Context: who was lester brain?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Forbes, New South Wales, Australia

Context: which school did he pass out from?

Context: Sydney Grammar School

Context: Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

Context: which airlines did he work for after his training?

Context: Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services (Qantas), Trans Australia Airlines (TAA)

Question: when did the first one start?

Answer: April 1924

Lester Brain [SEP] Qantas

Brain graduated at the top of his class after the year-long training course at Point Cook, and was duly commissioned in the CAF. Moving to Queensland in April 1924, he took up employment as a pilot with Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services (Qantas), its first aviator without a war record. On 7 February 1925, he flew the first scheduled passenger service from Cloncurry to Camooweal, extending the airline's founding route—from Charleville to Cloncurry—by . The following year, he completed a refresher course at Central Flying School, Point Cook. On a rain-soaked McKinlay airfield near Cloncurry on 27 February 1927, he flipped Qantas' first de Havilland DH.50 on to its back while attempting take-off, though he managed to escape without injury.


Context: who was lester brain?

Context: Australian aviator and airline executive

Context: where was he born?

Context: Forbes, New South Wales, Australia

Context: which school did he pass out from?

Context: Sydney Grammar School

Context: at which place did he complete his aviation training at?

Context: Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

Context: when did the first one start?

Context: April 1924

Question: can you tell me any 21st century developments that took place here?

Answer: In 2004, the Qantas group expanded into the Asian budget airline market with Jetstar Asia Airways; On 25 March 2018, a Qantas Boeing 787 became the first aircraft to operate a non-stop commercial flight between Australia and Europe

Explanation:
In 2004, the Qantas group expanded into the Asian budget airline market with Jetstar Asia Airways, in which Qantas owns a minority stake. A similar model was used for the investment into Jetstar Pacific, headquartered in Vietnam, in 2007, and Jetstar Japan, launched in 2012.

In December 2006, Qantas was the subject of a failed bid from a consortium calling itself Airline Partners Australia. Merger talks with British Airways in 2008 also did not proceed to an agreement. In 2011, an industrial relations dispute between Qantas and the Transport Workers Union of Australia resulted in the grounding of all Qantas aircraft and lock-out of the airline's staff for two days.

On 25 March 2018, a Qantas Boeing 787 became the first aircraft to operate a scheduled non-stop commercial flight between Australia and Europe, with the inaugural arrival in London of Flight 9 (QF9). QF9 was a 17-hour, 14,498 km (9,009-mile) journey from Perth Airport in Western Australia to London Heathrow.

Qantas [SEP] 21st century developments

Qantas briefly revived the Australian Airlines name for a short-lived international budget airline between 2002 and 2006, but this subsidiary was shut down in favour of expanding Jetstar internationally, including to New Zealand. In 2004, the Qantas group expanded into the Asian budget airline market with Jetstar Asia Airways, in which Qantas owns a minority stake. A similar model was used for the investment into Jetstar Pacific, headquartered in Vietnam, in 2007, and Jetstar Japan, launched in 2012. In December 2006, Qantas was the subject of a failed bid from a consortium calling itself Airline Partners Australia. Merger talks with British Airways in 2008 also did not proceed to an agreement.


Context: who was lester brain?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Forbes, New South Wales, Australia

Context: which school did he pass out from?

Context: Sydney Grammar School

Context: Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

Context: when did the first one start?

Context: April 1924

Context: can you tell me any 21st century developments that took place here?

Context: In 2004, the Qantas group expanded into the Asian budget airline market with Jetstar Asia Airways; On 25 March 2018, a Qantas Boeing 787 became the first aircraft to operate a non-stop commercial flight between Australia and Europe

Question: was the airways effected by the recent pandemic?

Answer: Yes - They suspended about 60% of domestic flights, put two thirds of its employees on leave, suspend all international flights

Explanation: On 19 March 2020, Qantas confirmed it would suspend about 60% of domestic flights, put two thirds of its employees on leave, suspend all international flights and ground more than 150 of its aircraft from the end of March until at least 31 May 2020 following expanded government travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To survive the pandemic, Qantas announced that it would be axing 6,000 jobs and announced a plan to raise A$1.9 billion in new capital. Qantas also announced it would be offloading its 30% stake in Jetstar Pacific to Vietnam Airlines, hence retiring the Jetstar brand in Vietnam.

Qantas [SEP] COVID-19 pandemic


Context: who was lester brain?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Forbes, New South Wales, Australia

Context: which school did he pass out from?

Context: Sydney Grammar School

Context: Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

Context: when did the first one start?

Context: April 1924

Context: was the airways effected by the recent pandemic?

Context: Yes - They suspended about 60% of domestic flights, put two thirds of its employees on leave, suspend all international flights

Question: how many years did the aviator work for this airlines?

Answer: Around 22 years (April 1924 to April 1946)

Lester Brain [SEP] Trans Australia Airlines

After the war, Brain was appointed Qantas' Assistant general manager. Fysh was still in his early fifties and appeared unlikely to retire any time soon. Seeing little chance of further advancement where he was, Brain took the opportunity to apply for the position of Operations Manager at Trans Australia Airlines (TAA), a new domestic carrier established by the Federal Labor government and run by the Australian National Airlines Commission (ACAC), which was chaired by Arthur Coles. Qantas could not match the £2,250 salary associated with the TAA role, and Brain advised Fysh of his resignation on 10 April 1946. In the event, ACAC appointed him TAA's general manager on 3 June, with a £3,000 salary and an undertaking to increase this to as much as £5,000 in the future.


Context: who was lester brain?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Forbes, New South Wales, Australia

Context: which school did he pass out from?

Context: Sydney Grammar School

Context: Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

Context: when did the first one start?

Context: April 1924

Context: how many years did the aviator work for this airlines?

Context: Around 22 years (April 1924 to April 1946)

Question: did he also participate in any major war?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: By February 1942, Brain was running the Qantas base at Broome in north Western Australia, which had assumed major importance as a way station for evacuees from the Dutch East Indies, possessing a harbour suitable for flying boats, as well as an airfield that could take heavy bombers. The increasing Royal Netherlands Air Force, RAAF and Qantas traffic through the base led Brain to anticipate an attack by Japanese forces, and this occurred on 3 March, when nine A6M Zero fighters strafed the harbour with cannon. Twenty-four aircraft were destroyed, and an estimated seventy people were killed. Brain, though suffering from fever, rowed into the harbour with another airline representative and rescued ten people from the water. After the all-clear sounded, he ordered an undamaged Qantas flying boat to Port Hedland, in case of further attacks; he also took part in the search for survivors of a Consolidated B-24 Liberator that had been shot down by the raiders. His rescue efforts were recognise

Lester Brain [SEP] World War II

Following the outbreak of World War II, Brain was given the task of co-ordinating Qantas' support for the Australian military, which became known as the Qantas Merchant Air Service. On 23 February 1940, Fysh noted that since its formation in 1934, QEA had logged six million miles in flying boats and landplanes without suffering any injuries to passengers or crew. He called it "a record which has never been equalled in any part of the world ... It reflects the highest credit on Captain Brain, who has been in charge of flying operations during this time." In 1941, Brain took charge of ferrying eighteen PBY Catalinas from the United States to Australia on behalf of the RAAF, which had purchased the aircraft.


Question: peasants made up what part of the population of han china

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Economy of the Han dynasty [SEP] Introduction

The economy of the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) of ancient China experienced upward and downward movements in its economic cycle, periods of economic prosperity and decline. It is normally divided into three periods: Western Han (206 BC – 9 AD), the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD), and Eastern Han (25–220 AD). The Xin regime, established by the former regent Wang Mang, formed a brief interregnum between lengthy periods of Han rule. Following the fall of Wang Mang, the Han capital was moved eastward from Chang'an to Luoyang. In consequence, historians have named the succeeding eras Western Han and Eastern Han respectively.


Context: peasants made up what part of the population of han china

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what kind of money was used during this time?

Answer: Coin currency and token money notes.

Explanation: During the early Western Han period, founding Emperor Gaozu of Han (r. 202–195 BC) closed government mints in favor of coin currency produced by the private sector. Gaozu's widow Empress Lü Zhi, as grand empress dowager, abolished private minting in 186 BC. She first issued a government-minted bronze coin weighing , but issued another, weighing , in 182 BC. The change to the lighter coin caused widespread inflation, so in 175 BC Emperor Wen of Han (r. 180–157 BC) lifted the ban on private minting; private mints were required to mint coins weighing exactly . Private minting was again abolished in 144 BC during the end of Emperor Jing of Han's (r. 157–141 BC) reign. Despite this, the bronze coin was issued by both central and local commandery governments until 120 BC, when for one year it was replaced with a coin weighing . Other currencies were introduced around this time. Token money notes made of embroidered white deerskin, with a face value of 400,000 coins, were used to collect gove

Economy of the Han dynasty [SEP] Variations in currency


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of money was used during this time?

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Question: who was the emperor at that time?

Answer: Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Wen, Emperor Wu and Emperor Guangwu.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Wen, Emperor Wu and Emperor Guangwu.

Question: when was the first emperor born?

Answer: 256 BCE.

Emperor Gaozu of Han [SEP] Introduction

Emperor Gaozu of Han (256 – 1 June 195 BCE), born Liu Bang () with courtesy name Ji (季), was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 202 – 195 BCE. His temple name was "Taizu" while his posthumous name was Emperor Gao, or Gaodi; "Gaozu of Han", derived from the "Records of the Grand Historian", is the common way of referring to this sovereign even though he was not accorded the temple name "Gaozu", which literally means "High Founder". Liu Bang was one of the few dynasty founders in Chinese history who was born into a peasant family.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Question: is there any book or song about him?

Answer: He composed a song called - "Song of the Great Wind".

Explanation: The "Song of the Great Wind" was a song composed by Liu Bang in 195 BCE when he visited his hometown in Pei County after suppressing Ying Bu's rebellion. He prepared a banquet and invited all his old friends and townsfolk to join him. After some drinks, Liu Bang played the guqin and sang the "Song of the Great Wind".

Emperor Gaozu of Han [SEP] Song of the Great Wind


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: He composed a song called - "Song of the Great Wind".

Question: did he make any efforts to reduce taxation on his people?

Answer: He gave an order stating that the people who remained in Guanzhong were exempted from taxes and corvée for 12 years while those who returned to their respective native territories were exempted for six years.

Emperor Gaozu of Han [SEP] Reducing taxes and corvée

Emperor Gaozu disbanded his armies and allowed the soldiers to return home. He gave an order stating that the people who remained in Guanzhong were exempted from taxes and corvée for 12 years while those who returned to their respective native territories were exempted for six years and that the central government would provide for them for a year. He also granted freedom to those who had sold themselves into slavery to avoid hunger during the wars. In 195 BCE, the emperor issued two decrees: the first officialised the lowering of taxes and corvée; the second set the amount of tribute to be paid by the vassal kings to the imperial court in the 10th month of every year.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: did he make any efforts to reduce taxation on his people?

Context: He gave an order stating that the people who remained in Guanzhong were exempted from taxes and corvée for 12 years while those who returned to their respective native territories were exempted for six years.

Question: what is the meaning of the second form of taxation mentioned here?

Answer: It is a form of unpaid, unfree labour, which is intermittent in nature and which lasts limited periods of time.

Corvée [SEP] Introduction

Corvée () is a form of unpaid, unfree labour, which is intermittent in nature and which lasts limited periods of time: typically only a certain number of days' work each year. Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state for the purposes of public works. As such it represents a form of levy (taxation). Unlike other forms of levy, such as a tithe, a corvée does not require the population to have land, crops or cash. The obligation for tenant farmers to perform corvée work for landlords on private landed estates was widespread throughout history before the Industrial Revolution.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: what is the meaning of the second form of taxation mentioned here?

Context: It is a form of unpaid, unfree labour, which is intermittent in nature and which lasts limited periods of time.

Question: any ancient civilizations that practiced this?

Answer: Yes, the Roman Empire.

Corvée [SEP] Austria, Holy Roman Empire, and Germany

Corvée labour (specifically: Socage) was essential in the feudal economic system of the Habsburg monarchy – later Austrian Empire – and most German states that have belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. Farmers and peasants were obliged to do hard agricultural work for their nobility. When a cash economy became established, the duty was gradually replaced by the duty to pay taxes. After the Thirty Years' War, the demands for corvée labour grew too high and the system became dysfunctional. The official decline of corvée is linked to the abolition of serfdom by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Habsburg ruler, in 1781.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: any ancient civilizations that practiced this?

Context: Yes, the Roman Empire.

Question: has it been observed anywhere in recent years?

Answer: Yes, in Myanmar, Bhutan and Rwanda.

Explanation:
The government of Myanmar is well known for its use of the corvée and has defended the practice in its official newspapers.

In Bhutan, the "" calls for citizens to do work, such as dzong construction, in lieu of part of their tax obligation to the state.

In Rwanda, the centuries-old tradition of umuganda, or community labor, still continues, usually in the form of one Saturday a month when citizens are required to perform this work.

Corvée [SEP] Modern instances


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: Yes, the Roman Empire.

Context: has it been observed anywhere in recent years?

Context: Yes, in Myanmar, Bhutan and Rwanda.

Question: where is the last country mentioned here located?

Answer: It is located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Rwanda [SEP] Introduction

Rwanda is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. One of the smallest countries on the African mainland, its capital city is Kigali. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: Yes, the Roman Empire.

Context: Yes, in Myanmar, Bhutan and Rwanda.

Context: where is the last country mentioned here located?

Context: It is located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Question: what language is spoken there?

Answer: Kinyarwanda, English, French, and Swahili, to name a few.

Explanation: he country's principal language is Kinyarwanda, which is spoken by nearly all Rwandans. The major European languages during the colonial era were German, though it was never taught or widely used, and then French, which was introduced by Belgium from 1916 and remained an official and widely spoken language after independence in 1962. Dutch was spoken too. The return of English-speaking Rwandan refugees in the 1990s added a new dimension to the country's linguistic diversity. Kinyarwanda, English, French, and Swahili are all official languages. Kinyarwanda is the national language while English is the primary medium of instruction in secondary and tertiary education. Swahili, the lingua franca of the East African Community, is also spoken by some as a second language, particularly returned refugees from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and those who live along the border with the DRC. In 2015, Swahili was introduced as a mandatory subject in secondary schoo

Rwanda [SEP] Languages

The country's principal language is Kinyarwanda, which is spoken by nearly all Rwandans. The major European languages during the colonial era were German, though it was never taught or widely used, and then French, which was introduced by Belgium from 1916 and remained an official and widely spoken language after independence in 1962. Dutch was spoken too. The return of English-speaking Rwandan refugees in the 1990s added a new dimension to the country's linguistic diversity. Kinyarwanda, English, French, and Swahili are all official languages. Kinyarwanda is the national language while English is the primary medium of instruction in secondary and tertiary education.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: Yes, the Roman Empire.

Context: Yes, in Myanmar, Bhutan and Rwanda.

Context: what language is spoken there?

Context: Kinyarwanda, English, French, and Swahili, to name a few.

Question: what was the main religion followed in the empire mentioned earlier?

Answer: Roman Catholicism.

Holy Roman Empire [SEP] Religion

Roman Catholicism constituted the single official religion of the Empire until 1555. The Holy Roman Emperor was always a Roman Catholic. Lutheranism was officially recognized in the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, and Calvinism in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Those two constituted the only officially recognized Protestant denominations, while various other Protestant confessions such as Anabaptism, Arminianism, etc. coexisted illegally within the Empire. Anabaptism came in a variety of denominations, including Mennonites, Schwarzenau Brethren, Hutterites, the Amish, and multiple other groups. Following the Peace of Augsburg, the official religion of a territory was determined by the principle cujus regio, ejus religio according to which a ruler's religion determined that of his subjects.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Coin currency and token money notes.

Context: who was the emperor at that time?

Context: when was the first emperor born?

Context: 256 BCE.

Context: is there any book or song about him?

Context: Yes, the Roman Empire.

Context: Yes, in Myanmar, Bhutan and Rwanda.

Context: what language is spoken there?

Context: what was the main religion followed in the empire mentioned earlier?

Context: Roman Catholicism.

Question: when was it finally dissolved?

Answer: 1806.

Holy Roman Empire [SEP] Introduction

The Holy Roman Empire (; ), later referred to as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy, plus numerous other territories, and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy was added. However, while by the 15th century the Empire was still in theory composed of three major blocks – Italy, Germany, and Burgundy – in practice only the Kingdom of Germany remained, with the Burgundian territories lost to France and the Italian territories, ignored in the Imperial Reform, mostly either ruled directly by the Habsburg emperors or subject to competing foreign influence.


Question: what is confederate government of kentucky?

Answer: A shadow government established for the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

Confederate government of Kentucky [SEP] Introduction

The Confederate government of Kentucky was a shadow government established for the Commonwealth of Kentucky by a self-constituted group of Confederate sympathizers during the American Civil War. The shadow government never replaced the elected government in Frankfort, which had strong Union sympathies. Neither was it able to gain the whole support of Kentucky's citizens; its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, the provisional government was recognized by the Confederate States of America, and Kentucky was admitted to the Confederacy on December 10, 1861. Kentucky, the final state admitted to the Confederacy, was represented by the 13th (central) star on the Confederate battle flag.


Context: what is confederate government of kentucky?

Context: A shadow government established for the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

Question: when was it formed?

Answer: December 10, 1861.

Explanation: Kentucky was admitted to the Confederacy on December 10, 1861.


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Question: can you name a few members from this?

Answer: George W. Johnson, Henry Burnett, Breckinridge

From that point forward, the government existed primarily on paper and was dissolved at the end of the war. The provisional government elected two governors. George W. Johnson was elected at the Russellville Convention and served until his death at the Battle of Shiloh. Richard Hawes was elected to replace Johnson and served through the remainder of the war.


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Context: can you name a few members from this?

Context: George W. Johnson, Henry Burnett, Breckinridge

Question: what were some of their aims and objectives to form this governance?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Confederate government of Kentucky [SEP] Formation

A pro-Confederate peace meeting, with Breckinridge as a speaker, was scheduled for September 21. Unionists feared the meeting would lead to actual military resistance, and dispatched troops from Camp Dick Robinson to disband the meeting and arrest Breckinridge. Breckinridge, as well as many other state leaders identified with the secessionists, fled the state. These leaders eventually served as the nucleus for a group that would create a shadow government for Kentucky. In his October 8 "Address to the People of Kentucky," Breckinridge declared, "The United States no longer exists. The Union is dissolved." On October 29, 1861, 63 delegates representing 34 counties met at Russellville to discuss the formation of a Confederate government for the Commonwealth.


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Context: can you name a few members from this?

Context: what were some of their aims and objectives to form this governance?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what war was going on when this governance was formed?

Answer: American Civil War.


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Context: can you name a few members from this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what war was going on when this governance was formed?

Context: American Civil War.

Question: whom was it fought between?

Answer: northern states loyal to the Union and southern states

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina just over a month after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution.


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Context: can you name a few members from this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: American Civil War.

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: northern states loyal to the Union and southern states

Question: can you name a few states from the former who was loyal?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Context: can you name a few members from this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: American Civil War.

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: can you name a few states from the former who was loyal?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when did that war end?

Answer: 1865

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Context: can you name a few members from this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: American Civil War.

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did that war end?

Question: what was the main cause that led to that war?

Answer: It began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people.

Explanation: The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people.

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was it formed?

Context: December 10, 1861.

Context: can you name a few members from this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: American Civil War.

Context: whom was it fought between?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did that war end?

Context: what was the main cause that led to that war?

Context: It began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people.

Question: at the end, who claimed victory?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction


Question: how long did it take hemingway to write the sun also rises

Answer: He started writing on 21July and finished the draft on 21 September 1925.

Explanation: A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday (21 July), he began writing what would eventually become "The Sun Also Rises". By 17 August, with 14 chapters written and a working title of "Fiesta" chosen, Hemingway returned to Paris. He finished the draft on 21 September 1925, writing a foreword the following weekend and changing the title to "The Lost Generation".

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Background

He finished the draft on 21 September 1925, writing a foreword the following weekend and changing the title to "The Lost Generation". A few months later, in December 1925, Hemingway and his wife spent the winter in Schruns, Austria, where he began revising the manuscript extensively. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January, and—against Hadley's advice—urged him to sign a contract with Scribner's. Hemingway left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers, and on his return, during a stop in Paris, began an affair with Pauline. He returned to Schruns to finish the revisions in March.


Context: how long did it take hemingway to write the sun also rises

Context: He started writing on 21July and finished the draft on 21 September 1925.

Question: what type of written work is this?

Answer: It is an early and enduring modernist novel.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Introduction

The Sun Also Rises is a 1926 novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway that portrays American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights. An early and enduring modernist novel, it received mixed reviews upon publication. However, Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes that it is now "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work", and Hemingway scholar Linda Wagner-Martin calls it his most important novel. The novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by Scribner's. A year later, Jonathan Cape published the novel in London under the title Fiesta.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: It is an early and enduring modernist novel.

Question: who is the author of this work?

Answer: Ernest Hemingway

Explanation: The Sun Also Rises is a 1926 novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway that portrays American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Introduction


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Question: when was this work first published?

Answer: October 1926

Explanation: The novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by Scribner's.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Introduction


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Question: what is the storyline of this work?

Answer: It that portrays American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Introduction


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: It that portrays American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights.

Question: is this based on a true story?

Answer: Yes, the characters are based on real people in Hemingway's circle, and the action is based on real events.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Introduction

It remains in print. The basis for the novel was Hemingway's trip to Spain in 1925. The setting was unique and memorable, depicting sordid café life in Paris and the excitement of the Pamplona festival, with a middle section devoted to descriptions of a fishing trip in the Pyrenees. Hemingway's spare writing style, combined with his restrained use of description to convey characterizations and action, demonstrates his "Iceberg Theory" of writing. The novel is a "roman à clef": the characters are based on real people in Hemingway's circle, and the action is based on real events. Hemingway presents his notion that the "Lost Generation"—considered to have been decadent, dissolute, and irretrievably damaged by World War I—was in fact resilient and strong.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: Yes, the characters are based on real people in Hemingway's circle, and the action is based on real events.

Question: name some of the characters featured in this work.

Answer: Jake Barnes, Lady Brett Ashley, Robert Cohn, to name a few.

Explanation: On the surface, the novel is a love story between the protagonist Jake Barnes—a man whose war wound has made him unable to have sex—and the promiscuous divorcée usually identified as Lady Brett Ashley. Jake is an expatriate American journalist living in Paris, while Brett is a twice-divorced Englishwoman with bobbed hair and numerous love affairs, and embodies the new sexual freedom of the 1920s. Brett's affair with Jake's college friend Robert Cohn causes Jake to be upset and break off his friendship with Robert; her seduction of the 19-year-old matador Romero causes Jake to lose his good reputation among the Spaniards in Pamplona.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Plot summary


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: name some of the characters featured in this work.

Context: Jake Barnes, Lady Brett Ashley, Robert Cohn, to name a few.

Question: what role was the first character depicted in the novel?

Answer: He is the protagonist

Explanation: On the surface, the novel is a love story between the protagonist Jake Barnes—a man whose war wound has made him unable to have sex—and the promiscuous divorcée usually identified as Lady Brett Ashley.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Plot summary


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: what role was the first character depicted in the novel?

Context: He is the protagonist

Question: what role was the second character depicted in the novel?

Answer: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Explanation: On the surface, the novel is a love story between the protagonist Jake Barnes—a man whose war wound has made him unable to have sex—and the promiscuous divorcée usually identified as Lady Brett Ashley

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Plot summary


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: what role was the second character depicted in the novel?

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Question: who is the third character in this work?

Answer: He is Jake's college friend.

Explanation: Brett's affair with Jake's college friend Robert Cohn causes Jake to be upset and break off his friendship with Robert; her seduction of the 19-year-old matador Romero causes Jake to lose his good reputation among the Spaniards in Pamplona.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Plot summary


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: who is the third character in this work?

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Question: what is the writing style of this work?

Answer: The novel is well known for its style, which is variously described as modern, hard-boiled, or understated.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Writing style

The novel is well known for its style, which is variously described as modern, hard-boiled, or understated. As a novice writer and journalist in Paris, Hemingway turned to Ezra Pound—who had a reputation as "an unofficial minister of culture who acted as mid-wife for new literary talent"—to mark and blue-ink his short stories. From Pound, Hemingway learned to write in the modernist style: he used understatement, pared away sentimentalism, and presented images and scenes without explanations of meaning, most notably at the book's conclusion, in which multiple future possibilities are left for Brett and Jake. The scholar Anders Hallengren writes that because Hemingway learned from Pound to "distrust adjectives," he created a style "in accordance with the esthetics and ethics of raising the emotional temperature towards the level of universal truth by shutting the door on sentiment, on the subjective." F.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Context: what is the writing style of this work?

Context: The novel is well known for its style, which is variously described as modern, hard-boiled, or understated.

Question: what was the overall feedback received after readers went through this work?

Answer: His first novel was arguably his best and most important and came to be seen as an iconic modernist novel.

The Sun Also Rises [SEP] Reception

Hemingway's first novel was arguably his best and most important and came to be seen as an iconic modernist novel, although Reynolds emphasizes that Hemingway was not philosophically a modernist. In the book, his characters epitomized the post-war expatriate generation for future generations. He had received good reviews for his volume of short stories, "In Our Time", of which Edmund Wilson wrote, "Hemingway's prose was of the first distinction." Wilson's comments were enough to bring attention to the young writer. Good reviews came in from many major publications. Conrad Aiken wrote in the "New York Herald Tribune", "If there is a better dialogue to be written today I do not know where to find it"; and Bruce Barton wrote in "The Atlantic" that Hemingway "writes as if he had never read anybody's writing, as if he had fashioned the art of writing himself," and that the characters "are amazingly real and alive." Many reviewers, among them H.L.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Context: what is the writing style of this work?

Context: what was the overall feedback received after readers went through this work?

Context: His first novel was arguably his best and most important and came to be seen as an iconic modernist novel.

Question: where was the author born?

Answer: Oak Park, Illinois

Ernest Hemingway [SEP] Early life

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, to Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a physician, and Grace Hall Hemingway, a musician. His parents were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a conservative community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said, "So many churches for so many good people to go to." When Clarence and Grace Hemingway married in 1896, they lived with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, after whom they named their first son, the second of their six children. His sister Marcelline preceded him in 1898, followed by Ursula in 1902, Madelaine in 1904, Carol in 1911, and Leicester in 1915.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Context: what is the writing style of this work?

Context: where was the author born?

Context: Oak Park, Illinois

Question: besides being a writer, what were his other professions?

Answer: He was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and sportsman.

Explanation: Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and sportsman.

Ernest Hemingway [SEP] Introduction

His debut novel "The Sun Also Rises" was published in 1926. He divorced Richardson in 1927 and married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War, where he had been a journalist. He based "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) on his experience there. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated after he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present with the troops as a journalist at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Context: what is the writing style of this work?

Context: where was the author born?

Context: Oak Park, Illinois

Context: besides being a writer, what were his other professions?

Context: He was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and sportsman.

Question: what was his role during world war i?

Answer: He responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort and signed on to be an ambulance driver in Italy, after having failed to enlist in the U.S. Army because of poor eyesight.

Ernest Hemingway [SEP] World War I

In December 1917, Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort and signed on to be an ambulance driver in Italy, after having failed to enlist in the U.S. Army because of poor eyesight. In May 1918 he sailed from New York, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery. That June he arrived at the Italian Front. On his first day in Milan, he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion to join rescuers retrieving the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his non-fiction book "Death in the Afternoon": "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments." A few days later, he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Context: what is the writing style of this work?

Context: where was the author born?

Context: Oak Park, Illinois

Context: what was his role during world war i?

Context: He responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort and signed on to be an ambulance driver in Italy, after having failed to enlist in the U.S. Army because of poor eyesight.

Question: what was his contribution during the spanish civil war?

Answer: In 1937, Hemingway left for Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA).

Ernest Hemingway [SEP] Spanish Civil War

In 1937, Hemingway left for Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA), despite Pauline's reluctance to have him working in a war zone. He and Dos Passos both signed on to work with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens as screenwriters for "The Spanish Earth". Dos Passos left the project after the execution of José Robles, his friend and Spanish translator, which caused a rift between the two writers. Hemingway was joined in Spain by journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn, who he had met in Key West a year earlier. Like Hadley, Martha was a St.


Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Context: what is the writing style of this work?

Context: where was the author born?

Context: Oak Park, Illinois

Context: what was his role during world war i?

Context: what was his contribution during the spanish civil war?

Context: In 1937, Hemingway left for Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA).

Question: when was this mentioned alliance established?

Answer: 1922

Explanation: NANA was founded in 1922 by 50 major newspapers in the United States and Canada led by Harry Chandler of the "Los Angeles Times" and Loring Pickering of the "San Francisco Chronicle".

North American Newspaper Alliance [SEP] Foundation


Context: how long did it take hemingway to write the sun also rises

Context: He started writing on 21July and finished the draft on 21 September 1925.

Context: what type of written work is this?

Context: It is an early and enduring modernist novel.

Context: who is the author of this work?

Context: Ernest Hemingway

Context: when was this work first published?

Context: October 1926

Context: what is the storyline of this work?

Context: It that portrays American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights.

Context: is this based on a true story?

Context: Yes, the characters are based on real people in Hemingway's circle, and the action is based on real events.

Context: name some of the characters featured in this work.

Context: Jake Barnes, Lady Brett Ashley, Robert Cohn, to name a few.

Context: what role was the first character depicted in the novel?

Context: He is the protagonist

Context: what role was the second character depicted in the novel?

Context: She is the promiscuous divorcée.

Context: who is the third character in this work?

Context: He is Jake's college friend.

Context: what is the writing style of this work?

Context: The novel is well known for its style, which is variously described as modern, hard-boiled, or understated.

Context: what was the overall feedback received after readers went through this work?

Context: His first novel was arguably his best and most important and came to be seen as an iconic modernist novel.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: Oak Park, Illinois

Context: besides being a writer, what were his other professions?

Context: He was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and sportsman.

Context: what was his role during world war i?

Context: He responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort and signed on to be an ambulance driver in Italy, after having failed to enlist in the U.S. Army because of poor eyesight.

Context: what was his contribution during the spanish civil war?

Context: In 1937, Hemingway left for Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA).

Context: when was this mentioned alliance established?

Question: who established it?

Answer: It was founded by 50 major newspapers in the United States and Canada led by Harry Chandler of the "Los Angeles Times" and Loring Pickering of the "San Francisco Chronicle".


Question: what is parasaurolophus?

Answer: It is a genus of herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur.

Parasaurolophus [SEP] Introduction

Parasaurolophus (; meaning "near crested lizard" in reference to "Saurolophus") is a genus of herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now North America and possibly Asia during the Late Cretaceous Period, about 76.5–73 million years ago. It was an herbivore that walked both as a biped and as a quadruped. Three species are universally recognized: P. walkeri (the type species), P. tubicen, and the short-crested P. cyrtocristatus. Additionally, a fourth species, "P. jiayensis", has been proposed, although it is more commonly placed in the separate genus "Charonosaurus". Remains are known from Alberta (Canada), New Mexico and Utah (United States), and possibly Heilongjiang, (China).


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: It is a genus of herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur.

Question: where was it discovered?

Answer: Alberta (Canada), New Mexico and Utah (United States).

Explanation: Remains are known from Alberta (Canada), New Mexico and Utah (United States), and possibly Heilongjiang, (China).

Parasaurolophus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: Alberta (Canada), New Mexico and Utah (United States).

Question: were there any expedition that led to its discovery?

Answer: Yes, a field party from the University of Toronto.

Parasaurolophus [SEP] Discovery and naming

Meaning "near crested lizard", the name "Parasaurolophus" is derived from the Greek "para"/παρα "beside" or "near", "saurus"/σαυρος "lizard" and "lophos"/λοφος "crest". It is based on ROM 768, a skull and partial skeleton missing most of the tail and the hind legs below the knees, which was found by a field party from the University of Toronto in 1920 near Sand Creek along the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. These rocks are now known as the Campanian-age Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation. William Parks named the specimen "P. walkeri" in honor of Sir Byron Edmund Walker, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Ontario Museum.


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: were there any expedition that led to its discovery?

Context: Yes, a field party from the University of Toronto.

Question: who executed it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: who executed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: any unique physical feature they have?

Answer: Long skull.

Explanation: Its skull is about long,

Parasaurolophus [SEP] Description

Like most dinosaurs, the skeleton of "Parasaurolophus" is incompletely known. The length of the type specimen of "P. walkeri" is estimated at , and its weight is estimated at . Its skull is about long, including the crest, whereas the type skull of "P. tubicen" is over long, indicating a larger animal. Its single known forelimb was relatively short for a hadrosaurid, with a short but wide shoulder blade. The thighbone measures long in "P. walkeri" and is robust for its length when compared to other hadrosaurids. The upper arm and pelvic bones were also heavily built. Like other hadrosaurids, it was able to walk on either two legs or four.


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: who executed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any unique physical feature they have?

Context: Long skull.

Question: can you any of its species?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Parasaurolophus [SEP] Description


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: who executed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any unique physical feature they have?

Context: Long skull.

Context: can you any of its species?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you name any of its species?

Answer: "P. walkeri", "P. tubicen", and "P. cyrtocristatus".

Parasaurolophus [SEP] Species

"Parasaurolophus" is known from three certain species, "P. walkeri", "P. tubicen", and "P. cyrtocristatus". All of them can be distinguished from each other, and have many differences. The first named species, therefore the type, is "P. walkeri". One certain specimen, from the Dinosaur Park Formation is referred to it, but many more are almost certainly referable. Like stated above, it is different from the other two species, with it having a simpler internal structure than "P. tubicen", a straighter crest and different internal structuring than "P. cyrtocristatus". The next named species is "P. tubicen", which is the largest of the "Parasaurolophus" species.


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: who executed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any unique physical feature they have?

Context: Long skull.

Context: can you any of its species?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you name any of its species?

Context: "P. walkeri", "P. tubicen", and "P. cyrtocristatus".

Question: how distinct is its skull?

Answer: The crest was hollow, with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull.

Parasaurolophus [SEP] Skull

The most noticeable feature was the cranial crest, which protruded from the rear of the head and was made up of the premaxilla and nasal bones. William Parks, who named the genus, hypothesized that a ligament ran from the crest to the notch to support the head, and cited the presence of a possibly pathological notch as evidence. Although this idea seems unlikely, "Parasaurolophus" is sometimes restored with a skin flap from the crest to the neck. The crest was hollow, with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull.


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: who executed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any unique physical feature they have?

Context: Long skull.

Context: can you any of its species?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you name any of its species?

Context: how distinct is its skull?

Context: The crest was hollow, with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull.

Question: which country does the university which carried the expedition belong to?

Answer: Canada.

Explanation: which was found by a field party from the University of Toronto in 1920 near Sand Creek along the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada.


Context: what is parasaurolophus?

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: who executed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any unique physical feature they have?

Context: Long skull.

Context: can you any of its species?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you name any of its species?

Context: how distinct is its skull?

Context: which country does the university which carried the expedition belong to?

Context: Canada.

Question: what sorts of researches do they do?

Answer: Medical and technological research.

Explanation: The first practical electron microscope was built by the physics department in 1938. During World War II, the university developed the G-suit, a life-saving garment worn by Allied fighter plane pilots, later adopted for use by astronauts. Development of the infrared chemiluminescence technique improved analyses of energy behaviours in chemical reactions. In 1963, the asteroid 2104 Toronto is discovered in the David Dunlap Observatory in Richmond Hill and is named after the university. In 1972, studies on Cygnus X-1 led to the publication of the first observational evidence proving the existence of black holes. Toronto astronomers have also discovered the Uranian moons of Caliban and Sycorax, the dwarf galaxies of Andromeda I, II and III, and the supernova SN 1987A. A pioneer in computing technology, the university designed and built UTEC, one of the world's first operational computers, and later purchased "Ferut", the second commercial computer after UNIVAC I. Multi-touch technology wa

University of Toronto [SEP] Research

Since 1926, the University of Toronto has been a member of the Association of American Universities, a consortium of the leading North American research universities. The university manages by far the largest annual research budget of any university in Canada with sponsored direct-cost expenditures of $878 million in 2010. In 2018, the University of Toronto was named the top research university in Canada by Research Infosource, with a sponsored research income (external sources of funding) of $1,147.584 million in 2017. In the same year, the university's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $428,200, while graduate students averaged a sponsored research income of $63,700.


Question: who was the declaration of independence written by

Answer: It was drafted by The Committee of Five, whose members included John Adams and Thomas Jefferson among others

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] Introduction

The Lee Resolution for independence was passed by the Second Continental Congress on July 2 with no opposing votes. The Committee of Five had drafted the Declaration to be ready when Congress voted on independence. John Adams, a leader in pushing for independence, had persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress edited to produce the final version. The Declaration was a formal explanation of why Congress had voted to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Adams wrote to his wife Abigail, "The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America" – although Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved.


Context: who was the declaration of independence written by

Context: It was drafted by The Committee of Five, whose members included John Adams and Thomas Jefferson among others

Question: who signed it?

Answer: Representatives of New Hampshire, New York, Connecticut and others

The United States Declaration of Independence (formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America) is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776. The Declaration explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.


Context: who signed it?

Context: Representatives of New Hampshire, New York, Connecticut and others

Question: when was it published?

Answer: 4 July, 1776

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] Publication and reaction

After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4, a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap. Through the night, Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution. Soon, it was being read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the 13 states. The first formal public readings of the document took place on July 8, in Philadelphia (by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall), Trenton, New Jersey, and Easton, Pennsylvania; the first newspaper to publish it was the "Pennsylvania Evening Post" on July 6. A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9.


Context: who signed it?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 4 July, 1776

Question: was there a preamble?

Answer: Yes, written by John Adams

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] May 15 preamble

As was the custom, Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution. John Adams wrote the preamble, which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies, "it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed". Adams's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland, which were still under proprietary governance. Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate, but four of the middle colonies voted against it, and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest.


Context: who signed it?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 4 July, 1776

Context: was there a preamble?

Context: Yes, written by John Adams

Question: what was this person's profession?

Answer: He was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat and writer.

John Adams [SEP] Introduction

John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain, and he served as the first vice president of the United States. Adams was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important figures in early American history, including his wife and adviser Abigail Adams and Thomas Jefferson. A lawyer and political activist prior to the revolution, Adams was devoted to the right to counsel and presumption of innocence.


Context: who signed it?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 4 July, 1776

Context: was there a preamble?

Context: Yes, written by John Adams

Context: what was this person's profession?

Context: He was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat and writer.

Question: did he go to college?

Answer: Yes, to Harvard College

John Adams [SEP] College education and adulthood

At age sixteen, Adams entered Harvard College in 1751, studying under Joseph Mayhew. As an adult, Adams was a keen scholar, studying the works of ancient writers such as Thucydides, Plato, Cicero, and Tacitus in their original languages. Though his father expected him to be a minister, after his 1755 graduation with an A.B. degree, he taught school temporarily in Worcester, while pondering his permanent vocation. In the next four years, he began to seek prestige, craving "Honour or Reputation" and "more from [his] fellows", and was determined to be "a great Man." He decided to become a lawyer to further those ends, writing his father that he found among lawyers "noble and gallant achievements" but, among the clergy, the "pretended sanctity of some absolute dunces." His aspirations conflicted with his Puritanism, though, prompting reservations about his self-described "trumpery" and failure to share the "happiness of [his] fellow men." As the French and Indian War began in 1754, Adams, aged nineteen, began to struggle with his responsibility in the conflict as many of his contemporaries joined the war for money.


Context: who signed it?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 4 July, 1776

Context: was there a preamble?

Context: Yes, written by John Adams

Context: what was this person's profession?

Context: did he go to college?

Context: Yes, to Harvard College

Question: what were his religious views?

Answer: Historian G.S Wood believes that he denied the miracles of the Bible, but always respected the religiosity of people, while Everett thinks that he believed in a religion based on reason and common sense.

Explanation: But historian Gordon S. Wood (2017) writes, "Although both Jefferson and Adams denied the miracles of the Bible and the divinity of Christ, Adams always retained a respect for the religiosity of people that Jefferson never had; in fact, Jefferson tended in private company to mock religious feelings."

John Adams [SEP] Religious views

Adams at one point said that Christianity had originally been revelatory, but was being misinterpreted in the service of superstition, fraud, and unscrupulous power. Frazer (2004) notes that while he shared many perspectives with deists and often used deistic terminology, "Adams clearly was not a deist. Deism rejected any and all supernatural activity and intervention by God; consequently, deists did not believe in miracles or God's providence. ... Adams did believe in miracles, providence, and, to a certain extent, the Bible as revelation." Frazer argues that Adams's "theistic rationalism, like that of the other Founders, was a sort of middle ground between Protestantism and deism." In 1796, Adams denounced Thomas Paine's deistic criticisms of Christianity in "The Age of Reason", saying, "The Christian religion is, above all the religions that ever prevailed or existed in ancient or modern times, the religion of wisdom, virtue, equity and humanity, let the Blackguard Paine say what he will." But historian Gordon S.


Context: who signed it?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 4 July, 1776

Context: was there a preamble?

Context: Yes, written by John Adams

Context: what was this person's profession?

Context: did he go to college?

Context: Yes, to Harvard College

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: Historian G.S Wood believes that he denied the miracles of the Bible, but always respected the religiosity of people, while Everett thinks that he believed in a religion based on reason and common sense.

Question: did he serve america by going abroad to perform duties?

Answer: Yes, as ambassador to the Dutch Republic and Great Britain

John Adams [SEP] Ambassador to the Dutch Republic

In mid-1780, Adams traveled to the Dutch Republic. One of the few other existing republics at the time, Adams thought it might be sympathetic to the American cause. Securing a Dutch loan could increase American independence from France and pressure Britain into peace. At first, Adams had no official status, but in July he was formally given permission to negotiate for a loan and took up residence in Amsterdam in August. Adams was originally optimistic and greatly enjoyed the city, but soon became disappointed. The Dutch, fearing British retaliation, refused to meet Adams. Before he had arrived, the British found out about secret aid the Dutch had sent to the Americans, the British authorized reprisals against their ships, which only increased their apprehension.


Context: who signed it?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 4 July, 1776

Context: was there a preamble?

Context: Yes, written by John Adams

Context: what was this person's profession?

Context: did he go to college?

Context: Yes, to Harvard College

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he serve america by going abroad to perform duties?

Context: Yes, as ambassador to the Dutch Republic and Great Britain

Question: where did he die?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

John Adams [SEP] Last years and death

Abigail died of typhoid on October 28, 1818, at their Quincy home, Peacefield. The year 1824 was filled with excitement in America, featuring a four-way presidential contest which included John Quincy. The Marquis de Lafayette toured the country and met with Adams, who greatly enjoyed Lafayette's visit to Peacefield. Adams was delighted by the election of John Quincy to the presidency. The results became official in February 1825 after a deadlock was decided in the House of Representatives. He remarked, "No man who ever held the office of President would congratulate a friend on obtaining it." Less than a month before his death, Adams issued a statement about the destiny of the United States, which historian Joy Hakim characterized as a warning for his fellow citizens: "My best wishes, in the joys, and festivities, and the solemn services of that day on which will be completed the fiftieth year from its birth, of the independence of the United States: a memorable epoch in the annals of the human race, destined in future history to form the brightest or the blackest page, according to the use or the abuse of those political institutions by which they shall, in time to come, be shaped by the human mind."


Context: who signed it?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 4 July, 1776

Context: was there a preamble?

Context: Yes, written by John Adams

Context: what was this person's profession?

Context: did he go to college?

Context: Yes, to Harvard College

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: where did he die?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who appointed the committee of five?

Answer: The Congress

Explanation: During these allotted three weeks Congress agreed to appoint a committee to draft a broadside statement to proclaim to the world the reasons for the Colonies seceding from the British Empire. The actual declaration of "American Independence" is precisely the text comprising the final paragraph of the published broadside of July 4. The broadside's final paragraph repeated the text of the Lee Resolution as adopted by the declaratory resolve voted on July 2.

Committee of Five [SEP] Drafting of the Declaration of Independence

The actual declaration of "American Independence" is precisely the text comprising the final paragraph of the published broadside of July 4. The broadside's final paragraph repeated the text of the Lee Resolution as adopted by the declaratory resolve voted on July 2. On June 11, the Committee of Five was appointed: John Adams of Massachusetts, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert Livingston of New York, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. Because the committee left no minutes, there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded—accounts written many years later by Jefferson and Adams, although frequently cited, are contradictory and not entirely reliable.


Question: jack & jill went up the hill poem

Answer: It is a traditional English nursery rhyme.

Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme) [SEP] Introduction

"Jack and Jill" (sometimes "Jack and Gill", particularly in earlier versions) is a traditional English nursery rhyme. The Roud Folk Song Index classifies the commonest tune and its variations as number 10266, although it has been set to several others. The original rhyme dates back to the 18th century and different numbers of verses were later added, each with variations in the wording. Throughout the 19th century new versions of the story were written featuring different incidents. A number of theories continue to be advanced to explain the rhyme's historical origin.


Context: jack & jill went up the hill poem

Context: It is a traditional English nursery rhyme.

Question: where is this songs of children from ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: jack & jill went up the hill poem

Context: where is this songs of children from ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: give few meanings of these rhymes ?

Answer: S. Baring-Gould suggested that the rhyme is related to a story in the 13th-century Icelandic "Gylfaginning" in which the brother and sister Hjuki and Bil were stolen by the moon while drawing water from a well, to be seen there to this day.

Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme) [SEP] Interpretations

There are several theories concerning the origin of the rhyme. Most such explanations postdate the first publication of the rhyme and have no corroborating evidence. S. Baring-Gould suggested that the rhyme is related to a story in the 13th-century Icelandic "Gylfaginning" in which the brother and sister Hjuki and Bil were stolen by the moon while drawing water from a well, to be seen there to this day. Other suggestions rooted in history include a reference to the executions of Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley in 1510, or to a marriage negotiation conducted by Thomas Wolsey in 1514. Alternatively it has been taken to satirise the attempt by King Charles I of England to raise extra revenue by ordering that the volume of a Jack (1/8 pint) be reduced, while the tax remained the same.


Context: jack & jill went up the hill poem

Context: where is this songs of children from ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: give few meanings of these rhymes ?

Context: S. Baring-Gould suggested that the rhyme is related to a story in the 13th-century Icelandic "Gylfaginning" in which the brother and sister Hjuki and Bil were stolen by the moon while drawing water from a well, to be seen there to this day.

Question: how are the rhymes related to the previous century?

Answer: The original rhyme dates back to the 18th century and different numbers of verses were later added, each with variations in the wording.

Explanation: The original rhyme dates back to the 18th century and different numbers of verses were later added, each with variations in the wording.


Context: jack & jill went up the hill poem

Context: where is this songs of children from ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: give few meanings of these rhymes ?

Context: how are the rhymes related to the previous century?

Context: The original rhyme dates back to the 18th century and different numbers of verses were later added, each with variations in the wording.

Question: how are they associated with education?

Answer: It has been argued that nursery rhymes set to music aid in a child's development.

Nursery rhyme [SEP] Nursery rhymes and education

It has been argued that nursery rhymes set to music aid in a child's development. In the German "Kniereitvers", the child is put in mock peril, but the experience is a pleasurable one of care and support, which over time the child comes to command for itself. Research also supports the assertion that music and rhyme increase a child's ability in spatial reasoning, which aid mathematics skills.


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Context: give few meanings of these rhymes ?

Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: It has been argued that nursery rhymes set to music aid in a child's development.

Question: mention few songs sung while making a child sleep?

Answer: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Nursery rhyme [SEP] Lullabies

Many medieval English verses associated with the birth of Jesus take the form of a lullaby, including "Lullay, my liking, my dere son, my sweting" and may be versions of contemporary lullabies. However, most of those used today date from the 17th century. For example, a well known lullaby such as "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top", cannot be found in records until the late-18th century when it was printed by John Newbery (c. 1765).


Context: jack & jill went up the hill poem

Context: where is this songs of children from ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: give few meanings of these rhymes ?

Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: mention few songs sung while making a child sleep?

Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Question: who published it ?

Answer: John Newbery

Explanation: For example, a well known lullaby such as "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top", cannot be found in records until the late-18th century when it was printed by John Newbery (c. 1765).

Nursery rhyme [SEP] Lullabies


Context: jack & jill went up the hill poem

Context: where is this songs of children from ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: give few meanings of these rhymes ?

Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Context: who published it ?

Context: John Newbery

Question: where was he from?

Answer: Waltham St Lawrence, Berkshire, England.

John Newbery [SEP] Early life

Newbery was born in 1713 to Robert Newbery, a farmer, in Waltham St Lawrence, Berkshire, England. When he was younger he gave himself an education. He was apprenticed to a local printer, William Ayers, at the age of sixteen. The business was later sold to William Carnan. In 1737 Carnan died, leaving the business to his brother, Charles Carnan, and Newbery. Two years later, Newbery married William Carnan's widow, Jordan Mary. He adopted Mary's three children, John, Thomas and Anna-Maria. In 1740 their daughter Mary was born. John, born in 1741, died at age 11. Son Francis arrived in 1743.


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Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Context: who published it ?

Context: John Newbery

Context: where was he from?

Context: Waltham St Lawrence, Berkshire, England.

Question: who is he?

Answer: He was an English publisher of books.

John Newbery [SEP] Introduction

John Newbery (9 July 1713 – 22 December 1767), called "The Father of Children's Literature", was an English publisher of books who first made children's literature a sustainable and profitable part of the literary market. He also supported and published the works of Christopher Smart, Oliver Goldsmith and Samuel Johnson. In recognition of his achievements the Newbery Medal was named after him in 1922.


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Context: give few meanings of these rhymes ?

Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Context: who published it ?

Context: John Newbery

Context: where was he from?

Context: who is he?

Context: He was an English publisher of books.

Question: name few bestselling books of his?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

John Newbery [SEP] Introduction


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Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

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Context: John Newbery

Context: where was he from?

Context: who is he?

Context: He was an English publisher of books.

Context: name few bestselling books of his?

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Question: how is the place where he was born associated with film?

Answer: Waltham St Lawrence village and its church have been used for recording episodes of "Rosemary and Thyme" and "Midsummer Murders".

Waltham St Lawrence [SEP] Film and television

In the 1990s BBC television series "Pie in the Sky" the titular restaurant, home of DI Henry Crabbe, is located in the fictional town of 'Middleton'. According to a map shown in the 2nd series, this is supposedly located at Waltham St Lawrence (although the filming location was the old town, Hemel Hempstead). Waltham St Lawrence village and its church have also been used for recording episodes of "Rosemary and Thyme" and "Midsummer Murders".


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Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Context: who published it ?

Context: John Newbery

Context: where was he from?

Context: who is he?

Context: He was an English publisher of books.

Context: name few bestselling books of his?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the place where he was born associated with film?

Context: Waltham St Lawrence village and its church have been used for recording episodes of "Rosemary and Thyme" and "Midsummer Murders".

Question: mention few architectural buildings?

Answer: The Church of St. Lawrence

Waltham St Lawrence [SEP] Architecture

The Church of St. Lawrence, a grade II* listed building, is of considerable antiquity. The original building probably ante-dates Bishop Godfrey's acquisition of the manor, for traces of pre-13th-century work can still be traced in the crude Norman arches at the west end of the nave. The church was rebuilt in the 13th century when a new aisle in the Decorated style was thrown out on the north side, and the Norman work was broken down, thus opening the new aisle to the nave. Later the chancel, with its side aisles was begun from the east end and the north and south walls of the nave were extended to join up with the new work in the 13th century.


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Context: how are they associated with education?

Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Context: who published it ?

Context: John Newbery

Context: where was he from?

Context: who is he?

Context: He was an English publisher of books.

Context: name few bestselling books of his?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: mention few architectural buildings?

Context: The Church of St. Lawrence

Question: mention few kings and queens associated with this place?

Answer: Charles II

Explanation: Some of the bells date back to the time of Charles II, but the peal only from 1808, when the bells were recast and rehung.

Waltham St Lawrence [SEP] Bells

Beere of the Hill Henbolt. Pray for the welfare of Robert Conisbe 1681". The A'Bear family lived at Hill Farm at Hare hatch in the adjoining parish of Wargrave.


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Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Context: who published it ?

Context: John Newbery

Context: where was he from?

Context: who is he?

Context: He was an English publisher of books.

Context: name few bestselling books of his?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: mention few architectural buildings?

Context: The Church of St. Lawrence

Context: mention few kings and queens associated with this place?

Context: Charles II

Question: where exactly is this place located in?

Answer: East Berkshire

Waltham St Lawrence [SEP] Location and amenities

Waltham St Lawrence is located in a rural setting in East Berkshire, south of the A4 trunk road and north of the M4 motorway, between Maidenhead and Reading. The parish is bordered by those of Twyford and Hurst to the west and White Waltham and Maidenhead to the east. The population is around 1000 adults with an all-ages estimate of 1,500 living in approximately 550 households. Residents are mainly employed in local towns such as Reading or Bracknell, although a significant number also commute to London. Waltham St Lawrence used to have its own village shop (with part-time post office), There is a public house, the "Bell", while Shurlock Row, in the parish, has another, the "Shurlock Inn".


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Context: "Rock-a-bye, baby on a tree top"

Context: who published it ?

Context: John Newbery

Context: where was he from?

Context: who is he?

Context: He was an English publisher of books.

Context: name few bestselling books of his?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: mention few architectural buildings?

Context: The Church of St. Lawrence

Context: Charles II

Context: where exactly is this place located in?

Context: East Berkshire

Question: name few sports associated with the place?

Answer: football

Berkshire [SEP] Football

Reading F.C. is the only Berkshire football club to play professional football. Despite being founded in 1871, the club did not join the Football League until 1920, and first played in the top tier of English football in the 2006–07 season. Newbury was home to A.F.C. Newbury, which was for a period one of only two football clubs to be sponsored by Vodafone (the other being Manchester United). In May 2006 Vodafone ended its sponsorship of the club, following which the club collapsed. A local pub team from the Old London Apprentice took over the ground temporarily and now compete in the Hellenic Football League as Newbury F.C.


Question: is tungsten a metal or nonmetal or metalloid

Answer: Tungsten is a rare metal

Explanation: Tungsten is a rare metal

Tungsten [SEP] Introduction

Tungsten, or Wolfram, is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74. The name "tungsten" comes from the former Swedish name for the tungstate mineral "scheelite", which means "heavy stone". Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds rather than alone. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite. The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the elements discovered, melting at .


Context: is tungsten a metal or nonmetal or metalloid

Context: Tungsten is a rare metal

Question: where is it found?

Answer: Tungsten is found mainly in the minerals wolframite

Tungsten [SEP] Occurrence

Tungsten is found mainly in the minerals wolframite (iron–manganese tungstate (Fe,Mn)WO, which is a solid solution of the two minerals ferberite FeWO, and hübnerite MnWO) and scheelite (calcium tungstate (CaWO). Other tungsten minerals range in their level of abundance from moderate to very rare, and have almost no economical value.


Context: Tungsten is a rare metal

Context: where is it found?

Context: Tungsten is found mainly in the minerals wolframite

Question: name few benefits of this ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Tungsten [SEP] Occurrence


Context: Tungsten is a rare metal

Context: where is it found?

Context: name few benefits of this ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is the rare metal associated with health ?

Answer: Yes, the risk presented by tungsten alloys, its dusts and particulates to induce cancer and several other adverse effects in animals as well as humans has been highlighted from in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Tungsten [SEP] Health factors

Because tungsten is a rare metal and its compounds are generally inert, the effects of tungsten on the environment are limited. The abundance of tungsten in the Earth's crust is thought to be about 1.5 parts per million. It is one of the rarer elements. It was at first believed to be relatively inert and an only slightly toxic metal, but beginning in the year 2000, the risk presented by tungsten alloys, its dusts and particulates to induce cancer and several other adverse effects in animals as well as humans has been highlighted from in vitro and in vivo experiments.


Context: Tungsten is a rare metal

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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the rare metal associated with health ?

Context: Yes, the risk presented by tungsten alloys, its dusts and particulates to induce cancer and several other adverse effects in animals as well as humans has been highlighted from in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Question: in which place it originated?

Answer: Panasqueira

Tungsten [SEP] History

The strategic value of tungsten came to notice in the early 20th century. British authorities acted in 1912 to free the Carrock mine from the German owned Cumbrian Mining Company and, during World War I, restrict German access elsewhere. In World War II, tungsten played a more significant role in background political dealings. Portugal, as the main European source of the element, was put under pressure from both sides, because of its deposits of wolframite ore at Panasqueira. Tungsten's desirable properties such as resistance to high temperatures, its hardness and density, and its strengthening of alloys made it an important raw material for the arms industry, both as a constituent of weapons and equipment and employed in production itself, e.g., in tungsten carbide cutting tools for machining steel.


Context: Tungsten is a rare metal

Context: where is it found?

Context: name few benefits of this ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which place it originated?

Context: Panasqueira

Question: where is it loccated?

Answer: Portugal

Explanation: Portugal, as the main European source of the element, was put under pressure from both sides, because of its deposits of wolframite ore at Panasqueira.

Tungsten [SEP] History


Context: Tungsten is a rare metal

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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which place it originated?

Context: Panasqueira

Context: where is it loccated?

Context: Portugal

Question: any war associated with the before entity?

Answer: World War II

Explanation: In World War II, tungsten played a more significant role in background political dealings. Portugal,

Tungsten [SEP] History


Context: Tungsten is a rare metal

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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which place it originated?

Context: Panasqueira

Context: where is it loccated?

Context: Portugal

Context: any war associated with the before entity?

Context: World War II

Question: when did this take place?

Answer: 1939

Explanation: World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.

World War II [SEP] Introduction

Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours: Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the Fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history and trapping the Axis, crucially the German Wehrmacht, in a war of attrition.


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Context: Panasqueira

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Context: Portugal

Context: World War II

Context: when did this take place?

Question: did any  other war take  place in this year?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

World War II [SEP] Introduction

World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. In a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities.


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Context: Panasqueira

Context: where is it loccated?

Context: Portugal

Context: World War II

Context: when did this take place?

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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where did the war first started?

Answer: World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom

Explanation: World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom.

World War II [SEP] Introduction

Key setbacks in 1943—including a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasions of Sicily and Italy, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis its initiative and forced it into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and turned towards Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands.


Question: map of tombs in valley of the kings

Answer: In 1799, members of Napoleon's expedition to Egypt (especially Vivant Denon) drew maps and plans of the known tombs, and for the first time noted the Western Valley

Valley of the Kings [SEP] Exploration of the valley

The majority of the ancient graffiti is found in KV9, which contains just under a thousand of them. The earliest positively dated graffiti dates to 278 B.C. In 1799, members of Napoleon's expedition to Egypt (especially Vivant Denon) drew maps and plans of the known tombs, and for the first time noted the Western Valley (where Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage located the tomb of Amenhotep III, WV22). The "Description de l'Égypte" contains two volumes (out of a total of 24) on the area around Thebes. European exploration continued in the area around Thebes during the nineteenth century.


Context: map of tombs in valley of the kings

Context: In 1799, members of Napoleon's expedition to Egypt (especially Vivant Denon) drew maps and plans of the known tombs, and for the first time noted the Western Valley

Question: who were these tombs built for?

Answer: For the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom

Valley of the Kings [SEP] Introduction

The Valley of the Kings ( ; ), also known as the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( ), is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, rock-cut tombs were excavated for the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt). The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban Necropolis. The wadi consists of two valleys, East Valley (where the majority of the royal tombs are situated) and West Valley.


Context: map of tombs in valley of the kings

Context: who were these tombs built for?

Context: For the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom

Question: can you name some of the artefacts found inside these tombs?

Answer: The royal tombs are decorated with scenes from Egyptian mythology and give clues as to the beliefs and funerary practices of the period. Almost all of the tombs seem to have been opened and robbed in antiquity, but they still give an idea of the opulence and power of the pharaohs.

Valley of the Kings [SEP] Introduction

With the 2005 discovery of a new chamber and the 2008 discovery of two further tomb entrances, the valley is known to contain 64 tombs and chambers (ranging in size from KV54, a simple pit, to KV5, a complex tomb with over 120 chambers). It was the principal burial place of the major royal figures of the Egyptian New Kingdom, as well as a number of privileged nobles. The royal tombs are decorated with scenes from Egyptian mythology and give clues as to the beliefs and funerary practices of the period. Almost all of the tombs seem to have been opened and robbed in antiquity, but they still give an idea of the opulence and power of the pharaohs.