Context: when was silver taken out of us coins

Context: when was this act enacted?

Context: July 23, 1965

Context: was there a shortage of coin?

Context: Yes.

Context: who minted the coin?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint

Context: how is the title iii—joint commission on the coinage related to this act?

Context: It was tasked to report on the implementation of the act, and make recommendations from time to time to the president, the Treasury Secretary, and Congress.

Question: what was this act's after-effect?

Answer: One of the effects was the Silver inventories at the Treasury continued to drop through 1966 as the government attempted to maintain the $1.2929 price of silver.

Explanation: The Mint began to strike the first of the 1965-dated clad coins, quarters, on August 23 of that year, making them the first U.S. coins to bear that date. By November 1965, with the Christmas shopping season beginning, the Fed had only 15 million of the old silver quarters in reserve. That month, though, the Mint released over 230 million of the new clad quarters, and stated that an equal number would be issued every month. This figure quadrupled the previous record monthly production. The new dime and half dollar were released in early 1966, a time when flowback to the Fed increased for all denominations being struck except the half dollar. That denomination failed to return to circulation, as they continued to be withdrawn. The Mint continued to strike 1964-dated silver pieces under the authority of the Coinage Act until 1966, when Secretary Fowler announced, "the coin shortage is over". In July 1966, the Treasury announced that coins struck after August 1, 1966, would bear the date o

Coinage Act of 1965 [SEP] Aftermath


Context: when was silver taken out of us coins

Context: when was this act enacted?

Context: July 23, 1965

Context: was there a shortage of coin?

Context: Yes.

Context: who minted the coin?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint

Context: what was this act's after-effect?

Context: One of the effects was the Silver inventories at the Treasury continued to drop through 1966 as the government attempted to maintain the $1.2929 price of silver.

Question: how is eisenhower related to this act?

Answer: Many in Congress wanted a new silver dollar, bearing the image of the recently deceased president, Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Explanation: With the end of the Coinage Act's five-year prohibition on the striking of silver dollars approaching in 1969 and 1970, many in Congress wanted a new silver dollar, bearing the image of the recently deceased president, Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Coinage Act of 1965 [SEP] Aftermath

Eisenhower. The melt value of the new part-silver half dollars had approached their face value, and in 1969, the Joint Commission recommended the elimination of that metal from the halves. The battle over whether to have silver in the proposed dollar proved contentious, and it was not until December 31, 1970, that President Richard Nixon signed legislation for a circulating half dollar and Eisenhower dollar, both silverless, with part-silver collector's versions of the dollar also authorized. The same bill authorized the sale of the remaining old silver dollars in government inventories, many from the Carson City Mint. The base metal dollar and half dollar were struck beginning in 1971.


Context: when was silver taken out of us coins

Context: when was this act enacted?

Context: July 23, 1965

Context: was there a shortage of coin?

Context: Yes.

Context: who minted the coin?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint

Context: what was this act's after-effect?

Context: how is eisenhower related to this act?

Context: Many in Congress wanted a new silver dollar, bearing the image of the recently deceased president, Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Abilene, Kansas.

Dwight D. Eisenhower [SEP] Introduction

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), GCB, OM was an American politician and soldier who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he became a five-star general in the Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of Normandy in 1944–45 from the Western Front. Eisenhower was born David Dwight Eisenhower, and raised in Abilene, Kansas, in a large family of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.


Context: when was silver taken out of us coins

Context: when was this act enacted?

Context: July 23, 1965

Context: was there a shortage of coin?

Context: Yes.

Context: who minted the coin?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint

Context: what was this act's after-effect?

Context: how is eisenhower related to this act?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Abilene, Kansas.

Question: was he into politics?

Answer: Yes.

Explanation: President Truman sensed a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, and he again pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat in 1951. But Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic Party and declared himself to be a Republican. A "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the public for him to be their president. Henry Cabot Lodge and others succeeded in convincing him, and he resigned his command at NATO in June 1952 to campaign full-time.

Dwight D. Eisenhower [SEP] Presidential campaign of 1952


Context: when was silver taken out of us coins

Context: when was this act enacted?

Context: July 23, 1965

Context: was there a shortage of coin?

Context: Yes.

Context: who minted the coin?

Context: United States Bureau of the Mint

Context: what was this act's after-effect?

Context: how is eisenhower related to this act?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Abilene, Kansas.

Context: was he into politics?

Context: Yes.

Question: which political party did he belong to?

Answer: Republican.

Explanation: But Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic Party and declared himself to be a Republican.


Question: atp synthase is an enzyme that carries out hydrolysis of atp

Answer: ATP synthase is the final enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In the closely related vacuolar type H+-ATPases, the hydrolysis reaction is used to acidify cellular compartments, by pumping protons and hydrolysing ATP.

Explanation:
ATP synthase, also called "complex V", is the final enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. This enzyme is found in all forms of life and functions in the same way in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The enzyme uses the energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate (P). Estimates of the number of protons required to synthesize one ATP have ranged from three to four, with some suggesting cells can vary this ratio, to suit different conditions.

This phosphorylation reaction is an equilibrium, which can be shifted by altering the proton-motive force. In the absence of a proton-motive force, the ATP synthase reaction will run from right to left, hydrolyzing ATP and pumping protons out of the matrix across the membrane. However, when the proton-motive force is high, the reaction is forced to run in the opposite direction; it proceeds from left to right, allowing protons to flow down their concentration gradient and turnin

Oxidative phosphorylation [SEP] ATP synthase (complex V)


Context: atp synthase is an enzyme that carries out hydrolysis of atp

Context: ATP synthase is the final enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In the closely related vacuolar type H+-ATPases, the hydrolysis reaction is used to acidify cellular compartments, by pumping protons and hydrolysing ATP.

Question: what is the process of the main topic?

Answer: Oxidative phosphorylation  is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Oxidative phosphorylation [SEP] Introduction

Oxidative phosphorylation (UK , US or electron transport-linked phosphorylation) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In most eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is so pervasive because the energy of the double bond of oxygen is so much higher than the energy of the double bond in carbon dioxide or in pairs of single bonds in organic molecules observed in alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen in redox reactions.


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: Oxidative phosphorylation  is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question: what is the kind of osmosis mentioned in the process?

Answer: Chemiosmosis

Explanation: The energy transferred by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called "electron transport". This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped when protons flow back across the membrane and down the potential energy gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. The ATP synthase uses the energy to transform adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate, in a phosphorylation reaction. The reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: what is the kind of osmosis mentioned in the process?

Context: Chemiosmosis

Question: what is it's theoretical mention?

Answer: A publication of the Chemiosmotic theory by Peter D. Mitchell

Explanation: For another twenty years, the mechanism by which ATP is generated remained mysterious, with scientists searching for an elusive "high-energy intermediate" that would link oxidation and phosphorylation reactions. This puzzle was solved by Peter D. Mitchell with the publication of the chemiosmotic theory in 1961. At first, this proposal was highly controversial, but it was slowly accepted and Mitchell was awarded a Nobel prize in 1978. Subsequent research concentrated on purifying and characterizing the enzymes involved, with major contributions being made by David E. Green on the complexes of the electron-transport chain, as well as Efraim Racker on the ATP synthase. A critical step towards solving the mechanism of the ATP synthase was provided by Paul D. Boyer, by his development in 1973 of the "binding change" mechanism, followed by his radical proposal of rotational catalysis in 1982. More recent work has included structural studies on the enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylatio

Oxidative phosphorylation [SEP] History

The field of oxidative phosphorylation began with the report in 1906 by Arthur Harden of a vital role for phosphate in cellular fermentation, but initially only sugar phosphates were known to be involved. However, in the early 1940s, the link between the oxidation of sugars and the generation of ATP was firmly established by Herman Kalckar, confirming the central role of ATP in energy transfer that had been proposed by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. Later, in 1949, Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that the coenzyme NADH linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of ATP.


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: Chemiosmosis

Context: what is it's theoretical mention?

Context: A publication of the Chemiosmotic theory by Peter D. Mitchell

Question: where was this scientist born?

Answer: Mitcham, Surrey in England

Peter D. Mitchell [SEP] Education and early life

Mitchell was born in Mitcham, Surrey on 29 September 1920. His parents were Christopher Gibbs Mitchell, a civil servant, and Kate Beatrice Dorothy (née) Taplin. His uncle was Sir Godfrey Way Mitchell, chairman of George Wimpey. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton and Jesus College, Cambridge where he studied the Natural Sciences Tripos specialising in Biochemistry. He was appointed a research post in the Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge, in 1942, and was awarded a Ph.D. in early 1951 for work on the mode of action of penicillin.


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: Chemiosmosis

Context: what is it's theoretical mention?

Context: where was this scientist born?

Context: Mitcham, Surrey in England

Question: what is the historical importance of this place?

Answer: The Anglo-Saxon graveyard on the north bank of the Wandle is the largest discovered to date; The Church of England parish church of St Peter and St Paul dates from the early Kingdom of England.

Explanation:
The toponym "Mitcham" is Old English in origin and means "big settlement". Before the Romans and Saxons were present, stood a Celtic settlement, with evidence of a hill fort in the Pollards Hill area. The discovery of Roman-era graves and a well on the site of the Mitcham gasplant evince Roman settlement. The Anglo-Saxon graveyard on the north bank of the Wandle is the largest discovered to date, and many of the finds therein are on display in the British Museum. Scholars such as Myres have suggested that Mitcham and other Thames plain settlements were some of the first populated by the Anglo-Saxons.

What became the parish lands could have hosted the Battle of Merton, 871, in which King Ethelred of Wessex was either mortally wounded or killed outright. The Church of England parish church of St Peter and St Paul dates from the early Kingdom of England. Mostly rebuilt in 1819–1821, the current building retains the original Saxon tower. The Domesday Book of 1086 lists Mitcham as a small

Mitcham [SEP] History


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: Chemiosmosis

Context: what is it's theoretical mention?

Context: where was this scientist born?

Context: Mitcham, Surrey in England

Context: what is the historical importance of this place?

Context: The Anglo-Saxon graveyard on the north bank of the Wandle is the largest discovered to date; The Church of England parish church of St Peter and St Paul dates from the early Kingdom of England.

Question: what is the history of the above mentioned community?

Answer: The early Anglo-Saxon period covers the history of medieval Britain that starts from the end of Roman rule. It is a period widely known in European history as the Migration Period

Anglo-Saxons [SEP] Early Anglo-Saxon history (410–660)

The early Anglo-Saxon period covers the history of medieval Britain that starts from the end of Roman rule. It is a period widely known in European history as the Migration Period, also the "Völkerwanderung" ("migration of peoples" in German). This was a period of intensified human migration in Europe from about 375 to 800. The migrants were Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Lombards, Suebi, Frisii, and Franks; they were later pushed westwards by the Huns, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars, and Alans. The migrants to Britain might also have included the Huns and Rugini. Until AD 400, Roman Britain, the province of "Britannia", was an integral, flourishing part of the Western Roman Empire, occasionally disturbed by internal rebellions or barbarian attacks, which were subdued or repelled by the large contingent of imperial troops stationed in the province.


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: Chemiosmosis

Context: what is it's theoretical mention?

Context: where was this scientist born?

Context: Mitcham, Surrey in England

Context: what is the history of the above mentioned community?

Context: The early Anglo-Saxon period covers the history of medieval Britain that starts from the end of Roman rule. It is a period widely known in European history as the Migration Period

Question: when was this period?

Answer: The period in Britain between about 450 and 1066

Anglo-Saxons [SEP] Introduction

The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited England from the 5th century. They comprised people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language. The Anglo-Saxons established the Kingdom of England, and the modern English language owes almost half of its words – including the most common words of everyday speech – to their language. Historically, the Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period in Britain between about 450 and 1066, after their initial settlement and up until the Norman Conquest. The early Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an English nation, with many of the aspects that survive today, including regional government of shires and hundreds.


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: Chemiosmosis

Context: what is it's theoretical mention?

Context: where was this scientist born?

Context: Mitcham, Surrey in England

Context: when was this period?

Context: The period in Britain between about 450 and 1066

Question: what was the religion then?

Answer: Christianity but in the 5th/6th centuries it was dominated by pagan religious beliefs

Explanation: Although Christianity dominates the religious history of the Anglo-Saxons, life in the 5th/6th centuries was dominated by pagan religious beliefs with a Scandinavian-Germanic heritage.

Anglo-Saxons [SEP] Religion and the church

A sixth-century grave near Lakenheath, Suffolk, yielded the body of a man next to that of a complete horse in harness, with a bucket of food by its head.


Context: what is the process of the main topic?

Context: Chemiosmosis

Context: what is it's theoretical mention?

Context: where was this scientist born?

Context: Mitcham, Surrey in England

Context: when was this period?

Context: what was the religion then?

Context: Christianity but in the 5th/6th centuries it was dominated by pagan religious beliefs

Question: what is the architectural specialty of this place?

Answer: Early Anglo-Saxon buildings in Britain were generally simple, not using masonry except in foundations but constructed mainly using timber with thatch roofing.

Explanation:
Early Anglo-Saxon buildings in Britain were generally simple, not using masonry except in foundations but constructed mainly using timber with thatch roofing. Generally preferring not to settle within the old Roman cities, the Anglo-Saxons built small towns near their centres of agriculture, at fords in rivers, or near natural ports. In each town, a main hall was in the centre, provided with a central hearth.

Only ten of the hundreds of settlement sites that have been excavated in England from this period have revealed masonry domestic structures and confined to a few specific contexts. Timber was the natural building medium of the age: the Anglo-Saxon word for "building" is "timbe". Unlike in the Carolingian world, late Anglo-Saxon royal halls continued to be of timber in the manner of Yeavering centuries before, even though the king could clearly have mustered the resources to build in stone. Their preference must have been a conscious choice, perhaps an expression of deeply–embedde

Anglo-Saxons [SEP] Architecture


Question: what was the main job in the new england region

Answer: Jobs in the fields of education, medicine, medical research, high-technology, finance, and tourism.

Explanation:
The region lost most of its factories starting with the loss of textiles in the 1930s and getting worse after 1960. The New England economy was radically transformed after World War II. The factory economy practically disappeared. Like urban centers in the Rust Belt, once-bustling New England communities fell into economic decay following the flight of the region's industrial base. The textile mills one by one went out of business from the 1920s to the 1970s. For example, the Crompton Company, after 178 years in business, went bankrupt in 1984, costing the jobs of 2,450 workers in five states. The major reasons were cheap imports, the strong dollar, declining exports, and a failure to diversify. The shoe industry subsequently left the region as well.

What remains is very high technology manufacturing, such as jet engines, nuclear submarines, pharmaceuticals, robotics, scientific instruments, and medical devices. MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) invented the format for u

New England [SEP] 20th century and beyond

The flow of immigrants continued at a steady pace from the 1840s until cut off by World War I. The largest numbers came from Ireland and Britain before 1890, and after that from Quebec, Italy, and Southern Europe. The immigrants filled the ranks of factory workers, craftsmen, and unskilled laborers. The Irish assumed a larger and larger role in the Democratic Party in the cities and statewide, while the rural areas remained Republican. Yankees left the farms, which never were highly productive; many headed west, while others became professionals and businessmen in the New England cities. The Great Depression in the United States of the 1930s hit the region hard, with high unemployment in the industrial cities.


Context: what was the main job in the new england region

Context: Jobs in the fields of education, medicine, medical research, high-technology, finance, and tourism.

Question: from where did "massachusetts" get its name?

Answer: From a Wôpanâak word "muswachasut", segmented as "mus(ây)" "big" + "wach8" "mountain" + "-s" "diminutive" + -"ut" "locative" (the '8' in these words refers to the 'oo' sound according to the Wôpanâak orthographic chart).

Massachusetts [SEP] Etymology

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the indigenous population, the Massachusett, whose name likely derived from a Wôpanâak word "muswachasut", segmented as "mus(ây)" "big" + "wach8" "mountain" + "-s" "diminutive" + -"ut" "locative" (the '8' in these words refers to the 'oo' sound according to the Wôpanâak orthographic chart). It has been translated as "near the great hill", "by the blue hills", "at the little big hill", or "at the range of hills", referring to the Blue Hills, or in particular the Great Blue Hill, which is located on the boundary of Milton and Canton. Alternatively, "Massachusett" has been represented as "Moswetuset"—from the name of the Moswetuset Hummock (meaning "hill shaped like an arrowhead") in Quincy, where Plymouth Colony commander Myles Standish (a hired English military officer) and Squanto (a member of the now disappeared Patuxet band of the Wampanoag peoples) met Chief Chickatawbut in 1621.


Context: from where did "massachusetts" get its name?

Context: From a Wôpanâak word "muswachasut", segmented as "mus(ây)" "big" + "wach8" "mountain" + "-s" "diminutive" + -"ut" "locative" (the '8' in these words refers to the 'oo' sound according to the Wôpanâak orthographic chart).

Question: how are the taxes over there?

Answer: State and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st-highest

Explanation: Depending on how it is calculated, state and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st-highest (11.44% or $6,163 per year for a household with nationwide median income) or 25th-highest overall with below-average corporate taxes (39th-highest), above-average personal income taxes, (13th-highest), above-average sales tax (18th-highest), and below-average property taxes (46th-highest). In the 1970s, the Commonwealth ranked as a relatively high-tax state, gaining the pejorative nickname "Taxachusetts". This was followed by a round of tax limitations during the 1980s—a conservative period in American politics—including Proposition 2½.

Massachusetts [SEP] Taxation

There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%, and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%. An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year. The state imposes a 6.25% sales tax on retail sales of tangible personal property—except for groceries, clothing (up to $175.00), and periodicals. The sales tax is charged on clothing that costs more than $175.00, for the amount exceeding $175.00. Massachusetts also charges a use tax when goods are bought from other states and the vendor does not remit Massachusetts sales tax; taxpayers report and pay this on their income tax forms or dedicated forms, though there are "safe harbor" amounts that can be paid without tallying up actual purchases (except for purchases over $1,000).


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: State and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st-highest

Question: name a few notable previous century politicians?

Answer: John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Ted Kennedy

Explanation: The Kennedy family was prominent in Massachusetts politics in the 20th century. Children of businessman and ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. included John F. Kennedy, who was a senator and U.S. president before his assassination in 1963, Robert F. Kennedy, who was a senator, U.S. attorney general, and presidential candidate before his assassination in 1968, Ted Kennedy, a senator from 1962 until his death in 2009, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, a co-founder of the Special Olympics. In 1966, Massachusetts became the first state to directly elect an African American to the U.S. senate with Edward Brooke. George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (1989–1993) was born in Milton in 1924. Other notable Bay State politicians on the national level included John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House in the 1960s, and Tip O'Neill, whose service as Speaker of the House from 1977 to 1987 was the longest continuous tenure in United States history.

Massachusetts [SEP] Notable 20th century politicians


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: name a few notable previous century politicians?

Context: John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Ted Kennedy

Question: is the third person related to the first person?

Answer: Yes - Ted Kennedy and John F. Kennedy are brothers

Ted Kennedy [SEP] Introduction

Edward Moore Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was an American politician and lawyer who served as a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts for almost 47 years, from 1962 until his death in 2009. A member of the Democratic Party and the Kennedy political family, he was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and is the fourth-longest-continuously-serving senator in United States history. Kennedy was a brother of President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy and was the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. After attending Harvard University and receiving his law degree from the University of Virginia, he began his career as an assistant district attorney in Suffolk County, Massachusetts.


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: is the third person related to the first person?

Context: Yes - Ted Kennedy and John F. Kennedy are brothers

Question: in what way was he involved in politics?

Answer: Ted Kennedy served as a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts for almost 47 years

Ted Kennedy [SEP] Introduction

Kennedy played a major role in passing many laws, including the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the National Cancer Act of 1971, the COBRA health insurance provision, the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Ryan White AIDS Care Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Mental Health Parity Act, the S-CHIP children's health program, the No Child Left Behind Act, and the Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act. During the 2000s, he led several unsuccessful immigration reform efforts. Over the course of his Senate career, Kennedy made efforts to enact universal health care, which he called the "cause of my life." By the later years of his life, Kennedy had come to be viewed as a major figure and spokesman for American progressivism.


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: in what way was he involved in politics?

Context: Ted Kennedy served as a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts for almost 47 years

Question: can you name a few educational institutes present in massachusetts?

Answer: Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University

Explanation: Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education. Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general. In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities currently rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of "U.S. News and World Report": Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five "U.S. News and World Report"s best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4). The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed "UMass") features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst, which enrolls more than 25,000.

Massachusetts [SEP] Education

In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by "U.S. News & World Report". Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647, and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education which was established in 1852. Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639), its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635), its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763), its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636), and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: can you name a few educational institutes present in massachusetts?

Context: Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University

Question: is the second institute known as mit?

Answer: Yes

Massachusetts Institute of Technology [SEP] Introduction

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The institute is a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant university, with an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) alongside the Charles River. The institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Bates Center, and the Haystack Observatory, as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering.


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: is the second institute known as mit?

Context: Yes

Question: what are some graduate programs offered by mit?

Answer: humanities, social sciences, STEM fields, oceanography

Massachusetts Institute of Technology [SEP] Graduate program

MIT's graduate program has high coexistence with the undergraduate program, and many courses are taken by qualified students at both levels. MIT offers a comprehensive doctoral program with degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees. The Institute offers graduate programs leading to academic degrees such as the Master of Science (which is abbreviated as SM at MIT), various Engineer's Degrees, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), and Doctor of Science (ScD) and interdisciplinary graduate programs such as the MD-PhD (with Harvard Medical School) and a joint program in oceanography with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program.


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: is the second institute known as mit?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some graduate programs offered by mit?

Context: humanities, social sciences, STEM fields, oceanography

Question: what is the third program?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: is the second institute known as mit?

Context: Yes

Context: what is the third program?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: are there any companies in collaboration with mit?

Answer: Yes - MIT's proximity to Harvard University has led to a substantial number of research collaborations such as the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the Broad Institute

Explanation: MIT's proximity to Harvard University ("the other school up the river") has led to a substantial number of research collaborations such as the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the Broad Institute. In addition, students at the two schools can cross-register for credits toward their own school's degrees without any additional fees. A cross-registration program between MIT and Wellesley College has also existed since 1969, and in 2002 the Cambridge–MIT Institute launched an undergraduate exchange program between MIT and the University of Cambridge. MIT also has a long term partnership with Imperial College London, for both student exchanges and research collaboration. More modest cross-registration programs have been established with Boston University, Brandeis University, Tufts University, Massachusetts College of Art and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology [SEP] Collaborations

The university historically pioneered research and training collaborations between academia, industry and government. In 1946, President Compton, Harvard Business School professor Georges Doriot, and Massachusetts Investor Trust chairman Merrill Grisswold founded American Research and Development Corporation, the first American venture-capital firm. In 1948, Compton established the MIT Industrial Liaison Program. Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians and business leaders accused MIT and other universities of contributing to a declining economy by transferring taxpayer-funded research and technology to international – especially Japanese – firms that were competing with struggling American businesses. On the other hand, MIT's extensive collaboration with the federal government on research projects has led to several MIT leaders serving as presidential scientific advisers since 1940.


Context: how are the taxes over there?

Context: is the second institute known as mit?

Context: Yes

Context: what is the third program?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there any companies in collaboration with mit?

Context: Yes - MIT's proximity to Harvard University has led to a substantial number of research collaborations such as the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the Broad Institute

Question: describe the reforms mit has done in its curriculum?

Answer: To emphasize the importance of pure sciences and reduced the vocational practice required in shops and drafting studios. The Compton reforms "renewed confidence in the ability of the Institute to develop leadership in science as well as in engineering".

Massachusetts Institute of Technology [SEP] Curricular reforms

In the 1930s, President Karl Taylor Compton and Vice-President (effectively Provost) Vannevar Bush emphasized the importance of pure sciences like physics and chemistry and reduced the vocational practice required in shops and drafting studios. The Compton reforms "renewed confidence in the ability of the Institute to develop leadership in science as well as in engineering". Unlike Ivy League schools, MIT catered more to middle-class families, and depended more on tuition than on endowments or grants for its funding. The school was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1934. Still, as late as 1949, the Lewis Committee lamented in its report on the state of education at MIT that "the Institute is widely conceived as basically a vocational school", a "partly unjustified" perception the committee sought to change.


Question: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Answer: It is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld.

Gas tungsten arc welding [SEP] Introduction

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area and electrode is protected from oxidation or other atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas (argon or helium), and a filler metal is normally used, though some welds, known as "autogenous welds", or "fusion welds" do not require it. When helium is used, this is known as heliarc welding. A constant-current welding power supply produces electrical energy, which is conducted across the arc through a column of highly ionized gas and metal vapors known as a plasma.


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: It is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld.

Question: is there a gas used in this welding process?

Answer: Yes, shielding gas

Gas tungsten arc welding [SEP] Shielding gas

As with other welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, shielding gases are necessary in GTAW to protect the welding area from atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, which can cause fusion defects, porosity, and weld metal embrittlement if they come in contact with the electrode, the arc, or the welding metal. The gas also transfers heat from the tungsten electrode to the metal, and it helps start and maintain a stable arc. The selection of a shielding gas depends on several factors, including the type of material being welded, joint design, and desired final weld appearance. Argon is the most commonly used shielding gas for GTAW, since it helps prevent defects due to a varying arc length.


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: is there a gas used in this welding process?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Question: what specific gas is used?

Answer: Helium

When used with alternating current, argon shielding results in high weld quality and good appearance. Another common shielding gas, helium, is most often used to increase the weld penetration in a joint, to increase the welding speed, and to weld metals with high heat conductivity, such as copper and aluminum. A significant disadvantage is the difficulty of striking an arc with helium gas, and the decreased weld quality associated with a varying arc length. Argon-helium mixtures are also frequently utilized in GTAW, since they can increase control of the heat input while maintaining the benefits of using argon. Normally, the mixtures are made with primarily helium (often about 75% or higher) and a balance of argon.


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Context: what specific gas is used?

Context: Helium

Question: why are such gases used in this process?

Answer: To protect the welding area from atmospheric gases.

Explanation: As with other welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, shielding gases are necessary in GTAW to protect the welding area from atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, which can cause fusion defects, porosity, and weld metal embrittlement if they come in contact with the electrode, the arc, or the welding metal. The gas also transfers heat from the tungsten electrode to the metal, and it helps start and maintain a stable arc.


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Context: what specific gas is used?

Context: Helium

Context: why are such gases used in this process?

Context: To protect the welding area from atmospheric gases.

Question: what are some of the applications of this process?

Answer: Its used in welding thin workpieces, manufacture of space vehicles, bicycle industry, etc.

Gas tungsten arc welding [SEP] Applications

While the aerospace industry is one of the primary users of gas tungsten arc welding, the process is used in a number of other areas. Many industries use GTAW for welding thin workpieces, especially nonferrous metals. It is used extensively in the manufacture of space vehicles, and is also frequently employed to weld small-diameter, thin-wall tubing such as that used in the bicycle industry. In addition, GTAW is often used to make root or first-pass welds for piping of various sizes. In maintenance and repair work, the process is commonly used to repair tools and dies, especially components made of aluminum and magnesium.


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Context: what specific gas is used?

Context: Helium

Context: what are some of the applications of this process?

Context: Its used in welding thin workpieces, manufacture of space vehicles, bicycle industry, etc.

Question: what is that electrode which is used in this process made up of?

Answer: Tungsten


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Context: what specific gas is used?

Context: Helium

Context: what is that electrode which is used in this process made up of?

Context: Tungsten

Question: what is the melting point of this substance?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Context: what specific gas is used?

Context: Helium

Context: Tungsten

Context: what is the melting point of this substance?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you name a few alloys from the substance mentioned above?

Answer: High speed steel and quenched (martensitic) tungsten steel.

Tungsten [SEP] Alloys

The hardness and density of tungsten are applied in obtaining heavy metal alloys. A good example is high speed steel, which can contain as much as 18% tungsten. Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like rocket nozzles, for example in the UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile. Tungsten alloys are used in a wide range of applications, including the aerospace and automotive industries and radiation shielding. Superalloys containing tungsten, such as Hastelloy and Stellite, are used in turbine blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings. Quenched (martensitic) tungsten steel (approx. 5.5% to 7.0% W with 0.5% to 0.7% C) was used for making hard permanent magnets, due to its high remanence and coercivity, as noted by John Hopkinson (1849–1898) as early as 1886.


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Context: what specific gas is used?

Context: Helium

Context: Tungsten

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you name a few alloys from the substance mentioned above?

Context: High speed steel and quenched (martensitic) tungsten steel.

Question: which country holds the largest producer of that substance?

Answer: China

Explanation: China remains the world's leader not only in production, but also in export and consumption of tungsten products.

Tungsten [SEP] Production

The tungsten production gradually increases outside China because of the rising demand. Meanwhile, its supply by China is strictly regulated by the Chinese Government, which fights illegal mining and excessive pollution originating from mining and refining processes. Tungsten is considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


Context: what is gas tungsten arc welding?

Context: Yes, shielding gas

Context: what specific gas is used?

Context: Helium

Context: Tungsten

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which country holds the largest producer of that substance?

Context: China

Question: can you name a few ores in which that substance occurs?

Answer: Wolframite and scheelite

Explanation: Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite.

Tungsten [SEP] Introduction

It also has the highest boiling point, at . Its density is 19.25 times that of water, comparable with that of uranium and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead. Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material (under standard conditions, when uncombined), making it difficult to work. However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw. Tungsten's many alloys have numerous applications, including incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes (as both the filament and target), electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten's hardness and high density give it military applications in penetrating projectiles.


Question: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Answer: Fructose

Explanation: fructose

Sugar [SEP] Sources

The sugar contents of common fruits and vegetables are presented in Table 1. The fructose to fructose plus glucose ratio is calculated by including the fructose and glucose coming from the sucrose. In November 2019, scientists reported detecting, for the first time, sugar molecules, including ribose, in meteorites, suggesting that chemical processes on asteroids can produce some fundamentally essential bio-ingredients important to life, and supporting the notion of an RNA World prior to a DNA-based origin of life on Earth, and possibly, as well, the notion of panspermia.


Context:
where does the sugar in fruit come from
Fructose

Question: where did it get its name from?

Answer: Sanskrit ("śarkarā"), meaning "ground or candied sugar", came Persian "shakar".

Sugar [SEP] Etymology

The etymology reflects the spread of the commodity. From Sanskrit ("śarkarā"), meaning "ground or candied sugar", came Persian "shakar", then to 12th century French "sucre" and the English "sugar". The English word "jaggery", a coarse brown sugar made from date palm sap or sugarcane juice, has a similar etymological origin: Portuguese "jágara" from the Malayalam "cakkarā", which is from the Sanskrit "śarkarā".


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: Sanskrit ("śarkarā"), meaning "ground or candied sugar", came Persian "shakar".

Question: does it cause tooth decay?

Answer: Yes, in 2003 WHO report stated that "Sugars are undoubtedly the most important dietary factor in the development of dental caries".

Sugar [SEP] Tooth decay

The 2003 WHO report stated that "Sugars are undoubtedly the most important dietary factor in the development of dental caries". A review of human studies showed that the incidence of caries is lower when sugar intake is less than 10% of total energy consumed.


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: does it cause tooth decay?

Context: Yes, in 2003 WHO report stated that "Sugars are undoubtedly the most important dietary factor in the development of dental caries".

Question: how is it obtained?

Answer: They are common in fruits and vegetables.

Explanation: common fruits and vegetables

Sugar [SEP] Sources


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: does it cause tooth decay?

Context: how is it obtained?

Context: They are common in fruits and vegetables.

Question: how is it associated with sugarcane?

Answer: They have been cultivated in tropical climates in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over centuries for the sucrose found in their stems.

Sugar [SEP] Sugarcane

Global production of sugarcane in 2016 was 1.9 billion tonnes, with Brazil producing 41% of the world total and India 18% (table). Sugarcane refers to any of several species, or their hybrids, of giant grasses in the genus "Saccharum" in the family Poaceae. They have been cultivated in tropical climates in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over centuries for the sucrose found in their stems. A great expansion in sugarcane production took place in the 18th century with the establishment of slave plantations in the Americas. The use of slavery for the labor-intensive process resulted in sugar production, enabling prices cheap enough for most people to buy.


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: does it cause tooth decay?

Context: how is it obtained?

Context: how is it associated with sugarcane?

Context: They have been cultivated in tropical climates in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over centuries for the sucrose found in their stems.

Question: what other health issues does it create?

Answer: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity etc

Explanation: obesity and metabolic syndrome

Sugar [SEP] Obesity and metabolic syndrome

A 2003 World Health Organization technical report provided evidence that high intake of sugary drinks (including fruit juice) increased the risk of obesity by adding to overall energy intake. By itself, sugar is not a factor causing obesity and metabolic syndrome, but rather – when over-consumed – is a component of unhealthy dietary behavior. Meta-analyses showed that excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increased the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome – including weight gain and obesity – in adults and children.


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: does it cause tooth decay?

Context: how is it obtained?

Context: how is it associated with sugarcane?

Context: what other health issues does it create?

Context: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity etc

Question: how is the first disease classified?

Answer: It is defined by body mass index (BMI).

Explanation: It is defined by body mass index (BMI)

Obesity [SEP] Classification

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors. BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat. In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: does it cause tooth decay?

Context: how is it obtained?

Context: how is it associated with sugarcane?

Context: how is the first disease classified?

Context: It is defined by body mass index (BMI).

Question: what are its causes?

Answer: A combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity, while some are genetic, medical reasons or psychiatric illness etc

Obesity [SEP] Causes

At an individual level, a combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity is thought to explain most cases of obesity. A limited number of cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness. In contrast, increasing rates of obesity at a societal level are felt to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet, increased reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing. A 2006 review identified ten other possible contributors to the recent increase of obesity: (1) insufficient sleep, (2) endocrine disruptors (environmental pollutants that interfere with lipid metabolism), (3) decreased variability in ambient temperature, (4) decreased rates of smoking, because smoking suppresses appetite, (5) increased use of medications that can cause weight gain (e.g., atypical antipsychotics), (6) proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that tend to be heavier, (7) pregnancy at a later age (which may cause susceptibility to obesity in children), (8) epigenetic risk factors passed on generationally, (9) natural selection for higher BMI, and (10) assortative mating leading to increased concentration of obesity risk factors (this would increase the number of obese people by increasing population variance in weight).


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: does it cause tooth decay?

Context: how is it obtained?

Context: how is it associated with sugarcane?

Context: how is the first disease classified?

Context: It is defined by body mass index (BMI).

Context: what are its causes?

Context: A combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity, while some are genetic, medical reasons or psychiatric illness etc

Question: how is it associated with genetics?

Answer: Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factor and Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present.

Obesity [SEP] Genetics

Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. As of 2006, more than 41 of these sites on the human genome have been linked to the development of obesity when a favorable environment is present. People with two copies of the FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated gene) have been found on average to weigh 3–4 kg more and have a 1.67-fold greater risk of obesity compared with those without the risk allele.


Context: where does the sugar in fruit come from

Context: Fructose

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: does it cause tooth decay?

Context: how is it obtained?

Context: how is it associated with sugarcane?

Context: how is the first disease classified?

Context: It is defined by body mass index (BMI).

Context: what are its causes?

Context: how is it associated with genetics?

Context: Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factor and Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present.

Question: what impact does it have in terms of economy?

Answer: It  leads to many problems including disadvantages in employment and increased business costs.

Obesity [SEP] Economic impact

In addition to its health impacts, obesity leads to many problems including disadvantages in employment and increased business costs. These effects are felt by all levels of society from individuals, to corporations, to governments. In 2005, the medical costs attributable to obesity in the US were an estimated $190.2 billion or 20.6% of all medical expenditures, while the cost of obesity in Canada was estimated at CA$2 billion in 1997 (2.4% of total health costs). The total annual direct cost of overweight and obesity in Australia in 2005 was A$21 billion. Overweight and obese Australians also received A$35.6 billion in government subsidies.


Question: what was the last time someone walked on the moon

Answer: December 12, 1972

Apollo 17 [SEP] Lunar surface

The crew deployed the ALSEP just west of the landing site. This task done, they departed for the first geological survey station: Steno crater to the south of the landing site. The astronauts gathered of samples, took seven gravimeter measurements, and deployed two explosive packages. The latter were detonated remotely to test geophones placed by the astronauts, and also seismometers left during previous missions. The EVA ended after seven hours and twelve minutes. On December 12, awakened by "Ride of the Valkyries", Cernan and Schmitt began their second lunar excursion. First, the rover's fender needed a better fix. Overnight, the flight controllers devised a procedure communicated by John Young: taping four cronopaque maps together and clamping the "replacement fender extension" onto the fender.


Context: what was the last time someone walked on the moon

Context: December 12, 1972

Question: how is apollo 17 related to the moon voyage?

Answer: It was the final Moon landing mission of NASA's Apollo program and remains the most recent time humans have travelled beyond low Earth orbit

Apollo 17 [SEP] Introduction

Apollo 17 (December 7–19, 1972) was the final Moon landing mission of NASA's Apollo program, and remains the most recent time humans have travelled beyond low Earth orbit. Its crew consisted of Commander Eugene Cernan, Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt, and Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and it carried a biological experiment containing five mice. Launched at 12:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7, 1972, Apollo 17 was a "J-type mission" that included three days on the lunar surface, extended scientific capability, and the use of the third Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). Cernan and Schmitt landed in the Taurus–Littrow valley and completed three moonwalks, taking lunar samples and deploying scientific instruments.


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: how is apollo 17 related to the moon voyage?

Context: It was the final Moon landing mission of NASA's Apollo program and remains the most recent time humans have travelled beyond low Earth orbit

Question: where were the crew members?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Apollo 17 [SEP] Introduction


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who were the crew members?

Answer: Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt

Explanation:
n 1969, NASA announced that the backup crew of Apollo 14, slated to fly in 1971, would be Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and former X-15 pilot Joe Engle (whose 16 flights in the X-15 had thrice taken him past the border of space). Because the Apollo program generally slated a backup crew to fly as prime crew three missions later, Cernan, Evans, and Engle were in line to be prime crew of Apollo 17. Meanwhile, Harrison Schmitt—a professional geologist—was assigned to the backup crew of Apollo 15 and slated to fly as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 18.

However, Apollo 18 was cancelled in September 1970. The scientific community subsequently pressed NASA to find a way to assign a geologist—and not just a pilot with geology training—to an Apollo landing. So NASA assigned Schmitt as the Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 17, bumping astronaut Curt Michel, who had a Ph.D in physics.

That opened the question of who would fill the other two Apollo 17 slots: the rest of the Apollo 15 backup crew (Dick Go

Apollo 17 [SEP] Crew

In 1969, NASA announced that the backup crew of Apollo 14, slated to fly in 1971, would be Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and former X-15 pilot Joe Engle (whose 16 flights in the X-15 had thrice taken him past the border of space). Because the Apollo program generally slated a backup crew to fly as prime crew three missions later, Cernan, Evans, and Engle were in line to be prime crew of Apollo 17. Meanwhile, Harrison Schmitt—a professional geologist—was assigned to the backup crew of Apollo 15 and slated to fly as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 18. However, Apollo 18 was cancelled in September 1970.


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt

Question: what items did they carry onboard?

Answer: A small Panamanian flag

Apollo 17 [SEP] Items onboard

The crew of Apollo 17 carried a small Panamanian flag to the Moon during the mission. In 1973, U.S. President Richard Nixon gave the flag and a Moon rock to the government of Panama.


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Question: was this mission referred in any work of art?

Answer: Yes. HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon" episode entitled "Le Voyage dans la Lune",  novel "Back to the Moon" and novel "Tyrannosaur Canyon"

Explanation:
Portions of the Apollo 17 mission are dramatized in the 1998 HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon" episode entitled "Le Voyage dans la Lune."

The prologue to the 1999 novel "Back to the Moon", by Homer Hickam, begins with a dramatized depiction of the end of the second Apollo 17 EVA. The orange soil then becomes the major driver of the plot of the rest of the story.

The 2005 novel "Tyrannosaur Canyon" by Douglas Preston opens with a depiction of the Apollo 17 moonwalks using quotes taken from the official mission transcript.

Apollo 17 [SEP] Depiction of mission in fiction and popular culture


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: was this mission referred in any work of art?

Context: Yes. HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon" episode entitled "Le Voyage dans la Lune",  novel "Back to the Moon" and novel "Tyrannosaur Canyon"

Question: what is the genre of the last mentioned novel?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: what is the genre of the last mentioned novel?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you tell me something about the region whose flag is carried on the voyage?

Answer: It is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America

Panama [SEP] Introduction

Panama ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Panama (), is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's /1e6 round 0 million people. Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela.


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you tell me something about the region whose flag is carried on the voyage?

Context: It is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America

Question: do they follow any culture which is not followed elsewhere?

Answer: Dance is typical of the diverse cultures in Panama

Panama [SEP] Culture

The culture of Panama derives from European music, art and traditions brought by the Spanish to Panama. Hegemonic forces have created hybrid forms blending African and Native American culture with European culture. For example, the "tamborito" is a Spanish dance with African rhythms, themes and dance moves. Dance is typical of the diverse cultures in Panama. The local folklore can be experienced at a multitude of festivals, through dances and traditions handed down from generation to generation. Local cities host live "reggae en español", "reggaeton", "haitiano (compas)", jazz, blues, "salsa", reggae, and rock music performances.


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they follow any culture which is not followed elsewhere?

Context: Dance is typical of the diverse cultures in Panama

Question: any specific name of the dance art?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Panama [SEP] Culture


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any specific name of the dance art?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how exceptional are their clothing?

Answer: Panamanian men's traditional clothing, called "montuno", consists of white cotton shirts, trousers and woven straw hats

Panama [SEP] Traditional clothing

Panamanian men's traditional clothing, called "montuno", consists of white cotton shirts, trousers and woven straw hats. The traditional women's clothing is the "pollera". It originated in Spain in the 16th century, and by the early 1800s it was typical in Panama, worn by female servants, especially wet nurses ("De Zarate" 5). Later, it was adopted by upper-class women. A "pollera" is made of "cambric" or "fine linen" (Baker 177). It is white, and is usually about 13 yards of material.


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any specific name of the dance art?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how exceptional are their clothing?

Context: Panamanian men's traditional clothing, called "montuno", consists of white cotton shirts, trousers and woven straw hats

Question: do you know any touristic attraction of the country?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Panama [SEP] Traditional clothing


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any specific name of the dance art?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how exceptional are their clothing?

Context: do you know any touristic attraction of the country?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how is international business enhanced there?

Answer: The high levels of Panamanian trade are in large part from the Colón Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in the Western Hemisphere

Panama [SEP] International trade

The high levels of Panamanian trade are in large part from the Colón Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in the Western Hemisphere. Last year the zone accounted for 92 percent of Panama's exports and 64 percent of its imports, according to an analysis of figures from the Colon zone management and estimates of Panama's trade by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Panama's economy is also very much supported by the trade and export of coffee and other agricultural products. The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between the governments of the United States and Panama was signed on October 27, 1982.


Context: December 12, 1972

Context: where were the crew members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: what items did they carry onboard?

Context: A small Panamanian flag

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any specific name of the dance art?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how exceptional are their clothing?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is international business enhanced there?

Context: The high levels of Panamanian trade are in large part from the Colón Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in the Western Hemisphere

Question: do they carry out multiple trades there?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Panama [SEP] International trade


Question: who sang the original i can only imagine

Answer: Bart Millard

I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song) [SEP] Introduction

"I Can Only Imagine" is a song by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead singer Bart Millard, it was originally recorded for the band's 1999 independent album "The Worship Project" before being included on their 2001 major-label debut album "Almost There". The song was the last to be written for "The Worship Project"; in writing it, Millard drew upon his thoughts about his father's death. Lyrically, it imagines what it would be like to be in front of God in heaven; it opens with just a piano before building to include guitar and drums. After being released on October 12, 2001, as the second single from "Almost There", "I Can Only Imagine" became a major success on Christian radio; it spent two weeks at No.


Context: who sang the original i can only imagine

Context: Bart Millard

Question: who wrote the lyrics?

Answer: Bart Millard

Explanation: "I Can Only Imagine" is a song by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead singer Bart Millard, it was originally recorded for the band's 1999 independent album "The Worship Project" before being included on their 2001 major-label debut album "A


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Question: what is the genre of this track?

Answer: Afterlife

Explanation: Millard drew upon his thoughts about his father's death. Lyrically, it imagines what it would be like to be in front of God in heaven; it opens with just a piano before building to include guitar and drums.


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Question: is there a music video created for this track?

Answer: Yes

I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song) [SEP] Music video

A music video was released for "I Can Only Imagine". According to Millard, the video's inspiration came from seeing people holding empty picture frames at their concerts, symbolizing their deceased loved ones. Millard said that the "I've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they've lost. These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that". The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait, Tammy Trent, Bob Herdman, and Jesse Katina, each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father's photograph.


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: is there a music video created for this track?

Context: Yes

Question: what does the video depict?

Answer: The video features everyday people as well as several music artists each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones.

Explanation: The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait, Tammy Trent, Bob Herdman, and Jesse Katina, each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father's photograph.


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: The video features everyday people as well as several music artists each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones.

Question: which places was it filmed?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what was the response of the critics for this track?

Answer: Steve Losey of AllMusic praised it as being "passionate" and "emotionally compelling

I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song) [SEP] Critical reception

Critical reception for "I Can Only Imagine" was positive. Steve Losey of AllMusic praised it as being "passionate" and "emotionally compelling". Kevin Chamberlin of Jesus Freak Hideout said the song's lyrics were "amazing". It was called the "definite highlight" of "Almost There" by New Release Tuesday's Kevin McNeese, who also praised its piano intro, saying it "instantly invokes chills", as well as the song's lyrical content. "Charisma" writer Margaret Feinburg lauded the song's "heart-gripping" lyrics, and it was cited as the centerpiece of the album by Megumi Nakamura of "Cross Rhythms", who called it "beautiful and touching". Writing for "CCM Magazine", Adam Woodroof described the song as "heavenly" and said it was the highlight of "Almost There".


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the response of the critics for this track?

Context: Steve Losey of AllMusic praised it as being "passionate" and "emotionally compelling

Question: on which chart did this track feature amongst the top 10?

Answer: "Billboard" Hot 100

1 on the "Radio & Records" Christian AC chart and became the most-played Christian single of 2002. It became an unexpected mainstream hit in 2003, peaking at No. 71 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 5 on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart while also hitting top 40, adult top 40, and country radio charts. The song returned to the charts after its story was adapted into a 2018 film of the same name, peaking at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Christian Songs chart and No. 10 on the "Billboard" Digital Songs chart. "I Can Only Imagine" received positive reviews from critics.


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: on which chart did this track feature amongst the top 10?

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Question: in which year was this featured in the above chart?

Answer: 2003


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: in which year was this featured in the above chart?

Question: from which album does this track belong?

Answer: "Almost There".

Explanation: "I Can Only Imagine" is a song by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead singer Bart Millard, it was originally recorded for the band's 1999 independent album "The Worship Project" before being included on their 2001 major-label debut album "Almost There".


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: from which album does this track belong?

Context: "Almost There".

Question: you had mentioned the name of the person who wrote the lyrics, which band does he belong to?

Answer: MercyMe

Bart Millard [SEP] Introduction

Bart Marshall Millard (born December 1, 1972) is an American singer and songwriter who is best known as the leader of the band MercyMe. He has also released two solo albums: "Hymned, No. 1" in 2005 and "Hymned Again" in 2008. He received a solo Grammy nomination in the category of Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album for the latter album.


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: "Almost There".

Context: you had mentioned the name of the person who wrote the lyrics, which band does he belong to?

Context: MercyMe

Question: which film has he appeared in?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Bart Millard [SEP] Introduction


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: "Almost There".

Context: MercyMe

Context: which film has he appeared in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what songs or albums he composed when he went solo?

Answer: "Hymned, No. 1" in 2005 and "Hymned Again" in 2008.

Explanation: He has also released two solo albums: "Hymned, No. 1" in 2005 and "Hymned Again" in 2008.

Bart Millard [SEP] Introduction


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: "Almost There".

Context: MercyMe

Context: which film has he appeared in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what songs or albums he composed when he went solo?

Context: "Hymned, No. 1" in 2005 and "Hymned Again" in 2008.

Question: is the first one mentioned - an 'album' or a 'song'?

Answer: album

Hymned, No. 1 [SEP] Introduction

Hymned, No. 1 (sometimes simply called Hymned) is the first solo album from MercyMe singer Bart Millard. The album features modern takes on popular Christian hymns. The album was released on August 16, 2005. Millard has said that the album is inspired by hymns his grandmother, Ruby Lindsey, used to sing when he was a boy.


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: "Almost There".

Context: MercyMe

Context: which film has he appeared in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the first one mentioned - an 'album' or a 'song'?

Context: album

Question: how did it fare on the charts?

Answer: The album peaked at #12 on "Billboard"'s Christian Albums and #13 on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums.

Explanation: The album peaked at #12 on "Billboard"'s Christian Albums and #13 on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums.

Hymned, No. 1 [SEP] Chart performance


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: "Almost There".

Context: MercyMe

Context: which film has he appeared in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: album

Context: how did it fare on the charts?

Context: The album peaked at #12 on "Billboard"'s Christian Albums and #13 on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums.

Question: what are some of the recognitions this singer has received?

Answer: the album won a Dove Award for Inspirational Album of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards

Explanation: In 2006, the album won a Dove Award for Inspirational Album of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards in a tie with Amy Grant's "Rock of Ages... Hymns and Faith".

Hymned, No. 1 [SEP] Awards


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: "Almost There".

Context: MercyMe

Context: which film has he appeared in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: album

Context: how did it fare on the charts?

Context: what are some of the recognitions this singer has received?

Context: the album won a Dove Award for Inspirational Album of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards

Question: since he belonged to a band, what are the names of the other band members?

Answer: The band consists of lead vocalist Bart Millard, percussionist Robby Shaffer, bassist Nathan Cochran and guitarists Michael Scheuchzer and Barry Graul.

Explanation: The band consists of lead vocalist Bart Millard, percussionist Robby Shaffer, bassist Nathan Cochran and guitarists Michael Scheuchzer and Barry Graul.

MercyMe [SEP] Introduction

1. MercyMe has won 8 Dove Awards and has had many Grammy Award nominations. On April 8, 2014, the band released its eighth studio album titled "Welcome to the New". MercyMe's ninth studio album, "Lifer", was released on March 31, 2017.


Context: Bart Millard

Context: who wrote the lyrics?

Context: Bart Millard

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: Afterlife

Context: Yes

Context: what does the video depict?

Context: which places was it filmed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: "Billboard" Hot 100

Context: "Almost There".

Context: MercyMe

Context: which film has he appeared in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: album

Context: how did it fare on the charts?

Context: since he belonged to a band, what are the names of the other band members?

Question: when was the band formed?

Answer: 1994

MercyMe [SEP] Introduction

MercyMe is an American contemporary Christian music band founded in Edmond, Oklahoma. The band consists of lead vocalist Bart Millard, percussionist Robby Shaffer, bassist Nathan Cochran and guitarists Michael Scheuchzer and Barry Graul. The band formed in 1994 and released six independent albums before signing with INO Records in 2001. The group first gained mainstream recognition with the crossover single "I Can Only Imagine", which elevated their debut album, "Almost There", to triple platinum certification. Since then, the group has released eight additional studio albums (six of which have been certified gold) and a greatest hits album, "10". The group has also had 13 consecutive top 5 singles on the "Billboard" Christian Songs chart, with 7 of them reaching No.


Question: who sings the theme tune to one foot in the grave

Answer: Eric Idle.

One Foot in the Grave [SEP] Music

The "One Foot in the Grave" theme song was written, composed and sung by Eric Idle. A longer version was produced for the special "One Foot in the Algarve", released as a single with five remixes and a karaoke version in November 1994. Idle included a live version of the song on his album "Eric Idle Sings Monty Python". It is preluded by a similar adaptation of "Bread of Heaven" to that used in the episode "The Beast in the Cage" by disgruntled car mechanics. The title music on the TV series is accompanied at the beginning and end of each episode by footage of Galápagos tortoises.


Context: who sings the theme tune to one foot in the grave

Context: Eric Idle.

Question: what is the profession of this above person?

Answer: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Eric Idle [SEP] Introduction

Eric Idle (born 29 March 1943) is an English actor, comedian, author and musician. Idle is a former member of the British surreal comedy group Monty Python, a member of the parody rock band The Rutles, and the writer of the music and lyrics for the Broadway musical "Spamalot" (based on "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"). Known for his elaborate wordplay and musical numbers, Idle performed many of Python's songs, including "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" (from "Life of Brian"), and the "Galaxy Song" (from "The Meaning of Life"). After "Monty Python's Flying Circus", he hosted "Saturday Night Live" in the US four times in the first five seasons.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: what is the profession of this above person?

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Question: how is he connected to the term 'python'?

Answer: He is a former member of the British surreal comedy group Monty Python.

Explanation: Idle is a former member of the British surreal comedy group Monty Python

Eric Idle [SEP] Introduction


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: how is he connected to the term 'python'?

Context: He is a former member of the British surreal comedy group Monty Python.

Question: who are the other members who belong to this group?

Answer: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.

Monty Python [SEP] Introduction

Broadcast by the BBC between 1969 and 1974, "Monty Python's Flying Circus" was conceived, written and performed by its members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach aided by Gilliam's animation, it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content. A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons had creative control which allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Following their television work, they began making films, including "Monty Python and the Holy Grail" (1975), "Life of Brian" (1979) and "The Meaning of Life" (1983).


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: who are the other members who belong to this group?

Context: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.

Question: what is 'flying circus' from this group?

Answer: A sketch comedy television show .

Monty Python [SEP] Introduction

Monty Python (also collectively known as the Pythons) were a British surreal comedy troupe who created the sketch comedy television show "Monty Python's Flying Circus", which first aired on the BBC in 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, including touring stage shows, films, albums, books and musicals. The Pythons' influence on comedy has been compared to the Beatles' influence on music. Regarded as an enduring icon of 1970s pop culture, their sketch show has been referred to as being "an important moment in the evolution of television comedy".


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: what is 'flying circus' from this group?

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Question: did they release any other show in 1971, 1975, 1979, 1982?

Answer: A film "And Now for Something Completely Different" in 1971, feature film Monty Python and the Holy Grail in 1975, "Monty Python's Life of Brian" in 1979 ,and the concert film "Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl".

Explanation: The Pythons' first feature film was directed by Ian MacNaughton, reprising his role from the television series. It consisted of sketches from the first two seasons of the "Flying Circus", reshot on a low budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes: "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", "Self-Defence Class", "How Not to Be Seen", and "Nudge Nudge". Financed by "Playboy"s UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended as a way of breaking Monty Python into America, and although it was ultimately unsuccessful in this, the film did good business in the UK, and later in the US on the "Midnight movie" circuit after their breakthrough television and film success, this being in the era before home video would make the original material much more accessible. The group did not consider the film a success.

Monty Python [SEP] "And Now for Something Completely Different" (1971)


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: did they release any other show in 1971, 1975, 1979, 1982?

Context: A film "And Now for Something Completely Different" in 1971, feature film Monty Python and the Holy Grail in 1975, "Monty Python's Life of Brian" in 1979 ,and the concert film "Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl".

Question: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Answer: A British television sitcom.

One Foot in the Grave [SEP] Introduction

One Foot in the Grave is a British television sitcom written by David Renwick. There were six series and seven Christmas specials over a period of eleven years from early 1990 to late 2000. The first five series were broadcast between January 1990 and January 1995. For the next five years, the show appeared only as Christmas specials, followed by one final series in 2000. The series features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, played by Richard Wilson and his long-suffering wife, Margaret, played by Annette Crosbie. Wilson initially turned down the part of Meldrew and David Renwick considered Les Dawson for the role, until Wilson changed his mind.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Question: who is the creator of this above television show?

Answer: David Renwick.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: who is the creator of this above television show?

Context: David Renwick.

Question: what is the genre or theme of this television show?

Answer: Comedy along with elements of black humour and surrealism.

Explanation: Despite its traditional production, the series subverts its domestic sitcom setting with elements of black humour and surrealism.

The programme came 80th in the British Film Institute's 100 Greatest British Television Programmes. The series, originally shown on BBC One, is now available on DVD and is regularly repeated in the United Kingdom. Four episodes were remade for BBC Radio 2. The series inspired a novel, published in 1992, featuring the most memorable moments from the first two series and the first Christmas special.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: David Renwick.

Context: what is the genre or theme of this television show?

Context: Comedy along with elements of black humour and surrealism.

Question: when was this show first released?

Answer: January 1990.

Explanation: The first five series were broadcast between January 1990 and January 1995.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: David Renwick.

Context: when was this show first released?

Context: January 1990.

Question: what is the storyline of this show all about?

Answer: It features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, and his long-suffering wife , Margaret.

Explanation: The series features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, played by Richard Wilson and his long-suffering wife, Margaret, played by Annette Crosbie.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: David Renwick.

Context: when was this show first released?

Context: January 1990.

Context: what is the storyline of this show all about?

Context: It features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, and his long-suffering wife , Margaret.

Question: who plays the first character mentioned?

Answer: Richard Wilson.

Explanation: The series features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, played by Richard Wilson


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: David Renwick.

Context: when was this show first released?

Context: January 1990.

Context: who plays the first character mentioned?

Context: Richard Wilson.

Question: who plays the second character mentioned?

Answer: Annette Crosbie.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: David Renwick.

Context: when was this show first released?

Context: January 1990.

Context: Richard Wilson.

Context: who plays the second character mentioned?

Context: Annette Crosbie.

Question: has this show won any recognition?

Answer: Several including the 1992 BAFTA for Best Comedy.

Explanation: The series was occasionally the subject of controversy for some of its darker story elements, but nevertheless received a number of awards, including the 1992 BAFTA for Best Comedy.


Context: Eric Idle.

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: David Renwick.

Context: when was this show first released?

Context: January 1990.

Context: Richard Wilson.

Context: Annette Crosbie.

Context: has this show won any recognition?

Context: Several including the 1992 BAFTA for Best Comedy.

Question: what were some of the controversies associated with this show?

Answer: Yes, regarding the depiction of animal deaths.

One Foot in the Grave [SEP] Controversies

A number of complaints were made during the series' run for its depiction of animal deaths. For example, in the episode "The Valley of Fear", a dead cat is found in the Meldrews' freezer; in another, a tortoise is roasted in a brazier. However, this was later cited as a positive feature of the programme's daring scripts in "Britain's Best Sitcom" by its advocate Rowland Rivron. The programme was censured, however, for a scene in the episode "Hearts of Darkness" in which an elderly resident is abused in an old people's home and following complaints, the scene was slightly cut when the episode was repeated.


Context: who sings the theme tune to one foot in the grave

Context: Eric Idle.

Context: what is the profession of this above person?

Context: Actor, comedian, author and musician.

Context: how is he connected to the term 'python'?

Context: He is a former member of the British surreal comedy group Monty Python.

Context: who are the other members who belong to this group?

Context: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.

Context: what is 'flying circus' from this group?

Context: A sketch comedy television show .

Context: did they release any other show in 1971, 1975, 1979, 1982?

Context: A film "And Now for Something Completely Different" in 1971, feature film Monty Python and the Holy Grail in 1975, "Monty Python's Life of Brian" in 1979 ,and the concert film "Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl".

Context: what is 'one foot in the grave'?

Context: A British television sitcom.

Context: who is the creator of this above television show?

Context: David Renwick.

Context: what is the genre or theme of this television show?

Context: Comedy along with elements of black humour and surrealism.

Context: when was this show first released?

Context: January 1990.

Context: what is the storyline of this show all about?

Context: It features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, and his long-suffering wife , Margaret.

Context: who plays the first character mentioned?

Context: Richard Wilson.

Context: who plays the second character mentioned?

Context: Annette Crosbie.

Context: has this show won any recognition?

Context: Several including the 1992 BAFTA for Best Comedy.

Context: what were some of the controversies associated with this show?

Context: Yes, regarding the depiction of animal deaths.

Question: with reference to the actress who played margaret, what other shows or films has she appeared in?

Answer: "The Six Wives of Henry VIII", "Edward the Seventh", "The Slipper and the Rose", "The Pope Must Die" , and others.

Annette Crosbie [SEP] Introduction

Annette Crosbie, (born 12 February 1934) is a Scottish actress. In 1970, she appeared in an episode of Callan, “Amos Green must live”, as Mrs May Coswood. She is known for her role as Margaret Meldrew in the BBC sitcom "One Foot in the Grave" (1990–2000). She twice won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, for "The Six Wives of Henry VIII" in 1971 and "Edward the Seventh" in 1976, and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the 1976 film "The Slipper and the Rose". Her other film appearances include "The Pope Must Die" (1991), "Shooting Fish" (1997), "The Debt Collector" (1999), "Calendar Girls" (2003) and "Into the Woods" (2014).