Context: UNANSWERABLE

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Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: where is this desert located from where the dust is blown?

Context: African continent

Question: what is the highest temperature recorded there?

Answer: A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad.

Sahara [SEP] Temperature

Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds everywhere and can approach in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of . Sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high: it can easily reach or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad.


Context: what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: The term originally derives from the early fourteenth century sense of trade (in late Middle English) still often meaning "path" or "track".

Context: what are its effects?

Context: Every year, millions of tons of nutrient-rich Saharan dust cross the Atlantic Ocean, bringing vital phosphorus and other fertilizers to depleted Amazon soils.

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: As part of the Hadley cell, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles. A low-pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums, near-equatorial trough, intertropical front, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Context: African continent

Context: what is the highest temperature recorded there?

Context: A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad.

Question: how big is it?

Answer: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Explanation: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Sahara [SEP] Geography

The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa. If all areas with a mean annual precipitation of less than 250 mm were included, the Sahara would be . It is one of three distinct physiographic provinces of the African massive physiographic division. The Sahara is mainly rocky hamada (stone plateaus); ergs (sand seas – large areas covered with sand dunes) form only a minor part, but many of the sand dunes are over high. Wind or rare rainfall shape the desert features: sand dunes, dune fields, sand seas, stone plateaus, gravel plains ("reg"), dry valleys ("wadi"), dry lakes ("oued"), and salt flats ("shatt" or "chott").


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Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Question: how much does it rain there?

Answer: The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part.

Sahara [SEP] Precipitation

The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from to . For example, Biskra, Algeria, and Ouarzazate, Morocco, are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from to .


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part.

Question: what did the greek do in there?

Answer: Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea.

Sahara [SEP] Greeks

By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were of constant concern to those living on the edge of the desert.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea.

Question: when did the urbanization begin?

Answer: An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya

Sahara [SEP] Urban civilization

An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (who were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with them, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes' capital of Garama.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya

Question: when was the port mentioned earlier built?

Answer: 1905

Port Sudan [SEP] History

Port Sudan was built in 1905 to replace Suakin. An oil pipeline was built between the port and Khartoum in 1977.


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Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: when was the port mentioned earlier built?

Question: how does this port help with the economy?

Answer: The city has an oil refinery and handles the majority of the country's international trade

Explanation: The city has an oil refinery and handles the majority of the country's international trade. Major exports include oilseed, senna, and hides and skins. Imports include construction materials, heavy machinery, and vehicles.

Port Sudan [SEP] Economy


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: how does this port help with the economy?

Context: The city has an oil refinery and handles the majority of the country's international trade

Question: is there any airport nearby?

Answer: Yes, Port Sudan New International Airport

Port Sudan [SEP] Transport

The city has a modern container-port to handle imports and exports. The main airport is Port Sudan New International Airport. There is now a tarred road linking Port Sudan to Khartoum via Atbara. Port Sudan also has a rail link with Khartoum. There is also an international ferry from Jeddah.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: is there any airport nearby?

Context: Yes, Port Sudan New International Airport

Question: which places do they have for praying?

Answer: Places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques, but there are also Christian churches and temples including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum, Sudan Interior Church, and Presbyterian Church in Sudan

Explanation: Places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques, but there are also Christian churches and temples including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum (Catholic Church), Sudan Interior Church (Baptist World Alliance), and Presbyterian Church in Sudan (World Communion of Reformed Churches).

Port Sudan [SEP] Places of worship


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Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: is there any airport nearby?

Context: which places do they have for praying?

Context: Places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques, but there are also Christian churches and temples including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum, Sudan Interior Church, and Presbyterian Church in Sudan

Question: where is this port located?

Answer: In eastern Sudan, and the capital of the state of Red Sea

Explanation: Port Sudan ( "") is a port city in eastern Sudan, and the capital of the state of Red Sea. , it has 489,725 residents. Located on the Red Sea, it is the Republic of Sudan's main port city.

Port Sudan [SEP] Introduction


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Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: is there any airport nearby?

Context: which places do they have for praying?

Context: where is this port located?

Context: In eastern Sudan, and the capital of the state of Red Sea

Question: what are the different names of this mentioned sea?

Answer: "Mare Mecca"  and "Sinus Arabicus"

Explanation: Historically, it was also known to western geographers as "Mare Mecca" (Sea of Mecca), and "Sinus Arabicus" (Gulf of Arabia). Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf or Gulf of Arabia.

Red Sea [SEP] Names

The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used colour words to refer to the cardinal directions. Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably. The name in Hebrew "Yam Suph" () is of biblical origin. The name in "Phiom Enhah" ("Sea of Hah") is connected to Ancient Egyptian root "ḥḥ" which refers to water and sea (for example the names of the Ogdoad gods Heh and Hauhet) - Pa-yem 'Aa en Mu-Ked, the ancient Egyptian name of the Red Sea. Historically, it was also known to western geographers as "Mare Mecca" (Sea of Mecca), and "Sinus Arabicus" (Gulf of Arabia).


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Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: is there any airport nearby?

Context: which places do they have for praying?

Context: where is this port located?

Context: what are the different names of this mentioned sea?

Context: "Mare Mecca"  and "Sinus Arabicus"

Question: what is the range of its tides?

Answer: In general, tide ranges between in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between and away from the nodal point.

Red Sea [SEP] Tidal range

In general, tide ranges between in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between and away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as , whereas north of Jeddah in the Al-Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as .


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Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: what are its effects?

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: where is this desert located from where the dust is blown?

Context: African continent

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: is there any airport nearby?

Context: which places do they have for praying?

Context: where is this port located?

Context: "Mare Mecca"  and "Sinus Arabicus"

Context: what is the range of its tides?

Context: In general, tide ranges between in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between and away from the nodal point.

Question: how fast are the winds there?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Red Sea [SEP] Tidal range


Context: what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is this name of the winds derived?

Context: The term originally derives from the early fourteenth century sense of trade (in late Middle English) still often meaning "path" or "track".

Context: what are its effects?

Context: Every year, millions of tons of nutrient-rich Saharan dust cross the Atlantic Ocean, bringing vital phosphorus and other fertilizers to depleted Amazon soils.

Context: what causes these winds?

Context: As part of the Hadley cell, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles. A low-pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums, near-equatorial trough, intertropical front, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Context: African continent

Context: what is the highest temperature recorded there?

Context: A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad.

Context: how big is it?

Context: It covers , amounting to 31% of Africa.

Context: how much does it rain there?

Context: The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part.

Context: what did the greek do in there?

Context: Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea.

Context: when did the urbanization begin?

Context: An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya

Context: when was the port mentioned earlier built?

Context: how does this port help with the economy?

Context: The city has an oil refinery and handles the majority of the country's international trade

Context: is there any airport nearby?

Context: Yes, Port Sudan New International Airport

Context: which places do they have for praying?

Context: Places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques, but there are also Christian churches and temples including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum, Sudan Interior Church, and Presbyterian Church in Sudan

Context: where is this port located?

Context: In eastern Sudan, and the capital of the state of Red Sea

Context: what are the different names of this mentioned sea?

Context: "Mare Mecca"  and "Sinus Arabicus"

Context: what is the range of its tides?

Context: In general, tide ranges between in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between and away from the nodal point.

Context: how fast are the winds there?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what tourist places it is famous for?

Answer: Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm, Elphinstone Reef, The Brothers, Daedalus Reef

Red Sea [SEP] Tourism

The sea is known for its recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone Reef, The Brothers, Daedalus Reef, St.John's Reef, Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi. The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the west shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-el-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.


Question: what is 'god hates us all'?

Answer: It  is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer

God Hates Us All [SEP] Introduction

God Hates Us All is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released on September 11, 2001 by American Recordings. It was recorded over three months at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, and includes the Grammy Award-nominated "Disciple". Guitarist Kerry King wrote the majority of its lyrics, taking a different approach from earlier recordings by exploring topics such as religion, murder, revenge, and self-control. The band experimented, recording most of the album in C♯ tuning, with three songs in drop B and two others with seven-string guitars in B♭. The album's release was delayed due to its explicit cover artwork, which led to alternative slip covers in some retail outlets, difficulties during mixing, and a change of distributor for the band's label.


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: It  is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer

Question: when was it released?

Answer: September 11, 2001

Explanation: God Hates Us All is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released on September 11, 2001 by American Recordings

God Hates Us All [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Question: by whom?

Answer: American Recordings

Explanation: American Recordings

God Hates Us All [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Context: by whom?

Context: American Recordings

Question: what theme was it based on?

Answer: Religion, murder, revenge, and self-control

God Hates Us All [SEP] Lyrical themes

"God Hates Us All" explores themes such as religion, murder, revenge, and self-control. King wrote a majority of the lyrics, which he based on "street" subjects which everyone could relate to, rather than "Satan this," "Satan that," and "the usual Dungeons & Dragons shit" from the band's previous records. King told "Guitar World": The song "Threshold" is about reaching one's limit with a person in a situation where one is about to break—and are about to blow up as they get "under your skin", while "Cast Down" features a fallen angel who falls into drugs. "God Send Death" and "Deviance" take up the idea of killing people for pleasure.


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Context: by whom?

Context: American Recordings

Context: what theme was it based on?

Context: Religion, murder, revenge, and self-control

Question: what are the other notable works done by the band?

Answer: Show No Mercy

Slayer [SEP] "Show No Mercy", "Haunting the Chapel" and "Hell Awaits" (1983–1986)

Without any recording budget, the band had to self-finance its debut album. Combining the savings of Araya, who was employed as a respiratory therapist, and money borrowed from King's father, the band entered the studio in November 1983. The album was rushed into release, stocking shelves three weeks after tracks were completed. "Show No Mercy", released in December 1983 by Metal Blade Records, generated underground popularity for the band. The group began a club tour of California to promote the album. The tour gave the band additional popularity and sales of "Show No Mercy" eventually reached more than 20,000 in the US and another 20,000 worldwide.


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Context: by whom?

Context: American Recordings

Context: what theme was it based on?

Context: what are the other notable works done by the band?

Context: Show No Mercy

Question: how was it honoured?

Answer: The opening track, "Chemical Warfare", has become a live staple, played at nearly every show since 1984.

"Show No Mercy", "Haunting the Chapel" and "Hell Awaits" (1983–1986)

Explanation: The opening track, "Chemical Warfare", has become a live staple, played at nearly every show since 1984.


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Context: by whom?

Context: American Recordings

Context: what theme was it based on?

Context: Show No Mercy

Context: how was it honoured?

Context: The opening track, "Chemical Warfare", has become a live staple, played at nearly every show since 1984.

Question: what musical style have they used in it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Context: by whom?

Context: American Recordings

Context: what theme was it based on?

Context: Show No Mercy

Context: how was it honoured?

Context: what musical style have they used in it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who formed it?

Answer: Guitarists Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman, drummer Dave Lombardo, and bassist and vocalist Tom Araya.

Slayer [SEP] Introduction

Slayer was an American thrash metal band from Huntington Park, California. The band was formed in 1981 by guitarists Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman, drummer Dave Lombardo, and bassist and vocalist Tom Araya. Slayer's fast and aggressive musical style made them one of the "big four" bands of thrash metal, alongside Metallica, Megadeth, and Anthrax. Slayer's final lineup comprised King, Araya, drummer Paul Bostaph and guitarist Gary Holt. Drummer Jon Dette was also a member of the band. In the original lineup, King, Hanneman and Araya contributed to the band's lyrics, and all of the band's music was written by King and Hanneman.


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Context: by whom?

Context: American Recordings

Context: what theme was it based on?

Context: Show No Mercy

Context: how was it honoured?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who formed it?

Context: Guitarists Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman, drummer Dave Lombardo, and bassist and vocalist Tom Araya.

Question: which of their albums received well among the audience?

Answer: "Reign in Blood"

Slayer [SEP] Introduction

The band's lyrics and album art, which cover topics such as murder, serial killers, torture, genocide, politics, human experimentation, Satanism, hate crimes, terrorism, religion, antireligion, Nazism, racism, war and prison, have generated album bans, delays, lawsuits and criticism from religious groups and factions of the general public. However, its music has been highly influential, often being cited by many bands as an influence musically, visually and lyrically; the band's third album, "Reign in Blood" (1986), has been described as one of the heaviest and most influential thrash metal albums. Slayer released twelve studio albums, two live albums, a box set, six music videos, two extended plays and a cover album.


Context: what is 'god hates us all'?

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 11, 2001

Context: by whom?

Context: American Recordings

Context: what theme was it based on?

Context: Show No Mercy

Context: how was it honoured?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who formed it?

Context: which of their albums received well among the audience?

Context: "Reign in Blood"

Question: was it performed live anywhere?

Answer: Yes, in the Unholy Alliance Tour of 2004, I'll Be Your Mirror London festival in May 2012.

Explanation: In the Unholy Alliance Tour of 2004, however, the album was played in its entirety during Slayer's set as the last ten songs to end the show. The album was performed live at the I'll Be Your Mirror London festival in May 2012. In May 2014, it was announced that Slayer would perform the album in its entirety at Riot Fest in Chicago and Denver.

Reign in Blood [SEP] Live performances

According to Hanneman: "We still enjoy playing these songs live. We play these songs over and over and over, but they're good songs, intense songs! If it were melodic songs or some kind of boring 'clap your hands' song, you'd be going crazy playing those every night. But our songs are just bam-bam-bam-bam, they're intense." The band was on stage for 70 minutes, which only allowed seven or eight additional songs to be played following the album's play. King stated this arrangement "alienates too many people". In the Unholy Alliance Tour of 2004, however, the album was played in its entirety during Slayer's set as the last ten songs to end the show.


Question: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Wasp [SEP] Introduction

A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps but are in a separate suborder. The wasps do not constitute a clade, a complete natural group with a single ancestor, as their common ancestor is shared by bees and ants. Many wasps, those in the clade Aculeata, can sting their insect prey. The most commonly known wasps, such as yellowjackets and hornets, are in the family Vespidae and are eusocial, living together in a nest with an egg-laying queen and non-reproducing workers.


Context:
where do wasps fit in the food chain
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Question: how are these creatures classified as per the scientific classification in the animal kingdom?

Answer: It is an insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant;

Explanation: wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps but are in a separate suborder. The wasps do not constitute a clade, a complete natural group with a single ancestor, as their common ancestor is shared by bees and ants. Many wasps, those in the clade Aculeata, can sting their insect prey.

Wasp [SEP] Introduction

Many of the solitary wasps are parasitoidal, meaning they lay eggs on or in other insects (any life stage from egg to adult) and often provision their own nests with such hosts. Unlike true parasites, the wasp larvae eventually kill their hosts. Solitary wasps parasitize almost every pest insect, making wasps valuable in horticulture for biological pest control of species such as whitefly in tomatoes and other crops. Wasps first appeared in the fossil record in the Jurassic, and diversified into many surviving superfamilies by the Cretaceous. They are a successful and diverse group of insects with tens of thousands of described species; wasps have spread to all parts of the world except for the polar regions.


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how are these creatures classified as per the scientific classification in the animal kingdom?

Context: It is an insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant;

Question: have there been any petrified remains of this creature recovered, which proves its existence millions of years ago?

Answer: Hymenoptera in the form of Symphyta (Xyelidae) first appeared in the fossil record in the Lower Triassic. Apocrita, wasps in the broad sense, appeared in the Jurassic, and had diversified into many of the extant superfamilies by the Cretaceous; they appear to have evolved from the Symphyta. Fig wasps with modern anatomical features first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous of the Crato Formation in Brazil, some 65 million years before the first fig trees.

Wasp [SEP] Fossils

Hymenoptera in the form of Symphyta (Xyelidae) first appeared in the fossil record in the Lower Triassic. Apocrita, wasps in the broad sense, appeared in the Jurassic, and had diversified into many of the extant superfamilies by the Cretaceous; they appear to have evolved from the Symphyta. Fig wasps with modern anatomical features first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous of the Crato Formation in Brazil, some 65 million years before the first fig trees. The Vespidae include the extinct genus "Palaeovespa", seven species of which are known from the Eocene rocks of the Florissant fossil beds of Colorado and from fossilised Baltic amber in Europe.


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have there been any petrified remains of this creature recovered, which proves its existence millions of years ago?

Context: Hymenoptera in the form of Symphyta (Xyelidae) first appeared in the fossil record in the Lower Triassic. Apocrita, wasps in the broad sense, appeared in the Jurassic, and had diversified into many of the extant superfamilies by the Cretaceous; they appear to have evolved from the Symphyta. Fig wasps with modern anatomical features first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous of the Crato Formation in Brazil, some 65 million years before the first fig trees.

Question: are these creatures further grouped depending on their social characteristics?

Answer: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Explanation: Of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family Vespidae contains social species, primarily in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae. With their powerful stings and conspicuous warning coloration, often in black and yellow, social wasps are frequent models for Batesian mimicry by non-stinging insects, and are themselves involved in mutually beneficial Müllerian mimicry of other distasteful insects including bees and other wasps. All species of social wasps construct their nests using some form of plant fiber (mostly wood pulp) as the primary material, though this can be supplemented with mud, plant secretions (e.g., resin), and secretions from the wasps themselves; multiple fibrous brood cells are constructed, arranged in a honeycombed pattern, and often surrounded by a larger protective envelope. Wood fibres are gathered from weathered wood, softened by che

Wasp [SEP] Social wasps


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are these creatures further grouped depending on their social characteristics?

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Question: what are the social characteristics of the first group mentioned above?

Answer: Of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family Vespidae contains social species, primarily in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae. With their powerful stings and conspicuous warning coloration, often in black and yellow, social wasps are frequent models for Batesian mimicry by non-stinging insects, and are themselves involved in mutually beneficial Mülleri mimicry

Explanation: Of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family Vespidae contains social species, primarily in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae. With their powerful stings and conspicuous warning coloration, often in black and yellow, social wasps are frequent models for Batesian mimicry by non-stinging insects, and are themselves involved in mutually beneficial Mülleri

Wasp [SEP] Social wasps


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Context: what are the social characteristics of the first group mentioned above?

Context: Of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family Vespidae contains social species, primarily in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae. With their powerful stings and conspicuous warning coloration, often in black and yellow, social wasps are frequent models for Batesian mimicry by non-stinging insects, and are themselves involved in mutually beneficial Mülleri mimicry

Question: what is meant by the 'first' mentioned mimicry?

Answer: It is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both

Explanation:
Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both. It is named after the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, after his work on butterflies in the rainforests of Brazil.

Batesian mimicry is the m

Batesian mimicry [SEP] Introduction

The model, on the other hand, is disadvantaged, along with the dupe. If impostors appear in high numbers, positive experiences with the mimic may result in the model being treated as harmless. At higher frequency there is also a stronger selective advantage for the predator to distinguish mimic from model. For this reason, mimics are usually less numerous than models, an instance of frequency dependent selection. Some mimetic populations have evolved multiple forms (polymorphism), enabling them to mimic several different models and thereby to gain greater protection. Batesian mimicry is not always perfect. A variety of explanations have been proposed for this, including limitations in predators' cognition.


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Context: what is meant by the 'first' mentioned mimicry?

Context: It is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both

Question: what is an example of it which portrays this mimicry?

Answer: An example of this is the fly "Spilomyia longicornis", which mimics vespid wasps

Batesian mimicry [SEP] Imperfect Batesian mimicry

In imperfect Batesian mimicry, the mimics do not exactly resemble their models. An example of this is the fly "Spilomyia longicornis", which mimics vespid wasps. However, it is not a perfect mimic. Wasps have long black antennae and this fly does not. Instead, they wave their front legs above their heads to look like the antennae on the wasps. Many reasons have been suggested for imperfect mimicry. Imperfect mimics may simply be evolving towards perfection. They may gain advantage from resembling multiple models at once. Humans may evaluate mimics differently from actual predators. Mimics may confuse predators by resembling both model and nonmimic at the same time (satiric mimicry).


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Context: what is an example of it which portrays this mimicry?

Context: An example of this is the fly "Spilomyia longicornis", which mimics vespid wasps

Question: what is meant by the 'second' mentioned mimicry?

Answer: It is anatural phenomenon in which two or more well-defended species, often foul-tasting and that share common predators, have come to mimic each other's honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit.

Müllerian mimicry [SEP] Introduction

Müllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more well-defended species, often foul-tasting and that share common predators, have come to mimic each other's honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit. This works because predators can learn to avoid all of them with fewer experiences with members of any one of the relevant species. It is named after the German naturalist Fritz Müller, who first proposed the concept in 1878, supporting his theory with the first mathematical model of frequency-dependent selection, one of the first such models anywhere in biology. Müllerian mimicry was first identified in tropical butterflies that shared colourful wing patterns, but it is found in many groups of insects such as bumblebees, and other animals including poison frogs and coral snakes.


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Context: what is meant by the 'second' mentioned mimicry?

Context: It is anatural phenomenon in which two or more well-defended species, often foul-tasting and that share common predators, have come to mimic each other's honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit.

Question: what is the example of a species which portrays this mimicry?

Answer: Tropical butterflies are one

Explanation: Müllerian mimicry was first identified in tropical butterflies that shared colourful wing patterns, but it is found in many groups of insects such as bumblebees, and other animals including poison frogs and coral snakes. The mimicry need not be visual; for example, many snakes share auditory warning signals. Similarly, the defences involved are not limited to tox

Müllerian mimicry [SEP] Introduction

The mimicry need not be visual; for example, many snakes share auditory warning signals. Similarly, the defences involved are not limited to toxicity; anything that tends to deter predators, such as foul taste, sharp spines, or defensive behaviour can make a species unprofitable enough to predators to allow Müllerian mimicry to develop. Once a pair of Müllerian mimics has formed, other mimics may join them by advergent evolution (one species changing to conform to the appearance of the pair, rather than mutual convergence), forming mimicry rings. Large rings are found for example in velvet ants. Since the frequency of mimics is positively correlated with survivability, rarer mimics are likely to adapt to resemble commoner models, favouring both advergence and larger Müllerian mimicry rings.


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Context: what is the example of a species which portrays this mimicry?

Context: Tropical butterflies are one

Question: what are some of the names of the species of that insect of the narrow-waisted suborder apocrita?

Answer: The most commonly known wasps are yellowjackets and hornets

Explanation: The most commonly known wasps, such as yellowjackets and hornets, are in the family Vespidae and are eusocial, living together in a ne

Wasp [SEP] Introduction


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Context: Tropical butterflies are one

Context: what are some of the names of the species of that insect of the narrow-waisted suborder apocrita?

Context: The most commonly known wasps are yellowjackets and hornets

Question: what is the peculiar feature of the nests of the first species mentioned?

Answer: They tend to create exposed aerial nests

Yellowjacket [SEP] Nest

"Dolichovespula" species such as the aerial yellowjacket, "D. arenaria", and the bald-faced hornet, tend to create exposed aerial nests. This feature is shared with some true hornets, which has led to some naming confusion. "Vespula" species, in contrast, build concealed nests, usually underground. Yellowjacket nests usually last for only one season, dying off in winter. The nest is started by a single queen, called the "foundress". Typically, a nest can reach the size of a basketball by the end of a season. In parts of Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and southwestern coastal areas of the United States, the winters are mild enough to allow nest overwintering.


Context: where do wasps fit in the food chain

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes into social and solitary wasps ?

Context: Tropical butterflies are one

Context: what is the peculiar feature of the nests of the first species mentioned?

Context: They tend to create exposed aerial nests

Question: what do these species feed on?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Yellowjacket [SEP] Nest


Question: how many planes fly into las vegas each day

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

McCarran International Airport [SEP] Introduction

McCarran International Airport is an international airport in Paradise, Nevada and is the main airport for public and military use in the Las Vegas Valley, a metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Nevada, about south of Downtown Las Vegas. The airport is owned by Clark County and operated by the Clark County Department of Aviation. It is named after the late U.S. Senator Pat McCarran, a member of the Democratic Party who contributed to the development of aviation both in Las Vegas and on a national scale. LAS covers 2,800 acres (11.3 km) of land. The airport was built in 1942 and opened to airline flights in 1948.


Context: how many planes fly into las vegas each day

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where is the "mccarran international" airport located?

Answer: Paradise, Nevada

Explanation: McCarran International Airport is an international airport in Paradise, Nevada and is the main airport for public and military use in the Las Vegas Valley, a metropolitan area in the U.S.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is the "mccarran international" airport located?

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Question: when did this airport start its operations?

Answer: 1948

Explanation: The airport was built in 1942 and opened to airline flights in 1948.

It has expanded since then and has employed various innovative technologies, such as common-use facilities. The airport has four runways and two passenger terminals. East of the passenger terminals is the Marnell Air Cargo Center, and on the west side of the airport are fixed-base operators and helicopter companies. The airport services as a base for Allegiant Air, Frontier Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and Spirit Airlines. It is the busiest airport in the United States that does not operate as a hub for any of the three U.S legacy carriers.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Context: when did this airport start its operations?

Question: how many terminals does it have?

Answer: Two

McCarran International Airport [SEP] Terminals

There are two terminals at McCarran and 5 concourses with a total of 92 gates. Terminal 1 was completed in 1963, Terminal 2 was completed in 1986, and Terminal 3 was completed in 2012. Prior to the completion of Terminal 3, Terminal 2 handled international flights. After Terminal 3 was completed, Terminal 2 became redundant and it was demolished in 2016. Terminal 1 opened on March 15, 1963, and was expanded between 1970 and 1974 with the current A and B Gates buildings. Currently, Terminal 1 has four concourses, each of which is connected to a central pre-security area. Ticketing and baggage claim are located on Level 1 of this area.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Context: how many terminals does it have?

Context: Two

Question: is a third terminal proposed?

Answer: Yes, it was opened on June 27, 2012.

McCarran International Airport [SEP] Terminal 3 and later developments (2012–present)

Terminal 3 opened on June 27, 2012. The project was announced in January 2001 as a way to accommodate rapid growth in passenger traffic, including international traffic. It came into question amid the 2008 recession and decreased tourism to Las Vegas, but the county decided to proceed with the project, in anticipation of eventual economic recovery and a rebound in passenger numbers. Terminal 3 cost $2.4 billion to build and is one of the largest public works projects in Nevada. It replaced Terminal 2, providing more international gates and a larger U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility. With its seven domestic gates, the terminal also eases congestion at Terminal 1.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Context: how many terminals does it have?

Context: Two

Context: is a third terminal proposed?

Context: Yes, it was opened on June 27, 2012.

Question: how did the above mentioned state get its name?

Answer: It comes from the Spanish "nevada".

Nevada [SEP] Etymology and pronunciation

The name "Nevada" comes from the Spanish "nevada" , meaning "snow-covered". Nevadans pronounce the second syllable with the "a" as in "trap" () while some people from outside of the state can pronounce it with the "a" as in "palm" (). Although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation used by Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate (quasi-Spanish) pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators and never received a vote. The Nevadan pronunciation is the one used by the state legislature. At one time, the state's official tourism organization, TravelNevada, stylized the name of the state as "Nevăda", with a breve over the "a" indicating the locally preferred pronunciation, which was also available as a license plate design until 2007.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Context: how many terminals does it have?

Context: Two

Context: is a third terminal proposed?

Context: Yes, it was opened on June 27, 2012.

Context: how did the above mentioned state get its name?

Context: It comes from the Spanish "nevada".

Question: what is the states view point on lgbt rights?

Answer: In 2009, the Nevada Legislature passed a bill creating a domestic partnership registry that enables gay couples to enjoy the same rights as married couples.

Nevada [SEP] Gay rights

In 2009, the Nevada Legislature passed a bill creating a domestic partnership registry that enables gay couples to enjoy the same rights as married couples. In June 2015, gay marriage became legal in Nevada.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Context: how many terminals does it have?

Context: Two

Context: is a third terminal proposed?

Context: Yes, it was opened on June 27, 2012.

Context: It comes from the Spanish "nevada".

Context: what is the states view point on lgbt rights?

Context: In 2009, the Nevada Legislature passed a bill creating a domestic partnership registry that enables gay couples to enjoy the same rights as married couples.

Question: what is the crime rate here?

Answer: It was about 24% in 2006.

Nevada [SEP] Crime

In 2006, the crime rate in Nevada was about 24% higher than the national average rate, though crime has since decreased. Property crimes accounted for about 85% of the total crime rate in Nevada, which was 21% higher than the national rate. The remaining 20.3% were violent crimes. A complete listing of crime data in the state for 2013 can be found here:


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Context: how many terminals does it have?

Context: Two

Context: is a third terminal proposed?

Context: Yes, it was opened on June 27, 2012.

Context: It comes from the Spanish "nevada".

Context: what is the crime rate here?

Context: It was about 24% in 2006.

Question: what are the common crimes that take place here?

Answer: Property and violent crimes.

Explanation: Property crimes accounted for about 85% of the total crime rate in Nevada, which was 21% higher than the national rate. The remaining 20.3% were violent crimes.

Nevada [SEP] Crime


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Paradise, Nevada

Context: how many terminals does it have?

Context: Two

Context: is a third terminal proposed?

Context: Yes, it was opened on June 27, 2012.

Context: It comes from the Spanish "nevada".

Context: what is the crime rate here?

Context: It was about 24% in 2006.

Context: what are the common crimes that take place here?

Context: Property and violent crimes.

Question: when did this place get the status of being called a status?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Nevada [SEP] Crime


Question: what is the marasmius rotula?

Answer: A common species of agaric fungus

Marasmius rotula [SEP] Introduction

Marasmius rotula is a common species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. Widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, it is commonly known variously as the pinwheel mushroom, the pinwheel marasmius, the little wheel, the collared parachute, or the horse hair fungus. The type species of the genus "Marasmius", "M. rotula" was first described scientifically in 1772 by mycologist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli and assigned its current name in 1838 by Elias Fries. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, of "M. rotula" are characterized by their whitish, thin, and membranous caps up to wide that are sunken in the center, and pleated with scalloped margins.


Context:
what is the marasmius rotula?
A common species of agaric fungus

Question: does it have any uses?

Answer: Yes, to bioaccumulate cadmium; and as a biocatalyst.

Explanation:
The fruit bodies will bioaccumulate cadmium: a study of the metal concentration of 15 wild mushroom species of India showed that "M. rotula" accumulated the highest concentration of that metal.

A peroxidase enzyme known as "Mro"APO ("Marasmius rotula" aromatic peroxygenase) is attracting research interest for possible applications in biocatalysis.

Marasmius rotula [SEP] Uses

In general, enzymes that catalyze oxygen-transfer reactions are of great utility in chemical synthesis since they work selectively and under ambient conditions. Fungal peroxidases can catalyze oxidations that are difficult for the organic chemist, including those involving aromatic substrates such as aniline, 4-aminophenol, hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, and paracetamol. The "M. rotula" enzyme is the first fungal peroxygenase that can be produced in high yields. It is highly stable over a wide pH range, and in a variety of organic solvents. The enzyme has other potential for use as a biosensor for aromatic substances in environmental analysis and drug monitoring.


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: Yes, to bioaccumulate cadmium; and as a biocatalyst.

Question: which species are similar to this?

Answer: Marasmius oreades

Marasmius [SEP] Introduction

Marasmius is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Marasmiaceae. It contains about 500 species of agarics, of which a few, such as "Marasmius oreades", are edible. However, most members of this genus are small, unimpressive brown mushrooms. Their humble appearance contributes to their not being readily distinguishable to non-specialists, and they are therefore seldom collected by mushroom hunters. Several of the species are known to grow in the characteristic fairy ring pattern. The author of the genus was Elias Magnus Fries, who in 1838 classified white-spored agarics having a tough central stipe in this taxon if they were marcescent, i.e.


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Question: is this also a fungus?

Answer: Yes

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Introduction

Marasmius oreades, also known as the fairy ring mushroom or fairy ring champignon, is a mushroom native to North America and Europe. Its common names can cause some confusion, as many other mushrooms grow in fairy rings, such as the edible "Agaricus campestris" and the poisonous "Chlorophyllum molybdites".


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Question: where can it be found?

Answer: In the grassy areas of North America and Europe

Explanation: "Marasmius oreades" grows extensively throughout North America and Europe in the summer and autumn (fall) (June - November in the UK), or year-round in warmer climates. It loves grassy areas such as lawns, meadows, and even dunes in coastal areas.

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Distribution and habitat


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Context: where can it be found?

Context: In the grassy areas of North America and Europe

Question: can you eat it?

Answer: Yes, it is edible

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Edibility

Many mushroom connoisseurs are fond of "M. oreades" and its sweet taste lends it to baked goods such as cookies. It is also used in foods such as soups, stews, etc. Traditionally, the stems (which tend to be fibrous and unappetizing) are cut off and the caps are threaded and dried in strings. A possible reason why this mushroom is so sweet-tasting is due to the presence of trehalose, a type of sugar that allows "M. oreades" to resist death by desiccation. When exposed to water after being completely dried out, the trehalose is digested as the cells completely revive, causing cellular processes, including the creation of new spores, to begin again.


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Context: where can it be found?

Context: can you eat it?

Context: Yes, it is edible

Question: okay them please describe it to me.

Answer: It has a sweet taste and it is used in cookies as well as in soups, stews, etc.

Explanation: Many mushroom connoisseurs are fond of "M. oreades" and its sweet taste lends it to baked goods such as cookies. It is also used in foods such as soups, stews, etc. Traditionally, the stems (which tend to be fibrous and unappetizing) are cut off and the caps are threaded and dried in strings. A possible reason why this mushroom is so sweet-tasting is due to the presence of trehalose, a type of sugar that allows "M. oreades" to resist death by desiccation.

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Edibility


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Context: where can it be found?

Context: can you eat it?

Context: Yes, it is edible

Context: okay them please describe it to me.

Context: It has a sweet taste and it is used in cookies as well as in soups, stews, etc.

Question: you mentioned a continent where this is found, what was the name again?

Answer: North America, Europe

Explanation: "Marasmius oreades" grows extensively throughout North America and Europe in the summer and autumn (fall) (June - November in the UK), or year-round in warmer climates.


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Context: where can it be found?

Context: can you eat it?

Context: Yes, it is edible

Context: okay them please describe it to me.

Context: you mentioned a continent where this is found, what was the name again?

Context: North America, Europe

Question: does this it have a common name apart from the scientific one?

Answer: Yes, fairy ring mushroom

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Context: where can it be found?

Context: can you eat it?

Context: Yes, it is edible

Context: okay them please describe it to me.

Context: North America, Europe

Context: does this it have a common name apart from the scientific one?

Context: Yes, fairy ring mushroom

Question: are there any drawings or paintings on this?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Context: where can it be found?

Context: can you eat it?

Context: Yes, it is edible

Context: okay them please describe it to me.

Context: North America, Europe

Context: Yes, fairy ring mushroom

Context: are there any drawings or paintings on this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is there any art based on this?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the marasmius rotula?

Context: A common species of agaric fungus

Context: does it have any uses?

Context: which species are similar to this?

Context: Marasmius oreades

Context: is this also a fungus?

Context: Yes

Context: where can it be found?

Context: can you eat it?

Context: Yes, it is edible

Context: okay them please describe it to me.

Context: North America, Europe

Context: Yes, fairy ring mushroom

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is there any art based on this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: are there any written works?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Marasmius oreades [SEP] Introduction


Question: how many times have chelsea won the premier league title

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Chelsea F.C. [SEP] Introduction

Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham, London. Founded in 1905, the club competes in the Premier League, the top division of English football. Chelsea are among England's most successful clubs, having won over thirty competitive honours, including six league titles and six European trophies. Their home ground is Stamford Bridge. Chelsea won their first major honour, the League Championship, in 1955. The club won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, in 1971. After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s, the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions.


Context: how many times have chelsea won the premier league title

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is chelsea f.c.?

Answer: Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham, London.

Explanation: Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham, London. Founded in 1905

Chelsea F.C. [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham, London.

Question: where is this city located?

Answer: Fulham is an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in southwest London, England, southwest of Charing Cross.

Fulham [SEP] Introduction

Fulham () is an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in southwest London, England, southwest of Charing Cross. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, between Hammersmith and Kensington and Chelsea, facing Wandsworth, Putney and Barn Elms, with the London Wetland Centre in Barnes. Fulham has a history of industry and enterprise dating back to the 15th century, with pottery, tapestry-weaving, paper-making and brewing in the 17th and 18th centuries in present-day Fulham High Street, and later involvement in the automotive industry, early aviation, food production, and laundries. In the 19th-century there was glass-blowing and this resurged in the 21st century with the Aronson-Noon studio and Zest gallery in Rickett Street that fell victim to the so-called "Earl's Court Regeneration" scheme in 2012.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: where is this city located?

Context: Fulham is an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in southwest London, England, southwest of Charing Cross.

Question: what happened here during the 20th century?

Answer: With rapid demographic changes there was poverty, an so it had its Poorhouses, and attracted several benefactors.

Explanation: With rapid demographic changes there was poverty, as noted by Charles Dickens (1812-1870) and Charles Booth (1840-1916). Fulham had its Poorhouses, and attracted several benefactors, including: the Samuel Lewis (financier) Housing Trust, the Peabody Trust and the Sir Oswald Stoll Foundation to provide low-cost housing.

Fulham [SEP] 20th century

In 1926 the Church of England established the office of Bishop of Fulham as a suffragan to the Bishop of London. Fulham remained a predominantly working-class area for the first half of the 20th century, with genteel pockets at North End, along the top of Lillie and New King's roads, especially around Parsons Green, Eel Brook Common, South Park and the area surrounding the Hurlingham Club. Essentially, the area had attracted waves of immigrants from the countryside to service industrialisation and the more privileged parts of the capital. With rapid demographic changes there was poverty, as noted by Charles Dickens (1812-1870) and Charles Booth (1840-1916).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: where is this city located?

Context: what happened here during the 20th century?

Context: With rapid demographic changes there was poverty, an so it had its Poorhouses, and attracted several benefactors.

Question: what is its heritage in terms of music?

Answer: Many well known musicians belonged here who were part of a musical dynasty of Belgian descent, such as William Crathern, Edward Elgar, the composers and The notorious Italian tenor Giovanni Matteo Mario de Candia and his wife opera singer Giulia Grisi, made Fulham their home.

Explanation:
William Crathern, the composer, was organist at St Mary's Church, West Kensington, when it was still known as North End. Edward Elgar, the composer, lived at 51 Avonmore Road, W14, between 1890 and 1891. The notorious Italian tenor Giovanni Matteo Mario de Candia and his wife opera singer Giulia Grisi, made Fulham their home from 1852 until the 1900s at a lovely country-manor where their daughters and son were born, among them writer Cecilia Maria de Candia.

Eugène Goossens and his wife Annie Cook, a Carl Rosa Opera Company singer settled in Fulham with their family. They were part of a musical dynasty of Belgian descent. Their eldest son was the conductor and composer Sir Eugene Aynsley Goossens next was Léon Jean Goossens (1897-1988), a British oboist, their daughters were the harpists, Marie and Sidonie Goossens. The family lived at 70, Edith Road, off the North End Road. Elvis Costello spent part of his youth in the area as he recalls in his memoir.

Fulham [SEP] Musical heritage


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: where is this city located?

Context: what is its heritage in terms of music?

Context: Many well known musicians belonged here who were part of a musical dynasty of Belgian descent, such as William Crathern, Edward Elgar, the composers and The notorious Italian tenor Giovanni Matteo Mario de Candia and his wife opera singer Giulia Grisi, made Fulham their home.

Question: who is the first mentioned musician?

Answer: William Crathern was an organist and composer of sacred and secular music.

William Crathern [SEP] Introduction

William Crathern (14 February 1793 – 1861) was an organist and composer of sacred and secular music. He was baptised on 18 March 1793 at St Leonard's, Shoreditch, the son of Thomas Anthony Crathern and his wife Martha. He was organist at St Paul's Church, Deptford, and later served at St Magnus the Martyr in London, before taking up the post of organist of St Mary's Chapel, Hammersmith. St Mary's Chapel was a Church of England chapel, built in 1814, which became a parish church in its own right in 1836. The old church, on the corner of what is now Hammersmith Road and Edith Road, London W14, was destroyed by bombs on 16 July 1944.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: where is this city located?

Context: what is its heritage in terms of music?

Context: who is the first mentioned musician?

Context: William Crathern was an organist and composer of sacred and secular music.

Question: where is this aforesaid opera singer from?

Answer: St Leonard’s, Shoreditch.

Explanation: He was baptised on 18 March 1793 at St Leonard’s, Shoreditch, the son of Thomas Anthony Crathern and his wife Martha.

William Crathern [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: where is this city located?

Context: what is its heritage in terms of music?

Context: who is the first mentioned musician?

Context: where is this aforesaid opera singer from?

Context: St Leonard’s, Shoreditch.

Question: how was her early days like?

Answer: Grisi was trained for a musical career, making her stage debut as Emma in Rossini's "Zelmira" in Bologna in 1828.

Giulia Grisi [SEP] Early life

Born in Milan, Giulia Grisi was the daughter of Gaetano Grisi, one of Napoleon's Italian officers, and Giovanna née Grassini. She came from a musically gifted family, her maternal aunt Giuseppina Grassini (1773–1850) being a favourite opera singer both on the continent and in London. Her older sister, Giuditta and her cousin Carlotta were both artistes, the former as a singer and the latter as a ballet dancer. Giuditta was the creator of the pants role of Romeo in Bellini's "I Capuleti e i Montecchi". Grisi was trained for a musical career, making her stage debut as Emma in Rossini's "Zelmira" in Bologna in 1828.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: where is this city located?

Context: what is its heritage in terms of music?

Context: who is the first mentioned musician?

Context: St Leonard’s, Shoreditch.

Context: how was her early days like?

Context: Grisi was trained for a musical career, making her stage debut as Emma in Rossini's "Zelmira" in Bologna in 1828.

Question: what is this play about?

Answer: Based on the French play, "Zelmire" by de Belloy, it was the last of the composer's Neapolitan operas.

Explanation: Zelmira () is an opera in two acts by Gioachino Rossini to a libretto by Andrea Leone Tottola. Based on the French play, "Zelmire" by de Belloy, it was the last of the composer's Neapolitan operas. Stendhal called its music Teutonic, comparing it with "La clemenza di Tito" but remarking: "...while Mozart would probably, had he lived, have grown completely Italian, Rossini may well, by the end of his career, have become more German than Beethoven himself!"

Zelmira [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is chelsea f.c.?

Context: where is this city located?

Context: what is its heritage in terms of music?

Context: who is the first mentioned musician?

Context: St Leonard’s, Shoreditch.

Context: how was her early days like?

Context: what is this play about?

Context: Based on the French play, "Zelmire" by de Belloy, it was the last of the composer's Neapolitan operas.

Question: what is the historical account behind its performance?

Answer: The first performance of "Zelmira" was in Naples at the Teatro di San Carlo on 16 February 1822. This was followed by a successful premiere in Vienna on 13 April 1822, as part of a three-month-long Rossini Festival for which Rossini wrote some additional music.

Zelmira [SEP] Performance history

The first performance of "Zelmira" was in Naples at the Teatro di San Carlo on 16 February 1822. This was followed by a successful premiere in Vienna on 13 April 1822, as part of a three-month-long Rossini Festival for which Rossini wrote some additional music. Performances in several Italian cities were followed by the London premiere on 24 January 1824, with Rossini conducting and Isabella Colbran (now his wife) in the title role. It was seen in Paris in 1826. There was one presentation in the US in New Orleans "around" 1835. Over 100 years were to pass before the opera was presented in Naples in 1965, but "to no great acclaim".


Question: can you give a few examples for grade i listed buildings in somerset?

Answer: Cathedral Church of St Andrew and Bishop's Palace

Grade I listed buildings in Somerset [SEP] Mendip

Mendip is a local government district which covers a largely rural area of ranging from the Mendip Hills through on to the Somerset Levels. It has a population of approximately 11,000. The administrative centre of the district is Shepton Mallet. There are 90 Grade I listed buildings in the Mendip district. There are churches in the various towns and villages, however the greatest concentrations of Grade I listed buildings are in Wells and Glastonbury. In Wells these are clustered around the 10th-century Cathedral Church of St Andrew, better known as Wells Cathedral, and the 13th-century Bishop's Palace. Glastonbury is the site of the Abbey, where construction started in the 7th century, and its associated buildings.


Context: can you give a few examples for grade i listed buildings in somerset?

Context: Cathedral Church of St Andrew and Bishop's Palace

Question: what does the latter refer to?

Answer: The official residence of any bishop

Bishop's Palace [SEP] Introduction

Bishop's Palace may refer to the official residence of any bishop, such as those listed in the . Specific residences called Bishop's Palace include:


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Question: which country do the buildings belong to?

Answer: England

Explanation: Mendip is a local government district which covers a largely rural area of ranging from the Mendip Hills through on to the Somerset Levels.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: which country do the buildings belong to?

Context: England

Question: can you name any other county or regions around these buildings?

Answer: Gloucestershire, Bristol, Wiltshire, Dorset and Devon

Somerset [SEP] Introduction

Somerset (; archaically, Somersetshire) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west. It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel, its coastline facing southeastern Wales. Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon. Somerset's county town is Taunton. Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills, the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement by the Celts, Romans and Anglo-Saxons.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: can you name any other county or regions around these buildings?

Context: Gloucestershire, Bristol, Wiltshire, Dorset and Devon

Question: what are the different modes of transport  in the last mentioned region?

Answer: Bus, train and airplanes

Devon [SEP] Bus

There is a network of bus services across Devon. Bus operators include: Stagecoach (much of Devon), AVMT Buses (East Devon/Jurassic Coast), County Bus (Teignbridge) and Plymouth Citybus.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: what are the different modes of transport  in the last mentioned region?

Context: Bus, train and airplanes

Question: does it have it's own metro service?

Answer: It is proposed

Devon [SEP] Devon Metro

Devon County Council has proposed a 'Devon Metro' scheme to improve rail services in the county and offer a realistic alternative to car travel. This includes the delivery of Cranbrook station, plus four new stations (including Edginswell) as a priority.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: Bus, train and airplanes

Context: does it have it's own metro service?

Context: It is proposed

Question: are there any renowned people from the region?

Answer: Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Chichester

Devon [SEP] Notable people

Devon is known for its mariners, such as Sir Francis Drake, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Sir Francis Chichester. Henry Every, described as the most notorious pirate of the late 17th century, was probably born in the village of Newton Ferrers. John Oxenham (1536–1580) was a lieutenant of Drake but considered a pirate by the Spanish. Thomas Morton (1576–1647) was an avid Elizabethan outdoorsman probably born in Devon who became an attorney for The Council For New England, and built the New England fur-trading-plantation called Ma-Re Mount or Merrymount around a West Country-style Maypole, much to the displeasure of Pilgrim and Puritan colonists.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: Bus, train and airplanes

Context: does it have it's own metro service?

Context: It is proposed

Context: are there any renowned people from the region?

Context: Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Chichester

Question: who was the first one?

Answer: Adventurer, explorer, member of parliament and soldier who was a pioneer of the English colonial empire in North America and the Plantations of Ireland

Humphrey Gilbert [SEP] Introduction

Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583) of Compton in the parish of Marldon and of Greenway in the parish of Churston Ferrers, both in Devon, England, was an adventurer, explorer, member of parliament and soldier who served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and was a pioneer of the English colonial empire in North America and the Plantations of Ireland. He was a maternal half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh and a cousin of Sir Richard Grenville.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: Bus, train and airplanes

Context: does it have it's own metro service?

Context: It is proposed

Context: who was the first one?

Context: Adventurer, explorer, member of parliament and soldier who was a pioneer of the English colonial empire in North America and the Plantations of Ireland

Question: when did he start his military career?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Humphrey Gilbert [SEP] Introduction


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: Bus, train and airplanes

Context: does it have it's own metro service?

Context: It is proposed

Context: who was the first one?

Context: when did he start his military career?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what was the second person famous for?

Answer: His ship "Revenge" met 53 Spanish warships and he died at the Battle of Flores and refusing to surrender his ship to the far more numerous Spanish

Richard Grenville [SEP] Introduction

Sir Richard Grenville (15 June 1542 – 10 September 1591), also spelt Greynvile, Greeneville, and Greenfield, was an English sailor who, as captain of , died at the Battle of Flores (1591), fighting against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship to the far more numerous Spanish. His ship, "Revenge", met 53 Spanish warships near Flores in the Azores. He and his crew fought the fifty three in a three-day running battle. Many Spanish ships were sunk or so badly damaged that they had to retire from the battle. "Revenge" was boarded three times and each time the boarders were seen off.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: Bus, train and airplanes

Context: does it have it's own metro service?

Context: It is proposed

Context: who was the first one?

Context: when did he start his military career?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the second person famous for?

Context: His ship "Revenge" met 53 Spanish warships and he died at the Battle of Flores and refusing to surrender his ship to the far more numerous Spanish

Question: who all have fought in the war?

Answer: Lord Thomas Howard and Alonso de Bazán

Battle of Flores (1591) [SEP] Introduction

The Battle of Flores was a naval engagement of the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585 fought off the Island of Flores between an English fleet of 22 ships under Lord Thomas Howard and a Spanish fleet of 55 ships under Alonso de Bazán. Sent to the Azores to capture the annual Spanish treasure convoy, when a stronger Spanish fleet appeared off Flores, Howard ordered his ships to flee to the north, saving all of them except the galleon "Revenge" commanded by Admiral Sir Richard Grenville. After transferring his ill crew men onshore back to his ship, he led the Revenge in a rear guard action against 55 Spanish ships, allowing the English fleet to retire to safety.


Context: what does the latter refer to?

Context: The official residence of any bishop

Context: England

Context: Bus, train and airplanes

Context: does it have it's own metro service?

Context: It is proposed

Context: who was the first one?

Context: when did he start his military career?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the second person famous for?

Context: who all have fought in the war?

Context: Lord Thomas Howard and Alonso de Bazán

Question: which country did the former represent?

Answer: England

Lord Thomas Howard [SEP] Introduction

Lord Thomas Howard (1511 – 31 October 1537) was an English courtier at the court of King Henry VIII. He is chiefly known for his marriage (later invalidated by Henry) to Lady Margaret Douglas (1515–1578), the daughter of Henry VIII's sister, Margaret Tudor, for which he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he died on 31 October 1537. The affair is referenced in a verse by his nephew, the poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey.


Question: why does the height of the cumulus cloud base change

Answer: Due to weather factors such as instability, moisture, and temperature gradient

Cumulus cloud [SEP] Introduction

Cumulus clouds are clouds which have flat bases and are often described as "puffy", "cotton-like" or "fluffy" in appearance. Their name derives from the Latin "cumulo-", meaning "heap" or "pile". Cumulus clouds are low-level clouds, generally less than in altitude unless they are the more vertical cumulus congestus form. Cumulus clouds may appear by themselves, in lines, or in clusters. Cumulus clouds are often precursors of other types of clouds, such as cumulonimbus, when influenced by weather factors such as instability, moisture, and temperature gradient. Normally, cumulus clouds produce little or no precipitation, but they can grow into the precipitation-bearing congestus or cumulonimbus clouds.


Context: why does the height of the cumulus cloud base change

Context: Due to weather factors such as instability, moisture, and temperature gradient

Question: what are cumulus clouds ?

Answer: They are clouds which have flat bases and are often described as "puffy", "cotton-like" or "fluffy" in appearance

Explanation: Cumulus clouds are clouds which have flat bases and are often described as "puffy", "cotton-like" or "fluffy" in appearance

Cumulus cloud [SEP] Introduction


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: They are clouds which have flat bases and are often described as "puffy", "cotton-like" or "fluffy" in appearance

Question: how are they formed ?

Answer: They are formed via atmospheric convection as air warmed by the surface begins to rise

Cumulus cloud [SEP] Formation

Cumulus clouds form via atmospheric convection as air warmed by the surface begins to rise. As the air rises, the temperature drops (following the lapse rate), causing the relative humidity (RH) to rise. If convection reaches a certain level the RH reaches one hundred percent, and the "wet-adiabatic" phase begins. At this point a positive feedback ensues: since the RH is above 100%, water vapor condenses, releasing latent heat, warming the air and spurring further convection. In this phase, water vapor condenses on various nuclei present in the air, forming the cumulus cloud. This creates the characteristic flat-bottomed puffy shape associated with cumulus clouds.


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: how are they formed ?

Context: They are formed via atmospheric convection as air warmed by the surface begins to rise

Question: what are their effects on climate ?

Answer: Due to reflectivity, clouds cool the earth by around, however, at the same time, they heat the earth by around by reflecting emitted radiation, an effect largely caused by cirrus clouds

Cumulus cloud [SEP] Effects on climate

Due to reflectivity, clouds cool the earth by around , an effect largely caused by stratocumulus clouds. However, at the same time, they heat the earth by around by reflecting emitted radiation, an effect largely caused by cirrus clouds. This averages out to a net loss of . Cumulus clouds, on the other hand, have a variable effect on heating the earth's surface. The more vertical "cumulus congestus" species and cumulonimbus genus of clouds grow high into the atmosphere, carrying moisture with them, which can lead to the formation of cirrus clouds. The researchers speculated that this might even produce a positive feedback, where the increasing upper atmospheric moisture further warms the earth, resulting in an increasing number of "cumulus congestus" clouds carrying more moisture into the upper atmosphere.


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: how are they formed ?

Context: what are their effects on climate ?

Context: Due to reflectivity, clouds cool the earth by around, however, at the same time, they heat the earth by around by reflecting emitted radiation, an effect largely caused by cirrus clouds

Question: what is the last type of cloud you mentioned in the above statement ?

Answer: It is a genus of atmospheric cloud generally characterized by thin, wispy strands, giving the type its name from the Latin word "cirrus", meaning a ringlet or curling lock of hair

Cirrus cloud [SEP] Introduction

Cirrus (cloud classification symbol: Ci) is a genus of atmospheric cloud generally characterized by thin, wispy strands, giving the type its name from the Latin word "cirrus", meaning a ringlet or curling lock of hair. Such a cloud can form at any altitude between above sea level. The strands of cloud sometimes appear in tufts of a distinctive form referred to by the common name of "mares' tails". From the surface of Earth, cirrus clouds typically appear white, or a light grey, in color; they form when water vapor undergoes deposition at altitudes above , in temperate regions, and above in tropical ones.


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: how are they formed ?

Context: what are their effects on climate ?

Context: what is the last type of cloud you mentioned in the above statement ?

Context: It is a genus of atmospheric cloud generally characterized by thin, wispy strands, giving the type its name from the Latin word "cirrus", meaning a ringlet or curling lock of hair

Question: how are this used in forecasting ?

Answer: A large number of cirrus clouds can be a sign of an approaching frontal system or upper air disturbance. This signals a change in weather in the near future, which usually becomes more stormy

Cirrus cloud [SEP] Use in forecasting

Random, isolated cirrus do not have any particular significance. A large number of cirrus clouds can be a sign of an approaching frontal system or upper air disturbance. This signals a change in weather in the near future, which usually becomes more stormy. If the cloud is a cirrus castellanus, there might be instability at the high altitude level. When the clouds deepen and spread, especially when they are of the "cirrus radiatus" variety or "cirrus fibratus" species, this usually indicates an approaching weather front. If it is a warm front, the cirrus clouds spread out into cirrostratus, which then thicken and lower into altocumulus and altostratus.


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: how are they formed ?

Context: what are their effects on climate ?

Context: how are this used in forecasting ?

Context: A large number of cirrus clouds can be a sign of an approaching frontal system or upper air disturbance. This signals a change in weather in the near future, which usually becomes more stormy

Question: does it have any kind of optical phenomena ?

Answer: Yes, it can produce several optical effects, such as halos around the sun and moon

Cirrus cloud [SEP] Optical phenomena

Cirrus clouds, like cirrostratus clouds, can produce several optical effects, such as halos around the sun and moon. Halos are caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds, which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the sky. Common halo varieties are the 22° halo, sun dogs, the circumzenithal arc and the circumhorizontal arc (also known as fire rainbows). Halos produced by cirrus clouds tend to be more pronounced and colorful than those caused by cirrostratus. More rarely, cirrus clouds are capable of producing glories, more commonly associated with liquid water-based clouds such as stratus.


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: how are they formed ?

Context: what are their effects on climate ?

Context: how are this used in forecasting ?

Context: does it have any kind of optical phenomena ?

Context: Yes, it can produce several optical effects, such as halos around the sun and moon

Question: what is the first effect you mentioned ?

Answer: It is an optical phenomenon caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds, which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the sky

Explanation: Halos are caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds, which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the sky.

Cirrus cloud [SEP] Optical phenomena


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: how are they formed ?

Context: what are their effects on climate ?

Context: how are this used in forecasting ?

Context: what is the first effect you mentioned ?

Context: It is an optical phenomenon caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds, which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the sky

Question: the first cloud mentioned above does it have any sub forms ?

Answer: Yes, this  clouds come in four distinct species, "cumulis humilis", "mediocris", "congestus", and "fractus"

Cumulus cloud [SEP] Subforms

Cumulus clouds come in four distinct species, "cumulis humilis", "mediocris", "congestus", and "fractus". These species may be arranged into the variety, "cumulus radiatus"; and may be accompanied by up to seven supplementary features, "cumulus pileus", "velum", "virga", "praecipitatio", "arcus", "pannus", and "tuba". The species "Cumulus fractus" is ragged in appearance and can form in clear air as a precursor to cumulus humilis and larger cumulus species-types; or it can form in precipitation as the supplementary feature "pannus" (also called scud) which can also include stratus fractus of bad weather. "Cumulus humilis" clouds look like puffy, flattened shapes. "Cumulus mediocris" clouds look similar, except that they have some vertical development.


Context: what are cumulus clouds ?

Context: how are they formed ?

Context: what are their effects on climate ?

Context: how are this used in forecasting ?

Context: the first cloud mentioned above does it have any sub forms ?

Context: Yes, this  clouds come in four distinct species, "cumulis humilis", "mediocris", "congestus", and "fractus"

Question: describe the first specie ?

Answer: They  look like puffy, flattened shapes

Explanation: "Cumulus humilis" clouds look like puffy, flattened shapes

Cumulus cloud [SEP] Subforms


Question: what is the story of god of war

Answer: The story follows a Spartan warrior who was tricked into killing his family by his former master, the Greek God of War Ares. This sets off a series of events that leads to wars with the mythological pantheons

God of War (franchise) [SEP] Introduction

God of War is an action-adventure game franchise created by David Jaffe at Sony's Santa Monica Studio. It began in 2005 on the PlayStation 2 (PS2) video game console, and has become a flagship title for the PlayStation brand, consisting of eight games across multiple platforms with a ninth currently in development. Based in ancient mythology, the story follows Kratos, a Spartan warrior who was tricked into killing his family by his former master, the Greek God of War Ares. This sets off a series of events that leads to wars with the mythological pantheons. The Greek mythology era of the series sees Kratos follow a path of vengeance due to the machinations of the Olympian gods, while the Norse mythology era, which introduces his son Atreus as a secondary protagonist, shows an older Kratos on a path of redemption, which inadvertently brings the two into conflict with the Norse gods.


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: The story follows a Spartan warrior who was tricked into killing his family by his former master, the Greek God of War Ares. This sets off a series of events that leads to wars with the mythological pantheons

Question: what is this franchise about?

Answer: It is an action-adventure game franchise

Explanation: God of War is an action-adventure game franchise created by David Jaffe at Sony's Santa Monica Studio.


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: what is this franchise about?

Context: It is an action-adventure game franchise

Question: who created it?

Answer: David Jaffe


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: what is this franchise about?

Context: who created it?

Context: David Jaffe

Question: what critics did it receive?

Answer: Both the 2005 and 2018 titles being tied for the highest score in the franchise at 94/100

Explanation: With physical and digital copies combined, the "God of War" franchise has sold over 32 million games worldwide (as of May 2019). "God of War" (2005), "God of War II", "Chains of Olympus", "God of War Collection", "God of War III", and "God of War" (2018) each received critical acclaim from several reviewers as compiled by review aggregator Metacritic, with both the 2005 and 2018 titles being tied for the highest score in the franchise at 94/100. "Betrayal" and "Ghost of Sparta" only received generally favorable reception. "Ascension" also only had a generally favorable reception and, not including the PlayStation Vita port of "God of War Collection", it has the lowest score in the series from Metacritic (80/100).

God of War (franchise) [SEP] Critical reception

In November 2012, Complex.com named "God of War II" the best PlayStation 2 game of all time—where "God of War" was named the 11th best—and consider it better than its successor, "God of War III". "Betrayal" was acclaimed for its fidelity to the series in terms of gameplay, art style, and graphics. "Chains of Olympus" was praised for "fantastic" graphics and "tight and responsive" controls for the PSP at the time. In 2008, IGN awarded "Chains of Olympus" the "Best PSP Action Game", and in September 2010, it was listed as the best PSP game by "GamePro". "God of War III" received praise for its graphics, in particular of Kratos; at the time, IGN stated that Kratos was "perhaps the single most impressive-looking character ever in videogames." IGN also said that, at the time, "God of War III" "redefines what the word 'scale' means with regards to videogames, as it throws you into scenes with Titans that are larger than entire levels in some other games." "God of War III" received awards for "Most Anticipated Game of 2010" and "Best PS3 Game" at the 2009 and 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, respectively.


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: what is this franchise about?

Context: who created it?

Context: David Jaffe

Context: what critics did it receive?

Context: Both the 2005 and 2018 titles being tied for the highest score in the franchise at 94/100

Question: what other games did the creator make?

Answer: "Twisted Metal"

Explanation: David Scott Jaffe (born April 13, 1971) is an American video game designer; best known for his contribution to the "Twisted Metal" and "God of War" franchises.

David Jaffe [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: what is this franchise about?

Context: who created it?

Context: David Jaffe

Context: what critics did it receive?

Context: what other games did the creator make?

Context: "Twisted Metal"

Question: what is this game about?

Answer: Based in ancient mythology, the story follows a Spartan warrior who was tricked into killing his family by his former master, the Greek God of War Ares. This sets off a series of events that leads to wars with the mythological pantheons

Explanation: Based in ancient mythology, the story follows Kratos, a Spartan warrior who was tricked into killing his family by his former master, the Greek God of War Ares. This sets off a series of events that leads to wars with the mythological pantheons.


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: what is this franchise about?

Context: who created it?

Context: David Jaffe

Context: what critics did it receive?

Context: what other games did the creator make?

Context: "Twisted Metal"

Context: what is this game about?

Context: Based in ancient mythology, the story follows a Spartan warrior who was tricked into killing his family by his former master, the Greek God of War Ares. This sets off a series of events that leads to wars with the mythological pantheons

Question: what is the other mentioned game about?

Answer: It is a series of vehicular combat video game

Twisted Metal [SEP] Introduction

Twisted Metal is a series of vehicular combat video games published by Sony Computer Entertainment, and developed by various companies. The series has appeared on the PlayStation, the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3. As of October 31, 2000 the series has sold 5 million copies. Several of the games in the series were re-released as part of the Sony Greatest Hits program. The original game and its first sequel were also released on PC.


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: what is this franchise about?

Context: who created it?

Context: David Jaffe

Context: what critics did it receive?

Context: what other games did the creator make?

Context: "Twisted Metal"

Context: what is this game about?

Context: what is the other mentioned game about?

Context: It is a series of vehicular combat video game

Question: is there any movie based on it?

Answer: In September 2017, Brian Taylor confirmed that Sony had passed on the "Twisted Metal" movie

Twisted Metal [SEP] Film adaptation

In February 2012, it was announced Sony Pictures Entertainment was bringing "Twisted Metal" to the big screen by hiring "Crank", "", "Gamer" and "" co-director Brian Taylor to write and direct the film. In September 2017, Brian Taylor confirmed that Sony had passed on the "Twisted Metal" movie, feeling the series fanbase didn't warrant the higher budget it would have cost to realize the movie. However, "Twisted Metal" was the inspiration for "Slaughter Race", a fictional video game featured in the Disney animated film "Ralph Breaks the Internet" (2018).


Context: what is the story of god of war

Context: what is this franchise about?

Context: who created it?

Context: David Jaffe

Context: what critics did it receive?

Context: what other games did the creator make?

Context: "Twisted Metal"

Context: what is this game about?

Context: what is the other mentioned game about?

Context: is there any movie based on it?

Context: In September 2017, Brian Taylor confirmed that Sony had passed on the "Twisted Metal" movie

Question: is there a book inspired on it?

Answer: Yes, "Twisted Metal 2" comic book

Twisted Metal [SEP] Comic book

A one-shot "Twisted Metal 2" comic book was published by DC Comics in 1996, written by Jamie Delano, pencilled by Phil Hester and inked by Peter Gross. The comic was given out as a prize in a contest in the "Tips & Tricks" magazine.