Context: what city in france has the highest population

Context: Paris

Context: where is it located?

Context: It is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands.

Context: was there any attacks here from the terrorists?

Context: Between July and October 1995, a series of bombings carried out by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria caused 8 deaths and more than 200 injuries.

Context: which international organization is located here?

Context: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Context: who is the founder of the mentioned armed group of algeria?

Context: According to Algerian veterans of the Afghan jihad who founded the GIA.

Context: what is this group about?

Context: The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from ; ), was one of the two main Islamist insurgents groups that fought the Algerian government and army in the Algerian Civil War.

Context: when was this mentioned war took place?

Context: From 26 December 1991 to 8 February 2002.

Context: was this gia destroyed in this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how were the children used in it?

Context: Throughout the war children were recruited frequently by the armed groups fighting the government.

Context: what was the casualty caused in it?

Context: Total death toll of around 44,000 people.

Context: is there any museum situated in the aforementioned city we talked about above??

Context: Yes, The Louvre.

Context: any monument?

Context: Yes, The Notre Dame Cathedral, The Louvre, Sainte-Chapelle, among others.

Context: what kind of architectural feature or painting style is found here?

Context: Parisian examples of European architecture date back more than a millennium, including the Romanesque church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.

Context: what kind of glass is used for the third mentioned monument?

Context: Stained-glass.

Context: who is the director general of the mentioned international organization?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which states are its members?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sainte-Chapelle [SEP] Stained glass


Question: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Answer: "I'll Sue Ya" is a parody of "Straight Outta Lynwood"

Straight Outta Lynwood [SEP] Originals

On July 5, 2005, recording for "Straight Outta Lynwood" officially began at Santa Monica Sound Records, in Santa Monica, California. By late 2005, six originals—"Pancreas", "Close but No Cigar", "Virus Alert", "Don't Download This Song", "I'll Sue Ya", and "Weasel Stomping Day"—had been recorded. "Weasel Stomping Day" describes, in the style of animated musical specials of the 1960s, a supposedly traditional holiday in which participants don Viking helmets, spread mayonnaise on their lawns, and "snap [the titular animals'] weasely spines in half." "I'll Sue Ya" is a Rage Against the Machine style parody, satirizing frivolous litigation. Yankovic chose to juxtapose the style of Rage Against the Machine with lyrics about lawsuits because he felt that humor could be derived by pairing the anger of the band's music with a topic so vacuous.


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: "I'll Sue Ya" is a parody of "Straight Outta Lynwood"

Question: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Answer: Straight Outta Lynwood is the twelfth studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on September 26, 2006. It was the sixth studio album self-produced by Yankovic.

Straight Outta Lynwood [SEP] Introduction

Straight Outta Lynwood is the twelfth studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on September 26, 2006. It was the sixth studio album self-produced by Yankovic. The musical styles on the album are built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the mid-2000s. The album's lead single, "White & Nerdy", is a parody of Chamillionaire's hit single "Ridin'". The single peaked at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100; "Canadian Idiot", a parody of Green Day's "American Idiot", also charted, peaking at number 82. The album contains three further parodies, based on "Confessions Part II" by Usher, "Do I Make You Proud" by Taylor Hicks, and "Trapped in the Closet" by R.


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: Straight Outta Lynwood is the twelfth studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on September 26, 2006. It was the sixth studio album self-produced by Yankovic.

Question: name a few parodies on it?

Answer: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Straight Outta Lynwood [SEP] Parodies and polka

On February 19, 2006, Yankovic began working on the album's parodies. During these sessions, three parodies were recorded; the first of these, "Canadian Idiot", is a play on "American Idiot" by Green Day. It is a satirical commentary on American nationalism and the stereotypical American view of Canadians. The song is ironic, and Yankovic has stated that the song's anger is a joke and that he loves Canada. Next, Yankovic began working on "Trapped in the Drive-Thru", a parody of R. Kelly's "Trapped in the Closet". Yankovic was inspired to pen the spoof after hearing the "brilliant and wonderful and ridiculous" original.


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: name a few parodies on it?

Context: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Question: which recording company was involved in the latter?

Answer: Reprise Records

American Idiot [SEP] Introduction

American Idiot is the seventh studio album by American rock band Green Day, released on September 21, 2004 by Reprise Records. A concept album dubbed a "punk rock opera" by the band members, "American Idiot" follows the story of Jesus of Suburbia, a lower-middle-class American adolescent anti-hero. The album expresses the disillusionment and dissent of a generation that came of age in a period shaped by tumultuous events such as 9/11 and the Iraq War. Following the disappointing sales of their previous album "Warning" (2000), the band took a break before beginning what they had planned to be their next album, "Cigarettes and Valentines".


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: name a few parodies on it?

Context: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Context: which recording company was involved in the latter?

Context: Reprise Records

Question: what is the genre of its music?

Answer: Pop punk and alternative rock.

American Idiot [SEP] Music

"Extraordinary Girl", originally titled "Radio Baghdad", features tablas in the intro performed by Cool. For "Whatsername", Cool recorded drums in a room designed to record guitars to achieve a dry sound. With all these techniques and influences considered, critics have called the album pop punk and alternative rock, as well as the aforementioned punk rock.


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: name a few parodies on it?

Context: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Context: Reprise Records

Context: what is the genre of its music?

Context: Pop punk and alternative rock.

Question: when was it released?

Answer: September 21, 2004

Explanation: American Idiot is the seventh studio album by American rock band Green Day, released on September 21, 2004 by Reprise Records.

American Idiot [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: name a few parodies on it?

Context: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Context: Reprise Records

Context: what is the genre of its music?

Context: Pop punk and alternative rock.

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 21, 2004

Question: how did it perform commercially?

Answer: It became Green Day's first number one album in the United States, selling 267,000 copies in its first week of release, their biggest opening sales week.

Explanation: "American Idiot" became Green Day's first number one album in the United States, selling 267,000 copies in its first week of release, their biggest opening sales week. The album became 2005's fourth-highest seller, moving over 3.4 million units. "American Idiot" remained in the top 10 of the "Billboard" 200 upwards of a year following its release, staying on the chart for 101 weeks. The album has been certified six times platinum status in the United States. The album also debuted at number 1 in the UK, selling 89,385 copies in the first week.

American Idiot [SEP] Commercial performance

Now, he's a "rock star." They were famous. They had done big stuff. But it's transcended that. But he hasn't changed. And they haven't changed. They're three friends who love one another." Courtney Love also commented on the success of the band, stating "Billie Joe looks absolutely beautiful. You know how when people get super A-list, their face gets prettier? I think it's perception. It's something that happens in your subconscious". At the time of "American Idiot"s release, the album was not sold in Wal-Mart due to its explicit content. As of 2014, "American Idiot" has sold 6.2 million albums in the United States, making it second to "Dookie" within their catalogue.


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: name a few parodies on it?

Context: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Context: Reprise Records

Context: what is the genre of its music?

Context: Pop punk and alternative rock.

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 21, 2004

Context: how did it perform commercially?

Context: It became Green Day's first number one album in the United States, selling 267,000 copies in its first week of release, their biggest opening sales week.

Question: what is its theme?

Answer: It's theme was - "make the world a little more sane."

American Idiot [SEP] Themes

Summing up his feelings in an interview at the time, he said, "This war that's going on in Iraq [is] basically to build a pipeline and put up a fucking Wal-Mart." Armstrong felt a duty to keep his sons away from violent images, including video games and news coverage of the war in Iraq and the 9/11 attacks. Armstrong noted divisions between America's "television culture" (which he said only cared about cable news) versus the world's view of America, which could be considered as careless warmongers. Dirnt felt similarly, especially so after viewing the 2004 documentary "Fahrenheit 9/11". "You don't have to analyze every bit of information in order to know that something's not fucking right, and it's time to make a change." Cool hoped the record would influence young people to vote Bush out, or, as he put it, "make the world a little more sane." He had previously felt that it was not his place to "preach" to kids, but felt there was so much "on the line" in the 2004 election that he must.


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: name a few parodies on it?

Context: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Context: Reprise Records

Context: what is the genre of its music?

Context: Pop punk and alternative rock.

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 21, 2004

Context: how did it perform commercially?

Context: what is its theme?

Context: It's theme was - "make the world a little more sane."

Question: was it featured in any film?

Answer: Yes - Playtone optioned the musical to develop a film version, and Universal Pictures began initial negotiations to distribute it. Michael Mayer, who directed the Broadway production, was named as director.

American Idiot [SEP] Film

In the summer of 2010, when asked by Virgin Radio if the film was "true, a lie, or a mystery", Tré Cool responded by saying that it was "a true mystery". In April 2011, production company Playtone optioned the musical to develop a film version, and Universal Pictures began initial negotiations to distribute it. Michael Mayer, who directed the Broadway production, was named as director. Dustin Lance Black was initially hired to adapt the musical. Billie Joe Armstrong was asked to star as St. Jimmy, and the film was proposed for a 2013 release. Armstrong later posted on his Twitter account that he had not "totally committed" to the role but was interested in it.


Context: what is i'll sue ya a parody of

Context: what is "straight outta lynwood"?

Context: name a few parodies on it?

Context: "Canadian Idiot", "American Idiot"

Context: Reprise Records

Context: what is the genre of its music?

Context: Pop punk and alternative rock.

Context: when was it released?

Context: September 21, 2004

Context: how did it perform commercially?

Context: what is its theme?

Context: was it featured in any film?

Context: Yes - Playtone optioned the musical to develop a film version, and Universal Pictures began initial negotiations to distribute it. Michael Mayer, who directed the Broadway production, was named as director.

Question: who composed this parody?

Answer: American Idiot is the seventh studio album by American rock band Green Day.

Explanation: American Idiot is the seventh studio album by American rock band Green Day, released on September 21, 2004 by Reprise Records

American Idiot [SEP] Introduction


Question: which egyptian god was bitten by a snake

Answer: Horus.

Explanation: In this stage of the myth, Horus is a vulnerable child beset by dangers. The magical texts that use Horus's childhood as the basis for their healing spells give him different ailments, from scorpion stings to simple stomachaches, adapting the tradition to fit the malady that each spell was intended to treat. Most commonly, the child god has been bitten by a snake, reflecting the Egyptians' fear of snakebite and the resulting poison. Some texts indicate that these hostile creatures are agents of Set. Isis may use her own magical powers to save her child, or she may plead with or threaten deities such as Ra or Geb, so they will cure him. As she is the archetypal mourner in the first portion of the story, so during Horus's childhood she is the ideal devoted mother. Through the magical healing texts, her efforts to heal her son are extended to cure any patient.

Osiris myth [SEP] Birth and childhood of Horus

In Egyptian accounts, the pregnant Isis hides from Set, to whom the unborn child is a threat, in a thicket of papyrus in the Nile Delta. This place is called "Akh-bity", meaning "papyrus thicket of the king of Lower Egypt" in Egyptian. Greek writers call this place "Khemmis" and indicate that it is near the city of Buto, but in the myth, the physical location is less important than its nature as an iconic place of seclusion and safety. The thicket's special status is indicated by its frequent depiction in Egyptian art; for most events in Egyptian mythology, the backdrop is minimally described or illustrated.


Context: which egyptian god was bitten by a snake

Context: Horus.

Question: what is the osiris myth?

Answer: It is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its consequences.

Osiris myth [SEP] Introduction

The Osiris myth is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its consequences. Osiris's murderer, his brother Set, usurps his throne. Meanwhile, Osiris's wife Isis restores her husband's body, allowing him to posthumously conceive their son, Horus. The remainder of the story focuses on Horus, the product of the union of Isis and Osiris, who is at first a vulnerable child protected by his mother and then becomes Set's rival for the throne. Their often violent conflict ends with Horus's triumph, which restores Maat (cosmic and social order) to Egypt after Set's unrighteous reign and completes the process of Osiris's resurrection.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: It is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its consequences.

Question: where does this myth originate from?

Answer: The earliest mentions of the Osiris myth are in the Pyramid Texts, the first Egyptian funerary texts.

Osiris myth [SEP] Sources

Nevertheless, the fragmentary versions, taken together, give it a greater resemblance to a cohesive story than most Egyptian myths. The earliest mentions of the Osiris myth are in the Pyramid Texts, the first Egyptian funerary texts, which appeared on the walls of burial chambers in pyramids at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, during the 24th century BCE. These texts, made up of disparate spells or "utterances", contain ideas that are presumed to date from still earlier times. The texts are concerned with the afterlife of the king buried in the pyramid, so they frequently refer to the Osiris myth, which is deeply involved with kingship and the afterlife.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: The earliest mentions of the Osiris myth are in the Pyramid Texts, the first Egyptian funerary texts.

Question: how is horus and the god that was murdered related?

Answer: Son and father.

Explanation: dy up, enabling him to return to life. Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son. He was also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, meaning "Foremost of the Westerners", a reference to his kingship in the land of the dead. Through syncretism with Iah, he is also a go

Osiris [SEP] Introduction

Most information available on the Osiris myth is derived from allusions contained in the Pyramid Texts at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, later New Kingdom source documents such as the Shabaka Stone and the "The Contendings of Horus and Seth", and much later, in narrative style from the writings of Greek authors including Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus. Osiris was the judge of the dead and the underworld agency that granted all life, including sprouting vegetation and the fertile flooding of the Nile River. He was described as "He Who is Permanently Benign and Youthful" and the "Lord of Silence".


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: how is horus and the god that was murdered related?

Context: Son and father.

Question: with reference to the father, what was the ritual of wheat and clay for?

Answer: In the Osirian temple at Denderah, an inscription describes in detail the making of wheat paste models of each dismembered piece of Osiris to be sent out to the town where each piece is discovered by Isis.

Osiris [SEP] Wheat and clay rituals

Yet his accounts were still obscure, for he also wrote, "I pass over the cutting of the wood" – opting not to describe it, since he considered it as a most sacred ritual ("Ibid." 21). In the Osirian temple at Denderah, an inscription (translated by Budge, Chapter XV, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection) describes in detail the making of wheat paste models of each dismembered piece of Osiris to be sent out to the town where each piece is discovered by Isis. At the temple of Mendes, figures of Osiris were made from wheat and paste placed in a trough on the day of the murder, then water was added for several days, until finally the mixture was kneaded into a mold of Osiris and taken to the temple to be buried (the sacred grain for these cakes were grown only in the temple fields).


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: with reference to the father, what was the ritual of wheat and clay for?

Context: In the Osirian temple at Denderah, an inscription describes in detail the making of wheat paste models of each dismembered piece of Osiris to be sent out to the town where each piece is discovered by Isis.

Question: what did he look like?

Answer: He was commonly depicted as a pharaoh with a complexion of either green or black in mummiform.

Osiris [SEP] Appearance

Osiris is represented in his most developed form of iconography wearing the "Atef" crown, which is similar to the White crown of Upper Egypt, but with the addition of two curling ostrich feathers at each side. He also carries the crook and flail. The crook is thought to represent Osiris as a shepherd god. The symbolism of the flail is more uncertain with shepherds whip, fly-whisk, or association with the god Andjety of the ninth nome of Lower Egypt proposed. He was commonly depicted as a pharaoh with a complexion of either green (the color of rebirth) or black (alluding to the fertility of the Nile floodplain) in mummiform (wearing the trappings of mummification from chest downward).


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: what did he look like?

Context: He was commonly depicted as a pharaoh with a complexion of either green or black in mummiform.

Question: was his cult destructed?

Answer: Yes, after the imperial decrees of the late 4th century.

Osiris [SEP] Destruction of cult

The cult of Isis and Osiris continued at Philae until at least the 450s CE, long after the imperial decrees of the late 4th century that ordered the closing of temples to "pagan" gods. Philae was the last major ancient Egyptian temple to be closed.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: what did he look like?

Context: was his cult destructed?

Context: Yes, after the imperial decrees of the late 4th century.

Question: who was his wife?

Answer: Isis.

Osiris [SEP] Introduction

Osiris (, from Egyptian "wsjr", Coptic ) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap. When his brother, Set, cut him up into pieces after killing him, Isis, his wife, found all the pieces and wrapped his body up, enabling him to return to life. Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: what did he look like?

Context: was his cult destructed?

Context: who was his wife?

Context: Isis.

Question: where can you find her temples?

Answer: Behbeit el-Hagar and Philae, to name a few.

Isis [SEP] Temples and festivals

Down to the end of the New Kingdom, Isis's cult was closely tied to those of male deities such as Osiris, Min, or Amun. She was commonly worshipped alongside them as their mother or consort, and she was especially widely worshipped as the mother of various local forms of Horus. Nevertheless, she had independent priesthoods at some sites and at least one temple of her own, at Osiris's cult center of Abydos, during the late New Kingdom. The earliest known major temples to Isis were the Iseion at Behbeit el-Hagar in northern Egypt and Philae in the far south. Both began construction during the Thirtieth Dynasty and were completed or enlarged by Ptolemaic kings.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: what did he look like?

Context: was his cult destructed?

Context: who was his wife?

Context: Isis.

Context: where can you find her temples?

Context: Behbeit el-Hagar and Philae, to name a few.

Question: does she have any influence on christianity?

Answer: Some Isiac customs may have been among the pagan religious practices that were incorporated into Christian traditions, such as the medieval Carnival festival, in which a model boat was carried, developed from the Navigium Isidis.

Isis [SEP] Possible influence on Christianity

A contentious question about Isis is whether her cult influenced Christianity. Some Isiac customs may have been among the pagan religious practices that were incorporated into Christian traditions as the Roman Empire was Christianized. Andreas Alföldi, for instance, argued in the 1930s that the medieval Carnival festival, in which a model boat was carried, developed from the Navigium Isidis. Much attention focuses on whether traits of Christianity were borrowed from pagan mystery cults, including that of Isis. The more devoted members of Isis's cult made a personal commitment to a deity they regarded as superior to others, as Christians did.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: what did he look like?

Context: was his cult destructed?

Context: who was his wife?

Context: Isis.

Context: where can you find her temples?

Context: does she have any influence on christianity?

Context: Some Isiac customs may have been among the pagan religious practices that were incorporated into Christian traditions, such as the medieval Carnival festival, in which a model boat was carried, developed from the Navigium Isidis.

Question: which festival is she associated with?

Answer: The Navigium Isidis and the Isia, to name a few.

Explanation: The first festival was the Navigium Isidis in March, which celebrated Isis's influence over the sea and served as a prayer for the safety of seafarers and, eventually, of the Roman people and their leaders. It consisted of an elaborate procession, including Isiac priests and devotees with a wide variety of costumes and sacred emblems, carrying a model ship from the local Isis temple to the sea or to a nearby river. The other was the Isia in late October and early November. Like its Egyptian forerunner, the Khoiak festival, the Isia included a ritual reenactment of Isis's search for Osiris, followed by jubila

Isis [SEP] Festivals

Like its Egyptian forerunner, the Khoiak festival, the Isia included a ritual reenactment of Isis's search for Osiris, followed by jubilation when the god's body was found. Several more minor festivals were dedicated to Isis, including the Pelusia in late March that may have celebrated the birth of Harpocrates, and the Lychnapsia, or lamp-lit festival, that celebrated Isis's own birth on August 12. Festivals of Isis and other polytheistic deities were celebrated throughout the fourth century CE, despite the growth of Christianity in that era and the persecution of pagans that intensified toward the end of the century. The Isia was celebrated at least as late as 417 CE, and the Navigium Isidis lasted well into the sixth century.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: what did he look like?

Context: was his cult destructed?

Context: who was his wife?

Context: Isis.

Context: where can you find her temples?

Context: which festival is she associated with?

Context: The Navigium Isidis and the Isia, to name a few.

Question: did her son and set have a conflict between them?

Answer: Yes, they were rivals.

Horus [SEP] Introduction

He was most often depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner falcon or peregrine falcon, or as a man with a falcon head. The earliest recorded form of Horus is the tutelary deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt, who is the first known national god, specifically related to the ruling pharaoh who in time came to be regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death. The most commonly encountered family relationship describes Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris, and he plays a key role in the Osiris myth as Osiris's heir and the rival to Set, the murderer and brother of Osiris.


Context: Horus.

Context: what is the osiris myth?

Context: where does this myth originate from?

Context: Son and father.

Context: what did he look like?

Context: was his cult destructed?

Context: who was his wife?

Context: Isis.

Context: where can you find her temples?

Context: which festival is she associated with?

Context: did her son and set have a conflict between them?

Context: Yes, they were rivals.

Question: what were they fighting for?

Answer: To rule Egypt.

Horus [SEP] Conflict between Horus and Set

Horus was told by his mother, Isis, to protect the people of Egypt from Set, the god of the desert, who had killed Horus' father, Osiris. Horus had many battles with Set, not only to avenge his father, but to choose the rightful ruler of Egypt. In these battles, Horus came to be associated with Lower Egypt, and became its patron. According to "The Contendings of Horus and Seth", Set is depicted as trying to prove his dominance by seducing Horus and then having sexual intercourse with him. However, Horus places his hand between his thighs and catches Set's semen, then subsequently throws it in the river so that he may not be said to have been inseminated by Set.


Question: where does the irrational number e come from

Answer: The first references to the constant were published in 1618 in the table of an appendix of a work on logarithms by John Napier.

E (mathematical constant) [SEP] History

The first references to the constant were published in 1618 in the table of an appendix of a work on logarithms by John Napier. However, this did not contain the constant itself, but simply a list of logarithms calculated from the constant. It is assumed that the table was written by William Oughtred. The discovery of the constant itself is credited to Jacob Bernoulli in 1683, who attempted to find the value of the following expression (which is equal to ): The first known use of the constant, represented by the letter , was in correspondence from Gottfried Leibniz to Christiaan Huygens in 1690 and 1691.


Context: where does the irrational number e come from

Context: The first references to the constant were published in 1618 in the table of an appendix of a work on logarithms by John Napier.

Question: who is this person?

Answer: He was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer.

John Napier [SEP] Introduction

John Napier of Merchiston (; 1 February 1550 – 4 April 1617), nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper. John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. Napier died from the effects of gout at home at Merchiston Castle and his remains were buried in the kirkyard of St Giles.


Context: who is this person?

Context: He was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer.

Question: what is his contribution in the field of mathematics?

Answer: He is the discoverer of logarithms, invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.

Explanation: John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.

John Napier [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is this person?

Context: what is his contribution in the field of mathematics?

Context: He is the discoverer of logarithms, invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.

Question: what is this bone?

Answer: It is a manually-operated calculating device for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers.

Napier's bones [SEP] Introduction

Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called 'rabdology', a word invented by Napier. Napier published his version in 1617 in "Rabdologiæ", printed in Edinburgh, dedicated to his patron Alexander Seton. Using the multiplication tables embedded in the rods, multiplication can be reduced to addition operations and division to subtractions. Advanced use of the rods can extract square roots. Napier's bones are not the same as logarithms, with which Napier's name is also associated, but are based on dissected multiplication tables.


Context: who is this person?

Context: what is this bone?

Context: It is a manually-operated calculating device for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers.

Question: what are its divisions?

Answer: To divide 46785399 by 96431, the bars for the divisor (96431) are placed on the board.

Napier's bones [SEP] Division

Division is performed in a similar fashion. To divide 46785399 by 96431, the bars for the divisor (96431) are placed on the board, as shown in the graphic below. Using the abacus, all the products of the divisor from 1 to 9 are found by reading the displayed numbers. Note that the dividend has eight digits, whereas the partial products (save for the first one) all have six. So the final two digits of 46785399, namely the '99', are temporarily ignored, leaving the number 467853. Then, the greatest partial product that is less than the truncated dividend is found. In this case, 385724.


Question: who was roderic dallas?

Answer: An Australian fighter ace of World War I

Explanation: Roderic Stanley (Stan) Dallas, (30 July 1891 – 1 June 1918) was an Australian fighter ace of World War I.

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Introduction

He was appointed commanding officer of No. 1 Squadron RNAS in June 1917. On the establishment of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918, he took command of No. 40 Squadron. Flying Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s, he achieved further victories before being killed in action on 1 June 1918 while on patrol near Liévin in northern France. He was buried in Pernes.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: An Australian fighter ace of World War I

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Australia

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Question: was his job related to planes?

Answer: Yes, Dallas became one of the best-known pilots of Sopwith Triplanes in the RNAS.

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Rise to flying ace

On 7 September 1916, Dallas was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, "for the specially gallant manner in which he has carried out his duties" since first seeing action in December 1915. By the end of the year he was among the earliest RNAS aces, with eight confirmed and four unconfirmed victories, and had been raised to the rank of flight commander. Dallas became one of the best-known pilots of Sopwith Triplanes in the RNAS. He opened 1917 by setting an altitude record of 26,000 feet in the Triplane while testing a prototype oxygen set; he endured frostbite and oxygen intoxication in the process.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: Yes, Dallas became one of the best-known pilots of Sopwith Triplanes in the RNAS.

Question: who designed it?

Answer: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Sopwith Triplane [SEP] Introduction

The Sopwith Triplane was a British single seat fighter aircraft designed and manufactured by the Sopwith Aviation Company during the First World War. It has the distinction of being the first military triplane to see operational service. The Triplane was developed by the firm's experimental department as a private venture, the project was headed by the designer Herbert Smith. Aside from its obvious difference in wing configuration, the aircraft shared many similarities with the company's successful biplane fighter, the Sopwith Pup. The prototype Triplane performed its maiden flight on 28 May 1916 and was dispatched to the French theatre two months later, where it garnered high praise for its exceptional rate of climb and high manoeuvrability.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Question: what was the aim of building it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sopwith Triplane [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was the first time he joined the flying ace?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sopwith Triplane [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the first time he joined the flying ace?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which company did he serve during world war i?

Answer: Royal Naval Air Service

Explanation: He travelled to England at his own expense following the outbreak of World War I and became a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in August 1915.

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which company did he serve during world war i?

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Question: when did this form?

Answer: 1 July 1914

Explanation: The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force, the world's first independent air force.

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Question: who does the service comprise of?

Answer: RNAS was organized on a non-central basis so there were several No 1 Squadrons

Explanation:
Unlike the RFC, the RNAS was organized on a non-central basis so there were several No 1 Squadrons. Even wings numbers were not consistently given to the same unit, so there are many exceptions in historic data.

At the start of the war there were three wings 1, 2 and 3. As the war progressed, other wings were formed.

Squadrons serving in France were given numbers from 1 to 17. At the formation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918, they became 201 to 217 squadrons of the RAF.

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] Organisations


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: RNAS was organized on a non-central basis so there were several No 1 Squadrons

Question: can you tell me any one of their missions?

Answer: Raid on Zeppelin bases at Cuxhaven, Nordholz Airbase and Wilhelmshaven

Explanation: It was from these ships that a raid on Zeppelin bases at Cuxhaven, Nordholz Airbase and Wilhelmshaven was launched on Christmas Day of 1914.

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] Roles and missions

This was the first attack by British ship-borne aircraft; the first ship-borne aircraft raid was launched by the Japanese seaplane carrier "Wakamiya" on 6 September. A chain of coastal air stations was also constructed. This was followed with the Tondern raid, again against Zeppelins, which was the first instance of carrier launched aircraft.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: can you tell me any one of their missions?

Context: Raid on Zeppelin bases at Cuxhaven, Nordholz Airbase and Wilhelmshaven

Question: did the service also have anything to do with cars?

Answer: Yes, the RNAS engaged in interservice rivalry on land as well as in the air, possessing for a time the UK's only mechanised land forces in the form of the RNAS Armoured Car Section made up of squadrons of Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars.

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] RNAS Armoured Car Section

The RNAS engaged in interservice rivalry on land as well as in the air, possessing for a time the UK's only mechanised land forces in the form of the RNAS Armoured Car Section made up of squadrons of Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars. Commanded by Commander Charles Samson, the section was originally equipped with unarmoured touring cars and intended to provide line of communications security and to pick up aircrew who had been forced to land in hostile territory. Samson saw the possibilities when he armed one vehicle with a Maxim gun and ambushed a German car near Cassel on 4 September 1914.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: did the service also have anything to do with cars?

Context: Yes, the RNAS engaged in interservice rivalry on land as well as in the air, possessing for a time the UK's only mechanised land forces in the form of the RNAS Armoured Car Section made up of squadrons of Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars.

Question: can you name a few ranks that this service has?

Answer: In the RNAS both pilots and observers held appointments as well as their normal Royal Navy ranks, and wore insignia appropriate to the appointment instead of the rank.

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] Officer ranks

In the RNAS both pilots and observers held appointments as well as their normal Royal Navy ranks, and wore insignia appropriate to the appointment instead of the rank. The insignia consisted of standard Royal Navy cuff stripes corresponding to their normal ranks, surmounted by an eagle (for pilots) or a winged letter "O" (for observers). In addition, Squadron Commanders and Squadron Observers with less than eight years' seniority had their insignia surmounted by two eight-pointed stars, one above the other, while Flight Commanders and Flight Observers had their insignia surmounted by one such star. After the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force in 1918, the RNAS pilot appointments became the basis of certain RAF officer ranks, most notably Wing Commander and Flight Lieutenant.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: can you name a few ranks that this service has?

Context: In the RNAS both pilots and observers held appointments as well as their normal Royal Navy ranks, and wore insignia appropriate to the appointment instead of the rank.

Question: was the fighter ace also appointed as a squadron commander?

Answer: Yes, his experience, and his leadership ability, led to his appointment as commanding officer of No. 1 Naval Squadron

Explanation: By June 1917, Dallas had achieved over 20 victories in aerial combat. This experience, and his leadership ability, led to his appointment as commanding officer of No. 1 Naval Squadron on 23 June 1917.

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Squadron command

He then circled in mist until troops came to examine the bundle, whereupon he dropped two bombs and again shot up the base, causing "general panic". News of this singular exploit reportedly provoked laughter from Field Marshal Haig and RAF founder General Sir Hugh Trenchard, two men not known for their sense of humour. While adding to his score and leading his squadron into combat, Dallas had begun thinking beyond the war. He was pleading with his father to quit the dangerous job of mining, with hints that he would support his parents by pioneering aviation in Australia. He also harboured a long-standing ambition of flying from England back to Australia, which would be a record-setting journey.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: was the fighter ace also appointed as a squadron commander?

Context: Yes, his experience, and his leadership ability, led to his appointment as commanding officer of No. 1 Naval Squadron

Question: did he win any awards?

Answer: Yes, he received award of a Bar to the Distinguished Service Cross

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Rise to flying ace

In contrast to the usual hit-and-run tactics of most dogfights, the RNAS duo launched at least 20 gunnery runs over 45 minutes. The Germans were forced progressively lower, into disarray, and then chased back over their own lines. While they shot down three of the Germans, Dallas and Culling also achieved a more important outcome by blocking and then breaking up a determined enemy effort against the British ground offensive. The action led to the award of a Bar to the Distinguished Service Cross for Dallas, and a Distinguished Service Cross for Culling, which were gazetted on 29 June.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: did he win any awards?

Context: Yes, he received award of a Bar to the Distinguished Service Cross

Question: was he married?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Rise to flying ace

Dallas joined the Port Curtis Militia in 1913, and was commissioned as a lieutenant prior to the outbreak of World War I. Believing he had little chance of gaining a place in the recently established Australian Flying Corps, he applied to join the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC), but was rejected. Undaunted, he travelled from Queensland to Melbourne, where he impressed Minister Without Portfolio J.A. Jensen. Jensen gave the young aspirant a letter of introduction to the Australian High Commissioner in London, Sir George Reid. Dallas paid his own passage to England and, once there, applied once more to the RFC.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: did he win any awards?

Context: was he married?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when did he die?

Answer: 1 June 1918

Explanation: Dallas was raised to lieutenant colonel and appointed to the command of a wing, but would never see the message from headquarters that arrived on 1 June 1918 advising him of the promotion and ordering him to cease flying. He disappeared on a solo mission the same day.

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Death and legacy

Stan Dallas was buried at the Pernes British Cemetery, France, in Lot 38, Row E of Plot II. Along with his military decorations, he was honoured with a Gold Medal by the Aéro-Club de France, and a Bronze Medal and Diploma by the Aero Club of America. The national capital of Canberra remembered him with Dallas Place. His home town of Mount Morgan has dedicated a water reservoir in his honour; its Historical Society Museum holds his medals, uniform, and sword, as well the propeller from one of his planes.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: did he win any awards?

Context: was he married?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did he die?

Context: 1 June 1918

Question: and how?

Answer: He had been killed over Liévin during combat with three Fokker Triplanes from "Jagdstaffel 14", probably by its commander, "Leutnant" Johannes Werner, and there are several theories as to how he died

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Death and legacy

Dallas was raised to lieutenant colonel and appointed to the command of a wing, but would never see the message from headquarters that arrived on 1 June 1918 advising him of the promotion and ordering him to cease flying. He disappeared on a solo mission the same day. It was later learned that he had been killed over Liévin during combat with three Fokker Triplanes from "Jagdstaffel 14", probably by its commander, "Leutnant" Johannes Werner. There are several theories as to how he died. The common elements are that he was on patrol near the front line when he pounced on a German plane flying at a lower level, that there might have been another unknown British pilot in trouble, and that the Germans who shot Dallas down had dived from a still higher altitude.


Context: who was roderic dallas?

Context: where is he from?

Context: Australia

Context: was his job related to planes?

Context: who designed it?

Context: The Sopwith Aviation Company

Context: what was the aim of building it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Royal Naval Air Service

Context: when did this form?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: who does the service comprise of?

Context: did he win any awards?

Context: was he married?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did he die?

Context: 1 June 1918

Context: and how?

Context: He had been killed over Liévin during combat with three Fokker Triplanes from "Jagdstaffel 14", probably by its commander, "Leutnant" Johannes Werner, and there are several theories as to how he died

Question: is his legacy still carried forward?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Roderic Dallas [SEP] Death and legacy


Question: what is the scientific classification of a butterfly

Answer: Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths.

Butterfly [SEP] Introduction

Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily Papilionoidea, which contains at least one former group, the skippers (formerly the superfamily "Hesperioidea"), and the most recent analyses suggest it also contains the moth-butterflies (formerly the superfamily "Hedyloidea"). Butterfly fossils date to the Paleocene, about 56 million years ago. Butterflies have the typical four-stage insect life cycle. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis.


Context: what is the scientific classification of a butterfly

Context: Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths.

Question: from where did it get its name?

Answer: It derives from the Old English "butorflēoge"

Butterfly [SEP] Etymology

The "Oxford English Dictionary" derives the word straightforwardly from Old English "butorflēoge", butter-fly; similar names in Old Dutch and Old High German show that the name is ancient. A possible source of the name is the bright yellow male of the brimstone ("Gonepteryx rhamni"); another is that butterflies were on the wing in meadows during the spring and summer butter season while the grass was growing.


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: It derives from the Old English "butorflēoge"

Question: what kind of language is the above mentioned one?

Answer: It is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

Old English [SEP] Introduction

Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid-7th century. After the Norman conquest of 1066, English was replaced, for a time, as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French. This is regarded as marking the end of the Old English era, as during this period the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into a phase known now as Middle English.


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: what kind of language is the above mentioned one?

Context: It is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

Question: did any other languages influence it?

Answer: Latin, Old Norse

Explanation:
Old English contained a certain number of loanwords from Latin, which was the scholarly and diplomatic "lingua franca" of Western Europe. It is sometimes possible to give approximate dates for the borrowing of individual Latin words based on which patterns of sound change they have undergone. Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain. More entered the language when the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and Latin-speaking priests became influential. It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English, replacing the earlier runic system. Nonetheless, the largest transfer of Latin-based (mainly Old French) words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period.

Another source of loanwords was Old Norse, which came into contac

Old English [SEP] Influence of other languages

The language of the Anglo-Saxon settlers appears not to have been significantly affected by the native British Celtic languages which it largely displaced. The number of Celtic loanwords introduced into the language is very small, although dialect and toponymic terms are more often retained in western language contact zones (Cumbria, Devon, Welsh Marches and Borders and so on) than in the east. However, various suggestions have been made concerning possible influence that Celtic may have had on developments in English syntax in the post-Old English period, such as the regular progressive construction and analytic word order, as well as the eventual development of the periphrastic auxiliary verb "do".


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Question: how is the latter related to english?

Answer: Old English and Old Norse were related languages. It is therefore not surprising that many words in Old Norse look familiar to English speakers. This is because both English and Old Norse stem from a Proto-Germanic mother language

Old Norse [SEP] Relationship to English

Old English and Old Norse were related languages. It is therefore not surprising that many words in Old Norse look familiar to English speakers; e.g., "armr" (arm), "fótr" (foot), "land" (land), "fullr" (full), "hanga" (to hang), "standa" (to stand). This is because both English and Old Norse stem from a Proto-Germanic mother language. In addition, numerous common, everyday Old Norse words were adopted into the Old English language during the Viking Age. A few examples of Old Norse loanwords in modern English are (English/Viking Age Old East Norse), in some cases even displacing their Old English cognates: In a simple sentence like "They are both weak," the extent of the Old Norse loanwords becomes quite clear (Old East Norse with archaic pronunciation: "Þæiʀ eʀu báðiʀ wæikiʀ" while Old English "híe syndon bégen (þá) wáce").


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: Old English and Old Norse were related languages. It is therefore not surprising that many words in Old Norse look familiar to English speakers. This is because both English and Old Norse stem from a Proto-Germanic mother language

Question: how many vowels does it have?

Answer: Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places.

Explanation:
Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places. These occurred as allophones of the vowels before nasal consonants and in places where a nasal had followed it in an older form of the word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound. If the nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it would also lengthen the vowel. These nasalizations also occurred in the other Germanic languages, but were not retained long. They were noted in the First Grammatical Treatise, and otherwise might have remained unknown. The First Grammarian marked these with a dot above the letter. This notation did not catch on, and would soon be obsolete. Nasal and oral vowels probably merged around the 11th century in most of Old East Norse. However, the distinction still holds in Dalecarlian dialects. The dots in the following vowel table separate the oral from nasal phonemes.

Note: The open or open-mid vowels may be transcribed differently:

Old Norse [SEP] Vowels

The vowel phonemes mostly come in pairs of long and short. The standardized orthography marks the long vowels with an acute accent. In medieval manuscripts, it is often unmarked but sometimes marked with an accent or through gemination. Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places. These occurred as allophones of the vowels before nasal consonants and in places where a nasal had followed it in an older form of the word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound. If the nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it would also lengthen the vowel. These nasalizations also occurred in the other Germanic languages, but were not retained long.


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places.

Question: and consonants?

Answer: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Explanation: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes, being rare word-initially and and pronounced as voiced fricative allophones between vowels except in compound words (e.g. veðrabati), already in the Proto-Germanic language (e.g. "*b" > between vowels). The phoneme was pronounced as after an "n" or another "g" and as before and . Some accounts have it a voiced velar fricative in all cases, and others have that realisation only in the middle of words and between vowels (with it otherwise being realised ). The Old East Norse was an apical consonant, with its precise position is unknown; it is reconstructed as a palatal sibilant. It descended from Proto-Germanic and eventually developed into , as had already occurred in Old West Norse.

Old Norse [SEP] Consonants


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Question: what are its modern versions?

Answer: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Old Norse [SEP] Modern descendants

The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and the extinct Norn language of Orkney and Shetland; the descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish and Swedish. Norwegian is descended from Old West Norse, but over the centuries it has been heavily influenced by East Norse, particularly during the Denmark–Norway union. Among these, the grammar of Icelandic and the Faroese have changed the least from Old Norse in the last thousand years. In contrast, the pronunciation of both Icelandic and Faroese have changed considerably from Old Norse.


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Context: what are its modern versions?

Context: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Question: where is the middle one spoken?

Answer: Faroe Islands, Denmark

Faroese language [SEP] Introduction

Faroese ( or ; , ) is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 72,000 Faroe Islanders, around 49,000 of whom reside on the Faroe Islands and 23,000 in other areas, mainly Denmark. It is one of five languages descended from Old West Norse spoken in the Middle Ages, the others being Norwegian, Icelandic, and the extinct Norn and Greenlandic Norse. Faroese and Icelandic, its closest extant relative, are not mutually intelligible in speech, but the written languages resemble each other quite closely, largely owing to Faroese's etymological orthography.


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Context: what are its modern versions?

Context: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Context: where is the middle one spoken?

Context: Faroe Islands, Denmark

Question: name a few faunas from the islands?

Answer: Grey seals, mountain hare, common eider, Faroe pony

Explanation:
The bird fauna of the Faroe Islands is dominated by seabirds and birds attracted to open land such as heather, probably because of the lack of woodland and other suitable habitats. Many species have developed special Faroese sub-species: common eider, Common starling, Eurasian wren, common murre, and black guillemot. The pied raven, a color morph of the North Atlantic subspecies of the common raven, was endemic to the Faroe Islands, but now has become extinct.

Only a few species of wild land mammals are found in the Faroe Islands today, all introduced by humans. Three species are thriving on the islands today: mountain hare ("Lepus timidus"), brown rat ("Rattus norvegicus"), and the house mouse ("Mus musculus"). Apart from these, there is a local domestic sheep breed, the Faroe sheep (depicted on the coat of arms), and there once was a variety of feral sheep, which survived on Lítla Dímun until the mid-nineteenth century.
Grey seals ("Halichoerus grypus") are common around the shoreli

Faroe Islands [SEP] Fauna


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Context: what are its modern versions?

Context: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Context: where is the middle one spoken?

Context: Faroe Islands, Denmark

Context: name a few faunas from the islands?

Context: Grey seals, mountain hare, common eider, Faroe pony

Question: describe the music over there?

Answer: The Islands have their own orchestra (the classical ensemble "Aldubáran") and many different choirs; the best-known of these is "Havnarkórið".

Explanation:
The Faroe Islands have an active music scene, with live music being a regular part of the Islands' life and many Faroese being proficient at a number of instruments. Multiple Danish Music Award winner Teitur Lassen calls the Faroes home and is arguably the islands' most internationally well-known musical export.

The Islands have their own orchestra (the classical ensemble "Aldubáran") and many different choirs; the best-known of these is "Havnarkórið". The best-known local Faroese composers are Sunleif Rasmussen and Kristian Blak, who is also head of the record company Tutl. The first Faroese opera was by Sunleif Rasmussen. It is entitled "Í Óðamansgarði" (The Madman's Garden) and was premiered on 12 October 2006 at the Nordic House. The opera is based on a short story by the writer William Heinesen.

Faroe Islands [SEP] Music


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Context: what are its modern versions?

Context: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Context: where is the middle one spoken?

Context: Faroe Islands, Denmark

Context: name a few faunas from the islands?

Context: describe the music over there?

Context: The Islands have their own orchestra (the classical ensemble "Aldubáran") and many different choirs; the best-known of these is "Havnarkórið".

Question: from where did the butterfly get its name?

Answer: From the Old English "butorflēoge"

Explanation: The "Oxford English Dictionary" derives the word straightforwardly from Old English "butorflēoge"

Butterfly [SEP] Etymology


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Context: what are its modern versions?

Context: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Context: where is the middle one spoken?

Context: Faroe Islands, Denmark

Context: name a few faunas from the islands?

Context: describe the music over there?

Context: from where did the butterfly get its name?

Context: From the Old English "butorflēoge"

Question: what is its life cycle?

Answer: The vast majority of butterflies have a four-stage life cycle; egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis) and imago (adult).

Butterfly [SEP] Life cycle

Simple photoreceptor cells located at the genitals are important for this and other adult behaviours. The male passes a spermatophore to the female; to reduce sperm competition, he may cover her with his scent, or in some species such as the Apollos ("Parnassius") plugs her genital opening to prevent her from mating again. The vast majority of butterflies have a four-stage life cycle; egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis) and imago (adult). In the genera "Colias", "Erebia", "Euchloe", and "Parnassius", a small number of species are known that reproduce semi-parthenogenetically; when the female dies, a partially developed larva emerges from her abdomen.


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Context: what are its modern versions?

Context: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Context: where is the middle one spoken?

Context: Faroe Islands, Denmark

Context: name a few faunas from the islands?

Context: describe the music over there?

Context: From the Old English "butorflēoge"

Context: what is its life cycle?

Context: The vast majority of butterflies have a four-stage life cycle; egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis) and imago (adult).

Question: any technology inspired by it?

Answer: Yes - Study of the structural coloration of the wing scales of swallowtail butterflies has led to the development of more efficient light-emitting diodes, and is inspiring nanotechnology research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments

Explanation: Study of the structural coloration of the wing scales of swallowtail butterflies has led to the development of more efficient light-emitting diodes, and is inspiring nanotechnology research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments and the development of new display technologies.

Butterfly [SEP] In technology


Context: from where did it get its name?

Context: did any other languages influence it?

Context: Latin, Old Norse

Context: how is the latter related to english?

Context: how many vowels does it have?

Context: and consonants?

Context: Old Norse has six plosive phonemes

Context: what are its modern versions?

Context: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian

Context: where is the middle one spoken?

Context: Faroe Islands, Denmark

Context: name a few faunas from the islands?

Context: describe the music over there?

Context: From the Old English "butorflēoge"

Context: what is its life cycle?

Context: any technology inspired by it?

Context: Yes - Study of the structural coloration of the wing scales of swallowtail butterflies has led to the development of more efficient light-emitting diodes, and is inspiring nanotechnology research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments

Question: does it have any defence mechanism?

Answer: Yes - some of them being bright colours in unpalatable butterflies (aposematism);Camouflage ;  false head consisting of eyespots

Explanation:
These defence mechanisms are effective only if they are well advertised; this has led to the evolution of bright colours in unpalatable butterflies (aposematism). This signal is commonly mimicked by other butterflies, usually only females. A Batesian mimic imitates another species to enjoy the protection of that species' aposematism. The common Mormon of India has female morphs which imitate the unpalatable red-bodied swallowtails, the common rose and the crimson rose. Müllerian mimicry occurs when aposematic species evolve to resemble each other, presumably to reduce predator sampling rates; "Heliconius" butterflies from the Americas are a good example.
Camouflage is found in many butterflies. Some like the oakleaf butterfly and autumn leaf are remarkable imitations of leaves. As caterpillars, many defend themselves by freezing and appearing like sticks or branches. Others have deimatic behaviours, such as rearing up and waving their front ends which are marked with eyespots as if the

Butterfly [SEP] Defences

Butterflies protect themselves from predators by a variety of means. Chemical defences are widespread and are mostly based on chemicals of plant origin. In many cases the plants themselves evolved these toxic substances as protection against herbivores. Butterflies have evolved mechanisms to sequester these plant toxins and use them instead in their own defence. These defence mechanisms are effective only if they are well advertised; this has led to the evolution of bright colours in unpalatable butterflies (aposematism). This signal is commonly mimicked by other butterflies, usually only females. A Batesian mimic imitates another species to enjoy the protection of that species' aposematism.


Question: where did the texas chainsaw massacre story come from

Answer: The graphic coverage of violence by San Antonio news outlets and from murderer Ed Gein, who committed his crimes in 1950s Wisconsin

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre [SEP] Development

The concept for "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" arose in the early 1970s while Tobe Hooper was working as an assistant film director at the University of Texas at Austin and as a documentary cameraman. He had already developed a story involving the elements of isolation, the woods, and darkness. He credited the graphic coverage of violence by San Antonio news outlets as one inspiration for the film and based elements of the plot on murderer Ed Gein, who committed his crimes in 1950s Wisconsin; Gein inspired other horror films such as "Psycho" (1960) and "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991).


Context: where did the texas chainsaw massacre story come from

Context: The graphic coverage of violence by San Antonio news outlets and from murderer Ed Gein, who committed his crimes in 1950s Wisconsin

Question: when was this film released?

Answer: October 1, 1974

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre [SEP] Release

"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" premiered in Austin, Texas, on October 1, 1974, almost a year after filming concluded. It screened nationally in the United States as a Saturday afternoon matinée and its false marketing as a "true story" helped it attract a broad audience. For eight years after 1976, it was annually reissued to first-run theaters, promoted by full-page ads. The film eventually grossed more than $30 million in the United States and Canada ($14.4 million in rentals), making it the 12th highest-grossing film initially released in 1974, despite its minuscule budget. Among independent films, it was overtaken in 1978 by John Carpenter's "Halloween", which grossed $47 million.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Tobe Hooper

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre [SEP] Introduction

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre is a 1974 American slasher film directed by Tobe Hooper and written and co-produced by Hooper and Kim Henkel. It stars Marilyn Burns, Paul A. Partain, Edwin Neal, Jim Siedow and Gunnar Hansen, who respectively portray Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty, the hitchhiker, the proprietor, and Leatherface. The film follows a group of friends who fall victim to a family of cannibals while on their way to visit an old homestead. The film was marketed as being based on true events to attract a wider audience and to act as a subtle commentary on the era's political climate; although the character of Leatherface and minor story details were inspired by the crimes of murderer Ed Gein, its plot is largely fictional.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Question: what is the name of the character who is portrayed as the villain?

Answer: Leatherface

Explanation: It stars Marilyn Burns, Paul A. Partain, Edwin Neal, Jim Siedow and Gunnar Hansen, who respectively portray Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty, the hitchhiker, the proprietor, and Leatherface.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: what is the name of the character who is portrayed as the villain?

Context: Leatherface

Question: what are the names of the characters who are his victims?

Answer: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: what are the names of the characters who are his victims?

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Question: how would you describe the villain's physical appearance and the outfits that he wears in the film?

Answer: He is a large mute man wearing a mask made from human skin

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre [SEP] Plot

They stop at a gas station to refill their vehicle, but the proprietor tells them that the pumps are empty. They continue toward the homestead, intending to return to the gas station once it has received a fuel delivery. When they arrive, Franklin tells Kirk and Pam about a local swimming-hole, and the couple go to find it. They stumble upon a nearby house, and Kirk calls out for gas, entering through the unlocked door, while Pam waits outside. Leatherface, a large mute man wearing a mask made from human skin, suddenly appears and kills Kirk with a hammer. Pam enters soon after, and trips into a room filled with furniture made from human bones.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: how would you describe the villain's physical appearance and the outfits that he wears in the film?

Context: He is a large mute man wearing a mask made from human skin

Question: which actor plays the role of this character?

Answer: Gunnar Hansen

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre [SEP] Casting

For her last call-back he requested that she wear short shorts, which proved to be the most comfortable of all the cast members' costumes. Icelandic-American actor Gunnar Hansen was selected for the role of Leatherface. He regarded Leatherface as being mentally retarded and having never learned to speak properly. To research his character in preparation for his role, Hansen visited a special needs school and watched how the students moved and spoke. John Larroquette performed the narration in the opening credits.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: which actor plays the role of this character?

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Question: who is that person mentioned earlier from where this film borrows its story from?

Answer: He was an American convicted murderer and body snatcher

Ed Gein [SEP] Introduction

Edward Theodore Gein (; August 27, 1906 – July 26, 1984), also known as the Butcher of Plainfield or the Plainfield Ghoul, was an American convicted murderer and body snatcher. Gein's crimes, committed around his hometown of Plainfield, Wisconsin, gathered widespread notoriety in 1957 after authorities discovered he had exhumed corpses from local graveyards and fashioned trophies and keepsakes from their bones and skin. Gein also confessed to killing two women: tavern owner Mary Hogan in 1954 and hardware store owner Bernice Worden in 1957. Gein was initially found unfit to stand trial and confined to a mental health facility.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: who is that person mentioned earlier from where this film borrows its story from?

Context: He was an American convicted murderer and body snatcher

Question: did he have a bad upbringing or faced any form of abuse that caused him to be a murderer?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Ed Gein [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: did he have a bad upbringing or faced any form of abuse that caused him to be a murderer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who were his victims?

Answer: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Explanation: Gein also confessed to killing two women: tavern owner Mary Hogan in 1954 and hardware store owner Bernice Worden in 1957.

Ed Gein [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his victims?

Context: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Question: what happened to the murderer's property?

Answer: His house and property were appraised at $4,700; the possessions were scheduled to be auctioned

Explanation:
Ed Gein's house and property were appraised at $4,700 (). His possessions were scheduled to be auctioned on March 30, 1958, amidst rumors that the house and the land it stood on might become a tourist attraction. Early on the morning of March 20, the house was destroyed by fire. A deputy fire marshal reported that a garbage fire had been set from the house by a cleaning crew tasked with disposing of refuse; further, that hot coals were recovered from the spot of the bonfire, and fire from the bonfire's location did not travel along the ground to the house. Arson was suspected, but the cause of the fire was never officially determined. When Gein learned of the incident while in detention, he shrugged and said, "Just as well."

Gein's 1949 Ford sedan, which he used to haul the bodies of his victims, was sold at public auction for $760 () to carnival sideshow operator Bunny Gibbons.

Ed Gein [SEP] Fate of Ed Gein's property


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his victims?

Context: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Context: what happened to the murderer's property?

Context: His house and property were appraised at $4,700; the possessions were scheduled to be auctioned

Question: when did he pass away?

Answer: July 26, 1984

Ed Gein [SEP] Introduction

By 1968, he was judged competent to stand trial; he was found guilty of the murder of Worden, but he was found legally insane and was remanded to a psychiatric institution. He died at Mendota Mental Health Institute of respiratory failure, on July 26, 1984, aged 77. He is buried next to his family in the Plainfield Cemetery, in a now-unmarked grave. Gein's story inspired movies such as "Psycho", "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre", and "The Silence of the Lambs".


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his victims?

Context: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Context: when did he pass away?

Context: July 26, 1984

Question: how did he die?

Answer: Due to respiratory failure

Explanation: He died at Mendota Mental Health Institute of respiratory failure

Ed Gein [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his victims?

Context: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Context: when did he pass away?

Context: July 26, 1984

Context: how did he die?

Context: Due to respiratory failure

Question: with reference to the actor who played the villain, what other films was he featured in?

Answer: "Demon Lover", "Texas Chainsaw 3D" are few of them

Explanation:
After the success of the movie, Hansen co-starred in "Demon Lover", but after the experience he decided not to continue acting, instead pursuing a writing career. In 1975, after one extra year of graduate school, Hansen moved back to Maine and started writing. During this time he rejected a part he was offered in the cult horror film "The Hills Have Eyes".

After writing (and occasionally editing) for magazines and writing books, Hansen returned to acting in 1988, appearing in the horror spoof "Hollywood Chainsaw Hookers", and appeared in 20 films since, including "Texas Chainsaw 3D" as one of the Sawyers. He considered his later acting as a side project and continued to write books. He also wrote film scripts and wrote and directed documentary films.

Gunnar Hansen [SEP] Career

His first job out of high school was as a computer operator before he began theater work during college. He was also a football player during high school and for a while a bar bouncer. In 1973, just after finishing graduate school, Hansen heard that "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" was being filmed in Austin and decided to audition. He got the part of Leatherface, the masked killer in the movie. Hansen apparently visited and studied children with special needs to determine mannerisms for Leatherface. After the success of the movie, Hansen co-starred in "Demon Lover", but after the experience he decided not to continue acting, instead pursuing a writing career.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his victims?

Context: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Context: when did he pass away?

Context: July 26, 1984

Context: how did he die?

Context: Due to respiratory failure

Context: with reference to the actor who played the villain, what other films was he featured in?

Context: "Demon Lover", "Texas Chainsaw 3D" are few of them

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Reykjavík, Iceland

Gunnar Hansen [SEP] Early life

Hansen was born in Reykjavík, Iceland, and moved to the United States when he was five years old. He lived in Maine until age eleven, when his family moved to Austin, Texas, where he attended both Austin High School and the University of Texas at Austin. He majored in English and mathematics as an undergraduate and then went to graduate school in Scandinavian Studies and English.


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his victims?

Context: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Context: when did he pass away?

Context: July 26, 1984

Context: how did he die?

Context: Due to respiratory failure

Context: where was he born?

Context: Reykjavík, Iceland

Question: when did he die?

Answer: November 7, 2015

Explanation: His agent stated Hansen died at his home in Northeast Harbor, Maine, from pancreatic cancer on November 7, 2015, at the age of 68.

Gunnar Hansen [SEP] Death


Context: when was this film released?

Context: October 1, 1974

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tobe Hooper

Context: Leatherface

Context: Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty

Context: Gunnar Hansen

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his victims?

Context: Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden

Context: when did he pass away?

Context: July 26, 1984

Context: how did he die?

Context: Due to respiratory failure

Context: where was he born?

Context: Reykjavík, Iceland

Context: when did he die?

Context: November 7, 2015

Question: what was the cause for his death?

Answer: Due to pancreatic cancer

Gunnar Hansen [SEP] Death


Question: who plays the elf lady in lord of the rings

Answer: Galadriel

Explanation:
Galadriel (IPA: ]) is a character created by J.R.R. Tolkien in his Middle-earth legendarium. She appears in "The Lord of the Rings", "The Silmarillion", and "Unfinished Tales".

She was a royal Elf of both the Noldor and the Teleri, being a grandchild of both King Finwë and King Olwë. She was also close kin of King Ingwë of the Vanyar through her grandmother Indis.
Galadriel was a leader during the rebellion of the Noldor, and present in their flight from Valinor during the First Age. Towards the end of her stay in Middle-earth, she was co-ruler of Lothlórien with her husband, Celeborn, when she was known as the Lady of Lórien, the Lady of the Galadhrim, the Lady of Light, or the Lady of the Golden Wood. Her daughter Celebrían was the wife of Elrond and mother of Arwen, Elladan, and Elrohir.
Tolkien describes Galadriel as "the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in Middle-earth" (after the death of Gil-galad) and the "greatest of elven women".

Galadriel [SEP] Introduction


Context: who plays the elf lady in lord of the rings

Context: Galadriel

Question: who is this?

Answer: She is a character created by J.R.R. Tolkien. She appears in 'The Lord of the Rings', 'The Silmarillion', and 'Unfinished Tales'. She was a royal Elf of both the Noldor and the Teleri, being a grandchild of both King Finwë and King Olwë.

Galadriel [SEP] Introduction


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: She is a character created by J.R.R. Tolkien. She appears in 'The Lord of the Rings', 'The Silmarillion', and 'Unfinished Tales'. She was a royal Elf of both the Noldor and the Teleri, being a grandchild of both King Finwë and King Olwë.

Question: what type of character she has?

Answer: She is described as being 'the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in Middle-earth' and the 'greatest of elven women'.

Galadriel [SEP] Introduction

Her daughter Celebrían was the wife of Elrond and mother of Arwen, Elladan, and Elrohir. Tolkien describes Galadriel as "the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in Middle-earth" (after the death of Gil-galad) and the "greatest of elven women". The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey has written that Galadriel represented Tolkien's attempt to re-create the kind of elf hinted at by surviving references in Old English. He has compared his elves also to those in a Christian Middle English source, "The Early South English Legendary", where the elves were angels. Another scholar, Marjorie Burns, compares Galadriel in multiple details to Rider Haggard's heroine , and to Tennyson's The Lady of Shalott, both being reworked figures of Arthurian legend.


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: She is described as being 'the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in Middle-earth' and the 'greatest of elven women'.

Question: what is she in the second age?

Answer: and the "greatest of elven women".

Explanation: Galadriel and Celeborn travelled first to Lindon, where they ruled over a group of Elves, as a fiefdom under Gil-galad. According to "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn," they then removed to the shores of Lake Nenuial (Evendim) and were accounted the Lord and Lady of all the Elves of Eriador. Later, they moved eastward and established the realm of Eregion (Hollin). They made contact with a Nandorin settlement in the valley of the River Anduin, which became Lothlórien. At some point, Celeborn and Galadriel left Eregion and settled in Lothlórien. According to some of Tolkien's accounts, they became rulers of Lothlórien for a time during the Second Age; but in all accounts they returned to Lórien to take up its rule after Amroth was lost in the middle of the Third Age.

Galadriel [SEP] Second Age


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Question: is she an angel?

Answer: Not exactly - The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that Galadriel is not a fallen angel. Galadriel has been expelled from a kind of Heaven, the Deathless land of Valinor, and has been forbidden to return.

Explanation: Shippey also considers the Christian Middle English attitude of the "South English Legendary", a hagiographic work which he supposes Tolkien must have read, that elves were angels. In Shippey's view, Tolkien's elves are much like fallen angels, above Men but below the angelic Maiar and the godlike Valar. He comments at once that Galadriel is in one way certainly not "fallen", as the elves avoided the war on Melkor in the First Age; but all the same, "Galadriel has been expelled from a kind of Heaven, the Deathless land of Valinor, and has been forbidden to return." Shippey suggests that the Men of Middle-earth might have thought the fall of Melkor and the expulsion of Galadriel added up to a similar fallen status; and he praises Tolkien for taking both sides of the story of elves into account.

Galadriel [SEP] Angelic being


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Context: is she an angel?

Context: Not exactly - The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that Galadriel is not a fallen angel. Galadriel has been expelled from a kind of Heaven, the Deathless land of Valinor, and has been forbidden to return.

Question: what is her musical contribution?

Answer: Tolkien wrote a poem "Namárië" that Galadriel sings in farewell to the departing Fellowship, and to Frodo in particular. The song is in Quenya, and "spoke of things little-known in Middle-earth,

Explanation:
On their album "Once Again", the band Barclay James Harvest featured a song called "Galadriel". It gained notability because guitarist John Lees played John Lennon's Epiphone Casino guitar on this track, an event later recounted in a song on the band's 1990 album "Welcome To The Show" titled "John Lennon's Guitar".

Hank Marvin and John Farrar wrote a song "Galadriel", recorded by Cliff Richard.
An Australian band named Galadriel released a self-titled album in 1971 which "became a highly sought-after collectors' item among European progressive rock circles".

Galadriel [SEP] Legacy in music

The poem was set to music by Donald Swann with Tolkien's assistance. The sheet music and an audio recording are part of the song-cycle of "The Road Goes Ever On". In a recording, Tolkien sings it in the style of a Gregorian chant. On their album "Once Again", the band Barclay James Harvest featured a song called "Galadriel". It gained notability because guitarist John Lees played John Lennon's Epiphone Casino guitar on this track, an event later recounted in a song on the band's 1990 album "Welcome To The Show" titled "John Lennon's Guitar". Hank Marvin and John Farrar wrote a song "Galadriel", recorded by Cliff Richard.


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Context: is she an angel?

Context: what is her musical contribution?

Context: Tolkien wrote a poem "Namárië" that Galadriel sings in farewell to the departing Fellowship, and to Frodo in particular. The song is in Quenya, and "spoke of things little-known in Middle-earth,

Question: is the aforementioned movie adapted from a book?

Answer: The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien.

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Introduction

The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the world at some distant time in the past, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book "The Hobbit", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, "The Lord of the Rings" is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title names the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth.


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Context: is she an angel?

Context: what is her musical contribution?

Context: is the aforementioned movie adapted from a book?

Context: The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien.

Question: where is this author from?

Answer: England

J. R. R. Tolkien [SEP] Introduction

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and academic, best known as the author of the high fantasy works "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, from 1945 to 1959. He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as The Inklings.