Context: George Orwell, Karl Marx

Context: what is this ?

Context: who wrote it ?

Context: Thomas Gray

Question: what is the theme of it ?

Answer: The poem connects with many earlier British poems that contemplate death and seek to make it more familiar and tame

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard [SEP] Themes

The poem connects with many earlier British poems that contemplate death and seek to make it more familiar and tame, including Jonathan Swift's satirical "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift". But when compared to other works by the so-called Graveyard poets, such as Blair's "The Grave" (1743), Gray's poem has less emphasis on common images found there. His description of the moon, birds and trees dispels the horror found in them, and he largely avoids mentioning the word "grave", instead using euphemisms. There is a difference in tone between the two versions of the elegy; the early one ends with an emphasis on the narrator joining with the obscure common man, while the later version ends with an emphasis on how it is natural for humans to want to be known.


Context: who were among the famous graduates of eton mentioned in gray's elegy

Context: George Orwell, Karl Marx

Context: what is this ?

Context: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem

Context: who wrote it ?

Context: Thomas Gray

Context: what is the theme of it ?

Context: The poem connects with many earlier British poems that contemplate death and seek to make it more familiar and tame

Question: talk about its 20th century response ?

Answer: Critics believed that the poem's use of sound and tone made it great.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard [SEP] 20th-century response

Critics at the beginning of the 20th century believed that the poem's use of sound and tone made it great. The French critic Louis Cazamian claimed in 1927 that Gray "discovered rhythms, utilised the power of sounds, and even created evocations. The triumph of this sensibility allied to so much art is to be seen in the famous "Elegy", which from a somewhat reasoning and moralizing emotion has educed a grave, full, melodiously monotonous song, in which a century weaned from the music of the soul tasted all the sadness of eventide, of death, and of the tender musing upon self." I.


Context: George Orwell, Karl Marx

Context: what is this ?

Context: who wrote it ?

Context: Thomas Gray

Context: what is the theme of it ?

Context: talk about its 20th century response ?

Context: Critics believed that the poem's use of sound and tone made it great.

Question: where there any parodies released of it ?

Answer: Yes, Parodized from Gray for the Entertainment of Those Who Laugh at All Parties" by George Richards

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard [SEP] Adaptations and parodies

In the case of the American "The Political Passing Bell: An Elegy. Written in a Country Meeting House, April 1789; Parodized from Gray for the Entertainment of Those Who Laugh at All Parties" by George Richards (d.1804) and published from Boston MA, the parody was printed opposite Gray's original page by page, making the translation to the political context more obvious. A shift in context was the obvious starting point in many of these works and, where sufficiently original, contributed to the author's own literary fortunes. This was the case with Edward Jerningham's "The Nunnery: an elegy in imitation of the Elegy in a Churchyard", published in 1762.


Context: George Orwell, Karl Marx

Context: what is this ?

Context: who wrote it ?

Context: Thomas Gray

Context: what is the theme of it ?

Context: talk about its 20th century response ?

Context: where there any parodies released of it ?

Context: Yes, Parodized from Gray for the Entertainment of Those Who Laugh at All Parties" by George Richards

Question: talk about the education qualification of the write ?

Answer: Eton College and later attended Peterhouse, Cambridge

Explanation: Peterhouse, Cambridge

Thomas Gray [SEP] Early life and education

Gray was a delicate and scholarly boy who spent his time reading and avoiding athletics. He lived in his uncle's household rather than at college. He made three close friends at Eton: Horace Walpole, son of the Prime Minister Robert Walpole; Thomas Ashton; and Richard West, son of another Richard West who was briefly Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The four prided themselves on their sense of style, sense of humour, and appreciation of beauty. They were called the "quadruple alliance". In 1734, Gray went up to Peterhouse, Cambridge. He found the curriculum dull. He wrote letters to friends listing all the things he disliked: the masters ("mad with Pride") and the Fellows ("sleepy, drunken, dull, illiterate Things").


Context: George Orwell, Karl Marx

Context: what is this ?

Context: who wrote it ?

Context: Thomas Gray

Context: what is the theme of it ?

Context: talk about its 20th century response ?

Context: talk about the education qualification of the write ?

Context: Eton College and later attended Peterhouse, Cambridge

Question: name some of his other works ?

Answer: "The Progress of Poesy" and "The Bard"

Explanation: "The Progress of Poesy" and "The Bard

Thomas Gray [SEP] Forms

Gray considered his two Pindaric odes, "The Progress of Poesy" and "The Bard", as his best works. Pindaric odes are to be written with fire and passion, unlike the calmer and more reflective Horatian odes such as "Ode on a distant Prospect of Eton College". "The Bard" tells of a wild Welsh poet cursing the Norman king Edward I after his conquest of Wales and prophesying in detail the downfall of the House of Plantagenet. It is melodramatic, and ends with the bard hurling himself to his death from the top of a mountain. When his duties allowed, Gray travelled widely throughout Britain to places such as Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Scotland and most notably the Lake District (see his "Journal of a Visit to the Lake District" in 1769) in search of picturesque landscapes and ancient monuments.


Context: George Orwell, Karl Marx

Context: what is this ?

Context: who wrote it ?

Context: Thomas Gray

Context: what is the theme of it ?

Context: talk about its 20th century response ?

Context: name some of his other works ?

Context: "The Progress of Poesy" and "The Bard"

Question: where was the writer born ?

Answer: Cornhill, London

Explanation: Cornhill, London.

Thomas Gray was born in Cornhill, London. His father, Philip Gray, was a scrivener and his mother, Dorothy Antrobus, was a milliner. He was the fifth of twelve children, and the only one to survive infancy. He lived with his mother after she left his abusive and mentally unwell father. Gray's mother paid for him to go to Eton College, where his uncles Robert and William Antrobus worked. Robert became Gray's first teacher and helped inspire in Gray a love for botany and observational science. Gray's other uncle, William, became his tutor. He recalled his schooldays as a time of great happiness, as is evident in his "".


Context: George Orwell, Karl Marx

Context: what is this ?

Context: who wrote it ?

Context: Thomas Gray

Context: what is the theme of it ?

Context: talk about its 20th century response ?

Context: name some of his other works ?

Context: "The Progress of Poesy" and "The Bard"

Context: where was the writer born ?

Context: Cornhill, London

Question: talk about his early life ?

Answer: His father, Philip Gray, was a scrivener and his mother, Dorothy Antrobus, was a milliner. He was the fifth of twelve children, and the only one to survive infancy. He lived with his mother after she left his abusive and mentally unwell father.

Explanation: His father, Philip Gray, was a scrivener and his mother, Dorothy Antrobus, was a milliner. He was the fifth of twelve children, and the only one to survive infancy. He lived with his mother after she left his abusive and mentally unwell father.


Question: where does the appalachian trail start and where does it end

Answer: It is a extension running northeast from Maine into New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, where it ends at Forillon National Park.

Appalachian Trail [SEP] Extensions

The International Appalachian Trail is a extension running northeast from Maine into New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, where it ends at Forillon National Park. It is a separate trail and not an official extension of the Appalachian Trail. Other branches are designated in parts of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and along the western shore of Newfoundland, to the northern end of the Appalachian Mountain range, where it enters the Atlantic Ocean, near L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site. The route has since been extended to Greenland, Europe, and Morocco. Although the Appalachian Trail ends in Georgia, the Appalachian Mountains continue south to Flagg Mountain in Alabama.


Context: where does the appalachian trail start and where does it end

Context: It is a extension running northeast from Maine into New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, where it ends at Forillon National Park.

Question: what is this trail about?

Answer: It is a marked hiking trail in the Eastern United States extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine.

Appalachian Trail [SEP] Introduction

The Appalachian National Scenic Trail, generally known as the Appalachian Trail or simply the A.T., is a marked hiking trail in the Eastern United States extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine. The trail is about long, though the exact length changes over time as parts are rerouted or modified. The Appalachian Trail Conservancy describes the Appalachian Trail as the longest hiking-only trail in the world. More than 2 million people are said to take a hike on part of the trail at least once each year. The idea of the Appalachian Trail came about in 1921.


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: It is a marked hiking trail in the Eastern United States extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine.

Question: who discovered this trail?

Answer: Benton MacKaye

Appalachian Trail [SEP] History

The trail was conceived by Benton MacKaye, a forester who wrote his original plan—called "An Appalachian Trail, A Project in Regional Planning"—shortly after the death of his wife in 1921. MacKaye's idea detailed a grand trail that would connect a series of farms and wilderness work/study camps for city-dwellers along the Appalachian Mountains from the highest point in the North (Mt. Washington in New Hampshire) to the highest in the South (Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina). Hiking was an incidental focus of his plan. In 1922, at the suggestion of Major William A. Welch, director of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, his idea was publicized by Raymond H.


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: who discovered this trail?

Context: Benton MacKaye

Question: what was his profession?

Answer: He was an American forester, planner and conservationist.

Benton MacKaye [SEP] Introduction

Benton MacKaye ( ; March 6, 1879 – December 11, 1975) was an American forester, planner and conservationist. He was born in Stamford, Connecticut; his father was actor and dramatist Steele MacKaye. After studying forestry at Harvard University (B.A., 1900; M.A. School of Forestry, 1905), Benton later taught there for several years. He joined a number of Federal bureaus and agencies, including the U.S. Forest Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the U.S. Department of Labor; he was also a member of the Technical Alliance where he participated in the "Energy Survey of North America". MacKaye helped pioneer the idea of land preservation for recreation and conservation purposes, and was a strong advocate of balancing human needs and those of nature; he coined the term "Geotechnics" to describe this philosophy.


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: who discovered this trail?

Context: Benton MacKaye

Context: what was his profession?

Context: He was an American forester, planner and conservationist.

Question: has he discovered any other trail apart from the former one?

Answer: "The Pinhoti Trail is considered the realization of forester Benton MacKaye's original 1921 vision of a trail extending the length of the Appalachian Mountain chain, connecting several existing trails, and sprinkled with permanent camps and constructed to "stimulate every line of outdoor non-industrial endeavor," including recreation, recuperation, agriculture and study.

Benton MacKaye [SEP] Pinhoti Trail

"The Pinhoti Trail is considered the realization of forester Benton MacKaye's original 1921 vision of a trail extending the length of the Appalachian Mountain chain, connecting several existing trails, and sprinkled with permanent camps and constructed to "stimulate every line of outdoor non-industrial endeavor," including recreation, recuperation, agriculture and study. He hoped to spark a "back to the land" movement to relieve the ills of urban industrial life." https://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Pinhoti_Trail From the Pinhoti Trail Alliance. The PTA Facebook account has the most history and current trail conditions online.


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: who discovered this trail?

Context: Benton MacKaye

Context: what was his profession?

Context: has he discovered any other trail apart from the former one?

Context: "The Pinhoti Trail is considered the realization of forester Benton MacKaye's original 1921 vision of a trail extending the length of the Appalachian Mountain chain, connecting several existing trails, and sprinkled with permanent camps and constructed to "stimulate every line of outdoor non-industrial endeavor," including recreation, recuperation, agriculture and study.

Question: did the former trail have any extensions?

Answer: Pinhoti National Recreation Trail in Alabama and Georgia, which terminates at Flagg Mountain, was connected to the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail via the Benton MacKaye Trail.

Explanation: In 2008, the Pinhoti National Recreation Trail in Alabama and Georgia, which terminates at Flagg Mountain, was connected to the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail via the Benton MacKaye Trail.

Appalachian Trail [SEP] Extensions

The Appalachian Approach Trail begins at Amicalola Falls State Park's visitor center and ends at Springer Mountain. Because Springer Mountain is in a remote area, the Approach Trail is often the beginning of North bound thru-hike attempts. Much of the Approach Trail was originally built as part of the Appalachian Trail, before the southern terminus was relocated from Mount Oglethorpe to Springer Mountain.


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: who discovered this trail?

Context: Benton MacKaye

Context: what was his profession?

Context: did the former trail have any extensions?

Context: Pinhoti National Recreation Trail in Alabama and Georgia, which terminates at Flagg Mountain, was connected to the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail via the Benton MacKaye Trail.

Question: where is the second country mentioned located?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Appalachian Trail [SEP] Extensions


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: who discovered this trail?

Context: Benton MacKaye

Context: what was his profession?

Context: where is the second country mentioned located?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what kind of plants are found on the aforementioned trail?

Answer: hardwoods, oak and tulip trees.

Explanation: . In the south, the forest is dominated by hardwoods, including oak and tulip trees, also known as yellow poplar.

Appalachian Trail [SEP] Plants

Several balds are sprouting trees, and on some, the National Forest service actually mows the grasses periodically in order to keep the balds free of trees.


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: who discovered this trail?

Context: Benton MacKaye

Context: what was his profession?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of plants are found on the aforementioned trail?

Context: hardwoods, oak and tulip trees.

Question: are animals also found here?

Answer: beaver, squirrel, river otter, chipmunk, porcupine, bobcat, two species of fox, boar, woodchuck, raccoon, and coyote

Appalachian Trail [SEP] Animals

Other large mammals commonly sighted include deer; elk, reintroduced in the Smoky Mountains; and moose, which may be found in the vicinity of Massachusetts and northward. Small mammal species that inhabit along the trails are beaver, squirrel, river otter, chipmunk, porcupine, bobcat, two species of fox, boar, woodchuck, raccoon, and coyote. Bird species that reside in the trails are wild turkey, ruffed grouse, mourning dove, raven, two species of eagle, wood duck, three species of owl, and three species of hawk as well as warblers. There are different kinds of squirrels along the Appalachian Trail as well, especially in Maine.


Context: what is this trail about?

Context: who discovered this trail?

Context: Benton MacKaye

Context: what was his profession?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: hardwoods, oak and tulip trees.

Context: are animals also found here?

Context: beaver, squirrel, river otter, chipmunk, porcupine, bobcat, two species of fox, boar, woodchuck, raccoon, and coyote

Question: how did the cat get its name?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Appalachian Trail [SEP] Animals

The American black bear ("Ursus americanus"), among the largest animals along the Appalachian Trail, rarely confronts people. The black bear is the largest omnivore that may be encountered on the trail, and it inhabits all regions of the Appalachians. Bear sightings on the trail are uncommon, except in certain sections, especially Shenandoah National Park and portions of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts sections, where bear populations have increased steadily since 1980; confrontations are rarer still. Other hazards include venomous snakes, including the Eastern timber rattlesnake and copperhead, which are common along the trail. Both snakes are generally found in drier, rockier sections of the trail; the copperhead's range extends north to around the New Jersey–New York state line, while rattlesnakes are commonly found along the trail in Connecticut and have been reported, although rarely, as far north as New Hampshire.


Question: who ran in front of the kings horse

Answer: Emily Wilding Davison

Emily Davison [SEP] Introduction

Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 – 8 June 1913) was an English suffragette who fought for votes for women in Britain in the early twentieth century. A member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and a militant fighter for her cause, she was arrested on nine occasions, went on hunger strike seven times and was force fed on forty-nine occasions. She died after being hit by King George V's horse Anmer at the 1913 Derby when she walked onto the track during the race. Davison grew up in a middle-class family, and studied at Royal Holloway College, London, and St Hugh's College, Oxford, before taking jobs as a teacher and governess.


Context:
who ran in front of the kings horse
Emily Wilding Davison

Question: who was she?

Answer: She was an English suffragette who fought for votes for women in Britain in the early twentieth century

Explanation: Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 – 8 June 1913) was an English suffragette who fought for votes for women in Britain in the early twentieth century

Emily Davison [SEP] Introduction

She joined the WSPU in November 1906 and became an officer of the organisation and a chief steward during marches. She soon became known in the organisation for her daring militant action; her tactics included breaking windows, throwing stones, setting fire to postboxes and, on three occasions, hiding overnight in the Palace of Westminster—including on the night of the 1911 census. Her funeral on 14 June 1913 was organised by the WSPU. A procession of 5,000 suffragettes and their supporters accompanied her coffin and 50,000 people lined the route through London; her coffin was then taken by train to the family plot in Morpeth, Northumberland.


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: She was an English suffragette who fought for votes for women in Britain in the early twentieth century

Question: and when was she born?

Answer: 11 October 1872

Emily Davison [SEP] Early life and education

Emily Wilding Davison was born at Roxburgh House, Greenwich, in south-east London on 11 October 1872. Her parents were Charles Davison, a retired merchant, and Margaret "" Caisley, both of Morpeth, Northumberland. At the time of his marriage to Margaret in 1868, Charles was 45 and Margaret was 19. Emily was the third of four children born to the couple; her younger sister died of diphtheria in 1880 at the age of six. The marriage to Margaret was Charles's second; his first marriage produced nine children before the death of his wife in 1866. The family moved to Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, while Davison was still a baby; until the age of 11 she was educated at home.


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: and when was she born?

Context: 11 October 1872

Question: did she graduate?

Answer: No, because degrees from Oxford were closed to women.

When her parents moved the family back to London she went to a day school, then spent a year studying in Dunkirk, France. When she was 13 she attended Kensington High School and later won a bursary to Royal Holloway College in 1891 to study literature. Her father died in early 1893 and she was forced to end her studies because her mother could not afford the fees of £20 a term. On leaving Holloway, Davison became a live-in governess, and continued studying in the evenings. She saved enough money to enrol at St Hugh's College, Oxford, for one term to sit her finals; she achieved first-class honours in English, but could not graduate because degrees from Oxford were closed to women.


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: and when was she born?

Context: 11 October 1872

Context: did she graduate?

Context: No, because degrees from Oxford were closed to women.

Question: what activity or union did she join?

Answer: Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU)

Emily Davison [SEP] Activism

Davison joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in November 1906. Formed in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst, the WSPU brought together those who thought that militant, confrontational tactics were needed to achieve their ultimate goal of women's suffrage. Davison joined in the WSPU's campaigning, and became an officer of the organisation and a chief steward during marches. In 1908 or 1909 she left her job teaching and dedicated herself full-time to the union. She began taking increasingly confrontational actions, which prompted Sylvia Pankhurst—the daughter of Emmeline and a full-time member of the WSPU—to describe her as "one of the most daring and reckless of the militants".


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: and when was she born?

Context: 11 October 1872

Context: did she graduate?

Context: what activity or union did she join?

Question: and when was this formed?

Answer: 10 October 1903

Women's Social and Political Union [SEP] Early years

The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded as an independent women's movement on 10 October 1903 at 62 Nelson Street, Manchester, home of the Pankhurst family. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with two of her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, and her husband, Richard, before his death in 1898, had been active in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), founded in 1893 by former Scottish miner Keir Hardie, a family friend. (Hardie later founded the Labour Party.) Emmeline Pankhurst had increasingly felt that the ILP was not there for women. On 9 October 1903, she invited a group of ILP women to meet at her home the next day, telling them: "Women, we must do the work ourselves.


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: and when was she born?

Context: 11 October 1872

Context: did she graduate?

Context: what activity or union did she join?

Context: and when was this formed?

Context: 10 October 1903

Question: by whom?

Answer: Pankhurst family.


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: and when was she born?

Context: 11 October 1872

Context: did she graduate?

Context: what activity or union did she join?

Context: and when was this formed?

Context: 10 October 1903

Context: by whom?

Context: Pankhurst family.

Question: when did the davison  die?

Answer: 8 June,1913

Explanation: She died on 8 June, from a fracture at the base of her skull.

Emily Davison [SEP] Fatal injury at the Derby

Davison's purpose in attending the Derby and walking onto the course is unclear. She did not discuss her plans with anyone or leave a note. Several theories have been suggested, including that she intended to cross the track, believing that all horses had passed; that she wanted to pull down the King's horse; that she was trying to attach one of the WSPU flags to a horse; or that she intended to throw herself in front of one of the horses. The historian Elizabeth Crawford considers that "subsequent explanations of ... [Davison's] action have created a tangle of fictions, false deductions, hearsay, conjecture, misrepresentation and theory".


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: and when was she born?

Context: 11 October 1872

Context: did she graduate?

Context: what activity or union did she join?

Context: and when was this formed?

Context: 10 October 1903

Context: by whom?

Context: Pankhurst family.

Context: when did the davison  die?

Context: 8 June,1913

Question: and how did she die?

Answer: She had a fracture at the base of her skull.


Context: who ran in front of the kings horse

Context: Emily Wilding Davison

Context: who was she?

Context: and when was she born?

Context: 11 October 1872

Context: did she graduate?

Context: what activity or union did she join?

Context: and when was this formed?

Context: 10 October 1903

Context: by whom?

Context: Pankhurst family.

Context: when did the davison  die?

Context: 8 June,1913

Context: and how did she die?

Context: She had a fracture at the base of her skull.

Question: what was her legacy about?

Answer: Davison is the subject of an opera, "Emily" (2013), by the British composer Tim Benjamin, and of "Emily Davison", a song by the American rock singer Greg Kihn.

Emily Davison [SEP] Legacy

In 1968 a one-act play written by Joice Worters, "Emily", was staged in Northumberland, focusing on the use of violence against the women's campaign. Davison is the subject of an opera, "Emily" (2013), by the British composer Tim Benjamin, and of "Emily Davison", a song by the American rock singer Greg Kihn. Davison also appears as a supporting character in the 2015 film "Suffragette", in which she is portrayed by Natalie Press. Her death and funeral form the climax of the film. In January 2018 the cantata "Pearl of Freedom", telling the story of Davison's suffragette struggles, was premiered. The music was by the composer Joanna Marsh; the librettist was David Pountney.


Question: why is the platypus in the kingdom animalia

Answer: Because they are multicellular eukaryotic organisms

Explanation: Animals (also called Metazoa) are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The kingdom Animalia includes humans but in colloquial use the term "animal" often refers only to non-human animals. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology.

Animal [SEP] Introduction


Context: why is the platypus in the kingdom animalia

Context: Because they are multicellular eukaryotic organisms

Question: could you describe it?

Answer: Dense, brown waterproof fur; webbed feet; elongated snout.

Explanation:
The body and the broad, flat tail of the platypus are covered with dense, brown fur that traps a layer of insulating air to keep the animal warm. The fur is waterproof, and the texture is akin to that of a mole. The platypus uses its tail for storage of fat reserves (an adaptation also found in animals such as the Tasmanian devil). The webbing on the feet is more significant on the front feet and is folded back when walking on land. The elongated snout and lower jaw are covered in soft skin, forming the bill. The nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of the snout, while the eyes and ears are located in a groove set just back from it; this groove is closed when swimming. Platypuses have been heard to emit a low growl when disturbed and a range of other vocalisations have been reported in captive specimens.

Weight varies considerably from , with males being larger than females. Males average in total length, while females average , with substantial variation in average size from on

Platypus [SEP] Description

In David Collins's account of the new colony 1788–1801, he describes coming across "an amphibious animal, of the mole species". His account includes a drawing of the animal. The body and the broad, flat tail of the platypus are covered with dense, brown fur that traps a layer of insulating air to keep the animal warm. The fur is waterproof, and the texture is akin to that of a mole. The platypus uses its tail for storage of fat reserves (an adaptation also found in animals such as the Tasmanian devil). The webbing on the feet is more significant on the front feet and is folded back when walking on land.


Context: could you describe it?

Context: Dense, brown waterproof fur; webbed feet; elongated snout.

Question: and where is it found?

Answer: Small streams and rivers at Tasmania and Australia

Platypus [SEP] Distribution, ecology, and behaviour

The platypus is semiaquatic, inhabiting small streams and rivers over an extensive range from the cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to the tropical rainforests of coastal Queensland as far north as the base of the Cape York Peninsula. Inland, its distribution is not well known. It was considered extinct on the South Australian mainland, with the last sighting recorded at Renmark in 1975, until some years after John Walmsley had created Warrawong Sanctuary (see below) in the 1980s, setting a platypus breeding program there, and it had subsequently closed. In 2017 there were some unconfirmed sightings downstream, outside the sanctuary, and in October 2020 a nesting platypus was filmed inside the recently reopened sanctuary.


Context: could you describe it?

Context: and where is it found?

Context: Small streams and rivers at Tasmania and Australia

Question: how does it protect itself?

Answer: The male's ankle spurs delivers venom for defence

Explanation:
While both male and female platypuses are born with ankle spurs, only the male's spurs deliver venom,
composed largely of defensin-like proteins (DLPs), three of which are unique to the platypus. The DLPs are produced by the immune system of the platypus. The function of defensins is to cause lysis in pathogenic bacteria and viruses, but in platypuses they also are formed into venom for defence. Although powerful enough to kill smaller animals such as dogs, the venom is not lethal to humans, but the pain is so excruciating that the victim may be incapacitated. Oedema rapidly develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the affected limb. Information obtained from case histories and anecdotal evidence indicates the pain develops into a long-lasting hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to pain) that persists for days or even months. Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male, which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands connected by a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus sp

Platypus [SEP] Venom


Context: could you describe it?

Context: and where is it found?

Context: how does it protect itself?

Context: The male's ankle spurs delivers venom for defence

Question: when was it discovered?

Answer: It was  first encountered by Europeans in 1798

Explanation: When the platypus was first encountered by Europeans in 1798, a pelt and sketch were sent back to Great Britain by Captain John Hunter, the second Governor of New South Wales. British scientists' initial hunch was that the attributes were a hoax. George Shaw, who produced the first description of the animal in the "Naturalist's Miscellany" in 1799, stated it was impossible not to entertain doubts as to its genuine nature, and Robert Knox believed it might have been produced by some Asian taxidermist. It was thought that somebody had sewn a duck's beak onto the body of a beaver-like animal. Shaw even took a pair of scissors to the dried skin to check for stitches.

Platypus [SEP] Taxonomy and etymology


Context: could you describe it?

Context: and where is it found?

Context: how does it protect itself?

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: It was  first encountered by Europeans in 1798

Question: what is the other creature the is found in above mentioned rivers?

Answer: Humpback whales and a minke whale have been recorded feeding in the River Derwent in Tasmania

Explanation: In recent years, southern right whales finally started making appearance in the river during months in winter and spring when their migration takes place. Some females even started using calm waters of the river as a safe ground for giving birth to their calves and would stay over following weeks after disappearance of almost 200 years due to being wiped out by intense whaling activities. In the winter months of 2014, humpback whales and a minke whale (being the first confirmed record of this species in the river) have been recorded feeding in the River Derwent for the first time since the whaling days of the 1800s.

River Derwent (Tasmania) [SEP] Flora and fauna


Context: could you describe it?

Context: and where is it found?

Context: how does it protect itself?

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: what is the other creature the is found in above mentioned rivers?

Context: Humpback whales and a minke whale have been recorded feeding in the River Derwent in Tasmania

Question: and similarly what creature is found on the above mentioned island?

Answer: Tasmanian devil

Explanation: The island of Tasmania was home to the thylacine, a marsupial which resembled a fossa or some say a wild dog. Known colloquially as the Tasmanian tiger for the distinctive striping across its back, it became extinct in mainland Australia much earlier because of competition by the dingo, introduced in prehistoric times. Owing to persecution by farmers, government-funded bounty hunters and, in the final years, collectors for overseas museums, it appears to have been exterminated in Tasmania. The Tasmanian devil became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world following the extinction of the thylacine in 1936, and is now found in the wild only in Tasmania. Tasmania was one of the last regions of Australia to be introduced to domesticated dogs. Dogs were brought from Britain in 1803 for hunting kangaroos and emus. This introduction completely transformed Aboriginal society, as it helped them to successfully compete with European hunters, and was more important than the introduction of

Tasmania [SEP] Fauna


Context: could you describe it?

Context: and where is it found?

Context: how does it protect itself?

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: and similarly what creature is found on the above mentioned island?

Context: Tasmanian devil

Question: how do the y reproduce?

Answer: Males can produce up to 16 offspring over their lifetime, while females average four mating seasons and 12 offspring.

Explanation:
Females start to breed when they reach sexual maturity, typically in their second year. At this point, they become fertile once a year, producing multiple ova while in heat. As prey is most abundant in spring and early summer, the devil's reproductive cycle starts in March or April so that the end of the weaning period coincides with the maximisation of food supplies in the wild for the newly roaming young devils.

Occurring in March, mating takes places in sheltered locations during both day and night. Males fight over females in the breeding season, and female devils will mate with the dominant male. Females can ovulate up to three times in a 21-day period, and copulation can take five days; one instance of a couple being in the mating den for eight days has been recorded. Devils are not monogamous, and females will mate with several males if not guarded after mating; males also reproduce with several females during a season. Females have been shown to be selective in an attempt to

Tasmanian devil [SEP] Reproduction


Context: could you describe it?

Context: and where is it found?

Context: how does it protect itself?

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: Tasmanian devil

Context: how do the y reproduce?

Context: Males can produce up to 16 offspring over their lifetime, while females average four mating seasons and 12 offspring.

Question: what bird is found in the above mentioned second country?

Answer: Emu, Kookaburra

Australia [SEP] Biodiversity

Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species. Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts. Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra.


Context: could you describe it?

Context: and where is it found?

Context: how does it protect itself?

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: Tasmanian devil

Context: how do the y reproduce?

Context: what bird is found in the above mentioned second country?

Context: Emu, Kookaburra

Question: and when were the aforementioned bird reported been seen?

Answer: Emus were first reported as having been seen by Europeans when explorers visited the western coast of Australia in 1696.

Emu [SEP] History

Emus were first reported as having been seen by Europeans when explorers visited the western coast of Australia in 1696. This was during an expedition led by Dutch captain Willem de Vlamingh who was searching for survivors of a ship that had gone missing two years earlier. The birds were known on the eastern coast before 1788, when the first Europeans settled there. The birds were first mentioned under the name of the "New Holland cassowary" in Arthur Phillip's "Voyage to Botany Bay", published in 1789 with the following description: The species was named by ornithologist John Latham in 1790 based on a specimen from the Sydney area of Australia, a country which was known as New Holland at the time.


Question: those most likely to have taken part in the new york city draft riots of 1863 were

Answer: The white working-class.

New York City draft riots [SEP] Introduction

The New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week, were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of white working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and most racially-charged urban disturbance in American history. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly white working-class men who feared free black people competing for work and resented that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 () commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft.


Context: those most likely to have taken part in the new york city draft riots of 1863 were

Context: The white working-class.

Question: when did these riots take place?

Answer: July 13–16, 1863.

Explanation: The New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week, were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Question: which country?

Answer: United States of America.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Question: why?

Answer: It is widely regarded as the culmination of white working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: It is widely regarded as the culmination of white working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War.

Question: how were they resolved?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how was order restored?

Answer: As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining mobs.

New York City draft riots [SEP] Wednesday and Thursday: order restored

The situation improved on Wednesday, when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to postpone the draft. As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining mobs. Order began to be restored on Thursday. The New York State Militia and some federal troops were returned to New York, including the 152nd New York Volunteers, the 26th Michigan Volunteers, the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick, Maryland, after a forced march.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining mobs.

Question: was the police part of it?

Answer: Yes, under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.

Explanation:
New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots.
Of the NYPD Officers-there were four fatalities-1 killed and 3 died of injuries

New York City draft riots [SEP] New York Metropolitan Police Department


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: Yes, under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.

Question: what do you mean by militia?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do you know any prominent names who took part in the riots?

Answer: James Barnet Fry.

Explanation: The situation improved on Wednesday, when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to postpone the draft. As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do you know any prominent names who took part in the riots?

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Question: who was he?

Answer: An American soldier and prolific author of historical books.

Explanation: James Barnet Fry (February 22, 1827 – July 11, 1894) was an American soldier and prolific author of historical books.

James Barnet Fry [SEP] Introduction


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Context: who was he?

Context: An American soldier and prolific author of historical books.

Question: what was his rank as a soldier?

Answer: Captain

Explanation: He was promoted as an assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain on August 3, 1861.

James Barnet Fry [SEP] Civil War service

On October 8, 1862 Fry participated in the Battle of Perryville, Kentucky. Fry then served as assistant in charge of the appointment branch of the Adjutant-General's Office, at Washington, D. C. from November 12, 1862 until he was appointed provost marshal general of the United States Army. In this capacity he was responsible for tracking deserters, enforcing military laws and overseeing the Invalid Corps. He was appointed to the position, with the rank of colonel, on March 17, 1863 and was promoted to brigadier general on April 21, 1864. Fry served as provost marshal general until the office was abolished on August 27, 1866.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Context: who was he?

Context: what was his rank as a soldier?

Context: Captain

Question: was he part of the civil war?

Answer: Yes

In July 1861 he served as chief of staff to Brigadier General Irvin McDowell at the First Battle of Bull Run. He was promoted as an assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain on August 3, 1861. On November 15, 1861 he was assigned as chief of staff to under Major General Don Carlos Buell. General Buell successively commanded the Department of the Ohio and the Army of the Ohio. In this assignment, Fry participated in the Battle of Shiloh and the Siege of Corinth in April and May 1862. Fry was promoted to the rank of major on April 22, 1862 and to lieutenant colonel on December 31 of the same year.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Context: who was he?

Context: what was his rank as a soldier?

Context: Captain

Context: was he part of the civil war?

Context: Yes

Question: who fought in this war?

Answer: Northern states loyal to the Union and southern states.

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina just over a month after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Context: who was he?

Context: what was his rank as a soldier?

Context: Captain

Context: was he part of the civil war?

Context: Yes

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: Northern states loyal to the Union and southern states.

Question: who won?

Answer: The North and West.

American Civil War [SEP] Results

The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today. The North and West grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the second-class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty. Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including James McPherson, argue that Confederate victory was at least possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Context: who was he?

Context: what was his rank as a soldier?

Context: Captain

Context: was he part of the civil war?

Context: Yes

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won?

Context: The North and West.

Question: did the aforementioned riots take place in any particular part of the city?

Answer: Yes, in Lower Manhattan.


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Context: who was he?

Context: what was his rank as a soldier?

Context: Captain

Context: was he part of the civil war?

Context: Yes

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won?

Context: The North and West.

Context: did the aforementioned riots take place in any particular part of the city?

Context: Yes, in Lower Manhattan.

Question: were guns used in the war you just mentioned?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: The white working-class.

Context: when did these riots take place?

Context: July 13–16, 1863.

Context: which country?

Context: United States of America.

Context: why?

Context: how were they resolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how was order restored?

Context: was the police part of it?

Context: what do you mean by militia?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: James Barnet Fry.

Context: who was he?

Context: what was his rank as a soldier?

Context: Captain

Context: was he part of the civil war?

Context: Yes

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won?

Context: The North and West.

Context: Yes, in Lower Manhattan.

Context: were guns used in the war you just mentioned?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: the captain you mentioned before, can you please name the books which he has written?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: in grey's anatomy who does meredith end up with

Answer: Derek Shepherd

Meredith Grey [SEP] Introduction

Meredith Grey, M.D., F.A.C.S. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy", which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actress Ellen Pompeo. Meredith is the series' protagonist and title character, and was introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital (later Seattle Grace-Mercy West Hospital, and afterwards Grey+Sloan Memorial), eventually obtaining the position of a surgical resident, and later the position of an attending, and in 2015, attaining the Chief of General Surgery position. As the daughter of world-renowned surgeon Ellis Grey, Meredith struggles with the everyday life of being in a competitive profession, maintaining the relationship with her one-night stand and eventual husband Derek Shepherd, her motherhood, and her friendships with her colleagues.


Context: in grey's anatomy who does meredith end up with

Context: Derek Shepherd

Question: who is the actress playing the afore-mentioned character?

Answer: Ellen Pompeo

Explanation: The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actress Ellen Pompeo.

Meredith Grey [SEP] Introduction


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: who is the actress playing the afore-mentioned character?

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Question: what type of person is the character she ends up with?

Answer: He is described as typical "Prince Charming", planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe.

Derek Shepherd [SEP] Characterization

Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical "Prince Charming". He was planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed.


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: what type of person is the character she ends up with?

Context: He is described as typical "Prince Charming", planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe.

Question: which actor plays this character?

Answer: Patrick Dempsey

Derek Shepherd [SEP] Introduction

Derek Christopher Shepherd, M.D., F.A.C.S., also referred to as "McDreamy", is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama "Grey's Anatomy", portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey. He made his first appearance in the pilot episode, "A Hard Day's Night", which was broadcast on March 27, 2005. Derek was married to Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) before their divorce in 2007. Before his death in 2015, Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend and wife Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). The couple has three children together. Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West (now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital) but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting.


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Question: when did he start his acting career?

Answer: His first major feature film role was at age 21.

Patrick Dempsey [SEP] Early career

Dempsey's first major feature film role was at age 21 with Beverly D'Angelo in the movie "In The Mood", the actual World War II story about Ellsworth Wisecarver whose relationships with older married women created a national uproar. He then co-starred in the third installment of the comedy classic "", alongside Sally Kellerman in 1987. This was followed by the teen comedy "Can't Buy Me Love" in 1987 with actress Amanda Peterson and "Some Girls" with Jennifer Connelly in 1988. In 1989, Dempsey had the lead role in the films "Loverboy" with actress Kirstie Alley and "Happy Together" with actress Helen Slater.


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: His first major feature film role was at age 21.

Question: which film was it?

Answer: "In The Mood"

Patrick Dempsey [SEP] Early career


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Question: what is the origin of the term describing his charm?

Answer: The term was used in the 17th century for the fairy tale heroes, although neither one was a prince and the first was not royal, this may have been the original use of "Charming".

Prince Charming [SEP] History of term

In the 17th century, Madame d'Aulnoy wrote two fairy tales, "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks", where the hero was named "Avenant" ("Fine", "Beautiful", in French), and "The Blue Bird", where the hero was "Le roi Charmant" ("The Charming King"). When Andrew Lang retold the first (in 1889) for "The Blue Fairy Book", he rendered the hero's name as "Charming"; the second, for "The Green Fairy Book", as "King Charming". Although neither one was a prince and the first was not royal, this may have been the original use of "Charming". Then, Oscar Wilde's 1890 novel "The Picture of Dorian Gray" refers ironically to "Prince Charming", perhaps the earliest use of the exact term.


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Context: what is the origin of the term describing his charm?

Context: The term was used in the 17th century for the fairy tale heroes, although neither one was a prince and the first was not royal, this may have been the original use of "Charming".

Question: any particular fairy tale in which this hero character is seen?

Answer: "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks"

Explanation: In the 17th century, Madame d'Aulnoy wrote two fairy tales, "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks", where the hero was named "Avenant" ("Fine", "Beautiful", in French), and "The Blue Bird", where the hero was "Le roi Charmant" ("The Charming King").

Prince Charming [SEP] History of term


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Context: any particular fairy tale in which this hero character is seen?

Context: "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks"

Question: what is this story about?

Answer: It is about a beautiful princess who is known as Pretty Goldilocks, a king fell in love but she rejects him. Later, the king sends a young courtier named 'Charming' to get her, with all her wishes fulfilled by Charming the princess wished to marry Charming but he refused to be disloyal to his king.

Explanation: A princess was so beautiful and had such golden hair that she was known as Pretty Goldilocks. A neighboring king fell in love with her from her description, but much to the king's disappointment, she rejected his ambassador, saying she had no wish to be married. A young courtier and royal favorite, called Charming, told his friends that if "he" had gone, she would have accepted, and the king threw him in prison. He lamented his fate, and the king, hearing, told him what he had said was the cause of it. Charming said that he would have drawn such a picture of the king as to make him irresistible to her, and the king decided to send him. On the way, he helped a carp that was out of water, a raven being chased by an eagle, and an owl caught in a net; each one promised to help him.

The Story of Pretty Goldilocks [SEP] Synopsis


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Context: "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks"

Context: what is this story about?

Context: It is about a beautiful princess who is known as Pretty Goldilocks, a king fell in love but she rejects him. Later, the king sends a young courtier named 'Charming' to get her, with all her wishes fulfilled by Charming the princess wished to marry Charming but he refused to be disloyal to his king.

Question: are there any similar tales in other parts of the world?

Answer: Yes, in Asia.

The Story of Pretty Goldilocks [SEP] Asia

A Filipino variant, titled "Benito, the faithful servant", has been collected and published in The Journal of American Folklore. Variants of tale have been identified in the works of Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and British orientalist William Crooke.


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Context: "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks"

Context: what is this story about?

Context: are there any similar tales in other parts of the world?

Context: Yes, in Asia.

Question: who is the creator of the tv show mentioned previously?

Answer: Shonda Rhimes

Grey's Anatomy [SEP] Introduction

Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27, 2005, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement. The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings as they develop into seasoned doctors while balancing personal and professional relationships. The title is an allusion to "Gray's Anatomy", a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray. Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series. She is also one of the executive producers alongside Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg and recently Ellen Pompeo.


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Context: "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks"

Context: what is this story about?

Context: Yes, in Asia.

Context: who is the creator of the tv show mentioned previously?

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Question: has she created any other shows?

Answer: Yes, "Private Practice" and "Scandal".

Shonda Rhimes [SEP] Introduction

Shonda Lynn Rhimes (born January 13, 1970) is an American television producer, screenwriter, and author. She is best known as the showrunner—creator, head writer, and executive producer—of the television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy", its spin-off "Private Practice", and the political thriller series "Scandal". Rhimes has also served as the executive producer of the ABC television series "Off the Map", "How to Get Away with Murder", "The Catch", and "Station 19". In 2007, Rhimes was named one of "TIME" magazine's 100 People Who Help Shape the World. In 2015, she published her first book, a memoir, "Year of Yes: How to Dance It Out, Stand in the Sun, and Be Your Own Person".


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Context: "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks"

Context: what is this story about?

Context: Yes, in Asia.

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Context: has she created any other shows?

Context: Yes, "Private Practice" and "Scandal".

Question: does she have her own production company?

Answer: Yes, Shondaland.

Shonda Rhimes [SEP] Shondaland

Shondaland is the name of Rhimes's production company. Shondaland and its logo also refer to the shows Rhimes has produced and to Rhimes herself. Shows included in Shondaland are:


Context: Derek Shepherd

Context: Ellen Pompeo

Context: which actor plays this character?

Context: Patrick Dempsey

Context: when did he start his acting career?

Context: which film was it?

Context: "In The Mood"

Context: "The Story of Pretty Goldilocks"

Context: what is this story about?

Context: Yes, in Asia.

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Context: has she created any other shows?

Context: Yes, "Private Practice" and "Scandal".

Context: does she have her own production company?

Context: Yes, Shondaland.

Question: when was this company started?

Answer: 2005

Shondaland [SEP] Introduction

Shondaland (stylized as ShondaLand from 2005–2016 and shondaland) is an American television production company founded by television writer/producer Shonda Rhimes. She founded it to be one of the production companies of her first series "Grey's Anatomy" in 2005. It has since gone on to produce Rhimes's other creations, "Grey's" spinoff "Private Practice" and the widely popular political drama "Scandal", and her other productions—the short-lived "Off the Map", the Viola Davis-starring legal thriller "How to Get Away with Murder", and the crime thriller "The Catch"—all of which are co-produced with ABC Studios and air on ABC. As of 2017, it has a partnership affiliation with Netflix, and before that Disney-ABC.


Question: who provided evidence to suggest the existence of the neutron

Answer: James Chadwick.

Discovery of the neutron [SEP] Introduction

Throughout the 1920s, the nucleus was viewed as composed of combinations of protons and electrons, the two elementary particles known at the time, but that model presented several experimental and theoretical contradictions. The essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was a new elementary particle, distinct from the proton. The uncharged neutron was immediately exploited as a new means to probe nuclear structure, leading to such discoveries as the creation of new radioactive elements by neutron irradiation (1934) and the fission of uranium atoms by neutrons (1938).


Context: who provided evidence to suggest the existence of the neutron

Context: James Chadwick.

Question: what is the above mentioned substance?

Answer: It is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral charge.

Explanation:
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons behave similarly within the nucleus, and each has a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, they are both referred to as nucleons. Their properties and interactions are described by nuclear physics.
The chemical properties of an atom are mostly determined by the configuration of electrons that orbit the atom's heavy nucleus. The electron configuration is determined by the charge of the nucleus, set by the number of protons, or atomic number. Neutrons do not affect the electron configuration, but the sum of atomic number and the number of neutrons, or neutron number, is the mass of the nucleus.

Neutron [SEP] Introduction


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: It is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral charge.

Question: what are its properties?

Answer: It is dependent on both atomic and neutron numbers.

Explanation: The properties of an atomic nucleus are dependent on both atomic and neutron numbers. With their positive charge, the protons within the nucleus are repelled by the long-range electromagnetic force, but the much stronger, but short-range, nuclear force binds the nucleons closely together. Neutrons are required for the stability of nuclei, with the exception of the single-proton hydrogen nucleus. Neutrons are produced copiously in nuclear fission and fusion. They are a primary contributor to the nucleosynthesis of chemical elements within stars through fission, fusion, and neutron capture processes.

Neutron [SEP] Introduction

Neutrons do not affect the electron configuration, but the sum of atomic number and the number of neutrons, or neutron number, is the mass of the nucleus. Atoms of a chemical element that differ only in neutron number are called isotopes. For example, carbon, with atomic number 6, has an abundant isotope carbon-12 with 6 neutrons and a rare isotope carbon-13 with 7 neutrons. Some elements occur in nature with only one stable isotope, such as fluorine. Other elements occur with many stable isotopes, such as tin with ten stable isotopes. The properties of an atomic nucleus are dependent on both atomic and neutron numbers.


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: It is dependent on both atomic and neutron numbers.

Question: what is its nature?

Answer: The neutron has no measurable electric charge, it is influenced by magnetic fields. Its magnetic moment has a negative value, because its orientation is opposite to the neutron's spin.

Neutron [SEP] Description

Even though it is not a chemical element, the neutron is included in this table. The free neutron has a mass of 939,565,413.3 eV/c, or , or . The neutron has a mean square radius of about , or 0.8 fm, and it is a spin-½ fermion. The neutron has no measurable electric charge. With its positive electric charge, the proton is directly influenced by electric fields, whereas the neutron is unaffected by electric fields. The neutron has a magnetic moment, however, so the neutron is influenced by magnetic fields. The neutron's magnetic moment has a negative value, because its orientation is opposite to the neutron's spin.


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: The neutron has no measurable electric charge, it is influenced by magnetic fields. Its magnetic moment has a negative value, because its orientation is opposite to the neutron's spin.

Question: who is the person mentioned above?

Answer: He is a British physicist.

Explanation: Sir James Chadwick, (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was a British physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atomic bomb research efforts. He was the head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics.

James Chadwick [SEP] Introduction

He was Rutherford's assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory for over a decade at a time when it was one of the world's foremost centres for the study of physics, attracting students like John Cockcroft, Norman Feather, and Mark Oliphant. Chadwick followed his discovery of the neutron by measuring its mass. He anticipated that neutrons would become a major weapon in the fight against cancer. Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935 to become a professor of physics at the University of Liverpool, where he overhauled an antiquated laboratory and, by installing a cyclotron, made it an important centre for the study of nuclear physics.


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: He is a British physicist.

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Bollington, Cheshire.

Explanation: James Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire, on 20 October 1891, the first child of John Joseph Chadwick, a cotton spinner, and Anne Mary Knowles, a domestic servant. He was named James after his paternal grandfather. In 1895, his parents moved to Manchester, leaving him in the care of his maternal grandparents. He went to Bollington Cross Primary School, and was offered a scholarship to Manchester Grammar School, which his family had to turn down as they could not afford the small fees that still had to be paid. Instead he attended the Central Grammar School for Boys in Manchester, rejoining his parents there. He now had two younger brothers, Harry and Hubert; a sister had died in infancy. At the age of 16, he sat two examinations for university scholarships, and won both of them.

James Chadwick [SEP] Education and early life


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: He is a British physicist.

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bollington, Cheshire.

Question: where did he complete his studies?

Answer: Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.

Explanation: Having devised a means of measuring gamma radiation, Chadwick proceeded to measure the absorption of gamma rays by various gases and liquids. This time the resulting paper was published under his name alone. He was awarded his Master of Science (MSc) degree in 1912, and was appointed a Beyer Fellow. The following year he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, which allowed him to study and research at a university in continental Europe. He elected to go to the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin in 1913, to study beta radiation under Hans Geiger. Using Geiger's recently developed Geiger counter, which provided more accuracy than the earlier photographic techniques, he was able to demonstrate that beta radiation did not produce discrete lines, as has been previously thought, but rather a continuous spectrum with peaks in certain regions. On a visit to Geiger's laboratory, Albert Einstein told Chadwick that: "I can explain either of these things, but I can't explain them


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: He is a British physicist.

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bollington, Cheshire.

Context: where did he complete his studies?

Context: Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.

Question: how did he spend the later years of his life?

Answer: He became the Master of Gonville and Caius College he strove to improve the academic reputation of the college. He increased the number of research fellowships from 31 to 49, and sought to bring talent into the college.

Explanation: In 1948, Chadwick accepted an offer to become the Master of Gonville and Caius College. The job was prestigious but ill-defined; the Master was the titular head of the College, but authority actually resided in a council of 13 fellows, of whom one was the Master. As Master, Chadwick strove to improve the academic reputation of the college. He increased the number of research fellowships from 31 to 49, and sought to bring talent into the college. This involved controversial decisions, such as hiring in 1951 the Chinese biochemist Tien-chin Tsao and the Hungarian-born economist Peter Bauer. In what became known as the Peasants' Revolt, fellows led by Patrick Hadley voted an old friend of Chadwick's off the council and replaced him with Bauer. More friends of Chadwick's were removed over the following years, and he retired in November 1958. It was during his mastership that Francis Crick, a PhD student at Gonville and Caius College, and James Watson discovered the structure of DNA.

James Chadwick [SEP] Later life

Shortly after the war ended, Chadwick was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (ACAE). He was also appointed as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. He clashed with fellow ACAE member Patrick Blackett, who disagreed with Chadwick's conviction that Britain needed to acquire its own nuclear weapons; but it was Chadwick's position that was ultimately adopted. He returned to Britain in 1946, to find a country still beset by wartime rationing and shortages. At this time, Sir James Mountford, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Liverpool, wrote in his diary "he had never seen a man 'so physically, mentally and spiritually tired" as Chadwick, for he "had plumbed such depths of moral decision as more fortunate men are never called upon even to peer into ...


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: He is a British physicist.

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bollington, Cheshire.

Context: where did he complete his studies?

Context: Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.

Context: how did he spend the later years of his life?

Context: He became the Master of Gonville and Caius College he strove to improve the academic reputation of the college. He increased the number of research fellowships from 31 to 49, and sought to bring talent into the college.

Question: was he known for any other work in his field?

Answer: He devised a means of measuring gamma radiation, he studied beta radiation.

Explanation: Chadwick chose to attend Victoria University of Manchester, which he entered in 1908. He meant to study mathematics, but enrolled in physics by mistake. Like most students, he lived at home, walking the to the university and back each day. At the end of his first year, he was awarded a Heginbottom Scholarship to study physics. The physics department was headed by Ernest Rutherford, who assigned research projects to final-year students, and he instructed Chadwick to devise a means of comparing the amount of radioactive energy of two different sources. The idea was that they could be measured in terms of the activity of of radium, a unit of measurement which would become known as the curie. Rutherford's suggested approach was unworkable—something Chadwick knew but was afraid to tell Rutherford—so Chadwick pressed on, and eventually devised the required method. The results became Chadwick's first paper, which, co-authored with Rutherford, was published in 1912. He graduated with first cla


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: He is a British physicist.

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bollington, Cheshire.

Context: where did he complete his studies?

Context: Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.

Context: was he known for any other work in his field?

Context: He devised a means of measuring gamma radiation, he studied beta radiation.

Question: when did he discover the aforementioned substance?

Answer: In 1932.

James Chadwick [SEP] Introduction


Context: James Chadwick.

Context: what is the above mentioned substance?

Context: what are its properties?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: He is a British physicist.

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bollington, Cheshire.

Context: where did he complete his studies?

Context: Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.

Context: when did he discover the aforementioned substance?

Context: In 1932.

Question: where is the place of his birth located?

Answer: It is a town and civil parish in Cheshire, England, to the east of Prestbury.

Explanation:
Bollington is a town and civil parish in Cheshire, England, to the east of Prestbury. In the Middle Ages, it was part of the Earl of Chester's manor of Macclesfield and the ancient parish of Prestbury. In 2011, it had a population of 8,310.

Bollington is on the River Dean and the Macclesfield Canal, on the south-western edge of the Peak District. Rising above the town on Kerridge Hill is White Nancy, a monument built to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo.

Bollington [SEP] Introduction


Question: where are the giant redwoods located in california

Answer: Along the coast of northern California

Redwood National and State Parks [SEP] Introduction

The Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) are a complex of several state and national parks located in the United States, along the coast of northern California. Comprising Redwood National Park (established 1968) and California's Del Norte Coast, Jedediah Smith, and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Parks (dating from the 1920s), the combined RNSP contain , and feature old-growth temperate rainforests. Located within Del Norte and Humboldt Counties, the four parks, together, protect 45% of all remaining coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") old-growth forests, totaling at least . These trees are the tallest, among the oldest, and one of the most massive tree species on Earth.


Context: where are the giant redwoods located in california

Context: Along the coast of northern California

Question: is it a tree?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: The miners logged redwoods for building; when this minor gold rush ended, some of them turned again to logging, cutting down the giant redwood trees.

Redwood National and State Parks [SEP] History

After intense lobbying of Congress, the bill creating Redwood National Park was signed by President Lyndon Johnson on October 2, 1968. The Save the Redwoods League and other entities purchased over , which were added to existing state parks. Amidst both local support of environmentalists and opposition from local loggers and logging companies, were added to Redwood National Park in a major expansion in 1978. However, only a fifth of that land was old-growth forest, the rest having been logged. This expansion protected the watershed along Redwood Creek from being adversely affected by logging operations outside the park. The federal and state parks were administratively combined in 1994.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Question: in which parks are they located?

Answer: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Question: which other trees are found in that park?

Answer: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Explanation: The native range of coast redwood is from the northern California coast north to the southern Oregon Coast. The tree is closely related to the giant sequoia of central California, and more distantly to the dawn redwood which is indigenous to the Sichuan–Hubei region of China. Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; as of September 2006, the tallest tree in the park was Hyperion at , followed by Helios and Icarus which were and respectively.

Redwood National and State Parks [SEP] Flora

This typically occurs above . Scientists have recently discovered that plants which normally grow on the forest floor also grow in these soils, well above ground. The soil mats provide homes to invertebrates, mollusks, earthworms, and salamanders. During drought seasons, some treetops die back, but the trees do not die outright. Instead, redwoods have developed mechanisms to regrow new trunks from other limbs. These secondary trunks, called "reiterations", also develop root systems in the accumulated soils at their bases. This helps transport water to the highest reaches of the trees. Coastal fog also provides up to one-third of their annual water needs.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Context: which other trees are found in that park?

Context: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Question: which animals are present in the parks?

Answer: Black bear, coyote, cougar, bobcat, beaver, river otter, black-tailed deer, etc.

Explanation: Over 40 species of mammals have been documented, including the black bear, coyote, cougar, bobcat, beaver, river otter, and black-tailed deer.

Redwood National and State Parks [SEP] Fauna

Dolphins and Pacific gray whales are occasionally seen offshore. Brown pelicans and double-crested cormorants are mainly found on cliffs along the coast and on seastacks, while sandpipers and gulls inhabit the seacoast and inland areas. Inland, freshwater-dependent birds such as the common merganser, osprey, red-shouldered hawk, great blue heron, and Steller's jay are a few of the bird species that have been documented. At least 400 bird species have been documented in the forestlands.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Context: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Context: which animals are present in the parks?

Context: Black bear, coyote, cougar, bobcat, beaver, river otter, black-tailed deer, etc.

Question: what does the second animal look like?

Answer: It is typically smaller than the gray wolf, but has longer ears and a relatively larger braincase, as well as a thinner frame, face, and muzzle. The scent glands are smaller than the gray wolf's, but are the same color.

Coyote [SEP] Description

Albinism is extremely rare in coyotes; out of a total of 750,000 coyotes killed by federal and cooperative hunters between March22, 1938, and June30, 1945, only two were albinos. The coyote is typically smaller than the gray wolf, but has longer ears and a relatively larger braincase, as well as a thinner frame, face, and muzzle. The scent glands are smaller than the gray wolf's, but are the same color. Its fur color variation is much less varied than that of a wolf. The coyote also carries its tail downwards when running or walking, rather than horizontally as the wolf does.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Context: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Context: which animals are present in the parks?

Context: what does the second animal look like?

Context: It is typically smaller than the gray wolf, but has longer ears and a relatively larger braincase, as well as a thinner frame, face, and muzzle. The scent glands are smaller than the gray wolf's, but are the same color.

Question: what are the subspecies of the third animal?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Coyote [SEP] Description

Coyote males average in weight, while females average , though size varies geographically. Northern subspecies, which average , tend to grow larger than the southern subspecies of Mexico, which average . Body length ranges on average from , and tail length , with females being shorter in both body length and height. The largest coyote on record was a male killed near Afton, Wyoming, on November19, 1937, which measured from nose to tail, and weighed . Scent glands are located at the upper side of the base of the tail and are a bluish-black color. The color and texture of the coyote's fur varies somewhat geographically.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Context: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Context: which animals are present in the parks?

Context: what does the second animal look like?

Context: what are the subspecies of the third animal?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the importance of the fourth animal in human culture?

Answer: Grave artifacts from dirt domes excavated in the 1980s along the Illinois River revealed a complete skeleton of a young bobcat.

Bobcat [SEP] Importance in human culture

Dreaming of two deities, cougar and lynx, they thought, would grant them the superior hunting skills of other Tribes. European colonizers to the Americas also admired the cat, both for its ferocity and its grace, and in the United States, it "rests prominently in the anthology of ... national folklore." Grave artifacts from dirt domes excavated in the 1980s along the Illinois River revealed a complete skeleton of a young bobcat along with a collar made of bone pendants and shell beads that had been buried by the Hopewell culture. The type and place of burial indicate a tamed and cherished pet or possible spiritual significance.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Context: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Context: which animals are present in the parks?

Context: what does the second animal look like?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the importance of the fourth animal in human culture?

Context: Grave artifacts from dirt domes excavated in the 1980s along the Illinois River revealed a complete skeleton of a young bobcat.

Question: is the fifth animal territorial?

Answer: Yes, they  maintain and defend territories which contain the dams, canals, trails and food caches.

Beaver [SEP] Territories and spacing

Beavers maintain and defend territories which contain the dams, canals, trails and food caches while the outside feeding areas are encompassed within a home range. They invest much energy in their territories, building their dams and becoming familiar with the area. Beavers mark their territories by constructing scent mounts made of mud, debris and castoreum. Most scent mounts are established near the border of the territory. Because they invest so much energy in their territories, beavers are intolerant of intruders and the holder of the territory is more likely to escalate an aggressive encounter. These encounters are often violent. To avoid such situations, a beaver marks its territory with as many scent mounds as possible, signaling to intruders that the territory holder has enough energy to maintain its territory and is thus able to put up a good defense.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Context: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Context: which animals are present in the parks?

Context: what does the second animal look like?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the fifth animal territorial?

Context: Yes, they  maintain and defend territories which contain the dams, canals, trails and food caches.

Question: is there any controversy related to the seventh animal?

Answer: Yes, over its habitat management.

Black-tailed deer [SEP] Controversy over habitat management

In Southeast Alaska, the Sitka deer is the primary prey of the rare Alexander Archipelago wolf ("Canis lupus ligoni"), which is endemic to the region. In the mid-1990s, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service evaluated a petition to list this wolf subspecies as threatened, and decided a listing was not warranted in August 1997, largely on the basis of provisions the Forest Service had included to protect the viability of the wolf subspecies in its Forest Plan for the Tongass National Forest, adopted three months earlier. The Tongass NF is important in wolf conservation because it includes about 80% of the region's land area.


Context: Along the coast of northern California

Context: is it a tree?

Context: Yes

Context: in which parks are they located?

Context: Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP)

Context: Hyperion, Helios and Icarus.

Context: which animals are present in the parks?

Context: what does the second animal look like?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the fifth animal territorial?

Context: is there any controversy related to the seventh animal?

Context: Yes, over its habitat management.

Question: what is problematic about the habitat?

Answer: In Southeast Alaska, the Sitka deer is the primary prey of the rare Alexander Archipelago wolf, which is endemic to the region.

Explanation: In Southeast Alaska, the Sitka deer is the primary prey of the rare Alexander Archipelago wolf ("Canis lupus ligoni"), which is endemic to the region.


Question: in which city will you find 45th street station (bmt fourth avenue line)?

Answer: New York City.

45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line) [SEP] Introduction

45th Street is a local station on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at 45th Street and Fourth Avenue in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, it is served by the R train at all times. The N train also stops here during late nights, and some rush-hour W trains stop here in the peak direction. The 45th Street station was constructed as part of the Fourth Avenue Line, which was approved in 1905. Construction on the segment of the line that includes 45th Street started on March 15, 1913, and was completed in 1915. The station opened on September 22, 1915, after the opening of the initial portion of the BMT Fourth Avenue Line to 59th Street.


Context: in which city will you find 45th street station (bmt fourth avenue line)?

Context: New York City.

Question: is it a railway station?

Answer: No, its a subway station.

45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)


Context: New York City.

Context: is it a railway station?

Context: No, its a subway station.

Question: when was this opened to the public?

Answer: September 22, 1915.

45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line) [SEP] Construction and opening

However, the 45th and 53rd Street stations remained closed, despite being technically complete, since the stations were being used by a contractor to haul dirt out. The stations opened on September 22, 1915.


Context: New York City.

Context: is it a railway station?

Context: No, its a subway station.

Context: when was this opened to the public?

Context: September 22, 1915.

Question: who built this?

Answer: Degnon Construction Company.

45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

In 1912, during the Dual System negotiations, the construction of an extension of the Fourth Avenue subway from 43rd Street to 89th Street, just south of the 86th Street station, was recommended. The proposal was approved by the Board of Estimate on February 15, 1912. The PSC directed its chief engineer to create plans on June 14, 1912. The two contracts for the extension, Route 11B, were awarded on September 16, 1912, to Degnon Construction Company for a combined $3.8 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Construction on Route 11B1, the section of the extension between 43rd Street and 61st Street, which includes the 45th Street station, began on March 15, 1913.


Context: New York City.

Context: is it a railway station?

Context: No, its a subway station.

Context: when was this opened to the public?

Context: September 22, 1915.

Context: who built this?

Context: Degnon Construction Company.

Question: name some of this place's layouts.

Answer: This underground station has four tracks and two side platforms.

45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line) [SEP] Station layout

This underground station has four tracks and two side platforms. The R stops here at all times; some rush-hour W trains stop here in the peak direction; and the N stops here during late nights, but uses the center express tracks to bypass the station during daytime hours. The platforms are offset as the northbound platform extends further north than the southbound one. Columns run along the entire length of both platforms and are painted dark blue. Every other column has a "45 Street" sign on it in black with white text. All are round except for the ones near the staircases to the station's main entrance, which was where the platforms were extended in 1970.


Context: New York City.

Context: is it a railway station?

Context: No, its a subway station.

Context: when was this opened to the public?

Context: September 22, 1915.

Context: who built this?

Context: Degnon Construction Company.

Context: name some of this place's layouts.

Context: This underground station has four tracks and two side platforms.

Question: name the trains which pass by and stop at this place.

Answer: The 'R', 'W' and 'N' trains.

45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

Explanation: The R stops here at all times; some rush-hour W trains stop here in the peak direction; and the N stops here during late nights, but uses the center express tracks to bypass th