Context: when did rome invade this place?

Context: 71 A.D.

Context: was the invasion successful?

Context: Yes.

Context: what was this act about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what led to the economic downfall?

Context: what part was played by the bank there?

Context: when ?

Context: where is it located?

Context: Edinburgh, Scotland.

Question: what is a prominent festival celebrated here?

Answer: The Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Art Festival and the Edinburgh International Book Festival.

Edinburgh [SEP] Edinburgh festival

The city hosts a series of festivals that run between the end of July and early September each year. The best known of these events are the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Art Festival and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. The longest established of these festivals is the Edinburgh International Festival, which was first held in 1947 and consists mainly of a programme of high-profile theatre productions and classical music performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theatre companies and orchestras. This has since been overtaken in size by the Edinburgh Fringe which began as a programme of marginal acts alongside the "official" Festival and has become the world's largest performing arts festival.


Context: when did scotland get their freedom from england

Context: In 1328, Edward III signed the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton acknowledging Scottish independence under the rule of Robert the Bruce.

Context: when did rome invade this place?

Context: 71 A.D.

Context: was the invasion successful?

Context: Yes.

Context: did this place witness any religious movement?

Context: Yes, the Patronage Act of 1712 was a major blow to the evangelicals, for it meant that local landlords could choose the minister, not the members of the congregation.

Context: what was this act about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what led to the economic downfall?

Context: A slump in trade, caused by changes in the Scottish cattle trade, followed by four years of failed harvests.

Context: what part was played by the bank there?

Context: The Bank of Scotland was created to help the desperate economic situation.

Context: when ?

Context: where is it located?

Context: Edinburgh, Scotland.

Context: what is a prominent festival celebrated here?

Context: The Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Art Festival and the Edinburgh International Book Festival.

Question: what is the first one ?

Answer: It is the world's largest arts festival.

Edinburgh Festival Fringe [SEP] Introduction

The Edinburgh Festival Fringe (also referred to as The Fringe or Edinburgh Fringe, or Edinburgh Fringe Festival) is the world's largest arts festival, which in 2018 spanned 25 days and featured more than 55,000 performances of 3,548 different shows in 317 venues. Established in 1947 as an alternative to the Edinburgh International Festival, it takes place annually in Edinburgh, Scotland, in the month of August. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe has become a world-leading celebration of arts and culture, surpassed only by the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup in terms of global ticketed events. As an event it "has done more to place Edinburgh in the forefront of world cities than anything else".


Context: when did rome invade this place?

Context: 71 A.D.

Context: was the invasion successful?

Context: Yes.

Context: what was this act about?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what led to the economic downfall?

Context: what part was played by the bank there?

Context: when ?

Context: where is it located?

Context: Edinburgh, Scotland.

Context: what is the first one ?

Context: It is the world's largest arts festival.

Question: what are its venues?

Answer: The Traverse or Bedlam Theatre, the Assembly Rooms, the Quaker Meeting House, Paradise in Augustines, George Square Theatre, to name a few.

Edinburgh Festival Fringe [SEP] Venues

Fringe venues come in all shapes and sizes, with use being made of nearly any viable space that is available, from regular theatres (e.g. the Traverse or Bedlam Theatre), function rooms (e.g. the Assembly Rooms), churches and church halls (e.g. the Quaker Meeting House, Paradise in Augustines), lecture theatres (including the notable George Square Theatre), conference centres, other university rooms and spaces, bars and pubs, temporary structures (The Famous Spiegeltent and the Udderbelly), schools, a public toilet, the back of a taxi, a double-decker bus and even in the audience's own homes. The groups that operate the venues are also diverse: some are commercial and others not-for-profit; some operate year-round, while others exist only to run venues at the Fringe.


Question: what are heavy metals?

Answer: Metals with relatively high densities and atomic weights.

Heavy metals [SEP] Introduction

Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary depending on the author and context. In metallurgy, for example, a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density, whereas in physics the distinguishing criterion might be atomic number, while a chemist would likely be more concerned with chemical behaviour. More specific definitions have been published, but none of these have been widely accepted. The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements; only mercury, lead and bismuth meet all of them.


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: Metals with relatively high densities and atomic weights.

Question: what is its biological role?

Answer: Period 4 heavy metals are required for certain biological processes.

Heavy metals [SEP] Biological role

Trace amounts of some heavy metals, mostly in period 4, are required for certain biological processes. These are iron and copper (oxygen and electron transport); cobalt (complex syntheses and cell metabolism); zinc (hydroxylation); vanadium and manganese (enzyme regulation or functioning); chromium (glucose utilisation); nickel (cell growth); arsenic (metabolic growth in some animals and possibly in humans) and selenium (antioxidant functioning and hormone production). Periods 5 and 6 contain fewer essential heavy metals, consistent with the general pattern that heavier elements tend to be less abundant and that scarcer elements are less likely to be nutritionally essential. In period 5, molybdenum is required for the catalysis of redox reactions; cadmium is used by some marine diatoms for the same purpose; and tin may be required for growth in a few species.


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: Period 4 heavy metals are required for certain biological processes.

Question: what are its uses?

Answer: Iron accounts for 90% of all refined metals and platinum accounts for 20% of all consumer goods.

Explanation:
Heavy metals are present in nearly all aspects of modern life. Iron may be the most common as it accounts for 90% of all refined metals. Platinum may be the most ubiquitous given it is said to be found in, or used to produce, 20% of all consumer goods.

Some common uses of heavy metals depend on the general characteristics of metals such as electrical conductivity and reflectivity or the general characteristics of heavy metals such as density, strength, and durability.

Heavy metals [SEP] Uses

Examples of such atomic properties include: partly filled d- or f- orbitals (in many of the transition, lanthanide, and actinide heavy metals) that enable the formation of coloured compounds; the capacity of most heavy metal ions (such as platinum, cerium or bismuth) to exist in different oxidation states and therefore act as catalysts; poorly overlapping 3d or 4f orbitals (in iron, cobalt, and nickel, or the lanthanide heavy metals from europium through thulium) that give rise to magnetic effects; and high atomic numbers and electron densities that underpin their nuclear science applications. Typical uses of heavy metals can be broadly grouped into the following six categories.


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: what are its uses?

Context: Iron accounts for 90% of all refined metals and platinum accounts for 20% of all consumer goods.

Question: what are the exposure sources?

Answer: Mining and industrial wastes, vehicle emissions, etc.

Heavy metals [SEP] Exposure sources

Heavy metals can degrade air, water, and soil quality, and subsequently cause health issues in plants, animals, and people, when they become concentrated as a result of industrial activities. Common sources of heavy metals in this context include mining and industrial wastes; vehicle emissions; lead-acid batteries; fertilisers; paints; and treated timber; aging water supply infrastructure; and microplastics floating in the world's oceans. Recent examples of heavy metal contamination and health risks include the occurrence of Minamata disease, in Japan (1932–1968; lawsuits ongoing as of 2016); the Bento Rodrigues dam disaster in Brazil, and high levels of lead in drinking water supplied to the residents of Flint, Michigan, in the north-east of the United States.


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: what are its uses?

Context: what are the exposure sources?

Context: Mining and industrial wastes, vehicle emissions, etc.

Question: what is the origin and use of the term?

Answer: Heaviness was noticed in prehistory and early use of the term "heavy metal" dates from 1817.

Explanation:
The heaviness of naturally occurring metals such as gold, copper, and iron may have been noticed in prehistory and, in light of their malleability, led to the first attempts to craft metal ornaments, tools, and weapons. All metals discovered from then until 1809 had relatively high densities; their heaviness was regarded as a singularly distinguishing criterion.

From 1809 onwards, light metals such as sodium, potassium, and strontium were isolated. Their low densities challenged conventional wisdom and it was proposed to refer to them as "metalloids" (meaning "resembling metals in form or appearance"). This suggestion was ignored; the new elements came to be recognised as metals, and the term metalloid was then used to refer to nonmetallic elements and, later, elements that were hard to describe as either metals or nonmetals.

An early use of the term "heavy metal" dates from 1817, when the German chemist Leopold Gmelin divided the elements into nonmetals, light metals, and heavy meta

Heavy metals [SEP] Origins and use of the term


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: what are its uses?

Context: what are the exposure sources?

Context: what is the origin and use of the term?

Context: Heaviness was noticed in prehistory and early use of the term "heavy metal" dates from 1817.

Question: who was behind its discovery?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: what are its uses?

Context: what are the exposure sources?

Context: what is the origin and use of the term?

Context: who was behind its discovery?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is its toxicity?

Answer: Assumed to be highly toxic or damaging to the environment.

Heavy metals [SEP] Toxicity

Heavy metals are often assumed to be highly toxic or damaging to the environment. Some are, while certain others are toxic only if taken in excess or encountered in certain forms.


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: what are its uses?

Context: what are the exposure sources?

Context: what is the origin and use of the term?

Context: who was behind its discovery?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its toxicity?

Context: Assumed to be highly toxic or damaging to the environment.

Question: what is its colouring and optics?

Answer: Colours of glass, ceramic glazes, etc are produced by chromium, manganese, etc. and high reflectivity of some heavy metals is important in the construction of mirrors.

Explanation: The colours of glass, ceramic glazes, paints, pigments, and plastics are commonly produced by the inclusion of heavy metals (or their compounds) such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, tin, praseodymium, neodymium, erbium, tungsten, iridium, gold, lead, or uranium. Tattoo inks may contain heavy metals, such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, and copper. The high reflectivity of some heavy metals is important in the construction of mirrors, including precision astronomical instruments. Headlight reflectors rely on the excellent reflectivity of a thin film of rhodium.

Heavy metals [SEP] Colouring and optics


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: what are its uses?

Context: what are the exposure sources?

Context: what is the origin and use of the term?

Context: who was behind its discovery?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its toxicity?

Context: what is its colouring and optics?

Context: Colours of glass, ceramic glazes, etc are produced by chromium, manganese, etc. and high reflectivity of some heavy metals is important in the construction of mirrors.

Question: what is the history behind this latter mentioned construction product?

Answer: Obsidian mirrors of Anatolia was found around 6000 BC, mirrors of polished copper found in Mesopotamia is from 4000 BC, and polished stone mirrors from Central and South America date around 2000 BC onwards.

Explanation: Examples of obsidian mirrors found in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) have been dated to around 6000 BC. Mirrors of polished copper were crafted in Mesopotamia from 4000 BC, and in ancient Egypt from around 3000 BC. Polished stone mirrors from Central and South America date from around 2000 BC onwards.

Mirror [SEP] Prehistory

The first mirrors used by humans were most likely pools of dark, still water, or water collected in a primitive vessel of some sort. The requirements for making a good mirror are a surface with a very high degree of flatness (preferably but not necessarily with high reflectivity), and a surface roughness smaller than the wavelength of the light. The earliest manufactured mirrors were pieces of polished stone such as obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass. Examples of obsidian mirrors found in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) have been dated to around 6000 BC. Mirrors of polished copper were crafted in Mesopotamia from 4000 BC, and in ancient Egypt from around 3000 BC.


Context: what are heavy metals?

Context: what is its biological role?

Context: what are its uses?

Context: what are the exposure sources?

Context: what is the origin and use of the term?

Context: who was behind its discovery?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its toxicity?

Context: what is its colouring and optics?

Context: what is the history behind this latter mentioned construction product?

Context: Obsidian mirrors of Anatolia was found around 6000 BC, mirrors of polished copper found in Mesopotamia is from 4000 BC, and polished stone mirrors from Central and South America date around 2000 BC onwards.

Question: what is its surface quality?

Answer: Household-mirror made with float glass may have flatness tolerances as low as 9–14λ per inch, equating to a deviation of 5600 through 8800 nanometers from perfect flatness.

Explanation: Surface quality, or surface accuracy, measures the deviations from a perfect, ideal surface shape. Increasing the surface quality reduces distortion, artifacts, and aberration in images, and helps increase coherence, collimation, and reduce unwanted divergence in beams. For plane mirrors, this is often described in terms of flatness, while other surface shapes are compared to an ideal shape. The surface quality is typically measured with items like interferometers or optical flats, and are usually measured in wavelengths of light (λ). These deviations can be much larger or much smaller than the surface roughness. A normal household-mirror made with float glass may have flatness tolerances as low as 9–14λ per inch (25.4 mm), equating to a deviation of 5600 through 8800 nanometers from perfect flatness.

Mirror [SEP] Surface quality


Question: name two concerns of her audience that elizabeth addresses

Answer: She has addressed the audience on a number of political issues like the decolonization of Africa, Brexit, Canadian patriation among others

Elizabeth II [SEP] Introduction

When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth became head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. She has reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities, Brexit, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence, and as realms, including South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka), became republics. Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes.


Context: name two concerns of her audience that elizabeth addresses

Context: She has addressed the audience on a number of political issues like the decolonization of Africa, Brexit, Canadian patriation among others

Question: can you name some countries in which she is designated as their queen?

Answer: The United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand

Explanation: When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth became head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon.

Elizabeth II [SEP] Introduction


Context: can you name some countries in which she is designated as their queen?

Context: The United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand

Question: who was her predecessor?

Answer: King George VI

Elizabeth II [SEP] Introduction

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and 15 other Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth). Her father ascended the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, with whom she has four children: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Question: when did she ascended the throne?

Answer: 1952

Explanation: In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne.

Elizabeth II [SEP] Accession and coronation

The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out." Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Question: what was her contribution during world war ii?

Answer: In 1945, she was appointed as an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander.

Explanation:
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she was appointed as an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London.

Elizabeth II [SEP] Second World War

In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave." The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Context: what was her contribution during world war ii?

Context: In 1945, she was appointed as an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander.

Question: who did she marry?

Answer: Prince Philip

Elizabeth II [SEP] Marriage

Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937. They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, and they began to exchange letters. She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947. The engagement was not without controversy; Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Context: who did she marry?

Context: Prince Philip

Question: what are the names of their children?

Answer: Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward

Explanation: In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, with whom she has four children: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.

Elizabeth II [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Context: who did she marry?

Context: Prince Philip

Context: what are the names of their children?

Context: Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward

Question: when was her golden jubilee?

Answer: In 2002

Elizabeth II [SEP] Introduction

Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. In 2017, she became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee. She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch. She is the longest-serving female head of state in world history, and the world's oldest living monarch, longest-reigning current monarch, and oldest and longest-serving current head of state. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the royal family, in particular after the breakdown of her children's marriages, her "annus horribilis" in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales.


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Context: who did she marry?

Context: Prince Philip

Context: what are the names of their children?

Context: when was her golden jubilee?

Context: In 2002

Question: why is this year celebrated as her golden jubilee?

Answer: For completing fifty years on the throne

Explanation: Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. In 2017, she became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee. She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch.

Elizabeth II [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Context: who did she marry?

Context: Prince Philip

Context: what are the names of their children?

Context: when was her golden jubilee?

Context: In 2002

Context: why is this year celebrated as her golden jubilee?

Context: For completing fifty years on the throne

Question: is her husband still living?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Elizabeth II [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Context: who did she marry?

Context: Prince Philip

Context: what are the names of their children?

Context: when was her golden jubilee?

Context: In 2002

Context: is her husband still living?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: you had mentioned her 4 children, what can you tell me about the educational background of her first child?

Answer: Hill House school in London, Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland, Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Australia are some of the school she attended, followed by Trinity College, Cambridge.

Explanation: Charles commenced classes at Hill House school, in west London. He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field. Charles then attended two of his father's former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, from 1958, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland, beginning classes there in April 1962. Though he reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts", Charles subsequently praised Gordonstoun, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities. It taught me to accept challenges and take the initiative." In a 1975 interview, he said he was "glad" he had attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much exaggerated". He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of Ge

Charles, Prince of Wales [SEP] Early life and education

Charles was born at Buckingham Palace in London during the reign of his maternal grandfather George VI on 14 November 1948, at 9:14 pm (GMT), the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (originally Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark), and first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was baptised in the palace's Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. The death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 made Charles her heir apparent. As the monarch's eldest son, he automatically took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.


Context: who was her predecessor?

Context: King George VI

Context: when did she ascended the throne?

Context: who did she marry?

Context: Prince Philip

Context: what are the names of their children?

Context: when was her golden jubilee?

Context: In 2002

Context: is her husband still living?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: you had mentioned her 4 children, what can you tell me about the educational background of her first child?

Context: Hill House school in London, Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland, Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Australia are some of the school she attended, followed by Trinity College, Cambridge.

Question: did he serve in the military?

Answer: Yes, in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.

Charles, Prince of Wales [SEP] Military training and career

Charles served in the Royal Air Force and, following in the footsteps of his father, grandfather and two of his great-grandfathers, in the Royal Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received Royal Air Force training. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot. After the passing-out parade that September, he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served on the guided-missile destroyer (1971–1972) and the frigates (1972–1973) and (1974). In 1974, he qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from .


Question: who plays the voice of scar in the lion king

Answer: Jeremy Irons

Scar (The Lion King) [SEP] Introduction

As the character's supervising animator, Deja based Scar's appearance on that of original voice actor Jeremy Irons, as well as the actor's Academy Award-winning performance as Claus von Bülow in "Reversal of Fortune "(1990). Before Irons was cast, the directors had considered offering the role to actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell. Chiwetel Ejiofor voices the photorealistic version of the character in the CGI remake of the 1994 film. As a character, Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, who greeted Irons's vocal performance with equal enthusiasm. However, Scar's violence, dark color palette and allegedly effeminate mannerisms were initially met with mild controversy, perceived by some as racist and homophobic.


Context: who plays the voice of scar in the lion king

Context: Jeremy Irons

Question: which movies has this character appeared in?

Answer: Namely, "The Lion King" (1994) and "The Lion King" (2019).

Explanation: Scar debuted in "The Lion King" (1994).

Scar (The Lion King) [SEP] "The Lion King" (1994)

Scar debuted in "The Lion King" (1994). The jealous younger brother of Mufasa, Scar was next-in-line to take the throne until his nephew Simba, Mufasa's son, was born, replacing him. Determined to regain his birthright, Scar devises a plan to kill both Simba and Mufasa. Cleverly trapping Simba in a vast gorge, Scar signals his hyena minions, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, to trigger a wildebeest stampede. Although Mufasa saves Simba, the king is weakened, and unable to climb out of the gorge to safety. When Mufasa begs Scar for help, Scar instead throws his brother to his death below. Convincing Simba that he is to blame for Mufasa's death, Scar advises the prince to run away and never return, then orders the hyenas to pursue and kill him.


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: which movies has this character appeared in?

Context: Namely, "The Lion King" (1994) and "The Lion King" (2019).

Question: what were the major influences in creating this character?

Answer: King Claudius from "Hamlet" and Iago from "Othello".

Explanation: Scar is based on King Claudius. According to "Slate", while Claudius is mostly "a second-rate schemer ... consumed by anxiety and guilt," Scar very much "delight[s] in his monstrosity;" both characters are motivated by jealousy. Meanwhile, "The Week "observed that although both characters ultimately die, Claudius is killed by protagonist Hamlet while Scar dies "at the hand of his former hyena minions, and not Simba himself." Additionally, the character shares similarities with Iago from Shakespeare's play "Othello"; both antagonists are skilled in exploiting their victims' fears.

Scar (The Lion King) [SEP] Conception and influences

It reads, "Life's not fair is it? You see I—well, I ... shall never be King. And you ... shall never see light of another day, (chuckles) and you ... ," subtly revealing the plot as well as "the reason why [Scar] decides to murder his own brother." (This line is given minor edits for the 2019 remake: "Life's ... not fair. ... Is it, my little friend? While some are born to feast, others spend their lives in the dark ... begging for scraps. The way I see it, ... you and I are exactly the same: ... we both want to find a way out.")


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: what were the major influences in creating this character?

Context: King Claudius from "Hamlet" and Iago from "Othello".

Question: who is the second character mentioned here?

Answer: He is a fictional character and the play's main antagonist. He was initially a friend and trusted advisor to Othello, but later turns against him.

Iago [SEP] Introduction

Iago () is a fictional character in Shakespeare's "Othello" (c. 1601–1604). Iago is the play's main antagonist, and Othello's standard-bearer. He is the husband of Emilia, who is in turn the attendant of Othello's wife Desdemona. Iago hates Othello and devises a plan to destroy him by making him believe that his wife is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio. The role is thought to have been first played by Robert Armin, who typically played intelligent clown roles like Touchstone in "As You Like It" and Feste in "Twelfth Night". The character's source is traced to Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio's tale "Un Capitano Moro" in "Gli Hecatommithi" (1565).


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: who is the second character mentioned here?

Context: He is a fictional character and the play's main antagonist. He was initially a friend and trusted advisor to Othello, but later turns against him.

Question: how could this character be described?

Answer: As a sinister villain and a Machiavellian schemer and manipulator.

Iago [SEP] Description of character

Iago is one of Shakespeare's most sinister villains, often considered such because of the unique trust that Othello places in him, which he betrays while maintaining his reputation for honesty and dedication. Shakespeare contrasts Iago with Othello's nobility and integrity. With 1,097 lines, Iago has more lines in the play than Othello himself. Iago is a Machiavellian schemer and manipulator, as he is often referred to as "honest Iago", displaying his skill at deceiving other characters so that not only do they not suspect him, but they count on him as the person most likely to be truthful. Shakespearean critic A.


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: how could this character be described?

Context: As a sinister villain and a Machiavellian schemer and manipulator.

Question: what was his main motive for his evil actions?

Answer: He thought that he was unfairly passed over for promotion to the rank of Othello's lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio.

Iago [SEP] Role in the play

Iago is a soldier who has fought beside Othello for several years, and has become his trusted advisor. At the beginning of the play, Iago claims to have been unfairly passed over for promotion to the rank of Othello's lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio. Iago plots to manipulate Othello into demoting Cassio, and thereafter to bring about the downfall of Othello himself. He has an ally, Roderigo, who assists him in his plans in the mistaken belief that after Othello is gone, Iago will help Roderigo earn the affection of Othello's wife, Desdemona. After Iago engineers a drunken brawl to ensure Cassio's demotion (in Act 2), he sets to work on his second scheme: leading Othello to believe that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio.


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: how could this character be described?

Context: what was his main motive for his evil actions?

Context: He thought that he was unfairly passed over for promotion to the rank of Othello's lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio.

Question: who is the former character mentioned here?

Answer: In the play he's a Moorish general in the Venetian army.

Othello [SEP] Introduction

Othello (The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603. It is based on the story "Un Capitano Moro" ("A Moorish Captain") by Cinthio (a disciple of Boccaccio's), first published in 1565. The story revolves around its two central characters: Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his treacherous ensign, Iago. Given its varied and enduring themes of racism, love, jealousy, betrayal, revenge, and repentance, "Othello" is still often performed in professional and community theatre alike, and has been the source for numerous operatic, film, and literary adaptations.


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: how could this character be described?

Context: who is the former character mentioned here?

Context: In the play he's a Moorish general in the Venetian army.

Question: which play is this?

Answer: "The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice", commonly called "Othello"

Explanation: Othello (The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603. It is based on the story "Un Capitano Moro" ("A Moorish Captain") by Cinthio (a disciple of Boccaccio's), first published in 1565.

Othello [SEP] Introduction


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: how could this character be described?

Context: which play is this?

Context: "The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice", commonly called "Othello"

Question: who wrote this play?

Answer: William Shakespeare

Explanation: Othello (The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603.

Othello [SEP] Introduction


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: how could this character be described?

Context: which play is this?

Context: who wrote this play?

Context: William Shakespeare

Question: has this playwright written any other play?

Answer: "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Macbeth" to name a few

William Shakespeare [SEP] Introduction

Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres. Until about 1608, he wrote mainly tragedies, among them "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Othello", "King Lear", and "Macbeth", all considered to be among the finest works in the English language. In the last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights.


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: how could this character be described?

Context: which play is this?

Context: who wrote this play?

Context: William Shakespeare

Context: has this playwright written any other play?

Context: "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Macbeth" to name a few

Question: what else has he written other than plays?

Answer: Narrative poems and sonnets

William Shakespeare [SEP] Poems

In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on sexual themes, "Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece". He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. In "Venus and Adonis", an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in "The Rape of Lucrece", the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin. Influenced by Ovid's "Metamorphoses", the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust. Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare's lifetime. A third narrative poem, "A Lover's Complaint", in which a young woman laments her seduction by a persuasive suitor, was printed in the first edition of the "Sonnets" in 1609.


Context: Jeremy Irons

Context: how could this character be described?

Context: which play is this?

Context: who wrote this play?

Context: William Shakespeare

Context: what else has he written other than plays?

Context: Narrative poems and sonnets

Question: any particular one in the first genre?

Answer: "Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece"

Explanation: In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on sexual themes, "Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece". He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton.

William Shakespeare [SEP] Poems


Question: what features of the squid are common to all members of the phylum mollusca

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Mollusca [SEP] Introduction

Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species. The proportion of undescribed species is very high. Many taxa remain poorly studied. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. They are highly diverse, not just in size and anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and habitat. The phylum is typically divided into 8 or 9 taxonomic classes, of which two are entirely extinct.


Context: what features of the squid are common to all members of the phylum mollusca

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are mollusca ?

Answer: It is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals

Explanation: Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals

Mollusca [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: It is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals

Question: what are it different diversities ?

Answer: Snails, Slugs, other gastropods clams to name a few

Explanation: Molluscs have more varied forms than any other animal phylum. They include snails, slugs and other gastropods; clams and other bivalves; squids and other cephalopods; and other lesser-known but similarly distinctive subgroups. The majority of species still live in the oceans, from the seashores to the abyssal zone, but some form a significant part of the freshwater fauna and the terrestrial ecosystems. Molluscs are extremely diverse in tropical and temperate regions, but can be found at all latitudes. About 80% of all known mollusc species are gastropods. Cephalopoda such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses are among the neurologically most advanced of all invertebrates. The giant squid, which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form, is one of the largest invertebrates, but a recently caught specimen of the colossal squid, long and weighing , may have overtaken it.

Mollusca [SEP] Diversity

Estimates of accepted described living species of molluscs vary from 50,000 to a maximum of 120,000 species. In 1969 David Nicol estimated the probable total number of living mollusc species at 107,000 of which were about 12,000 fresh-water gastropods and 35,000 terrestrial. The Bivalvia would comprise about 14% of the total and the other five classes less than 2% of the living molluscs. In 2009, Chapman estimated the number of described living mollusc species at 85,000. Haszprunar in 2001 estimated about 93,000 named species, which include 23% of all named marine organisms. Molluscs are second only to arthropods in numbers of living animal species — far behind the arthropods' 1,113,000 but well ahead of chordates' 52,000.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: Snails, Slugs, other gastropods clams to name a few

Question: how do they reproduce ?

Answer: All produce eggs, from which may emerge trochophore larvae, more complex veliger larvae, or miniature adults.

Explanation: The simplest molluscan reproductive system relies on external fertilization, but with more complex variations. All produce eggs, from which may emerge trochophore larvae, more complex veliger larvae, or miniature adults. Two gonads sit next to the coelom, a small cavity that surrounds the heart, into which they shed ova or sperm. The nephridia extract the gametes from the coelom and emit them into the mantle cavity. Molluscs that use such a system remain of one sex all their lives and rely on external fertilization. Some molluscs use internal fertilization and/or are hermaphrodites, functioning as both sexes; both of these methods require more complex reproductive systems.

Mollusca [SEP] Reproduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: All produce eggs, from which may emerge trochophore larvae, more complex veliger larvae, or miniature adults.

Question: how are they classified ?

Answer: Opinions vary about the number of classes of molluscs. Some older works combine the Caudofoveata and Solenogasters into one class, the Aplacophora.

Explanation:
Opinions vary about the number of classes of molluscs; for example, the table below shows seven living classes, and two extinct ones. Although they are unlikely to form a clade, some older works combine the Caudofoveata and Solenogasters into one class, the Aplacophora. Two of the commonly recognized "classes" are known only from fossils.

Classification into higher taxa for these groups has been and remains problematic. A phylogenetic study suggests the Polyplacophora form a clade with a monophyletic Aplacophora. Additionally, it suggests a sister taxon relationship exists between the Bivalvia and the Gastropoda. Tentaculita may also be in Mollusca (see "Tentaculites").

Mollusca [SEP] Classification


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: how are they classified ?

Context: Opinions vary about the number of classes of molluscs. Some older works combine the Caudofoveata and Solenogasters into one class, the Aplacophora.

Question: what are snails ?

Answer: A shelled gastropod

Snail [SEP] Introduction

A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name "snail" is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word "snail" is used in this most general sense, it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails. Gastropods that naturally lack a shell, or have only an internal shell, are mostly called "slugs", and land snails that have only a very small shell (that they cannot retract into) are often called "semi-slugs".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: how are they classified ?

Context: what are snails ?

Context: A shelled gastropod

Question: what consist their diet ?

Answer: They feed primarily on decaying organic matter.

Snail [SEP] Diet

Snails feed at night. They feed primarily on decaying organic matter. Their diet also includes fungi, lichens, green foliage, worms, centipedes, insects, animal feces, carrion, and other slugs. Some snails feed on other snails too.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: how are they classified ?

Context: what are snails ?

Context: A shelled gastropod

Context: what consist their diet ?

Context: They feed primarily on decaying organic matter.

Question: how are they used in cosmetics ?

Answer: A study suggested that secretions produced under stress by "Cornu aspersa" might facilitate regeneration of wounded tissue.

Explanation: Skin creams derived from "Cornu aspersum" snails are sold for use on wrinkles, scars, dry skin, and acne. A research study suggested that secretions produced under stress by "Cornu aspersa" might facilitate regeneration of wounded tissue.

Snail [SEP] Cosmetic


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: how are they classified ?

Context: what are snails ?

Context: A shelled gastropod

Context: what consist their diet ?

Context: how are they used in cosmetics ?

Context: A study suggested that secretions produced under stress by "Cornu aspersa" might facilitate regeneration of wounded tissue.

Question: are they used in any mythological references ?

Answer: Yes, in Indonesian mythology

Explanation: Keong Emas (Javanese and Indonesian for Golden Snail) is a popular Javanese folklore about a princess magically transformed and contained in a golden snail shell. The folklore is a part of popular Javanese Panji cycle telling the stories about the prince Panji Asmoro Bangun (also known as Raden Inu Kertapati) and his consort, princess Dewi Sekartaji (also known as Dewi Chandra Kirana).

Snail [SEP] In Indonesian mythology


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: how are they classified ?

Context: what are snails ?

Context: A shelled gastropod

Context: what consist their diet ?

Context: how are they used in cosmetics ?

Context: are they used in any mythological references ?

Context: Yes, in Indonesian mythology

Question: what is their relevance to humans ?

Answer: Some are an edible delicacy and occasionally household pets

Explanation: Land snails are known as an agricultural and garden pest but some species are an edible delicacy and occasionally household pets. In addition, their mucus can also be used for skin care products.

Snail [SEP] Human relevance


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: how are they classified ?

Context: what are snails ?

Context: A shelled gastropod

Context: what consist their diet ?

Context: how are they used in cosmetics ?

Context: Yes, in Indonesian mythology

Context: what is their relevance to humans ?

Context: Some are an edible delicacy and occasionally household pets

Question: how are they used in religion ?

Answer: The Aztec moon god Tecciztecatl bore a snail shell on his back.

Explanation: Snails were widely noted and used in divination. The Greek poet Hesiod wrote that snails signified the time to harvest by climbing the stalks, while the Aztec moon god Tecciztecatl bore a snail shell on his back. This symbolised rebirth; the snail's penchant for appearing and disappearing was analogised with the moon.

Snail [SEP] Divination and other religious uses


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are mollusca ?

Context: what are it different diversities ?

Context: how do they reproduce ?

Context: how are they classified ?

Context: what are snails ?

Context: A shelled gastropod

Context: what consist their diet ?

Context: how are they used in cosmetics ?

Context: Yes, in Indonesian mythology

Context: what is their relevance to humans ?

Context: how are they used in religion ?

Context: The Aztec moon god Tecciztecatl bore a snail shell on his back.

Question: how do they look ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: when was the first moon landing and what was the name of the spacecraft

Answer: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction

Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew that landed the Apollo Lunar Module "Eagle" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours and 39 minutes later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and they collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command module pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module "Columbia" alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface.


Context: when was the first moon landing and what was the name of the spacecraft

Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Question: who were the crew members?

Answer: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Explanation: Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew that landed the Apollo Lunar Module "Eagle" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC.

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Question: where there any backup crew members?

Answer: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Apollo 11 [SEP] Backup crew

The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, William Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo8. In early 1969, he accepted a job with the National Aeronautics and Space Council effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time. Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable. By the normal crew rotation in place during Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled to fly on Apollo 14 after backing up for Apollo 11.


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Question: what was their call sign?

Answer: "Snowcone" was used for the CM and "Haystack" was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.

Apollo 11 [SEP] Call signs

After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft "Charlie Brown" and "Snoopy", assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to George M. Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the MSC, to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. The name "Snowcone" was used for the CM and "Haystack" was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning. The LM was named "Eagle" after the motif which was featured prominently on the mission insignia. At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named "Columbia" after "Columbiad", the giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel "From the Earth to the Moon".


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: "Snowcone" was used for the CM and "Haystack" was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.

Question: who was the first person to step on the moon?

Answer: Neil Alden Armstrong

Neil Armstrong [SEP] Introduction

Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer, and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering; his college tuition was paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949 and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, while making a low bombing run, Armstrong's aircraft was damaged when it collided with an anti-aircraft cable, strung across a valley, which cut off a large portion of one wing.


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: who was the first person to step on the moon?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Question: and the second?

Answer: Buzz Aldrin

Explanation: Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours and 39 minutes later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later.

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Question: who was the flight director?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: from where did the rocket take off?

Answer: Kennedy Space Center

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction

Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours, 36 minutes on the lunar surface at a site they named Tranquility Base before lifting off to rejoin "Columbia" in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at 13:32 UTC, and it was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from where did the rocket take off?

Context: Kennedy Space Center

Question: do you know what was the date?

Answer: July 16

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from where did the rocket take off?

Context: Kennedy Space Center

Context: do you know what was the date?

Context: July 16

Question: where did they land on return?

Answer: Pacific Ocean

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction

After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into "Eagle" and landed in the Sea of Tranquility on July 20. The astronauts used "Eagle"s ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned "Eagle" before they performed the maneuvers that propelled "Columbia" out of the last of its 30 lunar orbits onto a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space.


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from where did the rocket take off?

Context: Kennedy Space Center

Context: do you know what was the date?

Context: July 16

Context: where did they land on return?

Context: Pacific Ocean

Question: when?

Answer: July 24

Apollo 11 [SEP] Introduction


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from where did the rocket take off?

Context: Kennedy Space Center

Context: do you know what was the date?

Context: July 16

Context: where did they land on return?

Context: Pacific Ocean

Context: when?

Context: July 24

Question: were there any mementos?

Answer: The astronauts had personal preference kits (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission.

Apollo 11 [SEP] Mementos

The astronauts had personal preference kits (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission. Five PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: three (one for each astronaut) were stowed on "Columbia" before launch, and two on "Eagle". Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood from the Wright brothers' 1903 "Wright Flyer"s left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing, along with a diamond-studded astronaut pin originally given to Slayton by the widows of the Apollo1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards, but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton.


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from where did the rocket take off?

Context: Kennedy Space Center

Context: do you know what was the date?

Context: July 16

Context: where did they land on return?

Context: Pacific Ocean

Context: when?

Context: July 24

Context: were there any mementos?

Context: The astronauts had personal preference kits (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission.

Question: did they bring back rocks from the moon?

Answer: Yes

Apollo 11 [SEP] Moon rocks

The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at White Sands Test Facility near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories around the world conduct studies of the samples, and approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year. In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation Apollo 11 lunar sample displays for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations.


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from where did the rocket take off?

Context: Kennedy Space Center

Context: do you know what was the date?

Context: July 16

Context: where did they land on return?

Context: Pacific Ocean

Context: when?

Context: July 24

Context: were there any mementos?

Context: did they bring back rocks from the moon?

Context: Yes

Question: what are people who go into space called?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Apollo 11 [SEP] Moon rocks


Context: July 20, 1969 and  Apollo 11

Context: who were the crew members?

Context: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

Context: where there any backup crew members?

Context: Yes, Lovell, William Anders, and Haise

Context: what was their call sign?

Context: Neil Alden Armstrong

Context: and the second?

Context: Buzz Aldrin

Context: who was the flight director?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from where did the rocket take off?

Context: Kennedy Space Center

Context: do you know what was the date?

Context: July 16

Context: where did they land on return?

Context: Pacific Ocean

Context: when?

Context: July 24

Context: were there any mementos?

Context: Yes

Context: what are people who go into space called?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what was their call sign?

Answer: Eagle and Columbia

Explanation: The LM was named "Eagle" after the motif which was featured prominently on the mission insignia. At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named "Columbia" after "Columbiad", the giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel "From the Earth to the Moon".

Apollo 11 [SEP] Call signs


Question: who published a study of tool marks on bullets

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Forensic firearm examination [SEP] Introduction

Forensic firearm examination is the forensic process of examining the characteristics of firearms or bullets left behind at a crime scene. Specialists in this field are tasked with linking bullets to weapons and weapons to individuals. Obliterated serial numbers can be raised and recorded in an attempt to find the registered owner of the weapon. Nitric acid (HNO) is the most common reagent used for this. Examiners can also look for fingerprints on the weapon and cartridges. Fingerprints are key pieces of evidence. If crime scene investigators find prints at a scene, they will be dusted, photographed, collected, and analyzed both by hand (using comparison microscopes) as well as compared to databases for potential By examining unique striations, scratches left behind on the bullet and weapon, individual fired rounds can be, but not always are, linked back to a specific weapon.


Context: who published a study of tool marks on bullets

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how is the firearm examined during a criminal investigation?

Answer: It is examined for serial numbers and potentially fingerprints.

Forensic firearm examination [SEP] Examination of the firearm

Any firearm collected during the course of an investigation could yield viable evidence if examined. For forensic firearm examination specific evidence that can be recovered include weapon serial numbers and potentially fingerprints left on the weapon's surface.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the firearm examined during a criminal investigation?

Context: It is examined for serial numbers and potentially fingerprints.

Question: and how are the cartridges examined to give evidence in an investigation?

Answer: By Fingerprint recovery

Forensic firearm examination [SEP] Fingerprint recovery

Fingerprint recovery from the surface of firearms is done with cyanoacrylate (more commonly known as superglue) fuming. Firearms are placed in a specially designed fume hood designed to evenly distribute fumes instead of removing them. Liquid superglue is placed in a container and heated until it is in a gaseous state. The circulating fumes adhere to the oils left behind by the fingerprint, turning the print white. The resulting white print can be enhanced with fingerprint powder to increase the contrast of the white print against the weapon's finish. While using the fuming technique on recovered guns is commonplace, the recovery of fingerprints from the surfaces of a firearm is challenging due to the textured grip and the general condition of recovered weapons.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: and how are the cartridges examined to give evidence in an investigation?

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Question: how is the striated databasing carried out?

Answer: Information uploaded to these databases can be used to track gun crimes and to link crimes together. Maintainers of these databases recommend that every recovered firearm be test fired and the resulting known exemplar be uploaded into the database

Explanation: Bullets and casings found at a scene require a known example to compare to in order to match them to a weapon. Without a weapon, the striation pattern can be uploaded to a database such as the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network (NIBIN) maintained by the ATF or the United Kingdom's National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NABIS). Information uploaded to these databases can be used to track gun crimes and to link crimes together. Maintainers of these databases recommend that every recovered firearm be test fired and the resulting known exemplar be uploaded into the database.

Forensic firearm examination [SEP] Striation databasing


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: how is the striated databasing carried out?

Context: Information uploaded to these databases can be used to track gun crimes and to link crimes together. Maintainers of these databases recommend that every recovered firearm be test fired and the resulting known exemplar be uploaded into the database

Question: what is the name of that portal where such details are uploaded?

Answer: National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network (NIBIN) & National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NABIS).

Explanation: Without a weapon, the striation pattern can be uploaded to a database such as the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network (NIBIN) maintained by the ATF or the United Kingdom's National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NABIS).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: what is the name of that portal where such details are uploaded?

Context: National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network (NIBIN) & National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NABIS).

Question: who owns and manages the first portal?

Answer: The ATF

Explanation: Bullets and casings found at a scene require a known example to compare to in order to match them to a weapon. Without a weapon, the striation pattern can be uploaded to a database such as the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network (NIBIN) maintained by the ATF


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: who owns and manages the first portal?

Context: The ATF

Question: who owns and manages the second portal mentioned?

Answer: The British Intelligence Service

National Ballistics Intelligence Service [SEP] Introduction

The National Ballistics Intelligence Service, or NABIS, is a British intelligence service dedicated to managing and providing detailed information regarding firearm-related criminality. The service aims to use its database to store ballistics information about police cases involving firearms, and consequently maintain it for future use and reference. The service operates four facilities to test and analyse firearms evidence to help link it with other cases. These are based in Birmingham, London and Manchester. The service was officially launched on 1 April 2008 and can be roughly compared to the Integrated Ballistics Identification System operating in the United States. Four regional forensic hubs operate within four host forces/organisations: Greater Manchester Police (GMP), West Midlands Police (WMP), Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) and the Glasgow unit of SPA Forensic Services.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: who owns and manages the first portal?

Context: The ATF

Context: who owns and manages the second portal mentioned?

Context: The British Intelligence Service

Question: with reference to the solution given for the examination of a cartrige, what are some of its classification systems?

Answer: The Roscher System, the Juan Vucetich System and the Henry Classification System.

Explanation: Before computerization, manual filing systems were used in large fingerprint repositories. A fingerprint classification system groups fingerprints according to their characteristics and therefore helps in the matching of a fingerprint against a large database of fingerprints. A query fingerprint that needs to be matched can therefore be compared with a subset of fingerprints in an existing database. Early classification systems were based on the general ridge patterns, including the presence or absence of circular patterns, of several or all fingers. This allowed the filing and retrieval of paper records in large collections based on friction ridge patterns alone. The most popular systems used the pattern class of each finger to form a numeric key to assist lookup in a filing system. Fingerprint classification systems included the Roscher System, the Juan Vucetich System and the Henry Classification System. The Roscher System was developed in Germany and implemented in both Germany and

Fingerprint [SEP] Classification systems


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: who owns and manages the first portal?

Context: The ATF

Context: The British Intelligence Service

Context: with reference to the solution given for the examination of a cartrige, what are some of its classification systems?

Context: The Roscher System, the Juan Vucetich System and the Henry Classification System.

Question: what is the third system all about?

Answer: It is a long-standing method by which fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics for one-to-many searching.

Explanation: The Henry Classification System is a long-standing method by which fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics for one-to-many searching. Developed by Sir Hem Chandra Bose, Qazi Azizul Haque and Edward Henry in the late 19th century for criminal investigations in British India, it was the basis of modern-day AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) classification methods up until the 1990s. In recent years, the Henry Classification System has generally been replaced by ridge flow classification approaches.

Henry Classification System [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: who owns and manages the first portal?

Context: The ATF

Context: The British Intelligence Service

Context: what is the third system all about?

Context: It is a long-standing method by which fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics for one-to-many searching.

Question: who all were involved to invent this system?

Answer: Sir, William James Herschel, Dr. Henry Faulds & Sir. Francis Galton

Explanation:
Although fingerprint characteristics were studied as far back as the mid-1600s, the use of fingerprints as a means of identification did not occur until the mid-19th century. In roughly 1859, Sir William James Herschel discovered that fingerprints remain stable over time and are unique across individuals; as Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, in 1877 he was the first to institute the use of fingerprints and handprints as a means of identification, signing legal documents, and authenticating transactions. The fingerprint records collected at this time were used for one-to-one verification only; as a means in which records would be logically filed and searched had not yet been invented.

In 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin, explaining a system for classifying fingerprints, asking for his assistance in their development. Darwin was unable to assist Dr. Faulds, but agreed to forward the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton. Dr. Henry Faulds and

Henry Classification System [SEP] History and development


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: who owns and manages the first portal?

Context: The ATF

Context: The British Intelligence Service

Context: what is the third system all about?

Context: who all were involved to invent this system?

Context: Sir, William James Herschel, Dr. Henry Faulds & Sir. Francis Galton

Question: who is the second person?

Answer: He was a Scottish Doctor

Explanation: Henry Faulds (1 June 1843 – 24 March 1930) was a Scottish doctor, missionary and scientist who is noted for the development of fingerprinting.

Henry Faulds [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: who owns and manages the first portal?

Context: The ATF

Context: The British Intelligence Service

Context: what is the third system all about?

Context: who is the second person?

Context: He was a Scottish Doctor

Question: how is the fingermark impression useful in the detection of drug use?

Answer: The secretions, skin oils and dead cells in a human fingerprint contain residues of various chemicals and their metabolites present in the body. These can be detected and used for forensic purposes.

Explanation: The secretions, skin oils and dead cells in a human fingerprint contain residues of various chemicals and their metabolites present in the body. These can be detected and used for forensic purposes. For example, the fingerprints of tobacco smokers contain traces of cotinine, a nicotine metabolite; they also contain traces of nicotine itself. Caution should be used, as its presence may be caused by mere contact of the finger with a tobacco product. By treating the fingerprint with gold nanoparticles with attached cotinine antibodies, and then subsequently with a fluorescent agent attached to cotinine antibodies, the fingerprint of a smoker becomes fluorescent; non-smokers' fingerprints stay dark. The same approach, as of 2010, is being tested for use in identifying heavy coffee drinkers, cannabis smokers, and users of various other drugs.

Fingerprint [SEP] Detection of drug use


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By Fingerprint recovery

Context: who owns and manages the first portal?

Context: The ATF

Context: The British Intelligence Service

Context: what is the third system all about?

Context: who is the second person?

Context: He was a Scottish Doctor

Context: how is the fingermark impression useful in the detection of drug use?

Context: The secretions, skin oils and dead cells in a human fingerprint contain residues of various chemicals and their metabolites present in the body. These can be detected and used for forensic purposes.

Question: mention a few examples of cases where these fire weapons were analyzed for investigation.

Answer: St. Valentine's Day Massacre

Explanation: One of the first uses of this knowledge was in 1915 to exonerate Charles Stielow of the murder of his neighbors. Stielow was sentenced to death and appealed to Charles S. Whitman, the Governor of New York, who was not convinced by the evidence used to convict Stielow. Whitman halted the execution until an inquiry could be conducted and after further examination it was shown that Stielow's firearm could not have fired the bullets recovered from the victims. The invention of the comparison microscope by Calvin Goddard and Phillip O. Gravelle in 1925 modernized the forensic examination of firearms. Simultaneous comparison of two different objects at the same time allowed to closely examine striations for matches and therefore make a more definitive statement as to whether or not they matched.

Forensic firearm examination [SEP] History


Question: what is final fantasy x?

Answer: It is a video game.

Final Fantasy X [SEP] Introduction

Set in the fantasy world of Spira, a setting influenced by the South Pacific, Thailand and Japan, the game's story revolves around a group of adventurers and their quest to defeat a rampaging monster known as Sin. The player character is Tidus, a star athlete in the fictional sport of blitzball, who finds himself in Spira after Sin destroyed his home city of Zanarkand. Shortly after arriving to Spira, Tidus joins the summoner Yuna on her pilgrimage to destroy Sin. Development of "Final Fantasy X" began in 1999, with a budget of more than US$32.3 million (US$ million in dollars) and a team of more than 100 people.


Context:
what is final fantasy x?
It is a video game.

Question: where was it developed?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Final Fantasy X [SEP] Introduction


Context:
what is final fantasy x?
It is a video game.
where was it developed?
UNANSWERABLE

Question: did anyone develop it?

Answer: Yes, a team of more than 100 people.

Explanation: Development of "Final Fantasy X" began in 1999, with a budget of more than US$32.3 million (US$ million in dollars) and a team of more than 100 people

Final Fantasy X [SEP] Introduction

The game was the first in the main series not entirely scored by Nobuo Uematsu; Masashi Hamauzu and Junya Nakano were signed as Uematsu's fellow composers. "Final Fantasy X" was both a critical and commercial success, selling over 8.5 million units worldwide on PlayStation 2. It is considered to be one of the greatest video games of all time. On March 13, 2003, it was followed by "Final Fantasy X-2", making it the first "Final Fantasy" game to have a direct game sequel.


Context:
what is final fantasy x?
It is a video game.
where was it developed?
UNANSWERABLE
did anyone develop it?
Yes, a team of more than 100 people.

Question: what genre does this game fall under?

Answer: fantasy

Explanation: et in the fantasy world of Spira, a setting influenced by the South Pacific, Thailand and Japan, the game's story revolves around a group of adventurers and their quest to defeat a rampaging monster known as Sin.

Final Fantasy X [SEP] Introduction


Context:
what is final fantasy x?
It is a video game.
where was it developed?
UNANSWERABLE
did anyone develop it?
Yes, a team of more than 100 people.
what genre does this game fall under?
fantasy

Question: for which gameplay had this been released for?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Final Fantasy X [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is final fantasy x?

Context: It is a video game.

Context: where was it developed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did anyone develop it?

Context: Yes, a team of more than 100 people.

Context: what genre does this game fall under?

Context: fantasy

Context: for which gameplay had this been released for?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can a person play this game on a computer or television?

Answer: It can be played in  PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube.

Final Fantasy X [SEP] Sales

"Final Fantasy X" sold over 2.26 million copies in Japan alone in 2001, and sold 6.6 million copies worldwide by January 2004. By July 2006, it had sold 2.3 million copies and earned $95 million in the United States (US$ million in ). "Next Generation" ranked it as the 11th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. As of March 2013, the game had shipped over 8.5 million copies worldwide on PS2. The "Ultimate Hits" bargain reissue of the game in September 2005 sold over 131,000 copies in Japan by the end of 2006.


Question: what is linguistic society of america?

Answer: A learned society for the field of linguistics

Linguistic Society of America [SEP] Introduction

The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) is a learned society for the field of linguistics. Founded at the end of 1924 in New York City, the LSA works to promote the scientific study of language. The society publishes two scholarly journals, "Language" and the open access journal "Semantics and Pragmatics". Its annual meetings, held every winter, foster discussion amongst its members through the presentation of peer-reviewed research, as well as conducting official business of the society. Since 1928, the LSA has offered training to linguists through courses held at its biennial Linguistic Institutes held in the summer. The LSA and its 3,600 members work to raise awareness of linguistic issues with the public and contribute to policy debates on issues including bilingual education and the preservation of endangered languages.


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: A learned society for the field of linguistics

Question: when was it formed?

Answer: At the end of 1924

Explanation: Founded at the end of 1924 in New York City


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Question: have they published any literary works?

Answer: It publishes two journals of its own "Language" and "Semantics and Pragmatics"

Explanation:
The flagship journal of the LSA, "Language", is ranked as one of the top journals in the field. The journal is almost as old as the society itself. First published in March 1925 and edited by George Melville Bolling, Aurelio Espinosa, and Edward Sapir, the journal published its 92nd volume in 2016 under the editorship of Gregory Carlson. Dr. Carlson's successor, Andries Coetzee, was elected editor of language in 2016 and assumed office in 2017 for a term of seven years. The journal is partially open access, allowing articles to be published open access after a year, or immediately for a fee.

Its sister publication, "Semantics and Pragmatics" is fully open access.

Linguistic Society of America [SEP] Publications

Dr. Carlson's successor, Andries Coetzee, was elected editor of language in 2016 and assumed office in 2017 for a term of seven years. The journal is partially open access, allowing articles to be published open access after a year, or immediately for a fee. Its sister publication, "Semantics and Pragmatics" is fully open access. It was founded in 2008 as a co-journal of the eLanguage publishing platform the LSA developed, but became a full journal in its own right in 2013 with the discontinuation of eLanguage. The goal of the new publication was to not only publish articles, but also do so with the advances in open publishing including fast turnaround times and free and open access.


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Context: have they published any literary works?

Context: It publishes two journals of its own "Language" and "Semantics and Pragmatics"

Question: when was the former published?

Answer: Since 1925

Language (journal) [SEP] Introduction

Language is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by the Linguistic Society of America since 1925. It covers all aspects of linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics. Its current editor-in-chief is Andries Coetzee (University of Michigan). Under the editorship of Yale linguist Bernard Bloch, "Language" was the vehicle for publication of many of the important articles of American structural linguistics during the second quarter of the 20th century, and was the journal in which many of the most important subsequent developments in linguistics played themselves out. One of the most famous articles to appear in "Language" was the scathing 1959 review by the young Noam Chomsky of the book "Verbal Behavior" by the behaviorist cognitive psychologist B.


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Context: have they published any literary works?

Context: when was the former published?

Context: Since 1925

Question: what is it about?

Answer: It covers all aspects of linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics

Explanation: It covers all aspects of linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics

Language (journal) [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Context: have they published any literary works?

Context: when was the former published?

Context: Since 1925

Context: what is it about?

Context: It covers all aspects of linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics

Question: who was the editor?

Answer: Andries Coetzee

Explanation: Its current editor-in-chief is Andries Coetzee

Language (journal) [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Context: have they published any literary works?

Context: when was the former published?

Context: Since 1925

Context: what is it about?

Context: who was the editor?

Context: Andries Coetzee

Question: who is he?

Answer: Professor of Linguistics and Director of the African Studies Center at the University of Michigan

Andries Coetzee (linguist) [SEP] Introduction

Andries W. Coetzee is Professor of Linguistics and Director of the African Studies Center at the University of Michigan. Since receiving his PhD in Linguistics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2004 he has been a major contributor in research in the fields of Phonetics and Phonology. His career has been spent teaching in South Africa and at the University of Michigan, and being heavily involved with the Linguistics Institute of the Linguistic Society of America. In 2011 he received the first ever Early Career Award from the Linguistic Society of America, and in 2015 was inducted as a fellow of this Society.


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Context: have they published any literary works?

Context: when was the former published?

Context: Since 1925

Context: what is it about?

Context: who was the editor?

Context: Andries Coetzee

Context: who is he?

Context: Professor of Linguistics and Director of the African Studies Center at the University of Michigan

Question: when was he born?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Context: have they published any literary works?

Context: when was the former published?

Context: Since 1925

Context: what is it about?

Context: who was the editor?

Context: Andries Coetzee

Context: who is he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what can you tell me about his early career?

Answer: He began working at the University of Michigan

Andries Coetzee (linguist) [SEP] Early career

Andries Coetzee began his education at the North-West University, South Africa. He received a BA in Classics and Semitics, and a BA honors in Semitic Languages as well as Theology. After earning a master's degree in Semitic Languages in 1996 from the North-West University, he moved to the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he earned a Ph.D. in Linguistics PhD in 2004, with a dissertation titled "What It Means to be a Loser: Non-Optimal Candidates in Optimality Theory". After finishing his education he began working at the University of Michigan.


Context: what is linguistic society of america?

Context: when was it formed?

Context: At the end of 1924

Context: have they published any literary works?

Context: when was the former published?

Context: Since 1925

Context: what is it about?

Context: who was the editor?

Context: Andries Coetzee

Context: who is he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what can you tell me about his early career?

Context: He began working at the University of Michigan

Question: where is the university located?

Answer: Ann Arbor, Michigan

University of Michigan [SEP] Introduction

The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1817 in Detroit, as the "Catholepistemiad", or the "University of Michigania", 20 years before the territory became a state, the university is Michigan's oldest. The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto of what is now known as Central Campus. Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than spread out over Central Campus and North Campus, two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn, and a Center in Detroit.


Question: where did the princess and the pea originate

Answer: Copenhagen

The Princess and the Pea [SEP] Introduction

"The Princess and the Pea" (; literal translation: "The Princess on the Pea") is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her sensitivity. The tale was first published with three others by Andersen in an inexpensive booklet on 8 May 1835 in Copenhagen by C. A. Reitzel. Andersen had heard the story as a child, and it likely has its source in folk material, possibly originating from Sweden, as it is unknown in the Danish oral tradition. Neither "The Princess and the Pea" nor Andersen's other tales of 1835 were well received by Danish critics, who disliked their casual, chatty style and their lack of morals.


Context: where did the princess and the pea originate

Context: Copenhagen

Question: what is "the princess and the pea" about?

Answer: It is a literary fairy tale in which a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her sensitivity

Explanation: "The Princess and the Pea" (; literal translation: "The Princess on the Pea") is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her sensitivity


Context: Copenhagen

Context: what is "the princess and the pea" about?

Context: It is a literary fairy tale in which a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her sensitivity

Question: who was it written by?

Answer: Hans Christian Andersen

Explanation: "The Princess and the Pea" (; literal translation: "The Princess on the Pea") is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen


Context: Copenhagen

Context: who was it written by?

Context: Hans Christian Andersen

Question: when was this book published?

Answer: 8 May 1835

Explanation: "The Princess and the Pea" was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 8 May 1835

The Princess and the Pea [SEP] Publication

and would not study models". Andersen felt he was working against their preconceived notions of what a fairy tale should be and returned to writing novels, believing it to be his true calling.


Context: Copenhagen

Context: who was it written by?

Context: Hans Christian Andersen

Context: when was this book published?

Context: 8 May 1835

Question: and who was it published by?

Answer: C.A. Reitzel

Explanation: "The Princess and the Pea" was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 8 May 1835 in an


Context: Copenhagen

Context: who was it written by?

Context: Hans Christian Andersen

Context: when was this book published?

Context: 8 May 1835

Context: and who was it published by?

Context: C.A. Reitzel

Question: where is the writer from?

Answer: Odense, Denmark

Hans Christian Andersen [SEP] Early life

Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark on 2 April 1805. He was an only child. His father, also named Hans, considered himself related to nobility (his paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had belonged to a higher social class, but investigations have disproved these stories). A persistent speculation suggests that Andersen was an illegitimate son of King Christian VIII, but this notion has been challenged. Hans Christian Andersen was baptised April 15, 1805 in Saint Hans Church (St John's Church) in Odense, Denmark. His certificate of birth was not drafted until November 1823, according to which six Godparents were present at the baptising ceremony: Madam Sille Marie Breineberg, Maiden Friederiche Pommer, Shuemaker Peder Waltersdorff, journeyman carpenter Anders Jørgensen, Hospital portner Nicolas Gomard, and Royal Hatter Jens Henrichsen Dorch.


Context: Copenhagen

Context: who was it written by?

Context: Hans Christian Andersen

Context: when was this book published?

Context: 8 May 1835

Context: and who was it published by?

Context: C.A. Reitzel

Context: where is the writer from?

Context: Odense, Denmark

Question: can you name some other fairy tales that she has written?

Answer: "The Tinderbox", "Little Claus and Big Claus" are some of them

Hans Christian Andersen [SEP] Fairy Tales

Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. (Danish: "Eventyr, fortalt for Børn. Første Samling.") is a collection of nine fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen. The tales were published in a series of three installments by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen, Denmark between May 1835 and April 1837, and represent Andersen's first venture into the fairy tale genre. The first installment of sixty-one unbound pages was published 8 May 1835 and contained "The Tinderbox", "Little Claus and Big Claus", "The Princess and the Pea" and "Little Ida's Flowers". The first three tales were based on folktales Andersen had heard in his childhood while the last tale was completely Andersen's creation and created for Ida Thiele, the daughter of Andersen's early benefactor, the folklorist Just Mathias Thiele.