Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: can you tell me the names of some people who were featured in the music video?

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Question: introduce me to the second person mentioned.

Answer: He is a South Korean child actor, singer and dancer.

Hwang Min-woo [SEP] Introduction

Hwang Min-woo (born October 17, 2005) is a South Korean child actor, singer and dancer. He is best known for his appearance in the music video for the 2012 international hit single "Gangnam Style".


Context: how long did it take gangnam style to get a billion views

Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: what are the names of the places for which the music video was filmed for this track?

Context: It is based on a lifestyle associated with the Gangnam District of Seoul.

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: introduce me to the second person mentioned.

Context: He is a South Korean child actor, singer and dancer.

Question: introduce me to the third person mentioned.

Answer: He is a South Korean comedian, host and television personality.

Yoo Jae-suk [SEP] Introduction

Yoo Jae-suk (; or ; born on August 14, 1972), is a South Korean comedian, host and television personality currently signed to FNC Entertainment. He has hosted several variety television shows in South Korea, including "Infinite Challenge", "Running Man", and "Happy Together". Known for his quick wit and appeal across a wide range of demographics, Yoo has established himself as one of South Korea's top comedians and TV personalities, arguably the most well-known and popular celebrity in South Korea.


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: introduce me to the third person mentioned.

Context: He is a South Korean comedian, host and television personality.

Question: which tv shows did he host for?

Answer: "Infinite Challenge", "Running Man", and "Happy Together"

Explanation: He has hosted several variety television shows in South Korea, including "Infinite Challenge", "Running Man", and "Happy Together"

Yoo Jae-suk [SEP] Introduction


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: "Infinite Challenge", "Running Man", and "Happy Together"

Question: what is that first show all about?

Answer: The program is largely unscripted, filmed in almost-secrecy and followed a similar format of challenge-based reality television programs.

Infinite Challenge [SEP] Contents

"Infinite Challenge" is recognized as the first "Real-Variety" show in Korean television history. The program is largely unscripted, filmed in almost-secrecy and followed a similar format of challenge-based reality television programs. The challenges are often absurd or impossible to achieve, so the program takes on the satirical comedy aspect of a variety show rather than a standard reality or competition program. In earlier episodes, the show's six hosts and staff would continuously proclaim that, in order to achieve its comedic purposes, the program had to be "3-D": Dirty, Dangerous, and Difficult. It gives people fun to try things that seem impossible.


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: what is that first show all about?

Context: The program is largely unscripted, filmed in almost-secrecy and followed a similar format of challenge-based reality television programs.

Question: can you tell me the names of some people who did a parody for that track?

Answer: CPDRC Dancing Inmates, Cody Simpson, Seungri, and Latino, to name a few.

Gangnam Style [SEP] Other parodies and covers

Reaction videos and parodies have been made for or with the music respectively. Some of these user generated videos have received international media recognition. "Gangnam Style"-related videos have also been uploaded by the CPDRC Dancing Inmates, Cody Simpson, Seungri, Latino, Fine Brothers, Barely Political, and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders. College campuses have spawned numerous parodies. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's version ("MIT Gangnam Style") featured Donald Sadoway, recognized in "Time Magazine" as one of 2012 "Top 100 Most Influential People in the World", Eric Lander, who is co-chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and linguistics pioneer Noam Chomsky.


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: what is that first show all about?

Context: can you tell me the names of some people who did a parody for that track?

Context: CPDRC Dancing Inmates, Cody Simpson, Seungri, and Latino, to name a few.

Question: who is that first group mentioned?

Answer: It is a collective of prison inmates in Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC)

CPDRC Dancing Inmates [SEP] Introduction

CPDRC Dancing Inmates or the CPDRC dancers is a collective of prison inmates in Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC), a maximum security prison in Cebu, in Cebu Province, Philippines where the prisoners perform dance routines as part of their daily exercise and rehabilitation, and many of their performances are filmed and released online, making them a popular feature among fans and veritable online celebrities. Byron F. Garcia, the official security advisor to the Cebu government, is credited for starting a program of choreographed exercise routines for the inmates. He was appointed head of the prison by his sister Gwendolyn Garcia, governor of Cebu.


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: what is that first show all about?

Context: who is that first group mentioned?

Context: It is a collective of prison inmates in Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC)

Question: who is that second person mentioned who did the parody?

Answer: He is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor and model.

Cody Simpson [SEP] Introduction

Cody Robert Simpson (born 11 January 1997) is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor and model. Since his debut, he has released three solo studio albums: "Paradise" (2012), "Surfers Paradise" (2013), and "Free" (2015). He had portrayed the lead role of Dmitry in the Broadway musical "Anastasia" from November 2018 through April 2019. The same year he won the first season of The Masked Singer Australia.


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: what is that first show all about?

Context: who is that first group mentioned?

Context: who is that second person mentioned who did the parody?

Context: He is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor and model.

Question: can you name some of the songs he composed?

Answer: "iYiYi", "Summertime", remake of the song "I Want Candy".

Explanation: Simpson's rise to recognition was featured on "The 7.30 Report" in December 2009. He released his debut single, "iYiYi" (which features American rapper Flo Rida), on 15 May 2010. The music video for Simpson's second single, "Summertime", was released on 20 September 2010. Simpson relocated to Los Angeles in June 2010 with his family to record his songs with Atlantic Records' Shawn Campbell. That same month, Simpson appeared on "Sunrise". On 22 June 2010, it was announced that Simpson would participate in the "Camplified 2010 Tour", along with other artists, touring across the United States. The tour began on 5 July 2010 and ended on 14 August 2010. Other tours that year included a middle school tour that took place from October–November 2010 and covered 9 U.S states. An EP, "4 U" was released on 21 December 2010. The EP included five tracks in total, four of them being previously unreleased. Simpson recorded a remake of the song "I Want Candy" by The Strangeloves as the main theme song

Cody Simpson [SEP] 2009–11: Career beginnings, "4 U", and "Coast to Coast"


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: what is that first show all about?

Context: who is that first group mentioned?

Context: can you name some of the songs he composed?

Context: "iYiYi", "Summertime", remake of the song "I Want Candy".

Question: was he part of a band?

Answer: Yes, Cody Simpson and the Tide

Cody Simpson [SEP] 2015–2018: "Free", Cody Simpson and the Tide, and "Wave One"

In 2017, Simpson formed a new band billed as Cody Simpson and the Tide, making their debut with the single "Waiting for the Tide." Cody and the Tide is composed of Cody Simpson on vocals and guitar, Adrian Cota on drums and Shareef "Reef" Addo on bass. Cody and the Tide released their debut EP, entitled "Wave One", in the fall of 2017. The music is a blend of pop, rock, blues, and surf-rock genres. The band used their varying influences and music tastes to create "Wave One." In their four-track EP, Simpson sings of love, unity, environmentalism and ocean conservation.


Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: can you tell me the names of some people who were featured in the music video?

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: what is that first show all about?

Context: who is that first group mentioned?

Context: was he part of a band?

Context: Yes, Cody Simpson and the Tide

Question: what are some of the films/tv shows he is featured in?

Answer: Appeared on "Instant Mom" (TV), "Cougar Town" (TV), and Nickelodeon's film "One Crazy Cruise".

Cody Simpson [SEP] Acting

In 2014, he made his television debut by making a cameo in a sitcom "Instant Mom". In 2015, Simpson guest starred on the American television sitcom "Cougar Town", portraying Pete, a high school student. In the same year he booked a role in Nickelodeon's film "One Crazy Cruise" where he played the love interest of Kira Kosarin's character Ellie Jensen-Bauer and starred as himself. In late 2017, Simpson was cast in the supporting role in Bret Easton Ellis' thriller film, "The Smiley Face Killers" opposite actor Crispin Glover. In October 2018, he debuted on Theatre when he was cast in the Broadway musical "Anastasia" as the leading male character Dmitry, alongside John Bolton and Christy Altomare.


Context: how long did it take gangnam style to get a billion views

Context: 4 months

Context: when was this song released?

Context: 15 July 2012

Context: what type of song is this?

Context: K-pop and dance-pop

Context: who is the singer?

Context: Psy

Context: what are the names of the places for which the music video was filmed for this track?

Context: It is based on a lifestyle associated with the Gangnam District of Seoul.

Context: Psy, Hwang Min-woo, Yoo Jae-suk

Context: introduce me to the second person mentioned.

Context: He is a South Korean child actor, singer and dancer.

Context: introduce me to the third person mentioned.

Context: He is a South Korean comedian, host and television personality.

Context: which tv shows did he host for?

Context: "Infinite Challenge", "Running Man", and "Happy Together"

Context: what is that first show all about?

Context: The program is largely unscripted, filmed in almost-secrecy and followed a similar format of challenge-based reality television programs.

Context: can you tell me the names of some people who did a parody for that track?

Context: CPDRC Dancing Inmates, Cody Simpson, Seungri, and Latino, to name a few.

Context: who is that first group mentioned?

Context: It is a collective of prison inmates in Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC)

Context: who is that second person mentioned who did the parody?

Context: He is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor and model.

Context: can you name some of the songs he composed?

Context: "iYiYi", "Summertime", remake of the song "I Want Candy".

Context: was he part of a band?

Context: Yes, Cody Simpson and the Tide

Context: what are some of the films/tv shows he is featured in?

Context: Appeared on "Instant Mom" (TV), "Cougar Town" (TV), and Nickelodeon's film "One Crazy Cruise".

Question: with reference to the singer whose track reached a billion views in 4 months, which countries in asia did he tour? do not include his hometown country.

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Cody Simpson [SEP] Acting


Question: lady gaga - do what u want (audio) ft. r. kelly

Answer: Yes, that is correct.

Do What U Want [SEP] Introduction

"Do What U Want" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga, featuring guest vocals from R. Kelly. The song was released on October 21, 2013 as the second single from Gaga's third studio album "Artpop" (2013). The singers wrote the song with DJ White Shadow, Martin Bresso, and William Grigahcine. DJ White Shadow first presented Gaga with the song's initial concept two years prior to its release. The song's production was completed in 2013, with Kelly's vocals added soon after. Warm reception from fans and music critics led to its release as the album's second single. It is a synth-pop, electropop and R&B song featuring 1980s-style synthesizers and an electronic instrumental track.


Context: lady gaga - do what u want (audio) ft. r. kelly

Context: Yes, that is correct.

Question: where is the singer from?

Answer: Manhattan, New York City.

Lady Gaga [SEP] 1986–2005: Early life

Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28, 1986 at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, to an upper middle class Catholic family. Both of her parents have Italian ancestry, and she also has more distant French-Canadian roots. Her parents are Cynthia Louise (), a philanthropist and business executive, and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Germanotta, and she has a younger sister named Natali. Brought up in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, Gaga said in an interview that her parents came from lower-class families and worked hard for everything. From age 11, she attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school.


Context: Yes, that is correct.

Context: where is the singer from?

Context: Manhattan, New York City.

Question: is it her real name or pseudonym?

Answer: Its a pseudonym.

Explanation: tefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28, 1986 at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, to an upper middle class Catholic family. Both of her parents have Italian ancestry, and she also has more distant French-Canadian roots. Her parents are Cynthia Louise (), a philanthropist and business executive, and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Germanotta, and she has a younger sister named Natali. Brought up in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, Gaga said in an interview that her parents came from lower-class families and

Lady Gaga [SEP] 1986–2005: Early life


Context: Yes, that is correct.

Context: where is the singer from?

Context: Manhattan, New York City.

Context: is it her real name or pseudonym?

Context: Its a pseudonym.

Question: what is her real name?

Answer: Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta.

Explanation: Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28, 1986 at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, to an upper middle class Catholic family. Both of her parents have Italian ancestry, and she also has more distant French-Canadian roots. Her parents are Cynthia Louise (), a philanthropist and business executive, and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Germanotta, and she has a younger sister named Natali. Brought up in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, Gaga said in an interview that her parents came from lower-class familie

Lady Gaga [SEP] 1986–2005: Early life


Context: Yes, that is correct.

Context: where is the singer from?

Context: Manhattan, New York City.

Context: is it her real name or pseudonym?

Context: Its a pseudonym.

Context: what is her real name?

Context: Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta.

Question: has she acted in films too?

Answer: Yes, A Star Is Born.

Lady Gaga [SEP] 2018–present: "A Star Is Born", Enigma, and "Chromatica"

In March 2018, Gaga supported the March for Our Lives gun-control rally in Washington, D.C., and released a cover of Elton John's "Your Song" for his tribute album "Revamp". Later that year, she starred as struggling singer Ally in Bradley Cooper's musical romantic drama "A Star Is Born", a remake of the 1937 film of the same name. The film follows Ally's relationship with singer Jackson Maine (played by Cooper), which becomes strained after her career begins to overshadow his. Cooper approached Gaga after seeing her perform at a cancer research fundraiser; an admirer of Cooper's work, Gaga agreed to the project due to its portrayal of addiction and depression.


Question: where would a spanish priest be found in texas

Answer: Spanish Texas

Explanation: Texas,

Spanish Texas [SEP] History

Spain had claimed ownership of the territory in 1519, which comprised part of the present-day U.S. state of Texas, including the land north of the Medina and Nueces Rivers, but did not attempt to colonize the area until after locating evidence of the failed French colony of Fort Saint Louis in 1689. In 1690 Alonso de León escorted several Catholic missionaries to east Texas, where they established the first mission in Texas. When native tribes resisted the Spanish invasion of their homeland, the missionaries returned to Mexico, abandoning Texas for the next two decades. The Spanish returned to southeastern Texas in 1716, establishing several missions and a presidio to maintain a buffer between Spanish territory and the French colonial Louisiana district of New France.


Context: where would a spanish priest be found in texas

Context: Spanish Texas

Question: where is this place located?

Answer: Colonial province within the northeastern mainland region of the Viceroyalty of New Spain

Spanish Texas [SEP] Location

Spanish Texas ("Tejas") was a colonial province within the northeastern mainland region of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. On its southern edge, "Tejas" was bordered by the province of Coahuila. The boundary between the provinces was set at the line formed by the Medina River and the Nueces River, northeast of the Rio Grande. On the east, Texas bordered "La Louisiane" (French Louisiana). Although Spain claimed that the Red River formed the boundary between the two, France insisted that the border was the Sabine River, to the west. After Mexican independence from Spain, it was within Coahuila y Tejas from 1824 to 1835.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Colonial province within the northeastern mainland region of the Viceroyalty of New Spain

Question: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Answer: Because the Indians were well-armed, the Franciscans were unable to compel them to join the missions. The frustrated missionaries finally petitioned the Spanish government for 50 soldiers to burn the Indians' houses of worship and force them to build homes near the missions. No troops were forthcoming.

Explanation: Because the Indians were well-armed, the Franciscans were unable to compel them to join the missions. The frustrated missionaries finally petitioned the Spanish government for 50 soldiers to burn the Indians' houses of worship and force them to build homes near the missions. No troops were forthcoming.

Spanish Texas [SEP] Settlement difficulties

By law, all goods bound for Texas had to be shipped to Veracruz and then transported over the mountains to Mexico City before being sent to Texas. This caused the goods to be very expensive in the Texas settlements. Settlers were often forced to turn to the French for supplies, as the fort at Natchitoches was well-stocked and goods did not have to travel as far. Without many goods to trade, however, the remaining Spanish missionaries and colonists had little to offer the Indians, who remained loyal to the French traders.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Context: Because the Indians were well-armed, the Franciscans were unable to compel them to join the missions. The frustrated missionaries finally petitioned the Spanish government for 50 soldiers to burn the Indians' houses of worship and force them to build homes near the missions. No troops were forthcoming.

Question: did it have any mission?

Answer: Yes, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Explanation: Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Spanish Texas [SEP] Missions

The viceroy approved the establishment of a mission but rejected the idea of presidios, primarily because New Spain was chronically short of funds. On March 26, 1690, Alonso de León set out with 110 soldiers and several missionaries. The group stopped first to burn Fort Saint Louis to the ground, and then they proceeded to East Texas. Mission San Francisco de los Tejas was completed near the Hasinai village of Nabedaches in late May, and its first mass was conducted on June 1. The missionaries refused to allow the unruly soldiers to remain near the missions, and when de León returned to Mexico later that year, only 3 of his initial 110 soldiers remained to assist the monks.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Context: did it have any mission?

Context: Yes, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Question: who were the comancheria?

Answer: The Comanches were the dominant group in the Southwest

Spanish Texas [SEP] Comanchería

The Comanches were the dominant group in the Southwest from the 1750s to the 1830s, and the domain they ruled was an empire known as Comanchería. Confronted with Spanish, Mexican, and American outposts on their periphery in New Mexico, Texas, and Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya in northern Mexico, they worked to increase their own safety, prosperity and power. Their empire collapsed after the Spanish era as their villages were repeatedly decimated by epidemics of smallpox and cholera in the late 1840s; the population plunged from 20,000 to just a few thousand by the 1870s. The Comanches were no longer able to deal with the U.S.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Context: did it have any mission?

Context: Yes, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Context: who were the comancheria?

Context: The Comanches were the dominant group in the Southwest

Question: when was this group formed?

Answer: After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Explanation: After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680,

Comanche [SEP] Formation

The Proto-Comanche movement to the Plains was part of the larger phenomenon known as the “Shoshonean Expansion” in which that language family spread across the Great Basin and across the mountains into Wyoming. The Kotsoteka (‘Buffalo Eaters') were probably among the first. Other groups followed. Contact with the Shoshones of Wyoming was maintained until the 1830s when it was broken by the advancing Cheyennes and Arapahoes. After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, various Plains peoples acquired horses, but probably never had very many for quite some time. As late as 1725, Comanches were described as using large dogs rather than horses to carry their buffalo hide "campaign tents." The horse was a key element in the emergence of a distinctive Comanche culture.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Context: did it have any mission?

Context: Yes, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Context: who were the comancheria?

Context: when was this group formed?

Context: After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Question: what kind of transportation did they use?

Answer: Comanche mainly used dog-drawn travois for transportation. Later, they acquired horses from other tribes

Comanche [SEP] Transportation and habitation

When they lived with the Shoshone, the Comanche mainly used dog-drawn travois for transportation. Later, they acquired horses from other tribes, such as the Pueblo, and from the Spaniards. Since horses are faster, easier to control and able to carry more, this helped with their hunting and warfare and made moving camp easier. Larger dwellings were made due to the ability to pull and carry more belongings. Being herbivores, horses were also easier to feed than dogs, since meat was a valuable resource. The horse was of the utmost value to the Comanche. A Comanche man's wealth was measured by the size of his horse herd.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Context: did it have any mission?

Context: Yes, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Context: who were the comancheria?

Context: when was this group formed?

Context: After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Context: what kind of transportation did they use?

Context: Comanche mainly used dog-drawn travois for transportation. Later, they acquired horses from other tribes

Question: what kind of attire did they wear?

Answer: The Comanche men wore nothing on the upper body except in the winter, when they wore warm, heavy robes. Young boys usually went without clothes except in cold weather. Women wore long deerskin skirts

Comanche [SEP] Clothing

Comanche clothing was simple and easy to wear. Men wore a leather belt with a breechcloth — a long piece of buckskin that was brought up between the legs and looped over and under the belt at the front and back, and loose-fitting deerskin leggings. Moccasins had soles made from thick, tough buffalo hide with soft deerskin uppers. The Comanche men wore nothing on the upper body except in the winter, when they wore warm, heavy robes made from buffalo hides (or occasionally, bear, wolf, or coyote skins) with knee-length buffalo-hide boots. Young boys usually went without clothes except in cold weather.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Context: did it have any mission?

Context: Yes, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Context: who were the comancheria?

Context: when was this group formed?

Context: After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Context: what kind of attire did they wear?

Context: The Comanche men wore nothing on the upper body except in the winter, when they wore warm, heavy robes. Young boys usually went without clothes except in cold weather. Women wore long deerskin skirts

Question: did they decorate their body?

Answer: The men and women tattooed their face, arms, and chest with geometric designs, and painted their face and body.

Comanche [SEP] Body decoration

Comanche men usually had pierced ears with hanging earrings made from pieces of shell or loops of brass or silver wire. A female relative would pierce the outer edge of the ear with six or eight holes. The men also tattooed their face, arms, and chest with geometric designs, and painted their face and body. Traditionally they used paints made from berry juice and the colored clays of the Comancheria. Later, traders supplied them with vermilion (red pigment) and bright grease paints. Comanche men also wore bands of leather and strips of metal on their arms. Except for black, which was the color for war, there was no standard color or pattern for face and body painting: it was a matter of individual preference.


Context: Spanish Texas

Context: where is this place located?

Context: was there any difficulty in settlement?

Context: did it have any mission?

Context: Yes, Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Context: who were the comancheria?

Context: when was this group formed?

Context: After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Context: what kind of attire did they wear?

Context: did they decorate their body?

Context: The men and women tattooed their face, arms, and chest with geometric designs, and painted their face and body.

Question: was the aforementioned place raided?

Answer: The Lipan Apache

Explanation: The Lipan Apache,

Spanish Texas [SEP] Apache raids

The tribes traded freely, and soon many had acquired French guns, while others had traded for Spanish horses. Tribes without access to either resource were left at a disadvantage. The Lipan Apache, who had been seasonal farmers, were soon pressed by the Comanche, who had horses, and the Wichita, who had guns. The Apaches were bitter enemies of the Tejas of East Texas and had transferred their enmity to the Spanish as friends of the Tejas. After discovering San Antonio in 1720, the Apache began repeatedly raiding the area to steal livestock, especially horses. An average of 3 Spaniards died each year in Texas as a result of Apache attacks, with approximately 100 animals taken each year.


Question: how did the girl who plays luna lovegood get her part

Answer: She got the role by reading about the casting call on one of the many Harry Potter fan sites and going to the open audition.

Evanna Lynch [SEP] "Harry Potter" series (2006–2011)

Lynch got the role by reading about the casting call on one of the many Harry Potter fan sites and going to the open audition. In January 2006, Lynch auditioned at a casting call in London for the role of Luna Lovegood in "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", the fifth film in the series adapted from the books. After auditioning against 15,000 other girls, and a subsequent screen test with lead actor Daniel Radcliffe, she was cast at the age of 14. Producers were impressed with her affinity for the character; David Heyman said: "The others could play Luna; Evanna Lynch is Luna." Although uninvolved in the casting process, Rowling believed that Lynch was perfect for the role.


Context: how did the girl who plays luna lovegood get her part

Context: She got the role by reading about the casting call on one of the many Harry Potter fan sites and going to the open audition.

Question: which movie in the series did she first appear in?

Answer: "Harry Potter"

Explanation: "Harry Potter"

Lynch credits her being cast in the "Harry Potter" films to the obsession she had with the "Harry Potter" book series. At age 11, during the release of the fifth book "Order of the Phoenix" in June 2003, she was hospitalised and her family consulted with the book's publisher and the hospital. Lynch then was allowed to leave for an hour and collect a signed copy of the book. While some have stated that her prior correspondence with J. K. Rowling was a major contributing factor behind the casting decision, this theory has been debunked by both Lynch and Rowling, confirming that Rowling was unaware of Lynch being cast in the role of Luna Lovegood until the producers mentioned Lynch's name.


Context: which movie in the series did she first appear in?

Context: "Harry Potter"

Question: in it, which movie specifically?

Answer: "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix"

Explanation: "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix",


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Question: when was this movie released?

Answer: 2007

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [SEP] Film

In 2007, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" was released in a film version directed by David Yates and written by Michael Goldenberg. The film was produced by David Heyman's company, Heyday Films, alongside David Barron. The budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million (US$150–200 million), and it became the unadjusted eleventh-highest-grossing film of all time and a critical and commercial success. The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, the third best of all time, and grossed $940 million total, second to "" for the greatest total of 2007.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Question: how was it received by the public?

Answer: The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, the third best of all time, and grossed $940 million total

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

Explanation: he film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, the third best of all time, and grossed $940 million total, second to "" for the greatest total of 2007.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, the third best of all time, and grossed $940 million total

Question: who are the main characters in this movie?

Answer: Harry Potter, his cousin Dudley, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore, Lord Voldemort

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [SEP] Plot

During the summer holidays, 15-year-old Harry Potter and his cousin Dudley are attacked by Dementors. Forced to use magic to fend them off, Harry is expelled from Hogwarts, but his expulsion is postponed pending a hearing at the Ministry of Magic. Harry is eventually whisked off to Number 12, Grimmauld Place, the childhood home of Sirius Black, by a group of wizards belonging to the Order of the Phoenix. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger explain that the Order is a secret organisation led by Hogwarts headmaster Albus Dumbledore, dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort and the Death Eaters. Harry, Ron, Hermione, Ginny Weasley and Fred and George Weasley learn that Voldemort is seeking something he lacked prior to his defeat.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: who are the main characters in this movie?

Context: Harry Potter, his cousin Dudley, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore, Lord Voldemort

Question: what is the role of the last character in this series?

Answer: Is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has "the power to vanquish the Dark Lord". He attempts to murder the boy, but instead kills his parents, Lily and James Potter, and leaves Harry with a scar on his head in the shape of a lightning bolt.

Lord Voldemort [SEP] Introduction

Lord Voldemort (, in the films) is a sobriquet for Tom Marvolo Riddle, a fictional character and the main antagonist in J. K. Rowling's series of "Harry Potter" novels. Voldemort first appeared in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series except the third, "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", in which he is only mentioned. Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has "the power to vanquish the Dark Lord". He attempts to murder the boy, but instead kills his parents, Lily and James Potter, and leaves Harry with a scar on his head in the shape of a lightning bolt.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what is the role of the last character in this series?

Context: Is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has "the power to vanquish the Dark Lord". He attempts to murder the boy, but instead kills his parents, Lily and James Potter, and leaves Harry with a scar on his head in the shape of a lightning bolt.

Question: what does he look like?

Answer: Has pale skin, a chalk-white, skull-like face, snake-like slits for nostrils, red eyes and cat-like slits for pupils, a skeletally thin body and long, thin hands with unnaturally long fingers.

Lord Voldemort [SEP] Outward appearance

After he regains his body in the fourth book, Rowling describes Voldemort as having pale skin, a chalk-white, skull-like face, snake-like slits for nostrils, red eyes and cat-like slits for pupils, a skeletally thin body and long, thin hands with unnaturally long fingers. As mentioned in the first chapter of the seventh book, he also has no hair or lips. Earlier in life, as seen through flashbacks contained in the second and sixth books, Tom Marvolo Riddle was handsome and tall with pale skin, jet black hair, and dark brown eyes. He could charm many people with his looks. The transformation into his monstrous state is believed to have been the result of creating his Horcruxes and becoming less human as he continued to divide his soul.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what does he look like?

Context: Has pale skin, a chalk-white, skull-like face, snake-like slits for nostrils, red eyes and cat-like slits for pupils, a skeletally thin body and long, thin hands with unnaturally long fingers.

Question: which family does he belong to?

Answer: Riddle family

Explanation: Thomas' and 'Mary' Riddle a

Lord Voldemort [SEP] Family tree

Notes: The names 'Thomas' and 'Mary' Riddle are taken from the films. The Potter Family is not shown.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what does he look like?

Context: which family does he belong to?

Context: Riddle family

Question: who is the lord mentioned above that he has the power to vanquish?

Answer: Albus Dumbledore

Explanation: Dumbledore

Lord Voldemort [SEP] Magical abilities and skills

Rowling establishes Voldemort throughout the series as an extremely powerful, intelligent, and ruthless dark wizard, described as the greatest and most powerful Dark Wizard of all time. He is known as one of the greatest Legilimens in the world and a highly accomplished Occlumens; he can read minds and shield his own from penetration. Besides Dumbledore, he is also the only wizard ever known to be able to apparate silently. Voldemort was also said to fear one wizard alone, Dumbledore. In the final book, Voldemort flies unsupported, something that amazes those who see it. Voldemort, like his ancestral family, the Gaunts, is a Parselmouth, meaning he can converse with serpents.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what does he look like?

Context: which family does he belong to?

Context: Riddle family

Context: who is the lord mentioned above that he has the power to vanquish?

Context: Albus Dumbledore

Question: what are some of the powers or abilities of this character?

Answer: Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist. His Patronus takes the form of a Phoenix. His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic, love, is extensive.

Albus Dumbledore [SEP] Magical abilities and skills

He admits a number of times to Harry in their occasional meetings in "Half-Blood Prince" that he makes mistakes, and since he is smarter than most men, his mistakes "tend to be correspondingly huger." Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist who has worked with Nicolas Flamel, the only known maker of the Philosopher's Stone, and is credited with discovering the twelve uses of dragon's blood. His Patronus takes the form of a phoenix, a recurring symbol in the books. His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic, love, is extensive. He taught Harry about its very essence, and the innate power of his ability to love his parents, which eventually helped Harry realise his destiny to kill Lord Voldemort.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what does he look like?

Context: which family does he belong to?

Context: Riddle family

Context: Albus Dumbledore

Context: what are some of the powers or abilities of this character?

Context: Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist. His Patronus takes the form of a Phoenix. His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic, love, is extensive.

Question: which actor/s play him in the movies?

Answer: Richard Harris. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore. Jude Law portrayed young Dumbledore in the prequel.

Explanation: Richard Harris in the film adaptations of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" and "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets". After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining "Harry Potter" films. Jude Law portrayed Dumbledore as a young man in the prequel film "".

Albus Dumbledore [SEP] Introduction

Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series. For most of the series, he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts. As part of his backstory, it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix, an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort, the main antagonist of the series. Dumbledore was portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" and "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets". After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining "Harry Potter" films.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what does he look like?

Context: which family does he belong to?

Context: Riddle family

Context: Albus Dumbledore

Context: which actor/s play him in the movies?

Context: Richard Harris. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore. Jude Law portrayed young Dumbledore in the prequel.

Question: what was the cause of the former's death?

Answer: Was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease, reportedly after being hospitalised with pneumonia.

Richard Harris [SEP] Illness and death

Harris was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease in August 2002, reportedly after being hospitalised with pneumonia. He died at University College Hospital in Bloomsbury, London, on 25 October 2002, aged 72. He is survived by his three sons, Damian, Jared and Jamie. He spent his final three days in a coma. Harris's body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Bahamas, where he owned a home. His last words were "It was the food!" Harris was a lifelong friend of actor Peter O'Toole, and his family reportedly hoped that O'Toole would replace Harris as Dumbledore in "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban".


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what does he look like?

Context: which family does he belong to?

Context: Riddle family

Context: Albus Dumbledore

Context: which actor/s play him in the movies?

Context: what was the cause of the former's death?

Context: Was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease, reportedly after being hospitalised with pneumonia.

Question: what other famous movie has he been in, during his lifetime?

Answer: "Camelot", "The Molly Maguires", "A Man Called Horse"

Richard Harris [SEP] "Camelot", "A Man Called Horse"

In "The Molly Maguires" (1970), he played James McParland, the detective who infiltrates the title organisation, headed by Sean Connery. It was a box office flop. However "A Man Called Horse" (1970), with Harris in the title role, an 1825 English aristocrat who is captured by Indians, was a major success. He played the title role in the film "Cromwell" in 1970 opposite Alec Guinness as King Charles I of England. That year British exhibitors voted him the 9th-most popular star at the UK box office.


Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: what does he look like?

Context: which family does he belong to?

Context: Riddle family

Context: Albus Dumbledore

Context: which actor/s play him in the movies?

Context: what other famous movie has he been in, during his lifetime?

Context: "Camelot", "The Molly Maguires", "A Man Called Horse"

Question: what was the debut movie of the third actor mentioned above, who played the same character?

Answer: "Shopping"

Explanation: "Shopping"

Jude Law [SEP] Film

Law had his breakthrough with the British crime drama "Shopping", which also featured his future wife, Sadie Frost. In 1997, he became more widely known with his role in the Oscar Wilde biopic "Wilde". Law won the "Most Promising Newcomer" award from the Evening Standard British Film Awards for his role as Lord Alfred "Bosie" Douglas, the glamorous young lover of Stephen Fry's Wilde. In Andrew Niccol's science fiction film "Gattaca", Law played the role of a disabled former swimming star living in a eugenics-obsessed dystopia. In Clint Eastwood's "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil", he played the role of Billy Hanson, a male prostitute killed by an art dealer portrayed by Kevin Spacey.


Context: how did the girl who plays luna lovegood get her part

Context: She got the role by reading about the casting call on one of the many Harry Potter fan sites and going to the open audition.

Context: which movie in the series did she first appear in?

Context: "Harry Potter"

Context: in it, which movie specifically?

Context: "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix"

Context: when was this movie released?

Context: how was it received by the public?

Context: The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, the third best of all time, and grossed $940 million total

Context: who are the main characters in this movie?

Context: Harry Potter, his cousin Dudley, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore, Lord Voldemort

Context: what is the role of the last character in this series?

Context: Is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has "the power to vanquish the Dark Lord". He attempts to murder the boy, but instead kills his parents, Lily and James Potter, and leaves Harry with a scar on his head in the shape of a lightning bolt.

Context: what does he look like?

Context: Has pale skin, a chalk-white, skull-like face, snake-like slits for nostrils, red eyes and cat-like slits for pupils, a skeletally thin body and long, thin hands with unnaturally long fingers.

Context: which family does he belong to?

Context: Riddle family

Context: who is the lord mentioned above that he has the power to vanquish?

Context: Albus Dumbledore

Context: what are some of the powers or abilities of this character?

Context: Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist. His Patronus takes the form of a Phoenix. His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic, love, is extensive.

Context: which actor/s play him in the movies?

Context: Richard Harris. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore. Jude Law portrayed young Dumbledore in the prequel.

Context: what was the cause of the former's death?

Context: Was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease, reportedly after being hospitalised with pneumonia.

Context: what other famous movie has he been in, during his lifetime?

Context: "Camelot", "The Molly Maguires", "A Man Called Horse"

Context: what was the debut movie of the third actor mentioned above, who played the same character?

Context: "Shopping"

Question: is he involved in any philanthropic activities?

Answer: Does charity work for organisations such as Make Poverty History, the Rhys Daniels Trust, and the WAVE Trauma Centre. He supports the Make-A-Wish Foundation and the Pride of Britain Awards.

Jude Law [SEP] Philanthropy

He travelled to Durban with Frost and their children to help children who have lost their parents to AIDS. In July 2007, as patron of the charity, he helped kick off the month-long tour of the AIDS-themed musical "Thula Sizwe" by the Young Zulu Warriors. Also in 2007, he encouraged the Friends of the Earth/the Big Ask campaign, asking British government to take action against climate change. Law does charity work for organisations such as Make Poverty History, the Rhys Daniels Trust, and the WAVE Trauma Centre. He supports the Make-A-Wish Foundation and the Pride of Britain Awards.


Question: why did ohio and michigan have such conflict over their state boundaries

Answer: The governments of Ohio and Michigan both claimed jurisdiction over a region along the border, now known as the Toledo Strip.

Toledo War [SEP] Introduction

The Toledo War (1835–36), also known as the Great Toledo War, the Michigan-Ohio War or the Ohio-Michigan War, was an almost bloodless boundary dispute between the U.S. state of Ohio and the adjoining territory of Michigan. Poor geographical understanding of the Great Lakes helped produce conflicting state and federal legislation between 1787 and 1805, and varying interpretations of the laws led the governments of Ohio and Michigan to both claim jurisdiction over a region along the border, now known as the Toledo Strip. The situation came to a head when Michigan petitioned for statehood in 1835 and sought to include the disputed territory within its boundaries.


Context: why did ohio and michigan have such conflict over their state boundaries

Context: The governments of Ohio and Michigan both claimed jurisdiction over a region along the border, now known as the Toledo Strip.

Question: did it lead to any war?

Answer: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Explanation: The Toledo War (1835–36), also known as the Great Toledo War, the Michigan-Ohio War or the Ohio-Michigan War, was an almost bloodless boundary dispute between the U.S. state of Ohio and the adjoining territory of Michigan.

Toledo War [SEP] Introduction


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Question: how was this event significant for the economy?

Answer: The Toledo strip was a commercially important area, but a part of it called the Great Black Swamp was difficult to navigate. During the conflict, the Erie Canal was built, linking New York City and the Eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, and immediately became a major route for trade and migration.

Explanation:
The land known as the Toledo Strip was and still is a commercially important area. Prior to the rise of the railroad industry, rivers and canals were the major "highways of commerce" in the American Midwest. A small but important part of the Strip—the area around present-day Toledo and Maumee Bay—fell within the Great Black Swamp, and this area was nearly impossible to navigate by road, especially after spring and summer rains. Draining into Lake Erie, the Maumee River was not necessarily well-suited for large ships, but it did provide an easy connection to Indiana's Fort Wayne. At the time, there were plans to connect the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes through a series of canals. One such canal system approved by the Ohio legislature in 1825 was the Miami and Erie Canal that included a connection to the Ohio River and an outflow into Lake Erie via the Maumee River.

During the conflict over the Toledo Strip, the Erie Canal was built, linking New York City and the Eastern seaboa

Toledo War [SEP] Economic significance


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: how was this event significant for the economy?

Context: The Toledo strip was a commercially important area, but a part of it called the Great Black Swamp was difficult to navigate. During the conflict, the Erie Canal was built, linking New York City and the Eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, and immediately became a major route for trade and migration.

Question: who was the president during this event?

Answer: President Andrew Jackson

Toledo War [SEP] Introduction

Although the northern region's mineral wealth would later become an economic asset to Michigan, at the time the compromise was considered a poor outcome for the new state, and voters in a statehood convention in September soundly rejected the proposal. But in December, the Michigan government, facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President Andrew Jackson, called another convention (called the "Frostbitten Convention") which accepted the compromise that resolved the Toledo War.


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: who was the president during this event?

Context: President Andrew Jackson

Question: did he have a career in law as well?

Answer: Yes, he served as a prosecutor in the Western District of North Carolina, as it was called then.

Explanation: In 1784, he left the Waxhaws region for Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law under attorney Spruce Macay. With the help of various lawyers, he was able to learn enough to qualify for the bar. In September 1787, Jackson was admitted to the North Carolina bar. Shortly thereafter, his friend John McNairy helped him get appointed to a vacant prosecutor position in the Western District of North Carolina, which would later become the state of Tennessee.

Andrew Jackson [SEP] Legal career and marriage

The two were separated in 1790. According to Jackson, he married Rachel after hearing that Robards had obtained a divorce. Her divorce had not been made final, making Rachel's marriage to Jackson bigamous and therefore invalid. After the divorce was officially completed, Rachel and Jackson remarried in 1794. To complicate matters further, evidence shows that Rachel had been living with Jackson and referred to herself as Mrs. Jackson before the petition for divorce was ever made. It was not uncommon on the frontier for relationships to be formed and dissolved unofficially, as long as they were recognized by the community.


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: President Andrew Jackson

Context: did he have a career in law as well?

Context: Yes, he served as a prosecutor in the Western District of North Carolina, as it was called then.

Question: whom did he marry?

Answer: Rachel Donelson Robards

Explanation: Here Jackson became acquainted with their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. The younger Rachel was in an unhappy marriage with Captain Lewis Robards; he was subject to fits of jealous rage. The two were separated in 1790. According to Jackson, he married Rachel after hearing that Robards had obtained a divorce.


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: President Andrew Jackson

Context: did he have a career in law as well?

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: Rachel Donelson Robards

Question: what was his policy towards the indigenous people?

Answer: His presidency marked a new era in Indian-Anglo American relations initiating a policy of Indian removal. Relations between the two increasingly grew tense and sometimes violent as a result of territorial conflicts.

Explanation:
Throughout his eight years in office, Jackson made about 70 treaties with Native American tribes both in the South and in the Northwest. Jackson's presidency marked a new era in Indian-Anglo American relations initiating a policy of Indian removal. Jackson himself sometimes participated in the treaty negotiating process with various Indian tribes, though other times he left the negotiations to his subordinates. The southern tribes included the Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole and the Cherokee. The northwest tribes include the Chippewa, Ottawa, and the Potawatomi.

Relations between Indians and Americans increasingly grew tense and sometimes violent as a result of territorial conflicts. Previous presidents had at times supported removal or attempts to "civilize" the Indians, but generally let the problem play itself out with minimal intervention. There had developed a growing popular and political movement to deal with the issue, and out of this policy to relocate certain Indian popu

Andrew Jackson [SEP] Indian removal policy


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: President Andrew Jackson

Context: did he have a career in law as well?

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: Rachel Donelson Robards

Context: what was his policy towards the indigenous people?

Context: His presidency marked a new era in Indian-Anglo American relations initiating a policy of Indian removal. Relations between the two increasingly grew tense and sometimes violent as a result of territorial conflicts.

Question: was he a freemason?

Answer: Yes

Andrew Jackson [SEP] Freemasonry

Jackson was a Freemason, initiated at Harmony Lodge No. 1 in Tennessee. He was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee in 1822 and 1823. During the 1832 presidential election, Jackson faced opposition from the Anti-Masonic Party. He was the only U.S. president to have served as Grand Master of a state's Grand Lodge until Harry S. Truman in 1945. His Masonic apron is on display in the Tennessee State Museum. An obelisk and bronze Masonic plaque decorate his tomb at the Hermitage.


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: President Andrew Jackson

Context: did he have a career in law as well?

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: Rachel Donelson Robards

Context: was he a freemason?

Context: Yes

Question: how has he been commemmorated?

Answer: He has appeared on U.S banknotes, numerous counties and cities have been named after him, and his life has been a subject of novels and has also been adapted on screen.

Andrew Jackson [SEP] Portrayal on banknotes and stamps

Jackson has appeared on U.S. banknotes as far back as 1869, and extending into the 21st century. His image has appeared on the $5, $10, $20, and $10,000 note. Most recently, his image has appeared on the U.S. $20 Federal reserve note beginning in 1928. In 2016, Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced his goal that by 2020 an image of Harriet Tubman would replace Jackson's depiction on the front side of the $20 banknote, and that an image of Jackson would be placed on the reverse side, though the final decision will be made by his successors. Jackson has appeared on several postage stamps.


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: President Andrew Jackson

Context: did he have a career in law as well?

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: Rachel Donelson Robards

Context: was he a freemason?

Context: Yes

Context: how has he been commemmorated?

Context: He has appeared on U.S banknotes, numerous counties and cities have been named after him, and his life has been a subject of novels and has also been adapted on screen.

Question: what educational institution did he attend?

Answer: In his youth he lived in the Waxhaws region and received schooling from two nearby priests, and later studied law under attorney Spruce Macay in Salisbury.

After the Revolutionary War, Jackson received a sporadic education in a local Waxhaw school. On bad terms with much of his extended family, he boarded with several different people. In 1781, he worked for a time as a saddle-maker, and eventually taught school. He apparently prospered in neither profession. In 1784, he left the Waxhaws region for Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law under attorney Spruce Macay. With the help of various lawyers, he was able to learn enough to qualify for the bar. In September 1787, Jackson was admitted to the North Carolina bar. Shortly thereafter, his friend John McNairy helped him get appointed to a vacant prosecutor position in the Western District of North Carolina, which would later become the state of Tennessee.


Context: did it lead to any war?

Context: The Toledo War of 1835-36.

Context: President Andrew Jackson

Context: did he have a career in law as well?

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: Rachel Donelson Robards

Context: was he a freemason?

Context: Yes

Context: how has he been commemmorated?

Context: what educational institution did he attend?

Context: In his youth he lived in the Waxhaws region and received schooling from two nearby priests, and later studied law under attorney Spruce Macay in Salisbury.

Question: what was the outcome of the war?

Answer: Both sides eventually accepted a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and about three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula.

Explanation: During the summer of 1836, the United States Congress proposed a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and about three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula. Although the northern region's mineral wealth would later become an economic asset to Michigan, at the time the compromise was considered a poor outcome for the new state, and voters in a statehood convention in September soundly rejected the proposal. But in December, the Michigan government, facing a dire financial crisis and pressure from Congress and President Andrew Jackson, called another convention (called the "Frostbitten Convention") which accepted the compromise that resolved the Toledo War.

Toledo War [SEP] Introduction

Both sides passed legislation attempting to force the other side's capitulation, while Ohio's Governor Robert Lucas and Michigan's 24-year-old "Boy Governor" Stevens T. Mason helped institute criminal penalties for citizens submitting to the other's authority. Both states deployed militias on opposite sides of the Maumee River near Toledo, but besides mutual taunting, there was little interaction between the two forces. The single military confrontation of the "war" ended with a report of shots being fired into the air, incurring no casualties. During the summer of 1836, the United States Congress proposed a compromise whereby Michigan gave up its claim to the strip in exchange for its statehood and about three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula.


Question: olmec colossal heads were created using this method of sculpting

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Olmec colossal heads [SEP] Introduction

The Olmec colossal heads are stone representations of human heads sculpted from large basalt boulders. They range in height from . The heads date from at least 900 BC and are a distinctive feature of the Olmec civilization of ancient Mesoamerica. All portray mature individuals with fleshy cheeks, flat noses, and slightly crossed eyes; their physical characteristics correspond to a type that is still common among the inhabitants of Tabasco and Veracruz. The backs of the monuments often are flat. The boulders were brought from the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas mountains of Veracruz. Given that the extremely large slabs of stone used in their production were transported over large distances (over ), requiring a great deal of human effort and resources, it is thought that the monuments represent portraits of powerful individual Olmec rulers.


Context: olmec colossal heads were created using this method of sculpting

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the civilizations associated with it?

Answer: They were the first inhabitants of the Americas to construct monumental architecture, settle in towns and cities, and develop a sophisticated style of stone sculpture

Olmec colossal heads [SEP] Olmec civilization

Of these, only the Olmec civilization developed in a lowland tropical forest setting. The Olmecs were the first inhabitants of the Americas to construct monumental architecture and to settle in towns and cities. They were also the first people in the Americas to develop a sophisticated style of stone sculpture. In the first decade of the 21st century evidence emerged of Olmec writing, with the earliest examples of Olmec hieroglyphs dating to around 650 BC. Examples of script have been found on roller stamps and stone artefacts; the texts are short and have been partially deciphered based on their similarity to other Mesoamerican scripts.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the civilizations associated with it?

Context: They were the first inhabitants of the Americas to construct monumental architecture, settle in towns and cities, and develop a sophisticated style of stone sculpture

Question: what character trait does the above reflect?

Answer: All of the Olmec colossal heads depict mature men with flat noses and fleshy cheeks; the eyes tend to be slightly crossed

Olmec colossal heads [SEP] Characteristics

Olmec colossal heads vary in height from and weigh between 6 and 50 tons. All of the Olmec colossal heads depict mature men with flat noses and fleshy cheeks; the eyes tend to be slightly crossed. The general physical characteristics of the heads are of a type that is still common among people in the Olmec region in modern times. The backs of the heads are often flat, as if the monuments were originally placed against a wall. All examples of Olmec colossal heads wear distinctive headdresses that probably represent cloth or animal hide originals. Some examples have a tied knot at the back of the head, and some are decorated with feathers.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what character trait does the above reflect?

Context: All of the Olmec colossal heads depict mature men with flat noses and fleshy cheeks; the eyes tend to be slightly crossed

Question: list some famous monuments of it's kind?

Answer: Takalik Abaj in Guatemala, San Lorenzo, La Venta are few among them

Olmec colossal heads [SEP] Known monuments

Seventeen confirmed examples are known. An additional monument, at Takalik Abaj in Guatemala, is a throne that may have been carved from a colossal head. This is the only known example outside of the Olmec heartland on the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Possible fragments of additional colossal heads have been recovered at San Lorenzo and at San Fernando in Tabasco. Crude colossal stone heads are also known in the Southern Maya area where they are associated with the potbelly style of sculpture. Although some arguments have been made that they are pre-Olmec, these latter monuments are generally believed to be influenced by the Olmec style of sculpture.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: list some famous monuments of it's kind?

Context: Takalik Abaj in Guatemala, San Lorenzo, La Venta are few among them

Question: where is the last monument found?

Answer: Villahermosa

Explanation: Monument 1 has been moved to the Parque-Museo La Venta in Villahermosa.

Olmec colossal heads [SEP] La Venta

Straps descend in front of each ear and continue to the base of the monument. The ears are wearing large flattened rings that overlap the straps; they probably represent jade ornaments of a type that have been recovered in the Olmec region. Although most of the facial detail is lost, the crinkling of the bridge of the nose is still evident, a feature that is common to the frowning expressions of the other Olmec colossal heads.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is the last monument found?

Context: Villahermosa

Question: was this place known by any other name?

Answer: Yes, had several names

Villahermosa [SEP] Various names that the city of Villahermosa has had

Throughout history, the city of Villahermosa has had several names, among which the following stand out: The extreme geographical coordinates of the municipality are: to the north 18-20', south of 17-43' north latitude; 92-35', west 93-15' west.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is the last monument found?

Context: Villahermosa

Context: was this place known by any other name?

Context: Yes, had several names

Question: was this place invaded?

Answer: Yes, U.S. forces invaded

Villahermosa [SEP] U.S. Invasion

AAP U.S. Intervention in Tabasco VT First Battle of Tabasco Second Battle of Tabasco On October 23, 1846, U.S. forces invaded [[Tabasco]], and on the 25 thresemonious day they arrived at the capital San Juan Bautista, which was defended by the Governor of the state and Military Commander [[John Baptist Traconis]], who was in command of the Tabaquean militias and the Acayucan Battalion. The commander [[Matthew Perry (military)|Matthew Perry]] demanded the surrender of the square, to which the governor [[John Baptist Traconis]] replied that "the square would defend it with life, so they could initiate the attack", the bombing was not expected, it was 14:15.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is the last monument found?

Context: Villahermosa

Context: was this place known by any other name?

Context: Yes, had several names

Context: was this place invaded?

Context: Yes, U.S. forces invaded

Question: did they have an health scare?

Answer: No, the city is served by a large number of both private and public healthcare institutions

Villahermosa [SEP] Health

The city is served by a large number of both private and public healthcare institutions, hospitals, and clinics. Both ambulatory (same-day) centers as well as extended stay centers serve the city. General as well as specialized hospitals provide care in the city. Amongst its specialized health care institutions are a Women's Hospital, a Children's Hospital, and an Oncology Hospital. There are also various government healthcare institutions located here, including the [[ISSTE]] and the [[Mexican Social Security Institute|IMSS]] Medical Centers. The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] has a hospital here as well, Hospital del Sureste. There is also the well-respected Hospital Los Angeles.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is the last monument found?

Context: Villahermosa

Context: was this place known by any other name?

Context: Yes, had several names

Context: was this place invaded?

Context: Yes, U.S. forces invaded

Context: did they have an health scare?

Context: No, the city is served by a large number of both private and public healthcare institutions

Question: what is the climatic condition of this place?

Answer: Tropical monsoon climate

Villahermosa [SEP] Climate

Like most of Tabasco, Villahermosa has a [[tropical monsoon climate]]. Temperatures during spring and [[summer]] seasons can reach upwards of 40°[[Celsius|C]] (104 °F), with humidity levels hovering around 30% during the same period (for total humidity-adjusted temperatures in the high forties). During its short "winter", Villahermosa's climate is very humid but daytime temperatures decrease to around 28°[[Celsius|C]] (82 °F). The most stunning season of the year is spring, as the [[Delonix regia|flamboyán]], [[Guaiacum sanctum|guayacán]], [[Tabebuia rosea|macuilis]], and other tropical vegetation bloom and dress the city with a beautiful sense of joy along its major thoroughfares. In October 2007, Villahermosa suffered [[2007 Tabasco flood|its worst flood in recorded history]].


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is the last monument found?

Context: Villahermosa

Context: was this place known by any other name?

Context: Yes, had several names

Context: was this place invaded?

Context: Yes, U.S. forces invaded

Context: did they have an health scare?

Context: what is the climatic condition of this place?

Context: Tropical monsoon climate

Question: what is the major religion followed here?

Answer: Mostly Catholic

Explanation: Like the rest of the [[Mexico]] there is no official religion. Tabasco's population is mostly Catholic, with many Protestant denominations also represented.

Villahermosa [SEP] Religion


Question: who does the voice of mr fredricksen in up

Answer: Ed Asner

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Introduction

Up is a 2009 American computer animated comedy-drama adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. The film centers on an elderly widower named Carl Fredricksen (Ed Asner) and an earnest boy named Russell (Jordan Nagai). By tying thousands of balloons to his house, Carl sets out to fulfill his dream to see the wilds of South America and complete a promise made to his late wife, Ellie. The film was directed by Pete Docter and co-directed by Bob Peterson, who also wrote the film's screenplay, as well as the story with Tom McCarthy, with music composed by Michael Giacchino from "The Incredibles" and "Ratatouille".


Context: who does the voice of mr fredricksen in up

Context: Ed Asner

Question: what type of film is it?

Answer: Computer animated comedy-drama adventure film

Explanation: Up is a 2009 American computer animated comedy-drama adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: Computer animated comedy-drama adventure film

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Pete Docter

Explanation: The film was directed by Pete Docter and co-directed by Bob Peterson, who also wrote the film's screenplay, as well as the story with Tom McCarthy, with music composed by Michael Giacchino from "The Incredibles" and "Ratatouille".

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Question: who produced it?

Answer: Pixar Animation Studios

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Question: besides mr fredricksen, who are the other characters in this motion picture?

Answer: Russell

Explanation: The film centers on an elderly widower named Carl Fredricksen (Ed Asner) and an earnest boy named Russell (Jordan Nagai).

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: besides mr fredricksen, who are the other characters in this motion picture?

Context: Russell

Question: what is the storyline all about in a short sentence?

Answer: The film centers on an elderly widower named Carl Fredricksen and an earnest boy named Russell; by tying thousands of balloons to his house, Carl sets out to fulfill his dream to see the wilds of South America and complete a promise made to his late wife, Ellie.

Explanation: The film centers on an elderly widower named Carl Fredricksen (Ed Asner) and an earnest boy named Russell (Jordan Nagai). By tying thousands of balloons to his house, Carl sets out to fulfill his dream to see the wilds of South America and complete a promise made to his late wife, Ellie.

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: Russell

Context: what is the storyline all about in a short sentence?

Context: The film centers on an elderly widower named Carl Fredricksen and an earnest boy named Russell; by tying thousands of balloons to his house, Carl sets out to fulfill his dream to see the wilds of South America and complete a promise made to his late wife, Ellie.

Question: who voices the other character which you mentioned earlier?

Answer: Jordan Nagai

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: Russell

Context: who voices the other character which you mentioned earlier?

Context: Jordan Nagai

Question: who composed the music score for this motion picture?

Answer: Michael Giacchino

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Music

"Up" is the third Pixar film to be scored by Michael Giacchino, after "The Incredibles" and "Ratatouille". What Pete Docter wanted most importantly out of the music was the emotion, so Giacchino wrote a character theme-based score that producer Jonas Rivera thought enhanced the story. At the beginning of the movie, when young Carl is in the movie theater watching a newsreel about Muntz, the first piece of music heard is "Muntz's Theme", which starts out as a celebratory theme, and echoes through the film when Muntz reappears 70 years later. "Ellie's Theme" is first heard when she is introduced as a little kid and plays several times during the film in different versions; for instance, during the sequence where Carl lifts his house with the balloons, the theme is changed from a simple piano melody to a full orchestral arrangement.


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: Russell

Context: Jordan Nagai

Context: who composed the music score for this motion picture?

Context: Michael Giacchino

Question: how was this motion picture received from the critics?

Answer: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 98% approval rating based on 296 reviews, with an average rating of 8.72/10.

Up (2009 film) [SEP] Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 98% approval rating based on 296 reviews, with an average rating of 8.72/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "An exciting, funny, and poignant adventure, "Up" offers an impeccably crafted story told with wit and arranged with depth, as well as yet another visual Pixar treat." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 88 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and called it "a wonderful film." "The Hollywood Reporter" lauded the film as "Winsome, touching and arguably the funniest Pixar effort ever, this gorgeously rendered, high-flying adventure is a tidy 90-minute distillation of all the signature touches that came before it." Although the "San Francisco Chronicle" noted that the film "contains many boring stretches of mindless freneticism and bland character interaction," it also declared that there are scenes in "Up" of "such beauty, economy and poetic wisdom that they belong in any anthology of great movie moments ...


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: Russell

Context: Jordan Nagai

Context: Michael Giacchino

Context: how was this motion picture received from the critics?

Context: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 98% approval rating based on 296 reviews, with an average rating of 8.72/10.

Question: can you tell me about the person who voiced for mr fredricksen?

Answer: An American actor, voice actor, and a former president of the Screen Actors Guild.

Ed Asner [SEP] Introduction

Eddie Asner (; born November 15, 1929), also credited as Edward Asner, is an American actor, voice actor, and a former president of the Screen Actors Guild. He is primarily known for his role as Lou Grant during the 1970s and early 1980s, on both "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and its spin-off series "Lou Grant", making him one of the few television actors to portray the same character in both a comedy and a drama. He is the most honored male performer in the history of the Primetime Emmy Awards, having won seven, five for portraying Lou Grant (three as Supporting Actor in a Comedy Television Series and two as Lead Actor in a Dramatic Television Series).


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: Russell

Context: Jordan Nagai

Context: Michael Giacchino

Context: can you tell me about the person who voiced for mr fredricksen?

Context: An American actor, voice actor, and a former president of the Screen Actors Guild.

Question: which other films has he acted in?

Answer: "El Dorado" and "Elf"

Ed Asner [SEP] Introduction

His other Emmys were for performances in two of the most significant mini-television series of the 1970s: "Rich Man, Poor Man" (1976), where he won for Outstanding Lead Actor for a Single Performance in a TV series, and "Roots" (1977), for which he won for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a TV series. He played John Wayne's adversary Bart Jason in the 1966 Western "El Dorado". He has played Santa Claus in several films, notably in 2003's "Elf". In 2009, he starred as the voice of Carl Fredricksen in Pixar's animated film "Up", and made a guest appearance on "" in the episode "Yahrzeit".


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: Russell

Context: Jordan Nagai

Context: Michael Giacchino

Context: which other films has he acted in?

Context: "El Dorado" and "Elf"

Question: which charitable organizations is he associated with?

Answer: The Survivor Mitzvah Project and the Rosenberg Fund for Children

Explanation:
Asner is on the Entertainment Board of Directors for The Survivor Mitzvah Project, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing direct emergency aid to elderly and impoverished Holocaust survivors in Eastern Europe.

Asner is a member of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, a free speech organization that is dedicated to protecting comic book creators and retailers from prosecutions based on content. He serves as an advisor to the Rosenberg Fund for Children, an organization founded by the children of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, which provides benefits for the children of political activists, and as a board member for the wildlife conservation organization Defenders of Wildlife. Asner also sits on the advisory board for Exceptional Minds, a non-profit school and a computer animation studio for young adults on the autism spectrum.

Ed Asner [SEP] Charity work


Context: Ed Asner

Context: what type of film is it?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Pete Docter

Context: who produced it?

Context: Pixar Animation Studios

Context: Russell

Context: Jordan Nagai

Context: Michael Giacchino

Context: which other films has he acted in?

Context: "El Dorado" and "Elf"

Context: which charitable organizations is he associated with?

Context: The Survivor Mitzvah Project and the Rosenberg Fund for Children

Question: you had mentioned a director's name earlier, what are the other films he has directed?

Answer: "Monsters, Inc.", "Inside Out" and "Soul"

Pete Docter [SEP] Introduction

Peter Hans Docter (born October 9, 1968) is an American animator, film director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and chief creative officer of Pixar. He is best known for directing the Pixar animated feature films "Monsters, Inc." (2001), "Up" (2009), "Inside Out" (2015) and "Soul" (2020), and as a key figure and collaborator at Pixar. He has been nominated for eight Oscars (two wins thus far for "Up" and "Inside Out" – Best Animated Feature), seven Annie Awards (winning five), a BAFTA Children's Film Award (which he won) and a Hochi Film Award (which he won). He has described himself as a "geeky kid from Minnesota who likes to draw cartoons".


Question: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Answer: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Mauna Kea [SEP] Introduction

Mauna Kea last erupted 6,000 to 4,000 years ago and is now considered dormant. The peak is about higher than Mauna Loa, its more massive neighbor. In Hawaiian religion, the peaks of the island of Hawaii are sacred. An ancient law allowed only high-ranking aliʻi to visit its peak. Ancient Hawaiians living on the slopes of Mauna Kea relied on its extensive forests for food, and quarried the dense volcano-glacial basalts on its flanks for tool production. When Europeans arrived in the late 18th century, settlers introduced cattle, sheep and game animals, many of which became feral and began to damage the volcano's ecological balance.


Context:
when is the last time mauna kea erupted
6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Question: who were the early settlers here?

Answer: Ancient Hawaiians.

Mauna Kea [SEP] Native history

The first Ancient Hawaiians to arrive on Hawaii island lived along the shores, where food and water were plentiful. Settlement expanded inland to the Mauna Loa – Mauna Kea region in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Archaeological evidence suggests that these regions were used for hunting, collecting stone material, and possibly for spiritual reasons or for astronomical or navigational observations. The mountain's plentiful forest provided plants and animals for food and raw materials for shelter. Flightless birds that had previously known no predators became a staple food source. Early settlement of the Hawaiian islands led to major changes to local ecosystems and many extinctions, particularly amongst bird species.


Context:
when is the last time mauna kea erupted
6,000 to 4,000 years ago.
who were the early settlers here?
Ancient Hawaiians.

Question: what are a few of its geological features?

Answer: It is the largest and youngest island of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain and it is the fourth oldest and fourth most active volcano.

Explanation: Mauna Kea is one of five volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii, the largest and youngest island of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Of these five hotspot volcanoes, Mauna Kea is the fourth oldest and fourth most active. It began as a preshield volcano driven by the Hawaii hotspot around one million years ago, and became exceptionally active during its shield stage until 500,000 years ago. Mauna Kea entered its quieter post-shield stage 250,000 to 200,000 years ago, and is currently dormant. Mauna Kea does not have a visible summit caldera, but contains a number of small cinder and pumice cones near its summit. A former summit caldera may have been filled and buried by later summit eruption deposits.

Mauna Kea [SEP] Geology


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: what are a few of its geological features?

Context: It is the largest and youngest island of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain and it is the fourth oldest and fourth most active volcano.

Question: how old is this chain?

Answer: The Emperor Seamounts is 81 million years.

Explanation: The oldest age for the Emperor Seamounts is 81 million years, and comes from Detroit Seamount. However, Meiji Guyot, located to the north of Detroit Seamount, is likely somewhat older.

Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain [SEP] Formation

A look at the USGS map on the origin of the Hawaiian Islands clearly shows this "spearpoint". In a more recent study, Sharp and Clague (2006) interpret the bend as starting at about 50 million years ago. They also conclude that the bend formed from a "traditional" cause—a change in the direction of motion of the Pacific plate.


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: The Emperor Seamounts is 81 million years.

Question: what is this chain?

Answer: It is a mostly undersea mountain range in the Pacific Ocean that reaches above sea level in Hawaii.

Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain [SEP] Introduction

The Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain is a mostly undersea mountain range in the Pacific Ocean that reaches above sea level in Hawaii. It is composed of the Hawaiian ridge, consisting of the islands of the Hawaiian chain northwest to Kure Atoll, and the Emperor Seamounts: together they form a vast underwater mountain region of islands and intervening seamounts, atolls, shallows, banks and reefs along a line trending southeast to northwest beneath the northern Pacific Ocean. The seamount chain, containing over 80 identified undersea volcanoes, stretches about from the Aleutian Trench in the far northwest Pacific to the Loʻihi seamount, the youngest volcano in the chain, which lies about southeast of the Island of Hawaiʻi.


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: what is this chain?

Context: It is a mostly undersea mountain range in the Pacific Ocean that reaches above sea level in Hawaii.

Question: how does this place get its name?

Answer: After Hawaii and former emperors of Japan.

Explanation: he Emperor and Hawaiian chains form an angle of about 120°. This bend was long attributed to a relatively sudden change of 60° in the direction of plate motion, but research conducted in 2003 suggests that it was the movement of the hotspot itself that caused the bend. The issue is still currently under academic debate. All of the volcanoes in this part of the chain have long since subsided below sea level, becoming seamounts and guyots. Many of the volcanoes are named after former emperors of Japan. The seamount chain extends to the West Pacific, and terminates at the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, a subduction zone at the border of Russia.

Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain [SEP] Regions

The proclamation limits tourism to the area, and called for a phase-out of fishing by 2011. The oldest and most heavily eroded part of the chain are the Emperor seamounts, which are 39 to 85 million years in age. The Emperor and Hawaiian chains form an angle of about 120°. This bend was long attributed to a relatively sudden change of 60° in the direction of plate motion, but research conducted in 2003 suggests that it was the movement of the hotspot itself that caused the bend. The issue is still currently under academic debate. All of the volcanoes in this part of the chain have long since subsided below sea level, becoming seamounts and guyots.


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: what is this chain?

Context: how does this place get its name?

Context: After Hawaii and former emperors of Japan.

Question: how was it formed?

Answer: They were created by a hotspot of volcanic activity that was essentially stationary as the Pacific tectonic plate drifted in a northwesterly direction, leaving a trail of increasingly eroded volcanic islands and seamounts in its wake.

Explanation: In 1963, geologist John Tuzo Wilson hypothesized the origins of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, explaining that they were created by a hotspot of volcanic activity that was essentially stationary as the Pacific tectonic plate drifted in a northwesterly direction, leaving a trail of increasingly eroded volcanic islands and seamounts in its wake. An otherwise inexplicable kink in the chain marks a shift in the movement of the Pacific plate some 47 million years ago, from a northward to a more northwesterly direction, and the kink has been presented in geology texts as an example of how a tectonic plate can shift direction comparatively suddenly. A look at the USGS map on the origin of the Hawaiian Islands clearly shows this "spearpoint".

The oldest age for the Emperor Seamounts is 81 million years, and comes from Detroit Seamount. However, Meiji Guyot, located to the north of Detroit Seamount, is likely somewhat older. In 1963, geologist John Tuzo Wilson hypothesized the origins of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, explaining that they were created by a hotspot of volcanic activity that was essentially stationary as the Pacific tectonic plate drifted in a northwesterly direction, leaving a trail of increasingly eroded volcanic islands and seamounts in its wake. An otherwise inexplicable kink in the chain marks a shift in the movement of the Pacific plate some 47 million years ago, from a northward to a more northwesterly direction, and the kink has been presented in geology texts as an example of how a tectonic plate can shift direction comparatively suddenly.


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: what is this chain?

Context: how does this place get its name?

Context: how was it formed?

Context: They were created by a hotspot of volcanic activity that was essentially stationary as the Pacific tectonic plate drifted in a northwesterly direction, leaving a trail of increasingly eroded volcanic islands and seamounts in its wake.

Question: was wilson anyway connected to this theory?

Answer: Yes, in 1963, geologist John Tuzo Wilson came up with this.

Explanation: In 1963, geologist John Tuzo Wilson hypothesized the origins of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, explaining that they were created by a hotspot of volcanic activity that was essentially stationary as the Pacific tectonic plate drifted in a northwesterly direction, leaving a tra


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: what is this chain?

Context: how does this place get its name?

Context: how was it formed?

Context: was wilson anyway connected to this theory?

Context: Yes, in 1963, geologist John Tuzo Wilson came up with this.

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Ottawa, Canada.

John Tuzo Wilson [SEP] Life

He was born in Ottawa on October 24, 1908, the son of John Armistead Wilson CBE, and his wife, Henrietta Tuzo. Wilson's father was of Scottish descent and his mother was a third-generation Canadian of French descent. He became one of the first people in Canada to receive a degree in geophysics, graduating from Trinity College at the University of Toronto in 1930. He obtained a second (BA) degree from St. John's College, Cambridge in 1932 and then a doctorate (ScD). He then pursued further graduate studies as Princeton University, where he received a Ph.D. in geology in 1936 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "The Geology of the Mill creek - Stillwater Area, Montana." After completing his studies in 1936, Wilson joined the Canadian Geological Survey as a government geologist.


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: what is this chain?

Context: how does this place get its name?

Context: how was it formed?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Ottawa, Canada.

Question: is he a photographer as well?

Answer: He took a large number of photographs during his travels.

Explanation: Wilson was an avid traveller and took a large number of photographs during his travels to many destinations, including European countries, parts of the then USSR, China, the southern Pacific, Africa, and to both polar regions. Although many of his photos are geological—details of rocks and their structures or panoramas of large formations—the bulk of his photos are of the places, activities and people that he saw on his travels: landscapes, city views, monuments, sites, instruments, vehicles, flora and fauna, occupations and people.

John Tuzo Wilson [SEP] Photography


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: what is this chain?

Context: how does this place get its name?

Context: how was it formed?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Ottawa, Canada.

Context: is he a photographer as well?

Context: He took a large number of photographs during his travels.

Question: was he associated with any institute?

Answer: Yes, was president of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.

John Tuzo Wilson [SEP] Career and awards

John Tuzo Wilson was president (1957–1960) of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). In 1969, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to the rank of Companion of that order in 1974. Wilson was awarded the John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences in 1975. In 1978, he was awarded the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London and a Gold Medal by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. He also served as honorary vice president of the RCGS. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Canada, and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.


Context: when is the last time mauna kea erupted

Context: 6,000 to 4,000 years ago.

Context: who were the early settlers here?

Context: Ancient Hawaiians.

Context: how old is this chain?

Context: what is this chain?

Context: how does this place get its name?

Context: how was it formed?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Ottawa, Canada.

Context: is he a photographer as well?

Context: was he associated with any institute?

Context: Yes, was president of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.

Question: what are the aims of this union?

Answer: It is dedicated to the scientific study of Earth and its space environment using geophysical and geodetic techniques.

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics [SEP] Introduction

The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG; , UGGI) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the scientific study of Earth and its space environment using geophysical and geodetic techniques. The IUGG was established in Brussels, Belgium in 1919. Some areas within its scope are environmental preservation, reduction of the effects of natural hazards, and mineral resources.