Context: what is fried chicken?

Context: where has it originated from?

Context: what are the languages spoken here?

Context: where were coins introduced here?

Context: how did the last mentioned mint place get its name?

Context: Roxburgh probably comes from Old English "*hrōcas burh", "rook's burgh".

Question: where is it located?

Answer: Roxburgh, also known as "Rosbroch", is a civil parish and now-destroyed royal burgh, in the historic county of Roxburghshire in the Scottish Borders, Scotland. It was an important trading burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland.

Roxburgh [SEP] Introduction

Roxburgh (), also known as "Rosbroch", is a civil parish and now-destroyed royal burgh, in the historic county of Roxburghshire in the Scottish Borders, Scotland. It was an important trading burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland. In the Middle Ages it had at least as much importance as Edinburgh, Stirling, Perth, or Berwick-upon-Tweed, for a time acting as "de facto" capital (as royal residence of David I).


Question: who was the first scientist to state that species change over time

Answer: Lamarck.

Explanation:
In 1830, in an aside from his evolutionary framework, Lamarck briefly mentioned two traditional ideas in his discussion of heredity, in his day considered to be generally true. The first was the idea of use versus disuse; he theorized that individuals lose characteristics they do not require, or use, and develop characteristics that are useful. The second was to argue that the acquired traits were heritable. He gave as an imagined illustration the idea that when giraffes stretch their necks to reach leaves high in trees, they would strengthen and gradually lengthen their necks. These giraffes would then have offspring with slightly longer necks. In the same way, he argued, a blacksmith, through his work, strengthens the muscles in his arms, and thus his sons would have similar muscular development when they mature. Lamarck stated the following two laws:

English translation:

In essence, a change in the environment brings about change in "needs" ("besoins"), resulting in change in be

Lamarckism [SEP] Lamarck's discussion of heredity


Context: who was the first scientist to state that species change over time

Context: Lamarck.

Question: who was this person?

Answer: He was a soldier, biologist, and academic.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck [SEP] Introduction

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist. He was a soldier, biologist, and academic, and an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. Lamarck fought in the Pomeranian War (1757–62) against Prussia, and was awarded a commission for bravery on the battlefield. Posted to Monaco, Lamarck became interested in natural history and resolved to study medicine. He retired from the army after being injured in 1766, and returned to his medical studies.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: He was a soldier, biologist, and academic.

Question: he is best known for which works?

Answer: "Hydrogéologie" and "Memoirs of Physics and Natural History", to name a few.

Explanation: While he was working on "Hydrogéologie" (1802), Lamarck had the idea to apply the principle of erosion to biology. This led him to the basic principle of evolution, which saw the fluids in organs inheriting more complex forms and functions, thus passing on these traits to the organism's descendants. This was a reversal from Lamarck's previous view, published in his "Memoirs of Physics and Natural History" (1797), in which he briefly refers to the immutability of species.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck [SEP] Lamarckian evolution

He cited examples of blindness in moles, the presence of teeth in mammals and the absence of teeth in birds as evidence of this principle. The second principle was that life was structured in an orderly manner and that many different parts of all bodies make possible the organic movements of animals. Although he was not the first thinker to advocate organic evolution, he was the first to develop a truly coherent evolutionary theory. He outlined his theories regarding evolution first in his "Floreal" lecture of 1800, and then in three later published works:


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: "Hydrogéologie" and "Memoirs of Physics and Natural History", to name a few.

Question: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Answer: His theory is cited in textbooks to contrast with Darwinism.

Lamarckism [SEP] Introduction

Lamarckism, or Lamarckian inheritance, also known as "Neo-Lamarckism", is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. This idea is also called the inheritance of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance. It is inaccurately named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of orthogenesis, a drive towards complexity. The theory is cited in textbooks to contrast with Darwinism. This paints a false picture of the history of biology, as Lamarck did not originate the idea of soft inheritance, which was known from the classical era onwards, and it was not the primary focus of Lamarck's theory of evolution.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: His theory is cited in textbooks to contrast with Darwinism.

Question: what does this last mentioned term means?

Answer: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Darwinism [SEP] Introduction

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term "Darwinism" in April 1860.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: what does this last mentioned term means?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Question: regarding the works of the former person; what is referred by the first mentioned?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Darwinism [SEP] Introduction


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: regarding the works of the former person; what is referred by the first mentioned?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is there any book related to this person?

Answer: Flore françoise.

Lamarck developed a particular interest in botany, and later, after he published the three-volume work "Flore françoise" (1778), he gained membership of the French Academy of Sciences in 1779. Lamarck became involved in the Jardin des Plantes and was appointed to the Chair of Botany in 1788. When the French National Assembly founded the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in 1793, Lamarck became a professor of zoology. In 1801, he published "Système des animaux sans vertèbres", a major work on the classification of invertebrates, a term which allegedly he coined. In an 1802 publication, he became one of the first to use the term "biology" in its modern sense.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is there any book related to this person?

Context: Flore françoise.

Question: what is it about?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who was darwin?

Answer: He was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist.

Explanation: Charles Robert Darwin (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancest

Charles Darwin [SEP] Introduction

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was darwin?

Context: He was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist.

Question: what do you mean by this second last term?

Answer: A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes the Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them.

Geologist [SEP] Introduction

A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes the Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study geology, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and other sciences are also useful. Field work is an important component of geology, although many subdisciplines incorporate laboratory work. Geologists work in the energy and mining sectors searching for natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, precious and base metals. They are also in the forefront of preventing and mitigating damage from natural hazards and disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis and landslides.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was darwin?

Context: what do you mean by this second last term?

Context: A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes the Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them.

Question: is there any book of the person in context on this subject?

Answer: Yes, the "Beagle" collections.

Charles Darwin [SEP] Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research

Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection "by which to work", as his "prime hobby". His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory. For fifteen years this work was in the background to his main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on the "Beagle" collections, and in particular, the barnacles. When FitzRoy's "Narrative" was published in May 1839, Darwin's "Journal and Remarks" was such a success as the third volume that later that year it was published on its own.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was darwin?

Context: is there any book of the person in context on this subject?

Context: Yes, the "Beagle" collections.

Question: can you state what is it about?

Answer: It had expert descriptions of the collections he had made during the "Beagle" voyage.

Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle [SEP] Introduction

The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., during the Years 1832 to 1836 is a 5-part book published unbound in nineteen numbers as they were ready, between February 1838 and October 1843. It was written by various authors, and edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, publishing expert descriptions of the collections he had made during the "Beagle" voyage. Darwin also contributed notices of habits and ranges throughout the text of Mammalia and Birds, and the text of the Fish and the Reptiles included numerous notes by him that were mostly taken from his labels.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was darwin?

Context: Yes, the "Beagle" collections.

Context: can you state what is it about?

Context: It had expert descriptions of the collections he had made during the "Beagle" voyage.

Question: did he publish anything?

Answer: Yes, On the Origin of Species.

Charles Darwin [SEP] Introduction

Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species". By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was darwin?

Context: Yes, the "Beagle" collections.

Context: can you state what is it about?

Context: did he publish anything?

Context: Yes, On the Origin of Species.

Question: did he publish any paper on this jointly with someone?

Answer: Yes, with Wallace.

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Joint publication of papers by Wallace and Darwin

Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection", by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was darwin?

Context: Yes, the "Beagle" collections.

Context: can you state what is it about?

Context: did he publish anything?

Context: Yes, On the Origin of Species.

Context: did he publish any paper on this jointly with someone?

Context: Yes, with Wallace.

Question: what was its impact on scientific community?

Answer: Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature.

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Impact on the scientific community

Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of "Vestiges" had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's "A System of Logic", while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's "Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences", in which investigation could begin with the intuitive idea that species were fixed objects created by design.


Context: Lamarck.

Context: who was this person?

Context: he is best known for which works?

Context: is he connected to darwin by any way?

Context: It is a theory of biological evolution.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Flore françoise.

Context: what is it about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was darwin?

Context: Yes, the "Beagle" collections.

Context: can you state what is it about?

Context: did he publish anything?

Context: Yes, On the Origin of Species.

Context: Yes, with Wallace.

Context: what was its impact on scientific community?

Context: Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature.

Question: what challenges did it face?

Answer: There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution.

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Challenges to natural selection

There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits.


Question: in which country/region did the battle of radzymin take place?

Answer: Poland

Battle of Radzymin (1920) [SEP] Introduction

The Battle of Radzymin () took place during the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21). The battle occurred near the town of Radzymin, some north-east of Warsaw, between August 13 and 16, 1920. Along with the Battle of Ossów and the Polish counteroffensive from the Wieprz River area, this engagement was a key part of what later became known as the Battle of Warsaw. It also proved to be one of the bloodiest and most intense battles of the Polish–Soviet War. The first phase of the battle began on August 13 with a frontal assault by the Red Army on the Praga bridgehead.


Context: in which country/region did the battle of radzymin take place?

Context: Poland

Question: whom was it fought between?

Answer: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Explanation: The first phase of the battle began on August 13 with a frontal assault by the Red Army on the Praga bridgehead. The Soviet forces captured Radzymin on August 14 and breached the lines of the 1st Polish Army, which was defending Warsaw from the east.

The Soviet forces captured Radzymin on August 14 and breached the lines of the 1st Polish Army, which was defending Warsaw from the east. Radzymin changed hands several times in heavy combat. Foreign diplomats, with the exception of the British and Vatican ambassadors, hastily left Warsaw. The plan for the battle was straightforward for both sides. The Russians wanted to break through the Polish defences to Warsaw, while the Polish aim was to defend the area long enough for a two-pronged counteroffensive from the south, led by General Józef Piłsudski, and north, led by General Władysław Sikorski, to outflank the attacking forces.


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Question: name a few people from the first group mentioned above who fought in this

Answer: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Battle of Radzymin (1920) [SEP] August 13

Both Polish and Russian planners expected an attack on Warsaw—and Radzymin in particular—from the east. Yet the first fights started to the north-east of the Polish capital. Warsaw was to be assaulted from the east by the 16th Red Army. At the same time the 14th Red Army (under Ieronim Uborevich) captured Wyszków and started a fast march westwards, towards Toruń. It was then to cross the lower Vistula and assault Warsaw from the north-west. However, its 21st Rifle Division remained on the south side of the Bug River and headed for Warsaw directly, under orders from Russia's Commissar of War Leon Trotsky.


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Context: name a few people from the first group mentioned above who fought in this

Context: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Question: and from the second group?

Answer: General Józef Piłsudski and General Władysław Sikorski

Explanation: The Russians wanted to break through the Polish defences to Warsaw, while the Polish aim was to defend the area long enough for a two-pronged counteroffensive from the south, led by General Józef Piłsudski, and north, led by General Władysław Sikorski, to outflank the attacking forces.


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Context: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Context: and from the second group?

Context: General Józef Piłsudski and General Władysław Sikorski

Question: on which date did the battle end?

Answer: August 16, 1920

Explanation: The Battle of Radzymin () took place during the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21). The battle occurred near the town of Radzymin, some north-east of Warsaw, between August 13 and 16, 1920.


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Context: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Context: and from the second group?

Context: on which date did the battle end?

Context: August 16, 1920

Question: who won?

Answer: Polish army

Battle of Radzymin (1920) [SEP] Result and assessment

The battle was a success for the Poles at both the tactical level (the battle of Radzymin itself) and the strategic level (its role in the battle of Warsaw). After several days of constant fighting for the town of Radzymin and its immediate vicinity, the Russian attack was repelled and the Poles were able to mount a successful counteroffensive, forcing the Russian armies out of Poland and in the end destroying them completely. However, the conduct of the Polish forces and their commanders at Radzymin in the early part of the battle has been criticized by historians since the 1920s.


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Context: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Context: and from the second group?

Context: on which date did the battle end?

Context: August 16, 1920

Context: who won?

Context: Polish army

Question: tell me something more about the first warrior you mentioned who belonged to the army who won this battle.

Answer: He was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State and First Marshal of Poland

Explanation: Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (1918–1922) and First Marshal of Poland (from 1920).

Józef Piłsudski [SEP] Introduction

His principal political opponent, Roman Dmowski, leader of the National Democrat party, by contrast, called for a Poland limited to the pre-Partitions Polish Crown and based mainly on a homogeneous ethnically Polish population and Roman Catholic identity. Early in his political career, Piłsudski became a leader of the Polish Socialist Party. Believing Poland's independence would be won militarily, he formed the Polish Legions. In 1914, he predicted a new major war would defeat the Russian Empire and the Central Powers. After World War I began in 1914, Piłsudski's Legions fought alongside Austria-Hungary against Russia. In 1917, with Russia faring poorly in the war, he withdrew his support for the Central Powers, and was imprisoned in Magdeburg by the Germans.


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Context: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Context: and from the second group?

Context: on which date did the battle end?

Context: August 16, 1920

Context: who won?

Context: Polish army

Context: tell me something more about the first warrior you mentioned who belonged to the army who won this battle.

Context: He was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State and First Marshal of Poland

Question: can you name a few of his descendants?

Answer: Jadwiga Piłsudska and Joanna Jaraczewska

Józef Piłsudski [SEP] Descendants

Both daughters of Marshal Piłsudski returned to Poland in 1990, after the fall of the Communist system. Jadwiga Piłsudska's daughter Joanna Jaraczewska returned to Poland in 1979. She married a Polish "Solidarity" activist Janusz Onyszkiewicz in a political prison in 1983. Both were very involved in the Polish struggle against communism between 1979 and 1989.


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Context: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Context: and from the second group?

Context: on which date did the battle end?

Context: August 16, 1920

Context: who won?

Context: Polish army

Context: can you name a few of his descendants?

Context: Jadwiga Piłsudska and Joanna Jaraczewska

Question: are there any objects of remembrance or something which is named in honor of that polish warrior you mentioned?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Józef Piłsudski [SEP] Descendants


Context: Poland

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: Soviet Red Army and Polish Army

Context: Ieronim Uborevich and Leon Trotsky

Context: and from the second group?

Context: on which date did the battle end?

Context: August 16, 1920

Context: who won?

Context: Polish army

Context: can you name a few of his descendants?

Context: are there any objects of remembrance or something which is named in honor of that polish warrior you mentioned?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you tell me some of the notable works of the second polish warrior you mentioned previously?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Józef Piłsudski [SEP] Descendants


Question: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Answer: Boletaceae

Explanation: Boletaceae

Boletus aereus [SEP] Introduction

Boletus aereus, the dark cep or bronze bolete, is a highly prized and much sought-after edible mushroom in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is widely consumed in Spain (Basque Country and Navarre), France, Italy, Greece, and generally throughout the Mediterranean. Described in 1789 by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard, it is closely related to several other European boletes, including "B. reticulatus", "B. pinophilus", and the popular "B. edulis". Some populations in North Africa have in the past been classified as a separate species, "B. mamorensis", but have been shown to be phylogenetically conspecific to "B. aereus" and this taxon is now regarded as a synonym.


Context:
what kind of species is boletus aereus?
Boletaceae

Question: what is it commonly called?

Answer: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Explanation: "le bolet bronzé" (the bronze bolete)

Boletus aereus [SEP] Common names

Bulliard gave "Boletus aereus" the common name of "le bolet bronzé" (the bronze bolete) in 1789, noting that it was called the "cep noir" (black cep) in other countries. It is commonly known as "ontto beltza" (black fungus) in Basque, "porcino nero" (black piglet) in Italian, and "Cèpe bronzé" in French. In Greek it is known as "vasilikό" (the royal one), or "kalogeraki" (little monk). The English common name is "dark cep", while the British Mycological Society also approved the name "bronze bolete".


Context:
what kind of species is boletus aereus?
Boletaceae
what is it commonly called?
le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Question: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Answer: It is a highly prized and much sought-after edible mushroom.

Explanation: is a highly prized and much sought-after edible mushroom

Boletus aereus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: It is a highly prized and much sought-after edible mushroom.

Question: is it nutritious?

Answer: It contains 367 kilocalories per 100 grams of bolete (as dry weight).

Boletus aereus [SEP] Nutritional value

Based on analyses of fruit bodies collected in Portugal, there are 367 kilocalories per 100 grams of bolete (as dry weight). The macronutrient composition of 100 grams of dried bolete includes 17.9 grams of protein, 72.8 grams of carbohydrates, and 0.4 grams of fat. By weight, fresh fruit bodies are about 92% water. The predominant sugar is trehalose (4.7 grams/100 grams dry weight; all following values assume this mass), with lesser amounts of mannitol (1.3 grams). There are 6 grams of tocopherols, the majority of which is gamma-tocopherol (vitamin E), and 3.7 grams of ascorbic acid.


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: It contains 367 kilocalories per 100 grams of bolete (as dry weight).

Question: can you name any other similar kind of species?

Answer: Boletus reticulatus

Explanation: Boletus reticulatus

Boletus aereus [SEP] Similar species

"Boletus reticulatus" is very similar to "B. aereus", also occurring during the summer months under broad-leaved trees. It has a paler, often cracked cap and a usually paler stipe covered in a more elaborate and pronounced whitish reticulation, often extending to the stipe base. "Boletus pinophilus" occurs under conifers, mostly "Pinus sylvestris", and has a reddish-brown cap. Microscopically, it can be separated by the more inflated, club- to spindle-shaped hyphal ends of the pileipellis. "Boletus edulis" occurs later in the season during lower temperatures, mostly under "Picea". It has a paler viscid cap, and a paler stipe with an acute white reticulation.


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: can you name any other similar kind of species?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Question: where is this type found?

Answer: Deciduous forests of Europe

Explanation: deciduous forests of Europe

Boletus reticulatus [SEP] Introduction

Boletus reticulatus (formerly known as Boletus aestivalis (Paulet) Fr.), and commonly referred to as the summer cep is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus "Boletus". It occurs in deciduous forests of Europe where it forms a symbiotic mycorrhizal relationship with species of oak ("Quercus"). The fungus produces fruiting bodies in the summer months which are edible and popularly collected. The summer cep was formally described by Jacob Christian Schäffer as "Boletus reticulatus" in 1774, which took precedence over "B. aestivalis" as described by Jean-Jacques Paulet in 1793.


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Question: how does it look like?

Answer: It has a swollen bulbous stem, and large convex cap.

Boletus reticulatus [SEP] Description

The summer cep's fruiting body is a mushroom with a swollen bulbous stem, and large convex cap. The cap is more or less round and usually up to 20(40) centimetres in diameter. It bears a velvety brown, rust to chocolate cuticle which when dry often cracks to reveal the white flesh underneath, giving the appearance of a net. The darker, more uniform shade and the velvety feel of the cap are a key feature distinguishing this species as is the vagueness or total absence of a white edge to the cap margin as seen in "Boletus edulis". The tubes and pores of the hymenium are initially white, darkening with age to pale yellow and finally brown.


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: It has a swollen bulbous stem, and large convex cap.

Question: do you know of any other species from the forest you mentioned above?

Answer: Oak ("Quercus")

Explanation: oak ("Quercus")

Boletus reticulatus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: do you know of any other species from the forest you mentioned above?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Question: what kind of climate does the forest support?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Boletus reticulatus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Context: what kind of climate does the forest support?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where can you find the former aereus species?

Answer: Spain, France, Italy, Greece etc

Explanation: Spain (Basque Country and Navarre), France, Italy, Greece, and generally throughout the Mediterranean.

Boletus aereus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where can you find the former aereus species?

Context: Spain, France, Italy, Greece etc

Question: what cuisine does the third place follows?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Boletus aereus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Spain, France, Italy, Greece etc

Context: what cuisine does the third place follows?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where do this former species originate from?

Answer: It grows in habitats with broad-leaved trees and shrubs.

Boletus aereus [SEP] Introduction

The fungus predominantly grows in habitats with broad-leaved trees and shrubs, forming symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations in which the underground roots of these plants are enveloped with sheaths of fungal tissue (hyphae). The cork oak ("Quercus suber") is a key host. The fungus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies above ground in summer and autumn. The fruit body has a large dark brown cap, which can reach in diameter. Like other boletes, "B. aereus" has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface of the fruit body is whitish when young, but ages to a greenish-yellow.


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Spain, France, Italy, Greece etc

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where do this former species originate from?

Context: It grows in habitats with broad-leaved trees and shrubs.

Question: the above first place that you mentioned, where exactly is this species found there?

Answer: Basque Country and Navarre

Explanation: Basque Country and Navarre

Boletus aereus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Spain, France, Italy, Greece etc

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: the above first place that you mentioned, where exactly is this species found there?

Context: Basque Country and Navarre

Question: from where did the latter place got its name?

Answer: The first documented use of a name resembling "Navarra", "Nafarroa", or "Naparroa" is a reference to "navarros", in Eginhard's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne.

Navarre [SEP] Etymology

The first documented use of a name resembling "Navarra", "Nafarroa", or "Naparroa" is a reference to "navarros", in Eginhard's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne. Other Royal Frankish Annals feature "nabarros". There are two proposed etymologies for the name. The linguist Joan Coromines considers "naba" to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate, rather than Basque "per se".


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Spain, France, Italy, Greece etc

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Basque Country and Navarre

Context: from where did the latter place got its name?

Context: The first documented use of a name resembling "Navarra", "Nafarroa", or "Naparroa" is a reference to "navarros", in Eginhard's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne.

Question: where was this emperor born?

Answer: His exact birthplace is unknown.

Explanation: exact birthplace is unknown,

Charlemagne [SEP] Place of birth

Charlemagne's exact birthplace is unknown, although historians have suggested Aachen in modern-day Germany, and Liège (Herstal) in present-day Belgium as possible locations. Aachen and Liège are close to the region whence the Merovingian and Carolingian families originated. Other cities have been suggested, including Düren, Gauting, Mürlenbach, Quierzy, and Prüm. No definitive evidence resolves the question.


Context: what kind of species is boletus aereus?

Context: Boletaceae

Context: what is it commonly called?

Context: le bolet bronzé (the bronze bolete)

Context: is it a kind of animal or plant?

Context: is it nutritious?

Context: Boletus reticulatus

Context: where is this type found?

Context: Deciduous forests of Europe

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Oak ("Quercus")

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Spain, France, Italy, Greece etc

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Basque Country and Navarre

Context: where was this emperor born?

Context: His exact birthplace is unknown.

Question: and who was he married to?

Answer: Lombard Princess, Desiderata

Charlemagne [SEP] Marriage to Desiderata

The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada, but in 770 Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess (commonly known today as Desiderata), the daughter of King Desiderius, to surround Carloman with his own allies. Though Pope Stephen III first opposed the marriage with the Lombard princess, he found little to fear from a Frankish-Lombard alliance. Less than a year after his marriage, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and married a 13-year-old Swabian named Hildegard. The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father's court at Pavia. Her father's wrath was now aroused, and he would have gladly allied with Carloman to defeat Charles.


Question: where do the doctor who specials fit into the series

Answer: The two special broadcast episodes were initially released in separate home media sets, before being released together alongside the mini-episodes in a collector's boxset.

Doctor Who (2013 specials) [SEP] Introduction

The two special broadcast episodes were initially released in separate home media sets, before being released together alongside the mini-episodes in a collector's boxset. Both episodes starred Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor and Jenna Coleman as Clara Oswald. The 50th anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor" saw the guest returns of former series leads David Tennant and Billie Piper, as well as introducing John Hurt as the War Doctor. "The Time of the Doctor" saw the departure of Smith from the series and the introduction of Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor.


Context: where do the doctor who specials fit into the series

Context: The two special broadcast episodes were initially released in separate home media sets, before being released together alongside the mini-episodes in a collector's boxset.

Question: do those special episodes have any name?

Answer: Yes, "The Night of the Doctor" and "The Last Day".

The 2013 specials of the British science fiction television programme "Doctor Who" are two additional episodes following the programme's seventh series. In addition to the traditional Christmas episode broadcast on 25 December 2013, a feature of the revived series since 2005, there was also a special celebrating the 50th anniversary of the programme broadcast on 23 November 2013, both airing on BBC One. Filming of "The Day of the Doctor" began in April 2013, and production of the Christmas episode, "The Time of the Doctor", began in September 2013. Two supplemental episodes were also filmed alongside the specials; "The Night of the Doctor" and "The Last Day" were both produced as lead-in mini-episodes for the 50th anniversary special, and were released online days before the special's broadcast.


Context: do those special episodes have any name?

Context: Yes, "The Night of the Doctor" and "The Last Day".

Question: what is the former's storyline?

Answer: The episode is set during the Time War and shows the previously unseen last moments of the Eighth Doctor and his artificially controlled regeneration into the War Doctor.

The Night of the Doctor [SEP] Introduction

"The Night of the Doctor" is a mini-episode of the British science fiction television programme "Doctor Who". It was made available on BBC iPlayer and YouTube on 14 November 2013, as part of the BBC One lead-up to the show's 50th anniversary special. It was written by Steven Moffat and starred Paul McGann as the Doctor. The episode is set during the Time War and shows the previously unseen last moments of the Eighth Doctor (McGann) and his artificially controlled regeneration into the War Doctor (John Hurt). It is McGann's second onscreen appearance as the Doctor, following his debut in the 1996 TV movie.


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: The episode is set during the Time War and shows the previously unseen last moments of the Eighth Doctor and his artificially controlled regeneration into the War Doctor.

Question: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Answer: After the release of the mini-episode, fans of the show demanded a "Doctor Who" spin-off featuring McGann.

The Night of the Doctor [SEP] Fan reaction

After the release of the mini-episode, fans of "Doctor Who" demanded a "Doctor Who" spin-off featuring McGann, multi-Doctor stories between McGann and Peter Capaldi's Twelfth Doctor, or further specials or mini-episodes with McGann. A petition for a spin-off passed the goal of 15,000 signatures in November 2013, but extended the goal to 25,000 and has since then surpassed 20,000 signatures. Paul McGann indicated his willingness to return and noted that he had signed the petition himself. Emma Campbell-Jones, who played Cass, indicated a willingness to return also, noting that it isn't explicit that Cass died and that the character "needs to see that he is the good Doctor." However, "Doctor Who" showrunner Steven Moffat indicated that a McGann spin-off would not happen as, with the exception of the anniversary, there should be "one Doctor at a time." He also indicated that McGann's appearance was less important than the fact that his appearance was a surprise and stated that further mini-episodes with high production values would be produced and would be surprising for viewers and even the BBC.


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: After the release of the mini-episode, fans of the show demanded a "Doctor Who" spin-off featuring McGann.

Question: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which channel aired the series?

Answer: BBC TV.

Doctor Who [SEP] History

"Doctor Who" first appeared on BBC TV at 17:16:20 GMT on Saturday, 23 November 1963; this was eighty seconds later than the scheduled programme time, because of the assassination of John F. Kennedy the previous day. It was to be a regular weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year. The head of drama Sydney Newman was mainly responsible for developing the programme, with the first format document for the series being written by Newman along with the head of the script department (later head of serials) Donald Wilson and staff writer C.


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Question: can you name a few actors who were a part of it?

Answer: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Doctor Who [SEP] Introduction

Beginning with William Hartnell, thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor, and in 2017 Jodie Whittaker became the first woman to play the role. The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation, a plot device in which a Time Lord "transforms" into a new body when the current one is too badly harmed to heal normally. Each actor's portrayal is unique, but all represent stages in the life of the same character, and together, they form a single lifetime with a single narrative.


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Context: can you name a few actors who were a part of it?

Context: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Question: who is the former actor?

Answer: He was an English actor.

William Hartnell [SEP] Introduction

William Henry Hartnell (8 January 1908 – 23 April 1975) was an English actor. While Hartnell made numerous stage and television appearances and acted in over 75 British films, he is best remembered today as the First Doctor in BBC Television's "Doctor Who", which he played from 1963 to 1966. He was also well known for his roles as Sergeant Grimshaw, the title character of the first "Carry On" film, "Carry On Sergeant" in 1958, and as Company Sergeant Major Percy Bullimore in the sitcom "The Army Game" from 1957 to 1961.


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Context: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Context: who is the former actor?

Context: He was an English actor.

Question: has he worked in films?

Answer: Yes, he played the role of Sergeant Grimshaw, the title character of the first "Carry On" film.

Explanation: He was also well known for his roles as Sergeant Grimshaw, the title character of the first "Carry On" film, "Carry On Sergeant" in 1958, and as Company Sergeant Major Percy Bullimore in the sitcom "The Army Game" from 1957 to 1961.

William Hartnell [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Context: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Context: who is the former actor?

Context: He was an English actor.

Context: has he worked in films?

Context: Yes, he played the role of Sergeant Grimshaw, the title character of the first "Carry On" film.

Question: where was the actor born?

Answer: 8 January 1908

William Hartnell [SEP] Early life

Hartnell was born on 8 January 1908 in the slums of the district of St Pancras, London, England, the only child of Lucy Hartnell, an unmarried mother. Hartnell never discovered the identity of his father, whose particulars were left blank on his birth certificate, despite his efforts to trace him. In various interviews, he claimed that he was born in Seaton, Devon, and that his father was a dairy farmer and later was a soldier turned stockbroker. He was brought up partly by a foster mother, and also spent many holidays in Devon with his mother's family of farmers, from whom he learned to ride horses.


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Context: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Context: who is the former actor?

Context: He was an English actor.

Context: has he worked in films?

Context: where was the actor born?

Context: 8 January 1908

Question: can you mention few other works by the actor?

Answer: He appeared in numerous Shakespearian plays, including "The Merchant of Venice", "Julius Caesar", "As You Like It", among others.

William Hartnell [SEP] Career

Hartnell entered the theatre in 1925 working under Frank Benson as a general stagehand. He appeared in numerous Shakespearian plays, including "The Merchant of Venice" (1926), "Julius Caesar" (1926), "As You Like It" (1926), "Hamlet" (1926), "The Tempest" (1926) and "Macbeth" (1926). He also appeared in "She Stoops to Conquer" (1926), "The School for Scandal" (1926) and "Good Morning, Bill" (1927), before performing in "Miss Elizabeth's Prisoner" (1928). This play was written by Robert Neilson Stephens and E. Lyall Swete. It featured the actress Heather McIntyre, whom he married during the following year. His first of more than 60 film appearances was in "Say It With Music" (1932).


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Context: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Context: who is the former actor?

Context: He was an English actor.

Context: has he worked in films?

Context: where was the actor born?

Context: 8 January 1908

Context: can you mention few other works by the actor?

Context: He appeared in numerous Shakespearian plays, including "The Merchant of Venice", "Julius Caesar", "As You Like It", among others.

Question: was there any mention of the aforesaid night episode in other media?

Answer: The episode was included as an extra on the Blu-ray and DVD release.

The Night of the Doctor [SEP] Home media

The episode was included as an extra on the Blu-ray and DVD release of '"The Day of the Doctor'". The special was re-released on DVD and Blu-ray on 8 September 2014 as part of a "50th Anniversary Collectors Edition" boxset alongside "The Name of the Doctor", "An Adventure in Space and Time", "The Day of the Doctor", "The Time of the Doctor" and "The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot". The episode was also released again as an extra feature on the Blu Ray release of "Doctor Who: The Movie" on 19 September 2016.


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Context: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Context: who is the former actor?

Context: He was an English actor.

Context: has he worked in films?

Context: where was the actor born?

Context: 8 January 1908

Context: was there any mention of the aforesaid night episode in other media?

Context: The episode was included as an extra on the Blu-ray and DVD release.

Question: did print media publish any article on it?

Answer: The storyline from this episode was included in the novelisation of "The Day of the Doctor".

Explanation: The storyline from this episode was included in the novelisation of "The Day of the Doctor". It was stated in the novelisation (which, like this episode, was written by Steven Moffat) that the potion the Doctor drank to become a warrior was a fake, intended by Ohila to convince him to fight in the Time War.

The Night of the Doctor [SEP] In print


Context: what is the former's storyline?

Context: how was the reaction of the fans on it?

Context: where was the aforesaid series filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which channel aired the series?

Context: BBC TV.

Context: William Hartnell , Jodie Whittaker.

Context: who is the former actor?

Context: He was an English actor.

Context: has he worked in films?

Context: where was the actor born?

Context: 8 January 1908

Context: did print media publish any article on it?

Context: The storyline from this episode was included in the novelisation of "The Day of the Doctor".

Question: what is the novel about?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The Night of the Doctor [SEP] In print


Question: what is lobet gott in seinen reichen, bwv 11 ?

Answer: It is an oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen, BWV 11 [SEP] Introduction

' (Laud to God in all his kingdoms), ', known as the Ascension Oratorio (), is an oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach, marked by him as (Oratorio for the feast of the Ascension of Christ), probably composed in 1735 for the service for Ascension and first performed on 19 May 1735. Bach had composed his "Christmas Oratorio", based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew, in 1734. He had composed an "Easter Oratorio" already in 1725. The text for the "Ascension Oratorio", a compilation of several biblical sources, free poetry and chorales, was presumably written by Picander who had worked on the libretto for the "Christmas Oratorio".


Context: what is lobet gott in seinen reichen, bwv 11 ?

Context: It is an oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Question: what is it based on?

Answer: Based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew,

Explanation: Bach had composed his "Christmas Oratorio", based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew,


Context: what is it based on?

Context: Based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew,

Question: how is the scoring like?

Answer: The scoring in a mixture of French and Italian names the parts and instruments as four vocal parts, three trumpets, timpani, two flauti traversi, two oboes, two violins, viola and basso continuo.

Explanation: he title in Latin translates to "Oratorio for the feast of the Ascension of Christ", and the scoring in a mixture of French and Italian names the parts and instruments as four vocal parts, three trumpets (Tr), timpani, two flauti traversi (Ft), two oboes (Ob), two violins (Vn), viola (Va) and basso continuo (Bc) by Bach. The voices are soprano, alto, tenor and bass, forming a four-part choir (SATB). The work is festively scored, exactly like the "Christmas Oratorio".

Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen, BWV 11 [SEP] Scoring and structure

The voices are soprano, alto, tenor and bass, forming a four-part choir (SATB). The work is festively scored, exactly like the "Christmas Oratorio". The structure shows symmetry around the central chorale. Expansive chorale movements using the complete orchestra frame the work. Both parts contain besides the bible narration (rec.) a reflective accompagnato recitative (acc.) and an aria with obbligato instruments. In the following table of the movements, the scoring is taken the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). The timpani always play with the trumpets and are not mentioned.


Context: what is it based on?

Context: how is the scoring like?

Context: The scoring in a mixture of French and Italian names the parts and instruments as four vocal parts, three trumpets, timpani, two flauti traversi, two oboes, two violins, viola and basso continuo.

Question: where was the composer born?

Answer: in Eisenach, the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach.

Johann Sebastian Bach [SEP] Life

Bach was born in 1685 in Eisenach, in the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, into an extensive musical family. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was the director of the town musicians, and all of his uncles were professional musicians. His father probably taught him to play the violin and harpsichord, and his brother Johann Christoph Bach taught him the clavichord and exposed him to much of the contemporary music. Apparently on his own initiative, Bach attended St. Michael's School in Lüneburg for two years. After graduating, he held several musical posts across Germany, including (director of music) to Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, and in Leipzig, a position of music director at the main Lutheran churches and educator at the .


Context: what is it based on?

Context: how is the scoring like?

Context: where was the composer born?

Context: in Eisenach, the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach.

Question: did he have any other profession?

Answer: He was a composer and musician.

Johann Sebastian Bach [SEP] Introduction

Johann Sebastian Bach (28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. He is known for instrumental compositions such as the "Brandenburg Concertos" and the "Goldberg Variations", and for vocal music such as the "St Matthew Passion" and the Mass in B minor. Since the 19th-century Bach Revival he has been generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. The Bach family already counted several composers when Johann Sebastian was born as the last child of a city musician in Eisenach. After being orphaned at age 10, he lived for five years with his eldest brother Johann Christoph, after which he continued his musical formation in Lüneburg.


Context: what is it based on?

Context: how is the scoring like?

Context: where was the composer born?

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: He was a composer and musician.

Question: can you mention a few of his works?

Answer: The "Brandenburg Concertos" and the "Goldberg Variations".

Explanation: He is known for instrumental compositions such as the "Brandenburg Concertos" and the "Goldberg Variations",


Context: what is it based on?

Context: how is the scoring like?

Context: where was the composer born?

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: He was a composer and musician.

Context: can you mention a few of his works?

Context: The "Brandenburg Concertos" and the "Goldberg Variations".

Question: what are the former?

Answer: They are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

Explanation: The Brandenburg Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1046–1051, original title: Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments) are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, in 1721 (though probably composed earlier). They are widely regarded as some of the best orchestral compositions of the Baroque era.

Brandenburg Concertos [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is it based on?

Context: how is the scoring like?

Context: where was the composer born?

Context: did he have any other profession?

Context: He was a composer and musician.

Context: can you mention a few of his works?

Context: what are the former?

Context: They are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

Question: who was this person?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: when was to kill a mocking bird published

Answer: 1960.

To Kill a Mockingbird [SEP] Introduction

To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. Instantly successful, widely read in high schools and middle schools in the United States, it has become a classic of modern American literature, winning the Pulitzer Prize. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten. Despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality, the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor. Atticus Finch, the narrator's father, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers.


Context: when was to kill a mocking bird published

Question: who was the author of this novel?

Answer: Harper Lee.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Question: what is the novel about?

Answer: The story, told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch, takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama.

To Kill a Mockingbird [SEP] Plot summary

The story, told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch, takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. Jean Louise Finch, nicknamed Scout, lives with her older brother Jeremy, nicknamed Jem, and their widowed father Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified, yet fascinated by their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur "Boo" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and few of them have seen him for many years.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: The story, told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch, takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama.

Question: did the novel win any awards?

Answer: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

To Kill a Mockingbird [SEP] Honors

During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when "To Kill a Mockingbird" was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from "Bestsellers" magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Question: any other novel written by the above author?

Answer: "Go Set a Watchman".

To Kill a Mockingbird [SEP] "Go Set a Watchman"

An earlier draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird", titled "Go Set a Watchman", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in "To Kill a Mockingbird" but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The "Watchman" manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: any other novel written by the above author?

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Question: was there any film adaptation for the former novel?

Answer: Yes.

To Kill a Mockingbird [SEP] 1962 film

The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: "They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Context: was there any film adaptation for the former novel?

Context: Yes.

Question: can you tell me who directed it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

To Kill a Mockingbird [SEP] 1962 film


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Context: Yes.

Context: can you tell me who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who is the star cast of the film?

Answer: Gregory Peck.

Explanation: he book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: "They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Pec

To Kill a Mockingbird [SEP] 1962 film

Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, she told him, "Well, it's only a watch". He said, "Harper—she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things". Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named "Harper" in her honor. In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: She's like a national treasure. She's someone who has made a difference ...


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Context: Yes.

Context: can you tell me who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the star cast of the film?

Context: Gregory Peck.

Question: where was he from?

Answer: San Diego, California.

Gregory Peck [SEP] Early life

Peck was born on April 5, 1916, in San Diego, California, to Bernice Mae "Bunny" (née Ayres; 1894–1992), and Gregory Pearl Peck (1886–1962), a Rochester, New York-born chemist and pharmacist. His father was of English (paternal) and Irish (maternal) heritage, and his mother was of English and Scots ancestry. She converted to her husband's religion, Catholicism, and Peck was raised as a Catholic. Through his Irish-born paternal grandmother Catherine Ashe (1864–1926), Peck was related to Thomas Ashe (1885–1917), who participated in the Easter Rising less than three weeks after Peck's birth and died while being force-fed during his hunger strike in 1917.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Context: Yes.

Context: can you tell me who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the star cast of the film?

Context: Gregory Peck.

Context: where was he from?

Context: San Diego, California.

Question: when did he start his stage career?

Answer: 1941.

Gregory Peck [SEP] Stage career

He dabbled in modelling before, in 1940, working in exchange for food at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, where he appeared in five plays, including "Family Portrait" and "On Earth As It Is". His stage career began in 1941, when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaw's play "The Doctor's Dilemma". The play opened in San Francisco just one week before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He made his Broadway debut as the lead in Emlyn Williams' "The Morning Star" in 1942. His second Broadway performance that year was in "The Willow and I" with Edward Pawley.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Context: Yes.

Context: can you tell me who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the star cast of the film?

Context: Gregory Peck.

Context: where was he from?

Context: San Diego, California.

Context: when did he start his stage career?

Question: can you tell me the name of that play?

Answer: "The Doctor's Dilemma".

Explanation: His stage career began in 1941, when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaw's play "The Doctor's Dilemma".

Gregory Peck [SEP] Stage career


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Context: Yes.

Context: can you tell me who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the star cast of the film?

Context: Gregory Peck.

Context: where was he from?

Context: San Diego, California.

Context: when did he start his stage career?

Context: can you tell me the name of that play?

Context: "The Doctor's Dilemma".

Question: when did he die?

Answer: June 12, 2003.

Gregory Peck [SEP] Death

On June 12, 2003, Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87 at his home in Los Angeles. His wife, Veronique, was by his side. Gregory Peck is entombed in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels mausoleum in Los Angeles. His eulogy was read by Brock Peters, whose character, Tom Robinson, was defended by Peck's Atticus Finch in "To Kill a Mockingbird". The celebrities who attended Peck's funeral included Lauren Bacall, Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte, Shari Belafonte, Harrison Ford, Calista Flockhart, Mike Farrell, Shelley Fabares, Jimmy Smits, Louis Jourdan, Dyan Cannon, Stephanie Zimbalist, Michael York, Angie Dickinson, Larry Gelbart, Michael Jackson, Anjelica Huston, Lionel Richie, Louise Fletcher, Tony Danza, and Piper Laurie.


Context: who was the author of this novel?

Context: Harper Lee.

Context: what is the novel about?

Context: did the novel win any awards?

Context: Yes, the Pulitzer Prize.

Context: "Go Set a Watchman".

Context: Yes.

Context: can you tell me who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the star cast of the film?

Context: Gregory Peck.

Context: where was he from?

Context: San Diego, California.

Context: when did he start his stage career?

Context: can you tell me the name of that play?

Context: "The Doctor's Dilemma".

Context: when did he die?

Context: June 12, 2003.

Question: has he received any awards for his work?

Answer: Academy Award and Golden Globe awards.

Gregory Peck [SEP] Awards and honors

Peck was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning once. He was nominated for "The Keys of the Kingdom" (1945), "The Yearling" (1946), "Gentleman's Agreement" (1947), and "Twelve O'Clock High" (1949). He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film "To Kill a Mockingbird". In 1967, he received the Academy's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. Peck also received many Golden Globe awards. He won in 1947 for "The Yearling", in 1963 for "To Kill a Mockingbird", and in 1999 for the TV mini-series "Moby Dick". He was nominated in 1978 for "The Boys from Brazil".


Question: where does the song london bridge is falling down come from

Answer: Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, pre-dating the records in England; it is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources

Explanation: Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, pre-dating the records in England. These include "Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned" from Denmark, "Die Magdeburger Brück" from Germany, "pont chus" from sixteenth-century France; and "Le porte", from fourteenth-century Italy. It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England.

London Bridge Is Falling Down [SEP] Origins

Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire "Namby Pamby" (1725), as: "Namby Pamby" is no Clown, London Bridge is broken down: Now he courts the gay Ladee Dancing o'er The Lady-Lee. The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the "Gentleman's Magazine" in 1823, which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II (r. 1660–85) and had the lyrics:


Context: where does the song london bridge is falling down come from

Context: Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, pre-dating the records in England; it is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources

Question: what is it all about?

Answer: It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts, realistic or fanciful, to repair it

London Bridge Is Falling Down [SEP] Introduction

"London Bridge Is Falling Down" (also known as "My Fair Lady" or "London Bridge") is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game, which is found in different versions all over the world. It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts, realistic or fanciful, to repair it. It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages, but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century. The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular, particularly in Britain and the United States during the 19th century.


Context: what is it all about?

Context: It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts, realistic or fanciful, to repair it

Question: how did it originate?

Answer: Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, "Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned" from Denmark, "Die Magdeburger Brück" from Germany, etc. It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources

Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, pre-dating the records in England. These include "Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned" from Denmark, "Die Magdeburger Brück" from Germany, "pont chus" from sixteenth-century France; and "Le porte", from fourteenth-century Italy. It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England. One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy "The London Chaunticleres", printed in 1657, but probably written about 1636, in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had "danced the building of London-Bridge" at the Whitsun Ales in her youth, although no words or actions are mentioned.


Context: what is it all about?

Context: how did it originate?

Context: Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, "Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned" from Denmark, "Die Magdeburger Brück" from Germany, etc. It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources

Question: what does it mean really?

Answer: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain

Explanation: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain. It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames, but a number of alternative explanations have been put forward.

London Bridge Is Falling Down [SEP] Meaning


Context: what is it all about?

Context: how did it originate?

Context: what does it mean really?

Context: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain

Question: is there any game related to it?

Answer: Yes, used in a children's singing game

London Bridge Is Falling Down [SEP] The game

The rhyme is often used in a children's singing game, which exists in a wide variety of forms, with additional verses. Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme "Oranges and Lemons". The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file. The "arch" is then lowered at the song's end to "catch" a player. In the United States, it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war. In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance, but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe.


Context: what is it all about?

Context: how did it originate?

Context: what does it mean really?

Context: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain

Context: is there any game related to it?

Context: Yes, used in a children's singing game

Question: where is this aforesaid bridge located?

Answer: Western end of the Pool of London

London Bridge [SEP] Introduction

Several bridges named London Bridge have spanned the River Thames between the City of London and Southwark, in central London. The current crossing, which opened to traffic in 1973, is a box girder bridge built from concrete and steel. It replaced a 19th-century stone-arched bridge, which in turn superseded a 600-year-old stone-built medieval structure. This was preceded by a succession of timber bridges, the first of which was built by the Roman founders of London. The current bridge stands at the western end of the Pool of London and is positioned upstream from previous alignments. The approaches to the medieval bridge were marked by the church of St Magnus-the-Martyr on the northern bank and by Southwark Cathedral on the southern shore.


Context: what is it all about?

Context: how did it originate?

Context: what does it mean really?

Context: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain

Context: is there any game related to it?

Context: Yes, used in a children's singing game

Context: where is this aforesaid bridge located?

Context: Western end of the Pool of London

Question: what is this pool?

Answer: It is a stretch of the River Thames from London Bridge to below Limehouse

Pool of London [SEP] Introduction

The Pool of London is a stretch of the River Thames from London Bridge to below Limehouse. Part of the Tideway of the Thames, the Pool was navigable by tall-masted vessels bringing coastal and later overseas goods—the wharves there were the original part of the Port of London. The Pool of London is divided into two parts, the Upper Pool and Lower Pool. The Upper Pool consists of the section between London Bridge and the Cherry Garden Pier in Bermondsey. The Lower Pool runs from the Cherry Garden Pier to Limekiln Creek.


Context: what is it all about?

Context: how did it originate?

Context: what does it mean really?

Context: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain

Context: is there any game related to it?

Context: Yes, used in a children's singing game

Context: where is this aforesaid bridge located?

Context: Western end of the Pool of London

Context: what is this pool?

Context: It is a stretch of the River Thames from London Bridge to below Limehouse

Question: what is this river?

Answer: It is a river that flows through southern England including London

River Thames [SEP] Introduction

The River Thames ( ), known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It flows through Oxford (where it is called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary. The Thames drains the whole of Greater London.


Context: what is it all about?

Context: how did it originate?

Context: what does it mean really?

Context: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain

Context: is there any game related to it?

Context: Yes, used in a children's singing game

Context: where is this aforesaid bridge located?

Context: Western end of the Pool of London

Context: what is this pool?

Context: what is this river?

Context: It is a river that flows through southern England including London

Question: are there any wild animals near this?

Answer: Various species of birds like cormorant, black-headed gull and herring gull

River Thames [SEP] Wildlife

Various species of birds feed off the river or nest on it, some being found both at sea and inland. These include cormorant, black-headed gull and herring gull. The mute swan is a familiar sight on the river but the escaped black swan is more rare. The annual ceremony of Swan Upping is an old tradition of counting stocks. Non-native geese that can be seen include Canada geese, Egyptian geese and bar-headed geese, and ducks include the familiar native mallard, plus introduced Mandarin duck and wood duck. Other water birds to be found on the Thames include the great crested grebe, coot, moorhen, heron and kingfisher.


Context: what is it all about?

Context: how did it originate?

Context: what does it mean really?

Context: The meaning of the rhyme is not certain

Context: is there any game related to it?

Context: Yes, used in a children's singing game

Context: where is this aforesaid bridge located?

Context: Western end of the Pool of London

Context: what is this pool?

Context: what is this river?

Context: are there any wild animals near this?

Context: Various species of birds like cormorant, black-headed gull and herring gull

Question: how does this second type look like?

Answer: It is long with a wingspan, chocolate-brown head (not black, although does look black from a distance), pale grey body, black tips to the primary wing feathers, and red bill and legs

Explanation:
This gull is long with a wingspan and weighs from 190-400 g (6.7-14.1 oz).

In flight, the white leading edge to the wing is a good field mark. The summer adult has a chocolate-brown head (not black, although does look black from a distance), pale grey body, black tips to the primary wing feathers, and red bill and legs. The hood is lost in winter, leaving just two dark spots.

Black-headed gull [SEP] Description

Like most gulls, it is highly gregarious in winter, both when feeding or in evening roosts. It is not a pelagic species and is rarely seen at sea far from coasts. The black-headed gull is a bold and opportunistic feeder. It eats insects, fish, seeds, worms, scraps, and carrion in towns, or invertebrates in ploughed fields with equal relish. It is a noisy species, especially in colonies, with a familiar "kree-ar" call. Its scientific name means "laughing gull".


Question: where was the three-cent nickel minted?

Answer: United States Bureau of the Mint.

Three-cent nickel [SEP] Introduction

The copper-nickel three-cent piece, often called a three-cent nickel piece or three-cent nickel, was designed by US Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre and struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1865 to 1889. It was initially popular, but its place in commerce was supplanted by the five-cent piece, or nickel. With precious metal federal coinage hoarded during the economic turmoil of the American Civil War, including the silver three-cent piece, and even the copper-nickel cent commanding a premium, Congress issued paper money in denominations as small as three cents to replace the hoarded coins in commerce.


Context:
where was the three-cent nickel minted?
United States Bureau of the Mint.

Question: who designed it?

Answer: James B Longacre.

Explanation: The copper-nickel three-cent piece, often called a three-cent nickel piece or three-cent nickel, was designed by US Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre

Three-cent nickel [SEP] Introduction


Context:
where was the three-cent nickel minted?
United States Bureau of the Mint.
who designed it?
James B Longacre.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

James B. Longacre [SEP] Early life; private sector career

James Barton Longacre was born on a farm in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, on August 11, 1794. His mother Sarah (Barton) Longacre died early in his life; his father, Peter Longacre, was the descendant of early Swedish settlers of North America. When Peter Longacre remarried, his son found the home life intolerable, and James Longacre left home at the age of 12, seeking work in the nearby city of Philadelphia. He apprenticed himself at a bookstore; the owner, John E. Watson, took the boy into his family. Over the following years, Longacre worked in the bookstore, but Watson realized that the boy's skill was in portraiture.


Context:
where was the three-cent nickel minted?
United States Bureau of the Mint.
who designed it?
James B Longacre.
where was he born?
Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

Question: which are the major sports there?

Answer: Soccer and basketball.

Delaware County, Pennsylvania [SEP] Sports

The city of Chester is home to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. The team plays at Talen Energy Stadium, a venue located at the base of the Commodore Barry Bridge. Delaware County is the traditional home of women's professional soccer in the Philadelphia area. The former Philadelphia Charge of the defunct Women's United Soccer Association played at Villanova Stadium, which is located on the campus of Villanova University. The Philadelphia Independence of Women's Professional Soccer succeeded the Charge and played at Widener University's Leslie Quick Stadium in 2011. Delaware County is the home of one of oldest baseball leagues in the country, the Delco League, which at one time was known for featuring future, former, and even current major league players who were offered more money than their current teams would pay them.


Context:
where was the three-cent nickel minted?
United States Bureau of the Mint.
who designed it?
James B Longacre.
where was he born?
Delaware County , Pennsylvania.
which are the major sports there?
Soccer and basketball.

Question: which are the home teams of the place in first sport?

Answer: Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer and the Philadelphia Independence of Women's Professional Soccer.

Explanation:
The city of Chester is home to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. The team plays at Talen Energy Stadium, a venue located at the base of the Commodore Barry Bridge.

Delaware County is the traditional home of women's professional soccer in the Philadelphia area. The former Philadelphia Charge of the defunct Women's United Soccer Association played at Villanova Stadium, which is located on the campus of Villanova University. The Philadelphia Independence of Women's Professional Soccer succeeded the Charge and played at Widener University's Leslie Quick Stadium in 2011.


Context: where was the three-cent nickel minted?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint.

Context: who designed it?

Context: James B Longacre.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

Context: which are the major sports there?

Context: Soccer and basketball.

Context: which are the home teams of the place in first sport?

Context: Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer and the Philadelphia Independence of Women's Professional Soccer.

Question: who are the sponsors of the first team?

Answer: Bimbo Bakeries USA.

Philadelphia Union [SEP] Sponsorship

On January 11, 2011, the Philadelphia Union announced a four-year agreement with Bimbo Bakeries USA to be its official jersey sponsor. The company's U.S. headquarters is located in the Philadelphia suburb of Horsham, thus providing local and global exposure to the team. It was also announced that Bimbo will be the official bread and baked goods partner of both the Union and Major League Soccer, as well as an overall league sponsor. The sponsorship deal is valued at about $12 million. Bimbo and the Union agreed in 2014 to renew their sponsorship arrangement for five years at an annual value of $2.3 million.


Context: where was the three-cent nickel minted?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint.

Context: who designed it?

Context: James B Longacre.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

Context: which are the major sports there?

Context: Soccer and basketball.

Context: who are the sponsors of the first team?

Context: Bimbo Bakeries USA.

Question: does it sponsor any other teams as well?

Answer: Rochester Rhinos, Club América, C.D. Guadalajara and C.F. Monterrey , and C.D. Saprissa .

Bimbo Bakeries USA [SEP] Soccer sponsorship

In an effort to increase its national exposure, on January 11, 2011, Bimbo announced a four-year partnership agreement making it the official jersey sponsor of the Philadelphia Union, the Major League Soccer (MLS) team local to their national headquarters. The Union sponsorship agreement marks the fifth professional soccer team sponsored by Bimbo; the parent company Grupo Bimbo sponsors the following five teams: Rochester Rhinos, Club América, C.D. Guadalajara and C.F. Monterrey of the Primera División de México teams, and C.D. Saprissa of Costa Rica. The deal also makes Bimbo the official bread and baked goods sponsor of the Union and MLS.


Context: where was the three-cent nickel minted?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint.

Context: who designed it?

Context: James B Longacre.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

Context: which are the major sports there?

Context: Soccer and basketball.

Context: who are the sponsors of the first team?

Context: Bimbo Bakeries USA.

Context: does it sponsor any other teams as well?

Context: Rochester Rhinos, Club América, C.D. Guadalajara and C.F. Monterrey , and C.D. Saprissa .

Question: when was the second team founded?

Answer: 1916.

Explanation: The club was founded in 1916

Club América [SEP] Introduction

Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V., commonly known as Club América or simply América, is a professional football club based in Mexico City, Mexico. Nicknamed "Las Águilas" (The Eagles), it competes in Liga MX, the top tier of Mexican football. The club was founded in 1916, and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa. The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca, the largest stadium in Latin America, and one of the largest stadiums in the world. América is one of the founding members of the Primera División. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara, as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country, and are the only clubs to have never been relegated.


Context: where was the three-cent nickel minted?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint.

Context: who designed it?

Context: James B Longacre.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

Context: which are the major sports there?

Context: Soccer and basketball.

Context: who are the sponsors of the first team?

Context: Bimbo Bakeries USA.

Context: when was the second team founded?

Question: which is the home stadium of the third team?

Answer: Estadio Omnilife.

Explanation: Estadio Omnilife

C.D. Guadalajara [SEP] Stadium

Due to the aging structure of the stadium and the desire of Chivas to have their own stadium to call home, owner Jorge Vergara decided to construct a stadium (Jalisco Stadium was always shared with various teams from the city such as Atlas, Club Universidad de Guadalajara, Club Oro among others). Chivas administration used an investment of 130 million dollars to build a new home. In 2010, Las Chivas's new home field was completed. Estadio Omnilife (named after the nutrition company owned by Vergara) is designed to look like a volcano with a cloud on top. The idea of the design is to integrate the stadium with nature because of its proximity to a forest area.


Context: where was the three-cent nickel minted?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint.

Context: who designed it?

Context: James B Longacre.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

Context: which are the major sports there?

Context: Soccer and basketball.

Context: who are the sponsors of the first team?

Context: Bimbo Bakeries USA.

Context: when was the second team founded?

Context: which is the home stadium of the third team?

Context: Estadio Omnilife.

Question: which teams are considered to be the rivals of the fourth team?

Answer: Tigres UNAL.

C.F. Monterrey [SEP] Introduction

The uniform is reflected in the club's current crest, which is also decorated with stars above the crest representing the club's league titles and stars below the crest representing continental titles. In terms of overall performance, it is the strongest club from Mexico and all of CONCACAF at the FIFA Club World Cup, with a third-place ranking in the all-time table. The club's oldest rival is Tigres UANL of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León. The local derby, known as the Clásico Regiomontano, is known for being one of the most intensely competed derbies in Mexican football and is regarded by people in the city of Monterrey as the most important Mexican derby.


Context: where was the three-cent nickel minted?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint.

Context: who designed it?

Context: James B Longacre.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Delaware County , Pennsylvania.

Context: which are the major sports there?

Context: Soccer and basketball.

Context: who are the sponsors of the first team?

Context: Bimbo Bakeries USA.

Context: when was the second team founded?

Context: Estadio Omnilife.

Context: which teams are considered to be the rivals of the fourth team?

Context: Tigres UNAL.

Question: has this rival team won any championship?

Answer: 7 times Mexican champions.

Explanation:
Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, simply known as Tigres UANL or Tigres, is a Mexican professional football club based in San Nicolás de los Garza, a city in the Monterrey metropolitan area. Founded in 1960, the club has spent 60 years in Liga MX, the top tier of the Mexican football league system.

The club had their first major success in the 1975–76 season, becoming the first team from Nuevo León to win a trophy by conquering the Copa MX against Club América. Tigres have been Mexican champions 7 times, and have won the Copa MX three times. The team was the 2015 Copa Libertadores Finals runner-up to River Plate.

Tigres UANL [SEP] Introduction