Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Question: when was this club established?

Answer: 1892

Liverpool F.C. [SEP] History

Liverpool F.C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding, club president and owner of the land at Anfield. After eight years at the stadium, Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892 and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play at Anfield. Originally named "Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd" (Everton Athletic for short), the club became Liverpool F.C. in March 1892 and gained official recognition three months later, after The Football Association refused to recognise the club as Everton. Liverpool played their first match on 1 September 1892, a pre-season friendly match against Rotherham Town, which they won 7–1.


Context: when was the last time liverpool won barclays premier league

Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Question: by whom?

Answer: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Liverpool F.C. [SEP] History


Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Context: by whom?

Context: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Question: who was he?

Answer: He was an English businessman. Apart from founding the club, he was notable for being Lord Mayor of Liverpool.

John Houlding [SEP] Introduction

John Houlding ( – 17 March 1902) was an English businessman, most notable for being Lord Mayor of Liverpool, and the founder of Liverpool Football Club. In November 2018, Houlding was commemorated with a bronze bust outside Anfield to mark the 125th anniversary of Liverpool F.C.


Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Context: by whom?

Context: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Context: who was he?

Context: He was an English businessman. Apart from founding the club, he was notable for being Lord Mayor of Liverpool.

Question: what is this mayorship about?

Answer: It is a prestigious office that has existed in one form or another since the foundation of Liverpool as a borough by the Royal Charter of King John in 1207.

Lord Mayor of Liverpool [SEP] Introduction

The office of Lord Mayor of Liverpool has existed in one form or another since the foundation of Liverpool as a borough by the Royal Charter of King John in 1207, simply being referred to as the Mayor of Liverpool. The current Lord Mayor of Liverpool is the Right Worshipful Councillor Anna Rothery who has held the post since September 2019. The most prominent Mayors were the Stanleys of Knowsley, of which Sir Thomas Stanley (son of the 3rd Earl) and the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 16th and 18th Earls of Derby have held this office since ancient times.


Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Context: by whom?

Context: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Context: who was he?

Context: what is this mayorship about?

Context: It is a prestigious office that has existed in one form or another since the foundation of Liverpool as a borough by the Royal Charter of King John in 1207.

Question: who are the rivals of the football club mentioned earlier?

Answer: Everton F.C and Manchester United F.C

Explanation:
Liverpool's longest-established rivalry is with fellow Liverpool team Everton, against whom they contest the Merseyside derby. The rivalry stems from Liverpool's formation and the dispute with Everton officials and the then owners of Anfield. The Merseyside derby is one of the few local derbies which do not enforce fan segregation, and hence has been known as the "friendly derby". Since the mid-1980s, the rivalry has intensified both on and off the field and, since the inception of the Premier League in 1992, the Merseyside derby has had more players sent off than any other Premier League game. It has been referred to as "the most ill-disciplined and explosive fixture in the Premier League". In terms of support within the city, the number of Liverpool fans outweigh Everton supporters by a ratio of 2:1.

Liverpool's rivalry with Manchester United stems from the cities' competition in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century.

Liverpool F.C. [SEP] Rivalries


Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Context: by whom?

Context: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Context: who was he?

Context: what is this mayorship about?

Context: who are the rivals of the football club mentioned earlier?

Context: Everton F.C and Manchester United F.C

Question: who owns the club?

Answer: Fenway Sports Group

Explanation: A High Court judge, Mr Justice Floyd, ruled in favour of the creditors and paved the way for the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group (formerly New England Sports Ventures), although Gillett and Hicks still had the option to appeal. Liverpool was sold to Fenway Sports Group on 15 October 2010 for £300m.

Liverpool F.C. [SEP] Ownership and finances

Liverpool's income in the 2009–10 season was €225.3m. According to a 2018 report by Deloitte, the club had an annual revenue of €424.2 million for the previous year, and "Forbes" valued the club at $1.944 billion. In 2018, annual revenue increased to €513.7 million, and "Forbes" valued the club at $2.183 billion. In 2019 revenue increased to €604 million (£533 million) according to Deloitte, with the club breaching the half a billion pounds mark.


Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Context: by whom?

Context: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Context: who was he?

Context: what is this mayorship about?

Context: Everton F.C and Manchester United F.C

Context: who owns the club?

Context: Fenway Sports Group

Question: do they own any other franchise?

Answer: Yes, the Boston Red Sox

Fenway Sports Group [SEP] Introduction

Fenway Sports Group, LLC (FSG), is an American sports company. It is the parent company of Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox and Liverpool F.C., a Premier League football team. FSG was founded in 2001 as New England Sports Ventures (NESV) when John W. Henry joined forces with Tom Werner, Les Otten, The New York Times Company, and other investors to successfully bid for the Red Sox. NESV formally announced its name change to Fenway Sports Group in March 2011. In addition to owning the Red Sox and Liverpool F.C., the Boston-based limited liability company also owns the home stadiums for both teams (Fenway Park and Anfield) and Fenway Sports Management (which in turn owns the Salem Red Sox of the Class A Carolina League, a minor league baseball franchise), plus 80% of the New England Sports Network (NESN) and 50% of Roush Fenway Racing, with cars entered (as of the 2019 season) in the NASCAR Cup Series racing competition.


Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Context: by whom?

Context: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Context: who was he?

Context: what is this mayorship about?

Context: Everton F.C and Manchester United F.C

Context: who owns the club?

Context: Fenway Sports Group

Context: do they own any other franchise?

Context: Yes, the Boston Red Sox

Question: what game is this club associated with?

Answer: Baseball

Fenway Sports Group [SEP] Introduction


Context: what sports does this club engage in?

Context: Football

Context: when was this club established?

Context: by whom?

Context: John Houlding was the pioneer.

Context: who was he?

Context: what is this mayorship about?

Context: Everton F.C and Manchester United F.C

Context: who owns the club?

Context: Fenway Sports Group

Context: do they own any other franchise?

Context: Yes, the Boston Red Sox

Context: what game is this club associated with?

Context: Baseball

Question: is this club known by any other name?

Answer: Simply "Red Sox"

Boston Red Sox [SEP] Nickname

The name "Red Sox", chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning in 1908. "Sox" had been previously adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of "Stockings", as "Stockings Win!" in large type did not fit in a column. The team name "Red Sox" had previously been used as early as 1888 by a 'colored' team from Norfolk, Virginia. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as "Medias Rojas", a translation of "red socks". The official Spanish site uses the variant "Los Red Sox".


Question: when did mutiny on the bounty take place

Answer: 28 April 1789.

Mutiny on the Bounty [SEP] Introduction

The mutiny on the Royal Navy vessel occurred in the South Pacific Ocean on 28 April 1789. Disaffected crewmen, led by Lieutenant Fletcher Christian, seized control of the ship from their captain, Lieutenant William Bligh, and set him and 18 loyalists adrift in the ship's open launch. The mutineers variously settled on Tahiti or on Pitcairn Island. Bligh drifted more than in the launch to reach safety, and began the process of bringing the mutineers to justice. "Bounty" had left England in 1787 on a mission to collect and transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to the West Indies. A five-month layover in Tahiti, during which many of the men lived ashore and formed relationships with native Polynesians, led many men to be less amenable to military discipline.


Context: when did mutiny on the bounty take place

Context: 28 April 1789.

Question: where did the ship set sail from?

Answer: Initially from England.

Explanation: "Bounty" had left England in 1787 on a mission to collect and transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to the West Indies.

Mutiny on the Bounty [SEP] Introduction


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Question: can you name some of the places it covered during its journey?

Answer: Spithead in English Channel, False Bay to the east of Capeof Good Hope, Adventure Bay in Tasmania and many more.

Mutiny on the Bounty [SEP] To Cape Horn

On 15 October 1787, "Bounty" left Deptford for Spithead, in the English Channel, to await final sailing orders. Adverse weather delayed arrival at Spithead until 4 November. Bligh was anxious to depart quickly, to reach Cape Horn before the end of the short southern summer, but the Admiralty did not accord him high priority and delayed issuing the orders for a further three weeks. When "Bounty" finally sailed on 28 November, the ship was trapped by contrary winds and unable to clear Spithead until 23 December. With the prospect of a passage around Cape Horn now in serious doubt, Bligh received permission from the Admiralty to take, if necessary, an alternative route to Tahiti via the Cape of Good Hope.


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: can you name some of the places it covered during its journey?

Context: Spithead in English Channel, False Bay to the east of Capeof Good Hope, Adventure Bay in Tasmania and many more.

Question: where is the last place you mentioned located?

Answer: On the eastern side of Bruny Island, Tasmania.

Adventure Bay, Tasmania [SEP] Introduction

Adventure Bay is the name of a locality, a township and a geographical feature on the eastern side of Bruny Island, Tasmania. At the , Adventure Bay and the surrounding area had a population of 152.


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: where is the last place you mentioned located?

Context: On the eastern side of Bruny Island, Tasmania.

Question: who were the native inhabitants of this state?

Answer: Evidences of Aboriginal settlements were found here .

Adventure Bay, Tasmania [SEP] Early history

There are a great many gum trees and of a vast thickness and height, one of which measured in circumference 26 feet and the height under the branches was 20 feet." Others among Furneaux's crew spotted evidence of what they believed were small deer but were more likely kangaroos. Furneaux also noted signs of an Aboriginal settlement in the form of "several huts or wigwams on shore, with several bags of grass in which they carry their shellfish." - but the branches of which the huts were made were "split and torn" and there was "not the least appearance of any people." Reliably mapped and offering an abundance of fresh water and game, Adventure Bay quickly became a popular anchorage for European explorers.


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: who were the native inhabitants of this state?

Context: Evidences of Aboriginal settlements were found here .

Question: was it ever colonised?

Answer: Yes, by British whalers who ran shore-based whaling stations here.

Adventure Bay, Tasmania [SEP] European Settlement

British whalers were reported in Adventure Bay by 1804. Shore-based whaling stations operated in the bay from 1826 at four separate locations. During the 19th and 20th century Adventure Bay was used by the timber industry. Sheltered from all but strong north-easterly winds, the township of Adventure Bay at the southern end of the bay itself was the site of both extensive timber mills and a long jetty from where seagoing vessels could load timber. Dangerously exposed to north-easterly gales, several ships were driven ashore and wrecked there, the largest being the 241-ton barque "Natal Queen" in 1909. Adventure Bay Post Office opened on 1 December 1890 and closed in 1974.


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: was it ever colonised?

Context: Yes, by British whalers who ran shore-based whaling stations here.

Question: can you name some animals endemic to these lands?

Answer: Thylacine and the Tasmanian devil.

Tasmania [SEP] Fauna

The island of Tasmania was home to the thylacine, a marsupial which resembled a fossa or some say a wild dog. Known colloquially as the Tasmanian tiger for the distinctive striping across its back, it became extinct in mainland Australia much earlier because of competition by the dingo, introduced in prehistoric times. Owing to persecution by farmers, government-funded bounty hunters and, in the final years, collectors for overseas museums, it appears to have been exterminated in Tasmania. The Tasmanian devil became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world following the extinction of the thylacine in 1936, and is now found in the wild only in Tasmania.


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: was it ever colonised?

Context: can you name some animals endemic to these lands?

Context: Thylacine and the Tasmanian devil.

Question: what is the former colloquially known as?

Answer: "Coorinna", "loarinna", "laoonana" and "lagunta", and "kaparunina"

Thylacine [SEP] Introduction

The thylacine ( , or , also ;) ("Thylacinus cynocephalus"), now extinct, is one of the largest known carnivorous marsupials, evolving about 4 million years ago. The last known live animal was captured in 1933 in Tasmania. It is commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger because of its striped lower back, or the Tasmanian wolf because of its canid-like characteristics. Various Aboriginal Tasmanian names have been recorded, such as "coorinna", "loarinna", "laoonana" and "lagunta", while "kaparunina" is used in the constructed language of Palawa kani. The species was native to Tasmania, New Guinea, and the Australian mainland. The thylacine was relatively shy and nocturnal, with the general appearance of a medium-to-large-size dog, except for its stiff tail and abdominal pouch similar to a kangaroo's, and dark transverse stripes that radiated from the top of its back, reminiscent of a tiger.


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: was it ever colonised?

Context: Thylacine and the Tasmanian devil.

Context: what is the former colloquially known as?

Context: "Coorinna", "loarinna", "laoonana" and "lagunta", and "kaparunina"

Question: what kind of an animal is it?

Answer: It was one of the largest known carnivorous marsupials.

Explanation: The thylacine ( , or , also ;) ("Thylacinus cynocephalus"), now extinct, is one of the largest known carnivorous marsupials, evolving about 4 million years ago.

Thylacine [SEP] Introduction


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: was it ever colonised?

Context: Thylacine and the Tasmanian devil.

Context: what kind of an animal is it?

Context: It was one of the largest known carnivorous marsupials.

Question: is the species extant?

Answer: No, it is now extinct.

Explanation: The thylacine ( , or , also ;) ("Thylacinus cynocephalus"), now extinct, is one of the largest known carnivorous marsupials, evolving about 4 million years ago

Thylacine [SEP] Introduction


Context: 28 April 1789.

Context: where did the ship set sail from?

Context: Initially from England.

Context: was it ever colonised?

Context: Thylacine and the Tasmanian devil.

Context: what kind of an animal is it?

Context: is the species extant?

Context: No, it is now extinct.

Question: what is the most prominent feature of the class of animals you just mentioned?

Answer: The striped markings of the pelage.

Thylacine [SEP] Description

The only recorded species of "Thylacinus", a genus that resembles the dogs and foxes of the family Canidae, the animal was a predatory marsupial that existed on mainland Australia during the Holocene epoch and observed by Europeans on the island of Tasmania; the species is known as the Tasmanian tiger for the striped markings of the pelage. Descriptions of the thylacine come from preserved specimens, fossil records, skins and skeletal remains, and black and white photographs and film of the animal both in captivity and from the field. The thylacine resembled a large, short-haired dog with a stiff tail which smoothly extended from the body in a way similar to that of a kangaroo.


Question: the u.s. manhattan project of 1945 was responsible for developing

Answer: nuclear weapons.

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction

The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom (which initiated the original Tube Alloys project) and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. As engineer districts by convention carried the name of the city where they were located, the Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; "Manhattan" gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project.


Context: the u.s. manhattan project of 1945 was responsible for developing

Context: nuclear weapons.

Question: which war were these weapons used in?

Answer: World War II

Manhattan Project [SEP] Introduction


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Question: when did this war take place?

Answer: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Explanation:
World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. In a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities. Tens of millions of people died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, including in the use of strategic bombing of population centres, and the only uses of nuclear weapons in war.

World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 Septemb

World War II [SEP] Introduction


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Question: any particular incident that started the war?

Answer: On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion.

World War II [SEP] War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)

On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defenses at Westerplatte. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, France and Britain declared war on Germany, followed by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. The alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland. The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany, which aimed to damage the country's economy and the war effort.


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: any particular incident that started the war?

Context: On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion.

Question: what was the reason behind this invasion?

Answer: The Gleiwitz incident was a false flag attack on the German radio station "Sender Gleiwitz", staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939. The attack was manufactured by Germany as a "casus belli" to justify the invasion of Poland, which began the next morning. The attackers posed as Polish nationals.

Gleiwitz incident [SEP] Introduction

The Gleiwitz incident (; ) was a false flag attack on the German radio station "Sender Gleiwitz", staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939. Along with some two dozen similar incidents, the attack was manufactured by Germany as a "casus belli" to justify the invasion of Poland, which began the next morning. The attackers posed as Polish nationals. During his declaration of war, Hitler did not mention the Gleiwitz incident but grouped all provocations staged by the SS as an alleged Polish assault on Germany. The Gleiwitz incident is the best-known action of Operation Himmler, a series of special operations undertaken by the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) to serve Nazi German propaganda at the outbreak of war.


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: what was the reason behind this invasion?

Context: The Gleiwitz incident was a false flag attack on the German radio station "Sender Gleiwitz", staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939. The attack was manufactured by Germany as a "casus belli" to justify the invasion of Poland, which began the next morning. The attackers posed as Polish nationals.

Question: what is meant by the latin phrase mentioned here?

Answer: "just cause" a nation may claim for entering into a conflict.

Explanation:
The term came into wide use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653), Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1707), and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1732), among others, and due to the rise of the political doctrine of "jus ad bellum" or "just war theory". The term is also used informally to refer to any "just cause" a nation may claim for entering into a conflict. It is used retrospectively to describe situations that arose before the term came into wide use, as well as present-day situations, including those in which war has not been formally declared.

In formally articulating a "casus belli", a government typically lays out its reasons for going to war, its intended means of prosecuting the war, and the steps that others might take to dissuade it from going to war. It attempts to demonstrate that it is going to war only as a last resort ("ultima ratio") and that it has "just cause" for doing so. Modern international law recognizes only three lawful ju

Casus belli [SEP] Introduction


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: what is meant by the latin phrase mentioned here?

Question: when was this phrase first used?

Answer: Through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653)

Explanation: The term came into wide use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653), Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1707), and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1732), among others, and due to the rise of the political doctrine of "jus ad bellum" or "just war theory". The term is also used informally to refer to any "just cause" a nation may claim for entering into a conflict. It is used retrospectively to describe situations that arose before the term came into wide use, as well as present-day situations, including those in which war has not been formally declared.

Casus belli [SEP] Introduction


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: when was this phrase first used?

Context: Through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653)

Question: where is this person from?

Answer: Delft, Netherlands.

Explanation:
Hugo Grotius (; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot () or Hugo de Groot (), was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, poet and playwright.

A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was born in Delft and studied at Leiden University. He was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden in a chest of books. Grotius wrote most of his major works in exile in France.

Hugo Grotius [SEP] Introduction

Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, he laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law in its Protestant side. Two of his books have had a lasting impact in the field of international law: "De jure belli ac pacis" ["On the Law of War and Peace"] dedicated to Louis XIII of France and the "Mare Liberum" ["The Free Seas"]. Grotius has also contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of "rights". Before him, rights were above all perceived as attached to objects; after him, they are seen as belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to act or as a means of realizing something.


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: when was this phrase first used?

Context: where is this person from?

Context: Delft, Netherlands.

Question: in which of his writings did this phrase appear?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Hugo Grotius [SEP] Introduction

Hugo Grotius (; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot () or Hugo de Groot (), was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, poet and playwright. A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was born in Delft and studied at Leiden University. He was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden in a chest of books. Grotius wrote most of his major works in exile in France. Hugo Grotius was a major figure in the fields of philosophy, political theory and law during the sixteenth and seventeenth century.


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: when was this phrase first used?

Context: where is this person from?

Context: Delft, Netherlands.

Context: in which of his writings did this phrase appear?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: has he written any books?

Answer: Yes - De jure belli ac pacis ; Mare Liberum

Explanation: Hugo Grotius was a major figure in the fields of philosophy, political theory and law during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, he laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law in its Protestant side. Two of his books have had a lasting impact in the field of international law: "De jure belli ac pacis" ["On the Law of War and Peace"] dedicated to Louis XIII of France and the "Mare Liberum" ["The Free Seas"]. Grotius has also contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of "rights". Before him, rights were above all perceived as attached to objects; after him, they are seen as belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to act or as a means of realizing something.

Hugo Grotius [SEP] Introduction


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: when was this phrase first used?

Context: where is this person from?

Context: Delft, Netherlands.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has he written any books?

Context: Yes - De jure belli ac pacis ; Mare Liberum

Question: was there any kind of pact signed during or at the end of the world war mentioned previously?

Answer: Yes - Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Explanation: From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours: Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the Fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history and trapping the Axis, crucially the German Wehrmacht, in a war of attrition.

World War II [SEP] Introduction


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: when was this phrase first used?

Context: where is this person from?

Context: Delft, Netherlands.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has he written any books?

Context: was there any kind of pact signed during or at the end of the world war mentioned previously?

Context: Yes - Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Question: at which conference was this pact formed?

Answer: Munich Conference

Explanation: Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons that Britain and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference on Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed the conference agreed to a German annexation of part of Czechoslovakia in late 1938, but Germany dissolved it completely in March 1939. The policy of appeasement toward Germany was conducted by the governments of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier. The policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and to stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany in the hope that Germany and the Soviet Union would wear each other out and put an end to both regimes.

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact [SEP] Munich Conference


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: when was this phrase first used?

Context: where is this person from?

Context: Delft, Netherlands.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has he written any books?

Context: Yes - Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Context: at which conference was this pact formed?

Context: Munich Conference

Question: when did it take place?

Answer: 23 August 1939

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact [SEP] Introduction

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that enabled those two powers to partition Poland between them. The pact was signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and was officially known as the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Its clauses provided a written guarantee of peace by each party towards the other and a commitment that declared that neither government would ally itself to or aid an enemy of the other. In addition to the publicly-announced stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included the Secret Protocol, which defined the borders of Soviet and German spheres of influence across Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland.


Context: nuclear weapons.

Context: which war were these weapons used in?

Context: World War II

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: 1 September 1939 to 1945

Context: when was this phrase first used?

Context: where is this person from?

Context: Delft, Netherlands.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has he written any books?

Context: Yes - Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Context: Munich Conference

Context: when did it take place?

Context: 23 August 1939

Question: what other negotiations were done under this pact?

Answer: economic negotiations

Explanation: From April to July, Soviet and German officials made statements on the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, but no actual negotiations took place. "The Soviet Union had wanted good relations with Germany for years and was happy to see that feeling finally reciprocated", wrote the historian Gerhard L. Weinberg. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channelled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries since close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his foreign minister from 1930 to 1939, Maxim Litvinov, who had advocated rapprochement with the West and was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov to allow the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, instead of only Britain and France.

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact [SEP] Beginning of secret talks


Question: when was the first shrek film released in the uk

Answer: May 18, 2001

Explanation: The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 18, 2001, and grossed $484.4 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million.

Shrek [SEP] Introduction

Although plans for a fifth film were canceled prior to the fourth film's release, the project was revived in 2016 and has since stalled, with production and a potential release date getting pushed back.


Context: when was the first shrek film released in the uk

Context: May 18, 2001

Question: who has directed this film?

Answer: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Shrek [SEP] Introduction

Shrek is a 2001 American computer-animated comedy film loosely based on the 1990 fairy tale picture book of the same name by William Steig. Directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson in their directorial debuts, it stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and John Lithgow as the voices of the lead characters. The film parodies other fairy tale adaptations, primarily aimed at animated Disney films. In the story, an ogre called Shrek (Myers) finds his swamp overrun by fairy tale creatures who have been banished by the corrupt Lord Farquaad (Lithgow) aspiring to be king. Shrek makes a deal with Farquaad to regain control of his swamp in return for rescuing Princess Fiona (Diaz), whom Farquaad intends to marry.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Question: were there any further parts made to it?

Answer: Yes, three sequels

Shrek [SEP] Introduction

The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 18, 2001, and grossed $484.4 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million. "Shrek" won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay. It earned six award nominations from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), ultimately winning Best Adapted Screenplay. The film's success helped establish DreamWorks Animation as a prime competitor to Pixar in feature film computer animation, and three sequels were released—"Shrek 2" (2004), "Shrek the Third" (2007), and "Shrek Forever After" (2010)—along with two holiday specials, a spin-off film, and a stage musical that kickstarted the "Shrek" franchise.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: were there any further parts made to it?

Context: Yes, three sequels

Question: what were their names?

Answer: "Shrek 2", "Shrek the Third", and "Shrek Forever After"

Explanation: The film's success helped establish DreamWorks Animation as a prime competitor to Pixar in feature film computer animation, and three sequels were released—"Shrek 2" (2004), "Shrek the Third" (2007), and "Shrek Forever After" (2010)—along with two holiday specials, a spin-off film, and a stage musical that kickstarted the "Shrek" franchise

Shrek [SEP] Introduction


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: "Shrek 2", "Shrek the Third", and "Shrek Forever After"

Question: who created this character?

Answer: William Steig

Shrek (character) [SEP] Introduction

Shrek is a fictional ogre character created by American author William Steig. Shrek is the protagonist of the book of the same name, a series of films by DreamWorks Animation, as well as a musical. The name "Shrek" is derived from the German word "Schreck", meaning "fright" or "terror". In the films, Shrek was voiced by Mike Myers, and in the musical he was played principally by Brian d'Arcy James. On May 21, 2010, Shrek received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles. In June 2010, "Entertainment Weekly" named him one of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years", placing 15th.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Question: who is this person?

Answer: An American cartoonist, sculptor, and, in his later life, an illustrator and writer of children's books.

William Steig [SEP] Introduction

William Steig (November 14, 1907 – October 3, 2003) was an American cartoonist, sculptor, and, in his later life, an illustrator and writer of children's books. Best known for the picture books "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble", "Abel's Island", and "Doctor De Soto", he was also the creator of "Shrek!", which inspired the film series of the same name. He was the U.S. nominee for both of the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Awards, as a children's book illustrator in 1982 and a writer in 1988.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: An American cartoonist, sculptor, and, in his later life, an illustrator and writer of children's books.

Question: can you explain this character he created?

Answer: It is an ogre character

Shrek (character) [SEP] Introduction


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: can you explain this character he created?

Context: It is an ogre character

Question: can you name some other character of this film?

Answer: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Explanation: In the story, an ogre called Shrek (Myers) finds his swamp overrun by fairy tale creatures who have been banished by the corrupt Lord Farquaad (Lithgow) aspiring to be king. Shrek makes a deal with Farquaad to regain control of his swamp in return for rescuing Princess Fiona (Diaz), whom Farquaad intends to marry. With the help of Donkey (Murphy), Shrek embarks on his quest but soon falls in love with the princess, who is hiding a secret that will change his life forever.

Shrek [SEP] Introduction


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: can you name some other character of this film?

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Question: which other books did this illustrator draw for?

Answer: "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble", "Abel's Island", and "Doctor De Soto"

Explanation: Best known for the picture books "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble", "Abel's Island", and "Doctor De Soto", he was also the creator of "Shrek!", which inspired the film series of the same name.

William Steig [SEP] Introduction


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: which other books did this illustrator draw for?

Context: "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble", "Abel's Island", and "Doctor De Soto"

Question: who were the actors of this film?

Answer: Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and John Lithgow as the voices of the lead characters

Explanation: it stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and John Lithgow as the voices of the lead characters.

Shrek [SEP] Introduction


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: who were the actors of this film?

Context: Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and John Lithgow as the voices of the lead characters

Question: when did the third part of this film release?

Answer: May 21, 2010

Shrek Forever After [SEP] Introduction

He is tricked by Rumpelstiltskin into signing a contract that leads to disastrous consequences. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21, 2010, and was theatrically released in the United States on May 21, 2010 in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D formats. The film debuted as the top-grossing film at the box office, a position it held for three consecutive weeks in the United States and Canada. It received mixed reviews from critics, but grossed a worldwide total of $752 million and becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2010. In addition, "Shrek Forever After" became DreamWorks Animation's second-highest-grossing film at the foreign box office.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: who were the actors of this film?

Context: when did the third part of this film release?

Context: May 21, 2010

Question: what was it collections?

Answer: Worldwide total of $752 million

Explanation: It received mixed reviews from critics, but grossed a worldwide total of $752 million and becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2010.

Shrek Forever After [SEP] Introduction

Although originally marketed as the final installment in the film franchise, a fifth "Shrek" film has been reported to be in production in the years since "Forever After" was released.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: who were the actors of this film?

Context: May 21, 2010

Context: what was it collections?

Context: Worldwide total of $752 million

Question: did the third part of this film face any dispute?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Shrek Forever After [SEP] Introduction

Shrek Forever After (previously promoted as Shrek: The Final Chapter and promoted for home release as Shrek Forever After: The Final Chapter) is a 2010 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the fourth installment in the "Shrek" film franchise and the sequel to "Shrek the Third" (2007). The film was directed by Mike Mitchell and written by Josh Klausner and Darren Lemke. It stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, and John Cleese reprising their previous roles, with Walt Dohrn introduced in the role of Rumpelstiltskin. The plot follows Shrek struggling as a family man with no privacy, who yearns for the days when he was once feared.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: who were the actors of this film?

Context: May 21, 2010

Context: what was it collections?

Context: Worldwide total of $752 million

Context: did the third part of this film face any dispute?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: name some movies of the third actor mentioned above?

Answer: "The Mask", "Charlie's Angels", "In Her Shoes" and "The Holiday" are few among them

Explanation:
She made her film debut at age 21 opposite Jim Carrey in the comedy "The Mask" (1994). She was subsequently cast in a supporting role in "My Best Friend's Wedding" (1997) before appearing as the titular Mary in the Farrelly brothers' hit comedy "There's Something About Mary" (1998), which brought her increased fame and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical. Her following two projectsthe sports drama "Any Given Sunday" and Spike Jonze's surrealist fantasy "Being John Malkovich" (both 1999)lent Diaz a reputation as a dramatic actress, the latter earning her a second Golden Globe nomination.

Diaz earned a third Golden Globe nomination for her supporting role in "Vanilla Sky" (2001) and appeared in numerous high-profile films in the early 2000s, including "Charlie's Angels" (2000) and its sequel "" (2003), as well as voicing the character of Princess Fiona in the "Shrek" series (2001–2010). In 2002, she was cast in Martin Scorsese's period epic "Gangs of New Yo

Cameron Diaz [SEP] Introduction

Cameron Michelle Diaz (born August 30, 1972) is an American retired actress, author, producer, and model. She frequently appeared in comedies throughout her career, while also earning critical recognition in dramatic films. Her accolades include four Golden Globe Award nominations, three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and a New York Film Critics Award. In 2013, she was named the highest-paid actress over 40 in Hollywood. , the U.S. domestic box office grosses of Diaz's films total over US$3 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing US$7 billion, making her the fifth highest-grossing U.S. domestic box office actress. Born in San Diego, California, Diaz was raised in Long Beach.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: who were the actors of this film?

Context: May 21, 2010

Context: what was it collections?

Context: Worldwide total of $752 million

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: name some movies of the third actor mentioned above?

Context: "The Mask", "Charlie's Angels", "In Her Shoes" and "The Holiday" are few among them

Question: was this person also a model?

Answer: Yes

Cameron Diaz [SEP] Modeling

While still attending high school, Diaz signed a modeling contract with Elite Model Management at age 16, and appeared in advertisements for Calvin Klein and Levi's. The following year, at age 17, she was featured on the cover of the July 1990 issue of "Seventeen" magazine. Diaz also modeled for 2 to 3 months in Australia and shot a commercial for Coca-Cola in Sydney in 1991. In 1992, at age 19, she was photographed and videotaped topless for an S&M leather fashion lingerie editorial by John Rutter, a professional photographer. They were never released. Rutter approached Diaz in 2003, ahead of the release of "", offering to sell the pictures and video to her for $3.5million before attempting to sell them to prospective buyers.


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: who were the actors of this film?

Context: May 21, 2010

Context: what was it collections?

Context: Worldwide total of $752 million

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was this person also a model?

Context: Yes

Question: could you mention a few of her assignments?

Answer: Advertisements for Calvin Klein and Levi's, commercial for Coca-Cola, etc are few among them

Cameron Diaz [SEP] Modeling


Context: May 18, 2001

Context: who has directed this film?

Context: Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson

Context: Yes, three sequels

Context: what were their names?

Context: who created this character?

Context: William Steig

Context: who is this person?

Context: It is an ogre character

Context: Lord Farquaad, Princess Fiona, Donkey

Context: who were the actors of this film?

Context: May 21, 2010

Context: what was it collections?

Context: Worldwide total of $752 million

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was this person also a model?

Context: Yes

Context: could you mention a few of her assignments?

Context: Advertisements for Calvin Klein and Levi's, commercial for Coca-Cola, etc are few among them

Question: what is the first name mentioned here?

Answer: An American fashion designer who launched the company that would later become Calvin Klein Inc.

Calvin Klein [SEP] Introduction

Calvin Richard Klein (born November 19, 1942) is an American fashion designer who launched the company that would later become Calvin Klein Inc., in 1968. In addition to clothing, he also has given his name to a range of perfumes, watches, and jewellery.


Question: when did boston become the capital of massachusetts

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Boston [SEP] Introduction

Boston (, ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States, and the 21st most populous city in the United States. The city proper covers with an estimated population of 692,600 in 2019, also making it the most populous city in New England, and is the seat of Suffolk County (although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999). The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country.


Context: when did boston become the capital of massachusetts

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: in which country is this city loacted?

Answer: Massachusetts in the United States.

Explanation: Boston (, ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States, and the 21st most populous city in the United States. The city proper covers with an estimated population of 692,600 in 2019, also making it the most populous city in New England, and is the seat of Suffolk County (although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999). The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country. As a combined statistical area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.

Boston [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Question: was it a part of any revolt?

Answer: Yes, The siege of Boston was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War.

Explanation: Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the Siege of Boston, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army. Sir William Howe, then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured the Charlestown peninsula in Boston, during the Battle of Bunker Hill. The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered devastating casualties. It was also a testament to the power and courage of the militia, as their stubborn defending made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without losing many troops.

Boston [SEP] Revolution and the Siege of Boston

It was also a testament to the power and courage of the militia, as their stubborn defending made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without losing many troops. Several weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam, came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: Yes, The siege of Boston was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War.

Question: which parties were involved in this event?

Answer: The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies and the British.

American Revolution [SEP] Introduction

The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America, the first modern democracy. American colonists objected to being taxed by the British Parliament, a body in which they had no direct representation. Before the 1760s, Britain's American colonies had enjoyed a high level of autonomy in their internal affairs, which were managed by colonial legislatures. The passage of the Stamp Act of 1765, which imposed internal taxes on the colonies, led to colonial protest, and the meeting of representatives of several colonies in the Stamp Act Congress.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: which parties were involved in this event?

Context: The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies and the British.

Question: who won ?

Answer: The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies.

American Revolution [SEP] Introduction

Open warfare erupted when British regulars sent to capture a cache of military supplies were confronted by local Patriot militia at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. Patriot militia, joined by the newly formed Continental Army, then put British forces in Boston under siege. Each colony formed a Provincial Congress, which assumed power from the former colonial governments, suppressed Loyalism, and contributed to the Continental Army led by General George Washington. The Continental Congress declared King George a tyrant who trampled the colonists' rights as Englishmen, and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2, 1776.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: who won ?

Context: The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies.

Question: what happened to slavery in these colonies?

Answer: Slavery was legal in this place, involved house servants or farm workers, slaves were imported via Atlantic slave trade. They are economically important in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations.

Explanation:
Slavery was legal and practiced in all of the Thirteen Colonies. In most places, it involved house servants or farm workers. It was of economic importance in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina.
About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years, or 2% of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade. The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. By the mid-18th century, life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies.

The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate, reaching nearly four million by the 1860 census. From 1770 until 1860, the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice

Thirteen Colonies [SEP] Slaves


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: who won ?

Context: what happened to slavery in these colonies?

Context: Slavery was legal in this place, involved house servants or farm workers, slaves were imported via Atlantic slave trade. They are economically important in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations.

Question: what are the different types of transport available in the city?

Answer: Airways, roadways with major highways and also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.

Explanation: With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country. The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 35.4 percent of Boston households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 33.8 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Boston averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. Boston's public transportation agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country, with of track on four lines. The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.

Boston [SEP] Transportation

Logan International Airport, in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston. Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: who won ?

Context: what are the different types of transport available in the city?

Context: Airways, roadways with major highways and also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.

Question: what religion are followed here?

Answer: 57% Christians, 29% professing Roman Catholic,10% adherents of Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Baháʼí and other faiths and 33% claim no religious affiliation.

Explanation:
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% attending a variety of Protestant churches and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs; 33% claim no religious affiliation, while the remaining 10% are composed of adherents of Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Baháʼí and other faiths.

, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Greater Boston area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches.

The city has a Jewish population of an estimated 248,000 Jews within the Boston metro area. More than half of Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Somerville, or adjacent towns.

Boston [SEP] Religion


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: who won ?

Context: what religion are followed here?

Context: 57% Christians, 29% professing Roman Catholic,10% adherents of Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Baháʼí and other faiths and 33% claim no religious affiliation.

Question: is this place affected by shifts in climate?

Answer: Yes, There is climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, energy use and sea-level rise is of major concern to the city government

Explanation: The City of Boston has developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use. Mayor Thomas Menino commissioned the city's first Climate Action Plan in 2007, with an update released in 2011. Since then, Mayor Marty Walsh has built upon these plans with further updates released in 2014 and 2019. As a coastal city built largely on fill, sea-level rise is of major concern to the city government. The latest version of the climate action plan anticipates between two and seven feet of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the century. A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience.

Boston [SEP] Climate change and sea level rise


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: who won ?

Context: what religion are followed here?

Context: is this place affected by shifts in climate?

Context: Yes, There is climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, energy use and sea-level rise is of major concern to the city government

Question: who were the natives of the country in which this city is located?

Answer: The population consists of mainly English ancestry, Irish and part-Irish, African Americans, Chinese Americans also Dominican, Puerto Rican, Haitian, Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations.

Explanation: As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of English ancestry. During the early and mid-19th century, immigrant groups began arriving in Massachusetts in large numbers; first from Ireland in the 1840s; today the Irish and part-Irish are the largest ancestry group in the state at nearly 25% of the total population. Others arrived later from Quebec as well as places in Europe such as Italy, Portugal, and Poland. In the early 20th century, a number of African Americans migrated to Massachusetts, although in somewhat fewer numbers than many other Northern states. Later in the 20th century, immigration from Latin America increased considerably. More than 156,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Massachusetts in 2014, and Boston hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. Massachusetts also has large Dominican, Puerto Rican, Haitian, Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations. Bosto

Massachusetts [SEP] Race and ancestry

As of 2014, in terms of race and ethnicity, Massachusetts was 83.2% White (73.7% Non-Hispanic White), 8.8% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American and Alaska Native, 6.3% Asian American, <0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2.1% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 11.2% of the population. The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.4% in 1970 to 73.7% in 2014. As of 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 63.6% of all the births, while 36.4% of the population of Massachusetts younger than age1 was minorities (at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which country is this city loacted?

Context: Massachusetts in the United States.

Context: was it a part of any revolt?

Context: who won ?

Context: what religion are followed here?

Context: who were the natives of the country in which this city is located?

Context: The population consists of mainly English ancestry, Irish and part-Irish, African Americans, Chinese Americans also Dominican, Puerto Rican, Haitian, Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations.

Question: what wild animals are found here?

Answer: Peregrine falcons, coyotes, white-tailed deer, raccoons, wild turkeys, and eastern gray squirrels, moose and black bears.

Explanation:
A number of species are doing well in the increasingly urbanized Massachusetts. Peregrine falcons utilize office towers in larger cities as nesting areas, and the population of coyotes, whose diet may include garbage and roadkill, has been increasing in recent decades. White-tailed deer, raccoons, wild turkeys, and eastern gray squirrels are also found throughout Massachusetts. In more rural areas in the western part of Massachusetts, larger mammals such as moose and black bears have returned, largely due to reforestation following the regional decline in agriculture.

Massachusetts is located along the Atlantic Flyway, a major route for migratory waterfowl along the eastern coast. Lakes in central Massachusetts provide habitat for many species of fish and waterfowl, but some species such as the common loon are becoming rare. A significant population of long-tailed ducks winter off Nantucket. Small offshore islands and beaches are home to roseate terns and are important breeding areas

Massachusetts [SEP] Ecology

The primary biome of inland Massachusetts is temperate deciduous forest. Although much of Massachusetts had been cleared for agriculture, leaving only traces of old-growth forest in isolated pockets, secondary growth has regenerated in many rural areas as farms have been abandoned. Currently, forests cover around 62% of Massachusetts. The areas most affected by human development include the Greater Boston area in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west, although the latter includes agricultural areas throughout the Connecticut River Valley. There are currently 219 endangered species in Massachusetts. A number of species are doing well in the increasingly urbanized Massachusetts.


Question: who popularized the idea of evolution in the mid 1800s

Answer: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

History of evolutionary thought [SEP] Introduction

Naturalists began to focus on the variability of species; the emergence of paleontology with the concept of extinction further undermined static views of nature. In the early 19th century Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed his theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution. In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" (1859). Unlike Lamarck, Darwin proposed common descent and a branching tree of life, meaning that two very different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology.


Context: who popularized the idea of evolution in the mid 1800s

Context: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Question: which ancient civilizations helped to shape this thought process?

Answer: The ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and in medieval Islamic science.

Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity—in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science. With the beginnings of modern biological taxonomy in the late 17th century, two opposed ideas influenced Western biological thinking: essentialism, the belief that every species has essential characteristics that are unalterable, a concept which had developed from medieval Aristotelian metaphysics, and that fit well with natural theology; and the development of the new anti-Aristotelian approach to modern science: as the Enlightenment progressed, evolutionary cosmology and the mechanical philosophy spread from the physical sciences to natural history.


Context: which ancient civilizations helped to shape this thought process?

Context: The ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and in medieval Islamic science.

Question: what was proposed for this thought process from the first civilization mentioned above?

Answer: They proposed that one type of animal, even humans, could descend from other types of animals.

History of evolutionary thought [SEP] Greeks

Proposals that one type of animal, even humans, could descend from other types of animals, are known to go back to the first pre-Socratic Greek philosophers. Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610—546 BC) proposed that the first animals lived in water, during a wet phase of the Earth's past, and that the first land-dwelling ancestors of mankind must have been born in water, and only spent part of their life on land. He also argued that the first human of the form known today must have been the child of a different type of animal (probably a fish), because man needs prolonged nursing to live.


Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the first civilization mentioned above?

Context: They proposed that one type of animal, even humans, could descend from other types of animals.

Question: what was proposed for this thought process from the second civilization mentioned?

Answer: They described the development of the cosmos, the Earth, living things, and human society through purely naturalistic mechanisms, without any reference to supernatural involvement.

History of evolutionary thought [SEP] Roman Empire

Lucretius' poem "De rerum natura" provides the best surviving explanation of the ideas of the Greek Epicurean philosophers. It describes the development of the cosmos, the Earth, living things, and human society through purely naturalistic mechanisms, without any reference to supernatural involvement. "De rerum natura" would influence the cosmological and evolutionary speculations of philosophers and scientists during and after the Renaissance. This view was in strong contrast with the views of Roman philosophers of the Stoic school such as Cicero, Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD 65), and Pliny the Elder (23—79 AD) who had a strongly teleological view of the natural world that influenced Christian theology.


Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the second civilization mentioned?

Context: They described the development of the cosmos, the Earth, living things, and human society through purely naturalistic mechanisms, without any reference to supernatural involvement.

Question: and what was proposed by the third civilization about this subject?

Answer: According to Joseph Needham, Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species and Taoist philosophers speculated that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments.

History of evolutionary thought [SEP] Chinese

Ancient Chinese thinkers such as Zhuang Zhou (c. 369—286 BC), a Taoist philosopher, expressed ideas on changing biological species. According to Joseph Needham, Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species and Taoist philosophers speculated that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments. Taoism regards humans, nature and the heavens as existing in a state of "constant transformation" known as the "Tao", in contrast with the more static view of nature typical of Western thought.


Context: and what was proposed by the third civilization about this subject?

Context: According to Joseph Needham, Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species and Taoist philosophers speculated that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments.

Question: what evolutionary ideas were contributed in the field of paleontology?

Answer: One instance being that of James Hutton describing gradual geological processes operating continuously over deep time.

History of evolutionary thought [SEP] Paleontology and geology

In 1796, Georges Cuvier published his findings on the differences between living elephants and those found in the fossil record. His analysis identified mammoths and mastodons as distinct species, different from any living animal, and effectively ended a long-running debate over whether a species could become extinct. In 1788, James Hutton described gradual geological processes operating continuously over deep time. In the 1790s, William Smith began the process of ordering rock strata by examining fossils in the layers while he worked on his geologic map of England. Independently, in 1811, Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart published an influential study of the geologic history of the region around Paris, based on the stratigraphic succession of rock layers.


Context: what evolutionary ideas were contributed in the field of paleontology?

Context: One instance being that of James Hutton describing gradual geological processes operating continuously over deep time.

Question: can you name some famous intellects who contributed to the field of molecular biology in the 1940s -1960?

Answer: Yes, Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl.

History of evolutionary thought [SEP] 1940s–1960s: Molecular biology and evolution

The middle decades of the 20th century saw the rise of molecular biology, and with it an understanding of the chemical nature of genes as sequences of DNA and of their relationship—through the genetic code—to protein sequences. At the same time, increasingly powerful techniques for analyzing proteins, such as protein electrophoresis and sequencing, brought biochemical phenomena into realm of the synthetic theory of evolution. In the early 1960s, biochemists Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl proposed the molecular clock hypothesis (MCH): that sequence differences between homologous proteins could be used to calculate the time since two species diverged. By 1969, Motoo Kimura and others provided a theoretical basis for the molecular clock, arguing that—at the molecular level at least—most genetic mutations are neither harmful nor helpful and that mutation and genetic drift (rather than natural selection) cause a large portion of genetic change: the neutral theory of molecular evolution.


Context: can you name some famous intellects who contributed to the field of molecular biology in the 1940s -1960?

Context: Yes, Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl.

Question: can you tell me something about the first person mentioned above?

Answer: He was an  American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.

Linus Pauling [SEP] Introduction

Linus Carl Pauling (; February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. "New Scientist" called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time, and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history. For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen and Frederick Sanger).


Context: can you tell me something about the first person mentioned above?

Context: He was an  American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.

Question: what subjects did he study during his university days?

Answer: He registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill.

Linus Pauling [SEP] Higher education

In his first semester, Pauling registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill. He was active in campus life and founded the school's chapter of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. After his second year, he planned to take a job in Portland to help support his mother. The college offered him a position teaching quantitative analysis, a course he had just finished taking himself. He worked forty hours a week in the laboratory and classroom and earned $100 a month (), enabling him to continue his studies.


Context: what subjects did he study during his university days?

Context: He registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill.

Question: name some of his famous works

Answer: In the field of biological molecules he demonstrated that the hemoglobin molecule changes structure when it gains or loses an oxygen atom.

Explanation: His early work in this area included studies of the structure of hemoglobin with his student Charles D. Coryell. He demonstrated that the hemoglobin molecule changes structure when it gains or loses an oxygen atom.

Linus Pauling [SEP] Biological molecules

Pauling had formulated a model for the structure of hemoglobin in which atoms were arranged in a helical pattern, and applied this idea to proteins in general. In 1951, based on the structures of amino acids and peptides and the planar nature of the peptide bond, Pauling, Robert Corey and Herman Branson correctly proposed the alpha helix and beta sheet as the primary structural motifs in protein secondary structure. This work exemplified Pauling's ability to think unconventionally; central to the structure was the unorthodox assumption that one turn of the helix may well contain a non-integer number of amino acid residues; for the alpha helix it is 3.7 amino acid residues per turn.


Context: who popularized the idea of evolution in the mid 1800s

Context: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Context: which ancient civilizations helped to shape this thought process?

Context: The ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and in medieval Islamic science.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the first civilization mentioned above?

Context: They proposed that one type of animal, even humans, could descend from other types of animals.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the second civilization mentioned?

Context: They described the development of the cosmos, the Earth, living things, and human society through purely naturalistic mechanisms, without any reference to supernatural involvement.

Context: and what was proposed by the third civilization about this subject?

Context: According to Joseph Needham, Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species and Taoist philosophers speculated that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments.

Context: what evolutionary ideas were contributed in the field of paleontology?

Context: One instance being that of James Hutton describing gradual geological processes operating continuously over deep time.

Context: can you name some famous intellects who contributed to the field of molecular biology in the 1940s -1960?

Context: Yes, Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl.

Context: can you tell me something about the first person mentioned above?

Context: He was an  American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.

Context: what subjects did he study during his university days?

Context: He registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill.

Context: name some of his famous works

Context: In the field of biological molecules he demonstrated that the hemoglobin molecule changes structure when it gains or loses an oxygen atom.

Question: name some awards conferred to him.

Answer: He won numerous awards including the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Explanation: For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.

Linus Pauling [SEP] Introduction


Context: who popularized the idea of evolution in the mid 1800s

Context: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Context: which ancient civilizations helped to shape this thought process?

Context: The ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and in medieval Islamic science.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the first civilization mentioned above?

Context: They proposed that one type of animal, even humans, could descend from other types of animals.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the second civilization mentioned?

Context: They described the development of the cosmos, the Earth, living things, and human society through purely naturalistic mechanisms, without any reference to supernatural involvement.

Context: and what was proposed by the third civilization about this subject?

Context: According to Joseph Needham, Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species and Taoist philosophers speculated that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments.

Context: what evolutionary ideas were contributed in the field of paleontology?

Context: One instance being that of James Hutton describing gradual geological processes operating continuously over deep time.

Context: can you name some famous intellects who contributed to the field of molecular biology in the 1940s -1960?

Context: Yes, Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl.

Context: can you tell me something about the first person mentioned above?

Context: He was an  American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.

Context: what subjects did he study during his university days?

Context: He registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill.

Context: name some of his famous works

Context: In the field of biological molecules he demonstrated that the hemoglobin molecule changes structure when it gains or loses an oxygen atom.

Context: name some awards conferred to him.

Context: He won numerous awards including the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Question: when did he die?

Answer: 19 August ,1994.

Linus Pauling [SEP] Death and legacy

Pauling died of prostate cancer on August 19, 1994, at 19:20 at home in Big Sur, California. He was 93 years old. A grave marker for Pauling was placed in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego, Oregon by his sister Pauline, but Pauling's ashes, along with those of his wife, were not buried there until 2005. Pauling's discoveries led to decisive contributions in a diverse array of areas including around 350 publications in the fields of quantum mechanics, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, protein structure, molecular biology, and medicine. His work on chemical bonding marks him as one of the founders of modern quantum chemistry.


Context: who popularized the idea of evolution in the mid 1800s

Context: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Context: which ancient civilizations helped to shape this thought process?

Context: The ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and in medieval Islamic science.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the first civilization mentioned above?

Context: They proposed that one type of animal, even humans, could descend from other types of animals.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the second civilization mentioned?

Context: They described the development of the cosmos, the Earth, living things, and human society through purely naturalistic mechanisms, without any reference to supernatural involvement.

Context: and what was proposed by the third civilization about this subject?

Context: According to Joseph Needham, Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species and Taoist philosophers speculated that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments.

Context: what evolutionary ideas were contributed in the field of paleontology?

Context: One instance being that of James Hutton describing gradual geological processes operating continuously over deep time.

Context: can you name some famous intellects who contributed to the field of molecular biology in the 1940s -1960?

Context: Yes, Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl.

Context: can you tell me something about the first person mentioned above?

Context: He was an  American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.

Context: what subjects did he study during his university days?

Context: He registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill.

Context: name some of his famous works

Context: In the field of biological molecules he demonstrated that the hemoglobin molecule changes structure when it gains or loses an oxygen atom.

Context: name some awards conferred to him.

Context: He won numerous awards including the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Context: when did he die?

Context: 19 August ,1994.

Question: what was the cause for his death?

Answer: Prostrate cancer.

Explanation: Pauling died of prostate cancer on August 19, 1994, at 19:20 at home in Big Sur, California.

Linus Pauling [SEP] Death and legacy


Context: who popularized the idea of evolution in the mid 1800s

Context: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Context: which ancient civilizations helped to shape this thought process?

Context: The ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and in medieval Islamic science.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the first civilization mentioned above?

Context: They proposed that one type of animal, even humans, could descend from other types of animals.

Context: what was proposed for this thought process from the second civilization mentioned?

Context: They described the development of the cosmos, the Earth, living things, and human society through purely naturalistic mechanisms, without any reference to supernatural involvement.

Context: and what was proposed by the third civilization about this subject?

Context: According to Joseph Needham, Taoism explicitly denies the fixity of biological species and Taoist philosophers speculated that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments.

Context: what evolutionary ideas were contributed in the field of paleontology?

Context: One instance being that of James Hutton describing gradual geological processes operating continuously over deep time.

Context: can you name some famous intellects who contributed to the field of molecular biology in the 1940s -1960?

Context: Yes, Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl.

Context: can you tell me something about the first person mentioned above?

Context: He was an  American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.

Context: what subjects did he study during his university days?

Context: He registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill.

Context: name some of his famous works

Context: In the field of biological molecules he demonstrated that the hemoglobin molecule changes structure when it gains or loses an oxygen atom.

Context: name some awards conferred to him.

Context: He won numerous awards including the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Context: when did he die?

Context: 19 August ,1994.

Context: what was the cause for his death?

Context: Prostrate cancer.

Question: name some commemorations done to honor him.

Answer: The Linus Pauling Science Center by the Oregon State University; a postage stamp released by the United States Postal Service honoring him and many more.

Explanation:
Oregon State University completed construction of the $77 million, Linus Pauling Science Center in the late 2000s, now housing a bulk of Oregon State's chemistry classrooms, labs, and instruments.

On March 6, 2008, the United States Postal Service released a 41 cent stamp honoring Pauling designed by artist Victor Stabin

Linus Pauling [SEP] Commemorations

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced on May 28, 2008 that Pauling would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony took place December 15, 2008. Pauling's son was asked to accept the honor in his place.


Question: what is belknap crater?

Answer: Is a shield volcano

Explanation: is a shield volcano i

Belknap Crater [SEP] Introduction

Belknap Crater is a shield volcano in the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located in Linn County, it is associated with lava fields and numerous subfeatures including the Little Belknap and South Belknap volcanic cones. It lies north of McKenzie Pass and forms part of the Mount Washington Wilderness. Belknap is not forested and most of its lava flows are not vegetated, though there is some wildlife in the area around the volcano, as well as a number of tree molds formed by its eruptive activity. Belknap was named for J. H. Belknap, whose father R. S.


Context:
what is belknap crater?
Is a shield volcano

Question: where is it located?

Answer: Located in Linn County

Explanation: Located in Linn County,

Belknap Crater [SEP] Introduction


Context:
what is belknap crater?
Is a shield volcano
where is it located?
Located in Linn County

Question: has it ever erupted?

Answer: It had four Holocene eruptive periods confirmed by geological evidence

Belknap Crater [SEP] Eruptive history

Eruptions at Belknap Crater built up the main shield volcano over repeated activity from vents surrounding a composite summit cone. The lava had a fluid character, leading to inundation of an area that encompassed more than . Rather than forming extensive streams, the lava settled into shorter channels that intersected, leaving complicated drainage patterns. The volcano sits on top of the thick and extensive lava deposits left behind. Belknap Crater has been the focal point for Holocene volcanism producing basaltic and basaltic andesitic lava in its vicinity, which was complex and sustained over a long period of time. According to the Global Volcanism Program, Belknap Crater had four Holocene eruptive periods confirmed by geological evidence including corrected radiocarbon dating and magnetism; their durations are not known.


Context: what is belknap crater?

Context: Is a shield volcano

Context: where is it located?

Context: Located in Linn County

Context: has it ever erupted?

Context: It had four Holocene eruptive periods confirmed by geological evidence

Question: has it been the habitat for any animal?

Answer: Ground squirrels, mule deer

Explanation: mule deer

Belknap Crater [SEP] Ecology

Along the trail to Little Belknap Crater, there is a tree island with lodgepole pine, mountain hemlock, and true fir. There are also ground squirrels running around on lava flows from Belknap. Along the Oregon Skyline Trail, which passes west of Belknap, there are black-tailed and mule deer as well as lakes stocked with Eastern brook trout Along the western flows produced by Belknap, there are several dozen tree molds, which range from in diameter and in depth. Some fell into the lava, forming hemi-cylinder-shaped trenches up to in length. Taylor (1965) identified a system of radial roots that were charred from the lava under soil at one of the molds.


Context: what is belknap crater?

Context: Is a shield volcano

Context: where is it located?

Context: Located in Linn County

Context: has it ever erupted?

Context: has it been the habitat for any animal?

Context: Ground squirrels, mule deer

Question: where else can we find the latter?

Answer: Western North America

Mule deer [SEP] Introduction

The mule deer ("Odocoileus hemionus") is a deer indigenous to western North America; it is named for its ears, which are large like those of the mule. Two subspecies of mule deer are grouped into the black-tailed deer. Unlike the related white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus"), which is found through most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains and in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains from Idaho and Wyoming northward, mule deer are only found on the western Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, the southwest United States, and on the west coast of North America. Mule deer have also been introduced to Argentina and Kauai, Hawaii.


Context: what is belknap crater?

Context: Is a shield volcano

Context: where is it located?

Context: Located in Linn County

Context: has it ever erupted?

Context: has it been the habitat for any animal?

Context: Ground squirrels, mule deer

Context: where else can we find the latter?

Context: Western North America

Question: what does it feed on?

Answer: Forb vegetation, small amounts of grass, and where available, tree or shrub fruits

Mule deer [SEP] Diet and foraging behaviors

In 99 studies of mule deer diets, some 788 species of plants were eaten by mule deer, and their diets vary greatly depending on the season, geographic region, year, and elevation. The studies gave these data for Rocky Mountain mule deer diets: The diets of mule deer are very similar to those of white-tailed deer in areas where they coexist. Mule deer are intermediate feeders rather than pure browsers or grazers; they predominantly browse, but also eat forb vegetation, small amounts of grass, and where available, tree or shrub fruits such as beans, pods, nuts (including acorns), and berries. Mule deer readily adapt to agricultural products and landscape plantings.


Context: what is belknap crater?

Context: Is a shield volcano

Context: where is it located?

Context: Located in Linn County

Context: has it ever erupted?

Context: has it been the habitat for any animal?

Context: Ground squirrels, mule deer

Context: where else can we find the latter?

Context: Western North America

Context: what does it feed on?

Context: Forb vegetation, small amounts of grass, and where available, tree or shrub fruits

Question: how does it behave?

Answer: Mule deer readily adapt to agricultural products and landscape plantings. In the Sierra Nevada range, mule deer depend on the lichen "Bryoria fremontii" as a winter food source

Explanation: Mule deer readily adapt to agricultural products and landscape plantings. In the Sierra Nevada range, mule deer depend on the lichen "Bryoria fremontii" as a winter food source