Context: who was marwan i?

Context: He was the fourth Umayyad caliph

Context: where was he born?

Context: Mecca in the Hejaz

Context: what religion is followed in mecca?

Context: Islam

Context: how does ibn describe this place?

Context: A holy sanctuary

Context: This is a mountain

Context: how can one describe the climate here?

Context: Makkah features a hot desert climate

Context: who comprised of the caliph's family?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was the first caliph of the umayyads?

Context: Mu'awiya I

Question: did he play any role in the fitna?

Answer: Yes, he was at the Battle of Siffin near Raqqa, which ended in a stalemate with Ali's army and abortive arbitration talks to settle the civil war.

Marwan I [SEP] Role in the First Fitna

After the battle ended with Ali's victory, Marwan pledged him allegiance. Ali pardoned him and Marwan left for Syria, where his distant cousin Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who refused allegiance to Ali, was governor. Marwan was present alongside Mu'awiya at the Battle of Siffin near Raqqa in 657, which ended in a stalemate with Ali's army and abortive arbitration talks to settle the civil war.


Question: who sang backup vocals on do the bartman from the simpsons

Answer: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Do the Bartman [SEP] Introduction

"Do the Bartman" is a song from the 1990 album "The Simpsons Sing the Blues", featuring the voice cast of the American television cartoon "The Simpsons". It was performed by "The Simpsons" cast member Nancy Cartwright (the voice of Bart Simpson), with backing vocals from Michael Jackson, alongside additional vocals from Dan Castellaneta (voice of Homer Simpson). Jackson also produced the song, which was written by American recording artist Bryan Loren, and Geffen Records released it as a single on November 20, 1990. Despite receiving much radio airplay in the United States, "Do the Bartman" was never officially released as a single there.


Context: who sang backup vocals on do the bartman from the simpsons

Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Question: who is the video choreographer for its music video?

Answer: Michael Chambers.

Do the Bartman [SEP] Music video

The music video features the typical plot of Bart rebelling against authority when he decides to put his own spin on a rigidly choreographed dance presentation at Springfield Elementary School. The music video for "Do the Bartman" was directed by Brad Bird, with dance choreography by Michael Chambers. Nobody from the staff of "The Simpsons" wanted to direct it because they were busy doing the show, but Bird finally agreed to do it after having been asked four times. He had a very short amount of time to finish the video because it was supposed to coincide with the release of "The Simpsons Sing the Blues".


Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Context: who is the video choreographer for its music video?

Context: Michael Chambers.

Question: how is he referred to in pop culture?

Answer: Boogaloo Shrimp Chambers is referenced in the 1999 single "Summer Girls", by the pop group LFO

Michael Chambers [SEP] In popular culture

Boogaloo Shrimp Chambers is referenced in the 1999 single "Summer Girls", by the pop group LFO.


Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Context: Michael Chambers.

Context: how is he referred to in pop culture?

Context: Boogaloo Shrimp Chambers is referenced in the 1999 single "Summer Girls", by the pop group LFO

Question: how did he start his career?

Answer: His early stints in professional dancing were through television commercials, followed by an appearance in the music video for Lionel Richie's "All Night Long".

Michael Chambers [SEP] Career

Chambers' early stints in professional dancing were through television commercials, followed by an appearance in the music video for Lionel Richie's "All Night Long". He made further appearances in the videos for Chaka Khan's "I Feel For You", Richard Marx' "Children of the Night", Stacey Q's "Give You All My Love" and Paula Abdul's "Opposites Attract", where he played the character MC Skat Kat and was assistant choreographer. In 1985, he co-starred in "Stop the Madness", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration, featuring several famous musicians, actors and athletes. He also appeared in such films as "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey" (1991)—as a dancing robot—"" (1994) and "Dudley Do-Right" (1999).


Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Context: Michael Chambers.

Context: how is he referred to in pop culture?

Context: how did he start his career?

Context: His early stints in professional dancing were through television commercials, followed by an appearance in the music video for Lionel Richie's "All Night Long".

Question: describe the critical response received by "do the bartman"?

Answer: The "Long Beach Press-Telegram"'s Patricia Smith called "Do the Bartman" a "surprisingly funky tune." Monika Bartyzel of Cinematical, however, thought the song was a "cheesy number."

Do the Bartman [SEP] Critical reception

Critical reviews of the song were mostly positive. Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" described it as "not bad," and commented that Bart's high voice "echoes the beats nicely." The Daily Vault's Benny Balneg liked that the song disengaged itself from the album's "blues tag" and incorporated more "contemporary elements" into its sound. He added that he thought the song had a "catchy beat" and an "infectious chorus." The "Long Beach Press-Telegram"'s Patricia Smith called "Do the Bartman" a "surprisingly funky tune." Monika Bartyzel of Cinematical, however, thought the song was a "cheesy number."


Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Context: Michael Chambers.

Context: how is he referred to in pop culture?

Context: how did he start his career?

Context: describe the critical response received by "do the bartman"?

Context: The "Long Beach Press-Telegram"'s Patricia Smith called "Do the Bartman" a "surprisingly funky tune." Monika Bartyzel of Cinematical, however, thought the song was a "cheesy number."

Question: does the song belong to any series?

Answer: "Do the Bartman" is a song from the 1990 album "The Simpsons Sing the Blues", featuring the voice cast of the American television cartoon "The Simpsons"

Explanation: "Do the Bartman" is a song from the 1990 album "The Simpsons Sing the Blues", featuring the voice cast of the American television cartoon "The Simpsons"

Do the Bartman [SEP] Introduction


Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Context: Michael Chambers.

Context: how is he referred to in pop culture?

Context: how did he start his career?

Context: does the song belong to any series?

Context: "Do the Bartman" is a song from the 1990 album "The Simpsons Sing the Blues", featuring the voice cast of the American television cartoon "The Simpsons"

Question: who is the voice actor for bart in the cartoon?

Answer: Nancy Cartwright

Explanation: . It was performed by "The Simpsons" cast member Nancy Cartwright (the voice of Bart Simpson), with backing vocals from Michael Jackson, alongside additional vocals from Dan Castellaneta (voice of Homer Simpson).

Do the Bartman [SEP] Introduction


Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Context: Michael Chambers.

Context: how is he referred to in pop culture?

Context: how did he start his career?

Context: does the song belong to any series?

Context: who is the voice actor for bart in the cartoon?

Context: Nancy Cartwright

Question: what other characters did she voice?

Answer: Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, Database, and Maggie

Explanation: Cartwright also voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, Database, and Maggie (previously voiced by fellow co-star, Yeardley Smith).

Nancy Cartwright [SEP] Introduction

For her subsequent work as Bart, Cartwright received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992 and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in the Field of Animation in 1995.


Context: Michael Jackson and Dan Castellaneta

Context: Michael Chambers.

Context: how is he referred to in pop culture?

Context: how did he start his career?

Context: does the song belong to any series?

Context: Nancy Cartwright

Context: what other characters did she voice?

Context: Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, Database, and Maggie

Question: mention a few idioms from the aforementioned cartoon?

Answer: The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: "D'oh!"

The Simpsons [SEP] Idioms

A number of neologisms that originated on "The Simpsons" have entered popular vernacular. Mark Liberman, director of the Linguistic Data Consortium, remarked, ""The Simpsons" has apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions." The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: "D'oh!" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in the "Oxford English Dictionary", but without the apostrophe. Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase from James Finlayson, an actor in many Laurel and Hardy comedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone.


Question: who discovered that light travels faster than sound

Answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Speed of light [SEP] Early history

Also in the 11th century, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī agreed that light has a finite speed, and observed that the speed of light is much faster than the speed of sound. In the 13th century, Roger Bacon argued that the speed of light in air was not infinite, using philosophical arguments backed by the writing of Alhazen and Aristotle. In the 1270s, Witelo considered the possibility of light travelling at infinite speed in vacuum, but slowing down in denser bodies.


Context: who discovered that light travels faster than sound

Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Question: define the 'speed of light'

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Speed of light [SEP] Introduction

The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its exact value is defined as (approximately ). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of second. According to special relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter and information can travel. Though this speed is most commonly associated with light, it is also the speed at which all massless particles and field perturbations travel in vacuum, including electromagnetic radiation (of which light is a small range in the frequency spectrum) and gravitational waves.


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: the person who made the discovery, what is his profession?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Speed of light [SEP] Introduction


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: the person who made the discovery, what is his profession?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what role does the speed of light play in physics?

Answer: Invariance of the speed of light: In 1905 Einstein postulated that the speed at which light waves propagate in vacuum is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer.

Speed of light [SEP] Fundamental role in physics

The speed at which light waves propagate in vacuum is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer. This invariance of the speed of light was postulated by Einstein in 1905, after being motivated by Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism and the lack of evidence for the luminiferous aether; it has since been consistently confirmed by many experiments. It is only possible to verify experimentally that the two-way speed of light (for example, from a source to a mirror and back again) is frame-independent, because it is impossible to measure the one-way speed of light (for example, from a source to a distant detector) without some convention as to how clocks at the source and at the detector should be synchronized.


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what role does the speed of light play in physics?

Context: Invariance of the speed of light: In 1905 Einstein postulated that the speed at which light waves propagate in vacuum is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer.

Question: what is its numerical value?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its numerical value?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which unit is used to measure it?

Answer: Since 1983, the metre has been defined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance light travels in vacuum in of a second.

Explanation:
Since 1983, the metre has been defined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance light travels in vacuum in of a second. This definition fixes the speed of light in vacuum at exactly .
As a dimensional physical constant, the numerical value of is different for different unit systems.
In branches of physics in which appears often, such as in relativity, it is common to use systems of natural units of measurement or the geometrized unit system where . Using these units, does not appear explicitly because multiplication or division by1 does not affect the result.

Speed of light [SEP] Numerical value, notation, and units

Sometimes is used for the speed of waves in "any" material medium, and for the speed of light in vacuum. This subscripted notation, which is endorsed in official SI literature, has the same form as other related constants: namely, "μ" for the vacuum permeability or magnetic constant, "ε" for the vacuum permittivity or electric constant, and "Z" for the impedance of free space. This article uses exclusively for the speed of light in vacuum. Since 1983, the metre has been defined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance light travels in vacuum in of a second. This definition fixes the speed of light in vacuum at exactly .


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its numerical value?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which unit is used to measure it?

Context: Since 1983, the metre has been defined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance light travels in vacuum in of a second.

Question: who made the first attempt to measure it?

Answer: Empedocles

Speed of light [SEP] Early history

Empedocles (c. 490–430 BC) was the first to propose a theory of light and claimed that light has a finite speed. He maintained that light was something in motion, and therefore must take some time to travel. Aristotle argued, to the contrary, that "light is due to the presence of something, but it is not a movement". Euclid and Ptolemy advanced Empedocles' emission theory of vision, where light is emitted from the eye, thus enabling sight. Based on that theory, Heron of Alexandria argued that the speed of light must be infinite because distant objects such as stars appear immediately upon opening the eyes.


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its numerical value?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which unit is used to measure it?

Context: who made the first attempt to measure it?

Context: Empedocles

Question: when?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Speed of light [SEP] Early history


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its numerical value?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which unit is used to measure it?

Context: Empedocles

Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: name some experiments that were conducted on it

Answer: If a laser beam is swept quickly across a distant object, the spot of light can move faster than "c", although the initial movement of the spot is delayed because of the time it takes light to get to the distant object at the speed "c".

Explanation: If a laser beam is swept quickly across a distant object, the spot of light can move faster than "c", although the initial movement of the spot is delayed because of the time it takes light to get to the distant object at the speed "c"

Speed of light [SEP] Faster-than-light observations and experiments

However, the only physical entities that are moving are the laser and its emitted light, which travels at the speed "c" from the laser to the various positions of the spot. Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move faster than "c", after a delay in time. In neither case does any matter, energy, or information travel faster than light. The rate of change in the distance between two objects in a frame of reference with respect to which both are moving (their closing speed) may have a value in excess of "c". However, this does not represent the speed of any single object as measured in a single inertial frame.


Context: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Context: define the 'speed of light'

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its numerical value?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which unit is used to measure it?

Context: Empedocles

Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: name some experiments that were conducted on it

Context: If a laser beam is swept quickly across a distant object, the spot of light can move faster than "c", although the initial movement of the spot is delayed because of the time it takes light to get to the distant object at the speed "c".

Question: how does a medium affect it?

Answer: In a medium, light usually does not propagate at a speed equal to "c"; further, different types of light wave will travel at different speeds.

Speed of light [SEP] In a medium

In a medium, light usually does not propagate at a speed equal to "c"; further, different types of light wave will travel at different speeds. The speed at which the individual crests and troughs of a plane wave (a wave filling the whole space, with only one frequency) propagate is called the phase velocity "v". A physical signal with a finite extent (a pulse of light) travels at a different speed. The largest part of the pulse travels at the group velocity "v", and its earliest part travels at the front velocity "v". The phase velocity is important in determining how a light wave travels through a material or from one material to another.


Question: where do the kansas and missouri rivers meet

Answer: Kansas City, Kansas

Explanation: Denver is the main city of the Front Range Urban Corridor whose cities had a combined population of over four million in 2005, making it the largest metropolitan area in the Missouri River basin. Other major population centers – mostly in the watershed's southeastern portion – include Omaha, Nebraska, north of the confluence of the Missouri and Platte Rivers; Kansas City, Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas, at the confluence of the Missouri with the Kansas River; and the St. Louis metropolitan area, south of the Missouri River just below the latter's mouth, on the Mississippi.

Missouri River [SEP] Watershed

However, only of farmland in the basin is irrigated. A further of the basin is devoted to the raising of livestock, mainly cattle. Forested areas of the watershed, mostly second-growth, total about . Urban areas, on the other hand, comprise less than of land. Most built-up areas are along the main stem and a few major tributaries, including the Platte and Yellowstone Rivers. Elevations in the watershed vary widely, ranging from just over at the Missouri's mouth to the summit of Mount Lincoln in central Colorado. The river drops from Brower's Spring, the farthest source. Although the plains of the watershed have extremely little local vertical relief, the land rises about 10 feet per mile (1.9 m/km) from east to west.


Context: where do the kansas and missouri rivers meet

Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Question: what are its major tributaries?

Answer: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Explanation: However, including the longest headwaters tributaries, the Republican River and the Arikaree River, brings the total length to . Similar naming issues are encountered with the Platte River, whose longest tributary, the North Platte River, is more than twice as long as its mainstream.

Missouri River [SEP] Major tributaries


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Question: who were the early explorers there?

Answer: Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette were the first ones, followed by Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont.

Missouri River [SEP] Early European explorers

In May 1673, the French-Canadian explorer Louis Jolliet and the French explorer Jacques Marquette left the settlement of St. Ignace on Lake Huron and traveled down the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, aiming to reach the Pacific Ocean. In late June, Jolliet and Marquette became the first documented European discoverers of the Missouri River, which according to their journals was in full flood. "I never saw anything more terrific," Jolliet wrote, "a tangle of entire trees from the mouth of the Pekistanoui [Missouri] with such impetuosity that one could not attempt to cross it without great danger. The commotion was such that the water was made muddy by it and could not clear itself." They recorded "Pekitanoui" or "Pekistanoui" as the local name for the Missouri.


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Context: who were the early explorers there?

Context: Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette were the first ones, followed by Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont.

Question: what can you tell me about the aforesaid city?

Answer: It is the third-largest city in the State of Kansas, and is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified Government".

Explanation: Kansas City, abbreviated as "KCK", is the third-largest city in the State of Kansas, the county seat of Wyandotte County, and the third-largest city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The city formed as a streetcar suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, after which it is named. It is situated at Kaw Point, the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified Government". Wyandotte County also includes the independent cities of Bonner Springs, Edwardsville, a portion of Lake Quivira, and the unincorporated area known as Loring. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 145,786 residents.

Kansas City, Kansas [SEP] Introduction


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Context: who were the early explorers there?

Context: what can you tell me about the aforesaid city?

Context: It is the third-largest city in the State of Kansas, and is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified Government".

Question: how is the climate there?

Answer: Humid continental climate

Explanation: The city lies in the Humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa") zone, with four distinct seasons, and moderate precipitation, and is part of USDA plant hardiness zones 5b and 6a Being located in the center of North America, far removed from a significant body of water, there is significant potential for extremes of hot and cold swings in temperature throughout the year.

Kansas City, Kansas [SEP] Climate

A few areas of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area have had some severe outbreaks of tornadoes at different points in the past, including the Ruskin Heights tornado in 1957, The Tornado Outbreak Sequence of May 2019 and the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence. The region can also fall victim to the sporadic ice storm during the winter months, such as the 2002 ice storm during which hundreds of thousands lost power for days and (in some cases) weeks. Kansas City and its outlying areas are also subject to flooding, including the Great Flood of 1993 and the Great Flood of 1951.


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Context: who were the early explorers there?

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Humid continental climate

Question: can you define the climate mentioned above?

Answer: It typically has four distinct seasons with large seasonal differences in temperature and rainfall is distributed throughout the year.

Explanation: A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters. Precipitation is usually distributed throughout the year. The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above . In addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid. The "Dfb", "Dwb" and "Dsb" subtypes are also known as hemiboreal.

Humid continental climate [SEP] Introduction


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Context: who were the early explorers there?

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Humid continental climate

Context: can you define the climate mentioned above?

Context: It typically has four distinct seasons with large seasonal differences in temperature and rainfall is distributed throughout the year.

Question: who defined it?

Answer: Wladimir Köppen

Explanation: A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters.


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Context: who were the early explorers there?

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Humid continental climate

Context: who defined it?

Context: Wladimir Köppen

Question: who is he?

Answer: A Russo-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist who developed the Köppen climate classification system.

Explanation: Wladimir Peter Köppen (, born Vladimir Petrovich Kyoppen (); 25 September 1846 – 22 June 1940) was a Russian-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist. After studies in St. Petersburg, he spent the bulk of his life and professional career in Germany and Austria. His most notable contribution to science was the development of the Köppen climate classification system, which, with some modifications, is still commonly used. Köppen made significant contributions to several branches of science, and coined the name aerology for the science of measuring the upper air / atmosphere.

Wladimir Köppen [SEP] Introduction


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Context: who were the early explorers there?

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Humid continental climate

Context: who defined it?

Context: Wladimir Köppen

Context: who is he?

Context: A Russo-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist who developed the Köppen climate classification system.

Question: what can you tell me about this system?

Answer: It divides climatic characteristics into five groups- tropical, dry, temperate, continental and polar where each group and subgroup is represented by a letter.

Explanation: The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are "A" (tropical), "B" (dry), "C" (temperate), "D" (continental), and "E" (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the "E" group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, "Af" indicates a tropical rainforest climate. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the "A" group, indicated by the third letter for climates in "B", "C", and "D", and the second letter for climates in "E". For example, "Cfb" indicates an oceanic climate with warm summers as indicated by the ending "b". Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.

Köppen climate classification [SEP] Introduction

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by the German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, the climatologist Rudolf Geiger introduced some changes to the classification system, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system. The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are "A" (tropical), "B" (dry), "C" (temperate), "D" (continental), and "E" (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter.


Context: Kansas City, Kansas

Context: what are its major tributaries?

Context: Kansas, Platte, Big Seoux among others

Context: who were the early explorers there?

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Humid continental climate

Context: who defined it?

Context: Wladimir Köppen

Context: who is he?

Context: what can you tell me about this system?

Context: It divides climatic characteristics into five groups- tropical, dry, temperate, continental and polar where each group and subgroup is represented by a letter.

Question: are there any other contributions from the geographer?

Answer: He was also a botanist and his classification system is useful for analysing ecosystem conditions as well.

Explanation: As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups are based on what types of vegetation grow in a given climate classification region. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its link with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes in plant life within that region.


Question: where is the earth's moon located in the solar system

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Moon [SEP] Introduction

The Moon is a gravity rounded astronomical body orbiting Earth and is the planet's only natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest satellite in the Solar System, and by far the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits. The Moon is, after Jupiter's satellite Io, the second-densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known. The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth. The most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a hypothetical Mars-sized body called Theia.


Context: where is the earth's moon located in the solar system

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is moon?

Answer: It  is a gravity rounded astronomical body orbiting Earth and is the planet's only natural satellite.

Explanation: is a gravity rounded astronomical body orbiting Earth and is the planet's only natural satellite.

Moon [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is moon?

Context: It  is a gravity rounded astronomical body orbiting Earth and is the planet's only natural satellite.

Question: how did it get the name?

Answer: The noun "moon" is derived from Old English "mōna" and the usual English adjective pertaining to the Moon is "lunar", derived from the Latin word for the Moon, "lūna".

Moon [SEP] Name and etymology

The usual English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is simply the Moon, with a capital M. The noun "moon" is derived from Old English "mōna", which (like all its Germanic cognates) stems from Proto-Germanic "*mēnōn", which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European "*mēnsis" "month" (from earlier "*mēnōt", genitive "*mēneses") which may be related to the verb "measure" (of time). Occasionally, the name Luna is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish the Earth's moon from others, while in poetry "Luna" has been used to denote personification of Earth's moon. Cynthia is another poetic name, though rare, for the Moon personified as a goddess, while Selene (literally "Moon") is the Greek goddess of the Moon.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is moon?

Context: how did it get the name?

Context: The noun "moon" is derived from Old English "mōna" and the usual English adjective pertaining to the Moon is "lunar", derived from the Latin word for the Moon, "lūna".

Question: how is it formed?

Answer: The prevailing hypothesis is that the Earth–Moon system formed after a giant impact of a Mars-sized body (named "Theia") with the proto-Earth. The impact blasted material into Earth's orbit and then the material accreted and formed the Moon.

Moon [SEP] Formation

The prevailing hypothesis is that the Earth–Moon system formed after a giant impact of a Mars-sized body (named "Theia") with the proto-Earth. The impact blasted material into Earth's orbit and then the material accreted and formed the Moon. The Moon's far side has a crust that is thicker than that of the near side. This is thought to be because the Moon fused from two different bodies.


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Context: what is moon?

Context: how did it get the name?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: The prevailing hypothesis is that the Earth–Moon system formed after a giant impact of a Mars-sized body (named "Theia") with the proto-Earth. The impact blasted material into Earth's orbit and then the material accreted and formed the Moon.

Question: what features does it have?

Answer: The Moon is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid due to tidal stretching, this 'fossil bulge' indicates that the Moon solidified when it orbited at half its current distance to the Earth.

Explanation: The Moon is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid due to tidal stretching, with its long axis displaced 30° from facing the Earth (due to gravitational anomalies from impact basins). Its shape is more elongated than current tidal forces can account for. This 'fossil bulge' indicates that the Moon solidified when it orbited at half its current distance to the Earth, and that it is now too cold for its shape to adjust to its orbit.

Moon [SEP] Physical characteristics


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Context: how did it get the name?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: what features does it have?

Context: The Moon is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid due to tidal stretching, this 'fossil bulge' indicates that the Moon solidified when it orbited at half its current distance to the Earth.

Question: does it have seasons in it?

Answer: Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire lunar day and south pole are extremely cold.

Moon [SEP] Seasons

The Moon's axial tilt with respect to the ecliptic is only 1.5424°, much less than the 23.44° of Earth. Because of this, the Moon's solar illumination varies much less with season, and topographical details play a crucial role in seasonal effects. From images taken by "Clementine" in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of the crater Peary at the Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire lunar day, creating peaks of eternal light. No such regions exist at the south pole. Similarly, there are places that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters, and these "craters of eternal darkness" are extremely cold: "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter" measured the lowest summer temperatures in craters at the southern pole at and just close to the winter solstice in the north polar crater Hermite.


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Context: how did it get the name?

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Context: what features does it have?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire lunar day and south pole are extremely cold.

Question: were there any missions associated with it?

Answer: Yes, Apollo 8 made the first human mission to lunar orbit.

Explanation:
 in 1968 Apollo 8 made the first human mission to lunar orbit. The subsequent landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969 is seen by many as the culmination of the Space Race.

Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by first setting foot on the Moon

Moon [SEP] United States missions

The subsequent landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969 is seen by many as the culmination of the Space Race. Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by first setting foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched the transmission by the Apollo TV camera, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time. The Apollo missions 11 to 17 (except Apollo 13, which aborted its planned lunar landing) removed of lunar rock and soil in 2,196 separate samples.


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Context: how did it get the name?

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Context: what features does it have?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: were there any missions associated with it?

Context: Yes, Apollo 8 made the first human mission to lunar orbit.

Question: who all were there in it?

Answer: Its three-astronaut crew — Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders — were the first humans to fly to the Moon, to witness and photograph an Earthrise, and to escape the gravity of a celestial body.

Apollo 8 [SEP] Introduction

Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first to reach the Moon, orbit it, and return. Its three-astronaut crew — Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders — were the first humans to fly to the Moon, to witness and photograph an Earthrise, and to escape the gravity of a celestial body. Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second crewed spaceflight mission flown in the United States Apollo space program after Apollo7, which stayed in Earth orbit. Apollo8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the Saturn V rocket, and was the first human spaceflight from the Kennedy Space Center, located adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.


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Context: what features does it have?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: who all were there in it?

Context: Its three-astronaut crew — Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders — were the first humans to fly to the Moon, to witness and photograph an Earthrise, and to escape the gravity of a celestial body.

Question: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Answer: He is a retired United States Air Force (USAF) colonel, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, businessman, rancher, and NASA astronaut.

Frank Borman [SEP] Introduction

Frank Frederick Borman II (born March 14, 1928) is a retired United States Air Force (USAF) colonel, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, businessman, rancher, and NASA astronaut. He was the commander of Apollo 8, the first mission to fly around the Moon, and together with crewmates Jim Lovell and Bill Anders, became the first of 24 humans to do so, for which he was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. , he is the oldest living former American astronaut, eleven days older than Lovell. Four days before he graduated with the West Point Class of 1950, in which he was ranked eighth out of 670, Borman was commissioned in the USAF.


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Context: what is moon?

Context: how did it get the name?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: what features does it have?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: who all were there in it?

Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: He is a retired United States Air Force (USAF) colonel, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, businessman, rancher, and NASA astronaut.

Question: which other missions was he a part of?

Answer: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Frank Borman [SEP] Introduction

In 1966, he set a fourteen-day spaceflight endurance record as commander of Gemini 7. He served on the NASA review board which investigated the Apollo 1 fire, and then flew to the Moon with Apollo8 in December 1968. The mission is known for the "Earthrise" photograph taken by Anders of the Earth rising above the lunar horizon as the Command/Service Module orbited the Moon, and for the reading from Genesis, which was televised to Earth from lunar orbit on Christmas Eve. During the Apollo 11 Moon landing mission, he was the NASA liaison at the White House, where he viewed the launch on television with President Richard Nixon.


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Context: what features does it have?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: who all were there in it?

Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Question: when was the third mission conducted?

Answer: It was launched on July 16, 1969 and landed on July 20, 1969

Explanation: July 16

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction

Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours, 36 minutes on the lunar surface at a site they named Tranquility Base before lifting off to rejoin "Columbia" in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at 13:32 UTC, and it was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.


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Context: who all were there in it?

Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Context: when was the third mission conducted?

Context: It was launched on July 16, 1969 and landed on July 20, 1969

Question: was it a successful one?

Answer: Yes, it  was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon.

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction

Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew that landed the Apollo Lunar Module "Eagle" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours and 39 minutes later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and they collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command module pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module "Columbia" alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface.


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Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: who all were there in it?

Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Context: when was the third mission conducted?

Context: was it a successful one?

Context: Yes, it  was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon.

Question: who was the first human to land?

Answer: Neil Armstrong

Explanation: Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew that landed the Apollo Lunar Module "Eagle"

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction


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Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Context: when was the third mission conducted?

Context: was it a successful one?

Context: who was the first human to land?

Context: Neil Armstrong

Question: was he a teacher too?

Answer: He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati.

Neil Armstrong [SEP] Teaching

Shortly after Apollo 11, Armstrong announced that he did not plan to fly in space again. He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology at ARPA, served in the position for a year, then resigned from it and NASA in 1971. He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, having chosen Cincinnati over other universities, including his "alma mater" Purdue, because Cincinnati had a small aerospace department, and said he hoped the faculty there would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only a USC master's degree.


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Context: who all were there in it?

Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Context: when was the third mission conducted?

Context: was it a successful one?

Context: who was the first human to land?

Context: Neil Armstrong

Context: was he a teacher too?

Context: He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati.

Question: which space agency did he represent?

Answer: NASA

Neil Armstrong [SEP] Introduction

Armstrong was forced to bail out. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs. Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group, which was selected in 1962. He made his first spaceflight as command pilot of Gemini 8 in March 1966, becoming NASA's first civilian astronaut to fly in space.


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Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Context: when was the third mission conducted?

Context: was it a successful one?

Context: who was the first human to land?

Context: Neil Armstrong

Context: was he a teacher too?

Context: which space agency did he represent?

Context: NASA

Question: what is it's full form?

Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA [SEP] Introduction

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA; ) is an independent agency of the U.S. Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation, encouraging peaceful applications in space science. Since its establishment, most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion spacecraft, the Space Launch System, and Commercial Crew vehicles.


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Context: who all were there in it?

Context: who is the first astronaut mentioned?

Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Context: when was the third mission conducted?

Context: was it a successful one?

Context: who was the first human to land?

Context: Neil Armstrong

Context: was he a teacher too?

Context: which space agency did he represent?

Context: NASA

Context: what is it's full form?

Context: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Question: when was it formed?

Answer: 1958

Explanation: NASA was established in 1958,

NASA [SEP] Introduction


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Context: which other missions was he a part of?

Context: Apollo1 , Apollo8, Apollo 11

Context: when was the third mission conducted?

Context: was it a successful one?

Context: who was the first human to land?

Context: Neil Armstrong

Context: was he a teacher too?

Context: which space agency did he represent?

Context: NASA

Context: what is it's full form?

Context: when was it formed?

Question: have they conducted a mission to any other planet?

Answer: Yes, Mars has been explored by several uncrewed spacecraft. "Mariner 4" was the first spacecraft to visit Mars; launched by NASA

Mars [SEP] Introduction

Mars has been explored by several uncrewed spacecraft. "Mariner 4" was the first spacecraft to visit Mars; launched by NASA on 28 November 1964, it made its closest approach to the planet on 15 July 1965. "Mariner 4" detected the weak Martian radiation belt, measured at about 0.1% that of Earth, and captured the first images of another planet from deep space. The Soviet "Mars 3" mission included a lander, which achieved a soft landing in December 1971; however, contact was lost seconds after touchdown. On 20 July 1976, "Viking 1" performed the first successful landing on the Martian surface.


Question: in which medium did actress michelle williams work?

Answer: Small-scale independent productions with dark or tragic themes

Michelle Williams (actress) [SEP] Introduction

Michelle Ingrid Williams (born September 9, 1980) is an American actress. She is particularly known for her roles in small-scale independent productions with dark or tragic themes. She is the recipient of several accolades, including two Golden Globe Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award, in addition to nominations for four Academy Awards and one Tony Award. Daughter of the politician and trader Larry R. Williams, she was raised in Kalispell and San Diego. She began her career with television guest appearances and made her film debut in the family film "Lassie" in 1994. At 15, she gained emancipation from her parents, and soon achieved recognition for her leading role in the television teen drama series "Dawson's Creek" (1998–2003).


Context: in which medium did actress michelle williams work?

Context: Small-scale independent productions with dark or tragic themes

Question: which was her debut project?

Answer: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Explanation: Daughter of the politician and trader Larry R. Williams, she was raised in Kalispell and San Diego. She began her career with television guest appearances and made her film debut in the family film "Lassie" in 1994.


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Question: which films did she do in the early 2000s?

Answer: Me Without You, Prozac Nation, The United States of Leland, etc.

Michelle Williams (actress) [SEP] 2001–2005: Independent films and "Brokeback Mountain"

The British film "Me Without You" (2001), about an obsessive female friendship, starred Williams and Anna Friel. Williams played Holly, an insecure bibliophile, a part that came close to her personality. The writer-director Sandra Goldbacher was initially reluctant to cast an American in a British part but was impressed by Williams' self-deprecating humor and a "European stillness". Roger Ebert praised Williams' British accent and found her to be "cuddly and smart both at once". Williams returned to stage the following year in a production of Mike Leigh's farce "Smelling a Rat". Her part, that of a scatterbrained teenager exploring her sexuality, led Karl Levett of "Backstage" to credit her for being "a first-class creative comedienne".


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Context: which films did she do in the early 2000s?

Context: Me Without You, Prozac Nation, The United States of Leland, etc.

Question: which projects did she do for broadway?

Answer: Cabaret

Michelle Williams (actress) [SEP] 2011–2016: "My Week with Marilyn" and Broadway

She later admitted to being displeased with how the film turned out, adding that she found it hard to predict the quality of a project during production. Eager to work in a different medium and finding it tough to obtain film roles that enabled her to maintain her parental commitments, Williams spent the next few years working on stage. Williams' desire to star in a musical led her to the role of Sally Bowles in a 2014 revival of "Cabaret", which was staged at Studio 54 and marked her Broadway debut. Jointly directed by Sam Mendes and Rob Marshall, it tells the story of a free-spirited cabaret performer (Williams) in 1930s Berlin during the rise of the Nazi Party.


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Context: which projects did she do for broadway?

Context: Cabaret

Question: what was her debut movie based on?

Answer: An early depiction is found in British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half-brothers".

Lassie [SEP] Elizabeth Gaskell short story

An early depiction of Lassie is found in British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half-brothers". In the story, Lassie is described as a female collie with "intelligent, apprehensive eyes" who rescues two half-brothers who are lost and dying in the snow. When the younger brother can no longer carry on, elder brother Gregory, Lassie's master, ties a handkerchief around Lassie's neck and sends her home. Lassie arrives home, and leads the search party to the boys. When they arrive Gregory is dead, but his younger half-brother is saved. Thus, Gaskell apparently originated the character Lassie, and at the same time defined the "Lassie saves the day" storyline that is the essence of subsequent Lassie tales.


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Context: which projects did she do for broadway?

Context: Cabaret

Context: what was her debut movie based on?

Context: An early depiction is found in British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half-brothers".

Question: are there any television adaptations as well?

Answer: Yes

Lassie [SEP] Movies and television

In 1943, the novel was adapted into a feature film, "Lassie Come Home", by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) that starred Roddy McDowall and Elizabeth Taylor. The movie was a hit and enjoyed favorable critical response. MGM followed this with several additional films, including a sequel entitled "Son of Lassie" (1945), starring Peter Lawford and June Lockhart, and "Courage of Lassie" with Elizabeth Taylor. A radio series, "Lassie Radio Show", was also created, airing until 1949. Between 1954–1973, the television series, "Lassie" was broadcast, with Lassie initially residing on a farm with a young male master. In the eleventh season, it changed to U.S.


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Context: which projects did she do for broadway?

Context: Cabaret

Context: what was her debut movie based on?

Context: are there any television adaptations as well?

Context: Yes

Question: what are the influences on the writer of this short story?

Answer: She travelled to London and also spent some time in Newcastle upon Tyne and from there made the journey to Edinburgh.

Elizabeth Gaskell [SEP] Character and influences

Her aunts gave her the classics to read, and she was encouraged by her father in her studies and writing. Her brother John sent her modern books, and descriptions of his life at sea and his experiences abroad. After leaving school at the age of 16, Elizabeth traveled to London to spend time with her Holland cousins. She also spent some time in Newcastle upon Tyne (with the Rev William Turner's family) and from there made the journey to Edinburgh. Her stepmother's brother was the miniature artist William John Thomson, who in 1832 painted a portrait of Elizabeth Gaskell in Manchester.


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Context: which projects did she do for broadway?

Context: Cabaret

Context: what was her debut movie based on?

Context: Yes

Context: what are the influences on the writer of this short story?

Context: She travelled to London and also spent some time in Newcastle upon Tyne and from there made the journey to Edinburgh.

Question: which dialects did she use?

Answer: Old English

Elizabeth Gaskell [SEP] Dialect usage

Gaskell's style is notable for putting local dialect words into the mouths of middle-class characters and the narrator. In "North and South" Margaret Hale suggests "redding up" (tidying) the Bouchers' house and even offers jokingly to teach her mother words such as "knobstick" (strike-breaker). In 1854 she defended her use of dialect to express otherwise inexpressible concepts in a letter to Walter Savage Landor: She also used the dialect word "nesh" (soft), which goes back to Old English, in "Mary Barton": and later in "The Manchester Marriage" [1858]:


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Context: which projects did she do for broadway?

Context: Cabaret

Context: what was her debut movie based on?

Context: Yes

Context: which dialects did she use?

Context: Old English

Question: which themes did she prominently deal with?

Answer: Gothic, industrial

Elizabeth Gaskell [SEP] Literary style and themes

Gaskell's first novel, "Mary Barton", was published anonymously in 1848. The best-known of her remaining novels are "Cranford" (1853), "North and South" (1854), and "Wives and Daughters" (1865). She became popular for her writing, especially her ghost stories, aided by Charles Dickens, who published her work in his magazine "Household Words". Her ghost stories are in the "Gothic" vein, making them quite distinct from her "industrial" fiction. Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions, including the use of the name "Mrs. Gaskell", she usually framed her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes. Her early works focused on factory work in the Midlands.


Context: which was her debut project?

Context: Her debut film was "Lassie"

Context: which projects did she do for broadway?

Context: Cabaret

Context: what was her debut movie based on?

Context: Yes

Context: which dialects did she use?

Context: Old English

Context: which themes did she prominently deal with?

Context: Gothic, industrial

Question: which are her famous works?

Answer: "Cotton Mather Mills", "The Sexton's Hero".

Elizabeth Gaskell [SEP] Married life and writing career

In April 1840 Howitt published "The Rural Life of England", which included a second work titled "Notes on Cheshire Customs". In July 1841 the Gaskells traveled to Belgium and Germany. German literature came to have a strong influence on her short stories, the first of which she published in 1847 as "Libbie Marsh's Three Eras", in "Howitt's Journal", under the pseudonym "Cotton Mather Mills". But other influences including Adam Smith's "Social Politics" enabled a much wider understanding of the cultural milieu in which her works were set. Her second story printed under the pseudonym was "The Sexton's Hero". And she made her last use of it in 1848, with the publication of her story "Christmas Storms and Sunshine".


Question: english writer best known for poems of the sea john

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

W. H. Auden [SEP] Introduction

Wystan Hugh Auden (; 21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) was an Anglo-American poet. Auden's poetry was noted for its stylistic and technical achievement, its engagement with politics, morals, love, and religion, and its variety in tone, form, and content. Some of his best known poems are about love, such as "Funeral Blues"; on political and social themes, such as "September 1, 1939" and "The Shield of Achilles"; on cultural and psychological themes, such as "The Age of Anxiety"; and on religious themes such as "For the Time Being" and "Horae Canonicae". He was born in York and grew up in and near Birmingham in a professional middle-class family.


Context: english writer best known for poems of the sea john

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Question: who is w.h.auden?

Answer: An Anglo-American poet

Explanation: was an Anglo-American poet.

W. H. Auden [SEP] Introduction


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Context: An Anglo-American poet

Question: where was he born?

Answer: He was born in York

Explanation: He was born in York

W. H. Auden [SEP] Introduction


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Context: who is w.h.auden?

Context: An Anglo-American poet

Context: where was he born?

Context: He was born in York

Question: did he travel to any other country?

Answer: He moved to the United States

Explanation: he moved to the United States

W. H. Auden [SEP] Introduction

He attended English independent (or public) schools and studied English at Christ Church, Oxford. After a few months in Berlin in 1928–29, he spent five years (1930–35) teaching in British private preparatory schools, then travelled to Iceland and China in order to write books about his journeys. In 1939 he moved to the United States and became an American citizen in 1946, retaining his British citizenship. He taught from 1941 to 1945 in American universities, followed by occasional visiting professorships in the 1950s. From 1947 to 1957 he wintered in New York and summered in Ischia; from 1958 until the end of his life he wintered in New York (in Oxford in 1972–73) and summered in Kirchstetten, Lower Austria.


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Context: An Anglo-American poet

Context: where was he born?

Context: He was born in York

Context: did he travel to any other country?

Context: He moved to the United States

Question: when?

Answer: 1939

W. H. Auden [SEP] Introduction


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Context: An Anglo-American poet

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Context: He was born in York

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Context: He moved to the United States

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Question: any reason behind it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

W. H. Auden [SEP] Introduction


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Context: An Anglo-American poet

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Context: He was born in York

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Context: He moved to the United States

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Question: can you mention any of his works?

Answer: "Paid on Both Sides"

Explanation: "Paid on Both Sides"

W. H. Auden [SEP] Up to 1930

In 1928 he wrote his first dramatic work, "Paid on Both Sides", subtitled "A Charade", which combined style and content from the Icelandic sagas with jokes from English school life. This mixture of tragedy and farce, with a dream play-within-a-play, introduced the mixed styles and content of much of his later work. This drama and thirty short poems appeared in his first published book "Poems" (1930, 2nd edition with seven poems replaced, 1933); the poems in the book were mostly lyrical and gnomic mediations on hoped-for or unconsummated love and on themes of personal, social, and seasonal renewal; among these poems were "It was Easter as I walked," "Doom is dark," "Sir, no man's enemy," and "This lunar beauty." A recurrent theme in these early poems is the effect of "family ghosts", Auden's term for the powerful, unseen psychological effects of preceding generations on any individual life (and the title of a poem).


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Context: An Anglo-American poet

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Context: He was born in York

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Context: He moved to the United States

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Context: any reason behind it?

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Context: can you mention any of his works?

Context: "Paid on Both Sides"

Question: can you mention a few others?

Answer: "Poems", "The Orators: An English Study"

Explanation: "The Orators: An English Study"

W. H. Auden [SEP] 1931–35

Auden's next large-scale work was "The Orators: An English Study" (1932; revised editions, 1934, 1966), in verse and prose, largely about hero-worship in personal and political life. In his shorter poems, his style became more open and accessible, and the exuberant "Six Odes" in "The Orators" reflect his new interest in Robert Burns. During the next few years, many of his poems took their form and style from traditional ballads and popular songs, and also from expansive classical forms like the "Odes" of Horace, which he seems to have discovered through the German poet Hölderlin. Around this time his main influences were Dante, William Langland, and Alexander Pope.


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Context: who is w.h.auden?

Context: An Anglo-American poet

Context: where was he born?

Context: He was born in York

Context: did he travel to any other country?

Context: He moved to the United States

Context: when?

Context: any reason behind it?

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Context: can you mention any of his works?

Context: "Paid on Both Sides"

Context: can you mention a few others?

Context: "Poems", "The Orators: An English Study"

Question: was he famous?

Answer: Yes, he is ranked as highest of three poets

W. H. Auden [SEP] Reputation and influence

Auden's stature in modern literature has been contested. Probably the most common critical view from the 1930s onward ranked him as the last and least of the three major twentieth-century British and Irish poets—behind Yeats and Eliot—while a minority view, more prominent in recent years, ranks him as the highest of the three. Opinions have ranged from those of Hugh MacDiarmid, who called him "a complete wash-out"; F. R. Leavis, who wrote that Auden's ironic style was "self-defensive, self-indulgent or merely irresponsible"; and Harold Bloom, who wrote "Close thy Auden, open thy [Wallace] Stevens," to the obituarist in "The Times", who wrote: "W.H.


Question: where are most asteroids located in our solar system

Answer: Asteroid belt which is located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars

Asteroid belt [SEP] Introduction

The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars, that is occupied by a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes but much smaller than planets, called asteroids or minor planets. This asteroid belt is also called the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids. About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea. The total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4% that of the Moon.


Context: where are most asteroids located in our solar system

Context: Asteroid belt which is located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars

Question: what is this belt?

Answer: It is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System

Explanation: The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System,

Asteroid belt [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is this belt?

Context: It is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System

Question: what is this system mentioned above?

Answer: The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly

Solar System [SEP] Introduction

The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest are the eight planets, with the remainder being smaller objects, the dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly—the moons—two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury. The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter.


Context: what is this belt?

Context: what is this system mentioned above?

Context: The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly

Question: how are the above mentioned belts formed?

Answer: A hypothesis to the asteroid belt creation is that in general, in the Solar System, a planetary formation is thought to have occurred via a process comparable to the long-standing nebular hypothesis: a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form a rotating disc of material that then further condensed to form the Sun and planets.

Asteroid belt [SEP] Formation

In 2018, a study from researchers at the University of Florida found the asteroid belt was created from the remnants of several ancient planets instead of a single planet. A hypothesis to the asteroid belt creation is that in general, in the Solar System, a planetary formation is thought to have occurred via a process comparable to the long-standing nebular hypothesis: a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form a rotating disc of material that then further condensed to form the Sun and planets. During the first few million years of the Solar System's history, an accretion process of sticky collisions caused the clumping of small particles, which gradually increased in size.


Context: what is this belt?

Context: what is this system mentioned above?

Context: how are the above mentioned belts formed?

Context: A hypothesis to the asteroid belt creation is that in general, in the Solar System, a planetary formation is thought to have occurred via a process comparable to the long-standing nebular hypothesis: a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form a rotating disc of material that then further condensed to form the Sun and planets.

Question: what are the physical features of the latter above mentioned planet?

Answer: Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's mass, resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity, the  red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron oxide, or rust

Explanation: Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth, with a surface area only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land. Mars is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's mass, resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity. The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron(III) oxide, or rust. It can look like butterscotch; other common surface colors include golden, brown, tan, and greenish, depending on the minerals present.

Mars [SEP] Physical characteristics


Context: what is this belt?

Context: what is this system mentioned above?

Context: what are the physical features of the latter above mentioned planet?

Context: Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's mass, resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity, the  red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron oxide, or rust

Question: can you explain the air that surrounds the planet?

Answer: Methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere

Mars [SEP] Methane

Methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere; it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane is released from discrete regions. The concentration of methane fluctuates from about 0.24 ppb during the northern winter to about 0.65 ppb during the summer. Estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6 to 4 years, so its presence indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. Methane could be produced by non-biological process such as serpentinization involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. Methanogenic microbial life forms in the subsurface are among possible sources.


Context: what is this belt?

Context: what is this system mentioned above?

Context: can you explain the air that surrounds the planet?

Context: Methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere

Question: what is the weather like here?

Answer: The seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, with equatorial summer,  winter

Explanation: Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about at the winter polar caps to highs of up to in equatorial summer. The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.

Mars [SEP] Climate


Context: what is this belt?

Context: what is this system mentioned above?

Context: what is the weather like here?

Context: The seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, with equatorial summer,  winter

Question: what are the features of the above mentioned belt?

Answer: Hundreds of thousands of asteroids are currently known, and the total number ranges in the millions or more, depending on the lower size cutoff, over 200 asteroids are known to be larger than 100 km,  700,000 and 1.7 million asteroids with a diameter of 1 km or more

Asteroid belt [SEP] Characteristics

Contrary to popular imagery, the asteroid belt is mostly empty. The asteroids are spread over such a large volume that it would be improbable to reach an asteroid without aiming carefully. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands of asteroids are currently known, and the total number ranges in the millions or more, depending on the lower size cutoff. Over 200 asteroids are known to be larger than 100 km, and a survey in the infrared wavelengths has shown that the asteroid belt has between 700,000 and 1.7 million asteroids with a diameter of 1 km or more. The apparent magnitudes of most of the known asteroids are between 11 and 19, with the median at about 16.


Context: what is this belt?

Context: what is this system mentioned above?

Context: what is the weather like here?

Context: what are the features of the above mentioned belt?

Context: Hundreds of thousands of asteroids are currently known, and the total number ranges in the millions or more, depending on the lower size cutoff, over 200 asteroids are known to be larger than 100 km,  700,000 and 1.7 million asteroids with a diameter of 1 km or more

Question: how are these belts classified?

Answer: Classified according similar orbital elements and similar spectral features

Asteroid belt [SEP] Families and groups

In 1918, the Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama noticed that the orbits of some of the asteroids had similar parameters, forming families or groups. Approximately one-third of the asteroids in the asteroid belt are members of an asteroid family. These share similar orbital elements, such as semi-major axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination as well as similar spectral features, all of which indicate a common origin in the breakup of a larger body. Graphical displays of these elements, for members of the asteroid belt, show concentrations indicating the presence of an asteroid family. There are about 20 to 30 associations that are almost certainly asteroid families.


Context: what is this belt?

Context: what is this system mentioned above?

Context: what is the weather like here?

Context: how are these belts classified?

Context: Classified according similar orbital elements and similar spectral features

Question: what is the size of the first mentioned planet?

Answer: Jupiter's radius is about 1/10 the radius of the Sun

Jupiter [SEP] Mass and size

Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center. Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense: its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 times as massive. Jupiter's radius is about 1/10 the radius of the Sun, and its mass is 0.001 times the mass of the Sun, so the densities of the two bodies are similar. A "Jupiter mass" ( or ) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs.


Question: some globular clusters have three main sequence tracks. this indicates

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Globular cluster [SEP] Introduction

A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes, and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers. The name of this category of star cluster is derived from the Latin, "globulus"—a small sphere. Occasionally, a globular cluster is known simply as a "globular". Globular clusters are found in the halo of a galaxy and contain considerably more stars, and are much older than the less dense open clusters, which are found in the disk of a galaxy. Globular clusters are fairly common; there are about 150 to 158 currently known globular clusters in the Milky Way, with perhaps 10 to 20 more still undiscovered.


Context: some globular clusters have three main sequence tracks. this indicates

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Question: what is this cluster?

Answer: It is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core.

Explanation: A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core.

Globular cluster [SEP] Introduction


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Context: what is this cluster?

Context: It is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core.

Question: how is this clusters formed?

Answer: The formation of globular clusters remains a poorly understood phenomenon and it remains uncertain whether the stars in a globular cluster form in a single generation or are spawned across multiple generations over a period of several hundred million years.

Globular cluster [SEP] Formation

The formation of globular clusters remains a poorly understood phenomenon and it remains uncertain whether the stars in a globular cluster form in a single generation or are spawned across multiple generations over a period of several hundred million years. In many globular clusters, most of the stars are at approximately the same stage in stellar evolution, suggesting that they formed at about the same time. However, the star formation history varies from cluster to cluster, with some clusters showing distinct populations of stars. An example of this is the globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) that exhibit a bimodal population.


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Context: what is this cluster?

Context: how is this clusters formed?

Context: The formation of globular clusters remains a poorly understood phenomenon and it remains uncertain whether the stars in a globular cluster form in a single generation or are spawned across multiple generations over a period of several hundred million years.

Question: what are this composed of?

Answer: Globular clusters are generally composed of hundreds of thousands of low-metal, old stars.

Globular cluster [SEP] Composition

Globular clusters are generally composed of hundreds of thousands of low-metal, old stars. The type of stars found in a globular cluster are similar to those in the bulge of a spiral galaxy but confined to a volume of only a few million cubic parsecs. They are free of gas and dust and it is presumed that all of the gas and dust was long ago either turned into stars or blown out of the cluster during the initial burst of star formation. Globular clusters can contain a high density of stars; on average about 0.4 stars per cubic parsec, increasing to 100 or 1000 stars per cubic parsec in the core of the cluster.


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Context: what is this cluster?

Context: how is this clusters formed?

Context: what are this composed of?

Context: Globular clusters are generally composed of hundreds of thousands of low-metal, old stars.

Question: what are its exotic components?

Answer: Some exotic classes of stars, such as "blue stragglers", "millisecond pulsars", and "low-mass X-ray binaries", are much more common in globular clusters.

Globular cluster [SEP] Exotic components

Globular clusters have a very high star density, and therefore close interactions and near-collisions of stars occur relatively often. Due to these chance encounters, some exotic classes of stars, such as "blue stragglers", "millisecond pulsars", and "low-mass X-ray binaries", are much more common in globular clusters. A “blue straggler” is thought to form from the merger of two stars, possibly as a result of an encounter with a binary system. The resulting star has a higher temperature than comparable stars in the cluster with the same luminosity, and thus differs from the main sequence stars formed at the beginning of the cluster.


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Context: what is this cluster?

Context: how is this clusters formed?

Context: what are this composed of?

Context: what are its exotic components?

Context: Some exotic classes of stars, such as "blue stragglers", "millisecond pulsars", and "low-mass X-ray binaries", are much more common in globular clusters.

Question: what is the first one?

Answer: A blue straggler is a main-sequence star in an open or globular cluster that is more luminous and bluer than stars at the main sequence turnoff point for the cluster.

Blue straggler [SEP] Introduction

A blue straggler is a main-sequence star in an open or globular cluster that is more luminous and bluer than stars at the main sequence turnoff point for the cluster. Blue stragglers were first discovered by Allan Sandage in 1953 while performing photometry of the stars in the globular cluster M3. Standard theories of stellar evolution hold that the position of a star on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram should be determined almost entirely by the initial mass of the star and its age. In a cluster, stars all formed at approximately the same time, and thus in an H–R diagram for a cluster, all stars should lie along a clearly defined curve set by the age of the cluster, with the positions of individual stars on that curve determined solely by their initial mass.


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Context: what is this cluster?

Context: how is this clusters formed?

Context: what are this composed of?

Context: what are its exotic components?

Context: what is the first one?

Context: A blue straggler is a main-sequence star in an open or globular cluster that is more luminous and bluer than stars at the main sequence turnoff point for the cluster.

Question: are there any other types of it?

Answer: "Yellow stragglers" or "red stragglers"

Blue straggler [SEP] Other types of stragglers

"Yellow stragglers" or "red stragglers" are stars with colors between that of the turnoff and the red giant branch but brighter than the subgiant branch. Such stars have been identified in open and globular star clusters. These stars may be former blue straggler stars that are now evolving toward the giant branch.


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Context: how is this clusters formed?

Context: what are this composed of?

Context: what are its exotic components?

Context: what is the first one?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: "Yellow stragglers" or "red stragglers"

Question: what is meant by the second exotic class?

Answer: It is a pulsar with a rotational period smaller than about 40 milliseconds.

Millisecond pulsar [SEP] Introduction

A millisecond pulsar (MSP) is a pulsar with a rotational period smaller than about 40 milliseconds. Millisecond pulsars have been detected in radio, X-ray, and gamma ray parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The leading theory for the origin of millisecond pulsars is that they are old, rapidly rotating neutron stars that have been spun up or "recycled" through accretion of matter from a companion star in a close binary system. For this reason, millisecond pulsars are sometimes called recycled pulsars. Millisecond pulsars are thought to be related to low-mass X-ray binary systems. It is thought that the X-rays in these systems are emitted by the accretion disk of a neutron star produced by the outer layers of a companion star that has overflowed its Roche lobe.


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Context: what is this cluster?

Context: how is this clusters formed?

Context: what are this composed of?

Context: what are its exotic components?

Context: what is the first one?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: "Yellow stragglers" or "red stragglers"

Context: what is meant by the second exotic class?

Context: It is a pulsar with a rotational period smaller than about 40 milliseconds.

Question: what can you tell me about its rotation speed?

Answer: one X-ray pulsar that spins at 599 revolutions per second

Millisecond pulsar [SEP] Pulsar rotational speed limits

However, in early 2007 data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and INTEGRAL spacecraft discovered a neutron star XTE J1739-285 rotating at 1122 Hz. The result is not statistically significant, with a significance level of only 3 sigma. Therefore, while it is an interesting candidate for further observations, current results are inconclusive. Still, it is believed that gravitational radiation plays a role in slowing the rate of rotation. Furthermore, one X-ray pulsar that spins at 599 revolutions per second, IGR J00291+5934, is a prime candidate for helping detect such waves in the future (most such X-ray pulsars only spin at around 300 rotations per second).


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Context: what is this cluster?

Context: how is this clusters formed?

Context: what are this composed of?

Context: what are its exotic components?

Context: what is the first one?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: "Yellow stragglers" or "red stragglers"

Context: what can you tell me about its rotation speed?

Context: one X-ray pulsar that spins at 599 revolutions per second

Question: who discovered the above mentioned clusters?

Answer: Abraham Ihle

Explanation: The first known globular cluster, now called M 22, was discovered in 1665 by Abraham Ihle, a German amateur astronomer.

Globular cluster [SEP] Observation history

He coined the term "globular cluster" in his "Catalogue of a Second Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars" published in 1789. The number of globular clusters discovered continued to increase, reaching 83 in 1915, 93 in 1930 and 97 by 1947. A total of 152 globular clusters have now been discovered in the Milky Way galaxy, out of an estimated total of 180 ± 20. These additional, undiscovered globular clusters are believed to be hidden behind the gas and dust of the Milky Way.


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Context: what are its exotic components?

Context: what is the first one?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: "Yellow stragglers" or "red stragglers"

Context: who discovered the above mentioned clusters?

Context: Abraham Ihle

Question: and when did he discover?

Answer: 1665


Question: when did henry iv, holy roman emperor ascend to the throne?

Answer: 1 April 1084

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor [SEP] Introduction

Most German and northern Italian bishops remained loyal to Henry and they elected the antipope Clement III. Rudolf of Rheinfelden was killed in battle and his successor, Hermann of Salm, could only exert royal authority in Saxony. From 1081, Henry launched a series of military campaigns to Italy, and Clement III crowned him emperor in Rome on 1 April 1084.


Context: when did henry iv, holy roman emperor ascend to the throne?

Context: 1 April 1084

Question: who was his father?

Answer: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV (; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054. He was the son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor—the second monarch of the Salian dynasty—and Agnes of Poitou. After his father's death on 5 October 1056, Henry was placed under his mother's guardianship. She made grants to German aristocrats to secure their support. Unlike her late husband, she could not control the election of the popes, thus the idea of the "liberty of the Church" strengthened during her rule.


Context: 1 April 1084

Context: who was his father?

Context: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

Question: was there any controversy during his crowning?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: 1 April 1084

Context: who was his father?

Context: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

Context: was there any controversy during his crowning?

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Question: which country did he reign over?

Answer: Germany, Italy, Burgundy

Explanation: Henry IV (; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054.


Context: 1 April 1084

Context: who was his father?

Context: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

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Context: which country did he reign over?

Context: Germany, Italy, Burgundy

Question: was his father in a conflict with any country?

Answer: Yes, with Bohemia and Hungary

Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor [SEP] Conflict with Bohemia and Hungary

Henry lead his first military campaign as sovereign in 1040 into Bohemia, where Bretislav I posed a threat, who intended to establish a separate archbishopric. After having attended the reform sessions of a number of monasteries, Henry summoned his army at Stablo, In July he joined with contingents at Goslar and deployed his entire army at Regensburg. He set out on 13 August and was soon ambushed in the passes of the Bohemian Forest and forced to retreat with heavy losses at the Battle at Brůdek. After the release of a large number of Bohemian hostages, including Bretislavs' son, did Henry procure the release of his prisoners and peace was established.


Context: 1 April 1084

Context: who was his father?

Context: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

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Context: which country did he reign over?

Context: Germany, Italy, Burgundy

Context: was his father in a conflict with any country?

Context: Yes, with Bohemia and Hungary

Question: who was this king married to?

Answer: Agnes of Poitou

Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor [SEP] Marriage to Agnes of Poitou

In 1043 Henry married the daughter of duke William V of Aquitaine and duchess Agnes of Burgundy, Agnes of Poitou. She resided at the court of her stepfather, Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou. The association with this boisterous vassal of the king of France and her consanguinity with Henry (both are descendants of Henry the Fowler) stirred up some consternation among many clerics, who opposed their union. The marriage, however took place anyway and Agnes was crowned queen at Mainz.


Context: 1 April 1084

Context: who was his father?

Context: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

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Context: which country did he reign over?

Context: Germany, Italy, Burgundy

Context: Yes, with Bohemia and Hungary

Context: who was this king married to?

Context: Agnes of Poitou

Question: did she act as regent for any monarch?

Answer: Yes,  Agnes served as regent on behalf of her young son, Henry IV

Agnes of Poitou [SEP] Role as regent

After her husband's death on 5 October 1056, Agnes served as regent on behalf of her young son, Henry IV. Henry III had secured the election of his son as King of the Romans on his deathbed. Agnes, aided by Hugh of Cluny and Pope Victor II, also Bishop of Eichstätt, tried to continue her husband's politics and to reinforce the rule of the Salian dynasty. However, despite being related to kings of Italy and Burgundy, she was a controversial leader. In order to forge alliances, she would give away three German duchies: already on Christmas 1056, the Ezzonid scion Conrad III, a nephew of Count palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia, received the princeless Duchy of Carinthia.


Context: 1 April 1084

Context: who was his father?

Context: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

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Context: which country did he reign over?

Context: Germany, Italy, Burgundy

Context: Yes, with Bohemia and Hungary

Context: who was this king married to?

Context: Agnes of Poitou

Context: did she act as regent for any monarch?

Context: Yes,  Agnes served as regent on behalf of her young son, Henry IV

Question: where does the title given to the roman emperor come from?

Answer: The title and connection between Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the medieval period

Explanation: Both the title and connection between Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the medieval period (in exile during 1204–1261).

Holy Roman Emperor [SEP] Title

For this reason, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks and King of Italy, was crowned Emperor of the Romans ("Imperator Romanorum") by Pope Leo III, as the successor of Constantine VI as Roman Emperor under the concept of "translatio imperii". On his coins, the name and title used by Charlemagne is Karolus Imperator Augustus and in his documents, he used Imperator Augustus Romanum gubernans Imperium ("August Emperor, governing the Roman Empire") and serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus, magnus pacificus Imperator Romanorum gubernans Imperium ("most serene Augustus crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the empire of the Romans"). The Eastern Empire eventually relented to recognizing Charlemagne and his successors as emperors, but as "Frankish" and "German emperors", at no point referring to them as Roman, a label they reserved for themselves.


Context: 1 April 1084

Context: who was his father?

Context: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

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Context: Germany, Italy, Burgundy

Context: Yes, with Bohemia and Hungary

Context: who was this king married to?

Context: Agnes of Poitou

Context: did she act as regent for any monarch?

Context: where does the title given to the roman emperor come from?

Context: The title and connection between Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the medieval period

Question: who was the first to hold this title after their name?

Answer: Saxon king Otto I

Holy Roman Emperor [SEP] Holy Roman Emperors

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962. While earlier Germanic and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman emperors, the actual Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have begun with the crowning of the Saxon king Otto I. It was officially an elective position, though at times it ran in families, notably the four generations of the Salian dynasty in the 11th century. From the end of the Salian dynasty through the middle 15th century, the emperors drew from many different German dynasties, and it was rare for the throne to pass from father to son.