Context: what does the flag of manitoba look like?

Context: A Red Ensign defaced with the shield of the provincial coat of arms.

Context: who created the design for it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the ensign mentioned above?

Context: It is the civil ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Context: what does it mean to have a defaced version of this?

Context: In this context, the word "deface" carries no negative connotations, in contrast to general usage, it simply indicates differentiation of the flag from that of another owner by addition of elements.

Context: which countries carry this version on their flags?

Context: Italy, Hungary, Romania, Germany, Ethiopia, and Iran.

Context: is there a blue version of the ensign?

Context: The Australian flag.

Context: can you describe the flag of the first country mentioned above?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are some of the water bodies in or around this country?

Context: The Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Ionian Sea, the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea

Context: what other countries have a coast along the first sea?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there any volcanoes in this country mentioned above?

Context: Yes, there are 14 volcanoes in Italy, four of which are active: Etna, Stromboli, Vulcano and Vesuvius.

Context: where is the third one located?

Context: It is a small volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about north of Sicily and located at the southernmost end of the seven Aeolian Islands.

Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: does it appear in any mythological tales?

Context: Yes, Greek, the island appeared in their myths as the private foundry of the Olympian god Hephaestus, the patron of blacksmiths.

Context: what does the above-mentioned god make?

Context: He made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus.

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Zeus and Hera.

Context: who were his consorts or wives?

Context: Aphrodite and Cabeiro.

Context: are there any planets named after him?

Context: Yes, 2212 Hephaistos.

Context: what type of planet is it?

Context: Its a minor planet.

Context: why are these called so?

Context: They are astronomical objects in direct orbit around the Sun (or more broadly, any star with a planetary system) that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet.

Question: what is the format or convention of their names?

Answer: A three-step process:- First, a provisional designation is given upon discovery, second, it receives a number and third, it is named by its discoverers.

Explanation: All astronomical bodies in the Solar System need a distinct designation. The naming of minor planets runs through a three-step process. First, a provisional designation is given upon discovery—because the object still may turn out to be a false positive or become lost later on—called a "provisionally designated minor planet". After the observation arc is accurate enough to predict its future location, a minor planet is formally designated and receives a number. It is then a "numbered minor planet". Finally, in the third step, it may be named by its discoverers. However, only a small fraction of all minor planets have been named.

Minor planet [SEP] Naming conventions


Question: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Answer: An American Catholic priest

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Introduction

Thomas F. Mulledy, S.J. (; August 12, 1794 – July 20, 1860) was an American Catholic priest from Virginia who became president of Georgetown College, a founder of the College of the Holy Cross, and a prominent 19th-century leader of the Jesuits in the United States. His brother, Samuel Mulledy, also became a Jesuit and president of Georgetown. Mulledy entered the Society of Jesus and was educated for the priesthood in Rome, before completing his education in the United States. He twice served as president of Georgetown College in Washington, D.C. At Georgetown, Mulledy undertook a significant building campaign, which resulted in Gervase Hall and Mulledy Hall (later renamed Isaac Hawkins Hall).


Context:
who was thomas f. mulledy?
An American Catholic priest

Question: when was he born?

Answer: August 12, 1794

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Early life and education

Thomas Mulledy was born on August 12, 1794, in Romney, Virginia (today part of West Virginia), to Irish immigrant parents. His father, also named Thomas Mulledy, was a poor farmer. His mother, Sarah Cochrane, from Virginia, was not Catholic. So the two could marry, they obtained a canonical dispensation, and agreed that their sons would be raised Catholic, while their daughters would be raised Protestant. Before receiving any higher education, Thomas Mulledy and his brother, Samuel, taught at the Romney Academy in their hometown. Like his brother, Samuel went on to become a Jesuit and the president of Georgetown College.


Context:
who was thomas f. mulledy?
An American Catholic priest
when was he born?
August 12, 1794

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Virginia

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who was thomas f. mulledy?
An American Catholic priest
when was he born?
August 12, 1794
where is he from?
Virginia

Question: where did he complete his educated at?

Answer: Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide

He was in 1818 appointed by the Virginia General Assembly to the board of trustees for the town of Romney. In 1820, he was sent to study philosophy in Rome; on the voyage, he was accompanied by Charles Constantine Pise, James Ryder, and George Fenwick. There, he studied at the Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide for two years, and spent a further two as a tutor to the crown prince of Naples. Alongside his priestly studies, he was exposed to literature and science, and became regarded as among the most eminent American scholars of Italian language and literature. Mulledy was ordained a priest in Rome in 1825, and then began his tertianship in Chieri, near Turin.


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide

Question: did he ever join the presidency?

Answer: Yes, he became president of Georgetown College

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: Yes, he became president of Georgetown College

Question: when was this college founded?

Answer: Chartered in 1829

Georgetown College [SEP] Introduction

Georgetown College is a private, Christian liberal arts college in Georgetown, Kentucky. Chartered in 1829, Georgetown was the first Baptist college west of the Appalachian Mountains. Georgetown College has produced five Rhodes Scholars over its history, and 38 Fulbright Scholars since just 1989. The college offers 38 undergraduate degrees and a Master of Arts in education. Georgetown College offers degrees in areas of visual and performing arts, math and sciences, humanities, language and culture, business, medicine and healthcare, and others. It is best known for its excellence in pre-medical fields and education.


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Question: and by whom?

Answer: The Kentucky General Assembly

Georgetown College [SEP] History

In 1829, the Kentucky General Assembly chartered the Kentucky Baptist Education Society with the purpose of establishing a Baptist college in the state. 24 trustees under the leadership of Silas Noel selected the town of Georgetown as the site for the new school. Georgetown College's early years were defined by perseverance in the face of hardships. The first president hired by the college in 1829, William D. Staughton, died before assuming his duties. The second president, Rev. Joel Smith Bacon, stayed two years (1830–1832), fighting court cases to release funding for the college before leaving out of frustration. The third president, Benjamin Farnsworth, endured a power struggle with the Campbellites and resigned in 1837.


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Question: can you tell me some programs that are offered in this college?

Answer: The Oxford Honors Program offers Georgetown College students the chance to enroll and study at Oxford University in their junior or senior year, the Christian Scholars Program encourages students to explore their faith and vocation in college, Science Honors provides funding for a 10-week summer research internship at a top institution

Explanation: Science Honors provides funding for a 10-week summer research internship at a top institution (such as Stanford or Johns Hopkins), then helps students present and publish their research.

Georgetown College [SEP] Science Honors Program


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: can you tell me some programs that are offered in this college?

Context: The Oxford Honors Program offers Georgetown College students the chance to enroll and study at Oxford University in their junior or senior year, the Christian Scholars Program encourages students to explore their faith and vocation in college, Science Honors provides funding for a 10-week summer research internship at a top institution

Question: how long does is take for a student to complete his honors in the first program?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: how long does is take for a student to complete his honors in the first program?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: does this college also have an academy?

Answer: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Explanation: Maskrafters Academy is for any student who loves being involved in Theatre/Film and allows students to participate in plays and production of films by our students and faculty.

Georgetown College [SEP] Maskrafters Academy


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Question: for how long did the priest remain a president of this college?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Context: for how long did the priest remain a president of this college?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who was succeeded him?

Answer: By William McSherry in first presidency and by James Ryder in second presidency

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] First presidency

Kenney reported back to Rome that Mulledy had been a successful administrator despite his "extremely impetuous enthusiasm and excessive patriotism." His first presidency of Georgetown ended in 1837, and he was succeeded by William McSherry.


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was succeeded him?

Context: By William McSherry in first presidency and by James Ryder in second presidency

Question: did he also join a provincial?

Answer: Yes, Mulledy was appointed the provincial superior of the Maryland Province of the Jesuits

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Maryland provincial

In October 1837, Mulledy was appointed the provincial superior of the Maryland Province of the Jesuits. He succeeded William McSherry, the province's first provincial, who in turn succeeded Mulledy as president of Georgetown College. His leadership of the province proved dissatisfactory to the European Jesuits in the United States who took issue with Mulledy's laxity in discipline, including failing to enforce sacred silence and permitting overindulgence of alcohol and visitation of female guests in the Jesuits' quarters. This eventually led to intervention by the Superior General in Rome, who ordered Mulledy to remedy these lapses in discipline. In 1838, Bishop Benedict Joseph Fenwick appointed Mulledy vicar general of the Diocese of Boston, which he held simultaneously as provincial superior.


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was succeeded him?

Context: did he also join a provincial?

Context: Yes, Mulledy was appointed the provincial superior of the Maryland Province of the Jesuits

Question: did anything bad happen to slaves during his time?

Answer: Yes,  Mulledy, as provincial, sold nearly all the slaves owned by the Jesuit Maryland Province to two planters in Louisiana

Explanation:
 To rectify the province's finances, Mulledy, as provincial, sold nearly all the slaves owned by the Jesuit Maryland Province to two planters in Louisiana. This plan had been authorized by the Jesuit Superior General in Rome, Jan Roothaan, in late 1838 on the condition that the slave families not be separated and that they be sold to owners that would allow them to continue in their Catholic faith. Mulledy executed the sale of 272 slaves to Jesse Batey and Henry Johnson on June 19, 1838. Despite Roothaan's order, it soon became evident that families were, indeed, separated.

This sale provoked outcry among many of the province's Jesuits, who were opposed to slaveholding by the Jesuits and supported manumission of the slaves.

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Slave sale

Mulledy's building program left Georgetown College—and, by extension, the Maryland Jesuits—with considerable debt. Compounding the financial insecurity was that the Maryland Jesuits' plantations had been mismanaged and were not generating sufficient income to support the college. To rectify the province's finances, Mulledy, as provincial, sold nearly all the slaves owned by the Jesuit Maryland Province to two planters in Louisiana. This plan had been authorized by the Jesuit Superior General in Rome, Jan Roothaan, in late 1838 on the condition that the slave families not be separated and that they be sold to owners that would allow them to continue in their Catholic faith.


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was succeeded him?

Context: did he also join a provincial?

Context: did anything bad happen to slaves during his time?

Context: Yes,  Mulledy, as provincial, sold nearly all the slaves owned by the Jesuit Maryland Province to two planters in Louisiana

Question: was this act criticized by one?

Answer: Yes, this sale provoked outcry among many of the province's Jesuits, who were opposed to slaveholding by the Jesuits and supported manumission of the slaves.

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Slave sale

Mulledy executed the sale of 272 slaves to Jesse Batey and Henry Johnson on June 19, 1838. Despite Roothaan's order, it soon became evident that families were, indeed, separated. This sale provoked outcry among many of the province's Jesuits, who were opposed to slaveholding by the Jesuits and supported manumission of the slaves. These Jesuits sent graphic accounts of the sale to Roothaan, who was inclined toward removing Mulledy as provincial superior. William McSherry convinced Roothaan to delay his decision and, along with Samuel Eccleston (the Archbishop of Baltimore), tried to persuade Mulledy to step down. Roothaan even contemplated expelling Mulledy from the Society of Jesus, but was persuaded otherwise by Eccleston.


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was succeeded him?

Context: did he also join a provincial?

Context: was this act criticized by one?

Context: Yes, this sale provoked outcry among many of the province's Jesuits, who were opposed to slaveholding by the Jesuits and supported manumission of the slaves.

Question: did he join any ministry after?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Slave sale


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was succeeded him?

Context: did he also join a provincial?

Context: was this act criticized by one?

Context: did he join any ministry after?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when did the priest die?

Answer: July 20, 1860

Explanation: Thomas F. Mulledy, S.J. (; August 12, 1794 – July 20, 1860) was an American Catholic priest from Virginia who became president of Georgetown College, a founder of the College of the Holy Cross, and a prominent 19th-century leader of the Jesuits in the United States. His brother, Samuel Mulledy, also became a Jesuit and president of Georgetown.

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was thomas f. mulledy?

Context: An American Catholic priest

Context: when was he born?

Context: August 12, 1794

Context: where is he from?

Context: Virginia

Context: where did he complete his educated at?

Context: did he ever join the presidency?

Context: when was this college founded?

Context: Chartered in 1829

Context: and by whom?

Context: The Kentucky General Assembly

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does this college also have an academy?

Context: Yes, Maskrafters Academy

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who was succeeded him?

Context: did he also join a provincial?

Context: was this act criticized by one?

Context: did he join any ministry after?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the priest die?

Context: July 20, 1860

Question: and what caused his death?

Answer: "dropsy"

Thomas F. Mulledy [SEP] Ministry

A rumor began circulating in July of that year that Holy Cross was being used as a weapons depot for an eventual Catholic revolution. Consequently, the committee arrived in March to investigate the college, and was escorted around the premises by Mulledy. Upon finding no truth to the rumor, they left. Mulledy once again returned to Washington in 1857, where he served as pastor of Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown until 1858. He then went again to Philadelphia for two years, the latter of which he spent as superior at Saint Joseph's College. Mulledy died of "dropsy" on July 20, 1860, at Georgetown College.


Question: charlie puth and meghan trainor let's marvin gaye and get it on

Answer: It is the debut single by American singer Charlie Puth, featuring singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor.

Marvin Gaye (song) [SEP] Introduction

"Marvin Gaye" is the debut single by American singer Charlie Puth, featuring singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor, for his third EP "Some Type of Love" (2015), and debut studio album "Nine Track Mind" (2016). Puth co-wrote it with Julie Frost, Jacob Luttrell and Nick Seeley, and produced it. Artist Partner Group released it as a single on February 10, 2015. The doo-wop and soul song is named after singer Marvin Gaye, whose name is used as a verb in the lyrics. "Marvin Gaye" received negative reviews from music critics, who were critical of its titular line but some appreciated Trainor's appearance. The song topped charts in France, Ireland, Israel, New Zealand, Scotland and the United Kingdom.


Context: charlie puth and meghan trainor let's marvin gaye and get it on

Context: It is the debut single by American singer Charlie Puth, featuring singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor.

Question: when was this song released?

Answer: January 2015.

Explanation: Charlie Puth began his music career on YouTube and later signed with Ellen DeGeneres' record label eleveneleven. He wrote "Marvin Gaye" with Julie Frost, Jacob Luttrell and Nick Seeley, and came up with its drum beat by "tapping [his] foot and clapping along" while sitting at a cafe in Cahuenga Boulevard. Puth then ended up meeting Meghan Trainor at a party, where the two exchanged music. Upon hearing the song, Trainor thought it should be a duet and asked to sing on it. Puth recalled that she knew the whole song in a day, and they recorded it in one take. The duo announced the collaboration in a January 2015 YouTube video, where Trainor said that it is "amazing" and noted that it would be her first release she did not write. The track led to Puth appearing in Trainor's music video for her single "Dear Future Husband", and later serving as an opening act on her second headlining concert tour MTrain Tour (2015).

Marvin Gaye (song) [SEP] Background and release


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Question: did it have a video?

Answer: Yes, Marc Klasfeld directed the music video for "Marvin Gaye".

Marvin Gaye (song) [SEP] Music video

Marc Klasfeld directed the music video for "Marvin Gaye", which was released on April 1, 2015. Puth summed up its concept by saying that he "wanted to make a video of how [he] always wanted high school to be -- a fun dance with people making out, on the floor, with whipped cream and strawberries". The video begins with bored students sleeping with their heads against walls, after which Puth shows up and starts performing the song. All of the students start making out by the chorus. Trainor joins Puth on the stage during her verse and the two sing together.


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: Yes, Marc Klasfeld directed the music video for "Marvin Gaye".

Question: who is the artist?

Answer: Charlie Puth, featuring singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor.

Explanation: American singer Charlie Puth, featuring singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor

Marvin Gaye (song) [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: Charlie Puth, featuring singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor.

Question: where is the featured singer from?

Answer: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Explanation: Meghan Elizabeth Trainor was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, to jewelers Kelli and Gary Trainor.

Meghan Trainor [SEP] 1993–2008: Early life


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Question: when did she begin singing?

Answer: 2014.

Meghan Trainor [SEP] Introduction

Meghan Elizabeth Trainor (born December 22, 1993) is an American singer-songwriter and talent show judge. She rose to prominence after signing with Epic Records in 2014 and releasing her debut single "All About That Bass", which reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and sold 11 million copies worldwide, and drew criticism for its lyrical content. Trainor has released three studio albums with the label and has received various awards and nominations, including the 2016 Grammy Award for Best New Artist. Trainor became interested in music from a young age; she wrote, recorded, and produced three independently released acoustic albums, "Meghan Trainor" (2009), "I'll Sing with You", and "Only 17" (2010).


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Question: how did the artist of the first mentioned song start his career?

Answer: He began his music career on YouTube.

Explanation: Charlie Puth began his music career on YouTube and later signed with Ellen DeGeneres' record label eleveneleven.


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: how did the artist of the first mentioned song start his career?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Question: when did this online platform start?

Answer: February 2005.

YouTube [SEP] Introduction

YouTube is an American online video-sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February 2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion; YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. YouTube allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to playlists, report, comment on videos, and subscribe to other users. It offers a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos. Available content includes video clips, TV show clips, music videos, short and documentary films, audio recordings, movie trailers, live streams, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Context: when did this online platform start?

Context: February 2005.

Question: who started it?

Answer: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim.

Explanation: Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February 2005.

YouTube [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Context: when did this online platform start?

Context: February 2005.

Context: who started it?

Context: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim.

Question: where is hurley from?

Answer: Reading, Pennsylvania.

Chad Hurley [SEP] Early life and education

Hurley was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, the second child of Don and Joann Hurley, and grew up near Birdsboro, Pennsylvania. He has an older sister, Heather, and a younger brother, Brent. Since childhood, Hurley showed interest in the arts, and became interested in computers and electronic media during high school. He was a standout runner for Twin Valley High School's cross-country program, which won two of its PIAA State titles with him as a member in 1992 and 1994. He was also a member of the Technology Student Association during high school. He graduated from Twin Valley High School n 1995 and earned a B.A.


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Context: when did this online platform start?

Context: February 2005.

Context: who started it?

Context: where is hurley from?

Context: Reading, Pennsylvania.

Question: what is his involvement in motor sports?

Answer: He was involved as a major investor with US F1 Team.

Chad Hurley [SEP] Formula One

Chad was involved as a major investor with US F1 Team, one of the new entrants in Formula One automobile racing for the 2010 season. On March 2, 2010, the team's personnel were dismissed from their duties and the team was unofficially shut down. Neither Hurley, team principal Ken Anderson nor sporting director Peter Windsor would comment on the team's failure to make it to the grid.


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Context: when did this online platform start?

Context: February 2005.

Context: who started it?

Context: where is hurley from?

Context: Reading, Pennsylvania.

Context: what is his involvement in motor sports?

Context: He was involved as a major investor with US F1 Team.

Question: what is the full form of f1?

Answer: Formula One (also known as Formula 1 or F1).

Formula One [SEP] Introduction

Formula One (also known as Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of international single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and owned by Liberty Media, an American mass media company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, the Formula One Group. The World Drivers' Championship, which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981, has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word "formula" in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as "Grands Prix" (), which take place worldwide on purpose-built circuits and on public roads.


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Context: when did this online platform start?

Context: February 2005.

Context: who started it?

Context: where is hurley from?

Context: Reading, Pennsylvania.

Context: what is the full form of f1?

Context: Formula One (also known as Formula 1 or F1).

Question: when did the sport start?

Answer: 1946.

Formula One [SEP] History

The Formula One series originated with the European Championship of Grand Prix motor racing ("q.v." for pre-1947 history) of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula comprises a set of rules that all participants' cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon during 1946 after World War II, with the first non-championship races taking place that year. The first Formula 1 race was the 1946 Turin Grand Prix. A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a world championship before the war, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the World Drivers' Championship did not become formalised until 1947.


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Context: when did this online platform start?

Context: February 2005.

Context: who started it?

Context: where is hurley from?

Context: Reading, Pennsylvania.

Context: what is the full form of f1?

Context: when did the sport start?

Question: where did it originate?

Answer: The Formula One series originated with the European Championship of Grand Prix motor racing.

Explanation: The Formula One series originated with the European Championship of Grand Prix motor racing ("q.v." for pre-1947 history) of the 1920s and 1930s.

Formula One [SEP] History


Context: when was this song released?

Context: January 2015.

Context: did it have a video?

Context: who is the artist?

Context: where is the featured singer from?

Context: Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Context: when did she begin singing?

Context: He began his music career on YouTube.

Context: when did this online platform start?

Context: February 2005.

Context: who started it?

Context: where is hurley from?

Context: Reading, Pennsylvania.

Context: what is the full form of f1?

Context: when did the sport start?

Context: where did it originate?

Context: The Formula One series originated with the European Championship of Grand Prix motor racing.

Question: what is the meaning of the name of the sport?

Answer: The word "formula" in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform.

Explanation: The word "formula" in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as "Grands Prix" (), which take place worldwide on purpose-built circuits and on public roads.

Formula One [SEP] Introduction


Question: where is the last scene in casino royale filmed

Answer: Barrandov Studios

Casino Royale (2006 film) [SEP] Filming

Principal photography for "Casino Royale" commenced on 3 January 2006 and concluded on 20 July 2006. The film was primarily shot at Barrandov Studios in Prague, with additional location shooting in the Bahamas, Italy and the United Kingdom. The shoot concluded at Pinewood Studios. Michael G. Wilson had stated "Casino Royale" would either be filmed or take place in Prague and South Africa. However, Eon Productions encountered problems in securing film locations in South Africa. After no other locations became available, the producers had to reconsider their options. In September 2005, Martin Campbell and director of photography Phil Méheux were scouting Paradise Island in the Bahamas as a possible location for the film.


Context: where is the last scene in casino royale filmed

Context: Barrandov Studios

Question: who was the director of this film?

Answer: Martin Campbell

Casino Royale (2006 film) [SEP] Introduction

Casino Royale is a 2006 spy film, the twenty-first in the Eon Productions "James Bond" series, and the third screen adaptation of Ian Fleming's 1953 novel of the same name. Directed by Martin Campbell and written by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, and Paul Haggis, it is the first film to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and was produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures, making it the first Eon-produced "Bond" film to be co-produced by the latter studio. Following "Die Another Day", Eon Productions decided to reboot the series, allowing them to show a less experienced and more vulnerable Bond.


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Question: what is the storyline of this movie?

Answer: The plot has Bond on an assignment to bankrupt terrorist financier Le Chiffre in a high-stakes poker game at the Casino Royale in Montenegro.

"Casino Royale" takes place at the beginning of Bond's career as Agent 007, as he is earning his licence to kill. The plot has Bond on an assignment to bankrupt terrorist financier Le Chiffre in a high-stakes poker game at the Casino Royale in Montenegro; Bond falls in love with femme fatale Vesper Lynd, a treasury employee assigned to provide the money he needs for the game. The film begins a story arc that continues in the 2008 film, "Quantum of Solace". Casting involved a widespread search for a new actor to succeed Pierce Brosnan as James Bond; the choice of Craig, announced in October 2005, drew controversy.


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Context: what is the storyline of this movie?

Context: The plot has Bond on an assignment to bankrupt terrorist financier Le Chiffre in a high-stakes poker game at the Casino Royale in Montenegro.

Question: who is the first mentioned character?

Answer: The fictional MI6 agent.

Explanation: . Directed by Martin Campbell and written by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, and Paul Haggis, it is the first film to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and was produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures,


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Context: what is the storyline of this movie?

Context: who is the first mentioned character?

Context: The fictional MI6 agent.

Question: which other places has the movie been filmed?

Answer: Eton College and Black Park.

Casino Royale (2006 film) [SEP] Filming

On 6 October 2005, Martin Campbell confirmed "Casino Royale" would film in the Bahamas and "maybe Italy". In addition to the extensive location filming, studio work including choreography and stunt co-ordination practice was performed at the Barrandov Studios in Prague, and at Pinewood Studios, where the film used several stages, the paddock tank, and the 007 Stage. Further shooting in the UK was scheduled for Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey, the cricket pavilion at Eton College (although that scene was cut from the completed movie), and the Millbrook Vehicle Proving Ground in Bedfordshire. After Prague, the production moved to the Bahamas.


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Context: what is the storyline of this movie?

Context: who is the first mentioned character?

Context: The fictional MI6 agent.

Context: which other places has the movie been filmed?

Context: Eton College and Black Park.

Question: which banner released this movie?

Answer: Eon Productions

Explanation: Casino Royale is a 2006 spy film, the twenty-first in the Eon Productions "James Bond" series, and the third screen adaptation of Ian Fleming's 1953 novel of the same name.


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Context: what is the storyline of this movie?

Context: who is the first mentioned character?

Context: The fictional MI6 agent.

Context: Eton College and Black Park.

Context: which banner released this movie?

Context: Eon Productions

Question: who own this production company?

Answer: It is a closely owned public and family corporation, was started by film producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman.

Eon Productions [SEP] "Bond" films

Eon, a closely owned public and family corporation, was started by film producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman in 1961, at the same time they became partners and sought financing for "Dr. No". The year before they formed Danjaq, which for legal reasons became Eon's holding company, from which it licenses the rights to produce the "Bond" films. Broccoli had been interested in the "Bond" novel rights for several years but was dissuaded from pursuing the project by his former partner. When they dissolved their relationship he was free to pursue the property, for which Saltzman, a novice to film production, had taken a gamble to acquire.


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Context: what is the storyline of this movie?

Context: who is the first mentioned character?

Context: The fictional MI6 agent.

Context: Eton College and Black Park.

Context: which banner released this movie?

Context: Eon Productions

Context: who own this production company?

Context: It is a closely owned public and family corporation, was started by film producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman.

Question: what has played the above mentioned character?

Answer: Daniel Craig

Explanation: it is the first film to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Context: what is the storyline of this movie?

Context: who is the first mentioned character?

Context: The fictional MI6 agent.

Context: Eton College and Black Park.

Context: which banner released this movie?

Context: Eon Productions

Context: who own this production company?

Context: what has played the above mentioned character?

Context: Daniel Craig

Question: what is his viewpoint on the character he plays?

Answer: He has described his portrayal of Bond as an anti-hero.

Daniel Craig [SEP] Opinions on Bond

Craig has described his portrayal of Bond as an anti-hero: "The question I keep asking myself while playing the role is, 'Am I the good guy or just a bad guy who works for the good side?' Bond's role, after all, is that of an assassin when you come down to it. I have never played a role in which someone's dark side shouldn't be explored. I don't think it should be confusing by the end of the film, but during the film you should be questioning who he is." Craig has stated that his own favourite previous Bond actor is Sean Connery, but says, "I'd never copy somebody else.


Context: Barrandov Studios

Context: who was the director of this film?

Context: Martin Campbell

Context: what is the storyline of this movie?

Context: who is the first mentioned character?

Context: The fictional MI6 agent.

Context: Eton College and Black Park.

Context: which banner released this movie?

Context: Eon Productions

Context: who own this production company?

Context: Daniel Craig

Context: what is his viewpoint on the character he plays?

Context: He has described his portrayal of Bond as an anti-hero.

Question: apart from bond films, has he acted in any other films?

Answer: Yes, "The Power of One" "Elizabeth" and "The Trench".

Daniel Craig [SEP] Introduction

Daniel Wroughton Craig (born 2 March 1968) is an English actor. After training at the National Youth Theatre and graduating from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1991, Craig began his career on stage. He made his film debut in the drama "The Power of One" (1992) and attracted attention with appearances in the historical television war drama "Sharpe's Eagle" (1993), the family film "A Kid in King Arthur's Court" (1995), the television serial drama "Our Friends in the North" (1996), the biographical film "Elizabeth" (1998), the television film "" (1998), the indie war film "The Trench" (1999), the drama film "Some Voices" (2000), the action film "" (2001), the crime thriller film "Road to Perdition" (2002), the crime thriller film "Layer Cake" (2004), and the historical drama film "Munich" (2005).


Question: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Answer: Jeffrey Lebowski

Explanation: Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski,

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Introduction

The Big Lebowski () is a 1998 crime comedy film written, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. It stars Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a Los Angeles slacker and avid bowler. He is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity, then learns that a millionaire (also named Jeffrey Lebowski) was the intended victim. The millionaire Lebowski's trophy wife is kidnapped, and he commissions The Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release; the plan goes awry when the Dude's friend Walter Sobchak (John Goodman) schemes to keep the ransom money. Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, David Huddleston, John Turturro and Philip Seymour Hoffman also appear, in supporting roles.


Context:
who was the dude in the big lebowski
Jeffrey Lebowski

Question: is it a film or a series?

Answer: A crime comedy film

Explanation: crime comedy film written, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. It stars Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski,

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who was the dude in the big lebowski
Jeffrey Lebowski
is it a film or a series?
A crime comedy film

Question: who are the actors in it?

Answer: Jeff Bridges, Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, David Huddleston, John Turturro and Philip Seymour Hoffman

Explanation: Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a Los Angeles slacker and avid bowler. He is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity, then learns that a millionaire (also named Jeffrey Lebowski) was the intended victim. The millionaire Lebowski's trophy wife is kidnapped, and he commissions The Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release; the plan goes awry when the Dude's friend Walter Sobchak (John Goodman) schemes to keep the ransom money. Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, David Huddleston, John Turturro and Philip Seymour Hoffman also appear, in supporting roles.

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Context: Jeffrey Lebowski

Context: is it a film or a series?

Context: A crime comedy film

Context: who are the actors in it?

Context: Jeff Bridges, Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, David Huddleston, John Turturro and Philip Seymour Hoffman

Question: where was it filmed?

Answer: Los Angeles

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Principal photography

Actual filming took place over an eleven-week period with location shooting in and around Los Angeles, including all of the bowling sequences at the Hollywood Star Lanes (for three weeks) and the Dude's Busby Berkeley dream sequences in a converted airplane hangar. According to Joel, the only time they ever directed Bridges "was when he would come over at the beginning of each scene and ask, 'Do you think the Dude burned one on the way over?' I'd reply 'Yes' usually, so Jeff would go over in the corner and start rubbing his eyes to get them bloodshot." Julianne Moore was sent the script while working on "".


Context: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Context: Jeffrey Lebowski

Context: is it a film or a series?

Context: A crime comedy film

Context: who are the actors in it?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Los Angeles

Question: when did the last actor make his acting debut?

Answer: He made his screen debut in 1991, in a "Law & Order" episode called "The Violence of Summer"

Philip Seymour Hoffman [SEP] Early career (1991–95)

After graduating, Hoffman worked in off-Broadway theater and made additional money with customer service jobs. He made his screen debut in 1991, in a "Law & Order" episode called "The Violence of Summer", playing a man accused of rape. His first cinema role came the following year, when he was credited as "Phil Hoffman" in the independent film "Triple Bogey on a Par Five Hole". After this, he adopted his grandfather's name, Seymour, to avoid confusion with another actor. More film roles promptly followed, with appearances in the studio production "My New Gun", and a small role in the comedy "Leap of Faith", starring Steve Martin.


Context: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Context: Jeffrey Lebowski

Context: is it a film or a series?

Context: A crime comedy film

Context: who are the actors in it?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Los Angeles

Context: when did the last actor make his acting debut?

Context: He made his screen debut in 1991, in a "Law & Order" episode called "The Violence of Summer"

Question: has he been to acting school?

Answer: Yes, He received a drama degree in 1989.

Philip Seymour Hoffman [SEP] Early life

Even then, he was passionate." Hoffman applied for several drama degree programs and was accepted to New York University's (NYU) Tisch School of the Arts. Between starting on the program and graduating from Fairport High School, he continued his training at the Circle in the Square Theatre's summer program. Hoffman had positive memories of his time at NYU, where he supported himself by working as an usher. With friends, he co-founded the Bullstoi Ensemble acting troupe. He received a drama degree in 1989.


Context: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Context: Jeffrey Lebowski

Context: is it a film or a series?

Context: A crime comedy film

Context: who are the actors in it?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Los Angeles

Context: has he been to acting school?

Context: Yes, He received a drama degree in 1989.

Question: which other films was he a part of?

Answer: "The Savages", "Synecdoche, New York", "Twister"

Philip Seymour Hoffman [SEP] Introduction

While he mainly worked in independent films, including "The Savages" (2007) and "Synecdoche, New York" (2008), Hoffman also appeared in "Flawless" (1999), and Hollywood blockbusters such as "Twister" (1996), "" (2006), and in one of his final roles, as Plutarch Heavensbee in the "Hunger Games" series (2013–15). The feature "Jack Goes Boating" (2010) marked his debut as a filmmaker. Hoffman was also an accomplished theater actor and director. He joined the off-Broadway LAByrinth Theater Company in 1995, where he directed, produced, and appeared in numerous stage productions. His performances in three Broadway plays—"True West" in 2000, "Long Day's Journey into Night" in 2003, and "Death of a Salesman" in 2012—all led to Tony Award nominations.


Context: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Context: Jeffrey Lebowski

Context: is it a film or a series?

Context: A crime comedy film

Context: who are the actors in it?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Los Angeles

Context: has he been to acting school?

Context: which other films was he a part of?

Context: "The Savages", "Synecdoche, New York", "Twister"

Question: what was the cause of his death?

Answer: It was  caused by "acute mixed drug intoxication, including heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and amphetamine".

Philip Seymour Hoffman [SEP] Death and legacy

Although friends stated that Hoffman's drug use was under control at the time, on February 2, 2014, Hoffman was found dead in the bathroom of his Manhattan apartment by a friend, playwright and screenwriter David Bar Katz. Hoffman was 46. Detectives searching the apartment found heroin and prescription medications at the scene, and revealed that he was discovered with a syringe in his arm. After an investigation including the Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Alex Spiro, Hoffman's death was officially ruled an accident caused by "acute mixed drug intoxication, including heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and amphetamine". Whether Hoffman had taken all of the substances on the same day, or whether any of the substances had remained in his system from earlier use, was not reported.


Context: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Context: Jeffrey Lebowski

Context: is it a film or a series?

Context: A crime comedy film

Context: who are the actors in it?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Los Angeles

Context: has he been to acting school?

Context: which other films was he a part of?

Context: what was the cause of his death?

Context: It was  caused by "acute mixed drug intoxication, including heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and amphetamine".

Question: what is the last one used for?

Answer: It is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.

Amphetamine [SEP] Introduction

Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant marketed under the brand name Evekeo, among others. It is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. "Amphetamine" properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression.


Context: who was the dude in the big lebowski

Context: Jeffrey Lebowski

Context: is it a film or a series?

Context: A crime comedy film

Context: who are the actors in it?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Los Angeles

Context: has he been to acting school?

Context: which other films was he a part of?

Context: what was the cause of his death?

Context: what is the last one used for?

Context: It is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.

Question: when was it discovered?

Answer: 1887

Amphetamine [SEP] History, society, and culture

Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it "phenylisopropylamine"; its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently resynthesized by Gordon Alles and reported to have sympathomimetic properties. Amphetamine had no medical use until late 1933, when Smith, Kline and French began selling it as an inhaler under the brand name Benzedrine as a decongestant. Benzedrine sulfate was introduced 3 years later and was used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, obesity, low blood pressure, low libido, and chronic pain, among others. During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by both the Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects.


Question: what is rna interference?

Answer: It is a biological process.

Explanation: is a biological process

RNA interference [SEP] Introduction

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. Historically, RNAi was known by other names, including "co-suppression", "post-transcriptional gene silencing" (PTGS), and "quelling". The detailed study of each of these seemingly different processes elucidated that the identity of these phenomena were all actually RNAi. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm "Caenorhabditis elegans", which they published in 1998. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in suppression of desired genes.


Context:
what is rna interference?
It is a biological process.

Question: what does it do?

Answer: RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

Explanation: RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules

RNA interference [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

Question: what does rna stand for?

Answer: Ribonucleic acid

Explanation: Ribonucleic acid

RNA [SEP] Introduction

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, RNA is found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Question: how has it evolved?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

RNA [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what relation does it have to medicine?

Answer: It was observed that introducing sense and antisense RNA to par-1 mRNA in "Caenorhabditis elegans" caused degradation of the par-1 message.

RNA interference [SEP] Medicine

History of RNAi use in medicine The first instance of RNA silencing in animals was documented in 1996, when Guo and Kemphues observed that, by introducing sense and antisense RNA to par-1 mRNA in "Caenorhabditis elegans" caused degradation of the par-1 message. It was thought that this degradation was triggered by single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), but two years later, in 1998, Fire and Mello discovered that this ability to silence the par-1 gene expression was actually triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). They would eventually share the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery. Just after Fire and Mello's ground-breaking discovery, Elbashir et al.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: It was observed that introducing sense and antisense RNA to par-1 mRNA in "Caenorhabditis elegans" caused degradation of the par-1 message.

Question: what relation does it have to cancer?

Answer: It can provide a more specific approach to inhibit tumor growth by targeting cancer-related genes.

RNA interference [SEP] Cancer

While traditional chemotherapy can effectively kill cancer cells, lack of specificity for discriminating normal cells and cancer cells in these treatments usually cause severe side effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RNAi can provide a more specific approach to inhibit tumor growth by targeting cancer-related genes (i.e., oncogene). It has also been proposed that RNAi can enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, providing a combinatorial therapeutic approach with chemotherapy. Another potential RNAi-based treatment is to inhibit cell invasion and migration.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: It can provide a more specific approach to inhibit tumor growth by targeting cancer-related genes.

Question: how is this disease treated with rna?

Answer: Chemotherapeutic agents and inhibit cell invasion and migration

Explanation: chemotherapeutic agents, providing a combinatorial therapeutic approach with chemotherapy.

RNA interference [SEP] Cancer


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: Chemotherapeutic agents and inhibit cell invasion and migration

Question: what are the variations among organisms?

Answer: Its interference can be both systemic and heritable in plants and "C. elegans", although not in "Drosophila" or mammals.

RNA interference [SEP] Variation among organisms

Organisms vary in their ability to take up foreign dsRNA and use it in the RNAi pathway. The effects of RNA interference can be both systemic and heritable in plants and "C. elegans", although not in "Drosophila" or mammals. In plants, RNAi is thought to propagate by the transfer of siRNAs between cells through plasmodesmata (channels in the cell walls that enable communication and transport). Heritability comes from methylation of promoters targeted by RNAi; the new methylation pattern is copied in each new generation of the cell. A broad general distinction between plants and animals lies in the targeting of endogenously produced miRNAs; in plants, miRNAs are usually perfectly or nearly perfectly complementary to their target genes and induce direct mRNA cleavage by RISC, while animals' miRNAs tend to be more divergent in sequence and induce translational repression.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: what are the variations among organisms?

Context: Its interference can be both systemic and heritable in plants and "C. elegans", although not in "Drosophila" or mammals.

Question: does rna cause viral infections?

Answer: Yes, HIV, HPV, hepatitis A, hepatitis B etc

Explanation: HIV, HPV, hepatitis A, hepatitis B

RNA interference [SEP] Viral infection

Antiviral treatment is one of the earliest proposed RNAi-based medical applications, and two different types have been developed. The first type is to target viral RNAs. Many studies have shown that targeting viral RNAs can suppress the replication of numerous viruses, including HIV, HPV, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), adenovirus and measles virus. The other strategy is to block the initial viral entries by targeting the host cell genes. For example, suppression of chemokine receptors (CXCR4 and CCR5) on host cells can prevent HIV viral entry.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: Yes, HIV, HPV, hepatitis A, hepatitis B etc

Question: how does it stimulate an immune response?

Answer: It prevent the self-propagation of transposons and induces gene silencing in plants.

RNA interference [SEP] Immunity

RNA interference is a vital part of the immune response to viruses and other foreign genetic material, especially in plants where it may also prevent the self-propagation of transposons. Plants such as "Arabidopsis thaliana" express multiple dicer homologs that are specialized to react differently when the plant is exposed to different viruses. Even before the RNAi pathway was fully understood, it was known that induced gene silencing in plants could spread throughout the plant in a systemic effect and could be transferred from stock to scion plants via grafting. This phenomenon has since been recognized as a feature of the plant adaptive immune system and allows the entire plant to respond to a virus after an initial localized encounter.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: how does it stimulate an immune response?

Context: It prevent the self-propagation of transposons and induces gene silencing in plants.

Question: what role does it play in insecticides?

Answer: It is under development as an insecticide.

Explanation: is under development as an insecticide

RNA interference [SEP] Insecticide

RNAi is under development as an insecticide, employing multiple approaches, including genetic engineering and topical application. Cells in the midgut of some insects take up the dsRNA molecules in the process referred to as environmental RNAi. In some insects the effect is systemic as the signal spreads throughout the insect's body (referred to as systemic RNAi). Animals exposed to RNAi at doses millions of times higher than anticipated human exposure levels show no adverse effects. RNAi has varying effects in different species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Possibly because their saliva and gut juice is better at breaking down RNA, the cotton bollworm, the beet armyworm and the Asiatic rice borer have so far not been proven susceptible to RNAi by feeding.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: It is under development as an insecticide.

Question: what is the full form of the first viral infection that you mentioned?

Answer: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Explanation: human immunodeficiency viruses

HIV [SEP] Introduction

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: what is the full form of the first viral infection that you mentioned?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Question: when was it discovered?

Answer: 1981

HIV [SEP] Discovery

The first news story on "an exotic new disease" appeared May 18, 1981 in the gay newspaper "New York Native". AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of "Pneumocystis" pneumonia (PCP or PJP, the latter term recognizing that the causative agent is now called "Pneumocystis jirovecii"), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, additional gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Context: when was it discovered?

Question: by whom?

Answer: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

HIV [SEP] Discovery

Many more cases of PJP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. In the beginning, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. They also used "Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections", the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: by whom?

Context: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Question: what is its origins?

Answer: The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms.

Explanation: The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms

HIV [SEP] Discovery


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: by whom?

Context: what is its origins?

Context: The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms.

Question: how is it classified?

Answer: It is a member of the genus "Lentivirus", part of the family "Retroviridae".

HIV [SEP] Classification

HIV is a member of the genus "Lentivirus", part of the family "Retroviridae". Lentiviruses have many morphologies and biological properties in common. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period. Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded enzyme, reverse transcriptase, that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded enzyme, integrase, and host co-factors.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: by whom?

Context: what is its origins?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: It is a member of the genus "Lentivirus", part of the family "Retroviridae".

Question: how is it diagnosed?

Answer: By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1.

Explanation: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1.

HIV [SEP] Diagnosis

Specimens that are repeatedly ELISA-reactive occasionally provide an indeterminate western blot result, which may be either an incomplete antibody response to HIV in an infected person or nonspecific reactions in an uninfected person. Although IFA can be used to confirm infection in these ambiguous cases, this assay is not widely used. In general, a second specimen should be collected more than a month later and retested for persons with indeterminate western blot results. Although much less commonly available, nucleic acid testing (e.g., viral RNA or proviral DNA amplification method) can also help diagnosis in certain situations. In addition, a few tested specimens might provide inconclusive results because of a low quantity specimen.


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: by whom?

Context: what is its origins?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1.

Question: how is it treated?

Answer: Using multiple antiretroviral drugs

Explanation: use of multiple antiretroviral drugs

HIV [SEP] Treatment and transmission

The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare. HIV latency, and the consequent viral reservoir in CD4 T cells, dendritic cells, as well as macrophages, is the main barrier to eradication of the virus. It is important to note that although HIV is highly virulent, transmission does not occur through sex when an HIV-positive person has a consistently undetectable viral load (<50 copies/ml) due to anti-retroviral treatment. Previously it was said the chance of transmission was "very low" or "negligible" (The "Swiss Statement").


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: by whom?

Context: what is its origins?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how is it treated?

Context: Using multiple antiretroviral drugs

Question: how is it transmitted?

Answer: Although it is highly virulent, transmission does not occur through sex.

Explanation: is highly virulent, transmission does not occur through sex when an HIV-positive person has a consistently undetectable viral load (<50

HIV [SEP] Treatment and transmission


Context: what is rna interference?

Context: It is a biological process.

Context: what does it do?

Context: what does rna stand for?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: how has it evolved?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what relation does it have to medicine?

Context: what relation does it have to cancer?

Context: how is this disease treated with rna?

Context: does rna cause viral infections?

Context: what role does it play in insecticides?

Context: Human immunodeficiency viruses

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: by whom?

Context: what is its origins?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how is it treated?

Context: Using multiple antiretroviral drugs

Context: how is it transmitted?

Context: Although it is highly virulent, transmission does not occur through sex.

Question: how does it enter into a cell?

Answer: It enters by the adsorption of glycoproteins on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the target cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.

HIV [SEP] Entry to the cell

The HIV virion enters macrophages and CD4 T cells by the adsorption of glycoproteins on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the target cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell. Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex (gp160 spike) on the HIV viral envelope and both CD4 and a chemokine co-receptor (generally either CCR5 or CXCR4, but others are known to interact) on the target cell surface. Gp120 binds to integrin αβ activating LFA-1, the central integrin involved in the establishment of virological synapses, which facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV-1.


Question: 1. what assessment findings are associated with injuries of the spinal cord at the thoracic level

Answer: A spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Introduction

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be "complete injury", with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or "incomplete", meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments.


Context: 1. what assessment findings are associated with injuries of the spinal cord at the thoracic level

Context: A spinal cord injury

Question: what is this injury?

Answer: It is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function.

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Introduction


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: It is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function.

Question: how does it happen?

Answer: Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be "complete injury", with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or "incomplete", meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments.

Explanation: Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be "complete injury", with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or "incomplete", meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments.

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Introduction

Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and medical imaging. Efforts to prevent SCI include individual measures such as using safety equipment, societal measures such as safety regulations in sports and traffic, and improvements to equipment. Treatment starts with restricting further motion of the spine and maintaining adequate blood pressure. Corticosteroids have not been found to be useful. Other interventions vary depending on the location and extent of the injury, from bed rest to surgery. In many cases, spinal cord injuries require long-term physical and occupational therapy, especially if it interferes with activities of daily living. In the United States, about 12,000 people a year survive a spinal cord injury.


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be "complete injury", with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or "incomplete", meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments.

Question: what is the definition of this aforesaid cord?

Answer: The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

Spinal cord [SEP] Introduction

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends.


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: what is the definition of this aforesaid cord?

Context: The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

Question: what is the medical importance of this structure?

Answer: The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex.

Spinal cord [SEP] Introduction

The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around in men and around long in women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from in the cervical and lumbar regions to in the thoracic area. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators.


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: what is the medical importance of this structure?

Context: The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex.

Question: what is the last mentioned thing?

Answer: The sensory cortex can refer informally to the primary somatosensory cortex, or it can be used as a term for the primary and secondary cortices of the different senses

Sensory cortex [SEP] Introduction

The sensory cortex can refer informally to the primary somatosensory cortex, or it can be used as a term for the primary and secondary cortices of the different senses (two cortices each, on left and right hemisphere): the visual cortex on the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex on the temporal lobes, the primary olfactory cortex on the uncus of the piriform region of the temporal lobes, the gustatory cortex on the insular lobe (also referred to as the insular cortex), and the primary somatosensory cortex on the anterior parietal lobes. Just posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex lies the somatosensory association cortex, which integrates sensory information from the primary somatosensory cortex (temperature, pressure, etc.) to construct an understanding of the object being felt.


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: what is the last mentioned thing?

Context: The sensory cortex can refer informally to the primary somatosensory cortex, or it can be used as a term for the primary and secondary cortices of the different senses

Question: where is it located?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sensory cortex [SEP] Introduction


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: what is the last mentioned thing?

Context: where is it located?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is this neuron you mentioned?

Answer: Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.

Sensory neuron [SEP] Introduction

Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials. This process is called sensory transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord. This sensory information travels along afferent nerve fibers in an afferent or sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal cord. The stimulus can come from "extoreceptors" outside the body, for example light and sound, or from "interoreceptors" inside the body, for example blood pressure or the sense of body position.


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: what is the last mentioned thing?

Context: where is it located?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this neuron you mentioned?

Context: Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.

Question: how is it related to smell?

Answer: These neurons contain receptors, called olfactory receptors, that are activated by odor molecules in the air.

Sensory neuron [SEP] Smell

The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory sensory neurons. These neurons contain receptors, called olfactory receptors, that are activated by odor molecules in the air. The molecules in the air are detected by enlarged cilia and microvilli. These nerves help send signals to the brain with emotions.


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: what is the last mentioned thing?

Context: where is it located?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this neuron you mentioned?

Context: how is it related to smell?

Context: These neurons contain receptors, called olfactory receptors, that are activated by odor molecules in the air.

Question: how does it affect our eyesight?

Answer: Photoreceptor cells are capable of phototransduction, a process which converts light (electromagnetic radiation) into electrical signals.

Sensory neuron [SEP] Vision

Photoreceptor cells are capable of phototransduction, a process which converts light (electromagnetic radiation) into electrical signals. These signals are refined and controlled by the interactions with other types of neurons in the retina. The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells. The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three-neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor (either a rod or cone), bipolar cell, and the ganglion cell.


Context: A spinal cord injury

Context: what is this injury?

Context: how does it happen?

Context: what is the last mentioned thing?

Context: where is it located?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this neuron you mentioned?

Context: how is it related to smell?

Context: how does it affect our eyesight?

Context: Photoreceptor cells are capable of phototransduction, a process which converts light (electromagnetic radiation) into electrical signals.

Question: how is it in other animals?

Answer: Hydrodynamic reception is a form of mechanoreception used in a range of animal species

Sensory neuron [SEP] Other animals

Hydrodynamic reception is a form of mechanoreception used in a range of animal species.


Question: what song did paul mccartney wrote for julian lennon

Answer: "Hey Jules"

Hey Jude [SEP] Introduction

It has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on music critics' lists of the greatest songs of all time. The writing and recording of "Hey Jude" coincided with a period of upheaval in the Beatles. The ballad evolved from "Hey Jules", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's son, Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono. The lyrics espouse a positive outlook on a sad situation, while also encouraging "Jude" to pursue his opportunities to find love. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a coda featuring a "Na-na-na na" refrain that lasts for over four minutes.


Context: what song did paul mccartney wrote for julian lennon

Context: "Hey Jules"

Question: for what reason did he write this song?

Answer: To comfort Lennon's son, Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono.

Explanation: The ballad evolved from "Hey Jules", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's son, Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono.

Hey Jude [SEP] Introduction


Context: "Hey Jules"

Context: for what reason did he write this song?

Context: To comfort Lennon's son, Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono.

Question: which band did the musician belong to?

Answer: The Beatles

Paul McCartney [SEP] Introduction

Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and record and film producer who gained worldwide fame as co-lead vocalist and bassist for the Beatles. His songwriting partnership with John Lennon remains the most successful in history. After the group disbanded in 1970, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. A self-taught musician, McCartney is proficient on bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums. He is known for his melodic approach to bass-playing (mainly playing with a plectrum), his versatile and wide tenor vocal range (spanning over four octaves), and his eclecticism (exploring styles ranging from pre-rock and roll pop to classical and electronica).


Context: "Hey Jules"

Context: for what reason did he write this song?

Context: which band did the musician belong to?

Context: The Beatles

Question: who were the members of this band?

Answer: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr

The Beatles [SEP] Introduction

The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The group, whose best-known line-up comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, are regarded as the most influential band of all time. They were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.


Context: "Hey Jules"

Context: for what reason did he write this song?

Context: which band did the musician belong to?

Context: The Beatles

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr

Question: was the second person a part of any other band prior to this?

Answer: Yes, the Quarrymen which later evolved into the Beatles

Paul McCartney [SEP] Introduction

McCartney began his career as a member of the Quarrymen in 1957, which evolved into the Beatles in 1960. Starting with the 1967 album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", he gradually became the Beatles' "de facto" leader, providing the creative impetus for most of their music and film projects. His Beatles songs "And I Love Her" (1964), "Yesterday" (1965), "Eleanor Rigby" (1966) and "Blackbird" (1968) rank among the most covered songs in history. In 1970, McCartney debuted as a solo artist with the album "McCartney". Throughout the 1970s, he led Wings, one of the most successful bands of the decade, with more than a dozen international top 10 singles and albums.


Context: "Hey Jules"

Context: for what reason did he write this song?

Context: which band did the musician belong to?

Context: The Beatles

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: was the second person a part of any other band prior to this?

Context: Yes, the Quarrymen which later evolved into the Beatles

Question: what instrument does he play?

Answer: Bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums

Explanation: A self-taught musician, McCartney is proficient on bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums.

Paul McCartney [SEP] Introduction


Context: "Hey Jules"

Context: for what reason did he write this song?

Context: which band did the musician belong to?

Context: The Beatles

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: what instrument does he play?

Context: Bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums

Question: what were some of the band's greatest hits?

Answer: "Love Me Do", "Rubber Soul", "Revolver" and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "The Beatles" and "Abbey Road".

Explanation:
 George Martin guided and developed their recordings, greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit, "Love Me Do", in late 1962. As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed "Beatlemania", the band acquired the nickname "the Fab Four", with Epstein, Martin and other members of the band's entourage sometimes given the informal title of "fifth Beatle".

By early 1964, the Beatles were international stars, leading the "British Invasion" of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records. They soon made their film debut with "A Hard Day's Night" (1964). From 1965 onwards, they produced records of greater complexity, including the albums "Rubber Soul" (1965), "Revolver" (1966) and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (1967), and enjoyed further commercial success with "The Beatles" (also known as "the White Album", 1968) and "Abbey Road" (1969).

The Beatles [SEP] Introduction


Context: "Hey Jules"

Context: for what reason did he write this song?

Context: which band did the musician belong to?

Context: The Beatles

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: what instrument does he play?

Context: Bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums

Context: what were some of the band's greatest hits?

Context: "Love Me Do", "Rubber Soul", "Revolver" and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "The Beatles" and "Abbey Road".

Question: when was the last one recorded?

Answer: Recorded on three occasions; 5 October 1962, April 1964, etc

Explanation:
"Love Me Do" was recorded by the Beatles on three occasions with three drummers at EMI Studios at 3 Abbey Road in London:

First issues of the single, released on Parlophone in the UK on 5 October 1962, featured the Ringo Starr version, prompting Mark Lewisohn to later write: "Clearly, the 11 September version was not regarded as having been a significant improvement after all".

The Andy White version of the track was included on The Beatles' debut UK album, "Please Please Me", "The Beatles' Hits EP", and subsequent album releases on which "Love Me Do" was included (except as noted below), as well as on the first US single release in April 1964.

Love Me Do [SEP] Recordings and releases