Context: what are their forms ?

Context: what are their structures ?

Context: how are they used in disease therapy ?

Context: what are pathogens ?

Context: A pathogen, in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ.

Question: how are they transmitted ?

Answer: It can be airborne, direct or indirect contact, sexual contact, through blood, breast milk, or other body fluids, and through the fecal-oral route.

Explanation: Transmission of pathogens occurs through many different routes, including airborne, direct or indirect contact, sexual contact, through blood, breast milk, or other body fluids, and through the fecal-oral route.

Pathogen [SEP] Transmission


Context: what is the role of antibodies in the immune system

Context: An antibody is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Context: what are their forms ?

Context: The membrane-bound form of an antibody may be called a "surface immunoglobulin" (sIg) or a "membrane immunoglobulin" (mIg).

Context: what are their structures ?

Context: The size of an antibody molecule is about 10 nm. They have sugar chains (glycans) added to conserved amino acid residues.

Context: how are they used in disease therapy ?

Context: The diseases are often treated by inducing a short term form of immunity called passive immunity.

Context: how are they used in  prenatal therapy ?

Context: Anti-RhD antibodies are administered as part of a prenatal treatment regimen to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rh-negative mother has a Rh-positive fetus.

Context: what are pathogens ?

Context: how are they transmitted ?

Context: It can be airborne, direct or indirect contact, sexual contact, through blood, breast milk, or other body fluids, and through the fecal-oral route.

Question: are they transmitted  through sexual interactions ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Pathogen [SEP] Transmission


Context: what are their forms ?

Context: what are their structures ?

Context: how are they used in disease therapy ?

Context: what are pathogens ?

Context: how are they transmitted ?

Context: are they transmitted  through sexual interactions ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: are they present in animals ?

Answer: Animals often get infected with many of the same or similar pathogens as humans including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Pathogen [SEP] Animals

Animals often get infected with many of the same or similar pathogens as humans including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi. While wild animals often get illnesses, the larger danger is for livestock animals. It is estimated that in rural settings, 90% or more of livestock deaths can be attributed to pathogens. The prion disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as Mad cow disease, is one of the few prion diseases that affect animals. Other animal diseases include a variety of immunodeficiency disorders that are caused by viruses related to the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) including BIV and FIV.


Question: where is birbhum district located?

Answer: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Explanation: in the Indian state of West Bengal

Birbhum district [SEP] Introduction

Birbhum district () is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the northernmost district of Burdwan division—one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. The district headquarters is in Suri. Other important cities are Rampurhat, Bolpur and Sainthia. Jamtara, Dumka and Pakur districts of the state of Jharkhand lie at the western border of this district; the border in other directions is covered by the districts of Bardhaman and Murshidabad of West Bengal. Often called "the land of red soil", Birbhum is noted for its topography and its cultural heritage which is somewhat different from the other districts in West Bengal.


Context:
where is birbhum district located?
In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Question: how is the climate here?

Answer: Western side is dry and extreme but eastern side is milder.

Birbhum district [SEP] Climate

The climate on the western side is dry and extreme but is relatively milder on the eastern side. During summer, the temperature can shoot well above and in winters it can drop to around . Rainfall is higher in the western areas as compared to the eastern areas. The annual average rainfall in Rajnagar is and in Nanoor it is , mostly in the monsoon months (June to October). Climate and rainfall chart of Birbhum District


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: Western side is dry and extreme but eastern side is milder.

Question: which river flows through it?

Answer: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Explanation: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai,

Birbhum district [SEP] Rivers

Several rivers flow across Birbhum. Some of these are Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai, Shal, Bakreshwar, Brahmani, Dwarka, Hinglo, Chapala, Bansloi, Pagla, Chandravaga etc. A project on the Mayurakshi that includes the Tilpara Barrage (near Suri), provides irrigation for about . Almost all the rivers originate higher up on the Chota Nagpur plateau and flow across Birbhum in a west–east direction. These rivers are furious during the monsoons but shrink during the dry summer months. The cyclical rotation of drought and floods of the rivers destroy lives and property, and adds to the difficulties of life in the district.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Question: what culture is followed here?

Answer: he bauls of Birbhum, Kabiyals, Kirtaniyas, Poush etc

Birbhum district [SEP] Culture

The bauls of Birbhum, their philosophy and their songs form a notable representation of the folk culture of the district. Birbhum has been home to "kabiyal"s, "kirtaniya"s and other folk culture groups. The numerous fairs in Birbhum start with "Poush Mela" at Santiniketan and follows through the Bengali month of Poush till Makar Sankranti. Particularly lively is the fair at Jaydev Kenduli. Festivities are organised across the seasons. People of Birbhum patronise folk entertainment programmes such as jatra, kavigan and alkap. Many poets were born in this district, as for example, Chandidas (Rami). In addition to being a confluence of Vaishnava, Shakta and Saiva cultures, Birbhum villages observe prehistoric customs like worship of gramdevta ("gram" means village and "devta" means deity) in many forms.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: he bauls of Birbhum, Kabiyals, Kirtaniyas, Poush etc

Question: can you name any person from here?

Answer: Amartya Sen, Rabindranath Tagore, Jayadeva etc

Explanation: Amartya Sen

Birbhum district [SEP] Personalities

Many famous people lived and worked in Birbhum, specially at Santiniketan. Nobel laureate economist Amartya Sen is one of them. Rabindranath Tagore made this district his home and established his great centre of learning, Visva Bharati University at Santiniketan. Jaydev Kenduli, which until recently was believed to be the birthplace of the 12th century Sanskrit poet Jayadeva, is on the bank of the river Ajay. Nanoor is the birthplace of the 14th-century poet Chandidas Rami. Nityananda Swami (Nitai of the famous Nitai-Gaur pair) the co–founder of Vaishnav religion with Shri Chityanyadev was born at Ekachakra. Tarashankar Bandopadhyay (1898–1971), one of the leading Bengali literary figures in recent times and who wrote extensively about life in Birbhum, belongs to Labhpur.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: Amartya Sen, Rabindranath Tagore, Jayadeva etc

Question: who was the first person?

Answer: He  is an Indian economist.

Explanation: is an Indian economist,

Amartya Sen [SEP] Introduction

Amartya Kumar Sen (; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist, who since 1972 has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, decision theory, development economics, public health, and measures of well-being of countries. He is currently Thomas W. Lamont University Professor, and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 and India's Bharat Ratna in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. The German Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the 2020 Peace Prize of the German Book Trade for his pioneering scholarship addressing issues of global justice and combating social inequality in education and healthcare.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Question: which research work is he related to?

Answer: Choice of Techniques

Explanation: Choice of Techniques'

Amartya Sen [SEP] Research work

Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that of Maurice Dobb. In a developing country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, maintaining constant real wages and using the entire increase in labour productivity, due to technological change, to raise the rate of accumulation. In other words, workers were expected to demand no improvement in their standard of living despite having become more productive. Sen's papers in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped develop the theory of social choice, which first came to prominence in the work by the American economist Kenneth Arrow. Arrow, while working at the RAND Corporation, had most famously shown that when voters have three or more distinct alternatives (options), any ranked order voting system will in at least some situations inevitably conflict with what many assume to be basic democratic norms.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Question: which of his works were selected in persian?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Amartya Sen [SEP] Research work


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: which of his works were selected in persian?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: of which is he a member?

Answer: Econometric Society, the International Economic Association, the Indian Economic Association etc

Amartya Sen [SEP] Membership and associations

He has served as president of the Econometric Society (1984), the International Economic Association (1986–1989), the Indian Economic Association (1989) and the American Economic Association (1994). He has also served as President of the Development Studies Association and the Human Development and Capability Association. He serves as the honorary director of the Academic Advisory Committee of the Center for Human and Economic Development Studies at Peking University in China. Sen has been called "the Conscience of the profession" and "the Mother Teresa of Economics" for his work on famine, human development theory, welfare economics, the underlying mechanisms of poverty, gender inequality, and political liberalism.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of which is he a member?

Context: Econometric Society, the International Economic Association, the Indian Economic Association etc

Question: did he win any award for his work?

Answer: No, but has received over 90 honorary degrees from universities around the world.

Amartya Sen [SEP] Awards and honours

Sen has received over 90 honorary degrees from universities around the world. In 2019, London School of Economics announced the creation of the Amartya Sen Chair in Inequality Studies.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of which is he a member?

Context: did he win any award for his work?

Context: No, but has received over 90 honorary degrees from universities around the world.

Question: name two officers of this first society?

Answer: Ragnar Frisch, Charles F. Roos, Joseph A. Schumpeter etc

Econometric Society [SEP] Introduction

The Econometric Society is an international society of academic economists interested in applying statistical tools to their field. It is an independent organization with no connections to societies of professional mathematicians or statisticians. It was founded on December 29, 1930, at the Stalton Hotel in Cleveland, Ohio. As of 2014, there are about 700 Elected Fellows of the Econometric Society, making it one of the most prevalent research affiliations. New fellows are elected each year by the current fellows. The sixteen founding members were Ragnar Frisch, Charles F. Roos, Joseph A. Schumpeter, Harold Hotelling, Henry Schultz, Karl Menger, Edwin B.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of which is he a member?

Context: did he win any award for his work?

Context: name two officers of this first society?

Context: Ragnar Frisch, Charles F. Roos, Joseph A. Schumpeter etc

Question: the cultural aspect that you mentioned, what is it like?

Answer: They are a group of mystic minstrels or bards of mixed elements of Sufism and Vaishnavism.

Baul [SEP] Introduction

The Baul or Bauls () are a group of mystic minstrels or bards of mixed elements of Sufism and Vaishnavism from Bengal region, comprising Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Barak Valley. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of Vaishnava Hindus and Sufi Muslims. They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. Lalon Shah is regarded as the most celebrated Baul saint in history. Although Bauls comprise only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the culture of Bengal is considerable.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of which is he a member?

Context: did he win any award for his work?

Context: the cultural aspect that you mentioned, what is it like?

Context: They are a group of mystic minstrels or bards of mixed elements of Sufism and Vaishnavism.

Question: name some of its sigers?

Answer: Fakir Lalon Shah, Shah Abdul Karim, Bhaba Pagla etc

Explanation: Fakir Lalon Shah

Baul [SEP] Notable singers

Lalon also known as Fakir Lalon Shah, Lalon Shah, Lalon Fakir (Bengali: লালন; 17 October 1774 – 17 October 1890; Bengali: 1 Kartik 1179) was a prominent Bengali philosopher, Baul saint, mystic, songwriter, social reformer and thinker. Regarded as an icon of Bengali culture, he inspired and influenced many poets, social and religious thinkers including Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Allen Ginsberg although he "rejected all distinctions of caste and creed". Widely celebrated as an epitome of religious tolerance, he was also accused of heresy during his lifetime and after his death. In his songs, Lalon envisioned a society where all religions and beliefs would stay in harmony.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of which is he a member?

Context: did he win any award for his work?

Context: name some of its sigers?

Context: Fakir Lalon Shah, Shah Abdul Karim, Bhaba Pagla etc

Question: the mixed elements you mentioned above, what is the last one about?

Answer: It is one of the major Hindu denominations along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism.

Vaishnavism [SEP] Introduction

Vaishnavism is one of the major Hindu denominations along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. It is the largest Hindu denomination with 67.6% of Hindus being Vaishnavas. It is also called "Vishnuism", its followers are called Vaishnavas or Vaishnavites, and it considers Vishnu as the Supreme Lord. The tradition is notable for its avatar doctrine, wherein Vishnu is revered in one of many distinct incarnations. Rama, Krishna, Narayana, Kalki, Hari, Vithoba, Kesava, Madhava, Govinda, Srinathji and Jagannath are among the names of popular avatars all seen as different aspects of the same supreme being. Vaishnavism emerged as a fusion of various regional non-Vedic religions, which were aligned with the trans-regional Brahminical tradition.


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of which is he a member?

Context: did he win any award for his work?

Context: name some of its sigers?

Context: the mixed elements you mentioned above, what is the last one about?

Context: It is one of the major Hindu denominations along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism.

Question: where is it practiced in northern part of our country?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Vaishnavism [SEP] Introduction


Context: where is birbhum district located?

Context: In the Indian state of West Bengal.

Context: how is the climate here?

Context: which river flows through it?

Context: Ajay, Mayurakshi (Mor), Kopai etc

Context: what culture is followed here?

Context: can you name any person from here?

Context: who was the first person?

Context: He  is an Indian economist.

Context: which research work is he related to?

Context: Choice of Techniques

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of which is he a member?

Context: did he win any award for his work?

Context: name some of its sigers?

Context: where is it practiced in northern part of our country?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how is it related to modern times?

Answer: It has spread from India and is now practiced in many places around the globe.

Vaishnavism [SEP] Modern times

During the 20th century, Vaishnavism has spread from India and is now practiced in many places around the globe, including North America, Europe, Africa, Russia and South America. This is largely due to the growth of the ISKCON movement, founded by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in 1966.


Question: who were the band members in led zeppelin

Answer: Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones and John Bonham.

Led Zeppelin [SEP] Introduction

Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music. The band have been credited with majorly impacting the nature of the music industry, particularly in the development of album-orientated rock (AOR) and stadium rock. Many critics consider Led Zeppelin one of the most successful, innovative, and influential rock groups in history.


Context: who were the band members in led zeppelin

Context: Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones and John Bonham.

Question: what is the genre of this band?

Answer: Heavy metal including blues and folk music.

Explanation: ohn Bonham. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music. The band have been credited with majorly impacting the nature of the music industry, particularly in the development of album-orientated rock (AOR

Led Zeppelin [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: Heavy metal including blues and folk music.

Question: can you name any album or song?

Answer: In Through the Out Door and Stairway to Heaven.

Led Zeppelin [SEP] Introduction

After changing their name from the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom. Although the group were initially unpopular with critics, they achieved significant commercial success with eight studio albums released over ten years, from "Led Zeppelin" (1969) to "In Through the Out Door" (1979). Their untitled fourth studio album, commonly known as "Led Zeppelin IV" (1971), became one of the best-selling albums in history. It featured the song "Stairway to Heaven", which has come to be among the most popular and influential works in rock music, and helped to secure the group's popularity.


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: can you name any album or song?

Context: In Through the Out Door and Stairway to Heaven.

Question: is the latter one album or single?

Answer: Its a song from their album - Led Zeppelin IV.

Explanation: Their untitled fourth studio album, commonly known as "Led Zeppelin IV" (1971), became one of the best-selling albums in history. It featured the song "Stairway to Heaven", which has come to be among the most popular and influential works in rock music, and helped to secure the group's popularity.

Led Zeppelin [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: can you name any album or song?

Context: is the latter one album or single?

Context: Its a song from their album - Led Zeppelin IV.

Question: who wrote it?

Answer: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant.

Stairway to Heaven [SEP] Introduction

"Stairway to Heaven" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, released in late 1971. It was composed by the band's guitarist Jimmy Page and vocalist Robert Plant for their untitled fourth studio album (usually called "Led Zeppelin IV"). The song is often regarded as the most popular rock song of all time. The song has three sections, each one progressively increasing in tempo and volume. The song begins in a slow tempo with acoustic instruments (guitar and recorders) before introducing electric instruments. The final section is an uptempo hard rock arrangement highlighted by Page's guitar solo (considered by many to be one of the greatest ever) accompanying Plant's vocals that end with the plaintive a cappella line: "And she's buying a stairway to heaven." "Stairway to Heaven" was voted number three in 2000 by VH1 on its list of the 100 Greatest Rock Songs, and was placed at number 31 on "Rolling Stone"'s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: can you name any album or song?

Context: is the latter one album or single?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant.

Question: and who sang it?

Answer: Robert Plant.

Explanation: cing electric instruments. The final section is an uptempo hard rock arrangement highlighted by Page's guitar solo (considered by many to be one of the greatest ever) accompanying Plant's vocals that end with the plaintive a cappella line: "And she's buying a stairway to heaven."

Stairway to Heaven [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: can you name any album or song?

Context: is the latter one album or single?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant.

Context: and who sang it?

Context: Robert Plant.

Question: is there any case against it?

Answer: Spirit bassist Mark Andes and a trust acting on behalf of Randy California filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin and injunction against the "release of the album containing the song" in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for California.

Stairway to Heaven [SEP] Spirit copyright infringement lawsuit

Over the years, some people have considered that the song's opening guitar arpeggios bear a close resemblance to the 1968 instrumental "Taurus" by the Los Angeles-based rock band Spirit, written by Spirit guitarist Randy California. In the liner notes to the 1996 reissue of Spirit's self-titled debut album, California wrote: "People always ask me why 'Stairway to Heaven' sounds exactly like 'Taurus,' which was released two years earlier. I know Led Zeppelin also played 'Fresh Garbage' in their live set. They opened up for us on their first American tour." In May 2014, Spirit bassist Mark Andes and a trust acting on behalf of California filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin and injunction against the "release of the album containing the song" in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for California, who died in 1997.


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: can you name any album or song?

Context: is the latter one album or single?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant.

Context: and who sang it?

Context: Robert Plant.

Context: is there any case against it?

Context: Spirit bassist Mark Andes and a trust acting on behalf of Randy California filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin and injunction against the "release of the album containing the song" in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for California.

Question: is this first mentioned item the name of any band?

Answer: Yes, It is the name of the band.

Spirit (band) [SEP] Introduction

Spirit was an American rock band founded in 1967 and based in Los Angeles, California. Their most commercially successful single in the United States was "I Got a Line on You". They were also known for their albums, including their self-titled debut album, "The Family That Plays Together", "Clear", and "Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus".


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: can you name any album or song?

Context: is the latter one album or single?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant.

Context: and who sang it?

Context: Robert Plant.

Context: is there any case against it?

Context: is this first mentioned item the name of any band?

Context: Yes, It is the name of the band.

Question: where is it based?

Answer: Los Angeles, California.

Explanation: Spirit was an American rock band founded in 1967 and based in Los Angeles, California. T

Spirit (band) [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the genre of this band?

Context: can you name any album or song?

Context: is the latter one album or single?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant.

Context: and who sang it?

Context: Robert Plant.

Context: is there any case against it?

Context: Yes, It is the name of the band.

Context: where is it based?

Context: Los Angeles, California.

Question: who formed it?

Answer: Randy California, Mark Andes and Jay Ferguson.

Spirit (band) [SEP] Original lineup

The original lineup of the group evolved from a Los Angeles band, the Red Roosters, which included Randy California (born Randy Craig Wolfe; guitars, vocals), Mark Andes (bass) and Jay Ferguson (vocals, percussion). With the addition of California's stepfather Ed Cassidy on drums, and keyboard player John Locke, the new band was originally named the "Spirits Rebellious" (after a book by Kahlil Gibran), but the name was soon shortened to Spirit. Before returning to his native state, California previously played with Jimi Hendrix as a member of Jimmy James and the Blue Flames in New York City's Greenwich Village in 1966.


Question: where is the university of north dakota located

Answer: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Explanation: Grand Forks, North Dakota

University of North Dakota [SEP] Introduction

The University of North Dakota (also known as UND or North Dakota) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota, it is the state's oldest university. UND was founded with a liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research. The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences, the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations, and programs in aviation and aerospace.


Context: where is the university of north dakota located

Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Question: which country?

Answer: United States

North Dakota [SEP] Introduction

North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. It is the nineteenth largest in area, the fourth smallest by population, and the fourth most sparsely populated of the 50 states. North Dakota was admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, along with its neighboring state, South Dakota. They were the 39th and 40th states admitted to the union. Before signing the statehood papers, President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the papers so that no one could tell which became a state first. Its capital is Bismarck, and its largest city is Fargo.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Question: who founded the university?

Answer: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Explanation: . Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota, it is the state's oldest university. UND was founded with a liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Question: when?

Answer: 1883

Explanation: UND was founded in 1883

University of North Dakota [SEP] Founding

UND was founded in 1883, six years before North Dakota became a state. Grand Forks native George H. Walsh submitted the bill to the Territorial Legislature of Dakota Territory that called for the new state of North Dakota's university to be in Grand Forks. The first classes were held on September 8, 1884. The first building at UND, Old Main, housed all classrooms, offices, dorm rooms, and a library. In the 1880s, UND consisted of only a few acres of property, surrounded by farms and fields, nearly two miles west of the city of Grand Forks. Students living off campus had to take a train or a horse and carriage bus, dubbed the "Black Maria", from downtown to the campus.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Question: did it have a different name before?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how many campuses are there?

Answer: Main campus, Western campus, Northern Campus

Explanation: The University of North Dakota's main campus sits in the middle of Grand Forks on University Avenue. The campus is made up of 240 buildings (6.4 million square feet) on . The campus stretches roughly one and half miles from east to west and is divided by the meandering English Coulee. The western edge is bordered by Interstate 29, the eastern edge is bordered with University Park, the Grand Forks railyards sit on the south side, and the north side is marked by U.S. Highway 2 which is called Gateway Drive in Grand Forks.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Campus


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: Main campus, Western campus, Northern Campus

Question: what courses are taught here?

Answer: The first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations, and programs in aviation and aerospace.

Explanation: Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences, the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations, and programs in aviation and aerospace. Several national research institutions are on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center.

Several national research institutions are on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". North Dakota's athletic teams compete in the NCAA's Division I. Most teams compete as members of the Summit League, with the exceptions of men's hockey (National Collegiate Hockey Conference) The men's ice hockey team has won eight national championships and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: The first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations, and programs in aviation and aerospace.

Question: what are the names of its libraries?

Answer: The Chester Fritz Library,  F.D. Holland Geology Library,  Gordon Erickson Music Library

Explanation: The Chester Fritz Library is the largest library in the state. It houses 1.6 million volumes, provides access to approximately 28,000 electronic journal subscriptions, and owns over 20,000 electronic books. It also serves as a U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository. UND's special collections department is known for its genealogical resources, including Norwegian "Bygdeboker", or Norwegian farm and town records. Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library. The School of Law operates the Thormodsgard Law Library and the School of Medicine operates the Harley E. French Library of the Health Sciences.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Libraries

UND has three major libraries which, together, form the largest system of research libraries in the state of North Dakota. The Chester Fritz Library is the largest library in the state. It houses 1.6 million volumes, provides access to approximately 28,000 electronic journal subscriptions, and owns over 20,000 electronic books. It also serves as a U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository. UND's special collections department is known for its genealogical resources, including Norwegian "Bygdeboker", or Norwegian farm and town records. Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: The Chester Fritz Library,  F.D. Holland Geology Library,  Gordon Erickson Music Library

Question: who is the head of the university?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do they have a research center?

Answer: Yes, UND operates many research units including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine, the Center for Rural Health, the Center for Innovation and others.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Research

UND is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a doctoral/research-intensive institution. This level of research activity is shown in UND's research statistics which, in fiscal year 2006, included program awards that reached $94.3 million, sponsored program expenditures that reached $81.2 million, and an overall research portfolio that included $315 million in total ongoing and committed accounts. Research activity at UND focuses on health sciences, nutrition, energy and environmental protection, aerospace, and engineering. As a major component of the Red River Valley Research Corridor, UND operates many research units including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine, the Center for Rural Health, the Center for Innovation, the Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium, the Bureau of Governmental Affairs, the Bureau of Educational Services and Applied Research, and the Social Science Research Institute.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have a research center?

Context: Yes, UND operates many research units including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine, the Center for Rural Health, the Center for Innovation and others.

Question: do they have a university song?

Answer: Yes, they have fight songs. "Stand Up and Cheer",  "UND" and "It's for You, North Dakota U"

Explanation: The school's primary fight song is "Stand Up and Cheer". Two other fight songs are "UND" and "It's for You, North Dakota U" (or "North Dakota U"), composed by Franz Rickaby in 1921.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Fight song


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have a research center?

Context: do they have a university song?

Context: Yes, they have fight songs. "Stand Up and Cheer",  "UND" and "It's for You, North Dakota U"

Question: do they have a student body?

Answer: Yes,  Demographically, about 77 percent of the student body is Caucasian.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Student body

Over 13,000 students attend classes on the UND campus each year. About 34 percent of the student body is from North Dakota and the other 60 percent is made up of students from all 50 states and over 80 other nations. The ratio between male and female students is about even. Demographically, about 77 percent of the student body is Caucasian. Students can live on or off campus. On campus, there are 14 residence halls and 700 student apartment units, as well as thirteen fraternities and seven sororities. There are over 250 student organizations at UND as well as an intramural sports program.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have a research center?

Context: do they have a university song?

Context: do they have a student body?

Context: Yes,  Demographically, about 77 percent of the student body is Caucasian.

Question: what all is part of their culture?

Answer: The Ralph Engelstad Arena also features non-athletic events including concerts. The nearby city-owned Alerus Center hosts several concerts each year as well as other events. Each year, UND hosts the University of North Dakota Writers Conference. This is a week-long event that brings together prominent American and foreign writers.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Culture

The North Dakota Museum of Art, the official art museum of the state of North Dakota, is in the heart of campus and offers exhibits throughout the year. The Burtness Theater and the Chester Fritz Auditorium regularly feature theater and concert events. The Ralph Engelstad Arena also features non-athletic events including concerts. The nearby city-owned Alerus Center hosts several concerts each year as well as other events. Each year, UND hosts the University of North Dakota Writers Conference. This is a week-long event that brings together prominent American and foreign writers. Participants have included Truman Capote, Tennessee Williams, Eudora Welty, Tom Wolfe, Allen Ginsberg, Louise Erdrich, Chuck Klosterman, and Gary Snyder.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have a research center?

Context: do they have a university song?

Context: do they have a student body?

Context: what all is part of their culture?

Context: The Ralph Engelstad Arena also features non-athletic events including concerts. The nearby city-owned Alerus Center hosts several concerts each year as well as other events. Each year, UND hosts the University of North Dakota Writers Conference. This is a week-long event that brings together prominent American and foreign writers.

Question: do they have their own newspaper?

Answer: Yes, The "Dakota Student" is UND's student newspaper. "North Dakota Quarterly", a literary journal, is edited at UND.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Print

The "Dakota Student" is UND's student newspaper. "North Dakota Quarterly", a literary journal, is edited at UND. "The North Dakota Law Review", published by the School of Law since 1924, serves as the journal of the State Bar Association of North Dakota.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have a research center?

Context: do they have a university song?

Context: do they have a student body?

Context: what all is part of their culture?

Context: do they have their own newspaper?

Context: Yes, The "Dakota Student" is UND's student newspaper. "North Dakota Quarterly", a literary journal, is edited at UND.

Question: who are some famous people who have studied here?

Answer: Notable UND alumni include important contributor to information theory Harry Nyquist, pioneer aviator Carl Ben Eielson, Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson, engineer and NASA astronaut Karen L. Nyberg, and leading NASA manager John H. Disher.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Notable people and alumni

Smith, current CEO of Forum Communications William C. Marcil, former Las Vegas casino owner and UND philanthropist Ralph Engelstad, and former CEO of American Skandia and founder of WealthVest Marketing Wade Dokken. Former Canadian Football League player and founder of Golden Star Resources, Dave Fennell. Founder and chairman of Nygård International, Peter Nygård. In the realm of science, notable UND alumni include important contributor to information theory Harry Nyquist, pioneer aviator Carl Ben Eielson, Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson, engineer and NASA astronaut Karen L. Nyberg, and leading NASA manager John H. Disher.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have a research center?

Context: do they have a university song?

Context: do they have a student body?

Context: what all is part of their culture?

Context: do they have their own newspaper?

Context: who are some famous people who have studied here?

Context: Notable UND alumni include important contributor to information theory Harry Nyquist, pioneer aviator Carl Ben Eielson, Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson, engineer and NASA astronaut Karen L. Nyberg, and leading NASA manager John H. Disher.

Question: which sports are played here?

Answer: Ice hockey, Basket ball, Football, Volley ball

Explanation: The men's ice hockey team has won eight national championships and has been runner-up five times. Both the men's and women's ice hockey teams play at the Ralph Engelstad Arena. The football team won the Division II national championship in 2001 and was the runner-up in 2003, and play at the Alerus Center. The basketball and volleyball teams play in the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Athletics

The basketball and volleyball teams play in the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center. The women's basketball team has won three national championships in 1997, 1998, and 1999 and was runner-up in 2001. The colors of UND athletics are green and white, which were adopted in the 1920s. The university's official school colors are green and pink, representative of North Dakota's state flower, the Wild Prairie Rose; however, this combination is rarely employed outside of official or ceremonial applications. UND's athletic teams bore the name of the Fighting Sioux, but were without a nickname and mascot from 2012–2015, in compliance with the NCAA's policy against the use of Native American nicknames.


Context: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Context: which country?

Context: United States

Context: who founded the university?

Context: Dakota Territorial Assembly

Context: when?

Context: did it have a different name before?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many campuses are there?

Context: what courses are taught here?

Context: what are the names of its libraries?

Context: who is the head of the university?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have a research center?

Context: do they have a university song?

Context: do they have a student body?

Context: what all is part of their culture?

Context: do they have their own newspaper?

Context: which sports are played here?

Context: Ice hockey, Basket ball, Football, Volley ball

Question: what facilities can be found here?

Answer: UND operates a satellite campus consisting of several buildings at Grand Forks International Airport where aviation students train. It also has a golf course and clinics.

Explanation: UND operates a satellite campus consisting of several buildings at Grand Forks International Airport where aviation students train. UND Aerospace also operates flight training centers in Crookston, Minnesota, and Phoenix, Arizona. UND owns and operated the now closed Ray Richards 9-hole golf course south of the main UND campus. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences operates several clinics throughout North Dakota. The UND football team is a major tenant of the city of Grand Forks-owned Alerus Center.

University of North Dakota [SEP] Other facilities


Question: where are jet streams located in the atmosphere

Answer: On earth, near the altitude of the tropopause

Jet stream [SEP] Introduction

Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth. On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Their paths typically have a meandering shape. Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet. The strongest jet streams are the polar jets, at above sea level, and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker subtropical jets at .


Context: where are jet streams located in the atmosphere

Context: On earth, near the altitude of the tropopause

Question: what are they?

Answer: Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets.

Explanation: Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth.

Jet stream [SEP] Introduction


Context: what are they?

Context: Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets.

Question: what are the applications of these fast flowing air currents?

Answer: On Earth, the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting.

Explanation: On Earth, the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting, as it is much stronger and at a much lower altitude than the subtropical jet streams and also covers many countries in the Northern Hemisphere, while the southern polar jet stream mostly circles Antarctica and sometimes the southern tip of South America. The term "jet stream" in these contexts thus usually implies the northern polar jet stream.

Jet stream [SEP] Uses


Context: what are they?

Context: what are the applications of these fast flowing air currents?

Context: On Earth, the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting.

Question: these air currents form in any other planets?

Answer: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Jet stream [SEP] Other planets

Jupiter's atmosphere has multiple jet streams, caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded color structure; on Jupiter, these convection cells are driven by internal heating. The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology. In models, as one increases the planetary radius, holding all other parameters fixed, the number of jet streams decreases.


Context: what are they?

Context: these air currents form in any other planets?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Question: how they are formed there?

Answer: On Jupiter, they are caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded colour structure and are driven by internal heating.

Explanation: Jupiter's atmosphere has multiple jet streams, caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded color structure; on Jupiter, these convection cells are driven by internal heating. The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology. In models, as one increases the planetary radius, holding all other parameters fixed, the number of jet streams decrease

Jet stream [SEP] Other planets


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: On Jupiter, they are caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded colour structure and are driven by internal heating.

Question: what is the above mentioned planet composed of?

Answer: Primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements.

Jupiter [SEP] Introduction

Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium, though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope.


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: what is the above mentioned planet composed of?

Context: Primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements.

Question: how is the atmosphere there?

Answer: It has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System.

Explanation: Jupiter has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, spanning over in altitude. Because Jupiter has no surface, the base of its atmosphere is usually considered to be the point at which atmospheric pressure is equal to .

Jupiter [SEP] Atmosphere


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: It has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System.

Question: what time it takes to complete one revolution around the sun?

Answer: 11.86 years

Explanation: Jupiter is the only planet whose barycenter with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by only 7% of the Sun's radius. The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million km (about 5.2 times the average distance between Earth and the Sun, or 5.2 AU) and it completes an orbit every 11.86 years.

Jupiter [SEP] Orbit and rotation

The axial tilt of Jupiter is relatively small: only 3.13°. As a result, it does not experience significant seasonal changes, in contrast to, for example, Earth and Mars. Jupiter's rotation is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an equatorial bulge easily seen through an Earth-based amateur telescope. The planet is shaped as an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles. On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is longer than the diameter measured through the poles.


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: what time it takes to complete one revolution around the sun?

Context: 11.86 years

Question: what is flyby mission?

Answer: Operations where spacecrafts are brought within observation range to closely monitor and study astronomical objects.

Jupiter [SEP] Flyby missions

Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft have performed planetary flyby maneuvers that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. Radio occultations by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening. Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding of the Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings.


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: 11.86 years

Context: what is flyby mission?

Context: Operations where spacecrafts are brought within observation range to closely monitor and study astronomical objects.

Question: has any flyby mission carried out for this planet?

Answer: Yes, the Pioneer and Voyager missions to name two of them.

Explanation:
The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. Radio occultations by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.

Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding of the Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic.

Jupiter [SEP] Flyby missions

They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Red Spot had changed hue since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, and volcanoes were found on the moon's surface, some in the process of erupting. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere. The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the "Ulysses" solar probe. It performed a flyby maneuver to attain a polar orbit around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft conducted studies on Jupiter's magnetosphere.


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: 11.86 years

Context: what is flyby mission?

Context: has any flyby mission carried out for this planet?

Context: Yes, the Pioneer and Voyager missions to name two of them.

Question: when was the first one carried out?

Answer: 1973

Explanation: Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft have performed planetary flyby maneuvers that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons

Jupiter [SEP] Flyby missions


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: 11.86 years

Context: what is flyby mission?

Context: when was the first one carried out?

Question: how many natural satellites does this planet have?

Answer: 79

Jupiter [SEP] Moons

Jupiter has 79 known natural satellites. Of these, 63 are less than 10 kilometres in diameter and have only been discovered since 1975. The four largest moons, visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night, known as the "Galilean moons", are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: 11.86 years

Context: what is flyby mission?

Context: when was the first one carried out?

Context: how many natural satellites does this planet have?

Question: can you mention some of them?

Answer: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto to name a few

Explanation: The four largest moons, visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night, known as the "Galilean moons", are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.

Jupiter [SEP] Moons


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: 11.86 years

Context: what is flyby mission?

Context: when was the first one carried out?

Context: can you mention some of them?

Context: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto to name a few

Question: who discovered the first one?

Answer: It was first observed by Galileo Galilei.

Io (moon) [SEP] Observational history

The first reported observation of Io was made by Galileo Galilei on 7 January 1610 using a 20x-power, refracting telescope at the University of Padua. However, in that observation, Galileo could not separate Io and Europa due to the low power of his telescope, so the two were recorded as a single point of light. Io and Europa were seen for the first time as separate bodies during Galileo's observations of the Jovian system the following day, 8 January 1610 (used as the discovery date for Io by the IAU). The discovery of Io and the other Galilean satellites of Jupiter was published in Galileo's "Sidereus Nuncius" in March 1610.


Context: what are they?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: 11.86 years

Context: what is flyby mission?

Context: when was the first one carried out?

Context: can you mention some of them?

Context: who discovered the first one?

Context: It was first observed by Galileo Galilei.

Question: who is the above mentioned person?

Answer: He was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa.

Explanation: Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa.

Galileo Galilei [SEP] Introduction

His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the observation of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, the observation of Saturn's rings, and the analysis of sunspots. Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture".


Context: where are jet streams located in the atmosphere

Context: On earth, near the altitude of the tropopause

Context: what are they?

Context: Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets.

Context: what are the applications of these fast flowing air currents?

Context: On Earth, the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting.

Context: these air currents form in any other planets?

Context: Yes, on Jupiter for instance

Context: how they are formed there?

Context: On Jupiter, they are caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded colour structure and are driven by internal heating.

Context: what is the above mentioned planet composed of?

Context: Primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements.

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: It has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System.

Context: what time it takes to complete one revolution around the sun?

Context: 11.86 years

Context: what is flyby mission?

Context: Operations where spacecrafts are brought within observation range to closely monitor and study astronomical objects.

Context: has any flyby mission carried out for this planet?

Context: Yes, the Pioneer and Voyager missions to name two of them.

Context: when was the first one carried out?

Context: how many natural satellites does this planet have?

Context: can you mention some of them?

Context: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto to name a few

Context: who discovered the first one?

Context: It was first observed by Galileo Galilei.

Context: who is the above mentioned person?

Context: He was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa.

Question: when did he die?

Answer: 8 January 1642

Galileo Galilei [SEP] Introduction


Question: write a detail note to the broaching machines

Answer: Broaching machines are relatively simple as they only have to move the broach in a linear motion at a predetermined speed and provide a means for handling the broach automatically.

Broaching (metalworking) [SEP] Broaching machines

Broaching machines are relatively simple as they only have to move the broach in a linear motion at a predetermined speed and provide a means for handling the broach automatically. Most machines are hydraulic, but a few specialty machines are mechanically driven. The machines are distinguished by whether their motion is horizontal or vertical. The choice of machine is primarily dictated by the stroke required. Vertical broaching machines rarely have a stroke longer than . Vertical broaching machines can be designed for push broaching, pull-down broaching, pull-up broaching, or surface broaching. Push broaching machines are similar to an arbor press with a guided ram; typical capacities are 5 to 50 tons.


Context: write a detail note to the broaching machines

Context: Broaching machines are relatively simple as they only have to move the broach in a linear motion at a predetermined speed and provide a means for handling the broach automatically.

Question: what is this machine used for?

Answer: To remove material.

Broaching (metalworking) [SEP] Introduction

Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to remove material. There are two main types of broaching: "linear" and "rotary". In linear broaching, which is the more common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the workpiece to effect the cut. Linear broaches are used in a broaching machine, which is also sometimes shortened to "broach". In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and pressed into the workpiece to cut an axisymmetric shape. A rotary broach is used in a lathe or screw machine. In both processes the cut is performed in one pass of the broach, which makes it very efficient.


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Question: what are its various types?

Answer: "linear" and "rotary".

Explanation: There are two main types of broaching: "linear" and "rotary".


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Question: how does it work?

Answer: In linear broaching, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the workpiece to effect the cut. In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and pressed into the workpiece to cut an axisymmetric shape.

Explanation: In linear broaching, which is the more common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the workpiece to effect the cut.


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Context: how does it work?

Context: In linear broaching, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the workpiece to effect the cut. In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and pressed into the workpiece to cut an axisymmetric shape.

Question: by whom was this machine developed?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Context: how does it work?

Context: by whom was this machine developed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was it first used?

Answer: early 1850

Broaching (metalworking) [SEP] History

The concept of broaching can be traced back to the early 1850s, with the first applications used for cutting keyways in pulleys and gears. After World War I, broaching was used to rifle gun barrels. In the 1920s and 30s the tolerances were tightened and the cost reduced thanks to advances in form grinding and broaching machines.


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Context: how does it work?

Context: by whom was this machine developed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it first used?

Context: early 1850

Question: how is it related to pulleys?

Answer: It was used for cutting keyways in pulleys and gears.

Broaching (metalworking) [SEP] History


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Context: how does it work?

Context: by whom was this machine developed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it first used?

Context: early 1850

Context: how is it related to pulleys?

Context: It was used for cutting keyways in pulleys and gears.

Question: what is it used for?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Broaching (metalworking) [SEP] History


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Context: how does it work?

Context: by whom was this machine developed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it first used?

Context: early 1850

Context: how is it related to pulleys?

Context: what is it used for?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is the former used with a rope?

Answer: Yes

Pulley [SEP] Introduction

The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain. The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Ancient Egypt in the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 BCE) and Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BCE. In Roman Egypt, Hero of Alexandria (c. 10-70 CE) identified the pulley as one of six simple machines used to lift weights. Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Context: how does it work?

Context: by whom was this machine developed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it first used?

Context: early 1850

Context: how is it related to pulleys?

Context: what is it used for?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the former used with a rope?

Context: Yes

Question: how is it used with a belt?

Answer: It is the drive element of a pulley system.

Pulley [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is this machine used for?

Context: To remove material.

Context: what are its various types?

Context: "linear" and "rotary".

Context: how does it work?

Context: by whom was this machine developed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it first used?

Context: early 1850

Context: how is it related to pulleys?

Context: what is it used for?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the former used with a rope?

Context: Yes

Context: how is it used with a belt?

Context: It is the drive element of a pulley system.

Question: any early evidences of use of this machine?

Answer: The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Ancient Egypt in the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 BCE) and Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BCE.

Explanation: The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Ancient Egypt in the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 BCE) and Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BCE.

Pulley [SEP] Introduction


Question: what did tang leaders do to help rule this large empire

Answer: Raised professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers; indirectly controlled several regions through a protectorate system.

Explanation: The Tang capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) was then the world's most populous city. Two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries estimated the empire's population at about 50 million people, which grew to an estimated 80 million by the dynasty's end. From its numerous subjects, the dynasty raised professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers for control of Inner Asia and the lucrative trade-routes along the Silk Road. Far-flung kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court, while the Tang also indirectly controlled several regions through a protectorate system. The adoption of the title Khan of Heaven by the Tang emperor Taizong was eastern Asia's first "simultaneous kingship". In addition to its political hegemony, the Tang exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring East Asian nations such as Japan and Korea.

Tang dynasty [SEP] Introduction

The Tang dynasty (, ; ) or Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty. The Lǐ family () founded the dynasty, seizing power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire and inaugurating a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty's rule.


Context: what did tang leaders do to help rule this large empire

Context: Raised professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers; indirectly controlled several regions through a protectorate system.

Question: when was this dynasty period?

Answer: 618 to 907 AD

Explanation: The Tang dynasty (, ; ) or Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

Tang dynasty [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Question: which dynasty preceded it?

Answer: Sui dynasty

Explanation: It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Tang dynasty [SEP] Introduction


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Question: who is the leader ?

Answer: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Tang dynasty [SEP] Establishment

Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, ruled until 626, when he was forcefully deposed by his son Li Shimin, the Prince of Qin. Li Shimin had commanded troops since the age of 18 years old, had prowess with bow and arrow, sword and lance and was known for his effective cavalry charges. Fighting a numerically superior army, he defeated Dou Jiande (573–621) at Luoyang in the Battle of Hulao on May 28, 621. In a violent elimination of royal family due to fear of assassination, Li Shimin ambushed and killed two of his brothers, Li Yuanji (b. 603) and Crown prince Li Jiancheng (b.


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Question: what led way to the emergence of this dynasty?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Tang dynasty [SEP] Establishment

The Li family belonged to the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the Sui dynasty and claimed to be paternally descended from the Taoist founder, Lao Tzu (whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er) the Han dynasty General Li Guang and Western Liang ruler Li Gao. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (; ), which includes the Tang poet Li Bai. The Tang Emperors also had Xianbei maternal ancestry, from Emperor Gaozu of Tang's Xianbei mother, Duchess Dugu. Li Yuan was Duke of Tang and governor of Taiyuan, modern Shanxi, during the Sui dynasty's collapse, which was caused in part by the Sui failure to conquer the northern part of the Korean peninsula during the Goguryeo–Sui War.


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Context: what led way to the emergence of this dynasty?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who founded the latter dynasty?

Answer: Emperor Wen of Sui

Sui dynasty [SEP] Introduction

The Sui dynasty (, ) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties and reinstalled the rule of ethnic Chinese in the entirety of China proper, along with sinicization of former nomadic ethnic minorities (Five Barbarians) within its territory. It was succeeded by the Tang dynasty, which largely inherited its foundation. Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui dynasty capital was Chang'an (which was renamed Daxing, modern Xi'an) from 581–605 and later Luoyang (605–618). Emperors Wen and Yang undertook various centralized reforms, most notably the equal-field system, intended to reduce economic inequality and improve agricultural productivity; the institution of the Three Departments and Six Ministries system; and the standardization and re-unification of the coinage.


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who founded the latter dynasty?

Context: Emperor Wen of Sui

Question: what can you tell me about its culture?

Answer: Major public works like the Great Wall and the Great Canal were initiated; the political system developed by Sui; religion and literature, particular examples being Buddhism and poetry.

Explanation:
This includes not only the major public works initiated, such as the Great Wall and the Great Canal, but also the political system developed by Sui, which was adopted by Tang with little initial change other than at the top of the political hierarchy. Other cultural developments of the Sui dynasty included religion and literature, particular examples being Buddhism and poetry.

Rituals and sacrifices were conducted by the Sui.

Sui dynasty [SEP] Culture

Although the Sui dynasty was relatively short-lived, in terms of culture, it represents a transition from the preceding ages, and many cultural developments which can be seen to be incipient during the Sui dynasty later were expanded and consolidated during the ensuing Tang dynasty, and later ages. This includes not only the major public works initiated, such as the Great Wall and the Great Canal, but also the political system developed by Sui, which was adopted by Tang with little initial change other than at the top of the political hierarchy. Other cultural developments of the Sui dynasty included religion and literature, particular examples being Buddhism and poetry.


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who founded the latter dynasty?

Context: Emperor Wen of Sui

Context: what can you tell me about its culture?

Context: Major public works like the Great Wall and the Great Canal were initiated; the political system developed by Sui; religion and literature, particular examples being Buddhism and poetry.

Question: how is this dynasty associated with confucianism?

Answer: Confucian philosopher Wang Tong wrote and taught during the Sui Dynasty.

Explanation: Confucian philosopher Wang Tong wrote and taught during the Sui Dynasty, and even briefly held office as Secretary of Shuzhou. His most famous (as well as only surviving) work, the "Explanation of the Mean" (Zhongshuo, 中说) was compiled shortly after his death in 617.

Sui dynasty [SEP] Confucianism


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who founded the latter dynasty?

Context: Emperor Wen of Sui

Context: what can you tell me about its culture?

Context: how is this dynasty associated with confucianism?

Context: Confucian philosopher Wang Tong wrote and taught during the Sui Dynasty.

Question: what was the position of women in the former dynasty?

Answer: Concepts of women's social rights and social status during the Tang era were notably liberal-minded - however, this was mostly for urban women of elite status; women in the rural countryside labored hard in their different set of tasks.

Tang dynasty [SEP] Position of women

Concepts of women's social rights and social status during the Tang era were notably liberal-minded for the period. However, this was largely reserved for urban women of elite status, as men and women in the rural countryside labored hard in their different set of tasks; with wives and daughters responsible for more domestic tasks of weaving textiles and rearing of silk worms, while men tended to farming in the fields. There were many women in the Tang era who gained access to religious authority by taking vows as Taoist priestesses. The head mistresses of high-class courtesans in the North Hamlet of the capital Chang'an acquired large amounts of wealth and power.


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who founded the latter dynasty?

Context: Emperor Wen of Sui

Context: what can you tell me about its culture?

Context: what was the position of women in the former dynasty?

Context: Concepts of women's social rights and social status during the Tang era were notably liberal-minded - however, this was mostly for urban women of elite status; women in the rural countryside labored hard in their different set of tasks.

Question: what was the role of literature during this period?

Answer: The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature and art - "gushi" and "jintishi" were popular poetry styles.

Explanation: The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature and art. Over 48,900 poems penned by some 2,200 Tang authors have survived to the present day. Skill in the composition of poetry became a required study for those wishing to pass imperial examinations, while poetry was also heavily competitive; poetry contests amongst guests at banquets and courtiers were common. Poetry styles that were popular in the Tang included "gushi" and "jintishi", with the renowned poet Li Bai (701–762) famous for the former style, and poets like Wang Wei (701–761) and Cui Hao (704–754) famous for their use of the latter. "Jintishi" poetry, or regulated verse, is in the form of eight-line stanzas or seven characters per line with a fixed pattern of tones that required the second and third couplets to be antithetical (although the antithesis is often lost in translation to other languages). Tang poems remained popular and great emulation of Tang era poetry began in the Song dynasty; in that period, Yan Yu (

Tang dynasty [SEP] Literature


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who founded the latter dynasty?

Context: Emperor Wen of Sui

Context: what can you tell me about its culture?

Context: what was the role of literature during this period?

Context: The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature and art - "gushi" and "jintishi" were popular poetry styles.

Question: were trades prominent then?

Answer: Yes, the Silk Road from China to Europe and the Western World was reopened by the Tang and remained open for almost four decades.

Explanation: Although the Silk Road from China to Europe and the Western World was initially formulated during the reign of Emperor Wu (141–87 ) during the Han, it was reopened by the Tang in 639 when Hou Junji ( 643) conquered the West, and remained open for almost four decades.

Tang dynasty [SEP] Silk Road

When the An Lushan Rebellion ended in 763, the Tang Empire withdrew its troops from its western lands, allowing the Tibetan Empire to largely cut off China's direct access to the Silk Road. An internal rebellion in 848 ousted the Tibetan rulers, and Tang China regained its northwestern prefectures from Tibet in 851. These lands contained crucial grazing areas and pastures for raising horses that the Tang dynasty desperately needed. Despite the many expatriate European travelers coming into China to live and trade, many travelers, mainly religious monks and missionaries, recorded China's stringent immigrant laws . As the monk Xuanzang and many other monk travelers attested to, there were many Chinese government checkpoints along the Silk Road that examined travel permits into the Tang Empire.


Context: when was this dynasty period?

Context: 618 to 907 AD

Context: which dynasty preceded it?

Context: Sui dynasty

Context: who is the leader ?

Context: Li Yuan, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who founded the latter dynasty?

Context: Emperor Wen of Sui

Context: what can you tell me about its culture?

Context: were trades prominent then?

Context: Yes, the Silk Road from China to Europe and the Western World was reopened by the Tang and remained open for almost four decades.

Question: what were the major sources of economy?

Answer: Silk Road and maritime trade

Tang dynasty [SEP] Economy

Through use of the land trade along the Silk Road and maritime trade by sail at sea, the Tang were able to acquire and gain many new technologies, cultural practices, rare luxury, and contemporary items. From Europe, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, the Tang dynasty were able to acquire new ideas in fashion, new types of ceramics, and improved silver-smithing techniques. The Tang Chinese also gradually adopted the foreign concept of stools and chairs as seating, whereas the Chinese beforehand always sat on mats placed on the floor. People of the Middle East coveted and purchased in bulk Chinese goods such as silks, lacquerwares, and porcelain wares.


Question: what happens when a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem apex

Answer: The ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether.

Keystone species [SEP] Introduction

A keystone species is a species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance, a concept introduced in 1969 by the zoologist Robert T. Paine. Such species are described as playing a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. Some keystone species, such as the wolf, are also apex predators. The role that a keystone species plays in its ecosystem is analogous to the role of a keystone in an arch.


Context: what happens when a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem apex

Context: The ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether.

Question: can you explain the meaning of this category?

Answer: A keystone species is a species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance

Explanation: A keystone species is a species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance, a concept introduced in 1969 by the zoologist Robert T. Paine

Keystone species [SEP] Introduction


Context: can you explain the meaning of this category?

Context: A keystone species is a species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance

Question: what animals fall under this category?

Answer: wolf

Explanation: Some keystone species, such as the wolf, are also apex predators.

Keystone species [SEP] Introduction


Context: what animals fall under this category?

Context: wolf

Question: who introduced this system?

Answer: Robert T. Paine

Keystone species [SEP] Introduction


Context: what animals fall under this category?

Context: wolf

Context: who introduced this system?

Context: Robert T. Paine

Question: what is the meaning of the environment mentioned above?

Answer: It encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally.

Natural environment [SEP] Introduction

The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The concept of the "natural environment" can be distinguished as components: In contrast to the natural environment is the built environment. In such areas where humans have fundamentally transformed landscapes such as urban settings and agricultural land conversion, the natural environment is greatly changed into a simplified human environment.


Context: what animals fall under this category?

Context: wolf

Context: who introduced this system?

Context: Robert T. Paine

Context: what is the meaning of the environment mentioned above?

Context: It encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally.

Question: where is this environment applicable?

Answer: Earth or some parts of Earth

Explanation: The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth.

Natural environment [SEP] Introduction


Context: what animals fall under this category?

Context: wolf

Context: who introduced this system?

Context: Robert T. Paine

Context: where is this environment applicable?

Context: Earth or some parts of Earth

Question: what is this place?

Answer: Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

Earth [SEP] Introduction

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. About 29% of Earth's surface is land consisting of continents and islands. The remaining 71% is covered with water, mostly by oceans but also lakes, rivers and other fresh water, which together constitute the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's outer layer is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over many millions of years. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.


Context: what animals fall under this category?

Context: wolf

Context: who introduced this system?

Context: Robert T. Paine

Context: where is this environment applicable?

Context: Earth or some parts of Earth

Context: what is this place?

Context: Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

Question: how was it formed?

Answer: A solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun

Earth [SEP] Formation

The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to Ga (billion years) ago. By the primordial Earth had formed. The bodies in the Solar System formed and evolved with the Sun. In theory, a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth taking 10– (Mys) to form. A subject of research is the formation of the Moon, some 4.53 Ga.


Context: what animals fall under this category?

Context: wolf

Context: who introduced this system?

Context: Robert T. Paine

Context: where is this environment applicable?

Context: Earth or some parts of Earth

Context: what is this place?

Context: how was it formed?

Context: A solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun

Question: what makes this astronomical object the only place to have life?

Answer: Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules

Earth [SEP] Origin of life and evolution

Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the last common ancestor of all current life arose. The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant molecular oxygen () accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer () in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface.


Context: what animals fall under this category?

Context: wolf

Context: who introduced this system?

Context: Robert T. Paine

Context: where is this environment applicable?

Context: Earth or some parts of Earth

Context: what is this place?

Context: how was it formed?

Context: what makes this astronomical object the only place to have life?

Context: Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules

Question: what is its interior format?

Answer: It is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties.

Earth [SEP] Internal structure

Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from about under the oceans to for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, which is the region where tectonic plates are found. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides.