Context: November 1854

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: Diarrhea and vomiting

Context: how is this transmitted?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: A rapid dipstick test is available to determine it.

Question: what is the role of electrolytes here?

Answer: As the frequently is initially acidosis, the potassium level may be normal, even though large losses may have occurred.

Cholera [SEP] Electrolytes

As there frequently is initially acidosis, the potassium level may be normal, even though large losses have occurred. As the dehydration is corrected, potassium levels may decrease rapidly, and thus need to be replaced. This may be done by consuming foods high in potassium, like bananas or coconut water.


Context: when did the london necropolis railway opened?

Context: November 1854

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: To carry corpses and mourners between London and the LNC's newly opened Brookwood Cemetery southwest of London in Brookwood, Surrey.

Context: what is its role in the london burial crisis?

Context: It helped in sorting out the overwhelming burials during the cholera epidemic.

Context: what are the symptoms of the above mentioned disease?

Context: Diarrhea and vomiting

Context: how is this transmitted?

Context: It is usually through the fecal-oral route of contaminated food or water caused by poor sanitation.

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: what is the role of electrolytes here?

Context: As the frequently is initially acidosis, the potassium level may be normal, even though large losses may have occurred.

Question: are vaccines available for this?

Answer: Yes, oral cholera vaccines (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol.

Cholera [SEP] Vaccine

A number of safe and effective oral vaccines for cholera are available. The World Health Organization (WHO) has three prequalified oral cholera vaccines (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral, an orally administered, inactivated whole cell vaccine, has an overall efficacy of about 52% during the first year after being given and 62% in the second year, with minimal side effects. It is available in over 60 countries. However, it is not currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for most people traveling from the United States to endemic countries. The vaccine that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends, Vaxchora, is an oral attenuated live vaccine, that is effective as a single dose.


Context: November 1854

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: Diarrhea and vomiting

Context: how is this transmitted?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: what is the role of electrolytes here?

Context: are vaccines available for this?

Context: Yes, oral cholera vaccines (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol.

Question: what is its genetic structure?

Answer: Two clusters have been identified in it.

Cholera [SEP] Genetic structure

Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of the pandemic isolates of "V. cholerae" has revealed variation in the genetic structure. Two clusters have been identified: Cluster I and Cluster II. For the most part, Cluster I consists of strains from the 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II largely contains strains from the 1980s and 1990s, based on the change in the clone structure. This grouping of strains is best seen in the strains from the African continent.


Context: November 1854

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: Diarrhea and vomiting

Context: how is this transmitted?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: what is the role of electrolytes here?

Context: are vaccines available for this?

Context: what is its genetic structure?

Context: Two clusters have been identified in it.

Question: what can you tell me about the former symptom mentioned above?

Answer: It is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day.

Diarrhea [SEP] Introduction

Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are exclusively breastfed, however, are normal. The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacterium, or parasite—a condition also known as gastroenteritis.


Context: November 1854

Context: what was its purpose?

Context: Diarrhea and vomiting

Context: how is this transmitted?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: what is the role of electrolytes here?

Context: are vaccines available for this?

Context: what is its genetic structure?

Context: what can you tell me about the former symptom mentioned above?

Context: It is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day.

Question: what are its causes?

Answer: Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, microscopic colitis, celiac disease, and a few other

Diarrhea [SEP] Causes

Acute diarrhea is most commonly due to viral gastroenteritis with rotavirus, which accounts for 40% of cases in children under five. In travelers, however, bacterial infections predominate. Various toxins such as mushroom poisoning and drugs can also cause acute diarrhea. Chronic diarrhea can be the part of the presentations of a number of chronic medical conditions affecting the intestine. Common causes include ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, microscopic colitis, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and bile acid malabsorption.


Question: who is the writer of 'all through the night'?

Answer: Jules Shear.

All Through the Night (Cyndi Lauper song) [SEP] Introduction

"All Through the Night" is a song written and originally recorded by Jules Shear. It is included on Lauper's debut album "She's So Unusual". Shear wrote "All Through The Night" as a mid-tempo folk-rock song for his 1983 album "Watch Dog". After the Cars recorded their own version, which they did not use on any of their albums, Lauper decided to cover it. Although she initially intended to do a straight cover of Shear's version, she turned it into a pop ballad instead. "All Through The Night" was the only single released worldwide by Lauper that did not have a music video.


Context: who is the writer of 'all through the night'?

Context: Jules Shear.

Question: is it a single or part of an album?

Answer: It is part of an album.

All Through the Night (Cyndi Lauper song)

Explanation: "All Through the Night" is a song written and originally recorded by Jules Shear. It is included on Lauper's debut album "She's So Unusual".


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Question: which album is it from?

Answer: Though it was originally intended for the album "Watch Dog", it was included in "She's So Unusual".

All Through the Night (Cyndi Lauper song)

Explanation: It is included on Lauper's debut album "She's So Unusual". Shear wrote "All Through The Night" as a mid-tempo folk-rock song for his 1983 album "Watch Dog


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: Though it was originally intended for the album "Watch Dog", it was included in "She's So Unusual".

Question: has the latter album won any awards?

Answer: It won the Grammy Award for Best Recording Package and Best New Artist.

She's So Unusual [SEP] Accolades

"She's So Unusual" and its singles earned Lauper six Grammy Award nominations, including Album of the Year and ultimately winning the awards for Best Recording Package and Best New Artist. "Girls Just Want To Have Fun" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and "Time After Time" was nominated for Song of the Year. Lauper earned ten MTV Video Music Award nominations. "Girls Just Want To Have Fun" received six nominations including Video of the Year, and won for Best Female Video. "Time After Time" received three nominations and "She Bop" received one nomination.


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: It won the Grammy Award for Best Recording Package and Best New Artist.

Question: did they organise a tour?

Answer: Yes, a world tour was arranged to mark the 30th Anniversary of "She's So Unusual".

She's So Unusual [SEP] 30th Anniversary Tour

2013 marked the 30th Anniversary of "She's So Unusual". To honor it and to thank her fans for its success, Lauper embarked on a World Tour called the "". A part of the show, Lauper sings the entire track listing of the record in the order it appears on the CD while telling stories about the production of the record and her life at the time she recorded it.


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: Yes, a world tour was arranged to mark the 30th Anniversary of "She's So Unusual".

Question: how does the final voting happens for the award you mentioned?

Answer: After nominees have been determined, final voting ballots are sent to NARAS voting members, who may then vote in the general fields and in no more than nine of the 30 fields.  Ballots are tabulated secretly .The winners are announced at the Grammy Awards.

Grammy Award [SEP] Final voting

After nominees have been determined, final voting ballots are sent to NARAS voting members, who may then vote in the general fields and in no more than nine of the 30 fields. Members are encouraged, but not required, to vote only in their fields of expertise. Ballots are tabulated secretly by the major independent accounting firm Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu. Following the tabulation of votes the winners are announced at the Grammy Awards. The recording with the most votes in a category wins and it is possible to have a tie (in which case the two or more nominees who tie are all considered winners).


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: how does the final voting happens for the award you mentioned?

Context: After nominees have been determined, final voting ballots are sent to NARAS voting members, who may then vote in the general fields and in no more than nine of the 30 fields.  Ballots are tabulated secretly .The winners are announced at the Grammy Awards.

Question: did it have issues with female artists?

Answer: Yes, it has received  backlash on its treatment of female artists. The comment by Neil Portnow, President of the Recording Academy stating that female artists need to "step up" in order to win awards also attracted controversy.

Explanation: The Grammys have also received criticism for their treatment of female artists. Notably at the 60th Grammy Awards, New Zealand singer Lorde made media headlines after turning down an offer to perform at the ceremony. She rumored that she was invited to perform alongside several other artists in a tribute to Tom Petty but was refused a solo slot, despite being nominated for the Album of the Year Award and stated that each of the male nominees were allowed solo performances. Lorde's mother also criticized the Grammys, pointing out an article which stated that only nine percent of nominees at the previous six Grammy Awards were women. Following the 60th ceremony, many media outlets reported that the ceremony had failed women, specifically pointing to the most nominated female artist SZA who did not win in any of her five nominated categories and to the Best Pop Solo Performance category which was composed of four female nominees but won by Ed Sheeran. In an interview, Neil Portnow, Presid

Grammy Award [SEP] Mistreatment of female artists


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: Yes, it has received  backlash on its treatment of female artists. The comment by Neil Portnow, President of the Recording Academy stating that female artists need to "step up" in order to win awards also attracted controversy.

Question: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Answer: Yes, in recent times it is broadcasted by CBS.

Explanation:
Prior to the first live Grammys telecast in 1971 on ABC, a series of filmed annual specials in the 1960s called "The Best on Record" were broadcast on NBC. The first Grammy Award telecast took place on the night of November 29, 1959, as an episode of the NBC anthology series "NBC Sunday Showcase", which was normally devoted to plays, original TV dramas, and variety shows. Until 1971, awards ceremonies were held in both New York and Los Angeles, with winners accepting at one of the two. Pierre Cossette bought the rights to broadcast the ceremony from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences and organized the first live telecast. CBS bought the rights in 1973 after moving the ceremony to Nashville, Tennessee; the American Music Awards were created for ABC (by the late Dick Clark) as a result.

The Recording Academy announced on June 21, 2011, that it had reached a new deal with CBS to keep the awards show on the network for another 10 years. As part of the new contract, the ne

Grammy Award [SEP] TV broadcasts and ratings


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Context: Yes, in recent times it is broadcasted by CBS.

Question: where is this broadcasting network based out of?

Answer: It is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City.

CBS [SEP] Introduction

The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network owned by ViacomCBS through its CBS Entertainment Group division. The network is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City, with major production facilities and operations in New York City (at the CBS Broadcast Center) and Los Angeles (at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center). CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the company's trademark symbol, in use since 1951. It has also been called the "Tiffany Network", alluding to the perceived high quality of its programming during the tenure of William S.


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Context: where is this broadcasting network based out of?

Context: It is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City.

Question: what are some of its special shows?

Answer: There are animated primetime holiday specials, Classical music specials , and others.

CBS [SEP] Animated primetime holiday specials

CBS was the original broadcast network home of the animated primetime holiday specials based on the "Peanuts" comic strip, beginning with "A Charlie Brown Christmas" in 1965. Over 30 holiday Peanuts specials (each for a specific holiday such as Halloween) were broadcast on CBS until 2000, when the broadcast rights were acquired by ABC. CBS also aired several primetime animated specials based on the works of Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel), beginning with "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" in 1966, as well as several specials based on the "Garfield" comic strip during the 1980s (which led to Garfield getting his own Saturday morning cartoon on the network, "Garfield and Friends", which ran from 1988 to 1995).


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Context: what are some of its special shows?

Context: There are animated primetime holiday specials, Classical music specials , and others.

Question: can you mention one of its controversy?

Answer: Yes, the Killian documents controversy.

CBS [SEP] Killian documents controversy

On September 8, 2004, less than two months before the Presidential election in which he defeated Democratic candidate John Kerry, CBS aired a controversial episode of "60 Minutes Wednesday", which questioned then-President George W. Bush's service in the Air National Guard in 1972 and 1973. Following allegations of forgery, CBS News admitted that four of the documents used in the story had not been properly authenticated and admitted that their source, Bill Burkett, had admitted to having "deliberately misled" a CBS News producer who worked on the report, about the documents' origins out of a confidentiality promise to the actual source.


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Context: what are some of its special shows?

Context: can you mention one of its controversy?

Context: Yes, the Killian documents controversy.

Question: what was this controversy about?

Answer: It was about a controversial episode of "60 Minutes Wednesday", which questioned then-President George W. Bush's service in the Air National Guard in 1972 and 1973.  Following allegations of forgery, CBS News admitted that four of the documents used in the story had not been properly authenticated.

Explanation: On September 8, 2004, less than two months before the Presidential election in which he defeated Democratic candidate John Kerry, CBS aired a controversial episode of "60 Minutes Wednesday", which questioned then-President George W. Bush's service in the Air National Guard in 1972 and 1973. Following allegations of forgery, CBS News admitted that four of the documents used in the story had not been properly authenticated and admitted that their source, Bill Burkett, had admitted to having "deliberately misled" a CBS News producer who worked on the report, about the documents' origins out of a confidentiality promise to the actual source.

CBS [SEP] Killian documents controversy


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Context: what are some of its special shows?

Context: can you mention one of its controversy?

Context: Yes, the Killian documents controversy.

Context: what was this controversy about?

Context: It was about a controversial episode of "60 Minutes Wednesday", which questioned then-President George W. Bush's service in the Air National Guard in 1972 and 1973.  Following allegations of forgery, CBS News admitted that four of the documents used in the story had not been properly authenticated.

Question: the president you just mentioned, was he a part of military?

Answer: Yes, he was a part of the Texas Air National Guard.

George W. Bush [SEP] Military career

In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard. After two years of training in active-duty service, he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s with the 147th Reconnaissance Wing out of the Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base. Critics, including former Democratic National Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe, have alleged that Bush was favorably treated due to his father's political standing as a member of the House of Representatives, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores and his irregular attendance. In June 2005, the United States Department of Defense released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain in its official archives.


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Context: what are some of its special shows?

Context: can you mention one of its controversy?

Context: Yes, the Killian documents controversy.

Context: what was this controversy about?

Context: the president you just mentioned, was he a part of military?

Context: Yes, he was a part of the Texas Air National Guard.

Question: did any terrorist attack happen during this presidency?

Answer: Yes, the September 11 terrorist attacks.

George W. Bush [SEP] September 11 attacks

The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the Oval Office, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. Three days after the attacks, Bush visited Ground Zero and met with Mayor Rudy Giuliani, firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. To much applause, Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing in a heap of rubble: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon." In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and his organization Al-Qaeda, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or...


Context: Jules Shear.

Context: is it a single or part of an album?

Context: It is part of an album.

Context: which album is it from?

Context: has the latter album won any awards?

Context: did they organise a tour?

Context: did it have issues with female artists?

Context: is the awards event broadcasted on tv?

Context: what are some of its special shows?

Context: can you mention one of its controversy?

Context: Yes, the Killian documents controversy.

Context: what was this controversy about?

Context: did any terrorist attack happen during this presidency?

Context: Yes, the September 11 terrorist attacks.

Question: how did he dealt with the natural disaster?

Answer: He declared a state of emergency in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama after Hurricane Katrina. The National Response Plan was used and he toured the affected areas.

Explanation:
Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27 and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day. He authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action. The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared a major disaster in Louisiana, officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort.
On August 30, DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national significance", triggering the first use of the newly created National Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans. The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".

George W. Bush [SEP] Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina struck early in Bush's second term and was one of the most damaging natural disasters in U.S. history. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans. Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27 and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day. He authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action. The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared a major disaster in Louisiana, officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort.


Question: how are saturn's moon titan and neptune's triton similar

Answer: Both of them are geologically active.

Explanation: Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active (the others being Jupiter's Io and Europa, and Saturn's Enceladus and Titan).

Triton (moon) [SEP] Introduction

As a consequence, its surface is relatively young, with few obvious impact craters. Intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains suggest a complex geological history. Part of its surface has geysers erupting sublimated nitrogen gas, contributing to a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere less than the pressure of Earth's atmosphere at sea level. "Voyager 2" was able to study only about 40% of its surface, and future missions have been proposed to revisit the Neptune system with a focus on Triton.


Context: how are saturn's moon titan and neptune's triton similar

Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Question: who discovered the triton?

Answer: William Lassell.

Triton (moon) [SEP] Discovery and naming

Triton was discovered by British astronomer William Lassell on October 10, 1846, just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune. When John Herschel received news of Neptune's discovery, he wrote to Lassell suggesting he search for possible moons. Lassell did so and discovered Triton eight days later. Lassell also claimed for a period to have discovered rings. Although Neptune was later confirmed to have rings, they are so faint and dark that it is not plausible he actually saw them. A brewer by trade, Lassell spotted Triton with his self-built ~ aperture metal mirror reflecting telescope (also known as the "two-foot" reflector).


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Question: when was it discovered?

Answer: 10 October,1846.

Explanation: Triton was discovered by British astronomer William Lassell on October 10, 1846,


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Question: can you mention some physical characteristics of this natural satellite?

Answer: Triton's crust consists of 55% nitrogen ice with other ices mixed in. Water ice comprises 15–35% and frozen carbon dioxide the remaining 10–20%. Its surface area is 23 million km.

Explanation: Triton's crust consists of 55% nitrogen ice with other ices mixed in. Water ice comprises 15–35% and frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) the remaining 10–20%. Trace ices include 0.1% methane and 0.05% carbon monoxide. There could also be ammonia ice on the surface, as there are indications of ammonia dihydrate in the lithosphere. Triton's mean density implies that it probably consists of about 30–45% water ice (including relatively small amounts of volatile ices), with the remainder being rocky material. Triton's surface area is 23 million km, which is 4.5% of Earth, or 15.5% of Earth's land area.

Triton (moon) [SEP] Physical characteristics

Water, the most abundant volatile in the Solar System, comprises Triton's mantle, enveloping a core of rock and metal. There is enough rock in Triton's interior for radioactive decay to maintain a liquid subsurface ocean to this day, similar to what is thought to exist beneath the surface of Europa and a number of other icy outer Solar System worlds. This is not thought to be adequate to power convection in Triton's icy crust. However, the strong obliquity tides are believed to generate enough additional heat to accomplish this and produce the observed signs of recent surface geological activity. The black material ejected is suspected to contain organic compounds, and if liquid water is present in Triton, it has been speculated that this could make it habitable for some form of life.


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Context: can you mention some physical characteristics of this natural satellite?

Context: Triton's crust consists of 55% nitrogen ice with other ices mixed in. Water ice comprises 15–35% and frozen carbon dioxide the remaining 10–20%. Its surface area is 23 million km.

Question: how is the atmosphere there?

Answer: It has a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere, with trace amounts of carbon monoxide and small amounts of methane near its surface.

Triton (moon) [SEP] Atmosphere

Triton has a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere, with trace amounts of carbon monoxide and small amounts of methane near its surface. Like Pluto's atmosphere, the atmosphere of Triton is thought to have resulted from evaporation of nitrogen from its surface. Its surface temperature is at least because Triton's nitrogen ice is in the warmer, hexagonal crystalline state, and the phase transition between hexagonal and cubic nitrogen ice occurs at that temperature. An upper limit in the low 40s (K) can be set from vapor pressure equilibrium with nitrogen gas in Triton's atmosphere. This is colder than Pluto's average equilibrium temperature of .


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: It has a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere, with trace amounts of carbon monoxide and small amounts of methane near its surface.

Question: can you tell me when was this first chemical element you just mentioned discovered?

Answer: It has the symbol N and atomic number 7.

Explanation: Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name "nitrogène" was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name "azote", from the Greek ἀζωτικός "no life", as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name is instead used in many languages, such as French, Italian, Russian, Romanian and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds.

Nitrogen [SEP] Introduction


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: can you tell me when was this first chemical element you just mentioned discovered?

Context: It has the symbol N and atomic number 7.

Question: where is this element can be found?

Answer: From nitre (potassium nitrate, saltpetre) and sodanitre (sodium nitrate, Chilean saltpetre).

Nitrogen [SEP] Occurrence

Nitrogen is the most common pure element in the earth, making up 78.1% of the entire volume of the atmosphere. Despite this, it is not very abundant in Earth's crust, making up only 19 parts per million of this, on par with niobium, gallium, and lithium. The only important nitrogen minerals are nitre (potassium nitrate, saltpetre) and sodanitre (sodium nitrate, Chilean saltpetre). However, these have not been an important source of nitrates since the 1920s, when the industrial synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid became common. Nitrogen compounds constantly interchange between the atmosphere and living organisms. Nitrogen must first be processed, or "fixed", into a plant-usable form, usually ammonia.


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: where is this element can be found?

Context: From nitre (potassium nitrate, saltpetre) and sodanitre (sodium nitrate, Chilean saltpetre).

Question: can you tell me how this can be produce?

Answer: By the fractional distillation of liquid air, or by mechanical means using gaseous air.

Nitrogen [SEP] Production

Nitrogen gas is an industrial gas produced by the fractional distillation of liquid air, or by mechanical means using gaseous air (pressurised reverse osmosis membrane or pressure swing adsorption). Nitrogen gas generators using membranes or pressure swing adsorption (PSA) are typically more cost and energy efficient than bulk delivered nitrogen. Commercial nitrogen is often a byproduct of air-processing for industrial concentration of oxygen for steelmaking and other purposes. When supplied compressed in cylinders it is often called OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen). Commercial-grade nitrogen already contains at most 20 ppm oxygen, and specially purified grades containing at most 2 ppm oxygen and 10 ppm argon are also available.


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: where is this element can be found?

Context: can you tell me how this can be produce?

Context: By the fractional distillation of liquid air, or by mechanical means using gaseous air.

Question: can you explain the first process just mentioned?

Answer: It  is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions.

Fractional distillation [SEP] Introduction

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize. It uses distillation to fractionate. Generally the component parts have boiling points that differ by less than 25 °C (45 °F) from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere. If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25 °C, a simple distillation is typically used.


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: where is this element can be found?

Context: can you explain the first process just mentioned?

Context: It  is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions.

Question: which industries involve in this process of separation?

Answer: Petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing ,and cryogenic air separation plants.

Fractional distillation [SEP] Industrial distillation

Fractional distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. In most cases, the distillation is operated at a continuous steady state. New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are always being removed. Unless the process is disturbed due to changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed being added and the amount of product being removed are normally equal. This is known as continuous, steady-state fractional distillation. Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as "distillation or fractionation towers" or "distillation columns" with diameters ranging from about and heights ranging from about or more.


Context: Both of them are geologically active.

Context: who discovered the triton?

Context: William Lassell.

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: 10 October,1846.

Context: how is the atmosphere there?

Context: where is this element can be found?

Context: which industries involve in this process of separation?

Context: Petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing ,and cryogenic air separation plants.

Question: what is the second term from the above list means?

Answer: Chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining.

Petrochemical [SEP] Introduction

Petrochemicals (also known as petroleum distillates; and sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as maize, palm fruit or sugar cane. The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers). Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha.


Question: the event marking the beginning of the renaissance period was

Answer: The transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

Explanation: The Renaissance ( , ) was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century. The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages.

Renaissance [SEP] Introduction


Context: the event marking the beginning of the renaissance period was

Context: The transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

Question: what is this term used to describe?

Answer: Modernity, great social change, humanism, artistic developments

Explanation:
The Renaissance ( , ) was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century. The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages.

The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman "Humanitas" and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were

Renaissance [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: Modernity, great social change, humanism, artistic developments

Question: where did it spread from?

Answer: From Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe.

Explanation: In the 15th century, the Renaissance spread rapidly from its birthplace in Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe. The invention of the printing press by German printer Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.

Renaissance [SEP] Spread


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: From Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe.

Question: are there any other types of it?

Answer: Yes - Bengal Renaissance, Tamil Renaissance, Nepal Bhasa renaissance, al-Nahda or the Harlem Renaissance.

Explanation:
The term "Renaissance" has also been used to define periods outside of the 15th and 16th centuries. Charles H. Haskins (1870–1937), for example, made a case for a Renaissance of the 12th century. Other historians have argued for a Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries, Ottonian Renaissance in the 10th century and for the Timurid Renaissance of the 14th century. The Islamic Golden Age has been also sometimes termed with the Islamic Renaissance.

Other periods of cultural rebirth have also been termed "renaissances", such as the Bengal Renaissance, Tamil Renaissance, Nepal Bhasa renaissance, al-Nahda or the Harlem Renaissance. The term can also be used in cinema. In animation, the Disney Renaissance is a period that spanned the years from 1989 to 1999 which saw the studio return to the level of quality not witnessed since their Golden Age or Animation. The San Francisco Renaissance was a vibrant period of exploratory poetry and fiction writing in that city in the mid-20th

Renaissance [SEP] Other Renaissances


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: Yes - Bengal Renaissance, Tamil Renaissance, Nepal Bhasa renaissance, al-Nahda or the Harlem Renaissance.

Question: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Answer: In the 1920s

Harlem Renaissance [SEP] Introduction

The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after "", a 1925 anthology edited by Alain Locke. The movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration, of which Harlem was the largest. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood, many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the movement, which spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s.


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Question: how was it criticized?

Answer: A more severe criticism of the Christian religion can be found in Langston Hughes' poem "Merry Christmas", where he exposes the irony of religion as a symbol for good and yet a force for oppression and injustice.

Explanation:
Religious critique during this era was found in literature, art, and poetry. The Harlem Renaissance encouraged analytic dialogue that included the open critique and the adjustment of current religious ideas.

One of the major contributors to the discussion of African-American renaissance culture was Aaron Douglas who, with his artwork, also reflected the revisions African Americans were making to the Christian dogma. Douglas uses biblical imagery as inspiration to various pieces of art work but with the rebellious twist of an African influence.
Countee Cullen's poem "Heritage" expresses the inner struggle of an African American between his past African heritage and the new Christian culture. A more severe criticism of the Christian religion can be found in Langston Hughes' poem "Merry Christmas", where he exposes the irony of religion as a symbol for good and yet a force for oppression and injustice.

Harlem Renaissance [SEP] Criticism


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Context: how was it criticized?

Context: A more severe criticism of the Christian religion can be found in Langston Hughes' poem "Merry Christmas", where he exposes the irony of religion as a symbol for good and yet a force for oppression and injustice.

Question: who is the poet that is mentioned?

Answer: James Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri.

Langston Hughes [SEP] Introduction

James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the period that "the Negro was in vogue", which was later paraphrased as "when Harlem was in vogue." Growing up in a series of Midwestern towns, Hughes became a prolific writer at an early age. He moved to New York City as a young man, where he made his career.


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Context: how was it criticized?

Context: who is the poet that is mentioned?

Context: James Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri.

Question: when was he born?

Answer: Joplin, Missouri

Explanation: After their marriage, Charles Langston moved with his family to Kansas, where he was active as an educator and activist for voting and rights for African Americans. His and Mary's daughter Caroline (known as Carrie) became a schoolteacher and married James Nathaniel Hughes (1871–1934). They had two children; the second was Langston Hughes, born in 1901 in Joplin, Missouri.

Langston Hughes [SEP] Ancestry and childhood

Lewis Leary subsequently joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in West Virginia in 1859, where he was fatally wounded. Ten years later, in 1869, the widow Mary Patterson Leary married again, into the elite, politically active Langston family. (See The Talented Tenth.) Her second husband was Charles Henry Langston, of African-American, Euro-American and Native American ancestry. He and his younger brother John Mercer Langston worked for the abolitionist cause and helped lead the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society in 1858. After their marriage, Charles Langston moved with his family to Kansas, where he was active as an educator and activist for voting and rights for African Americans.


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Context: how was it criticized?

Context: who is the poet that is mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: Joplin, Missouri

Question: who were his ancestors?

Answer: Sam Clay, Silas Cushenberry, Mary Patterson, Charles Henry Langston,  Carrie Langston Hughes, James Nathaniel Hughes

Explanation: Like many African-Americans, Hughes had a complex ancestry. Both of Hughes' paternal great-grandmothers were enslaved Africans, and both of his paternal great-grandfathers were white slave owners in Kentucky. According to Hughes, one of these men was Sam Clay, a Scottish-American whiskey distiller of Henry County, said to be a relative of statesman Henry Clay. The other was Silas Cushenberry, a Jewish-American slave trader of Clark County. Hughes's maternal grandmother Mary Patterson was of African-American, French, English and Native American descent. One of the first women to attend Oberlin College, she married Lewis Sheridan Leary, also of mixed race, before her studies. Lewis Leary subsequently joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in West Virginia in 1859, where he was fatally wounded.


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Context: how was it criticized?

Context: who is the poet that is mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: Joplin, Missouri

Context: who were his ancestors?

Context: Sam Clay, Silas Cushenberry, Mary Patterson, Charles Henry Langston,  Carrie Langston Hughes, James Nathaniel Hughes

Question: can you mention some of his work?

Answer: The Weary Blues, The Big Sea

Explanation:
First published in 1921 in "The Crisis" — official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) — "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", which became Hughes's signature poem, was collected in his first book of poetry "The Weary Blues" (1926). Hughes's first and last published poems appeared in "The Crisis"; more of his poems were published in "The Crisis" than in any other journal. Hughes' life and work were enormously influential during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, alongside those of his contemporaries, Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas. Except for McKay, they worked together also to create the short-lived magazine "Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists".

Hughes and his contemporaries had different goals and aspirations than the black middle class. Hughes and his fellows tried to depict the "low-life" in their art, that is, the real lives of blacks in the lower social-econo

Langston Hughes [SEP] Career


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Context: how was it criticized?

Context: who is the poet that is mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: Joplin, Missouri

Context: who were his ancestors?

Context: can you mention some of his work?

Context: The Weary Blues, The Big Sea

Question: when did he die?

Answer: May 22, 1967

Explanation: On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in the Stuyvesant Polyclinic in New York City at the age of 66 from complications after abdominal surgery related to prostate cancer. His ashes are interred beneath a floor medallion in the middle of the foyer in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem. It is the entrance to an auditorium named for him. The design on the floor is an African cosmogram entitled "Rivers". The title is taken from his poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers". Within the center of the cosmogram is the line: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers".

Langston Hughes [SEP] Death


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Context: how was it criticized?

Context: who is the poet that is mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: Joplin, Missouri

Context: who were his ancestors?

Context: can you mention some of his work?

Context: The Weary Blues, The Big Sea

Context: when did he die?

Context: May 22, 1967

Question: how did he die?

Answer: From complications after abdominal surgery related to prostate cancer.

Langston Hughes [SEP] Death


Context: what is this term used to describe?

Context: where did it spread from?

Context: are there any other types of it?

Context: when did the last mentioned type occur?

Context: In the 1920s

Context: how was it criticized?

Context: who is the poet that is mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: Joplin, Missouri

Context: who were his ancestors?

Context: can you mention some of his work?

Context: The Weary Blues, The Big Sea

Context: when did he die?

Context: May 22, 1967

Context: how did he die?

Context: From complications after abdominal surgery related to prostate cancer.

Question: what were his political views?

Answer: He was drawn to Communism

Explanation:
Hughes was drawn to Communism as an alternative to a segregated America. Many of his lesser-known political writings have been collected in two volumes published by the University of Missouri Press and reflect his attraction to Communism. An example is the poem "A New Song".

In 1932, Hughes became part of a group of black people who went to the Soviet Union to make a film depicting the plight of African Americans in the United States. The film was never made, but Hughes was given the opportunity to travel extensively through the Soviet Union and to the Soviet-controlled regions in Central Asia, the latter parts usually closed to Westerners. While there, he met Robert Robinson, an African American living in Moscow and unable to leave. In Turkmenistan, Hughes met and befriended the Hungarian author Arthur Koestler, then a Communist who was given permission to travel there.

As later noted in Koestler's autobiography, Hughes, together with some forty other Black Americans, had originally

Langston Hughes [SEP] Political views


Question: where did the us get uranium for the atomic bomb

Answer: Congo.

Explanation: ut Joachimstal were in allied hands. A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project's requirements. Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo. He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of o

Manhattan Project [SEP] Ore

Louis, Missouri, took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate. Ether was then added in a liquid–liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate. This was then heated to form uranium trioxide, which was reduced to highly pure uranium dioxide. By July 1942, Mallinckrodt was producing a ton of highly pure oxide a day, but turning this into uranium metal initially proved more difficult for contractors Westinghouse and Metal Hydrides. Production was too slow and quality was unacceptably low. A special branch of the Metallurgical Laboratory was established at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, under Frank Spedding to investigate alternatives.


Context: where did the us get uranium for the atomic bomb

Context: Congo.

Question: what is this project about?

Answer: It was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction

The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom (which initiated the original Tube Alloys project) and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. As engineer districts by convention carried the name of the city where they were located, the Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; "Manhattan" gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: It was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

Question: what is the date of this undertaking?

Answer: From 1942 to 1946.

Explanation: first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom (which initiated the original Tube Alloys project) and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Question: where is it based?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who manages or backs this project?

Answer: It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

Explanation: It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom (which initiated the original Tube Alloys project) and Canada.

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

Question: do you know about any particular nuclear product that it might have eveloped?

Answer: In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium.

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction

The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium, and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Since it was chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and had almost the same mass, separating the two proved difficult. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium, which was discovered at the University of California in 1940.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: do you know about any particular nuclear product that it might have eveloped?

Context: In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium.

Question: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Answer: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Uranium [SEP] Discovery

The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium). He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Question: was it used before that?

Answer: Yes, Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium.

Uranium [SEP] Discovery

In 1841, Eugène-Melchior Péligot, Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in Paris, isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896. Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt, KUO(SO) (potassium uranyl sulfate), on top of an unexposed photographic plate in a drawer and noting that the plate had become "fogged". He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: Yes, Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium.

Question: who was this person you just mentioned?

Answer: He was a French engineer, physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity.

Henri Becquerel [SEP] Introduction

Antoine Henri Becquerel (; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French engineer, physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie (Marie Curie) and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: He was a French engineer, physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity.

Question: any notable experiments that he may have carried out?

Answer: He made the discovery that radioactivity could be used for medicine.

Henri Becquerel [SEP] Late career

Later in his life in 1900, Becquerel measured the properties of Beta Particles, and he realized that they had the same measurements as high speed electrons leaving the nucleus. In 1901 Becquerel made the discovery that radioactivity could be used for medicine. Henri made this discovery when he left a piece of radium in his vest pocket and noticed that he had been burnt by it. This discovery led to the development of radiotherapy which is now used to treat cancer. Becquerel did not survive much longer after his discovery of radioactivity and died on 25 August 1908, at the age of 55, in Le Croisic, France.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: any notable experiments that he may have carried out?

Context: He made the discovery that radioactivity could be used for medicine.

Question: was he honored for that?

Answer: No, but he was honored for his discovery of the radioactivity of uranium.

Henri Becquerel [SEP] Honors and awards

In 1889, Becquerel became a member of the Académie des Sciences. In 1900, Becquerel won the Rumford Medal for his discovery of the radioactivity of uranium and he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities awarded him the Helmholtz Medal in 1901. In 1903, Henri shared a Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre Curie and Marie Curie for the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity. In 1905, he was awarded the Barnard Medal by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1906, Henri was elected Vice Chairman of the academy, and in 1908, the year of his death, Becquerel was elected Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Sciences.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: No, but he was honored for his discovery of the radioactivity of uranium.

Question: was this nuclear item that you mentioned in the last has any connection with cold war?

Answer: No.

Explanation: The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: was this nuclear item that you mentioned in the last has any connection with cold war?

Context: No.

Question: what are its resources?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: No.

Context: what are its resources?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where is it naturally found?

Answer: Canada, Australia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Namibia, Niger, Uzbekistan, the United States, Argentina, Ukraine and China.

Uranium [SEP] Supplies

In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides: Canada (27.9% of world production), Australia (22.8%), Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%). Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: No.

Context: what are its resources?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it naturally found?

Context: Canada, Australia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Namibia, Niger, Uzbekistan, the United States, Argentina, Ukraine and China.

Question: what kind of effects does it have?

Answer: Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure.

Uranium [SEP] Effects and precautions

Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Alpha radiation from inhaled uranium has been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in exposed nuclear workers. Uranyl () ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: No.

Context: what are its resources?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it naturally found?

Context: what kind of effects does it have?

Context: Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure.

Question: the person who discovered this item, who was he actually?

Answer: He was a German chemist.

Martin Heinrich Klaproth [SEP] Introduction

Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist. He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary, moving in later life to the university. His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin, and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe. Klaproth was a major systematizer of analytical chemistry, and an independent inventor of gravimetric analysis. His attention to detail and refusal to ignore discrepancies in results led to improvements in the use of apparatus. He was a major figure in understanding the composition of minerals and characterizing the elements.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: No.

Context: what are its resources?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it naturally found?

Context: what kind of effects does it have?

Context: the person who discovered this item, who was he actually?

Context: He was a German chemist.

Question: what were his contributions?

Answer: He did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy.

Martin Heinrich Klaproth [SEP] Contributions

An exact and conscientious worker, Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy. His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France. Klaproth was the first to discover uranium, identifying it first in torbernite but doing the majority of his research on it with the mineral pitchblende. On 24 September 1789 he announced his discovery to the Royal Prussian Academy of sciences in Berlin. He also discovered zirconium in 1789, separating it in the form of its ‘earth' zirconia, oxide ZrO2.


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: No.

Context: what are its resources?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it naturally found?

Context: what kind of effects does it have?

Context: He was a German chemist.

Context: what were his contributions?

Context: He did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy.

Question: what do you mean by this last term?

Answer: It is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.

Explanation: Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization.

Mineralogy [SEP] Introduction


Context: Congo.

Context: what is this project about?

Context: what is the date of this undertaking?

Context: From 1942 to 1946.

Context: where is it based?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who manages or backs this project?

Context: who discovered the former nuclear item?

Context: Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Context: was it used before that?

Context: who was this person you just mentioned?

Context: was he honored for that?

Context: No.

Context: what are its resources?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it naturally found?

Context: what kind of effects does it have?

Context: He was a German chemist.

Context: what were his contributions?

Context: what do you mean by this last term?

Context: It is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.

Question: what are its usages?

Answer: They are essential components to building materials such as limestone, marble, granite, gravel, glass, plaster, cement, etc.

Explanation: Minerals are essential to various needs within human society, such as minerals used as ores for essential components of metal products used in various commodities and machinery, essential components to building materials such as limestone, marble, granite, gravel, glass, plaster, cement, etc. Minerals are also used in fertilizers to enrich the growth of agricultural crops.

Mineralogy [SEP] Uses


Question: where was a christmas carol written what country

Answer: England

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Introduction

A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. "A Christmas Carol" recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come. After their visits, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man. Dickens wrote "A Christmas Carol" during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past Christmas traditions, including carols, and newer customs such as Christmas trees.


Context: where was a christmas carol written what country

Context: England

Question: what kind of a work is this?

Answer: A novella

Explanation: A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech.

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Introduction


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Question: who created it?

Answer: Charles Dickens

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Introduction


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Context: who created it?

Context: Charles Dickens

Question: when was it created?

Answer: 1843

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Writing history

By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems. Sales of "Martin Chuzzlewit" were falling off, and his wife, Catherine, was pregnant with their fifth child. Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by £50 if sales dropped further. He began "A Christmas Carol" in October 1843. Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book as being "written at white heat"; it was completed in six weeks, the final pages being written in early December. He built much of the work in his head while taking night-time walks of around London. Dickens's sister-in-law wrote how he "wept, and laughed, and wept again, and excited himself in a most extraordinary manner, in composition".


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Context: who created it?

Context: Charles Dickens

Context: when was it created?

Question: can you tell me more about the aforesaid person?

Answer: An English writer and social critic.

Explanation: Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era.

Charles Dickens [SEP] Introduction

His plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor would individually pay a halfpenny to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers.


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Context: who created it?

Context: Charles Dickens

Context: when was it created?

Context: can you tell me more about the aforesaid person?

Context: An English writer and social critic.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Portsmouth, England

Charles Dickens [SEP] Introduction

Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the 20th century, critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are still widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. Despite his lack of formal education, he edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Context: who created it?

Context: Charles Dickens

Context: when was it created?

Context: An English writer and social critic.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Portsmouth, England

Question: which work brought him fame?

Answer: The Pickwick Papers

Charles Dickens [SEP] Introduction

Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of "The Pickwick Papers". Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most of them published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense. The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. For example, when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in "David Copperfield" seemed to reflect her disabilities, Dickens improved the character with positive features.


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Context: who created it?

Context: Charles Dickens

Context: when was it created?

Context: An English writer and social critic.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Portsmouth, England

Context: which work brought him fame?

Context: The Pickwick Papers

Question: can you tell me something about his literary style?

Answer: Picaresque novel tradition, melodrama, sensibility.

Explanation:
Dickens's approach to the novel is influenced by various things, including the picaresque novel tradition, melodrama, and the novel of sensibility. According to Ackroyd, other than these, perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of "The Arabian Nights". Satire and irony are central to the picaresque novel. Comedy is also an aspect of the British picaresque novel tradition of Laurence Sterne, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett. Fielding's "Tom Jones" was a major influence on the 19th-century novel including Dickens, who read it in his youth, and named a son Henry Fielding Dickens in his honour. Melodrama is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions.
No other author had such a profound influence on Dickens as William Shakespeare. Regarding Shakespeare as "the great master who knew everything", whose plays "were an unspeakable source of delight", Dickens had a lifelong affinity with the writer, which included seeing thea

Charles Dickens [SEP] Literary style

Melodrama is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions. No other author had such a profound influence on Dickens as William Shakespeare. Regarding Shakespeare as "the great master who knew everything", whose plays "were an unspeakable source of delight", Dickens had a lifelong affinity with the writer, which included seeing theatrical productions of his plays in London and putting on amateur dramatics with friends in his early years. In 1838 Dickens travelled to Stratford-upon-Avon and visited the house in which Shakespeare was born, leaving his autograph in the visitors book. Dickens would draw on this experience in his next work, "Nicholas Nickleby" (1838–39), expressing the strength of feeling experienced by visitors to Shakespeare's birthplace: the character Mrs Wititterly states, "I don't know how it is, but after you've seen the place and written your name in the little book, somehow or other you seem to be inspired; it kindles up quite a fire within one." Dickens' writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity.


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Context: who created it?

Context: Charles Dickens

Context: when was it created?

Context: An English writer and social critic.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Portsmouth, England

Context: which work brought him fame?

Context: The Pickwick Papers

Context: can you tell me something about his literary style?

Context: Picaresque novel tradition, melodrama, sensibility.

Question: can you name any of his works?

Answer: David Copperfield, Bleak House, Hard Times

Explanation:
In early 1849, Dickens started to write "David Copperfield". It was published between 1849 and 1850. In Dickens’ biography, "Life of Charles Dickens" (1872), John Forster wrote of "David Copperfield", “underneath the fiction lay something of the author’s life.” It was Dickens's personal favourite among his own novels, as he wrote in the author's preface to the 1867 edition of the novel.

In late November 1851, Dickens moved into Tavistock House where he wrote "Bleak House" (1852–53), "Hard Times" (1854), and "Little Dorrit" (1856). It was here that he indulged in the amateur theatricals described in Forster's "Life". During this period he worked closely with the novelist and playwright Wilkie Collins. In 1856, his income from writing allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place in Higham, Kent. As a child, Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare's "Henry IV, Part 1", and this literary connection pleased him.

Charles Dickens [SEP] Middle years

In December 1845, Dickens took up the editorship of the London-based "Daily News", a liberal paper through which Dickens hoped to advocate, in his own words, "the Principles of Progress and Improvement, of Education and Civil and Religious Liberty and Equal Legislation." Among the other contributors Dickens chose to write for the paper were the radical economist Thomas Hodgskin and social reformer Douglas William Jerrold, who frequently attacked the Corn Laws. Dickens lasted only ten weeks on the job before resigning due to a combination of exhaustion and frustration with one of the paper's co-owners. The Francophile Dickens often holidayed in France, and in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French called the French "the first people in the universe".


Context: England

Context: what kind of a work is this?

Context: A novella

Context: who created it?

Context: Charles Dickens

Context: when was it created?

Context: An English writer and social critic.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Portsmouth, England

Context: which work brought him fame?

Context: The Pickwick Papers

Context: can you name any of his works?

Context: David Copperfield, Bleak House, Hard Times

Question: can you summarize the plot of the former one?

Answer: It features the character of David Copperfield's life until middle age, with his own adventures and the friends and enemies he meets. It is his journey of change and growth from infancy to maturity, as people enter and leave his life.

David Copperfield [SEP] Introduction

David Copperfield is the eighth novel by Charles Dickens. The novel's full title is The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery (Which He Never Meant to Publish on Any Account). It was first published as a serial in 1849–50, and as a book in 1850. The novel features the character David Copperfield, and is written in the first person, as a description of his life until middle age, with his own adventures and the numerous friends and enemies he meets along his way. It is his journey of change and growth from infancy to maturity, as people enter and leave his life and he passes through the stages of his development.


Question: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Answer: Kenji Kosaka

Explanation: Kosaka first proposed the term "Lewy body disease" four years later, based on 20 autopsied cases.

Dementia with Lewy bodies [SEP] History

With Japanese, UK, and US researchers finding in the 1990s that DLB was a common dementia, there were nonetheless no diagnostic guidelines, and each group was using different terminology. The different groups of researchers began to realize that a collaborative approach was needed if research was to advance. The DLB Consortium was established, and in 1996, the term "dementia with Lewy bodies" was agreed upon and the first criteria for diagnosing DLB were elaborated.


Context:
how did lewy body dementia get its name
Kenji Kosaka

Question: what is this dementia?

Answer: A type of dementia accompanied by changes in sleep, behavior, cognition, movement, and autonomic bodily functions

Dementia with Lewy bodies [SEP] Introduction

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia accompanied by changes in sleep, behavior, cognition, movement, and autonomic bodily functions. Memory loss is not always an early symptom. The disease worsens over time and is usually diagnosed when cognitive decline interferes with normal daily functioning. Together with Parkinson's disease dementia, DLB is one of the two Lewy body dementias. It is a common form of dementia, but the prevalence is not known accurately and many diagnoses are missed. The disease was first described by Kenji Kosaka in 1976. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)—in which people lose the muscle paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep and act out their dreams—is a core feature.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: A type of dementia accompanied by changes in sleep, behavior, cognition, movement, and autonomic bodily functions

Question: how is it classified?

Answer: It is one of the two Lewy body dementias, along with Parkinson's disease dementia

Dementia with Lewy bodies [SEP] Classification

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia that is progressive and neurodegenerative; that is, it is characterized by degeneration of the central nervous system that worsens over time. Dementia with Lewy bodies is sometimes classified in other ways. It is one of the two Lewy body dementias, along with Parkinson's disease dementia. The atypical parkinsonian syndromes include DLB, along with other conditions. Lastly, DLB is a synucleinopathy, meaning that it is characterized by abnormal deposits of alpha-synuclein protein in the brain. The synucleinopathies include Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and other rarer conditions.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: It is one of the two Lewy body dementias, along with Parkinson's disease dementia

Question: how is it diagonosed?

Answer: Diagnosis of the living is referred to as "probable" or "possible" because of the wide range of symptoms with differing levels of severity in each individual

Dementia with Lewy bodies [SEP] Diagnosis

Dementia with Lewy bodies can only be definitively diagnosed after death with an autopsy of the brain (or in rare familial cases, via a genetic test), so diagnosis of the living is referred to as "probable" or "possible". Diagnosing DLB can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms with differing levels of severity in each individual. DLB is often misdiagnosed or, in its early stages, confused with Alzheimer's disease. As many as one in three diagnoses of DLB may be missed. Another complicating factor is that DLB can occur along with AD; autopsy reveals that most people with DLB have some level of changes attributed to AD in their brains, which contributes to the wide-ranging variety of symptoms and diagnostic difficulty.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: Diagnosis of the living is referred to as "probable" or "possible" because of the wide range of symptoms with differing levels of severity in each individual

Question: how does this disease affect the society?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: how does this disease affect the society?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what medicines are prescribed for treating this?

Answer: Pharmacological management of DLB is complex because of adverse effects to medications

Dementia with Lewy bodies [SEP] Medication

Pharmacological management of DLB is complex because of adverse effects to medications and the wide range of symptoms to be treated (cognitive, motor, neuropsychiatric, autonomic, and sleep). Anticholinergic and dopaminergic agents can have adverse effects or result in psychosis in individuals with DLB, and a medication that addresses one feature might worsen another. For example, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) for cognitive symptoms can lead to complications in dysautonomia features; treatment of movement symptoms with dopamine agonists may worsen neuropsychiatric symptoms; and treatment of hallucinations and psychosis with antipsychotics may worsen other symptoms or lead to a potentially fatal reaction. Extreme caution is required in the use of antipsychotic medication in people with DLB because of their sensitivity to these agents.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what medicines are prescribed for treating this?

Context: Pharmacological management of DLB is complex because of adverse effects to medications

Question: does it affect sleep?

Answer: Yes, have REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Dementia with Lewy bodies [SEP] REM sleep behavior disorder

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia in which individuals lose the paralysis of muscles (atonia) that is normal during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and consequently act out their dreams or make other abnormal movements or vocalizations. About 80% of those with DLB have RBD. Abnormal sleep behaviors may begin before cognitive decline is observed, and may appear decades before any other symptoms, often as the first clinical indication of DLB and an early sign of a synucleinopathy. On autopsy, 94 to 98% of individuals with polysomnography-confirmed RBD have a synucleinopathy—most commonly DLB or Parkinson's disease in about equal proportions.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it affect sleep?

Context: Yes, have REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Question: is it related to movements during sleep as well?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia in which individuals lose the paralysis of muscles (atonia) that is normal during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and consequently act out their dreams or make other abnormal movements or vocalizations.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it affect sleep?

Context: is it related to movements during sleep as well?

Context: Yes

Question: what are such diseases called?

Answer: Parasomnia


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it affect sleep?

Context: Yes

Context: what are such diseases called?

Context: Parasomnia

Question: how is it diagnosed?

Answer: It is most commonly diagnosed by means of questionnaires

Parasomnia [SEP] Diagnosis

Parasomnias are most commonly diagnosed by means of questionnaires. These questionnaires include a detailed analyses of the clinical history and contain questions to: Furthermore, a sleep diary is helpful to exclude that sleep deprivation could be a precipitating factor. An additional tool could be the partner's log of the events. The following questions should therefore be considered: In potentially harmful or disturbing cases a specialist in sleep disorders should be approached. Video polysomnographic documentation is necessary only in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), since it is an essential diagnostic criteria in the ICSD to demonstrate the absence of muscle atonia and to exclude comorbid sleep disorders.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it affect sleep?

Context: Yes

Context: what are such diseases called?

Context: Parasomnia

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: It is most commonly diagnosed by means of questionnaires

Question: how is it treated?

Answer: In adults psychoeducation about a proper sleep hygiene can reduce the risk to develop parasomnia

Parasomnia [SEP] Treatment

Parasomnias can be considered as potentially harmful to oneself as well as to bed partners, and are associated with other disorders. Children with parasomnias do not undergo medical intervention, because they tend to recover the NREM-related disorder with the process of growth. In those cases, the parents receive education on sleep hygiene to reduce and eventually eliminate precipitating factors. In adults psychoeducation about a proper sleep hygiene can reduce the risk to develop parasomnia. Case studies have shown that pharmacological interventions can improve symptoms of parasomnia, however mostly they are accompanied by side-effects. Behavioral treatments, i.e., relaxation therapy, biofeedback, hypnosis, and stress reduction, may also be helpful, but are not considered as universally effective.


Context: how did lewy body dementia get its name

Context: Kenji Kosaka

Context: what is this dementia?

Context: how is it classified?

Context: how is it diagonosed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it affect sleep?

Context: Yes

Context: what are such diseases called?

Context: Parasomnia

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how is it treated?

Context: In adults psychoeducation about a proper sleep hygiene can reduce the risk to develop parasomnia

Question: do these patients get confused when they wake up?

Answer: Yes

Parasomnia [SEP] Confusional arousals

Confusional arousal is a condition when an individual awakens from sleep and remains in a confused state. It is characterized by the individual's partial awakening and sitting up to look around. They usually remain in bed and then return to sleep. These episodes last anywhere from seconds to minutes and may not be reactive to stimuli. Confusional arousal is more common in children than in adults. It has a lifetime prevalence of 18.5% in children and a lifetime prevalence of 2.9-4.2% in adults. Infants and toddlers usually experience confusional arousals beginning with large amounts of movement and moaning, which can later progress to occasional thrashings or inconsolable crying.