Context: where is the thymus gland located in the human body

Context: The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart.

Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: Yes, The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: In children, the thymus is pinkish-gray, soft, and lobulated on its surfaces. At birth it is about 4–6 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, and about 1 cm thick. It increases in size until puberty, where it may have a size of about 40–50 g, following which it decreases in size in a process known as involution.

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: Yes, The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates

Context: what is the system you mentioned above ?

Context: The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: Physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: Yes, It evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: They are leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm.

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens.

Context: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is autoimmunity ?

Context: Overactive immune responses form the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders.

Context: what is immunodeficiencies ?

Context: Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive.

Context: what are alternative adaptive immune system. ?

Context: A distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish.

Context: what are different types of t cells ?

Context: The killer T cell and the helper T cell.

Context: what is the first one ?

Context: Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional.

Question: and what is the latter ?

Answer: Helper T cells regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses and help determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular pathogen.

Immune system [SEP] Helper T cells

Helper T cells regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses and help determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular pathogen. These cells have no cytotoxic activity and do not kill infected cells or clear pathogens directly. They instead control the immune response by directing other cells to perform these tasks. Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation.


Context: where is the thymus gland located in the human body

Context: The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart.

Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: Yes, The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: In children, the thymus is pinkish-gray, soft, and lobulated on its surfaces. At birth it is about 4–6 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, and about 1 cm thick. It increases in size until puberty, where it may have a size of about 40–50 g, following which it decreases in size in a process known as involution.

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: Yes, The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates

Context: what is the system you mentioned above ?

Context: The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: Physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: Yes, It evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: They are leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm.

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens.

Context: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is autoimmunity ?

Context: Overactive immune responses form the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders.

Context: what is immunodeficiencies ?

Context: Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive.

Context: what are alternative adaptive immune system. ?

Context: A distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish.

Context: what are different types of t cells ?

Context: The killer T cell and the helper T cell.

Context: what is the first one ?

Context: Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional.

Context: and what is the latter ?

Context: Helper T cells regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses and help determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular pathogen.

Question: what do you mean by hypersensitivity ?

Answer: Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues.

Immune system [SEP] Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death. Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE, which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen. Type II hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient's own cells, marking them for destruction. This is also called antibody-dependent (or cytotoxic) hypersensitivity, and is mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies.


Question: what does the lord of the rings ring say

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

One Ring [SEP] Introduction

The One Ring is a central plot element in J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" (1954–55). It first appeared in the earlier story "The Hobbit" (1937) as a magic ring that grants the wearer invisibility. Tolkien changed it into a malevolent Ring of Power and re-wrote parts of "The Hobbit" to fit in with the expanded narrative. "The Lord of the Rings" describes the hobbit Frodo Baggins's quest to destroy the Ring. Critics have noticed similarities and differences with the ring-based plot of Richard Wagner's opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen"; Tolkien denied any connection, but at the least, both men drew on the same mythology.


Context: what does the lord of the rings ring say

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who made the 'one ring'?

Answer: Sauron

One Ring [SEP] Internal history

After forging the ring, Sauron waged war on the Elves. He destroyed Eregion and killed Celebrimbor, the maker of the three Elf-rings. King Tar-Minastir of Númenor sent a great fleet to Middle-earth, and with this aid Gil-galad destroyed Sauron's army and forced Sauron to return to Mordor. Later, Ar-Pharazôn, the last and most powerful king of Númenor, landed at Umbar with an immense army, forcing Sauron's armies to flee. Sauron was taken to Númenor as a prisoner. Tolkien wrote in a 1958 letter that the surrender was both "voluntary and cunning" so he could gain access to Númenor. Sauron used the Númenóreans' fear of death to turn them against the Valar, and manipulate them into worshipping his master, Morgoth, with human sacrifice.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Question: was he known by other names?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

One Ring [SEP] Internal history


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where was it made?

Answer: Mount Doom

One Ring [SEP] Appearance

The Ring seemed to be made simply of gold, but it was completely impervious to damage, even to dragon fire (unlike other rings). It could be destroyed only by throwing it into the pit of the volcanic Mount Doom where it had been forged. Like some lesser rings, but unlike the other Rings of Power, it bore no gem. It could change size, and perhaps its weight, and could suddenly expand to escape from its wearer. Its identity could be determined by placing it in a fire, when it displayed a fiery inscription in the Black Speech that Sauron had devised.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Question: where exactly is this place?

Answer: It is located in the northwest of the Black Land of Mordor and close to Barad-dûr

Mount Doom [SEP] Introduction

Mount Doom is a fictional volcano in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. It is located in the northwest of the Black Land of Mordor and close to Barad-dûr. Alternative names, in Tolkien's invented language of Sindarin, include Orodruin ("fiery mountain") and Amon Amarth ("mountain of fate"). The Sammath Naur ("Chambers of Fire"), located high up in the mountain's cone, were made by the Dark Lord Sauron in the Second Age. They comprised a tunnel leading to an interior platform with molten lava below it, known as the Cracks of Doom. It was here Sauron forged the One Ring during the Second Age.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: It is located in the northwest of the Black Land of Mordor and close to Barad-dûr

Question: did the mount have another name?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Mount Doom [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: from which book is this?

Answer: "The Lord of the Rings"

Explanation: Mount Doom is a fictional volcano in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium

Mount Doom [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Question: who is the author?

Answer: J.R.R. Tolkien

Explanation: Mount Doom is a fictional volcano in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium.

Mount Doom [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Question: what are the names of some of the characters?

Answer: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Introduction

From homely beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the quest mainly through the eyes of the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin. Although generally known to readers as a trilogy, the work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with "The Silmarillion", but this idea was dismissed by his publisher. For economic reasons, "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were titled "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: what are the names of some of the characters?

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Question: was a movie made on this book?

Answer: Yes, "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Film

A variety of filmmakers considered adapting Tolkien's book, among them Stanley Kubrick, who thought it unfilmable, Michelangelo Antonioni, Heinz Edelmann, and John Boorman. In 1978, Ralph Bakshi made an animated film version covering "The Fellowship of the Ring" and part of "The Two Towers", to mostly poor reviews. In 1980, Rankin/Bass released an animated TV special based on the closing chapters of "The Return of the King", gaining mixed reviews. A far more successful adaptation was Peter Jackson's live action "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, produced by New Line Cinema and released in three instalments as "" (2001), "" (2002), and "" (2003).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Context: was a movie made on this book?

Context: Yes, "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy

Question: how did the ring look?

Answer: The Ring seemed to be made simply of gold

Explanation: The Ring seemed to be made simply of gold, but it was completely impervious to damage, even to dragon fire

One Ring [SEP] Appearance


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Context: was a movie made on this book?

Context: how did the ring look?

Context: The Ring seemed to be made simply of gold

Question: what was its purpose?

Answer: To gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle-earth

One Ring [SEP] Purpose

The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle-earth. In disguise as "Annatar", or "Lord of Gifts", he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom. Sauron intended it to be the most powerful of all Rings, able to rule and control those who wore the others. Since the other Rings were powerful on their own, Sauron was obliged to place much of his own power into the One to achieve his purpose.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Context: was a movie made on this book?

Context: how did the ring look?

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: To gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle-earth

Question: what powers did it have?

Answer: The Ring's primary power was control of the other Rings of Power and domination of the wills of their users, and mortal wearing the Ring became effectively invisible except to those able to perceive the non-physical world, with only a thin, shaky shadow discernible in the brightest sunlight.

Explanation:
The Ring's primary power was control of the other Rings of Power and domination of the wills of their users. The Ring also conferred power to dominate the wills of other beings whether they were wearing Rings or not—but only in proportion to the user's native capacity. In the same way, it amplified any inherent power its owner possessed.

A mortal wearing the Ring became effectively invisible except to those able to perceive the non-physical world, with only a thin, shaky shadow discernible in the brightest sunlight.

One Ring [SEP] Powers

Except for Tom Bombadil, nobody seemed to be immune to the corrupting effects of the One Ring, even powerful beings like Gandalf and Galadriel, who refused to wield it out of the knowledge that they would become like Sauron himself. Within the land of Mordor where it was forged, the Ring's power increased so significantly that even without wearing it the bearer could draw upon it, and could acquire an aura of terrible power. When Sam encountered an Orc in the Tower of Cirith Ungol while holding the Ring, he appeared to the terrified Orc as a powerful warrior cloaked in shadow "[holding] some nameless menace of power and doom".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Context: was a movie made on this book?

Context: how did the ring look?

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: what powers did it have?

Context: The Ring's primary power was control of the other Rings of Power and domination of the wills of their users, and mortal wearing the Ring became effectively invisible except to those able to perceive the non-physical world, with only a thin, shaky shadow discernible in the brightest sunlight.

Question: what were the names of the ring bearers?

Answer: Bilbo, Frodo, and Sam

One Ring [SEP] Fate of the Ring-bearers

Of the Ring-bearers, three were alive after the Ring's destruction, the hobbits Bilbo, Frodo, and Sam. Bilbo, having borne the Ring the longest, had had his life much prolonged. Frodo was scarred physically and mentally by his quest. Sam, having only briefly kept the Ring, was affected the least. In consideration of the trials of the Ring-bearers, the Valar allowed them to travel to the Undying Lands, accompanying Galadriel, Elrond, and Gandalf. Sam is also said to have been taken to the Undying Lands, after living in the Shire for many years and raising a large family. Tolkien emphasized that the restorative sojourn of the Ring-bearers in the Undying Lands would not have been permanent.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Context: was a movie made on this book?

Context: how did the ring look?

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: what powers did it have?

Context: what were the names of the ring bearers?

Context: Bilbo, Frodo, and Sam

Question: did it have an allegory?

Answer: Yes, Anne C. Petty, writing in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia", notes that Tolkien was all the same quite capable of using "allegorical elements when it suited his purpose", and that he agreed that the approach of war in 1938 "had had some effect on it"

One Ring [SEP] Allegory

Tolkien stated that "The Lord of the Rings" was not a point-by-point allegory, particularly not of political events of his time such as the Second World War. At the same time he contrasted "applicability", which he described as "within the "freedom of the reader", and "allegory" as ""the purposed domination of the author". He stated that had the Second World War "inspired or directed the development of the legend" as an allegory, then the fate of the Ring, and of Middle-earth, would have been very different: Anne C. Petty, writing in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia", notes that Tolkien was all the same quite capable of using "allegorical elements when it suited his purpose", and that he agreed that the approach of war in 1938 "had had some effect on it": "Lord of the Rings" was applicable to the horror of war in general, as long as it was not taken as a point-by-point allegory of any particular war, with false equations like "Sauron=Satan or Hitler or Stalin, Gandalf=God or Churchill, Aragorn=Christ or MacArthur, the Ring=the atomic bomb, Mordor=Hell or Russia or Germany".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Context: was a movie made on this book?

Context: how did the ring look?

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: what powers did it have?

Context: Bilbo, Frodo, and Sam

Context: did it have an allegory?

Context: Yes, Anne C. Petty, writing in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia", notes that Tolkien was all the same quite capable of using "allegorical elements when it suited his purpose", and that he agreed that the approach of war in 1938 "had had some effect on it"

Question: was there any reference to plato?

Answer: Yes, a source that Tolkien "might have borrowed" from, though there is no evidence for this, is Plato's "Republic"

One Ring [SEP] Parallels with Plato's "Republic"

A source that Tolkien "might have borrowed" from, though there is no evidence for this, is Plato's "Republic". Its second book tells the story of the Ring of Gyges that gave its owner the power of invisibility. In so doing, it created a moral dilemma, effectively but passively inviting people to commit injustices without fearing they would be caught. In contrast, Tolkien's Ring actively exerts an evil force that destroys the morality of the wearer. The scholar of humanities Frederick A. de Armas notes parallels between Plato's and Tolkien's rings, and suggests that both Bilbo and Gyges, going into deep dark places to find hidden treasure, may have "undergone a Catabasis", a psychological journey to the Underworld.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who made the 'one ring'?

Context: Sauron

Context: was he known by other names?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it made?

Context: Mount Doom

Context: where exactly is this place?

Context: did the mount have another name?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which book is this?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J.R.R. Tolkien

Context: Frodo, Sam, Sauron

Context: was a movie made on this book?

Context: how did the ring look?

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: what powers did it have?

Context: Bilbo, Frodo, and Sam

Context: did it have an allegory?

Context: was there any reference to plato?

Context: Yes, a source that Tolkien "might have borrowed" from, though there is no evidence for this, is Plato's "Republic"

Question: what was the names of the three films?

Answer: "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King"

The Fellowship of the Ring [SEP] Introduction

The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel "The Lord of the Rings" by the English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It is followed by "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King". It takes place in the fictional universe of Middle-earth. It was originally published on 29 July 1954 in the United Kingdom. The volume consists of a foreword, in which the author discusses his writing of "The Lord of the Rings", a prologue titled "Concerning Hobbits, and other matters", and the main narrative in Book I and Book II.


Question: what is the name of twilight all parts

Answer: The Twilight Saga.

The Twilight Saga (film series) [SEP] Introduction

The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by author Stephenie Meyer. The films star Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner. The series has grossed over $3.3 billion worldwide. The first installment, "Twilight", was released on November 21, 2008. The second installment, "", followed on November 20, 2009, breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history, grossing an estimated $72.7 million. The third installment, "", was released on June 30, 2010, and was the first of the series to be released in IMAX.


Context:
what is the name of twilight all parts
The Twilight Saga.

Question: what is the story of this movie?

Answer: It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between teenager Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) and vampire Edward Cullen (Robert Pattinson), and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires.

The Twilight Saga (film series) [SEP] "Twilight" (2008)

"Twilight" was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Melissa Rosenberg. It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between teenager Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) and vampire Edward Cullen (Robert Pattinson), and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires. Edward refuses to grant Bella's request to transform her into a vampire so that they can be together forever, arguing that she should have a normal human life. The film was released theatrically starting on November 21, 2008. It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day, and has come to gross US$393.6 million worldwide.


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between teenager Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) and vampire Edward Cullen (Robert Pattinson), and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires.

Question: who are the main starcast of the film?

Answer: Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner.

Explanation: The films star Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner. T


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner.

Question: what genre does is this movie?

Answer: The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films.

Explanation: The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: what genre does is this movie?

Context: The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films.

Question: when was this kind of genre first introduced?

Answer: The earliest fantasy films were those made by French film pioneer Georges Méliès from 1903.

Fantasy film [SEP] 1900–1920s

In the era of silent film, the earliest fantasy films were those made by French film pioneer Georges Méliès from 1903. The most famous of these was 1902's "A Trip to the Moon". In the Golden Age of Silent film (1918–1926) the most outstanding fantasy films were Douglas Fairbanks' "The Thief of Bagdad" (1924), Fritz Lang's "Die Nibelungen" (1924), and "Destiny" (1921). Other notables in the genre were F.W. Murnau's romantic ghost story "Phantom", "Tarzan of the Apes" starring Elmo Lincoln, and D. W. Griffith's "The Sorrows of Satan".


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: what genre does is this movie?

Context: when was this kind of genre first introduced?

Context: The earliest fantasy films were those made by French film pioneer Georges Méliès from 1903.

Question: who directed the earlier mentioned movie?

Answer: "Twilight" was directed by Catherine Hardwicke.

Twilight (2008 film) [SEP] Introduction

Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer's 2005 novel of the same name. Directed by Catherine Hardwicke, the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson. It is the first film in "The Twilight Saga" film series. This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan (a teenage girl) and Edward Cullen (a vampire), and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires. The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures, during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written.


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: what genre does is this movie?

Context: who directed the earlier mentioned movie?

Context: "Twilight" was directed by Catherine Hardwicke.

Question: how was the movie received by the public in terms of earnings?

Answer: It grossed over US$393 million worldwide.

Twilight (2008 film) [SEP] Introduction

Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project's stagnant development. Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel's storyline. Principal photography took 44 days and was completed on May 2, 2008; the film was primarily shot in Oregon. "Twilight" was theatrically released on November 21, 2008; it grossed over US$393 million worldwide. It was released on DVD March 21, 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year. The soundtrack was released on November 4, 2008.


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: what genre does is this movie?

Context: how was the movie received by the public in terms of earnings?

Context: It grossed over US$393 million worldwide.

Question: where was the director mentioned above, from?

Answer: Cameron, Texas.

Explanation: Hardwicke was born in Cameron, Texas

Catherine Hardwicke [SEP] Early life and work

Hardwicke was born in Cameron, Texas on October 21, 1955, the daughter of Jamee Elberta ("née" Bennett) and John Benjamin Hardwicke. She has a brother, Jack, and a sister, Irene Hardwicke Olivieri, who became an artist. She grew up in McAllen on the U.S.–Mexico border, where her family owned and operated a farm along the Rio Grande, and was raised as a Presbyterian. She said the border area was wild: in high school, "her principal was stabbed three times. A friend's father was shot in the back, and another friend was murdered. And yet life could be wonderful at the same time.


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: what genre does is this movie?

Context: where was the director mentioned above, from?

Context: Cameron, Texas.

Question: was she involved with any other works?

Answer: Her directorial work includes "Thirteen" (2003),"Lords of Dogtown" (2005), "The Nativity Story" (2006), among others.

Catherine Hardwicke [SEP] Introduction

Helen Catherine Hardwicke (born October 21, 1955) is an American film director, production designer, and screenwriter. Her directorial work includes "Thirteen" (2003), which she co-wrote with Nikki Reed, the film's co-star, "Lords of Dogtown" (2005), "The Nativity Story" (2006), "Twilight" (2008), "Red Riding Hood" (2011), "Plush" (2013), "Miss You Already" (2015), and "Miss Bala" (2019).


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: what genre does is this movie?

Context: Cameron, Texas.

Context: was she involved with any other works?

Context: Her directorial work includes "Thirteen" (2003),"Lords of Dogtown" (2005), "The Nativity Story" (2006), among others.

Question: what is the story line of the second movie mentioned above?

Answer: Set in the Dogtown area of Santa Monica in the mid–1970s, surfers Tony Alva, Stacy Peralta, and Jay Adams enjoy the life of skating and surfing the pier with board designer Skip Engblom and the other locals.

Explanation:
Set in the Dogtown area of Santa Monica in the mid–1970s, surfers Tony Alva, Stacy Peralta, and Jay Adams enjoy the life of skating and surfing the pier with board designer Skip Engblom and the other locals. One day, Skip is given polyurethane wheels for the skateboards in his shop, Zephyr Surf Shop. Teenager Sid, a friend of the boys who works in the same shop, invites Tony, Jay, Stacy and the other locals to test the new wheels. They are all amazed as the polyurethane wheels allow the skateboards to make the same carves on flat ground as surf boards on the waves. After witnessing what Todd Levy from the Eastern Shore of Maryland could now do with the wheels, Skip decides to add to his already famous surf team, a skate team, the Z-Boys. The team proves to be a success; winning many contests, Stacy, Jay, and Tony gain popularity from locals across Venice.

A period of hot weather reduces the surf at the pier and the official declaration of a drought means swimming pools cannot be fille

Lords of Dogtown [SEP] Plot


Context: what is the name of twilight all parts

Context: The Twilight Saga.

Context: what is the story of this movie?

Context: who are the main starcast of the film?

Context: what genre does is this movie?

Context: Cameron, Texas.

Context: was she involved with any other works?

Context: what is the story line of the second movie mentioned above?

Context: Set in the Dogtown area of Santa Monica in the mid–1970s, surfers Tony Alva, Stacy Peralta, and Jay Adams enjoy the life of skating and surfing the pier with board designer Skip Engblom and the other locals.

Question: how did this movie fare publicly?

Answer: Upon release, it received mostly mixed reviews. The film currently holds a 55% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 146 reviews, with an average score of 5.95/10.

Lords of Dogtown [SEP] Reception

Upon its release, "Lords of Dogtown" received mostly mixed reviews. The film currently holds a 55% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 146 reviews, with an average score of 5.95/10. The site's consensus reads: ""Lords of Dogtown", while slickly made and edited, lacks the depth and entertaining value of the far superior documentary on the same subject, "Dogtown and Z-Boys"." Metacritic reports a score of 56/100 based on 35 critics, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Ledger's portrayal of Skip Engblom was applauded for its realism and is considered one of the film's principal highlights. Joe Donnoly, who knew Engblom, was impressed by Ledger's attention to detail, saying, "He's almost eerie in how precisely he nailed not only the mannerisms, cadence and physical presence of Skip...


Question: how was the statue of liberty brought to the us

Answer: On June 17, 1885, a French steamer arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board.

Explanation: On June 17, 1885, the French steamer "" arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship. After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the "World" announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Construction

Immediately thereafter, reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel's iron framework was anchored to steel I-beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled. Once this was done, the sections of skin were carefully attached. Due to the width of the pedestal, it was not possible to erect scaffolding, and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections. Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication, the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with gold leaf—and placed the lights inside them.


Context: how was the statue of liberty brought to the us

Context: On June 17, 1885, a French steamer arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board.

Question: who designed it?

Answer: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Introduction

The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor within New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886. The statue is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a "tabula ansata" inscribed (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Question: what does it symbolise?

Answer: Liberty

Explanation: Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty. In early American history, two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation. One of these symbols, the personified Columbia, was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom, and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the traditional European personification of the Americas as an "Indian princess", which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans. The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty, derived from Libertas, the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome, especially among emancipated slaves. A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time, and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including Thomas Crawford's "Statue of Freedom" (1863) atop the dome of the United States Capitol

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Design, style, and symbolism


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Question: has this designer done any other work?

Answer: Yes - Statues at Clermont-Ferrand; he sculpted a bronze memorial of Jean Rapp

Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi [SEP] Early sculptures and work in Colmar

In 1853, Bartholdi submitted a Good Samaritan-themed sculptural group to the Paris Salon of 1853. The statue was later recreated in bronze. Within two years of his Salon debut, Bartholdi was commissioned by his hometown of Colmar to sculpt a bronze memorial of Jean Rapp, a Napoleonic General. In 1855 and 1856 Bartholdi traveled in Yemen and Egypt with travel companions such as Jean-Léon Gérôme and other "orientalist" painters. The trip sparked Bartholdi's interest in colossal sculpture. In 1869, Bartholdi returned to Egypt to propose a new lighthouse to be built at the entrance of the Suez Canal, which was newly completed.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: Yes - Statues at Clermont-Ferrand; he sculpted a bronze memorial of Jean Rapp

Question: who is this person of the bronze memorial?

Answer: A French Army officer during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Explanation: General Count Jean Rapp (27 April 1771 – 8 November 1821) was a French Army officer during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Jean Rapp [SEP] Introduction

In 1803 he was promoted to brigadier general and in December 1805, he led a memorable attack at Austerlitz, when he charged at the head of two squadrons each of the Mounted Chasseurs and the Mounted Grenadiers of the Guard and the Guard Mameluks and decimated the Chevalier Guards of the Russian Imperial Guard. Promoted to division general, he later fought at Jena on 14 October 1806 and was wounded at Golymin.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: who is this person of the bronze memorial?

Context: A French Army officer during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Question: what was the origin of the liberty statue?

Answer: The idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist, and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor.

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Origin

According to the National Park Service, the idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye, president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist, and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: "If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations." The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: what was the origin of the liberty statue?

Context: The idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist, and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor.

Question: was it ever renovated?

Answer: Yes - in 1984

Explanation: In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing scaffold, which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar, originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper. The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used—ineffectively, as inspections showed—to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear, dubbed "moon suits", with self-contained breathing circuits. Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary. The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs, which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Renovation and rededication (1982–2000)

The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986. In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure. In addition, the head had been installed off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Question: how were funds raised for its construction?

Answer: Large number of money-raising events, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work; Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the "New York World" announced a drive to raise $100,000.

Explanation:
Fundraising in the US for the pedestal had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events. As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue. The resulting sonnet, "The New Colossus", including the iconic lines: "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.

Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland, the governor of New York, vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Fundraising


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: how were funds raised for its construction?

Context: Large number of money-raising events, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work; Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the "New York World" announced a drive to raise $100,000.

Question: how many years did the construction take?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Fundraising


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: how many years did the construction take?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do you know the name of the work lazarus was asked to donate?

Answer: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Explanation: "The New Colossus" is a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887). She wrote the poem in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty ("Liberty Enlightening the World"). In 1903, the poem was cast onto a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level.

The New Colossus [SEP] Introduction


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do you know the name of the work lazarus was asked to donate?

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Question: what's a sonnet?

Answer: A poem of fourteen lines

Explanation:
A sonnet is a poetic form which originated at the Court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in Palermo, Sicily. The 13th-century poet and notary Giacomo da Lentini is credited with the sonnet's invention and the Sicilian School of poets who surrounded him is credited with its spread. The earliest sonnets, however, no longer survive in the original Sicilian language, but only after being translated into Tuscan dialect.

The term "sonnet" is derived from the Italian word "sonetto" (from Old Provençal "sonet" a little poem, from "son" song, from Latin "sonus" a sound). By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. Writers of sonnets are sometimes called "sonneteers," although the term can be used derisively.

Sonnet [SEP] Introduction


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Context: what's a sonnet?

Context: A poem of fourteen lines

Question: is the 'new york world ' a magazine?

Answer: No, it's a newspaper

Explanation: The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers. It was a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Joseph Pulitzer, it was a pioneer in yellow journalism, capturing readers' attention with sensation, sports, sex and scandal and pushing its daily circulation to the one-million mark. It was sold in 1930 and merged into the "New York World-Telegram".

New York World [SEP] Introduction


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Context: what's a sonnet?

Context: A poem of fourteen lines

Context: is the 'new york world ' a magazine?

Context: No, it's a newspaper

Question: is it still in print?

Answer: No, it was published from 1860 until 1931

New York World [SEP] Introduction


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Context: what's a sonnet?

Context: A poem of fourteen lines

Context: is the 'new york world ' a magazine?

Context: No, it's a newspaper

Context: is it still in print?

Context: No, it was published from 1860 until 1931

Question: is the statue of liberty in the same place as the name of this newspaper?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor within New York City, in the United States.

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Introduction


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Context: what's a sonnet?

Context: A poem of fourteen lines

Context: is the 'new york world ' a magazine?

Context: No, it's a newspaper

Context: is it still in print?

Context: is the statue of liberty in the same place as the name of this newspaper?

Context: Yes

Question: are there any inscriptions on the statue?

Answer: Yes - the left hand carries a "tabula ansata" inscribed (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals); Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.

Explanation: The statue is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a "tabula ansata" inscribed (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken shackle and chain lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery. After its dedication, the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea.

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Introduction

Declaration of Independence. A broken shackle and chain lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery. After its dedication, the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea. Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples. The Franco-Prussian War delayed progress until 1875, when Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Context: what's a sonnet?

Context: A poem of fourteen lines

Context: is the 'new york world ' a magazine?

Context: No, it's a newspaper

Context: is it still in print?

Context: Yes

Context: are there any inscriptions on the statue?

Context: Yes - the left hand carries a "tabula ansata" inscribed (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals); Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.

Question: are there any inscriptions on the statue?

Answer: Yes - the left hand carries a "tabula ansata" inscribed (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals); Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.

Explanation: The resulting sonnet, "The New Colossus", including the iconic lines: "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Fundraising

Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the "New York World", a New York newspaper, announced a drive to raise $100,000—the equivalent of $2.3 million today. Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor, no matter how small the amount given. The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers, especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors. "A young girl alone in the world" donated "60 cents, the result of self denial." One donor gave "five cents as a poor office boy's mite toward the Pedestal Fund." A group of children sent a dollar as "the money we saved to go to the circus with." Another dollar was given by a "lonely and very aged woman." Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York's rival city of Brooklyn—the cities would not merge until 1898—donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Context: what's a sonnet?

Context: A poem of fourteen lines

Context: is the 'new york world ' a magazine?

Context: No, it's a newspaper

Context: is it still in print?

Context: Yes

Question: are there any plaques on it?

Answer: Yes - The sonnet, "The New Colossus", including the iconic lines: "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Fundraising

The resulting sonnet, "The New Colossus", including the iconic lines: "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum. Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland, the governor of New York, vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000, sufficient to complete the project, also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, groups from other American cities, including Boston and Philadelphia, offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it.


Context: who designed it?

Context: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

Context: what does it symbolise?

Context: Liberty

Context: has this designer done any other work?

Context: was it ever renovated?

Context: Yes - in 1984

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: A sonnet 'The New Colossus'

Context: what's a sonnet?

Context: A poem of fourteen lines

Context: is the 'new york world ' a magazine?

Context: No, it's a newspaper

Context: is it still in print?

Context: Yes

Context: are there any plaques on it?

Context: Yes - The sonnet, "The New Colossus", including the iconic lines: "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.

Question: where was the statue constructed?

Answer: Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop in France

Explanation: On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World's Fair. Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered. The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000 francs had been raised.

Statue of Liberty [SEP] Construction in France

In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually. To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac. Eiffel's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction, in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing, but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior spiral staircases, to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown. Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided, but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder, long.


Question: which amendment allowed citizens to elect senators to congress

Answer: The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII)

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [SEP] Introduction

The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States senators in each state. The amendment supersedes , Clauses 1 and2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held. The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and became part of the Constitution on April 8, 1913, on ratification by three-quarters (36) of the state legislatures. Sitting senators were not affected until their existing terms expired.


Context: which amendment allowed citizens to elect senators to congress

Context: The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII)

Question: to which country does it belong to?

Answer: United States

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Question: what does this amendment do?

Answer: It alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Explanation: It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: It alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

Question: who wanted the reforms?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [SEP] Reform and repeal efforts

Notwithstanding controversies over the effects of the Seventeenth Amendment, advocates have emerged to reform or repeal the amendment. Under President Barack Obama's administration in 2009, four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for executive branch positions: Barack Obama (President), Joe Biden (Vice President), Hillary Clinton (Secretary of State), and Ken Salazar (Secretary of the Interior). Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich and New York governor David Paterson. New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor. Accordingly, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power; senators John McCain and Dick Durbin became co-sponsors, as did Representative John Conyers.


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what were the issues associated with it?

Answer: legislative corruption and electoral deadlocks.

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [SEP] Issues

According to Judge Jay Bybee of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, those in favor of popular elections for senators believed two primary problems were caused by the original provisions: legislative corruption and electoral deadlocks. There was a sense that senatorial elections were "bought and sold", changing hands for favors and sums of money rather than because of the competence of the candidate. Between 1857 and 1900, the Senate investigated three elections over corruption. In 1900, for example, William A. Clark had his election voided after the Senate concluded that he had bought votes in the Montana legislature.


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were the issues associated with it?

Context: legislative corruption and electoral deadlocks.

Question: who highlighted these problems?

Answer: Judge Jay Bybee

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who highlighted these problems?

Context: Judge Jay Bybee

Question: where was he from?

Answer: Born in Oakland, California, Bybee was largely raised in Clark County, Nevada.

Jay Bybee [SEP] Personal life

Born in Oakland, California, on October 27, 1953, Bybee was largely raised in Clark County, Nevada. His family subsequently moved to Nashville, Tennessee, then Louisville, Kentucky. Bybee is an Eagle Scout. A lifelong member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Bybee served a mission for the LDS Church in Santiago, Chile from 1973 to 1975. Bybee is married to Dianna Greer, a high school teacher. On November 19, 2013, Bybee's twenty-six-year-old son, Scott Greer Bybee, committed suicide at the Las Vegas Mormon Temple.


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who highlighted these problems?

Context: Judge Jay Bybee

Context: where was he from?

Context: Born in Oakland, California, Bybee was largely raised in Clark County, Nevada.

Question: is the last place connected to nuclear research or testing?

Answer: Yes

Nevada [SEP] Nuclear testing

The Nevada Test Site, northwest of the city of Las Vegas, was founded on January 11, 1951, for the testing of nuclear weapons. The site consists of about of the desert and mountainous terrain. Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site began with a bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat on January 27, 1951. The last atmospheric test was conducted on July 17, 1962, and the underground testing of weapons continued until September 23, 1992. The location is known for having the highest concentration of nuclear-detonated weapons in the U.S. Over 80% of the state's area is owned by the federal government.


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who highlighted these problems?

Context: Judge Jay Bybee

Context: where was he from?

Context: is the last place connected to nuclear research or testing?

Context: Yes

Question: where is the name of that facility?

Answer: The Nevada Test Site

Nevada [SEP] Nuclear testing


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who highlighted these problems?

Context: Judge Jay Bybee

Context: where was he from?

Context: Yes

Context: where is the name of that facility?

Context: The Nevada Test Site

Question: when was it established?

Answer: January 11, 1951

Nevada [SEP] Nuclear testing


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who highlighted these problems?

Context: Judge Jay Bybee

Context: where was he from?

Context: Yes

Context: where is the name of that facility?

Context: The Nevada Test Site

Context: when was it established?

Context: January 11, 1951

Question: has this place led to spread of any disease?

Answer: Marked increases in cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, brain tumors, and gastrointestinal tract cancers were reported

Nevada Test Site [SEP] Cancer and test site

St. George, Utah received the brunt of the fallout of above-ground nuclear testing in the Yucca Flats/Nevada Test Site. Winds routinely carried the fallout of these tests directly through St. George and southern Utah. Marked increases in cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, brain tumors, and gastrointestinal tract cancers were reported from the mid-1950s through 1980. On May 19, 1953, the United States government detonated the 32-kiloton (130 TJ) atomic bomb (nicknamed "Harry") at the Nevada Test Site. The bomb later gained the name "Dirty Harry" because of the tremendous amount of off-site fallout generated by the bomb.


Context: to which country does it belong to?

Context: United States

Context: what does this amendment do?

Context: who wanted the reforms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who highlighted these problems?

Context: Judge Jay Bybee

Context: where was he from?

Context: Yes

Context: where is the name of that facility?

Context: The Nevada Test Site

Context: when was it established?

Context: January 11, 1951

Context: has this place led to spread of any disease?

Context: Marked increases in cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, brain tumors, and gastrointestinal tract cancers were reported

Question: how is this place used nowadays?

Answer: The test site offers monthly public tours, often fully booked months in advance.

Nevada Test Site [SEP] Modern usage

The test site offers monthly public tours, often fully booked months in advance. Visitors are not allowed to bring in cameras, binoculars, or cell phones, nor are they permitted to pick up rocks for souvenirs. While there are no longer any explosive tests of nuclear weapons at the site, there is still testing done to determine the viability of the United States' aging nuclear arsenal. Additionally, the site is the location of the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex, which sorts and stores low-level radioactive waste that is not transuranic and has a half life not longer than 20 years.


Question: what is amargasaurus?

Answer: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Explanation: a genus of sauropod dinosaur

Amargasaurus [SEP] Introduction

Amargasaurus (; "La Amarga lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous epoch (129.4–122.46 mya) of what is now Argentina. The only known skeleton was discovered in 1984 and is virtually complete, including a fragmentary skull, making "Amargasaurus" one of the best-known sauropods of its epoch. "Amargasaurus" was first described in 1991 and contains a single known species, Amargasaurus cazaui. It was a large animal, but small for a sauropod, reaching in length. Most distinctively, it sported two parallel rows of tall spines down its neck and back, taller than in any other known sauropod. In life, these spines most likely could have stuck out of the body as solitary structures that supported a keratinous sheath.


Context:
what is amargasaurus?
A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Question: when was it discovered?

Answer: 1984

Explanation: The only known skeleton was discovered in 1984 and is virtually complete, including a fragmentary skull, making "Amargasaurus" one of the best-known sauropods of its epoch.

Amargasaurus [SEP] Introduction


Context:
what is amargasaurus?
A genus of sauropod dinosaur
when was it discovered?
1984

Question: mention a few of its physical appearance?

Answer: It has a long tail and neck, a small head, and a barrel-shaped trunk supported by four column-like legs.

Amargasaurus [SEP] Description

"Amargasaurus" was small for a sauropod, measuring in length and weighing approximately . It followed the typical sauropod body plan, with a long tail and neck, a small head, and a barrel-shaped trunk supported by four column-like legs. The neck of "Amargasaurus" was shorter than in most other sauropods, a common trait within the Dicraeosauridae. Measuring in length, the neck corresponded to 136% of the length of the dorsal vertebral column. This is comparable to "Dicraeosaurus" (123%) but greater than in the extremely short-necked form "Brachytrachelopan" (75%). The neck consisted of thirteen cervical vertebrae, which were opisthocoelous (convex at the front and hollow at the back), forming ball-and-socket joints with neighboring vertebrae.


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: mention a few of its physical appearance?

Context: It has a long tail and neck, a small head, and a barrel-shaped trunk supported by four column-like legs.

Question: who discovered amargasaurus?

Answer: Guillermo Rougier

Amargasaurus [SEP] Discovery

The only known skeleton (specimen number MACN-N 15) was discovered in February 1984 by Guillermo Rougier during an expedition led by Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte. This was the eighth expedition of the project "Jurassic and Cretaceous Terrestrial Vertebrates of South America", which was supported by the National Geographic Society and initiated in 1975 to improve on the sparse knowledge of the Jurassic and Cretaceous tetrapod life of South America. The same excursion uncovered the nearly complete skeleton of the horned theropod "Carnotaurus". The discovery site is located in the La Amarga arroyo in the Picún Leufú Department of Neuquén Province in northern Patagonia, south of Zapala.


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Question: where was he born?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Amargasaurus [SEP] Discovery


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Context: where was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: was there anyone else besides rougier who contributed to the discovery of the dinosaur?

Answer: The expedition led by Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte supported by the National Geographic Society

Explanation: The only known skeleton (specimen number MACN-N 15) was discovered in February 1984 by Guillermo Rougier during an expedition led by Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte. This was the eighth expedition of the project "Jurassic and Cretaceous Terrestrial Vertebrates of South America", which was supported by the National Geographic Society and initiated in 1975 to improve on the sparse knowledge of the Jurass

Amargasaurus [SEP] Discovery


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Context: where was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was there anyone else besides rougier who contributed to the discovery of the dinosaur?

Context: The expedition led by Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte supported by the National Geographic Society

Question: what does the society do?

Answer: They promote environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history

National Geographic Society [SEP] Introduction

The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational organizations in the world. Founded in 1888, its interests include geography, archaeology, and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history. The National Geographic Society's logo is a yellow portrait frame—rectangular in shape—which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its magazines and as its television channel logo. Through National Geographic Partners (a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company), the Society operates the magazine, TV channels, a website, worldwide events, and other media operations.


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Context: where was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what does the society do?

Context: They promote environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history

Question: when was it established?

Answer: 1888

Explanation: Founded in 1888,


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Context: where was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what does the society do?

Context: when was it established?

Question: who was involved in its establishment?

Answer: An elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel and exploration.

National Geographic Society [SEP] History

The National Geographic Society began as a club for an elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel and exploration. On January 13, 1888, 33 explorers and scientists gathered at the Cosmos Club, a private club then located on Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., to organize "a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge." After preparing a constitution and a plan of organization, the National Geographic Society was incorporated two weeks later on January 27. Gardiner Greene Hubbard became its first president and his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell, succeeded him in 1897. In 1899, Bell's son-in-law Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor was named the first full-time editor of National Geographic magazine and served the organization for fifty-five years (until 1954), and members of the Grosvenor family have played important roles in the organization since.


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Context: where was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what does the society do?

Context: when was it established?

Context: who was involved in its establishment?

Context: An elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel and exploration.

Question: do they have any publications?

Answer: Yes, National Geographic Adventure", "National Geographic Research", atlases, books, and maps

National Geographic Society [SEP] Other publications

In addition to its flagship magazine, the Society publishes several other periodicals: The Society also ran an online daily news outlet called "National Geographic News". Additionally, the Society publishes atlases, books, and maps. It previously published and co-published other magazines, including "National Geographic Adventure", "National Geographic Research" (a scientific journal), and others, and continues to publish special issues of various magazines.


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Context: where was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what does the society do?

Context: when was it established?

Context: who was involved in its establishment?

Context: do they have any publications?

Context: Yes, National Geographic Adventure", "National Geographic Research", atlases, books, and maps

Question: where was amargasaurus discovered?

Answer: In sedimentary rocks of the La Amarga Formation

Amargasaurus [SEP] Introduction

An alternate hypothesis, now less favored, postulates that they could have formed a scaffold supporting a skin sail. They might have been used for display, combat, or defense. "Amargasaurus" was discovered in sedimentary rocks of the La Amarga Formation, which dates back to the Barremian and late Aptian stages of the Early Cretaceous. A herbivore, it shared its environment with at least three other sauropod genera, which might have exploited different food sources in order to reduce competition. "Amargasaurus" probably fed at mid-height, as shown by the orientation of its inner ear and the articulation of its neck vertebrae, which suggest a habitual position of the snout above the ground and a maximum height of .


Context: what is amargasaurus?

Context: A genus of sauropod dinosaur

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: who discovered amargasaurus?

Context: Guillermo Rougier

Context: where was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what does the society do?

Context: when was it established?

Context: who was involved in its establishment?

Context: do they have any publications?

Context: where was amargasaurus discovered?

Context: In sedimentary rocks of the La Amarga Formation

Question: give some information on the above mentioned formation?

Answer: A geologic formation with outcrops in the Argentine provinces of Río Negro, Neuquén, and Mendoza.

La Amarga Formation [SEP] Introduction

The La Amarga Formation is a geologic formation with outcrops in the Argentine provinces of Río Negro, Neuquén, and Mendoza. It is the oldest Cretaceous terrestrial formation in the Neuquén Basin. The type locality is La Amarga Arroyo and China Muerta Hill. The La Amarga Formation unconformably overlies the marine Agrio Formation of the Mendoza Group. It is in turn overlain by the Lohan Cura Formation, separated by another unconformity.


Question: what are the 63 clauses of the magna carta

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Magna Carta [SEP] Introduction

After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name Magna Carta, to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time. Short of funds, Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes. His son, Edward I, repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England's statute law.


Context: what are the 63 clauses of the magna carta

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was it signed?

Answer: There were no signatures on the charter of 1215.

Magna Carta [SEP] Physical format

Numerous copies, known as exemplifications, were made of the various charters, and many of them still survive. The documents were written in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin in clear handwriting, using quill pens on sheets of parchment made from sheep skin, approximately across. They were sealed with the royal great seal by an official called the spigurnel, equipped with a special seal press, using beeswax and resin. There were no signatures on the charter of 1215, and the barons present did not attach their own seals to it. The text was not divided into paragraphs or numbered clauses: the numbering system used today was introduced by the jurist Sir William Blackstone in 1759.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: There were no signatures on the charter of 1215.

Question: who were the participants?

Answer: 27 ecclesiastical and secular magnates and 25 barons.

Explanation:
The preamble to Magna Carta includes the names of the following 27 ecclesiastical and secular magnates who had counselled John to accept its terms. The names include some of the moderate reformers, notably Archbishop Stephen Langton, and some of John's loyal supporters, such as William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke. They are listed here in the order in which they appear in the charter itself:

The names of the Twenty-Five Barons appointed under clause 61 to monitor John's future conduct are not given in the charter itself, but do appear in four early sources, all seemingly based on a contemporary listing: a late 13th-century collection of law tracts and statutes, a Reading Abbey manuscript now in Lambeth Palace Library, and the "Chronica Majora" and "Liber Additamentorum" of Matthew Paris. The process of appointment is not known, but the names were drawn almost exclusively from among John's more active opponents. They are listed here in the order in which they appear in the original sourc

Magna Carta [SEP] Lists of participants in 1215


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: 27 ecclesiastical and secular magnates and 25 barons.

Question: who initiated it?

Answer: King John of England.

Magna Carta [SEP] Background

Magna Carta originated as an unsuccessful attempt to achieve peace between royalist and rebel factions in 1215, as part of the events leading to the outbreak of the First Barons' War. England was ruled by King John, the third of the Angevin kings. Although the kingdom had a robust administrative system, the nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John and his predecessors had ruled using the principle of "vis et voluntas", or "force and will", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, with the counsel of the leading members of the realm, but there was no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: who initiated it?

Context: King John of England.

Question: when was he born?

Answer: 24 December 1166.

Explanation: John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands

John, King of England [SEP] Introduction

It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: who initiated it?

Context: King John of England.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 24 December 1166.

Question: which war did he face?

Answer: A war with rebel barons.

Explanation: he rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John. Louis' planned arrival in England presented a significant problem for John, as the prince would bring with him naval vessels and siege engines essential to the rebel cause. Once John contained Alexander in Scotland, he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion.

John, King of England [SEP] War with the barons

Both operations were successful and the majority of the remaining rebels were pinned down in London. In January 1216 John marched against Alexander II of Scotland, who had allied himself with the rebel cause. John took back Alexander's possessions in northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period. The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: who initiated it?

Context: King John of England.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 24 December 1166.

Context: which war did he face?

Context: A war with rebel barons.

Question: when did that happen?

Answer: Around 1211 to 1216.

Explanation:
am Marshal and Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition. John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales, where Llywelyn the Great was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement.

John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen "a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as "one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to that time". Having regained the south-east John split his for

The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: who initiated it?

Context: King John of England.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 24 December 1166.

Context: which war did he face?

Context: A war with rebel barons.

Context: when did that happen?

Context: Around 1211 to 1216.

Question: what happened to the king after the war?

Answer: He died shortly after the war.

Explanation:
idal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat".

John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, he was unable to travel any farther; he died on the night of 18/19 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". Hi

John, King of England [SEP] Death

In September 1216, John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent. In Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: who initiated it?

Context: King John of England.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 24 December 1166.

Context: which war did he face?

Context: A war with rebel barons.

Context: when did that happen?

Context: Around 1211 to 1216.

Context: what happened to the king after the war?

Context: He died shortly after the war.

Question: who won at the end of the war?

Answer: It was a stalemate.

Explanation: ous chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat".

John, King of England [SEP] Death

Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat". John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, he was unable to travel any farther; he died on the night of 18/19 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: who initiated it?

Context: King John of England.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 24 December 1166.

Context: which war did he face?

Context: A war with rebel barons.

Context: when did that happen?

Context: Around 1211 to 1216.

Context: He died shortly after the war.

Context: who won at the end of the war?

Context: It was a stalemate.

Question: was there any monument dedicated to him?

Answer: A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made in Worcester Cathedral.

Explanation: His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.

John, King of England [SEP] Death


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it signed?

Context: who were the participants?

Context: who initiated it?

Context: King John of England.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 24 December 1166.

Context: which war did he face?

Context: A war with rebel barons.

Context: when did that happen?

Context: Around 1211 to 1216.

Context: He died shortly after the war.

Context: who won at the end of the war?

Context: It was a stalemate.

Context: was there any monument dedicated to him?

Context: A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made in Worcester Cathedral.

Question: how is the church mentioned related to music?

Answer: Worcester Cathedral has three choirs and a long history of organs.

Worcester Cathedral [SEP] Music

Worcester Cathedral has three choirs: Worcester Cathedral Choir (the principal choir which has both boys' and girls' sections, normally working independently), Worcester Cathedral Voluntary Choir, and Worcester Cathedral Chamber Choir. All three were involved in the BBC broadcast of the midnight and Christmas morning services in 2007, with the boys and the girls of the Cathedral Choir, respectively, taking the lead in the two services. Since the 18th century, Worcester Cathedral Choir has taken part in the Three Choirs Festival, the oldest music festival in the world. The composer Edward Elgar spent most of his life in Worcestershire. The first performance of the revised version of his Enigma Variations – the version usually performed – took place at the cathedral during the 1899 Three Choirs Festival.


Question: when did raiders of the lost arc come out

Answer: 1981

Explanation: Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981

Raiders of the Lost Ark [SEP] Introduction

Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronald Lacey, John Rhys-Davies and Denholm Elliott. Ford portrays Indiana Jones, a globe-trotting archaeologist, vying with Nazi forces in 1936, to recover the long-lost Ark of the Covenant, a relic said to make an army invincible. Teaming up with his tough, former lover Marion Ravenwood (Allen), Jones races to stop rival archaeologist Dr. René Belloq (Freeman) from guiding the Nazis to the Ark and its power.


Context: when did raiders of the lost arc come out

Question: who was the protagonist of the film?

Answer: Indiana Jones

Explanation: Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronald Lacey, John Rhys-Davies and Denholm Elliott. Ford portrays Indiana Jones, a globe-trotting archaeologist


Context: who was the protagonist of the film?

Context: Indiana Jones

Question: who played the character?

Answer: Harrison Ford

Explanation: Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronald Lacey, John Rhys-Davies and Denholm Elliott.


Context: who was the protagonist of the film?

Context: Indiana Jones

Context: who played the character?

Context: Harrison Ford

Question: can you name some locations where the movie was shot?

Answer: Filming took place on sets at Elstree Studios Studios, and on location in La Rochelle in France, Tunisia in North Africa and Hawaii.

Raiders of the Lost Ark [SEP] Filming

Principal photography began on Monday, June 23, 1980. Filming took place on sets at Elstree Studios Studios, and on location in La Rochelle in France, Tunisia in North Africa and Hawaii. Lucas often spent several weeks at a time visiting the locations during filming, and directed some second unit shots. Spielberg said he learned to "like" instead of "love" to avoid using too much time trying to achieve the perfect take. He said, "We didn't do 30 or 40 takes; usually only four... Had I had more time and money, it would have turned out a pretentious movie." On-location shooting cost around $100,000 a day in addition to crew salaries; sets cost an additional $4million.