Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is "the walking dead" about?

Context: when was the first season released?

Context: October 31, 2010

Context: London

Context: who was the director of the aforementioned series?

Context: Frank Darabont , Michelle MacLaren, Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Johan Renck, Ernest Dickerson, and Guy Ferland

Question: where was this series filmed?

Answer: Predominantly filmed in Georgia

The Walking Dead (TV series) [SEP] Filming

"The Walking Dead" is predominantly filmed in Georgia. Since 2002, the state has offered a tax incentive for large film productions to drive producers to the state and bolster its economy. The first season was shot primarily in Atlanta, but required a great deal of coordination with the city to shut down streets and parks for filming. Production for subsequent seasons moved mainly to Riverwood Studios (doing business as Raleigh Studios Atlanta), a plot of land covering approximately , located outside of Senoia, Georgia. Some existing buildings were used here, such as a subdivision that is used by several families, which serves as the Alexandria Safe-Zone.


Context: who dies in the walking dead all seasons

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is "the walking dead" about?

Context: The series features a large ensemble cast as survivors of a zombie apocalypse, trying to stay alive under near-constant threat of attacks from zombies, colloquially known as "walkers"

Context: when was the first season released?

Context: October 31, 2010

Context: can you mention some of the cast and the character they played in the series?

Context: Andrew Lincoln played Rick Grimes, other includes Norman Reedus, Steven Yeun, Chandler Riggs, Melissa McBride, Lauren Cohan, Danai Gurira, Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos

Context: where was the first above mentioned actor from?

Context: London

Context: how did he debut in the entertainment industry?

Context: He made his first on-screen appearance in "Births and Deaths", an episode of the Channel 4 sitcom "Drop the Dead Donkey"

Context: where was this series filmed?

Context: Predominantly filmed in Georgia

Question: was it also adapted in a film?

Answer: No, but it will be adapted in the future

Explanation: Following the departure of Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes during the ninth season, chief content officer Scott Gimple stated that they plan to create three AMC Original Films to explore events related to Rick's character in the future, starring Lincoln, and with the first expected to begin production in 2019. Besides Lincoln, Danai Gurira (Michonne) and Pollyanna McIntosh (Jadis / Anne) will also star in these films. Gimple stated that these will not simply be extended episodes, nor will attempt to adapt any of the comic stories, but will heavily involve Kirkman in their development. The films will be released in theaters by Universal Pictures.

The Walking Dead (TV series) [SEP] Films


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is "the walking dead" about?

Context: when was the first season released?

Context: October 31, 2010

Context: London

Context: where was this series filmed?

Context: Predominantly filmed in Georgia

Context: was it also adapted in a film?

Context: No, but it will be adapted in the future

Question: from the above mentioned list of actors, can you mention some more works of the last actor?

Answer: "The Twilight Saga" series

Explanation: Christian Marie Serratos (born Bernardi, ; born September 21, 1990) is an American actress who plays Rosita Espinosa in AMC's "The Walking Dead" TV series, based on the comic book of the same name. She is also known for playing Suzie Crabgrass in the Nickelodeon series "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide" and Angela Weber in "The Twilight Saga" series. She is cast to play Selena in "", an upcoming Netflix series in 2020.

Christian Serratos [SEP] Introduction


Question: who was the last person executed by firing squad

Answer: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Ronnie Lee Gardner [SEP] Introduction

Ronnie Lee Gardner (January 16, 1961 – June 18, 2010) was an American criminal who received the death penalty for killing a man during an attempted escape from a courthouse in 1985, and was executed by a firing squad by the state of Utah in 2010. Gardner's case spent nearly 25 years in the court system, prompting the Utah House of Representatives to introduce legislation to limit the number of appeals in capital cases. In October 1984, Gardner killed Melvyn John Otterstrom during a robbery in Salt Lake City. While being moved in April 1985 to a court hearing for the homicide, he fatally shot attorney Michael Burdell in an unsuccessful escape attempt.


Context: who was the last person executed by firing squad

Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Question: why was he executed?

Answer: For killing a man during an attempted escape from a courthouse in 1985.

Explanation: Ronnie Lee Gardner (January 16, 1961 – June 18, 2010) was an American criminal who received the death penalty for killing a man during an attempted escape from a courthouse in 1985,

Ronnie Lee Gardner [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: For killing a man during an attempted escape from a courthouse in 1985.

Question: where was the firing squad from?

Answer: Utah

Ronnie Lee Gardner [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Question: which animals are found in this place?

Answer: Wood bison, elk, moose and mountain goat.

Utah [SEP] Mammals

Mammals are found in every area of Utah. Non-predatory larger mammals include the wood bison, elk, moose, mountain goat, mule deer, pronghorn, and multiple types of bighorn sheep. Non-predatory small mammals include muskrat, and nutria. Predatory mammals include the brown and black bear, cougar, Canada lynx, bobcat, fox (gray, red, and kit), coyote, badger, gray wolf, black-footed ferret, mink, stoat, long-tailed weasel, raccoon, and otter.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Wood bison, elk, moose and mountain goat.

Question: what are some of the rights given to the women?

Answer: In 1887 the initial Edmunds-Tucker Act was passed by Congress in an effort to curtail Mormon influence in the territorial government.

Utah [SEP] Women's rights

Utah granted full voting rights to women in 1870, 26 years before becoming a state. Among all U.S. states, only Wyoming granted suffrage to women earlier. However, in 1887 the initial Edmunds-Tucker Act was passed by Congress in an effort to curtail Mormon influence in the territorial government. One of the provisions of the Act was the repeal of women's suffrage; full suffrage was not returned until Utah was admitted to the Union in 1896. Utah is one of the 15 states that have not ratified the U.S. Equal Rights Amendment.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: what are some of the rights given to the women?

Context: In 1887 the initial Edmunds-Tucker Act was passed by Congress in an effort to curtail Mormon influence in the territorial government.

Question: who were the settlers in the early days?

Answer: Non-Hispanic White.

Utah [SEP] Ancestry and race

At the 2010 Census, 86.1% of the population was non-Hispanic White, down from 93.8% in 1990, 1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 1.2% non-Hispanic Native American and Alaska Native, 2% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.9% non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.8% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). 13.0% of Utah's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (of any race). The largest ancestry groups in the state are: Most Utahns are of Northern European descent. In 2011 one-third of Utah's workforce was reported to be bilingual, developed through a program of acquisition of second languages beginning in elementary school, and related to Mormonism's missionary goals for its young people.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: who were the settlers in the early days?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Question: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Answer: He robbed the Cheers Tavern in Salt Lake City.

Ronnie Lee Gardner [SEP] Murders

During the night of October 9, 1984, Gardner robbed the Cheers Tavern in Salt Lake City. While under the influence of cocaine, he shot bartender Melvyn John Otterstrom in the face, killing him. Otterstrom's cousin Craig Watson stated that the robbery "gained less than $100." Family members said Gardner attended Otterstrom's funeral and pretended to be a childhood friend. Following a tip, police apprehended Gardner three weeks later at the home of his cousin. Gardner said that the shooting occurred because Otterstrom put up a fight, but investigators did not find any evidence to support this claim. Gardner was held in custody in lieu of $1.5 million bail.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: He robbed the Cheers Tavern in Salt Lake City.

Question: was he under the influence of any drugs?

Answer: Yes, cocaine.

Ronnie Lee Gardner [SEP] Murders


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: was he under the influence of any drugs?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Question: what exactly is this drug?

Answer: A strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug.

Cocaine [SEP] Introduction

Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein. Mental effects may include an intense feeling of happiness, sexual arousal, loss of contact with reality, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes. Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses, such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Context: what exactly is this drug?

Context: A strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug.

Question: is it used as a medication?

Answer: It can be used as a local numbing agent to help with painful procedures in the mouth or nose.

Cocaine [SEP] Medical

Topical cocaine can be used as a local numbing agent to help with painful procedures in the mouth or nose. Cocaine is now predominantly used for nasal and lacrimal duct surgery. The major disadvantages of this use are cocaine's potential for cardiovascular toxicity, glaucoma, and pupil dilation. Medicinal use of cocaine has decreased as other synthetic local anesthetics such as benzocaine, proparacaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine are now used more often. If vasoconstriction is desired for a procedure (as it reduces bleeding), the anesthetic is combined with a vasoconstrictor such as phenylephrine or epinephrine. Some otolaryngology (ENT) specialists occasionally use cocaine within the practice when performing procedures such as nasal cauterization.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Context: what exactly is this drug?

Context: is it used as a medication?

Context: It can be used as a local numbing agent to help with painful procedures in the mouth or nose.

Question: can a person get addicted to this?

Answer: Yes, it occurs through ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens.

Cocaine [SEP] Addiction

Cocaine addiction occurs through ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens, which results in altered transcriptional regulation in neurons within the nucleus accumbens. ΔFosB levels have been found to increase upon the use of cocaine. Each subsequent dose of cocaine continues to increase ΔFosB levels with no ceiling of tolerance. Elevated levels of ΔFosB leads to increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which in turn increases the number of dendritic branches and spines present on neurons involved with the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex areas of the brain. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Context: what exactly is this drug?

Context: is it used as a medication?

Context: can a person get addicted to this?

Context: Yes, it occurs through ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens.

Question: which country has the highest rate of using it?

Answer: United States

Cocaine [SEP] Consumption

World annual cocaine consumption, as of 2000, stood at around 600 tonnes, with the United States consuming around 300 t, 50% of the total, Europe about 150 t, 25% of the total, and the rest of the world the remaining 150 t or 25%. It is estimated that 1.5 million people in the United States used cocaine in 2010 down from 2.4 million in 2006. Conversely, cocaine use appears to be increasing in Europe with the highest prevalences in Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Ireland. The 2010 UN World Drug Report concluded that "it appears that the North American cocaine market has declined in value from US$47 billion in 1998 to US$38 billion in 2008.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Context: what exactly is this drug?

Context: is it used as a medication?

Context: can a person get addicted to this?

Context: which country has the highest rate of using it?

Context: United States

Question: how was this substance discovered?

Answer: The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks.

Cocaine [SEP] Discovery

For over a thousand years South American indigenous peoples have chewed the leaves of "Erythroxylon coca", a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids, including cocaine. The coca leaf was, and still is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing. There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of trepanation. When the Spanish arrived in South America, most at first ignored aboriginal claims that the leaf gave them strength and energy, and declared the practice of chewing it the work of the Devil.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Context: what exactly is this drug?

Context: is it used as a medication?

Context: can a person get addicted to this?

Context: United States

Context: how was this substance discovered?

Context: The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks.

Question: what is the use of the leaf infusion?

Answer: It was used—in addition to counseling—to treat 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima, Peru.

Explanation: In one controversial study, coca leaf infusion was used—in addition to counseling—to treat 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima, Peru. Relapses fell from an average of four times per month before treatment with coca tea to one during the treatment. T

Cocaine [SEP] Coca leaf infusions

Relapses fell from an average of four times per month before treatment with coca tea to one during the treatment. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days prior to treatment to 217 days during treatment. These results suggest that the administration of coca leaf infusion plus counseling would be an effective method for preventing relapse during treatment for cocaine addiction.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Context: what exactly is this drug?

Context: is it used as a medication?

Context: can a person get addicted to this?

Context: United States

Context: how was this substance discovered?

Context: what is the use of the leaf infusion?

Context: It was used—in addition to counseling—to treat 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima, Peru.

Question: what is the traditional use of the the tea made of the leaves mentioned above?

Answer: It is often recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent altitude sickness.

Coca tea [SEP] Medicinal and traditional uses

Many Andean indigenous peoples use the tea for medicinal purposes. Coca tea is often recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent altitude sickness. However, its actual effectiveness has never been systematically studied. Coca tea has been used to wean cocaine addicts off the drug.


Context: Ronnie Lee Gardner

Context: why was he executed?

Context: where was the firing squad from?

Context: Utah

Context: which animals are found in this place?

Context: Non-Hispanic White.

Context: what other crimes did gardner commit?

Context: Yes, cocaine.

Context: what exactly is this drug?

Context: is it used as a medication?

Context: can a person get addicted to this?

Context: United States

Context: how was this substance discovered?

Context: what is the use of the leaf infusion?

Context: what is the traditional use of the the tea made of the leaves mentioned above?

Context: It is often recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent altitude sickness.

Question: in which places is it legally used?

Answer: Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Ecuador.

Coca tea [SEP] Legal status

Coca tea is legal in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Ecuador. However, its use is being discouraged in part by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Coca tea is illegal in the United States unless it is decocainized.


Question: what is norton priory?

Answer: It is a historic site and currently a museum.

Explanation: Norton Priory is a historic site in Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England, comprising the remains of an abbey complex dating from the 12th to 16th centuries, and an 18th-century country house; it is now a museum.

Norton Priory [SEP] Introduction

Important finds included: a Norman doorway; a finely carved arcade; a floor of mosaic tiles, the largest floor area of this type to be found in any modern excavation; the remains of the kiln where the tiles were fired; a bell casting pit used for casting the bell; and a large medieval statue of Saint Christopher.


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: It is a historic site and currently a museum.

Question: where did it get its name?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Norton Priory [SEP] Introduction

Norton Priory is a historic site in Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England, comprising the remains of an abbey complex dating from the 12th to 16th centuries, and an 18th-century country house; it is now a museum. The remains are a scheduled ancient monument and are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. They are considered to be the most important monastic remains in Cheshire. The priory was established as an Augustinian foundation in the 12th century, and was raised to the status of an abbey in 1391. The abbey was closed in 1536, as part of the dissolution of the monasteries.


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what does "abbey" mean in reference to the museum?

Answer: It was one in which the abbot was given permission to use pontifical insignia, including the mitre, ring and pontifical staff, and to give the solemn benediction provided a bishop was not present.

Explanation: A mitred abbey was one in which the abbot was given permission to use pontifical insignia, including the mitre, ring and pontifical staff, and to give the solemn benediction provided a bishop was not present.

Norton Priory [SEP] Abbey

Horseflesh was not eaten. Although few fish bones have been discovered, it is known from documentary evidence that the canons owned a number of local fisheries. The fuel used consisted of wood and charcoal, and turf from marshes over which the priory had rights of turbary (to cut turf).


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what does "abbey" mean in reference to the museum?

Context: It was one in which the abbot was given permission to use pontifical insignia, including the mitre, ring and pontifical staff, and to give the solemn benediction provided a bishop was not present.

Question: what are the things found while excavating at that place?

Answer: The buildings found included the Norman doorway with its Victorian addition and three medieval rooms.

Norton Priory [SEP] Excavations and museum

In 1971 J. Patrick Greene was given a contract to carry out a six-month excavation for Runcorn Development Corporation as part of a plan to develop a park in the centre of Runcorn New Town. The site consisted of a area of fields and woods to the north of the Bridgewater Canal. Greene's initial findings led to his being employed for a further 12 years to supervise a major excavation of the site. The buildings found included the Norman doorway with its Victorian addition and three medieval rooms. Specialists were employed and local volunteers were recruited to assist with the excavation, while teams of supervised prisoners were used to perform some of the heavier work.


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the things found while excavating at that place?

Context: The buildings found included the Norman doorway with its Victorian addition and three medieval rooms.

Question: when did it become a museum?

Answer: 1975

The area excavated exceeded that at any European monastic site that used modern methods. The Development Corporation decided to create a museum on the site, and in 1975 Norton Priory Museum Trust was established. In 1989 Greene published his book about the excavations entitled "Norton Priory: The Archaeology of a Medieval Religious House". Further work has been carried out, recording and analysing the archaeological findings. In 2008 Fraser Brown and Christine Howard-Davis published "Norton Priory: Monastery to Museum", in which the findings are described in more detail. Howard-Davis was largely responsible for the post-excavation assessment and for compiling a database for the artefacts and, with Brown, for their analysis.


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did it become a museum?

Question: what activities are currently happening over there?

Answer: It arranges a series of events for the general public throughout the year, including guided tours, family fun days and concerts

Norton Priory [SEP] Current activities

The museum is a visitor attraction. It arranges a series of events for the general public throughout the year, including guided tours, family fun days and concerts. Its educational programme is aimed at all ages; it includes workshops for the general public, and courses focusing on formal and informal aspects of children's education. An outreach programme is intended for individuals and groups in the community. Since its opening, the museum has won awards for its work in tourism, education, outreach and gardening. In 2004 the museum's "Positive Partnerships" project, in which people with learning disabilities worked alongside museum staff, was a finalist in the Gulbenkian Prize for museums and galleries.


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did it become a museum?

Context: what activities are currently happening over there?

Context: It arranges a series of events for the general public throughout the year, including guided tours, family fun days and concerts

Question: where is the location of the museum?

Answer: Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England.

Norton Priory [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did it become a museum?

Context: where is the location of the museum?

Context: Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England.

Question: is there any rugby team associated with the second place?

Answer: Runcorn RLC

Runcorn [SEP] Rugby

In the late 19th century, and prior to the 1895 schism, rugby union was played at the now defunct Runcorn RFC. When the rugby football schism occurred in 1895, Runcorn became founder members of the Northern Rugby Football Union (now Rugby Football League). Runcorn finished bottom of the league in the 1914–15 season and did not recommence playing in the aftermath of the First World War. Rugby league in the town is now represented by Runcorn RLC.


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did it become a museum?

Context: where is the location of the museum?

Context: Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England.

Context: is there any rugby team associated with the second place?

Context: Runcorn RLC

Question: are there any manufacturing companies over there?

Answer: Yes, Sigmatex,  Héroux-Devtek,  Whitford and  Fresenius Kabi.

Explanation: Other large employers include advanced manufacturing firms Sigmatex (manufacturer of carbon fibre), Héroux-Devtek (manufacturer of aircraft landing gear), Whitford (manufacturer of speciality coatings) and Fresenius Kabi (manufacturer of medical and pharmaceutical products).

Runcorn [SEP] Manufacturing and chemicals

Drinks manufacturer, Diageo, has maintained a packaging plant at Runcorn since 1970 which packages Guinness, Pimm's, Kilkenny and Smirnoff Ice for distribution in Great Britain. Sci-Tech Daresbury is a National Science and Innovation Campus to the south east of Runcorn. The campus offers lab space, offices and workshops to rent. It is home to the largest supercomputer in Europe and the Virtual Engineering Centre which works with Bentley motor cars, BAE Systems and Jaguar Land Rover. The site also houses Daresbury Laboratory which employs over 300 staff specialising in accelerator science, bio-medicine, physics, chemistry, materials, engineering and computational science.


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did it become a museum?

Context: where is the location of the museum?

Context: Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England.

Context: Runcorn RLC

Context: are there any manufacturing companies over there?

Context: Yes, Sigmatex,  Héroux-Devtek,  Whitford and  Fresenius Kabi.

Question: who founded the second company?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The town's chemical industry was dominated for many years by ICI's Chlor Chemical division. But since 2001, Inovyn (a wholly owned subsidiary of Ineos) has operated the extensive chemical works in the west of the town, employing 750 people in 2020. In Runcorn, Invoyn manufactures chlorine, caustic soda and chlorinated derivatives. It also produces salt, made from brine transported by pipeline from the saltfields of central Cheshire, and sulphuric acid. Several other chemical manufacturers also have a presence at the site, including Koura (formerly Mexichem Fluor), Industrial Chemicals, Packed Chlorine Limited, VYNOVA and Runcorn MCP Ltd (a joint venture between INOVYN and VYNOVA).


Context: what is norton priory?

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did it become a museum?

Context: where is the location of the museum?

Context: Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England.

Context: Runcorn RLC

Context: who founded the second company?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was the second company founded?

Answer: 1942

Héroux-Devtek [SEP] Introduction

Héroux-Devtek Inc. is an international company specializing in the design, development, manufacture, repair and overhaul of landing gear, actuation systems and components for the Aerospace market. Founded in 1942, the company's head office is located in Longueuil, Quebec. Héroux-Devtek Inc. has more than 1960 employees working in 18 facilities in North America and Europe. The Corporation is the third-largest landing gear company worldwide, supplying both the commercial and defence sectors of the Aerospace market with new landing gear systems and components, as well as aftermarket products and services. It also manufactures actuation systems as well as ball screws. Héroux-Devtek's accomplishments include the manufacturing of the landing gear for the lunar module that landed Neil Armstrong on the moon for the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.


Question: who held the power in the maya civilization

Answer: The king.

Maya civilization [SEP] King and court

Classic Maya rule was centred in a royal culture that was displayed in all areas of Classic Maya art. The king was the supreme ruler and held a semi-divine status that made him the mediator between the mortal realm and that of the gods. From very early times, kings were specifically identified with the young maize god, whose gift of maize was the basis of Mesoamerican civilization. Maya royal succession was patrilineal, and royal power only passed to queens when doing otherwise would result in the extinction of the dynasty. Typically, power was passed to the eldest son. A young prince was called a "chʼok" ("youth"), although this word later came to refer to nobility in general.


Context: who held the power in the maya civilization

Context: The king.

Question: when did this civilization develop?

Answer: 2600 BC.

Maya civilization [SEP] Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC – 250 AD)

The Maya developed their first civilization in the Preclassic period. Scholars continue to discuss when this era of Maya civilization began. Maya occupation at Cuello (modern-day Belize) has been carbon dated to around 2600 BC. Settlements were established around 1800 BC in the Soconusco region of the Pacific coast, and the Maya were already cultivating the staple crops of maize, beans, squash, and chili pepper. This period was characterised by sedentary communities and the introduction of pottery and fired clay figurines. A Lidar survey of the newly discovered Aguada Fénix site at Tabasco, Mexico uncovered large structures suggested to be a ceremonial site dating from between 1000 and 800 BC.


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Question: which materials and technology are used by the people of that time to build their cities?

Answer: Neolithic technology; stone, limestone, volcanic tuff, sandstone and fired bricks.

Explanation: The Maya built their cities with Neolithic technology; they built their structures from both perishable materials and from stone. The exact type of stone used in masonry construction varied according to locally available resources, and this also affected the building style. Across a broad swathe of the Maya area, limestone was immediately available. The local limestone is relatively soft when freshly cut, but hardens with exposure. There was great variety in the quality of limestone, with good-quality stone available in the Usumacinta region; in the northern Yucatán, the limestone used in construction was of relatively poor quality. Volcanic tuff was used at Copán, and nearby Quiriguá employed sandstone. In Comalcalco, where suitable stone was not available locally, fired bricks were employed. Limestone was burned at high temperatures in order to manufacture cement, plaster, and stucco. Lime-based cement was used to seal stonework in place, and stone blocks were fashioned using rope-an

Maya civilization [SEP] Building materials and methods


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Context: which materials and technology are used by the people of that time to build their cities?

Context: Neolithic technology; stone, limestone, volcanic tuff, sandstone and fired bricks.

Question: which was the common language spoken at that time?

Answer: Proto-Mayan.

Maya civilization [SEP] Language

Before 2000 BC, the Maya spoke a single language, dubbed proto-Mayan by linguists. Linguistic analysis of reconstructed Proto-Mayan vocabulary suggests that the original Proto-Mayan homeland was in the western or northern Guatemalan Highlands, although the evidence is not conclusive. Proto-Mayan diverged during the Preclassic period to form the major Mayan language groups that make up the family, including Huastecan, Greater Kʼicheʼan, Greater Qʼanjobalan, Mamean, Tzʼeltalan-Chʼolan, and Yucatecan. These groups diverged further during the pre-Columbian era to form over 30 languages that have survived into modern times. The language of almost all Classic Maya texts over the entire Maya area has been identified as Chʼolan; Late Preclassic text from Kaminaljuyu, in the highlands, also appears to be in, or related to, Chʼolan.


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Context: which was the common language spoken at that time?

Context: Proto-Mayan.

Question: any museum in which artefacts of that time are preserved?

Answer: Yes, there are.

Explanation: There are a great many museums across the world with Maya artefacts in their collections. The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over 250 museums in its Maya Museum database, and the European Association of Mayanists lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone.

Maya civilization [SEP] Museum collections


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Context: Proto-Mayan.

Context: any museum in which artefacts of that time are preserved?

Context: Yes, there are.

Question: can you mention the region where this civilization developed?

Answer: Southeastern Mexico and northern Central America.

Maya civilization [SEP] Geography

The Maya civilization occupied a wide territory that included southeastern Mexico and northern Central America. This area included the entire Yucatán Peninsula and all of the territory now incorporated into the modern countries of Guatemala and Belize, as well as the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. Most of the peninsula is formed by a vast plain with few hills or mountains and a generally low coastline. The Petén region consists of densely forested low-lying limestone plain; a chain of fourteen lakes runs across the central drainage basin of Petén. To the south the plain gradually rises towards the Guatemalan Highlands.


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Context: Proto-Mayan.

Context: Yes, there are.

Context: can you mention the region where this civilization developed?

Context: Southeastern Mexico and northern Central America.

Question: did this civilization also build pyramids?

Answer: Yes.

Maya civilization [SEP] Pyramids and temples

Such a deity might be one of the patron gods of the city, or a deified ancestor. In general, freestanding pyramids were shrines honouring powerful ancestors.


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Context: Proto-Mayan.

Context: Yes, there are.

Context: did this civilization also build pyramids?

Context: Yes.

Question: can you provide some details about the trade of that time?

Answer: Trade was a key component of Maya society, and in the development of the Maya civilization.

Maya civilization [SEP] Trade

Trade was a key component of Maya society, and in the development of the Maya civilization. The cities that grew to become the most important usually controlled access to vital trade goods, or portage routes. Cities such as Kaminaljuyu and Qʼumarkaj in the Guatemalan Highlands, and Chalchuapa in El Salvador, variously controlled access to the sources of obsidian at different points in Maya history. The Maya were major producers of cotton, which was used to make the textiles to be traded throughout Mesoamerica. The most important cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula controlled access to the sources of salt. In the Postclassic, the Maya engaged in a flourishing slave trade with wider Mesoamerica.


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Context: Proto-Mayan.

Context: Yes, there are.

Context: Yes.

Context: can you provide some details about the trade of that time?

Context: Trade was a key component of Maya society, and in the development of the Maya civilization.

Question: how the people of that time record astronomical data?

Answer: In codices.

Maya civilization [SEP] Astronomy

Illustrations in the codices show that priests made astronomical observations using the naked eye, assisted by crossed sticks as a sighting device. Analysis of the few remaining Postclassic codices has revealed that, at the time of European contact, the Maya had recorded eclipse tables, calendars, and astronomical knowledge that was more accurate at that time than comparable knowledge in Europe. The Maya measured the 584-day Venus cycle with an error of just two hours. Five cycles of Venus equated to eight 365-day "haab" calendrical cycles, and this period was recorded in the codices. The Maya also followed the movements of Jupiter, Mars and Mercury.


Context: The king.

Context: when did this civilization develop?

Context: 2600 BC.

Context: Proto-Mayan.

Context: Yes, there are.

Context: Yes.

Context: how the people of that time record astronomical data?

Context: In codices.

Question: mention some maya sites?

Answer: Chichen Itza, Palenque, Uxmal, and Yaxchilan in Mexico, Tikal in Guatemala and Copán in Honduras.

Maya civilization [SEP] Maya sites

There are hundreds of Maya sites spread across five countries: Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. The six sites with particularly outstanding architecture or sculpture are Chichen Itza, Palenque, Uxmal, and Yaxchilan in Mexico, Tikal in Guatemala and Copán in Honduras. Other important, but difficult to reach, sites include Calakmul and El Mirador. The principal sites in the Puuc region, after Uxmal, are Kabah, Labna, and Sayil. In the east of the Yucatán Peninsula are Coba and the small site of Tulum. The Río Bec sites of the base of the peninsula include Becan, Chicanná, Kohunlich, and Xpuhil. The most noteworthy sites in Chiapas, other than Palenque and Yaxchilan, are Bonampak and Toniná.


Question: who is el lissitzky?

Answer: He was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, polemicist and architect.

El Lissitzky [SEP] Introduction

Lazar Markovich Lissitzky (, ; – December 30, 1941), known as El Lissitzky (, ), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, polemicist and architect. He was an important figure of the Russian avant-garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich, and designing numerous exhibition displays and propaganda works for the Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with production techniques and stylistic devices that would go on to dominate 20th-century graphic design. Lissitzky's entire career was laced with the belief that the artist could be an agent for change, later summarized with his edict, "das zielbewußte Schaffen" (goal-oriented creation).


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: He was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, polemicist and architect.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Pochinok, southeast of Smolensk, former Russian Empire

El Lissitzky [SEP] Early years

Lissitzky was born on November 23, 1890 in Pochinok, a small Jewish community southeast of Smolensk, former Russian Empire. During his childhood, he lived and studied in the city of Vitebsk, now part of Belarus, and later spent 10 years in Smolensk living with his grandparents and attending the Smolensk Grammar School, spending summer vacations in Vitebsk. Always expressing an interest and talent in drawing, he started to receive instruction at 13 from Yehuda Pen, a local Jewish artist, and by the time he was 15 was teaching students himself. In 1909, he applied to an art academy in Saint Petersburg, but was rejected.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Pochinok, southeast of Smolensk, former Russian Empire

Question: can you name any of his creations?

Answer: He proposed and developed the idea of horizontal skyscrapers

El Lissitzky [SEP] Horizontal skyscrapers

In 1923–1925, Lissitzky proposed and developed the idea of horizontal skyscrapers ("Wolkenbügel", "cloud-hangers", "sky-hangers" or "sky-hooks"). A series of eight such structures was intended to mark the major intersections of the Boulevard Ring in Moscow. Each "Wolkenbügel" was a flat three-story, 180-meter-wide L-shaped slab raised 50 meters above street level. It rested on three pylons (10×16×50 meters each), placed on three different street corners. One pylon extended underground, doubling as the staircase into a proposed subway station; two others provided shelter for ground-level tram stations. Lissitzky argued that as long as humans cannot fly, moving horizontally is natural and moving vertically is not.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: He proposed and developed the idea of horizontal skyscrapers

Question: does his style have a name?

Answer: Yes, Proun

El Lissitzky [SEP] Proun

During this period Lissitzky proceeded to develop a suprematist style of his own, a series of abstract, geometric paintings which he called "Proun" (pronounced "pro-oon"). The exact meaning of "Proun" was never fully revealed, with some suggesting that it is a contraction of "proekt unovisa" (designed by UNOVIS) or "proekt utverzhdenya novogo" (Design for the confirmation of the new). Later, Lissitzky defined them ambiguously as "the station where one changes from painting to architecture." Proun was essentially Lissitzky's exploration of the visual language of suprematism with spatial elements, utilizing shifting axes and multiple perspectives; both uncommon ideas in suprematism. Suprematism at the time was conducted almost exclusively in flat, 2D forms and shapes, and Lissitzky, with a taste for architecture and other 3D concepts, tried to expand suprematism beyond this.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Question: could you please elaborate on this?

Answer: It was essentially his exploration of the visual language of suprematism with spatial elements, utilizing shifting axes and multiple perspectives; both uncommon ideas in suprematism.

Explanation: Proun was essentially Lissitzky's exploration of the visual language of suprematism with spatial elements, utilizing shifting axes and multiple perspectives; both uncommon ideas in suprematism.

El Lissitzky [SEP] Proun


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: It was essentially his exploration of the visual language of suprematism with spatial elements, utilizing shifting axes and multiple perspectives; both uncommon ideas in suprematism.

Question: what is that particular visual language that you just mentioned?

Answer: suprematism

El Lissitzky [SEP] Suprematism

However, it was not until October 1919 when Lissitzky, then on an errand in Moscow, persuaded Malevich to relocate to Vitebsk. The move coincided with the opening of the first art exhibition in Vitebsk directed by Chagall. Malevich would bring with him a wealth of new ideas, most of which inspired Lissitzky but clashed with local public and professionals who favored figurative art and with Chagall himself. After going through impressionism, primitivism, and cubism, Malevich began developing and advocating his ideas on suprematism aggressively. In development since 1915, suprematism rejected the imitation of natural shapes and focused more on the creation of distinct, geometric forms.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: what is that particular visual language that you just mentioned?

Context: suprematism

Question: can you mention a few people who followed this?

Answer: Kazimir Malevich

Suprematism [SEP] Introduction

Suprematism () is an art movement focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors. It was founded by Kazimir Malevich in Russia, and announced in Malevich's 1915 Last Futurist Exhibition of Paintings 0.10, in St. Petersburg, where he, alongside 13 other artists, exhibited 36 works in a similar style. The term "suprematism" refers to an abstract art based upon "the supremacy of pure artistic feeling" rather than on visual depiction of objects.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: suprematism

Context: can you mention a few people who followed this?

Context: Kazimir Malevich

Question: has he been represented in media?

Answer: His work is featured prominently in the Lars von Trier film, "Melancholia".

Kazimir Malevich [SEP] In popular culture

Malevich's life inspires many references featuring events and the paintings as players. The smuggling of Malevich paintings out of Russia is a key to the plot line of writer Martin Cruz Smith's thriller "Red Square". Noah Charney's novel, "The Art Thief" tells the story of two stolen Malevich "White on White" paintings, and discusses the implications of Malevich's radical Suprematist compositions on the art world. British artist Keith Coventry has used Malevich's paintings to make comments on modernism, in particular his Estate Paintings. Malevich's work also is featured prominently in the Lars von Trier film, "Melancholia". At the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Malevich visual themes were featured (via projections) in a section on 20th century Russian modern art.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: suprematism

Context: Kazimir Malevich

Context: has he been represented in media?

Context: His work is featured prominently in the Lars von Trier film, "Melancholia".

Question: where was this person born?

Answer: Kyiv in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire

Kazimir Malevich [SEP] Early life

Kazimir Malevich was born Kazimierz Malewicz to a Polish family, who settled near Kyiv in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire during the partitions of Poland. His parents, Ludwika and Seweryn Malewicz, were Roman Catholic like most ethnic Poles, though his father attended Orthodox services as well. They both had fled from the former eastern territories of the Commonwealth (present-day Kopyl Region of Belarus) to Kyiv in the aftermath of the failed Polish January Uprising of 1863 against the tsarist army. His native language was Polish, but he also spoke Russian, as well as Ukrainian due to his childhood surroundings.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: suprematism

Context: Kazimir Malevich

Context: has he been represented in media?

Context: where was this person born?

Context: Kyiv in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire

Question: is there any famous work by him?

Answer: Red Square

Kazimir Malevich [SEP] Selected works

† Also known as "Red Square: Painterly Realism of a Peasant Woman in Two Dimensions". †† Also known as "Black Square and Red Square: Painterly Realism of a Boy with a Knapsack - Color Masses in the Fourth Dimension".


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: suprematism

Context: Kazimir Malevich

Context: has he been represented in media?

Context: where was this person born?

Context: is there any famous work by him?

Context: Red Square

Question: what was his ethnicity?

Answer: He is Polish.

Kazimir Malevich [SEP] Polish ethnicity

Malevich's family was one of the millions of Poles who lived within the Russian Empire following the Partitions of Poland. Kazimir Malevich was born near Kyiv on lands that had previously been part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of parents who were ethnic Poles. Both Polish and Russian were native languages of Malevich, who would sign his artwork in the Polish form of his name as "Kazimierz Malewicz". In a visa application to travel to France, Malewicz claimed "Polish" as his nationality. French art historian Andrei Nakov, who re-established Malevich's birth year as 1879 (and not 1878), has argued for restoration of the Polish spelling of Malevich's name.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: suprematism

Context: Kazimir Malevich

Context: has he been represented in media?

Context: where was this person born?

Context: is there any famous work by him?

Context: Red Square

Context: what was his ethnicity?

Context: He is Polish.

Question: how did he die?

Answer: He died of cancer.

Kazimir Malevich [SEP] Death

When Malevich died of cancer at the age of fifty-seven, in Leningrad on 15 May 1935, his friends and disciples buried his ashes in a grave marked with a black square. They didn't fulfill his stated wish to have the grave topped with an "architekton"—one of his skyscraper-like maquettes of abstract forms, equipped with a telescope through which visitors were to gaze at Jupiter. On his deathbed, Malevich had been exhibited with the "Black Square" above him, and mourners at his funeral rally were permitted to wave a banner bearing a black square. Malevich had asked to be buried under an oak tree on the outskirts of Nemchinovka, a place to which he felt a special bond.


Context: who is el lissitzky?

Context: where was he born?

Context: can you name any of his creations?

Context: does his style have a name?

Context: Yes, Proun

Context: could you please elaborate on this?

Context: suprematism

Context: Kazimir Malevich

Context: has he been represented in media?

Context: where was this person born?

Context: is there any famous work by him?

Context: Red Square

Context: what was his ethnicity?

Context: He is Polish.

Context: how did he die?

Context: He died of cancer.

Question: what are the attractions of his birth place?

Answer: It is known as a green city with two botanical gardens and numerous large and small parks.

Kyiv [SEP] Attractions

It is said that one can walk from one end of Kyiv to the other in the summertime without leaving the shade of its many trees. Most characteristic are the horse-chestnuts (, ). Kyiv is known as a green city with two botanical gardens and numerous large and small parks. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War is located here, which offers both indoor and outdoor displays of military history and equipment surrounded by verdant hills overlooking the Dnieper river. Among the numerous islands, Venetsianskyi (or Hydropark) is the most developed. It is accessible by metro or by car, and includes an amusement park, swimming beaches, boat rentals, and night clubs.


Question: who was benjamin morrell?

Answer: American sea captain

Benjamin Morrell [SEP] Introduction

Benjamin Morrell (July 5, 1795 – 1838 or 1839?) was an American sea captain, explorer and trader who made a number of voyages, mainly to the Atlantic, the Southern Ocean and the Pacific Islands. In a ghost-written memoir, "A Narrative of Four Voyages", which describes his sea-going life between 1823 and 1832, Morrell included numerous claims of discovery and achievement, many of which have been disputed by geographers and historians, and in some cases have been proved false. He ended his career as a fugitive, having wrecked his ship and misappropriated parts of the salvaged cargo. Morrell had an eventful early career, running away to sea at the age of 17 and being twice captured and imprisoned by the British during the War of 1812.


Context:
who was benjamin morrell?
American sea captain

Question: which african countries did he visit?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Benjamin Morrell [SEP] Third voyage: West African coast

In 1828 Morrell was engaged by Messrs. Christian Bergh & Co. to take command of the schooner "Antarctic" (named, he claims, in honour of his earlier Antarctic achievements). "Antarctic" left New York on June 25, 1828, bound for Western Africa. During the following months Morrell carried out an extensive survey of the African coast between the Cape of Good Hope and Benguela, and led several short excursions inland. He was impressed by the commercial potential of this coast, recording that "many kinds of skins may be procured about here, including those of the leopard, fox, bullock, together with ostrich feathers and valuable minerals".


Context:
who was benjamin morrell?
American sea captain
which african countries did he visit?
UNANSWERABLE

Question: how did he make money?

Answer: Through organizing a stage show based on the story of his voyage.

Benjamin Morrell [SEP] Money-making

When he returned to New York after his profitless fourth voyage, Morrell was heavily in debt and in urgent need of funds. Newspapers showed great interest in the story of the voyage, and Morrell was keen to cash in. Within a few days of his arrival he had organised a stage show, entitled "Two Cannibals of the Islands of the South Pacific". This spectacle, embellished with accounts of the massacre at Carteret Island and other dramatic inclusions, played to large crowds at New York's Rubens Peale museum. In October 1831 Morrell took the show on a tour, which began in Albany on October 10.


Context: who was benjamin morrell?

Context: American sea captain

Context: which african countries did he visit?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did he make money?

Context: Through organizing a stage show based on the story of his voyage.

Question: which places did he sail to during his fourth voyage?

Answer: Auckland Islands, Manila, and Carteret Islands.

Explanation: At her own insistence, and against Morrell's and the owners' advice, his wife Abby Jane Morrell accompanied him. By January 1830 "Antarctic" had reached the Auckland Islands, south of New Zealand, where Morrell had hoped for a rich harvest of seal, but found the waters empty. He sailed north for Manila in the Philippines, hoping to find a commercial cargo there, and arrived in March 1830. No such cargo was available, but Morrell was persuaded by the American consul, George Hubbell, that a potentially profitable enterprise would be to collect sea cucumbers (otherwise known as "Bêche-du-mer"), plentifully available in the islands now known as Micronesia. These could then be taken to China where they were much prized.

Benjamin Morrell [SEP] Fourth voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean

According to Morrell, "Antarctic"'s owners were unanimous that he should make another voyage with the ship, and in September 1829 "Antarctic" left New York, bound for the South Atlantic and Pacific in search of seals. At her own insistence, and against Morrell's and the owners' advice, his wife Abby Jane Morrell accompanied him. By January 1830 "Antarctic" had reached the Auckland Islands, south of New Zealand, where Morrell had hoped for a rich harvest of seal, but found the waters empty. He sailed north for Manila in the Philippines, hoping to find a commercial cargo there, and arrived in March 1830.


Context: who was benjamin morrell?

Context: American sea captain

Context: which african countries did he visit?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did he make money?

Context: which places did he sail to during his fourth voyage?

Context: Auckland Islands, Manila, and Carteret Islands.

Question: which marine animals can be found in the first place?

Answer: New Zealand fur seal, New Zealand sea lion, Southern elephant seals

Explanation:
Only two native mammals exist: two species of seal which haul out on the islands, the New Zealand fur seal and the threatened New Zealand sea lion. Southern elephant seals started to re-colonize on the islands, too.

A well-recovering population in excess of 2,000 southern right whales is found off the islands, and Port Ross area is considered to be the most important and well-established congregating ground for whales in New Zealand waters. Its importance exceeds the Campbell Island ground.

Auckland Islands [SEP] Marine mammals


Context: who was benjamin morrell?

Context: American sea captain

Context: which african countries did he visit?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did he make money?

Context: which marine animals can be found in the first place?

Context: New Zealand fur seal, New Zealand sea lion, Southern elephant seals

Question: which predators hunt the second animals?

Answer: Great white sharks

New Zealand sea lion [SEP] Diet and predation

New Zealand sea lions are known to prey on a wide range of species including fish such as Antarctic horsefish and Patagonian toothfish, cephalopods (e.g. New Zealand arrow squid and yellow octopus), crustaceans, seabirds and other marine mammals, and even New Zealand fur seals. Studies indicate a strong location effect on diet, with almost no overlap in prey species comparing sea lions at Otago Peninsula and Campbell Island, at the north and south extents of the species' breeding range. New Zealand sea lions are in turn preyed on by great white sharks, with 27% showing evidence of scarring from near-miss shark attacks in an opportunistic study of adult NZ sea lions at Sandy Bay, Enderby Island.


Context: who was benjamin morrell?

Context: American sea captain

Context: which african countries did he visit?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did he make money?

Context: which predators hunt the second animals?

Context: Great white sharks

Question: which natural threats do these predators face?

Answer: Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.

Great white shark [SEP] Natural threats

Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap. An incident was documented on 4 October 1997, in the Farallon Islands off California in the United States. An estimated female orca immobilized an estimated great white shark. The orca held the shark upside down to induce tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate. The orca then proceeded to eat the dead shark's liver. It is believed that the scent of the slain shark's carcass caused all the great whites in the region to flee, forfeiting an opportunity for a great seasonal feed.


Context: who was benjamin morrell?

Context: American sea captain

Context: which african countries did he visit?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did he make money?

Context: Great white sharks

Context: which natural threats do these predators face?

Context: Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.

Question: in which other places are they found?

Answer: North America and Australia

Great white shark [SEP] In North America

In 2013, great white sharks were added to California's Endangered Species Act. From data collected, the population of great whites in the North Pacific was estimated to be fewer than 340 individuals. Research also reveals these sharks are genetically distinct from other members of their species elsewhere in Africa, Australia, and the east coast of North America, having been isolated from other populations. A 2014 study estimated the population of great white sharks along the California coastline to be approximately 2,400. In 2015 Massachusetts banned catching, cage diving, feeding, towing decoys, or baiting and chumming for its significant and highly predictable migratory great white population without an appropriate research permit.


Context: who was benjamin morrell?

Context: American sea captain

Context: which african countries did he visit?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did he make money?

Context: Great white sharks

Context: in which other places are they found?

Context: North America and Australia

Question: what is the conservation status of the third species found in the island?

Answer: They are now protected by international treaty, as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, or by national legislation.

Southern elephant seal [SEP] Conservation

After their near extinction due to hunting in the 19th century, the total population was estimated at between 664,000 and 740,000 animals in 2005, but as of 2002, two of the three major populations were declining. The reasons for this are unclear, but are thought to be related to the distribution and declining levels of the seals' primary food sources. Most of their important breeding sites are now protected by international treaty, as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, or by national legislation.


Context: who was benjamin morrell?

Context: American sea captain

Context: which african countries did he visit?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did he make money?

Context: Great white sharks

Context: in which other places are they found?

Context: North America and Australia

Context: what is the conservation status of the third species found in the island?

Context: They are now protected by international treaty, as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, or by national legislation.

Question: have these predators attacked boats?

Answer: Yes, they have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually biting the boat from the stern.

Great white shark [SEP] Attacks on boats

Great white sharks infrequently bite and sometimes even sink boats. Only five of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark bite incidents reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers. In a few cases they have bitten boats up to in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually biting the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat "Lucky Jim", knocking a crewman into the sea. Tricas and McCosker's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats by the electrical fields they generate, which are picked up by the ampullae of Lorenzini and confuse the shark about whether or not wounded prey might be near-by.


Question: india is an international highway of trade and commerce explain with reason

Answer: It allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions using innovative transportation of modern times such as pipeline transport, rail routes, automobiles, cargo airlines etc.

Trade route [SEP] Introduction

During the Middle Ages, organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade became increasingly prominent. In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation-states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free-trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of modern times includes pipeline transport and the relatively well-known trade involving rail routes, automobiles, and cargo airlines.


Context: india is an international highway of trade and commerce explain with reason

Context: It allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions using innovative transportation of modern times such as pipeline transport, rail routes, automobiles, cargo airlines etc.

Question: when did the very first long distance routes for trade emerge?

Answer: During the Chalcolithic Period

Explanation: Chalcolithic Period

Trade route [SEP] Early development

Long-distance trade routes were developed in the Chalcolithic Period. The period from the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE to the beginning of the Common Era saw societies in Southeast Asia, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, China, and the Indian subcontinent develop major transportation networks for trade. One of the vital instruments which facilitated long-distance trade was portage and the domestication of beasts of burden. Organized caravans, visible by the 2nd millennium BCE, could carry goods across a large distance as fodder was mostly available along the way. The domestication of camels allowed Arabian nomads to control the long-distance trade in spices and silk from the Far East to the Arabian Peninsula.


Context: when did the very first long distance routes for trade emerge?

Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Question: what is this period characterized by?

Answer: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Explanation: copper

Chalcolithic [SEP] Introduction

The Chalcolithic (), a name derived from the "khalkós", "copper" and from "líthos", "stone" or Copper Age, also known as the Eneolithic or Aeneolithic (from Latin "aeneus" "of copper") is an archaeological period which researchers usually regard as part of the broader Neolithic (although scholars originally defined it as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age). In the context of Eastern Europe, archaeologists often prefer the term "Eneolithic" to "Chalcolithic" or other alternatives. In the Chalcolithic period, copper predominated in metalworking technology. Hence it was the period before it was discovered that by adding tin to copper one could create bronze, a metal alloy harder and stronger than either component.


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Question: can you name some of the sites from south-asia belonging to this period?

Answer: Bhirrana, Mehrgarh, Nausharo and Indus Valley

Explanation: Bhirrana

Chalcolithic [SEP] South Asia

According to Parpola (2005), ceramic similarities between the Indus Civilization, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Iran during 4300–3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period suggest considerable mobility and trade. The term "Chalcolithic" has also been used in the context of the South Asian Stone Age. In Bhirrana, the earliest Indus civilization site, copper bangles and arrowheads were found. The inhabitants of Mehrgarh in present-day Pakistan fashioned tools with local copper ore between 7000–3300 BC. At the Nausharo site dated to 4500 years ago, a pottery workshop in province of Balochistan, Pakistan, were unearthed 12 blades or blade fragments. These blades are long and and relatively thin.


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Context: can you name some of the sites from south-asia belonging to this period?

Context: Bhirrana, Mehrgarh, Nausharo and Indus Valley

Question: where is the second site you mentioned located?

Answer: Pakistan

Explanation: Pakistan

Chalcolithic [SEP] South Asia


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Context: where is the second site you mentioned located?

Context: Pakistan

Question: for how long was it under occupation?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Chalcolithic [SEP] South Asia


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Context: Pakistan

Context: for how long was it under occupation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who excavated the site?

Answer: Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige

Mehrgarh [SEP] Introduction

Mehrgarh (Balochi: "Mehrgaŕh"; ; ) is a Neolithic site (dated c. 7000 BCE to c. 2500/2000 BCE), which lies on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. Mehrgarh is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the present-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. The site was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team directed by French archaeologists Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. Archaeological material has been found in six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected.


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Context: Pakistan

Context: for how long was it under occupation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who excavated the site?

Context: Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige

Question: has he excavated other major sites?

Answer: Yes, Baluchistan and Pirak

Explanation: Baluchistan, Mehrgarh and Pirak

Jean-François Jarrige [SEP] Introduction

Jean-François Jarrige (August 5, 1940, Lourdes – November 18, 2014, Paris) was a French archaeologist specializing in South Asian archaeology and Sindhology. He held a doctorate from the University of Paris in oriental archaeology. He carried out the excavations in Baluchistan, Mehrgarh and Pirak. In 2004, he became the director of the Musée Guimet in Paris. He was married to archaeologist Catherine Jarrige. They had two daughters.


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Context: Pakistan

Context: for how long was it under occupation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who excavated the site?

Context: has he excavated other major sites?

Context: Yes, Baluchistan and Pirak

Question: which civilization was the latter a part of?

Answer: Indus Valley Civilization

Explanation: Indus Valley Civilization

Pirak [SEP] Introduction

Pirak () is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization located in Balochistan, Pakistan. It is 20 km south of Sibi east of the Nari River. The mound is 8m high and covers approximately . The site of Pirak was first reported by Robert Raikes in 1963. It was excavated, between 1968 and 1974, before the well known sites of Mehrgarh or Nausharo by the French archaeological mission team led by Jean Marie Casal. According to the excavator, this site was occupied from c.1800 BCE to 800 BCE.


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Context: Pakistan

Context: for how long was it under occupation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who excavated the site?

Context: has he excavated other major sites?

Context: Yes, Baluchistan and Pirak

Context: which civilization was the latter a part of?

Context: Indus Valley Civilization

Question: what were the urban centres?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Pirak [SEP] Introduction


Context: During the Chalcolithic Period

Context: what is this period characterized by?

Context: Copper, stone, bronze tools

Context: Pakistan

Context: for how long was it under occupation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who excavated the site?

Context: has he excavated other major sites?

Context: Yes, Baluchistan and Pirak

Context: Indus Valley Civilization

Context: what were the urban centres?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where was the announcement of the discovery of the civilization first published?

Answer: Narrative of Various Journeys in Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab

Indus Valley Civilisation [SEP] Discovery and history of excavation

Masson's major archaeological discovery in the Punjab was Harappa, a metropolis of the Indus civilization in the valley of Indus's tributary, the Ravi river. Masson made copious notes and illustrations of Harappa's rich historical artifacts, many lying half-buried. In 1842, Masson included his observations of Harappa in the book "Narrative of Various Journeys in Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab". He dated the Harappa ruins to a period of recorded history, erroneously mistaking it to have been described earlier during Alexander's campaign. Masson was impressed by the site's extraordinary size and by several large mounds formed from long-existing erosion. Two years later, the Company contracted Alexander Burnes to sail up the Indus to assess the feasibility of water travel for its army.


Question: what is the horseshoe curve in pennsylvania?

Answer: It is a three-track railroad curve on Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line in Blair County.

Horseshoe Curve (Pennsylvania) [SEP] Introduction

Horseshoe Curve is a three-track railroad curve on Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line in Blair County, Pennsylvania. The curve itself is about long and in diameter; it was completed in 1854 by the Pennsylvania Railroad as a way to lessen the grade to the summit of the Allegheny Mountains. It eventually replaced the time-consuming Allegheny Portage Railroad, the only other route across the mountains for large vehicles. The rail line has been important since its opening, and during World War II the Curve was targeted by Nazi Germany in 1942 as part of Operation Pastorius. The Curve was later owned and used by Pennsylvania Railroad successors Penn Central, Conrail, and Norfolk Southern.


Context: what is the horseshoe curve in pennsylvania?

Context: It is a three-track railroad curve on Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line in Blair County.

Question: what is the total length of it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who designed it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which company built this?

Answer: The Pennsylvania Railroad.

Explanation: he curve itself is about long and in diameter; it was completed in 1854 by the Pennsylvania Railroad as a way to lessen the grade to the summit of the Allegheny Mountains.


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which company built this?

Context: The Pennsylvania Railroad.

Question: which year was it opened to the public?

Answer: February 15th, 1854.

Explanation: The entire line, including Horseshoe Curve, opened on February 15, 1854.

Horseshoe Curve (Pennsylvania) [SEP] Construction

As demand for train travel increased, a third track was added to the curve in 1898 and a fourth was added two years later. From around the 1860s to just before World War II passengers could ride to Kittanning Point station near the Curve. Two branch railroads connected to the main line at Horseshoe Curve in the early 20th century; the Kittanning Run Railroad and the railroad owned by the Glen White Coal and Lumber Company followed their respective creeks to nearby coal mines. The Pennsylvania Railroad delivered empty hopper cars to the Kittanning Point station which the two railroads returned loaded with coal.


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which company built this?

Context: The Pennsylvania Railroad.

Context: which year was it opened to the public?

Context: February 15th, 1854.

Question: can you name a few railway stations from this line?

Answer: The Harrisburg Terminal and the Enola Yard.

Pittsburgh Line [SEP] Major terminals

The Pittsburgh Line is marked with three major freight terminals on both of its ends. On its east end, Harrisburg Terminal handles a bulk of the railroads intermodal traffic, with a handful intermodal trains originating and terminating there. Across the Susquehanna River in Enola is Norfolk Southern's major freight terminal in the Greater Harrisburg area; Enola Yard, which handles almost all manifest freight traffic that passes through the area. Many of the Pittsburgh Line's manifest freight trains originate or terminate here, with a few continuing south to Baltimore, Maryland and points east, while others bypass Enola and cross the Rockville Bridge over the Susquehanna to Harrisburg bound for Allentown, Pennsylvania and points east.


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which company built this?

Context: The Pennsylvania Railroad.

Context: which year was it opened to the public?

Context: February 15th, 1854.

Context: can you name a few railway stations from this line?

Context: The Harrisburg Terminal and the Enola Yard.

Question: is there any mountain close to that curve?

Answer: Yes, the Allegheny Mountains.

Explanation: The curve itself is about long and in diameter; it was completed in 1854 by the Pennsylvania Railroad as a way to lessen the grade to the summit of the Allegheny Mountains


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which company built this?

Context: The Pennsylvania Railroad.

Context: which year was it opened to the public?

Context: February 15th, 1854.

Context: is there any mountain close to that curve?

Context: Yes, the Allegheny Mountains.

Question: can you tell me some other construction projects from that company?

Answer: Passenger stations and freight equipment.

Pennsylvania Railroad [SEP] Major passenger stations

The Pennsy built several grand passenger stations, alone or with other railroads. These architectural marvels, whose city name was usually preceded by "Penn Station", were the hubs for the PRR's passenger service. Many are still in use today, served by Amtrak and regional passenger carriers.


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which company built this?

Context: The Pennsylvania Railroad.

Context: which year was it opened to the public?

Context: February 15th, 1854.

Context: Yes, the Allegheny Mountains.

Context: can you tell me some other construction projects from that company?

Context: Passenger stations and freight equipment.

Question: can you name any one in particular?

Answer: No.

Explanation: The Pennsy built several grand passenger stations, alone or with other railroads. These architectural marvels, whose city name was usually preceded by "Penn Station", were the hubs for the PRR's passenger service. Many are still in use today, served by Amtrak and regional passenger carriers.


Context: what is the total length of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which company built this?

Context: The Pennsylvania Railroad.

Context: which year was it opened to the public?

Context: February 15th, 1854.

Context: Yes, the Allegheny Mountains.

Context: can you name any one in particular?

Context: No.

Question: name some employees who worked in that company.

Answer: J. Edgar Thomson.

Pennsylvania Railroad [SEP] J. Edgar Thomson

Thomson (1808–1874) was the entrepreneur who led the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1852 until his death in 1874, making it the largest business enterprise in the world and a world-class model for technological and managerial innovation. He served as the Pennsy's first Chief Engineer and third President. Thomson's sober, technical, methodical, and non-ideological personality had an important influence on the Pennsylvania Railroad, which in the mid-19th century was on the technical cutting edge of rail development, while nonetheless reflecting Thomson's personality in its conservatism and its steady growth while avoiding financial risks. His Pennsylvania Railroad was in his day the largest railroad in the world, with 6,000 miles of track, and was famous for steady financial dividends, high quality construction, constantly improving equipment, technological advances (such as replacing wood fuel with coal), and innovation in management techniques for a large complex organization.


Question: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Answer: The black-red-gold flag was used to symbolize the movement against the Conservative European Order that was established after Napoleon's defeat.

Explanation: The German association with the colours black, red, and gold surfaced in the radical 1840s, when the black-red-gold flag was used to symbolize the movement against the Conservative European Order that was established after Napoleon's defeat.

Flag of Germany [SEP] Origins

Another claim goes back to the uniforms (mainly black with red facings and gold buttons) of the Lützow Free Corps, comprising mostly university students and formed during the struggle against the occupying forces of Napoleon. Whatever the true explanation, these colours soon came to be regarded as the national colours of Germany during this brief period, and especially after their reintroduction during the Weimar period, they have become synonymous with liberalism in general. The colours also appear in the medieval .


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: The black-red-gold flag was used to symbolize the movement against the Conservative European Order that was established after Napoleon's defeat.

Question: when did it appear for the first time?

Answer: 1848

Flag of Germany [SEP] Introduction

The flag of Germany () is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany: black, red, and gold (). The flag was first adopted as the national flag of Germany in 1848 by the German Confederation and then, in the modern nation state, in the Weimar Republic (1919-1933). Since the mid-19th century, Germany has two competing traditions of national colours, black-red-gold and black-white-red. Black-red-gold were the colours of the 1848 Revolutions, the Weimar Republic of 1919–1933 and the Federal Republic (since 1949). They were also adopted by the German Democratic Republic (1949–1990), albeit, since 1959, with an additional ('socialist') coat of arms.


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Question: how was the country characterised as a political entity then?

Answer: Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic.

Germany [SEP] Politics

Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the "Bundesrat" represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the "Bundestag" and the "Bundesrat"; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Context: how was the country characterised as a political entity then?

Context: Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic.

Question: what is its present day capital?

Answer: Berlin

Explanation: Union. Its capital and largest city is Berlin,

Germany [SEP] Introduction

Its capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Context: what is its present day capital?

Context: Berlin

Question: what are some of its most popular tourist attractions?

Answer: Potsdamer Platz, Brandenburger Tor, the Berlin wall

Berlin [SEP] Tourism and conventions

Berlin had 788 hotels with 134,399 beds in 2014. The city recorded 28.7 million overnight hotel stays and 11.9 million hotel guests in 2014. Tourism figures have more than doubled within the last ten years and Berlin has become the third-most-visited city destination in Europe. Some of the most visited places in Berlin include: Potsdamer Platz, Brandenburger Tor, the Berlin wall, Alexanderplatz, Museumsinsel, Fernsehturm, the East-Side Gallery, Schloss-Charlottenburg, Zoologischer Garten, Siegessäule, Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer, Mauerpark, Botanical Garden, Französischer Dom, Deutscher Dom and Holocaust-Mahnmal. The largest visitor groups are from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and the United States.


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Context: what is its present day capital?

Context: Berlin

Context: what are some of its most popular tourist attractions?

Context: Potsdamer Platz, Brandenburger Tor, the Berlin wall

Question: does the last one still exist?

Answer: No

Berlin Wall [SEP] Introduction

The Berlin Wall (, ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) on 13 August 1961. The Wall cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails, and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" from building a socialist state in East Germany.


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Context: what is its present day capital?

Context: Berlin

Context: does the last one still exist?

Context: No

Question: why?

Answer: The fall of the communist government in neighboring Poland's 1989 Polish legislative election in June played a role in the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Berlin Wall [SEP] Fall of the Berlin Wall

The fall of the communist government in neighboring Poland's 1989 Polish legislative election in June played a role in the fall of the Berlin Wall. Also in June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria (with Western TV crews present), and then, in September, more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria. This set up a chain of events. The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest. These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany.


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Context: what is its present day capital?

Context: Berlin

Context: does the last one still exist?

Context: No

Context: why?

Context: The fall of the communist government in neighboring Poland's 1989 Polish legislative election in June played a role in the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Question: what was it constructed for?

Answer: It cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin

Explanation: Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) on 13 August 1961. The Wall cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, a

Berlin Wall [SEP] Introduction


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Context: what is its present day capital?

Context: Berlin

Context: does the last one still exist?

Context: No

Context: why?

Context: what was it constructed for?

Context: It cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin

Question: when was the city divided into parts?

Answer: 1961

Berlin [SEP] Introduction

First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (14171701), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and the Third Reich (1933–1945). Berlin in the 1920s was the third-largest municipality in the world. After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989) and East German territory. East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital.


Context: what do the colors of germany flag mean

Context: when did it appear for the first time?

Context: what is its present day capital?

Context: Berlin

Context: does the last one still exist?

Context: No

Context: why?

Context: what was it constructed for?

Context: when was the city divided into parts?

Question: and when was it reunified?

Answer: 1990

Explanation: Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany.

Berlin [SEP] Introduction


Question: what is the definition of the term gene

Answer: It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.

Explanation: n biology, a gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.

Gene [SEP] Introduction

Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or the number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, the risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life. Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotypical traits. Usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to containing a different allele of the same, shared gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection / survival of the fittest and genetic drift of the alleles.


Context: what is the definition of the term gene

Context: It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.

Question: when was the aforementioned former term discovered?

Answer: 1869

DNA [SEP] History

DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it "nuclein". In 1878, Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of "nuclein", nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases. In 1909, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar, and phosphate nucleotide unit of the RNA (then named "yeast nucleic acid"). In 1929, Levene identified deoxyribose sugar in "thymus nucleic acid" (DNA). Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of four nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups ("tetranucleotide hypothesis").


Context: what is the definition of the term gene

Context: when was the aforementioned former term discovered?

Question: by whom?

Answer: Friedrich Miescher

DNA [SEP] History


Context: what is the definition of the term gene

Context: by whom?

Context: Friedrich Miescher

Question: who was he ?

Answer: He was a Swiss physician and biologist.

Friedrich Miescher [SEP] Introduction

Johannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 – 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist. He was the first scientist to isolate nucleic acid.


Context: what is the definition of the term gene

Context: by whom?

Context: Friedrich Miescher

Context: who was he ?

Context: He was a Swiss physician and biologist.

Question: did he have any other contributions apart from this?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Friedrich Miescher [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the definition of the term gene

Context: by whom?

Context: Friedrich Miescher

Context: who was he ?

Context: He was a Swiss physician and biologist.

Context: did he have any other contributions apart from this?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how can the structure that he discovered be defined?

Answer: Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instruction.

DNA [SEP] Introduction

Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.


Context: what is the definition of the term gene

Context: by whom?

Context: Friedrich Miescher

Context: who was he ?

Context: He was a Swiss physician and biologist.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how can the structure that he discovered be defined?

Context: Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instruction.

Question: what are its features?

Answer: They carry genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

Explanation: Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

DNA [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the definition of the term gene

Context: by whom?

Context: Friedrich Miescher

Context: who was he ?

Context: He was a Swiss physician and biologist.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are its features?

Context: They carry genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

Question: how does it get damaged?

Answer: It can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens, which change the DNA sequence.

DNA [SEP] Damage

DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens, which change the DNA sequence. Mutagens include oxidizing agents, alkylating agents and also high-energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers, which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases. On the other hand, oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage, including base modifications, particularly of guanosine, and double-strand breaks. A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage. Of these oxidative lesions, the most dangerous are double-strand breaks, as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations, insertions, deletions from the DNA sequence, and chromosomal translocations.