Context: when was it constructed?

Context: what kind of events are held here?

Context: and the outside?

Context: Its exterior is notable for a long marquee sign that wraps around the corner of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street and also has visual features signifying the building's purpose. Above the entrance, there are six small bronze plaques of musicians playing different instruments, as well as three larger metal and enamel plaques signifying dance, drama, and song; these plaques denote the theater's theme.

Question: is the subway located close?

Answer: Yes, the "New York City Subway".

Radio City Music Hall [SEP] Exterior

The entrance's location, which was enhanced by the amount of open space in front of that corner, ensured that the hall could easily be seen from the Broadway theater district a block to the west. An entrance to the New York City Subway's 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station, served by the , is located on Sixth Avenue directly adjacent to the north end of the marquee, within the same structure that houses Radio City Music Hall. The hall's exterior also has visual features signifying the building's purpose. Above the entrance, Hildreth Meiere created six small bronze plaques of musicians playing different instruments, as well as three larger metal and enamel plaques signifying dance, drama, and song; these plaques denote the theater's theme.


Context: what part of new york is radio city music hall in

Context: It is at 1260 Avenue of the Americas, within Rockefeller Center, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

Context: when was it constructed?

Context: The construction started in December 1931, and the hall topped out in August 1932.

Context: what kind of events are held here?

Context: Dance shows is one kind of event held here.

Context: how does the inside of this hall look like?

Context: The interior contains a "majestic" grand foyer, the large and lavishly decorated main auditorium, and a series of stairs and elevators that lead to levels of mezzanines.

Context: and the outside?

Context: is the subway located close?

Context: Yes, the "New York City Subway".

Question: is littering a problem in this subway?

Answer: Litter accumulation in the subway system is perennial. Every day, the MTA removes 40 tons of trash from 3,500 trash receptacles. Rats are sometimes seen on platforms.

Explanation:
Litter accumulation in the subway system is perennial. In the 1970s and 1980s, dirty trains and platforms, as well as graffiti, were a serious problem. The situation had improved since then, but the 2010 budget crisis, which caused over 100 of the cleaning staff to lose their jobs, threatened to curtail trash removal. Every day, the MTA removes 40 tons of trash from 3,500 trash receptacles.

The New York City Subway system is infested with rats. Rats are sometimes seen on platforms, and are commonly seen foraging through garbage thrown onto the tracks. They are believed to pose a health hazard, and on rare instances have been known to bite humans.

New York City Subway [SEP] Litter and rodents


Context: when was it constructed?

Context: what kind of events are held here?

Context: and the outside?

Context: is the subway located close?

Context: Yes, the "New York City Subway".

Context: is littering a problem in this subway?

Context: Litter accumulation in the subway system is perennial. Every day, the MTA removes 40 tons of trash from 3,500 trash receptacles. Rats are sometimes seen on platforms.

Question: has it ever been expanded since its construction?

Answer: Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s, and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system's existence.

New York City Subway [SEP] Expansion

Many different plans were proposed over the years of the subway's existence, but expansion of the subway system mostly stopped during World War II. Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the proposals for the Second Avenue Subway. Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s, and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system's existence. After the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed in 1940, the city went into great debt, and only 33 new stations have been added to the system since, nineteen of which were part of defunct railways that already existed.


Context: when was it constructed?

Context: what kind of events are held here?

Context: and the outside?

Context: is the subway located close?

Context: Yes, the "New York City Subway".

Context: is littering a problem in this subway?

Context: has it ever been expanded since its construction?

Context: Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s, and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system's existence.

Question: has it ever faced floods?

Answer: Service on the subway system is occasionally disrupted by flooding from rainstorms, even minor ones.

New York City Subway [SEP] Subway flooding

Service on the subway system is occasionally disrupted by flooding from rainstorms, even minor ones. Rainwater can disrupt signals underground and require the electrified third rail to be shut off. Every day, the MTA moves 13 million gallons of water when it is not raining. Since 1992, $357 million has been used to improve 269 pump rooms. By August 2007, $115 million was earmarked to upgrade the remaining 18 pump rooms. Despite these improvements, the transit system continues to experience flooding problems. On August 8, 2007, after more than of rain fell within an hour, the subway system flooded, causing almost every subway service to either be disabled or seriously disrupted, effectively halting the morning rush.


Context: when was it constructed?

Context: what kind of events are held here?

Context: and the outside?

Context: is the subway located close?

Context: Yes, the "New York City Subway".

Context: is littering a problem in this subway?

Context: has it ever faced floods?

Context: Service on the subway system is occasionally disrupted by flooding from rainstorms, even minor ones.

Question: did the music hall ever run into any financial troubles?

Answer: Yes, in January 1978 it projected a loss of $3.5 million.

Explanation: By January 1978, the Music Hall was in debt, and officials stated that it could not remain open after April. Alton Marshall, president of Rockefeller Center, announced that due to a projected loss of $3.5 million for the upcoming year Radio City Music Hall would close its doors on April 12.

Radio City Music Hall [SEP] Bankruptcy and threat of closure

The renovation of the Music Hall started in April 1979. In 1980, the hall reopened to the public. Regular film showings at Radio City ended, and live shows were cut back to holiday showings only. Around this time, the Music Hall started creating its own music concerts. Prior to the reopening, the Music Hall was rented to music concerts, but had never hosted a concert that it created.


Context: when was it constructed?

Context: what kind of events are held here?

Context: and the outside?

Context: is the subway located close?

Context: Yes, the "New York City Subway".

Context: is littering a problem in this subway?

Context: has it ever faced floods?

Context: did the music hall ever run into any financial troubles?

Context: Yes, in January 1978 it projected a loss of $3.5 million.

Question: has it hosted any games?

Answer: Yes, it was the site of the NFL Draft between 2006 and 2014.

Radio City Music Hall [SEP] Sports

The court from Madison Square Garden was moved to Radio City Music Hall during this time. Radio City Music Hall was the site of the NFL Draft between 2006 and 2014. Prior to being held in the Music Hall, the NFL Draft had been hosted at other locations in New York City since 1965, but after the 2014 draft, the National Football League hosted the draft in a series of other cities nationwide.


Question: what happened to the lead singer of killswitch engage

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Killswitch Engage [SEP] Introduction

Killswitch Engage is an American metalcore band from Westfield, Massachusetts, formed in 1999 after the disbanding of Overcast and Aftershock. Killswitch Engage's current lineup consists of vocalist Jesse Leach, guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz, bassist Mike D'Antonio, and drummer Justin Foley. The band has released eight studio albums and two live performance albums. Their eighth studio album, "Atonement", was released on August 16, 2019. Killswitch Engage rose to fame with its 2004 release "The End of Heartache", which peaked at number 21 on the "Billboard" 200, and was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2007 for over 500,000 shipments in the United States.


Context: what happened to the lead singer of killswitch engage

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is it an album?

Answer: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Explanation: is an American metalcore band

Killswitch Engage [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Question: which is their debut album?

Answer: In Flames

Explanation: In Flames

Killswitch Engage [SEP] Early years and debut album (1999–2001)

In 1999, Killswitch Engage recorded a demo containing four tracks, including "Soilborn", the first song written by the band. The demo was first released at the band's first show, opening for melodic death metal act In Flames, in November 1999. They released their self-titled debut album the following year. Although initially the album was not a financial success and did not land on any charts, it attracted the interest of Carl Severson, who worked at Roadrunner Records at the time. Severson handed "Killswitch Engage" to several Roadrunner representatives. Mike Gitter, a talent agent of the company, contacted D'Antonio, attended several of the band's shows, and offered the band a recording contract with Roadrunner.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Question: who is the lead vocalist?

Answer: Jesse Leach

Explanation: Jesse Leach

Killswitch Engage [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Context: who is the lead vocalist?

Context: Jesse Leach

Question: what themes do their albums deal with?

Answer: Unity, positivity and love

Explanation: unity, positivity, [and] love

Killswitch Engage [SEP] Musical style, influences, and lyrical themes

Jesse Leach stated on "(Set This) World Ablaze", that the lyrics contain "unity, positivity, [and] love." On the lyrical themes of "Killswitch Engage", Ultimate Guitar reviewer Amy Sciarretto notes: On Killswitch Engage's 2009 self-titled album, Howard Jones states the change in lyrical themes: Jesse Leach has talked about the band's label of metalcore, stating: "I never liked the term 'metalcore.' I don't think it's an accurate representation of the wide variety of bands that get lumped under that category. But I get it. People have to categorize stuff and put it into their own little category so they can describe stuff to somebody else.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Context: who is the lead vocalist?

Context: Jesse Leach

Context: what themes do their albums deal with?

Context: Unity, positivity and love

Question: what musical styles are implemented in their songs?

Answer: Singing, screaming vocals, and growls.

Musical style, influences, and lyrical themes

Explanation: singing, screaming vocals, and growls

Killswitch Engage is considered a metalcore band. Like some 2000s metalcore bands, Killswitch Engage vocally combine singing, screaming vocals, and growls in their music. In 2009, MTV, while naming "The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time", said that Killswitch Engage have been "called one of the founders of metalcore". Jason D. Taylor of Allmusic said "Alive or Just Breathing" is "a pure metal album that seemingly has ignored any fashionable trend and instead relies solely on skill and expertise to sculpt some of the meatiest heavy metal since the glory days of Metallica and Slayer." Both current vocalist Jesse Leach and former vocalist Howard Jones write lyrics that are considered positive.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Context: who is the lead vocalist?

Context: Jesse Leach

Context: what themes do their albums deal with?

Context: Unity, positivity and love

Context: what musical styles are implemented in their songs?

Context: Singing, screaming vocals, and growls.

Question: can you name any of their albums that have earned them awards?

Answer: The End of Heartache became the main single for a movie and was nominated for Best Metal Performance for the 47th Grammy Awards.

Explanation: The End of Heartache

Killswitch Engage [SEP] "The End of Heartache" (2004–2006)

"The End of Heartache" was released on May 11, 2004, and peaked at number 21 on the "Billboard" 200 with 38,000 sales in its first week, and it also peaked at number 39 on the Australian Albums Chart. The album went on to sell more than 500,000 copies in the U.S and was certified gold on December 7, 2007. The album received mostly positive reviews, with Jon Caramanica of "Rolling Stone" calling the album a "stunning collection, retaining much of their signature musical brutality". Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic commented "riffs upon riffs are piled sky-high into each number that follows, it's the unpredictable rhythmic shifts used to build and then relieve internal pressure that fuel the Killswitch Engage power source".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Context: who is the lead vocalist?

Context: Jesse Leach

Context: what themes do their albums deal with?

Context: Unity, positivity and love

Context: Singing, screaming vocals, and growls.

Context: can you name any of their albums that have earned them awards?

Context: The End of Heartache became the main single for a movie and was nominated for Best Metal Performance for the 47th Grammy Awards.

Question: how did the lead vocalist begin her career?

Answer: She had formed her first band, Corrin in the early 1990s.

Jesse Leach [SEP] Early career

Leach's first band, Corrin, was formed in the early 1990s. Corrin recorded four songs in 1996 which were eventually released as a CD by Propaganda Machine in 1998 after the band's breakup. Leach's second band, Nothing Stays Gold, formed in the mid-90s. They put out a single EP before splitting in 97/98.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Context: who is the lead vocalist?

Context: Jesse Leach

Context: what themes do their albums deal with?

Context: Unity, positivity and love

Context: Singing, screaming vocals, and growls.

Context: how did the lead vocalist begin her career?

Context: She had formed her first band, Corrin in the early 1990s.

Question: what were her other projects?

Answer: He  wrote the lyrics for George Fisher's new side project called Serpentine Dominion.

Jesse Leach [SEP] Other projects

George Fisher told in "The Jasta Show", that Jesse Leach wrote the lyrics for George Fisher's new side project called Serpentine Dominion, also consisting Adam Dutkiewicz from Killswitch Engage and Shannon Lucas. He Explained: I originally was going to write stuff for the new band, and you know what? Writing lyrics has just never been my thing, and we were getting down to when I was supposed to go up there and lay down my vocals. And Adam just said, 'Look, I'll ask Jesse to write some stuff.' So he wrote it, and I just said I don't want no pro-religious crap 'cause I ain't about all that.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Context: who is the lead vocalist?

Context: Jesse Leach

Context: what themes do their albums deal with?

Context: Unity, positivity and love

Context: Singing, screaming vocals, and growls.

Context: what were her other projects?

Context: He  wrote the lyrics for George Fisher's new side project called Serpentine Dominion.

Question: has the vocalist been involved in films?

Answer: Yes, Outside Providence

Explanation: Outside Providence

Jesse Leach [SEP] Acting career

Leach played a small role in the 1999 film "Outside Providence", directed by Michael Corrente. The film is an adaptation of Peter Farrelly's 1988 novel of the same name. Leach played a boy named Decenz.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it an album?

Context: No, it  is an American metalcore band.

Context: which is their debut album?

Context: In Flames

Context: who is the lead vocalist?

Context: Jesse Leach

Context: what themes do their albums deal with?

Context: Unity, positivity and love

Context: Singing, screaming vocals, and growls.

Context: what were her other projects?

Context: has the vocalist been involved in films?

Context: Yes, Outside Providence

Question: who were the other members of the band?

Answer: Joel Stroetzel, Adam Dutkiewicz, Mike D'Antonio and Justin Foley.

Explanation: guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz, bassist Mike D'Antonio, and drummer Justin Foley.

Killswitch Engage [SEP] Introduction


Question: which regions will you find the australian green tree frog?

Answer: Australia and New Guinea

Australian green tree frog [SEP] Introduction

The Australian green tree frog ("Ranoidea caerulea"), also known as simply green tree frog in Australia, White's tree frog, or dumpy tree frog, is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in the United States and New Zealand, though the latter is believed to have died out. It is morphologically similar to some other members of its genus, particularly the magnificent tree frog ("R. splendida") and the white-lipped tree frog ("R. infrafrenata"). Larger than most Australian frogs, the Australian green tree frog reaches 10 cm (4 in) or more in length. Its average lifespan in captivity, about 16 years, is long compared with most frogs.


Context: which regions will you find the australian green tree frog?

Context: Australia and New Guinea

Question: which places in these regions do they dwell in?

Answer: Western Australia through the Northern Territory and Queensland to north and central New South Wales.

Australian green tree frog [SEP] Distribution and habitat

The green tree frog is native to northern and eastern regions of Australia and to the lowlands of New Guinea. Distribution is limited mostly to areas with warm, wet tropical climates. Its range spans from Irian Jaya to Port Moresby, and is most abundant on Daru Island. The IUCN suggests "scattered locations" in both New Guinea and Indonesia. In Australia, its range extends from the Kimberley region of Western Australia through the Northern Territory and Queensland to north and central New South Wales and the extreme northeasterly part of South Australia. Its total extent of land occupancy is around .


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: which places in these regions do they dwell in?

Context: Western Australia through the Northern Territory and Queensland to north and central New South Wales.

Question: what is the scientific name for these species?

Answer: Ranoidea caerulea


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: what is the scientific name for these species?

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Question: what do they feed on?

Answer: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Australian green tree frog [SEP] Ecology and behaviour

The diet of the green tree frog consists mainly of insects such as moths, cockroaches, and locusts. They also eat spiders and can include smaller frogs and even small mammals (including bats) among their prey. Frog teeth are not suited to cutting up prey, so the food item must be small enough to fit inside its mouth. Many frogs flick out their sticky tongues at prey and the victim sticks to the tip and is drawn back into the mouth and consumed. A green tree frog uses this technique for smaller prey; for larger items, however, it pounces, then pushes the prey into its mouth with its hands.


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Question: do they take shelter in trees?

Answer: Yes, they favor old stands of Eucalyptus.

They are often found in the canopy of trees near water bodies, but also occupy terrestrial habitats well away from water. They favour old stands of "Eucalyptus", where the trees have hollows in which water collects. They are common along inland waterways and can survive in swamps (among the reeds) or in grasslands in cooler climates.


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Context: do they take shelter in trees?

Context: Yes, they favor old stands of Eucalyptus.

Question: when is their breeding season?

Answer: Between November and February

Australian green tree frog [SEP] Reproduction

Breeding occurs between November and February. During the mating season, the males call from slightly elevated positions close to the still-water sources in which they choose to breed. Clumps of between 200 and 2000 eggs are laid which initially float, but sink within 24 hours. The development of the tadpoles takes about six weeks, after which they undergo metamorphosis and leave the water as juvenile frogs.


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Context: do they take shelter in trees?

Context: when is their breeding season?

Context: Between November and February

Question: how are these species are of benefit in the research fields?

Answer: Several peptides from the skin secretions of the green tree frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T cells.

Explanation: Several peptides from the skin secretions of the green tree frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T cells.

Australian green tree frog [SEP] Use in research

The structure of their toe pads was used to investigate the microstructure and properties of the epithelium that allows the animals to adhere to wet surfaces.


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Context: do they take shelter in trees?

Context: when is their breeding season?

Context: Between November and February

Context: how are these species are of benefit in the research fields?

Context: Several peptides from the skin secretions of the green tree frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T cells.

Question: what is their conservation status tagged as?

Answer: Its tagged as "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature

Australian green tree frog [SEP] Conservation

Australian law gives protected status to the green tree frog—along with all Australian fauna—under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the green tree frog's conservation status as being of "least concern", given its broad range, its large total population, and its tolerance of a variety of habitat types. The population trend seems to be stable, and any decline in numbers is not likely to be at a fast enough rate to justify listing it in a more threatened category. In suburban areas, this frog is threatened by pollution and by predation by domestic animals.


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Context: do they take shelter in trees?

Context: when is their breeding season?

Context: Between November and February

Context: what is their conservation status tagged as?

Context: Its tagged as "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature

Question: what is the overall climate of that first country you mentioned previously in which these species are found?

Answer: Mediterranean climate

Explanation: The south-west corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate. The south-east ranges from oceanic (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to humid subtropical (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring alpine and subpolar oceanic climates.

Australia [SEP] Climate

Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in 2010, 2011 and 2012 after the 2000s Australian drought.


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Context: do they take shelter in trees?

Context: when is their breeding season?

Context: Between November and February

Context: what is the overall climate of that first country you mentioned previously in which these species are found?

Context: Mediterranean climate

Question: and what is the climate of that 2nd country mentioned?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Australia [SEP] Climate

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia. These factors cause rainfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall (monsoon). The south-west corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate. The south-east ranges from oceanic (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to humid subtropical (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring alpine and subpolar oceanic climates.


Context: Australia and New Guinea

Context: Ranoidea caerulea

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Moths, cockroaches, and locusts

Context: do they take shelter in trees?

Context: when is their breeding season?

Context: Between November and February

Context: Mediterranean climate

Context: and what is the climate of that 2nd country mentioned?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you name a few rivers in that first country mentioned previously in which these species are found?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Australia [SEP] Climate


Question: what is the name of the queens palace

Answer: Buckingham-palace

Explanation:
Under the new Crown ownership, the building was originally intended as a private retreat for King George III's wife, Queen Charlotte, and was accordingly known as The Queen's House. Remodelling of the structure began in 1762. In 1775, an Act of Parliament settled the property on Queen Charlotte, in exchange for her rights to Somerset House, and 14 of her 15 children were born there. Some furnishings were transferred from Carlton House, and others had been bought in France after the French Revolution of 1789. While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name "Buckingham-palace" was used from at least 1791.

After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home. However, in 1826, while the work was in progress, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash.

Buckingham Palace [SEP] From Queen's House to palace


Context:
what is the name of the queens palace
Buckingham-palace

Question: describe a few instances of security breaches?

Answer: The boy Jones was an intruder who gained entry on three occasions between 1838 and 1841

Buckingham Palace [SEP] Security breaches

The boy Jones was an intruder who gained entry to the palace on three occasions between 1838 and 1841. At least 12 people have managed to gain unauthorised entry into the palace or its grounds since 1914, including Michael Fagan, who broke into the palace twice in 1982 and entered the Queen's bedroom on the second occasion. At the time, news media reported that he had a long conversation with the Queen while she waited for security officers to arrive, but in a 2012 interview with "The Independent", Fagan said the Queen ran out of the room, and no conversation took place.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: describe a few instances of security breaches?

Context: The boy Jones was an intruder who gained entry on three occasions between 1838 and 1841

Question: who is he?

Answer: A British teenager who became notorious for breaking into Buckingham Palace multiple times

The boy Jones [SEP] Introduction

Edward Jones (1824 – December 26, 1893), nicknamed "the boy Jones" by newspapers of the time, was a British teenager who became notorious for breaking into Buckingham Palace multiple times between 1838 and 1841. He later became the subject of a children's book and the film "The Mudlark". The full story of his activities has been told in the 2010 book "Queen Victoria's Stalker: The Strange Case of the Boy Jones", written by Jan Bondeson.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: A British teenager who became notorious for breaking into Buckingham Palace multiple times

Question: how many times did do it?

Answer: Three times

Explanation:
In 1838, aged approximately 14, Jones entered Buckingham Palace disguised as a chimney sweep. He was caught by a porter in the Marble Hall and, after a chase, captured by the police in St James's Street, with Queen Victoria's underwear stuffed down his trousers. He was brought before Queen Square Police Court on 14 December. It turned out that he had frequently mentioned his intention to enter the palace to his employer, a builder. Although he had apparently stolen linen and a regimental sword from the palace, he was acquitted by the jury.

On 30 November 1840, nine days after the birth of Queen Victoria's first child, Princess Victoria, he "scaled the wall of Buckingham Palace about half-way up Constitution Hill", entered the palace, and left undetected. On 1 December 1840, he broke in again. Shortly after midnight, Baroness Lehzen discovered him under a sofa in the Queen's dressing room and he was arrested.

The boy Jones [SEP] Arrests


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Question: when was the first time he got arrested?

Answer: 1838

Explanation: In 1838, aged approximately 14, Jones entered Buckingham Palace disguised as a chimney sweep. He was caught by a porter in the Marble Hall and, after a chase, captured by the police in St James's Street, with Queen Victoria's underwear stuffed down his trousers.

The boy Jones [SEP] Arrests


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: when was the first time he got arrested?

Question: mention a few of his notoriety?

Answer: In an allusion to Inigo Jones, it was suggested that because of his "extraordinary powers of finding an entrance into the palace" he must be "a descendant of "In-I-Go Jones"

The boy Jones [SEP] Notoriety

Jones became the subject of numerous accounts in newspapers and satirical magazines, and inspired a children's book and a film called "The Mudlark". In an allusion to Renaissance architect Inigo Jones, it was suggested that because of his "extraordinary powers of finding an entrance into the palace" he must be "a descendant of "In-I-Go Jones"". The story of Jones is a brief storyline in the second season of ITV period drama "Victoria", where Jones is portrayed by Tommy Rodger.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: mention a few of his notoriety?

Context: In an allusion to Inigo Jones, it was suggested that because of his "extraordinary powers of finding an entrance into the palace" he must be "a descendant of "In-I-Go Jones"

Question: who is inigo?

Answer: First significant English architect in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings.

Inigo Jones [SEP] Introduction

Inigo Jones (; 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant English architect in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable architect in England, Jones was the first person to introduce the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. He left his mark on London by his design of single buildings, such as the Queen's House which is the first building in England designed in a pure classical style, and the Banqueting House, Whitehall, as well as the layout for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: mention a few of his notoriety?

Context: who is inigo?

Context: First significant English architect in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings.

Question: describe his political life?

Answer: On 16 February 1621, in a by-election, Jones was elected M.P. in the Parliament of England for New Shoreham in west Sussex

Inigo Jones [SEP] Political and civic life

On 16 February 1621, in a by-election caused by the ejection of an existing member Sir John Leedes, Jones was elected M.P. in the Parliament of England for New Shoreham in west Sussex, a borough constituency controlled by the Earl of Arundel, and sat till the dissolution of that parliament in February 1622. He was named to a committee to improve lighting and increase seating in the House of Commons' chamber, resulting in a new gallery being erected in St Stephen's Chapel during the summer recess and was also responsible for a new ceiling put in the House of Lords chamber in 1623.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: mention a few of his notoriety?

Context: who is inigo?

Context: describe his political life?

Context: On 16 February 1621, in a by-election, Jones was elected M.P. in the Parliament of England for New Shoreham in west Sussex

Question: from where did he receive his architecture degree?

Answer: A rich patron sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by the quality of his sketches.

Inigo Jones [SEP] Early life and career

Beyond the fact that he was born in Smithfield, London, the son of Inigo Jones, a Welsh cloth worker, and baptised at the church of St Bartholomew-the-Less, little is known about Jones's early years. He did not approach the architectural profession in the traditional way, namely either by rising up from a craft or through early exposure to the Office of Works, although there is evidence that Christopher Wren obtained information that recorded Jones as an apprentice joiner in St Paul's Churchyard. At some point before 1603 a rich patron (possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland) sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by the quality of his sketches.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: mention a few of his notoriety?

Context: who is inigo?

Context: describe his political life?

Context: from where did he receive his architecture degree?

Context: A rich patron sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by the quality of his sketches.

Question: who was his patron?

Answer: Possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland

Inigo Jones [SEP] Early life and career


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: mention a few of his notoriety?

Context: who is inigo?

Context: describe his political life?

Context: who was his patron?

Context: Possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland

Question: who or what is the former earl?

Answer: It is a title in the Peerage of England

Earl of Pembroke [SEP] Introduction

The Earldom of Pembroke () is a title in the Peerage of England that was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title, which is associated with Pembroke, Pembrokeshire in West Wales, has been recreated ten times from its original inception. With each creation beginning with a new first Earl, the original seat of Pembroke Castle is no longer attached to the title. , the current holder of the earldom is William Herbert, 18th Earl of Pembroke, which is the 10th creation of the title. For the past 400 years, his family's seat has been Wilton House, Wiltshire.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: mention a few of his notoriety?

Context: who is inigo?

Context: describe his political life?

Context: who was his patron?

Context: who or what is the former earl?

Context: It is a title in the Peerage of England

Question: and what is peerage of england?

Answer: Comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707.

Peerage of England [SEP] Introduction

The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. In that year, the Peerages of England and Scotland were replaced by one Peerage of Great Britain. English Peeresses obtained their first seats in the House of Lords under the Peerage Act 1963 from which date until the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 all Peers of England could sit in the House of Lords. The ranks of the English peerage are, in descending order, Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron. While most newer English peerages descend only in the male line, many of the older ones (particularly older baronies) can descend through females.


Context: what is the name of the queens palace

Context: Buckingham-palace

Context: who is he?

Context: how many times did do it?

Context: Three times

Context: mention a few of his notoriety?

Context: who is inigo?

Context: describe his political life?

Context: who was his patron?

Context: who or what is the former earl?

Context: It is a title in the Peerage of England

Context: and what is peerage of england?

Context: Comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707.

Question: describe the court dress of the aforemetioned palace?

Answer: Today, there is no official dress code; mostly men wear service uniform or lounge suits and in the evening, depending on the formality of the occasion, black tie or white tie.

Explanation: Today, there is no official dress code. Most men invited to Buckingham Palace in the daytime choose to wear service uniform or lounge suits; a minority wear morning coats, and in the evening, depending on the formality of the occasion, black tie or white tie.

Buckingham Palace [SEP] Court dress


Question: what is neath and tennant canal?

Answer: They are two independent but linked canals in South Wales that are usually regarded as a single canal.

Neath and Tennant Canal [SEP] Introduction

The Neath and Tennant Canals are two independent but linked canals in South Wales that are usually regarded as a single canal. The Neath Canal was opened from Glynneath to Melincryddan, to the south of Neath, in 1795 and extended to Giant's Grave in 1799, in order to provide better shipping facilities. With several small later extensions it reached its final destination at Briton Ferry. No traffic figures are available, but it was successful, as dividends of 16 per cent were paid on the shares. The canal was long and included 19 locks. The Tennant Canal was a development of the Glan-y-wern Canal, which was built across Crymlyn Bog to transport coal from a colliery on its northern edge to a creek on the River Neath called Red Jacket Pill.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: They are two independent but linked canals in South Wales that are usually regarded as a single canal.

Question: when were they restored?

Answer: They are the subject of active restoration projects.

Neath and Tennant Canal [SEP] Restoration

The canals are the subject of active restoration projects. Local interest resulted in the formation of the Neath and Tennant Canals Preservation Society in 1974, to promote restoration of the canal, and carry out clearance and repairs using volunteers. In 2006 it was renamed the Neath and Tennant Canals Trust. They have worked alongside the two Canal companies, Neath Port Talbot Council, and a wide range of funders and bodies working for regeneration of the Neath valley, to enable significant sections of the canals to return to use.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: They are the subject of active restoration projects.

Question: what is the purpose of these canals?

Answer: It provided better facilities for transferring cargo to ships.

It closed after 20 years, but was enlarged and extended by George Tennant in 1818, to provide a navigable link from the River Neath to the River Tawe at Swansea docks. In order to increase trade, he built an extension to Aberdulais basin, where it linked to the Neath Canal. The extension was built without an act of Parliament and there was a long delay while Tennant attempted to resolve a dispute with a landowner over the routing of the canal. Once opened, much of the Neath traffic used the Tennant Canal, as Swansea provided better facilities for transferring cargo to ships.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: what is the purpose of these canals?

Context: It provided better facilities for transferring cargo to ships.

Question: where is it located?

Answer: South Wales


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: what is the purpose of these canals?

Context: where is it located?

Context: South Wales

Question: how far back can the human settlement there be traced?

Answer: Continuous human habitation dates from the end of the last ice age, between 12,000 and 10,000 years before

Explanation: Continuous human habitation dates from the end of the last ice age, between 12,000 and 10,000 years before present (BP), when Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from central Europe began to migrate to Great Britain.

Wales [SEP] Prehistoric origins

Over the following centuries they assimilated immigrants and adopted ideas from Bronze Age and Iron Age Celtic cultures. Some historians, such as John T. Koch, consider Wales in the Late Bronze Age as part of a maritime trading-networked culture that included other Celtic nations. This "Atlantic-Celtic" view is opposed by others who hold that the Celtic languages derive their origins from the more easterly Hallstatt culture. By the time of the Roman invasion of Britain the area of modern Wales had been divided among the tribes of the Deceangli, Ordovices, Cornovii, Demetae and Silures for centuries.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: what is the purpose of these canals?

Context: where is it located?

Context: South Wales

Context: how far back can the human settlement there be traced?

Context: Continuous human habitation dates from the end of the last ice age, between 12,000 and 10,000 years before

Question: which are the major contributing sectors for its economy?

Answer: Tourism.

Wales [SEP] Economy

Poor-quality soil in much of Wales is unsuitable for crop-growing so livestock farming has traditionally been the focus of farming. About 78% of the land surface is harnessed for agriculture. The Welsh landscape, with its three national parks and Blue Flag beaches, attracts large numbers of tourists, who bolster the economy of rural areas. Wales like Northern Ireland has relatively few high value-added employment in sectors such as finance and research and development, attributable in part to a comparative lack of 'economic mass' (i.e. population) – Wales lacks a large metropolitan centre. The lack of high value-added employment is reflected in lower economic output per head relative to other regions of the UK – in 2002 it stood at 90% of the EU25 average and around 80% of the UK average.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: what is the purpose of these canals?

Context: where is it located?

Context: South Wales

Context: which are the major contributing sectors for its economy?

Context: Tourism.

Question: which are famous museums there?

Answer: Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales

Wales [SEP] Museums and libraries

Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales was founded by royal charter in 1907 and is now a Welsh Government sponsored body. The National Museum is made up of seven sites across the country, including the National Museum Cardiff, St Fagans National History Museum and Big Pit National Coal Museum. In April 2001, the attractions attached to the National Museum were granted free entry by the Assembly, and this action saw the visitor numbers to the sites increase during 2001–2002 by 87.8 per cent to 1,430,428. Aberystwyth is home to the National Library of Wales, which houses some of the most important collections in Wales, including the Sir John Williams Collection and the Shirburn Castle collection.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: what is the purpose of these canals?

Context: where is it located?

Context: South Wales

Context: Tourism.

Context: which are famous museums there?

Context: Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales

Question: which are the popular dishes?

Answer: Laverbread, bara brith , cawl, cawl cennin and Welsh cakes.

Wales [SEP] Cuisine

Traditional Welsh dishes include laverbread (made from "Porphyra umbilicalis", an edible seaweed); bara brith (fruit bread); cawl (a lamb stew); cawl cennin (leek soup); and Welsh cakes. Cockles are sometimes served as a traditional breakfast with bacon and laverbread. Although Wales has its own traditional food and has absorbed much of the cuisine of England, Welsh diets now owe more to the countries of India, China and the United States. Chicken tikka masala is the country's favourite dish while hamburgers and Chinese food outsell fish and chips as a takeaway.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: what is the purpose of these canals?

Context: where is it located?

Context: South Wales

Context: Tourism.

Context: which are famous museums there?

Context: Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales

Context: which are the popular dishes?

Context: Laverbread, bara brith , cawl, cawl cennin and Welsh cakes.

Question: where did the third dish get its name from?

Answer: It is thought to come from the Latin "caulis", meaning the stalk of a plant, a cabbage stalk or a cabbage

Cawl [SEP] Etymology

The word "cawl" in Welsh is first recorded in the 14th century, and is thought to come from the Latin "caulis", meaning the stalk of a plant, a cabbage stalk or a cabbage. An alternative suggestion is that it is from Latin "calidus", meaning warm, as this is the source of Spanish "caldo", with the senses of broth or gravy.


Context: what is neath and tennant canal?

Context: when were they restored?

Context: what is the purpose of these canals?

Context: where is it located?

Context: South Wales

Context: Tourism.

Context: which are famous museums there?

Context: Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales

Context: which are the popular dishes?

Context: where did the third dish get its name from?

Context: It is thought to come from the Latin "caulis", meaning the stalk of a plant, a cabbage stalk or a cabbage

Question: which festivals are celebrated there?

Answer: Calan Gaeaf,  Calan Mai, Calan Awst, etc.

Wales [SEP] Festivals

Wales has some unique celebratory days. An early festivity was Mabsant when local parishes would celebrate the patron saint of their local church. Wales's national day is Saint David's Day, marked on 1 March, believed to be the date of David's death in the year 589. Dydd Santes Dwynwen's day commemorates the local patron saint of friendship and love. It is celebrated on 25 January in a similar way to St Valentine's Day. Calan Gaeaf, associated with the supernatural and the dead, is observed on 1 November (All Saints Day). It has largely been replaced by Hallowe'en. Other festivities include Calan Mai (May Day), celebrating the beginning of summer; Calan Awst (Lammas Day); and Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau (Candlemas Day).


Question: what is an 'actuary'?

Answer: A business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty.

Actuary [SEP] Introduction

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty. The name of the corresponding field is actuarial science. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills. Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms. While the concept of insurance dates to antiquity, the concepts needed to scientifically measure and mitigate risks have their origins in the 17th century studies of probability and annuities. Actuaries of the 21st century require analytical skills, business knowledge, and an understanding of human behavior and information systems to design and manage programs that control risk.


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: A business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty.

Question: what is its traditional employment requirements?

Answer: Calculation skills, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums.

Explanation:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums. Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards. Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries. In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed. Ac

Actuary [SEP] Development of the modern profession


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what is its traditional employment requirements?

Context: Calculation skills, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums.

Question: what are some early ones?

Answer: Charitable operations; A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial ; Non-life insurance

Explanation:
In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies. Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity; religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome. Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era, but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma.

Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity. Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. T

Actuary [SEP] Early attempts


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what are some early ones?

Context: Charitable operations; A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial ; Non-life insurance

Question: when did its theory develop?

Answer: 17th century

Actuary [SEP] Development of theory

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest.


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what are some early ones?

Context: when did its theory develop?

Context: 17th century

Question: where did it develop?

Answer: England

Explanation: During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley.

Actuary [SEP] Development of theory


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what are some early ones?

Context: when did its theory develop?

Context: 17th century

Context: where did it develop?

Context: England

Question: who is responsible for its creation?

Answer: John Graunt, Edmond Halley

Explanation: During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley. In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity.

Actuary [SEP] Development of theory


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what are some early ones?

Context: when did its theory develop?

Context: 17th century

Context: where did it develop?

Context: England

Context: who is responsible for its creation?

Context: John Graunt, Edmond Halley

Question: where was the former person from?

Answer: London

John Graunt [SEP] Biography

Born in London, John Graunt was the eldest of the seven or eight children of Henry and Mary Graunt. Graunt's father was a draper who had moved to London from Hampshire. In February 1641, Graunt married Mary Scott, with whom he had one son (Henry) and three daughters. He became a freeman of the Drapers' Company at age 21. Graunt worked in his father's shop until his father died in 1662, and Graunt became influential in the City. He was able to secure the post of professor of music for his friend William Petty in 1650. He served in various ward offices in Cornhill ward, becoming a common councilman about 1669–71, warden of the Drapers' Company in 1671 and a major in the trained band.


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what are some early ones?

Context: when did its theory develop?

Context: 17th century

Context: where did it develop?

Context: England

Context: who is responsible for its creation?

Context: John Graunt, Edmond Halley

Context: where was the former person from?

Context: London

Question: what bill did he create?

Answer: He compiled and analyzed data from the Bills of Mortality.

John Graunt [SEP] "Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality"

Graunt's book "Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality" (published 1662 Old Style or 1663 New Style) compiled and analyzed data from the Bills of Mortality. Graunt, using the Rule of Three (mathematics) and ratios obtained by comparing years in the Bills of Mortality, was able to make estimates about the size of the population of London and England, birth rates and mortality rates of males and females, and the rise and spread of certain diseases.


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what are some early ones?

Context: when did its theory develop?

Context: 17th century

Context: where did it develop?

Context: England

Context: who is responsible for its creation?

Context: John Graunt, Edmond Halley

Context: where was the former person from?

Context: London

Context: what bill did he create?

Context: He compiled and analyzed data from the Bills of Mortality.

Question: what is the essence of this bill mentioned?

Answer: It contained information about the births, deaths, and causes of death in London parishes

John Graunt [SEP] Bills of Mortality

John Graunt's analysis in "Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality" consisted of a compilaiton and an analysis of data from the Bills of Mortality. The Bills of Mortality were documents offering information about the births, deaths, and causes of death in London parishes, printed and distributed weekly on Thursdays (in addition to an annual report released in December). The Bills of Mortality were said by Graunt to begin in 1592, and consistently released starting in 1603. Graunt describes how the data was collected for these Bills in his "Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Mortality of Man": Graunt's description of the method of data collection for the Bills of Mortality also serves as an example of Graunt's use of scrutiny in appraising the data he was analyzing.


Context: what is an 'actuary'?

Context: what are some early ones?

Context: when did its theory develop?

Context: 17th century

Context: where did it develop?

Context: England

Context: who is responsible for its creation?

Context: John Graunt, Edmond Halley

Context: where was the former person from?

Context: London

Context: what bill did he create?

Context: what is the essence of this bill mentioned?

Context: It contained information about the births, deaths, and causes of death in London parishes

Question: what is the impact it had?

Answer: Graunt's work is still used today to study population trends and mortality, for example, studies on suicide.

John Graunt [SEP] Impact

John Graunt's application of theory to data was one of the first instances of descriptive statistics. Some of Graunts' tables are the only resource for population data for certain periods of time, due to lost records in the Great Fire of London. After the publication of Graunt's work, France began to collect more descriptive and consistent censuses, though it is unknown if there was a direct connection between these two events. Graunt's work is still used today to study population trends and mortality, for example, studies on suicide. Tribute to Graunt's pioneering work was paid by Sir Liam Donaldson in 2012 on the tenth anniversary of the Public Health Observatories.


Question: when was arsenal first fa cup win and who did they defeat

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

1927 FA Cup Final [SEP] Introduction

The 1927 FA Cup Final was an association football match between Cardiff City and Arsenal on 23 April 1927 at the Empire Stadium (the original Wembley Stadium). The final was the showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (FA Cup), organised by the Football Association. Cardiff, one of the few Welsh teams taking part, won the match 1–0. Their victory remains the only occasion the trophy, which was previously known as the "English Cup", has been won by a team based outside England. The teams entered the competition in the third round as members of the Football League First Division and progressed through five rounds to reach the final.


Context: when was arsenal first fa cup win and who did they defeat

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which team won the aforementioned cup in 1927?

Answer: Cardiff City

Explanation: Cardiff, one of the few Welsh teams taking part, won the match 1–0.

1927 FA Cup Final [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which team won the aforementioned cup in 1927?

Context: Cardiff City

Question: what is their home stadium called?

Answer: Cardiff City Stadium

Explanation: Cardiff's first permanent ground was Ninian Park, opened in 1910; it remained in use for 99 years until the club moved into the Cardiff City Stadium in 2009.

Cardiff City F.C. [SEP] Introduction

Cardiff have long-standing rivalries with nearby clubs Swansea City, with whom they contest the South Wales derby, and Bristol City, with whom they contests the Severnside derby. The club's record appearance holder is Billy Hardy, who made 590 appearances in a 20-year playing spell with Cardiff, and their record goalscorer is Len Davies with 179 goals.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Cardiff City

Context: what is their home stadium called?

Context: Cardiff City Stadium

Question: which team did they beat to win this trophy?

Answer: Arsenal

Explanation: The 1927 FA Cup Final was an association football match between Cardiff City and Arsenal on 23 April 1927 at the Empire Stadium (the original Wembley Stadium). The final was the showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (FA Cup), organised by the Football Association. Cardiff, one of the few Welsh teams taking part, won the match 1–0.

1927 FA Cup Final [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Cardiff City

Context: what is their home stadium called?

Context: Cardiff City Stadium

Context: which team did they beat to win this trophy?

Context: Arsenal

Question: who was the manager of this club you just mentioned?

Answer: Herbert Chapman

1927 FA Cup Final [SEP] Pre-match

Cardiff City had previously reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup twice, and two years earlier in 1925, they were defeated in the final. Arsenal had never reached a final previously so whoever won would take the trophy for the first time. Arsenal manager Herbert Chapman held a press conference on 21 April where he announced that Horace Cope was injured and would be unable to play at left back. He doubted whether Syd Hoar or Alf Baker would be available as both were still recovering from injury, and so he was leaving the selections for both the right half and outside left positions open should they become fit before the game.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Cardiff City

Context: what is their home stadium called?

Context: Cardiff City Stadium

Context: Arsenal

Context: who was the manager of this club you just mentioned?

Context: Herbert Chapman

Question: as a manager, which team did he start with?

Answer: Northampton Town

Herbert Chapman [SEP] Introduction

Instead, he found success as a manager, first at Northampton Town between 1908 and 1912, whom he led to a Southern League title. This attracted the attention of larger clubs and he moved to Leeds City, where he started to improve the team's fortunes before the First World War intervened. After the war ended, City were implicated in an illegal payments scandal and were eventually disbanded. Chapman was initially banned from football but successfully appealed. He took over at Huddersfield Town, winning an FA Cup and two First Division titles in the period of four years. In 1925, Arsenal successfully tempted Chapman to join them, and he led the club to its first ever silverware by winning one FA Cup and two First Division titles.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Cardiff City

Context: what is their home stadium called?

Context: Cardiff City Stadium

Context: Arsenal

Context: Herbert Chapman

Context: as a manager, which team did he start with?

Context: Northampton Town

Question: what are some of his major contributions to modern day football?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Herbert Chapman [SEP] Introduction

Herbert Chapman (19 January 1878 – 6 January 1934) was an English association football player and manager. Though he had an undistinguished playing career, he went on to become one of the most influential and successful managers in the early 20th century, before his sudden death in 1934. He is regarded as one of the game's greatest innovators. As a player, Chapman played for a variety of clubs, at Football League and non-League levels. His record was generally unremarkable as a player; he made fewer than 40 League appearances over the course of a decade and did not win any major honours.


Question: when was school leaving age raised to 16

Answer: 1 September 1972

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] Introduction

The raising of school leaving age (shortened to ROSLA) is the term used by the government for changes of the age at which a child is allowed to leave compulsory education in England and Wales as specified under an Education Act. In England and Wales this age has been raised on several occasions since the introduction of compulsory education in 1870. Many of the increases in the 19th and 20th centuries were intended to generate more skilled labour by giving more time for students to gain skills and qualifications. On 1 September 1972, the age was raised from 15 to 16, after preparations which had begun in 1964.


Context: when was school leaving age raised to 16

Context: 1 September 1972

Question: what happened to this during the nineteenth century?

Answer: Compulsory attendance at school ceased to be a matter for local option, with the introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 a milestone in the British school education system.

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] 19th century

Before the 19th century, there were very few schools. Most of those that existed were run by the church, for the church, stressing religious education. In the latter part of the 19th Century, compulsory attendance at school ceased to be a matter for local option, with the introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 a milestone in the British school education system. Children had to attend between the ages of 5 and 10 though with some local discretion such as early leaving in agricultural areas. The 1870 Act (commonly known as "Forster's Education Act" after its drafter William Edward Forster) applied only to England and Wales.


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what happened to this during the nineteenth century?

Context: Compulsory attendance at school ceased to be a matter for local option, with the introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 a milestone in the British school education system.

Question: what was the necessity for this act just mentioned?

Answer: It set the framework for schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England and Wales.

Elementary Education Act 1870 [SEP] Introduction

The Elementary Education Act 1870, commonly known as Forster's Education Act, set the framework for schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England and Wales. It established local education authorities with defined powers, authorized public money to improve existing schools, and tried to frame conditions attached to this aid so as to earn the goodwill of managers. It has long been seen as a milestone in educational development, but recent commentators have stressed that it brought neither free nor compulsory education, and its importance has thus tended to be diminished rather than increased. The law was drafted by William Forster, a Liberal MP, and it was introduced on 17 February 1870 after campaigning by the National Education League, although not entirely to their requirements.


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what was the necessity for this act just mentioned?

Context: It set the framework for schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England and Wales.

Question: what are the results of this act?

Answer: There were ongoing political clashes between the vested interests of Church, private schools and the National Education League followers

Elementary Education Act 1870 [SEP] Effects

Between 1870 and 1880, 3,000 to 4,000 schools were started or taken over by school boards. Rural boards, run by parishes, had only one or two schools to manage, but industrial town and city boards had many. Rural boards favoured economy and the release of children for agricultural labour. Town boards tended to be more rigorous in their provisions, and by 1890, some had special facilities for gymnastics, art and crafts and domestic science. There were ongoing political clashes between the vested interests of Church, private schools and the National Education League followers. In some districts, the creation of boards was delayed by local vote.


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what are the results of this act?

Context: There were ongoing political clashes between the vested interests of Church, private schools and the National Education League followers

Question: what is the education standard as per this?

Answer: Compulsory attendance until 13 was exempted if a child over 10 had been certified by the inspector as satisfying the required standard for that board.

Elementary Education Act 1870 [SEP] Standards of education

In areas served by school boards that had implemented by-laws requiring attendance, compulsory attendance until 13 was exempted if a child over 10 had been certified by the inspector as satisfying the required standard for that board. The standards required varied between 4th Standard (such as in Birmingham) and 6th Standard (such as in Bolton.


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what are the results of this act?

Context: what is the education standard as per this?

Context: Compulsory attendance until 13 was exempted if a child over 10 had been certified by the inspector as satisfying the required standard for that board.

Question: what happens commercially as a result of this?

Answer: The founding father of British popular journalism, George Newnes, began his career in publishing in 1881 when he founded "Tit-Bits".

Elementary Education Act 1870 [SEP] Commercial consequences

As a direct response to this Education Act, the founding father of British popular journalism, George Newnes, began his career in publishing in 1881 when he founded "Tit-Bits". This was a weekly magazine which took the form of a mini-encyclopedia of information to appeal to the new generations of young readers. "Tit-Bits" reached a circulation of 700,000 by the end of the 19th century and paved the way for popular journalism. Most significantly, the "Daily Mail" was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, a contributor to "Tit-Bits", and the "Daily Express" was launched by Arthur Pearson, who worked at "Tit-Bits" for five years after winning a competition to get a job on the magazine.


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what are the results of this act?

Context: what happens commercially as a result of this?

Context: The founding father of British popular journalism, George Newnes, began his career in publishing in 1881 when he founded "Tit-Bits".

Question: where was this founding father born?

Answer: Matlock Bath, Derbyshire

George Newnes [SEP] Background and education

His father, Thomas Mold Newnes, was a Congregational church minister at the Glenorchy Chapel, Matlock. George Newnes was born in Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, and educated at Silcoates School and then at Shireland Hall, Warwickshire, and the City of London School. In 1875, he married Priscilla Hillyard.


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what are the results of this act?

Context: where was this founding father born?

Context: Matlock Bath, Derbyshire

Question: what was his work like?

Answer: He was an English publisher and editor and a founding father of popular journalism.

George Newnes [SEP] Introduction

Sir George Newnes, 1st Baronet (13 March 1851 – 9 June 1910) was an English publisher and editor and a founding father of popular journalism. His company, George Newnes Ltd, continued publishing ground-breaking consumer magazines such as "Nova" long after his death.


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what are the results of this act?

Context: where was this founding father born?

Context: Matlock Bath, Derbyshire

Context: what was his work like?

Context: He was an English publisher and editor and a founding father of popular journalism.

Question: what was the company he worked for?

Answer: George Newnes Ltd, a publishing company.

Explanation: His company, George Newnes Ltd, continued publishing ground-breaking consumer magazines such as "Nova" long after his death.

George Newnes [SEP] Introduction


Context: 1 September 1972

Context: what are the results of this act?

Context: where was this founding father born?

Context: Matlock Bath, Derbyshire

Context: what was his work like?

Context: what was the company he worked for?

Context: George Newnes Ltd, a publishing company.

Question: where did he study?

Answer: Silcoates School, Shireland Hall, Warwickshire, and the City of London School.

Explanation: George Newnes was born in Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, and educated at Silcoates School and then at Shireland Hall, Warwickshire, and the City of London School.


Question: who is john turner?

Answer: Canadian politician and lawyer

John Turner [SEP] Introduction

John Napier Wyndham Turner (June 7, 1929September 19, 2020) was a Canadian politician and lawyer who served as the 17th prime minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984. Turner served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau as Minister of Justice from 1968 to 1972, and Minister of Finance from 1972 to 1975. Amid a global recession and the prospect of having to implement unpopular wage and price controls, Turner resigned from his position in 1975. After a hiatus from politics from 1975 to 1984, Turner returned and successfully contested the 1984 Liberal leadership. Turner held the office of Prime Minister for 79 days, the second-shortest tenure in Canadian history after Sir Charles Tupper, as he advised the Governor General to dissolve Parliament immediately after being sworn in and went on to lose the 1984 election in a landslide to Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives.


Context:
who is john turner?
Canadian politician and lawyer

Question: what was his political position?

Answer: Served as 17th prime minister of Canada, the cabinet of Prime Minister, and contested the 1984 Liberal leadership.

Explanation:
served as the 17th prime minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984.

Turner served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau as Minister of Justice from 1968 to 1972, and Minister of Finance from 1972 to 1975. Amid a global recession and the prospect of having to implement unpopular wage and price controls, Turner resigned from his position in 1975.

After a hiatus from politics from 1975 to 1984, Turner returned and successfully contested the 1984 Liberal leadership.

John Turner [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: Served as 17th prime minister of Canada, the cabinet of Prime Minister, and contested the 1984 Liberal leadership.

Question: when did he become the prime minister?

Answer: June 30, 1984.

John Turner [SEP] Prime minister (June–September 1984)

Trudeau retired after polls showed the Liberals faced certain defeat in the next election if he remained in office. Turner then re-entered politics, and defeated Jean Chrétien, his successor as finance minister, on the second ballot of the June 1984 Liberal leadership convention. He was formally appointed prime minister on June 30. When he was sworn in, Turner was not an MP or senator. Had he wished to have parliament summoned, he would not have been able to appear on the floor of the House of Commons. He also announced that he would not run in a by-election to get into the Commons, but would instead run in the next general election as the Liberal candidate in the British Columbia riding of Vancouver Quadra.


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Question: who did he work under in the cabinet of prime ministers?

Answer: Pierre Trudeau

Explanation: Turner served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau as Minister of Justice from 1968 to 1972, and Minister of Finance from 1972 to 1975

John Turner [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: who did he work under in the cabinet of prime ministers?

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Question: was trudeau bilingual?

Answer: He implemented the majority of recommendations of Pearson's Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism.

Pierre Trudeau [SEP] Bilingualism and multiculturalism

Trudeau's first major legislative push was implementing the majority of recommendations of Pearson's Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism via the "Official Languages Act", which made French and English the co-equal official languages of the federal government. More controversial than the declaration (which was backed by the NDP and, with some opposition in caucus, the PCs) was the implementation of the Act's principles: between 1966 and 1976, the francophone proportion of the civil service and military doubled, causing alarm in some sections of anglophone Canada that they were being disadvantaged. Trudeau's Cabinet fulfilled Part IV of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism's report by announcing a "Multiculturalism Policy" on October 8, 1971.


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: He implemented the majority of recommendations of Pearson's Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism.

Question: what did his plan of action after he retired?

Answer: Joined Heenan Blaikie as counsel and settled in the Maison Cormier.

Pierre Trudeau [SEP] Retirement

Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm Heenan Blaikie as counsel and settled in the historic Maison Cormier in Montreal following his retirement from politics. Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. His opposition to both Accords was considered one of the major factors leading to the defeat of the two proposals. He also continued to speak against the Parti Québécois and the sovereignty movement with less effect.


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: what did his plan of action after he retired?

Context: Joined Heenan Blaikie as counsel and settled in the Maison Cormier.

Question: is any of his family member into politics?

Answer: No

Pierre Trudeau [SEP] Early life

The Trudeau family can be traced to Marcillac-Lanville in France in the 16th century and to a Robert Truteau (1544–1589). In 1659, the first Trudeau to arrive in Canada was Étienne Trudeau or Truteau (1641–1712), a carpenter and home builder from La Rochelle. Pierre Trudeau was born at home at 5779 Durocher Avenue, Outremont, Montreal, Canada, on October 18, 1919, to Charles-Émile "Charley" Trudeau (1887–1935), a French-Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of mixed Scottish and French-Canadian descent. He had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr. Trudeau remained close to both siblings for his entire life.


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: is any of his family member into politics?

Context: No

Question: when was the law firm that he worked in founded?

Answer: 1973

Explanation: The firm was founded in 1973

Heenan Blaikie [SEP] Introduction

Heenan Blaikie LLP is a defunct Canadian law firm. It practiced in the areas of business, labour and employment, litigation, taxation, entertainment law and intellectual property law. The firm was founded in 1973 by Roy Heenan, Donald Johnston, and Peter Blaikie. Based in Montreal, at one time the firm had over 500 lawyers with offices in Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria, Quebec City, Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivières and Paris, and representative offices in Singapore. and a satellite office in Los Angeles which closed in December 2015. As of February 2011, it was the sixth largest law firm in Canada. It became the largest law firm to close in Canadian history after its partners voted to dissolve the firm on February 5, 2014.


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: No

Context: when was the law firm that he worked in founded?

Question: where was this firm located?

Answer: Based in Montreal with offices in Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, to name a few among them.

Explanation: Based in Montreal, at one time the firm had over 500 lawyers with offices in Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria, Quebec City, Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivières and Paris, and representative offices in Singapore. and a satellite office in Los Angeles which closed in December 2015.

Heenan Blaikie [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: No

Context: where was this firm located?

Context: Based in Montreal with offices in Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, to name a few among them.

Question: what areas did they practice?

Answer: In the areas of business, labour and employment, litigation, taxation, entertainment law and intellectual property law.

Explanation: It practiced in the areas of business, labour and employment, litigation, taxation, entertainment law and intellectual property law.

Heenan Blaikie [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: No

Context: where was this firm located?

Context: what areas did they practice?

Context: In the areas of business, labour and employment, litigation, taxation, entertainment law and intellectual property law.

Question: who founded it?

Answer: Roy Heenan, Donald Johnston, and Peter Blaikie.

Explanation: The firm was founded in 1973 by Roy Heenan, Donald Johnston, and Peter Blaikie.

Heenan Blaikie [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: No

Context: where was this firm located?

Context: what areas did they practice?

Context: who founded it?

Context: Roy Heenan, Donald Johnston, and Peter Blaikie.

Question: what are some of the categories of the second last area of practice you mentioned?

Answer: Defamation, personality rights, privacy rights, and media law.

Entertainment law [SEP] Categories

Entertainment law is generally sub-divided into the following areas related to the types of activities that have their own specific trade unions, production techniques, rules, customs, case law, and negotiation strategies: Defamation (libel and slander), personality rights and privacy rights issues also arise in entertainment law. Media law is a legal field that refers to the following:


Context: who is john turner?

Context: Canadian politician and lawyer

Context: what was his political position?

Context: when did he become the prime minister?

Context: June 30, 1984.

Context: Pierre Trudeau

Context: was trudeau bilingual?

Context: No

Context: where was this firm located?

Context: what areas did they practice?

Context: who founded it?

Context: what are some of the categories of the second last area of practice you mentioned?

Context: Defamation, personality rights, privacy rights, and media law.

Question: how does freedom of speech effect in the first one you just mentioned?

Answer: Defamation laws may come into tension with freedom of speech, leading to censorship where publishers fear lawsuits.

Defamation [SEP] Freedom of speech

Defamation laws may come into tension with freedom of speech, leading to censorship or chilling effects where publishers fear lawsuits. Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights permits restrictions on freedom of speech when necessary to protect the reputation or rights of others. Jurisdictions resolve this tension in different ways, in particular in determining where the burden of proof lies when unfounded allegations are made. The power of the internet to disseminate comment, which may include malicious comment, has brought a new focus to the issue. There is a broader consensus against laws that "criminalize" defamation. Human rights organizations, and other organizations such as the Council of Europe and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, have campaigned against strict defamation laws that criminalize defamation.


Question: which of these processes takes place in the mitochondria of a cell

Answer: They supply cellular energy, and control the cell cycle and cell growth.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Introduction

Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. A mitochondrion is thus termed the "powerhouse" of the cell. Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm² in area but vary considerably in size and structure. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, such as mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism.


Context: which of these processes takes place in the mitochondria of a cell

Context: They supply cellular energy, and control the cell cycle and cell growth.

Question: who discovered this part of the cell?

Answer: Richard Altmann

Mitochondrion [SEP] History of discovery and research

The first observations of intracellular structures that probably represented mitochondria were published in the 1840s. Richard Altmann, in 1890, established them as cell organelles and called them "bioblasts". The term "mitochondria" was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. Leonor Michaelis discovered that Janus green can be used as a supravital stain for mitochondria in 1900. In 1904, Friedrich Meves, made the first recorded observation of mitochondria in plants in cells of the white waterlily, "Nymphaea alba" and in 1908, along with Claudius Regaud, suggested that they contain proteins and lipids. Benjamin F. Kingsbury, in 1912, first related them with cell respiration, but almost exclusively based on morphological observations.


Context: who discovered this part of the cell?

Context: Richard Altmann

Question: who was he?

Answer: He was a German pathologist and histologist.

Richard Altmann [SEP] Introduction

Richard Altmann (12 March 1852 – 8 December 1900) was a German pathologist and histologist from Deutsch Eylau in the Province of Prussia. Altmann studied medicine in Greifswald, Königsberg, Marburg, and Giessen, obtaining a doctorate at the University of Giessen in 1877. He then worked as a prosector at Leipzig, and in 1887 became an anatomy professor (extraordinary). He died in Hubertusburg in 1900 from a nervous disorder. He improved fixation methods, for instance, his solution of potassium dichromate and osmium tetroxide. Using that along with a new staining technique of applying acid-fuchsin contrasted by picric acid amid delicate heating, he observed filaments in the nearly all cell types, developed from granules.


Context: who discovered this part of the cell?

Context: Richard Altmann

Context: who was he?

Context: He was a German pathologist and histologist.

Question: can you tell me about the structure of the above cell part?

Answer: It contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Structure

A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins. The two membranes have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. They are: Mitochondria stripped of their outer membrane are called mitoplasts.


Context: who discovered this part of the cell?

Context: Richard Altmann

Context: who was he?

Context: can you tell me about the structure of the above cell part?

Context: It contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.

Question: which disease is caused in it?

Answer: Mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism are some of them.

Explanation: Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, such as mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Introduction


Context: who discovered this part of the cell?

Context: Richard Altmann

Context: who was he?

Context: which disease is caused in it?

Context: Mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism are some of them.

Question: how is it related to culture?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Mitochondrion [SEP] Introduction

The mitochondrion (, plural mitochondria) is a semi autonomous double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms. Some cells in some multicellular organisms may, however, lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids, and diplomonads, have also reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. To date, only one eukaryote, "Monocercomonoides", is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one multicellular organism, "Henneguya salminicola", is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek , , "thread", and , , "granule" or "grain-like".


Context: who discovered this part of the cell?

Context: Richard Altmann

Context: who was he?

Context: which disease is caused in it?

Context: how is it related to culture?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: does it produce any kind of heat?

Answer: The "proton leak" process results in the unharnessed potential energy of the proton electrochemical gradient that is released as heat.

Mitochondrion [SEP] Heat production

Under certain conditions, protons can re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without contributing to ATP synthesis. This process is known as "proton leak" or mitochondrial uncoupling and is due to the facilitated diffusion of protons into the matrix. The process results in the unharnessed potential energy of the proton electrochemical gradient being released as heat. The process is mediated by a proton channel called thermogenin, or UCP1. Thermogenin is a 33 kDa protein first discovered in 1973. Thermogenin is primarily found in brown adipose tissue, or brown fat, and is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue is found in mammals, and is at its highest levels in early life and in hibernating animals.


Context: who discovered this part of the cell?

Context: Richard Altmann

Context: who was he?

Context: which disease is caused in it?

Context: how is it related to culture?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it produce any kind of heat?

Context: The "proton leak" process results in the unharnessed potential energy of the proton electrochemical gradient that is released as heat.

Question: can you tell me what is the fourth disease refers to?

Answer: It is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.

Autism [SEP] Introduction

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism experience worsening in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace. Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases. Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven.


Context: who discovered this part of the cell?

Context: Richard Altmann

Context: who was he?

Context: which disease is caused in it?

Context: how is it related to culture?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it produce any kind of heat?

Context: can you tell me what is the fourth disease refers to?

Context: It is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.

Question: list some symptoms?

Answer: Sensory abnormalities, unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious autistic savants, are some early indications.

Explanation: An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious autistic savants. Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in perception and attention, relative to the general population. Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of those with autism, and are considered core features by some, although there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders. Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for sensation seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).

Autism [SEP] Other symptoms

Autistic individuals may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the family. An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious autistic savants. Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in perception and attention, relative to the general population. Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of those with autism, and are considered core features by some, although there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders.