size has been estimated in the 2.5–4.0 m range for length, a weight of 200–300 kilograms and it may have been sexually dimorphic, with one sex larger than the other

Context: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: John Bell Hatcher and William H. Utterback

Context: were these fossils recovered and preserved somewhere in an institution?

Context: Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History

Context: were there any body organs of this creature recovered?

Context: Remnants of a four-chambered heart and an aorta but these conclusions have been disputed

Context: can you name a few other species from that period you mentioned earlier?

Context: Hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs and ceratopsians

Context: can you name a few birds which existed during that period?

Context: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Context: can you name a few mammals during that period?

Context: Cimolodont, multituberculates, metatherians and eutherians

Context: what plants were found during that period?

Context: Magnolias, sassafras, roses, redwoods and willows

Context: with reference to the first bird mentioned during that period, were their fossils recovered?

Context: Yes. On Vega Island, Antarctica

Context: where are these fossils preserved?

Context: Museo de La Plata, Argentina

Context: with reference to the second bird mentioned during that period, where were their fossils recovered?

Context: El Brete, Argentina

Question: where are they preserved now?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Yungavolucris [SEP] Introduction


Context: how many years ago was the thescelosaurus in existence?

Context: More than 66 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: Late Cretaceous period

Context: describe this creature's physical characteristics.

Context: Its size has been estimated in the 2.5–4.0 m range for length, a weight of 200–300 kilograms and it may have been sexually dimorphic, with one sex larger than the other

Context: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Context: Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA

Context: who discovered them?

Context: John Bell Hatcher and William H. Utterback

Context: were these fossils recovered and preserved somewhere in an institution?

Context: Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History

Context: were there any body organs of this creature recovered?

Context: Remnants of a four-chambered heart and an aorta but these conclusions have been disputed

Context: can you name a few other species from that period you mentioned earlier?

Context: Hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs and ceratopsians

Context: can you name a few birds which existed during that period?

Context: Vegavis, Yungavolucris and Avisaurus

Context: can you name a few mammals during that period?

Context: Cimolodont, multituberculates, metatherians and eutherians

Context: what plants were found during that period?

Context: Magnolias, sassafras, roses, redwoods and willows

Context: with reference to the first bird mentioned during that period, were their fossils recovered?

Context: Yes. On Vega Island, Antarctica

Context: where are these fossils preserved?

Context: Museo de La Plata, Argentina

Context: with reference to the second bird mentioned during that period, where were their fossils recovered?

Context: El Brete, Argentina

Context: where are they preserved now?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you mention any one peculiar feature of the continents during that period?

Answer: Due to plate tectonics, the Americas were gradually moving westward, causing the Atlantic Ocean to expand

Late Cretaceous [SEP] Geography

Due to plate tectonics, the Americas were gradually moving westward, causing the Atlantic Ocean to expand. The Western Interior Seaway divided North America into eastern and western halves; Appalachia and Laramidia. India maintained a northward course towards Asia. In the Southern Hemisphere, Australia and Antarctica seem to have remained connected and began to drift away from Africa and South America. Europe was an island chain. Populating some of these islands were endemic dwarf dinosaur species.


Question: where is titan located in the solar system

Answer: Titan orbits Saturn

Titan (moon) [SEP] Introduction

Discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, Titan was the first known moon of Saturn, and the sixth known planetary satellite (after Earth's moon and the four Galilean moons of Jupiter). Titan orbits Saturn at 20 Saturn radii. From Titan's surface, Saturn subtends an arc of 5.09 degrees and would appear 11.4 times larger in the sky than the Moon from Earth. Titan is primarily composed of ice and rocky material, which is likely differentiated into a rocky core surrounded by various layers of ice, including a crust of ice I and a subsurface layer of ammonia-rich liquid water.


Context: where is titan located in the solar system

Context: Titan orbits Saturn

Question: when was this moon discovered?

Answer: 1655

Explanation: Discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens

Titan (moon) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Titan orbits Saturn

Context: when was this moon discovered?

Question: and by whom?

Answer: Christiaan Huygens

Titan (moon) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Titan orbits Saturn

Context: when was this moon discovered?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Christiaan Huygens

Question: which planet does this moon belong to?

Answer: Saturn

Titan (moon) [SEP] Introduction

Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest natural satellite in the Solar System. It is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere, and the only known body in space, other than Earth, where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found. Titan is the sixth gravitationally rounded moon from Saturn. Frequently described as a planet-like moon, Titan is 50% larger (in diameter) than Earth's moon and 80% more massive. It is the second-largest moon in the Solar System after Jupiter's moon Ganymede, and is larger than the planet Mercury, but only 40% as massive.