Question: what is inner german border?

Answer: It was a border between the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1990.

Inner German border [SEP] Introduction

The Inner German border ( or ; initially also ) was the border between the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) from 1949 to 1990. Not including the similar and physically separate Berlin Wall, the border was long and ran from the Baltic Sea to Czechoslovakia. It was formally established on 1 July 1945 as the boundary between the Western and Soviet occupation zones of former Nazi Germany. On the eastern side, it was made one of the world's most heavily fortified frontiers, defined by a continuous line of high metal fences and walls, barbed wire, alarms, anti-vehicle ditches, watchtowers, automatic booby traps, and minefields.


Context: what is inner german border?

Context: It was a border between the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1990.

Question: was any escape method used here?

Answer: Yes - by foot, hot-air balloon, swimming across the Baltic Sea

Explanation:
Escapees used a variety of methods. The great majority crossed on foot, though some took more unusual routes. One of the most spectacular was the balloon escape in September 1979 of eight people from two families in a home-made hot-air balloon. Their flight involved an ascent to more than before landing near the West German town of Naila. The incident inspired the film "Night Crossing".

Other escapees relied more on physical strength and endurance. An escapee on August 26, 1987 used meat hooks to scale the fences, while in 1971 a doctor swam across the Baltic Sea from Rostock almost to the Danish island of Lolland, before he was picked up by a West German yacht. Another escapee used an air mattress to escape across the Baltic on September 2, 1987.

Inner German border [SEP] Escape methods


Context: what is inner german border?

Context: was any escape method used here?

Context: Yes - by foot, hot-air balloon, swimming across the Baltic Sea

Question: does it have river border?

Answer: Yes - the Elbe, the Werra and the Saale rivers

Inner German border [SEP] River borders

The border also ran along part of the length of three major rivers of central Germany: the Elbe between Lauenburg and Schnackenburg (around ), the Werra and the Saale. The river borders were especially problematic; although the Western Allies and West Germany held that the demarcation line ran along the eastern bank, the East Germans and Soviets insisted that it was located in the middle of the river (the Thalweg principle). In practice, the waterways were shared equally but the navigation channels often strayed across the line. This led to tense confrontations as East or West German vessels sought to assert their right to free passage on the waterways.


Context: what is inner german border?

Context: was any escape method used here?

Context: does it have river border?

Context: Yes - the Elbe, the Werra and the Saale rivers

Question: where does the last river originate from?

Answer: Großer Waldstein mountain near Zell

Saale [SEP] Course

The Saale originates on the slope of the Großer Waldstein mountain near Zell in the Fichtelgebirge in Upper Franconia (Bavaria), at an elevation of . It pursues a winding course in a northern direction, and after passing the manufacturing town of Hof, enters Thuringia. It flows amid well-wooded low mountains of the Thuringian Forest until it reaches the valley of Saalfeld. After leaving Saalfeld the Saale reaches Rudolstadt. Here it receives the waters of the Schwarza, in whose valley lies the ruined castle of Schwarzburg, the ancestral seat of the formerly ruling House of Schwarzburg. From Saalfeld the Saale enters the limestone hill region north of the Thuringian Forest, and sweeps beneath the barren, conical hills enclosing the university town of Jena.


Context: what is inner german border?

Context: was any escape method used here?

Context: does it have river border?

Context: where does the last river originate from?

Context: Großer Waldstein mountain near Zell

Question: where does the name of the river comes from?

Answer: From the Proto-Indo-European root *"séles" ‘marsh’,

Explanation: The name "Saale" comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *"séles" ‘marsh’, akin to Welsh "hêl, heledd" ‘river meadow’, Cornish "heyl" ‘estuary’, Greek "hélos" ‘marsh, meadow’, Sanskrit "sáras" ‘lake, pond’, "Sárasvati" ‘sacred river’, Old Persian "Harauvati" ‘Hārūt River; Arachosia’, Avestan "Haraxvatī", idem. It may also be related to the Indo-European root *"sal", "salt".

Saale [SEP] Etymology

The name "Saale" comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *"séles" ‘marsh', akin to Welsh "hêl, heledd" ‘river meadow', Cornish "heyl" ‘estuary', Greek "hélos" ‘marsh, meadow', Sanskrit "sáras" ‘lake, pond', "Sárasvati" ‘sacred river', Old Persian "Harauvati" ‘Hārūt River; Arachosia', Avestan "Haraxvatī", idem. It may also be related to the Indo-European root *"sal", "salt". The Slavic name of the Saale, "Solawa", still found in Sorbian texts, comes from Old High German "sol", "salt", and "awa", "water".


Question: why allahabad is called city of prime ministers

Answer: Seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad

Explanation: Allahabad is known as the City of Prime Ministers because seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad (Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Gulzarilal Nanda, Vishwanath Pratap Singh and Chandra Shekhar). All seven leaders were either born in Allahabad, were alumni of Allahabad University or were elected from an Allahabad constituency.

Allahabad [SEP] Post-independence


Context: why allahabad is called city of prime ministers

Context: Seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad

Question: what was it climatic conditions?

Answer: humid subtropical climate

Explanation: Allahabad has a humid subtropical climate common to cities in the plains of North India, designated "Cwa" in the Köppen climate classification. The annual mean temperature is ; monthly mean temperatures are . Allahabad has three seasons: a hot, dry summer, a cool, dry winter and a hot, humid monsoon. Summer lasts from March to September with daily highs reaching up to 48 °C in the dry summer (from March to May) and up to 40 °C in the hot and extremely humid monsoon season (from June to September). The monsoon begins in June, and lasts till August; high humidity levels prevail well into September. Winter runs from December to February, with temperatures rarely dropping to the freezing point. The daily average maximum temperature is about and the minimum about . Allahabad never receives snow, but, experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires, coal fires, and open burning of rubbish—resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays. Its highest recorded temperature is , and it

Allahabad [SEP] Climate


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Question: who founded this place?

Answer: Mughal emperor Akbar

Allahabad [SEP] Introduction

Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of Maurya Empire with occupation continuing until the Gupta Empire. Since then, the city has been a political, cultural and administrative centre of the Doab region. In the early 17th century, Allahabad was a provincial capital in the Mughal Empire under the reign of Jahangir. "Akbarnama" mentions that the Mughal emperor Akbar founded a great city in Allahabad. 'Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni and Nizamuddin Ahmad mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an imperial city there which was called "Ilahabas" or "Ilahabad". He was said to be impressed by its strategic location and built a fort there, later renaming it "Ilahabas" by 1584 which was changed to Allahabad by Shah Jahan.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Question: what was it officially known as?

Answer: Prayagraj

Allahabad [SEP] Introduction

Allahabad (), officially known as Prayagraj, and also known as Ilahabad and Prayag, is a metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Allahabad district—the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India—and the Allahabad division. The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with Allahabad High Court being the highest judicial body in the state. As of 2011, Allahabad is the seventh most populous city in the state, thirteenth in Northern India and thirty-sixth in India, with an estimated population of 1.11 million in the city and 1.21 million in its metropolitan region.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Question: what is it's population?

Answer: 1,117,094

Explanation: The 2011 census reported a population of 1,117,094 in Allahabad city. Provisional data suggest a density of 1,086 people per km in 2011 for Allahabad district, compared to 901 in 2001. Natives of Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Allahabad's population. With regards to Houseless Census in Allahabad, total 5,672 families live on footpaths or without any roof cover, this is approximately 0.38% of the total population of Allahabad district. The sex ratio of Allahabad is 901 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 893 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.

Allahabad [SEP] Demographics

Urdu and other languages are spoken by a sizeable minority. Hindus form the majority of Allahabad's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Hinduism is majority religion in Allahabad city with 76.03% followers. Islam is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 21.94% following it. Christianity is followed by 0.68%, Jainism by 0.10%, Sikhism by 0.28% and Buddhism by 0.28%. Around 0.02% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.90% stated 'No Particular Religion'. Allahabad's literacy rate at 86.50% is the highest in the region. Male literacy is 90.21% and female literacy 82.17%.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Question: what is triveni sangam?

Answer: The meeting place of Ganges, the Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River

Allahabad [SEP] Triveni Sangam and Ghats

The Allahabad Triveni Sangam (place where three rivers meet) is the meeting place of Ganges, the Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River, which according to Hindu legends, wells up from underground. A place of religious importance and the site for historic Prayag Kumbh Mela held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi in 1948. The main ghat in Allahabad is Saraswati Ghat, on the banks of Yamuna. Stairs from three sides descend to the green water of the Yamuna. Above it is a park which is always covered with green grass.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: The meeting place of Ganges, the Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River

Question: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Answer: Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing Allahabad pillar – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city.

Explanation: Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing Allahabad pillar – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city. Excavations have revealed Northern Black Polished Ware dating to 600–700 BCE. According to Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti, there is nothing to suggest that "modern Prayag (modern Allahabad) was an ancient city", but it is also inconceivable that there was no city at the holiest pilgrimage site in Hinduism. Chakrabarti suggests that the city of Jhusi, opposite the confluence, must have been the "ancient settlement of Prayag". Archaeological surveys since the 1950s has revealed the presence of human settlements near the "sangam" since about 800 BCE.

Allahabad [SEP] Archaeology and inscriptions

Along with Ashoka's Brahmi script inscription from 3rd-century BCE, the pillar has a Samudragupta inscription, as well as a Magha Mela inscription of Birbal of Akbar's era. It states, These dates correspond to about 1575 CE, and confirm the importance and the name Prayag. According to Cunningham, this pillar was brought to Allahabad from Kaushambi by a Muslim Sultan, and that in some later century before Akbar, the old city of Prayag had been deserted. Other scholars, such as Krishnaswamy and Ghosh disagree. In a paper published in 1935, they state that the pillar was always at its current location based on the inscription dates on the pillar, lack of textual evidence for the move in records left by Muslim historians and the difficulty in moving the massive pillar.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing Allahabad pillar – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city.

Question: when did the rule of the mughal empire in this place start?

Answer: 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding

Explanation:
Abul Fazal in his "Ain-i-Akbari" states, "For a long time his (Akbar's) desire was to found a great city in the town of Piyag (Allahabad) where the rivers Ganges and Jamuna join... On 13th November 1583 (1st Azar 991 H.) he (Akbar) reached the wished spot and laid the foundations of the city and planned four forts." Abul Fazal adds, "Ilahabad anciently called Prayag was distinguished by His Imperial Majesty [Akbar] by the former name". The role of Akbar in founding the Ilahabad – later called Allahabad – fort and city is mentioned by `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni as well.

Nizamuddin Ahmad gives two different dates for Allahabad's foundation, in different sections of "Tabaqat-i-Akbari". He states that Akbar laid the foundation of the city at a place of the confluence of Ganges and Jumna which was a very sacred site of Hindus, then gives 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding, and that it was named Ilahabas.

Allahabad [SEP] Mughal rule


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: when did the rule of the mughal empire in this place start?

Context: 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding

Question: who is lal bahadur shastri?

Answer: An Indian politician who served as the second Prime Minister of India.

Explanation: Lal Bahadur Shastri (, , 2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was an Indian politician who served as the second Prime Minister of India. He promoted the White Revolution – a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk – by supporting the Amul milk co-operative of Anand, Gujarat and creating the National Dairy Development Board. Underlining the need to boost India's food production, Shastri also promoted the Green Revolution in India in 1965. This led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Lal Bahadur Shastri [SEP] Introduction

He studied in East Central Railway Inter college and Harish Chandra High School, which he left to join the non-cooperation movement. He worked for the betterment of the Harijans at Muzaffarpur and dropped his caste-derived surname of "Srivastava". Shastri's thoughts were influenced by reading about Swami Vivekananda, Gandhi and Annie Besant. Deeply impressed and influenced by Gandhi, he joined the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. He served as the president of Servants of the People Society (Lok Sevak Mandal), founded by Lala Lajpat Rai and held prominent positions in Indian National Congress. Following independence in 1947, he joined the Indian government and became one of Prime Minister Nehru's key cabinet colleagues, first as Railways Minister (1951–56), and then in numerous other prominent positions, including the Home Minister.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: who is lal bahadur shastri?

Context: An Indian politician who served as the second Prime Minister of India.

Question: who was the first prime minister of india?

Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru [SEP] Introduction

Jawaharlal Nehru (; ; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian independence activist and, subsequently, the first Prime Minister of India, as well as a central figure in Indian politics both before and after independence. He emerged as an eminent leader of the Indian independence movement, serving India as Prime Minister from its establishment in 1947 as an independent nation, until his death in 1964. He was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community, while Indian children knew him as better as Chacha Nehru (Hindi: ). The son of Swarup Rani and Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: who is lal bahadur shastri?

Context: who was the first prime minister of india?

Context: Jawaharlal Nehru

Question: when was he born?

Answer: 14 November 1889

Jawaharlal Nehru [SEP] Birth and family background

Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His father, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), a self-made wealthy barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community, served twice as President of the Indian National Congress, in 1919 and 1928. His mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore, was Motilal's second wife, the first having died in childbirth. Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls. The elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly. The youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: who is lal bahadur shastri?

Context: Jawaharlal Nehru

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 November 1889

Question: who is chandra shekhar?

Answer: An Indian politician who served as the eighth Prime Minister of India, between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991.

Chandra Shekhar [SEP] Introduction

Chandra Shekhar Singh was an Indian politician who served as the eighth Prime Minister of India, between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He headed a minority government of a breakaway faction of the Janata Dal with outside support from the Indian National Congress as a stop gap arrangement to delay elections. He is the first Indian Prime Minister who has never held any Government office. His government was largely seen as a "puppet" and "lame duck" and the government was formed with the fewest party MPs in the Lok Sabha. His government could not pass the budget at a crucial time when Moody had downgraded India and it further went down after the budget was not passed and global credit-rating agencies further downgraded India from investment grade making it impossible to even get short-term loans and in no position to give any commitment to reform, the World Bank and IMF stopped their assistance.


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: who is lal bahadur shastri?

Context: Jawaharlal Nehru

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 November 1889

Context: who is chandra shekhar?

Context: An Indian politician who served as the eighth Prime Minister of India, between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991.

Question: what is the white revolution?

Answer: A far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which lasted until 1979. He reformed the program which was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system.

Explanation: The White Revolution ( "Enqelāb-e Sefid") or the Shah and People Revolution ( "Enqelāb-e Shāh o Mardom") was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which lasted until 1979. He reformed the program which was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system. It consisted of several elements, including land reform, sale of some state-owned factories to finance the land reform, construction of an expanded road, rail, and air network, a number of dam and irrigation projects, the eradication of diseases such as malaria, the encouragement and support of industrial growth, enfranchisement of women, nationalization of forests and pastures, formation of literacy and health corps for rural isolated areas, and institution of profit sharing schemes for workers in industry. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Shah sought to develop a more independent foreign policy and established working relationships with the Soviet Union

White Revolution [SEP] Introduction


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: who is lal bahadur shastri?

Context: Jawaharlal Nehru

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 November 1889

Context: who is chandra shekhar?

Context: what is the white revolution?

Context: A far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which lasted until 1979. He reformed the program which was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system.

Question: what was the climatic conditions of iran?

Answer: Diverse climatic conditions ranging from arid and semi-arid, to subtropical

Explanation: Having 11 climates out of the world's 13, Iran's climate is diverse, ranging from arid and semi-arid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain), temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed . Annual precipitation is in the eastern part of the plain and more than in the western part. Gary Lewis, the United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran, has said that "Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".

Iran [SEP] Climate


Context: what was it climatic conditions?

Context: humid subtropical climate

Context: who founded this place?

Context: Mughal emperor Akbar

Context: what was it officially known as?

Context: Prayagraj

Context: what is it's population?

Context: what is triveni sangam?

Context: what is the prayaga bull pillar?

Context: who is lal bahadur shastri?

Context: Jawaharlal Nehru

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 November 1889

Context: who is chandra shekhar?

Context: what is the white revolution?

Context: what was the climatic conditions of iran?

Context: Diverse climatic conditions ranging from arid and semi-arid, to subtropical

Question: what was the pahlavi dynasty?

Answer: Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah abdicated and was replaced by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his 21 year old son.

Explanation: In the midst of World War II, in June 1941, Nazi Germany broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and invaded the Soviet Union, Iran's northern neighbor. The Soviets quickly allied themselves with the Allied countries and in July and August, 1941 the British demanded that the Iranian government expel all Germans from Iran. Reza Shah refused to expel the Germans and on 25 August 1941, the British and Soviets launched a surprise invasion and Reza Shah's government quickly surrendered. The invasion's strategic purpose was to secure a supply line to the USSR (later named the Persian Corridor), secure the oil fields and Abadan Refinery (of the UK-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company), prevent a German advance via Turkey or the USSR on Baku's oil fields, and limit German influence in Iran. Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah abdicated and was replaced by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his 21 year old son.

Iran [SEP] Pahlavi dynasty


Question: who was involved in the voyage of the james caird

Answer: Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions

Voyage of the James Caird [SEP] Introduction

The voyage of the "James Caird" was a journey of from Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands through the Southern Ocean to South Georgia, undertaken by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions to obtain rescue for the main body of the stranded Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917. Polar historians regard the voyage of the crew in a 22.5' lifeboat through the "Furious Fifties" as one of the greatest small-boat journeys ever completed. In October 1915, pack ice in the Weddell Sea had sunk the main expedition ship "Endurance", leaving Shackleton and his 27 companions adrift on a floe. They drifted northward until April 1916, when the floe they had encamped broke up, then made their way in the ship's lifeboats to Elephant Island.


Context: who was involved in the voyage of the james caird

Context: Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions

Question: who was he?

Answer: Irish Antarctic explorer

Explanation: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (; 15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic

Ernest Shackleton [SEP] Introduction

In 1921, he returned to the Antarctic with the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition, but died of a heart attack while his ship was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request, he was buried there.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Question: where did he travel to?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Ernest Shackleton [SEP] Introduction

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (; 15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Shackleton's first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's "Discovery" expedition of 1901–1904, from which he was sent home early on health grounds, after he and his companions Scott and Edward Adrian Wilson set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S. During the "Nimrod" expedition of 1907–1909, he and three companions established a new record Farthest South latitude at 88°S, only 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles or 180 kilometres) from the South Pole, the largest advance to the pole in exploration history.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Ernest Shackleton [SEP] Childhood

Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874, in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland. His father, Henry Shackleton, tried to enter the army, but his poor health prevented him from doing so. He became a farmer instead, settling in Kilkea. The Shackleton family are of English origin, specifically from Yorkshire. Abraham Shackleton, an English Quaker, moved to Ireland in 1726 and started a school at Ballitore, County Kildare. Shackleton's mother, Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan, was descended from the Fitzmaurice family. Ernest was the second of their ten children and the first of two sons; the second, Frank, achieved notoriety as a suspect, later exonerated, in the 1907 theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Question: what did he start his career as?

Answer: An apprentice "before the mast" on a sailing vessel "Hoghton Tower"

Ernest Shackleton [SEP] Merchant Navy officer

Shackleton's restlessness at school was such that he was allowed to leave at 16 and go to sea. The options available were a Royal Navy cadetship at , which Shackleton could not afford; the mercantile marine cadet ships "Worcester" and ; or an apprenticeship "before the mast" on a sailing vessel. The third option was chosen. His father was able to secure him a berth with the North Western Shipping Company, aboard the square-rigged sailing ship "Hoghton Tower". During the following four years at sea, Shackleton learned his trade, visiting the far corners of the earth and forming acquaintances with a variety of people from many walks of life, learning to be at home with all kinds of men.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: An apprentice "before the mast" on a sailing vessel "Hoghton Tower"

Question: which place did he make his first expedition to?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: which place did he make his first expedition to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you mention a few places where he has explored?

Answer: Antarctic coast, via Cape Town and New Zealand

Ernest Shackleton [SEP] "Discovery" expedition, 1901–1903

Shackleton's particular duties were listed as: "In charge of seawater analysis. Ward-room caterer. In charge of holds, stores and provisions [...] He also arranges the entertainments." "Discovery" departed London on 31 July 1901, arriving at the Antarctic coast, via Cape Town and New Zealand, on 8 January 1902. After landing, Shackleton took part in an experimental balloon flight on 4 February. He also participated, with the scientists Edward Adrian Wilson and Hartley Ferrar, in the first sledging trip from the expedition's winter quarters in McMurdo Sound, a journey which established a safe route on to the Great Ice Barrier. During the Antarctic winter of 1902, in the confines of the iced-in "Discovery", Shackleton edited the expedition's magazine "The South Polar Times".


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention a few places where he has explored?

Question: was any names given to his expeditions?

Answer: Discovery expedition

Explanation: "Discovery" departed London on 31 July 1901, arriving at the Antarctic coast, via Cape Town and New Zealand, on 8 January 1902


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Question: when was it done?

Answer: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Explanation: Discovery" departed London on 31 July 1901, arriving at the Antarctic coast, via Cape Town and New Zealand, on 8 January 1902.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Question: which was his final expedition?

Answer: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Ernest Shackleton [SEP] Final expedition and death

The goals of the venture were imprecise, but a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and investigation of some "lost" sub-Antarctic islands, such as Tuanaki, were mentioned as objectives. Rowett agreed to finance the entire expedition, which became known as the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition. On 16 September 1921, Shackleton recorded a farewell address on a sound-on-film system created by Harry Grindell Matthews, who claimed it was the first "talking picture" ever made. The expedition left England on 24 September 1921.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Question: what was it about?

Answer: Sir Ernest Shackleton's last Antarctic project, and the final episode in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration

Shackleton–Rowett Expedition [SEP] Introduction

The Shackleton–Rowett Expedition (1921–22) was Sir Ernest Shackleton's last Antarctic project, and the final episode in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. The venture, financed by John Quiller Rowett, is sometimes referred to as the "Quest" Expedition after its ship "Quest", a converted Norwegian sealer. Shackleton had originally intended to go to the Arctic and explore the Beaufort Sea, but this plan was abandoned when the Canadian government withheld financial support; Shackleton thereupon switched his attention to the Antarctic. "Quest", smaller than any recent Antarctic exploration vessel, soon proved inadequate for its task, and progress south was delayed by its poor sailing performance and by frequent engine problems.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Context: what was it about?

Context: Sir Ernest Shackleton's last Antarctic project, and the final episode in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration

Question: who all were there with him in it?

Answer: Frank Wild, Frank Worsley, Leonard Hussey, Alexander Macklin and James McIlroy

Shackleton–Rowett Expedition [SEP] Personnel

Frank Wild, on his fourth trip with Shackleton, filled the second-in-command post as he had on the "Endurance " expedition. Frank Worsley, "Endurance"s former captain, became captain of "Quest". Other old comrades included surgeons Alexander Macklin and James McIlroy, meteorologist Leonard Hussey, engineer Alexander Kerr, seaman Tom McLeod and cook Charles Green. Shackleton had assumed that Tom Crean would sign up, and had assigned him duties "in charge of boats", but Crean had retired from the navy to start a family back home in County Kerry, and declined Shackleton's invitation. Of the newcomers, Roderick Carr, a New Zealand-born Royal Air Force pilot, was hired to fly the expedition's aeroplane, an Avro Baby modified as a seaplane with an 80-horsepower engine.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Context: what was it about?

Context: who all were there with him in it?

Context: Frank Wild, Frank Worsley, Leonard Hussey, Alexander Macklin and James McIlroy

Question: what was the aim of it?

Answer: A circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and the mapping of around 2,000 miles of uncharted coastline, encompassing a search for "lost" or wrongly charted sub-Antarctic islands, investigating possible mineral resources to be exploited in these rediscovered lands

Explanation: , the latter plan had expanded to include a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and the mapping of around 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of uncharted coastline. It would also encompass a search for "lost" or wrongly charted sub-Antarctic islands (including Dougherty Island, Tuanaki, and the Nimrod Islands), and would investigate possible mineral resources to be exploited in these rediscovered lands

Shackleton–Rowett Expedition [SEP] Objectives

The extent of Rowett's contribution is not recorded; in an (undated) prospectus for the southern expedition Shackleton had estimated the total cost as "about £100,000". Whatever the total, Rowett appears to have funded the lion's share, enabling Frank Wild to record later that, unique among Antarctic expeditions of the era, this one returned home without any outstanding debt. According to Wild, without Rowett's actions the expedition would have been impossible: "His generous attitude is the more remarkable in that he knew there was no prospect of financial return, and what he did was in the interest of scientific research and from friendship with Shackleton." His only recognition was the attachment of his name to the title of the expedition.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Context: what was it about?

Context: who all were there with him in it?

Context: what was the aim of it?

Context: A circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and the mapping of around 2,000 miles of uncharted coastline, encompassing a search for "lost" or wrongly charted sub-Antarctic islands, investigating possible mineral resources to be exploited in these rediscovered lands

Question: how did he die?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Even before his problems with the Canadian government, Shackleton had been considering a southern expedition as a possible alternative to the Beaufort Sea. According to the RGS librarian Hugh Robert Mill, as early as March 1920 Shackleton had talked about two possible schemes—the Beaufort Sea exploration, and "an oceanographical expedition with the object of visiting all the little-known islands of the South Atlantic and South Pacific". By June 1921, the latter plan had expanded to include a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and the mapping of around 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of uncharted coastline. It would also encompass a search for "lost" or wrongly charted sub-Antarctic islands (including Dougherty Island, Tuanaki, and the Nimrod Islands), and would investigate possible mineral resources to be exploited in these rediscovered lands.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Context: what was it about?

Context: who all were there with him in it?

Context: what was the aim of it?

Context: how did he die?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what observations did they make?

Answer: It collected data and specimens at each port of call and the geological and survey work was carried out but but it was, in Leif Mills's words, "little enough to show for a year's work"

Explanation: These results were summarised in five brief appendices to Wild's book. The summaries reflected the efforts of the scientific staff to collect data and specimens at each port of call, and the geological and survey work carried out by Carr and Douglas on South Georgia, before the southern voyage. Eventually a few scientific papers and articles were developed from this material, but it was, in Leif Mills's words, "little enough to show for a year's work".

Shackleton–Rowett Expedition [SEP] Assessment

Eventually a few scientific papers and articles were developed from this material, but it was, in Leif Mills's words, "little enough to show for a year's work". The lack of a clear, defined expedition objective was aggravated by the failure to call at Cape Town on the way south, which meant that important equipment was not picked up. On South Georgia, Wild found little that could make up for this loss – there were no dogs on the island, so no sledging work could be carried out, which eliminated Wild's preferred choice of a revised expedition goal, an exploration of Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Context: what was it about?

Context: who all were there with him in it?

Context: what was the aim of it?

Context: how did he die?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what observations did they make?

Context: It collected data and specimens at each port of call and the geological and survey work was carried out but but it was, in Leif Mills's words, "little enough to show for a year's work"

Question: did all of them make a safe return after it?

Answer: Yes. Everyone except Shackleton

Shackleton–Rowett Expedition [SEP] Return

"Quest" remained in South Georgia for a month, during which time Shackleton's old comrades erected a memorial cairn to their former leader, on a headland overlooking the entrance to Grytviken harbour. On 8 May 1922, "Quest" sailed for Cape Town, where Wild hoped to arrange a refit in preparation for a more productive second season in the ice. The first port of call was Tristan da Cunha, a remote inhabited island to the west and south of Cape Town. After a rough crossing of the "Roaring Forties", "Quest" arrived there on 20 May. Following orders from Robert Baden-Powell, Marr presented a flag to the local Scout Troop.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Context: what was it about?

Context: who all were there with him in it?

Context: what was the aim of it?

Context: how did he die?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what observations did they make?

Context: did all of them make a safe return after it?

Context: Yes. Everyone except Shackleton

Question: what happened to him?

Answer: He died on board the ship

Before the expedition's work could properly begin, Shackleton died on board the ship, just after its arrival at the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia. The major part of the subsequent attenuated expedition was a three-month cruise to the eastern Antarctic, under the leadership of the party's second-in-command, Frank Wild. The shortcomings of "Quest" were soon in evidence: slow speed, heavy fuel consumption, a tendency to roll in heavy seas, and a steady leak. The ship was unable to proceed further than longitude 20°E, well short of its easterly target, and its engine's low power coupled with its unsuitable bows was insufficient for it to penetrate southward through the pack ice.


Context: who was he?

Context: Irish Antarctic explorer

Context: where did he travel to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland

Context: what did he start his career as?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was any names given to his expeditions?

Context: Discovery expedition

Context: when was it done?

Context: 31 July 1901 to 8 January 1902

Context: which was his final expedition?

Context: Shackleton–Rowett Expedition

Context: what was it about?

Context: who all were there with him in it?

Context: what was the aim of it?

Context: how did he die?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what observations did they make?

Context: Yes. Everyone except Shackleton

Context: what happened to him?

Context: He died on board the ship

Question: when did that happen?

Answer: 5 January 1922

Explanation: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (; 15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922)

Ernest Shackleton [SEP] Introduction

Also, members of his team climbed Mount Erebus, the most active Antarctic volcano. For these achievements, Shackleton was knighted by King Edward VII on his return home. After the race to the South Pole ended in December 1911, with Roald Amundsen's conquest, Shackleton turned his attention to the crossing of Antarctica from sea to sea, via the pole. To this end, he made preparations for what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917. Disaster struck this expedition when its ship, , became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed. The crew escaped by camping on the sea ice until it disintegrated, then by launching the lifeboats to reach Elephant Island and ultimately South Georgia Island, a stormy ocean voyage of and Shackleton's most famous exploit.


Question: who is believed to be the originator of yoga

Answer: Ancient India

Explanation: which originated in ancient India.

Yoga [SEP] Introduction

Yoga (; ; ) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. Yoga is one of the six Āstika (orthodox) schools of Hindu philosophical traditions. There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The term "Yoga" in the Western world often denotes a modern form of hatha yoga and yoga as exercise, consisting largely of the postures or asanas. The practice of yoga has been thought to date back to pre-vedic Indian traditions; possibly in the Indus valley civilization around 3000 BCE. Yoga is mentioned in the Rigveda, and also referenced in the Upanishads.


Context: who is believed to be the originator of yoga

Context: Ancient India

Question: traditionally, what is the primary aim of this exercise?

Answer: The ultimate goal of Yoga is "Moksha" (liberation), although the exact form this takes depends on the philosophical or theological system with which it is conjugated.

Yoga [SEP] Goals

The ultimate goal of Yoga is "Moksha" (liberation), although the exact form this takes depends on the philosophical or theological system with which it is conjugated. In the classical Astanga yoga system, the ultimate goal of yoga practice is to achieve the state of Samadhi and abide in that state as pure awareness. According to Jacobsen, Yoga has five principal traditional meanings:


Context: Ancient India

Context: traditionally, what is the primary aim of this exercise?

Context: The ultimate goal of Yoga is "Moksha" (liberation), although the exact form this takes depends on the philosophical or theological system with which it is conjugated.

Question: can you name some texts that expound this in the classical period?

Answer: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Yoga [SEP] Textual references

The first use of the root of the word "yoga" is in hymn 5.81.1 of the Rig Veda, a dedication to the rising Sun-god in the morning (Savitri), where it has been interpreted as "yoke" or "yogically control". The earliest evidence of Yogis and Yoga tradition is found in the Keśin hymn 10.136 of the Rigveda, states Karel Werner. The Rigveda, however, does not describe yoga, and there is little evidence as to what the practices were. Early references to practices that later became part of yoga, are made in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, the earliest Hindu Upanishad. For example, the practice of pranayama (consciously regulating breath) is mentioned in hymn 1.5.23 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (c.


Context: Ancient India

Context: can you name some texts that expound this in the classical period?

Context: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Question: which language was the former composed in?

Answer: Sanskrit

Yoga [SEP] Etymology

The Sanskrit noun योग "" is derived from the sanskrit root " (युज्) " "to attach, join, harness, yoke". The word yoga is cognate with English "yoke". In the context of yoga sutras, the word Yoga means "Union". The spiritual sense of the word "yoga" first arises in Epic Sanskrit, in the second half of the 1st millennium BCE, and is associated with the philosophical system presented in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, with the chief aim of "uniting" the human spirit with the Divine spirit. The term "kriyāyoga" has a technical meaning in the "Yoga Sutras" (2.1), designating the "practical" aspects of the philosophy, i.e.


Context: Ancient India

Context: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Context: which language was the former composed in?

Context: Sanskrit

Question: when was it first written down?

Answer: Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE

Sanskrit [SEP] Introduction

As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting impact on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Old Indo-Aryan varieties. The most archaic of these is Vedic Sanskrit found in the Rig Veda, a collection of 1,028 hymns composed between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE by Indo-Aryan tribes migrating east from what today is Afghanistan across northern Pakistan and into northern India. Vedic Sanskrit interacted with the preexisting ancient languages of the subcontinent, absorbing names of newly encountered plants and animals; in addition, the ancient Dravidian languages influenced Sanskrit's phonology and syntax.


Context: Ancient India

Context: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Context: Sanskrit

Context: when was it first written down?

Context: Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE

Question: how was it appropriated in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

Answer: It is mostly used for literature and  Carnatic and Hindustani branches of classical music

Explanation:
More than 3,000 Sanskrit works have been composed since India's independence in 1947. Much of this work has been judged of high quality, in comparison to both classical Sanskrit literature and modern literature in other Indian languages.

The Sahitya Akademi has given an award for the best creative work in Sanskrit every year since 1967. In 2009, Satya Vrat Shastri became the first Sanskrit author to win the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award.

Sanskrit is used extensively in the Carnatic and Hindustani branches of classical music. Kirtanas, bhajans, stotras, and shlokas of Sanskrit are popular throughout India. The samaveda uses musical notations in several of its recessions.

Sanskrit [SEP] Literature and arts


Context: Ancient India

Context: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Context: Sanskrit

Context: when was it first written down?

Context: Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE

Context: how was it appropriated in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

Context: It is mostly used for literature and  Carnatic and Hindustani branches of classical music

Question: who were some of the early masters of the first tradition of music you just mentioned?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sanskrit [SEP] Literature and arts


Context: Ancient India

Context: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Context: Sanskrit

Context: when was it first written down?

Context: Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE

Context: who were some of the early masters of the first tradition of music you just mentioned?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are some of the musical instruments that accompany this tradition?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sanskrit [SEP] Literature and arts


Context: Ancient India

Context: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Context: Sanskrit

Context: when was it first written down?

Context: Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are some of the musical instruments that accompany this tradition?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which group of languages does the above mentioned language belong to?

Answer: It is a classical language of South Asia belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

Sanskrit [SEP] Introduction

Sanskrit (, attributively संस्कृत-, "saṃskṛta-", nominally संस्कृतम्, "saṃskṛitam") is a classical language of South Asia belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions.


Context: Ancient India

Context: Rig Veda,  Upanishad

Context: Sanskrit

Context: when was it first written down?

Context: Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which group of languages does the above mentioned language belong to?

Context: It is a classical language of South Asia belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

Question: which other languages belong in this group?

Answer: Marathi,  Rajasthani,  Assamese

Explanation: The largest in terms of L1 speakers are Hindi-Urdu (about 329 million), Bengali (242 million), Punjabi (about 120 million), Marathi, (112 million), Gujarati (60 million), Rajasthani (58 million), Bhojpuri (51 million), Odia (35 million), Maithili (about 34 million), Sindhi (25 million), Nepali (16 million), Assamese (15 million), Chhattisgarhi (18 million) and other languages, with a 2005 estimate placing the total number of native speakers at nearly 900 million.

Indo-Aryan languages [SEP] Introduction


Question: who was olivier messiaen?

Answer: He was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist

Olivier Messiaen [SEP] Introduction

Olivier Eugène Prosper Charles Messiaen (, , ; December 10, 1908 – April 27, 1992) was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist, one of the major composers of the 20th century. His music is rhythmically complex; harmonically and melodically he employs a system he called "modes of limited transposition", which he abstracted from the systems of material generated by his early compositions and improvisations. He wrote music for chamber ensembles and orchestra, vocal music, as well as for solo organ and piano, and also experimented with the use of novel electronic instruments developed in Europe during his lifetime. He travelled widely and wrote works inspired by diverse influences ranging from Japanese music, the landscape of Bryce Canyon in Utah and the life of St.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: He was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist

Question: what instrument does the second type of person play?

Answer: Organ

Organist [SEP] Introduction

An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumental soloists. In addition, an organist may accompany congregational hymn-singing and play liturgical music.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: what instrument does the second type of person play?

Context: Organ

Question: what type of instrument is that?

Answer: It is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions

Organ (music) [SEP] Introduction

In music, the organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions or other means for producing tones, each played with its own keyboard, played either with the hands on a keyboard or with the feet using pedals.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: It is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions

Question: which are the modern versions of this type?

Answer: Hammond organ a type of electronic organ.

Explanation: Hammond organ

Organ (music) [SEP] Electronic organs

Since the 1930s, pipeless electric instruments have been available to produce similar sounds and perform similar roles to pipe organs. Many of these have been bought both by houses of worship and other potential pipe organ customers, and also by many musicians both professional and amateur for whom a pipe organ would not be a possibility. Far smaller and cheaper to buy than a corresponding pipe instrument, and in many cases portable, they have taken organ music into private homes and into dance bands and other new environments, and have almost completely replaced the reed organ. The Hammond organ was the first successful electric organ, released in the 1930s.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: which are the modern versions of this type?

Context: Hammond organ a type of electronic organ.

Question: what are the features of the first one?

Answer: The sound is generated by creating an electric current from rotating a metal tonewheel near an electromagnetic pickup, and then strengthening the signal with an amplifier to drive a speaker cabinet.

Hammond organ [SEP] Introduction

The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert and first manufactured in 1935. Various models have been produced, most of which use sliding drawbars to vary sounds. Until 1975, Hammond organs generated sound by creating an electric current from rotating a metal tonewheel near an electromagnetic pickup, and then strengthening the signal with an amplifier to drive a speaker cabinet. The organ is commonly used with the Leslie speaker. Around two million Hammond organs have been manufactured. The organ was originally marketed by the Hammond Organ Company to churches as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven pipe organ, or instead of a piano.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: The sound is generated by creating an electric current from rotating a metal tonewheel near an electromagnetic pickup, and then strengthening the signal with an amplifier to drive a speaker cabinet.

Question: what were the early uses of the tonewheel?

Answer: It is used as a beat frequency oscillator in early radio receivers to make continuous wave radiotelegraphy (Morse code) signals audible.

Explanation: by Rudolph Goldschmidt as a beat frequency oscillator in early radio receivers to make continuous wave radiotelegraphy (Morse code) signals audible.

Tonewheel [SEP] Early uses


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: what were the early uses of the tonewheel?

Context: It is used as a beat frequency oscillator in early radio receivers to make continuous wave radiotelegraphy (Morse code) signals audible.

Question: what are the uses of this code in aviation?

Answer: The pilots use this code to ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable

Morse code [SEP] Aviation

In aviation, pilots use radio navigation aids. To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters (usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name) in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. For example, the VOR-DME based at Vilo Acuña Airport in Cayo Largo del Sur, Cuba is coded as "UCL", and UCL in Morse code is transmitted on its radio frequency. In some countries, during periods of maintenance, the facility may radiate a T-E-S-T code () or the code may be removed which tells pilots and navigators that the station is unreliable.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: what are the uses of this code in aviation?

Context: The pilots use this code to ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable

Question: whom is the code named after?

Answer: Samuel Morse

Explanation: Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, an inventor of the telegraph.

Morse code [SEP] Introduction

Thus the most common letter in English, the letter "E", has the shortest code: a single dot. Because the Morse code elements are specified by proportion rather than specific time durations, the code is usually transmitted at the highest rate that the receiver is capable of decoding. The Morse code transmission rate ("speed") is specified in "groups per minute", commonly referred to as "words per minute". Morse code is usually transmitted by on-off keying of an information-carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light, or sound waves. The current or wave is present during the time period of the dot or dash and absent during the time between dots and dashes.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Question: what were some of his inventions?

Answer: Single-wire telegraph system

Samuel Morse [SEP] Introduction

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor and painter. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Question: did he create any paintings?

Answer: Yes, the "Dying Hercules" is his master piece.

Samuel Morse [SEP] Painting

In England, Morse perfected his painting techniques under Allston's watchful eye; by the end of 1811, he gained admittance to the Royal Academy. At the Academy, he was moved by the art of the Renaissance and paid close attention to the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. After observing and practicing life drawing and absorbing its anatomical demands, the young artist produced his masterpiece, the "Dying Hercules". (He first made a sculpture as a study for the painting.) To some, the "Dying Hercules" seemed to represent a political statement against the British and also the American Federalists. The muscles symbolized the strength of the young and vibrant United States versus the British and British-American supporters.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: Yes, the "Dying Hercules" is his master piece.

Question: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Answer: He was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany, and Turkey

Samuel Morse [SEP] Foreign recognition

Assisted by the American ambassador in Paris, the governments of Europe were approached about their long neglect of Morse while their countries were using his invention. There was a widespread recognition that something must be done, and in 1858 Morse was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs (equivalent to about $80,000 at the time) by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany, and Turkey, each of which contributed a share according to the number of Morse instruments in use in each country. In 1858, he was also elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: He was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany, and Turkey

Question: which are the major visual arts in the last country?

Answer: Turkish painting, Carpet weaving, Ottoman miniature

Explanation: Turkish painting

Turkey [SEP] Visual arts

Turkish painting, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid 19th century. The first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the Istanbul Technical University (then the "Imperial Military Engineering School") in 1793, mostly for technical purposes. In the late 19th century, human figure in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with Osman Hamdi Bey. Impressionism, among the contemporary trends, appeared later on with Halil Pasha. The young Turkish artists sent to Europe in 1926 came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism, Cubism and even Expressionism, still very influential in Europe.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: which are the major visual arts in the last country?

Context: Turkish painting, Carpet weaving, Ottoman miniature

Question: where did the last one originate?

Answer: Istanbul

Ottoman miniature [SEP] Origin

During the reign of Mehmed II, a court workshop called "Nakkashane-i Rum" that also functioned as an academy was founded in Topkapı Palace in Istanbul to create illuminated picture manuscripts for the Sultan and the courtiers. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Herat workshop of Persian miniaturists was closed, and its famous instructor Behzad (or Bihzad) went to Tabriz. After the Ottoman emperor Selim I briefly conquered Tabriz in 1514, taking many manuscripts back to Istanbul, the "Nakkashane-i Irani" (The Persian Academy of Painting) was founded in Topkapı Palace for imported Persian artists. The artists of these two painting academies formed two different schools of painting: The artists in "Nakkashane-i Rum" were specialized in documentary books, like the "Shehinshahname", showing the public, and to some extent the private, lives of rulers, their portraits and historical events; Shemaili Ali Osman—portraits of rulers; "Surname"—pictures depicting weddings and especially circumcision festivities; Shecaatname-wars commanded by pashas.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: where did the last one originate?

Context: Istanbul

Question: was the city known by any other name?

Answer: Byzantium

Istanbul [SEP] Introduction

Istanbul ( , ; ), formerly known as "Byzantium" and "Constantinople", is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus. With a total population of around fifteen million residents in its metropolitan area, Istanbul is one of the world's largest cities by population, ranking as the world's fifteenth-largest city and the largest city in Europe.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: where did the last one originate?

Context: Istanbul

Context: was the city known by any other name?

Context: Byzantium

Question: where did this name of the city originate from?

Answer: The Anglicization of Latin "Byzantinus" yielded "Byzantine"

Byzantium [SEP] Name

(An ellipsis of ). "Byzantinós" (, ) denoted an inhabitant of the empire. The Anglicization of Latin "Byzantinus" yielded "Byzantine", with 15th and 16th century forms including "Byzantin", "Bizantin(e)", "Bezantin(e)", and "Bysantin" as well as "Byzantian" and "Bizantian".


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: where did the last one originate?

Context: Istanbul

Context: was the city known by any other name?

Context: Byzantium

Context: where did this name of the city originate from?

Context: The Anglicization of Latin "Byzantinus" yielded "Byzantine"

Question: are there any ethnic groups in the modern city?

Answer: Kurdish,  Bosniaks

Istanbul [SEP] Religious and ethnic groups

The largest ethnic minority in Istanbul is the Kurdish community, originating from eastern and southeastern Turkey. Although the Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period, the influx of Kurds into the city has accelerated since the beginning of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict in the late 1970s. Between two and four million residents of Istanbul are Kurdish, meaning there are more Kurds in Istanbul than in any other city in the world. There are other significant ethnic minorities as well, the Bosniaks are the main people of an entire district – Bayrampaşa. The neighborhood of Balat used to be home to a sizable Sephardi Jewish community, first formed after their expulsion from Spain in 1492.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: where did the last one originate?

Context: Istanbul

Context: was the city known by any other name?

Context: Byzantium

Context: are there any ethnic groups in the modern city?

Context: Kurdish,  Bosniaks

Question: which language is spoken by the second group?

Answer: the Bosnian language

Bosniaks [SEP] Language

Most of the Bosniaks speak the Bosnian language, a South Slavic language of the Western South Slavic subgroup. Standard Bosnian is considered a variety of Serbo-Croatian, as mutually intelligible with the Croatian and Serbian languages which are all based on the Shtokavian dialect. As such, Serbo-Croatian is an arbitrary term applied to a language spoken by several ethnic groups, including the Bosniaks, and is for various reasons controversial for native speakers who do not use the term. As result, paraphrases such as "Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB)" or "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS)" tend to be used in English on occasion. At the vernacular level, Bosniaks are more linguistically homogeneous than Serbs or Croats who also speak non-standard dialects beside Shtokavian.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: He was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist

Context: what instrument does the second type of person play?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: It is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions

Context: which are the modern versions of this type?

Context: Hammond organ a type of electronic organ.

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: The sound is generated by creating an electric current from rotating a metal tonewheel near an electromagnetic pickup, and then strengthening the signal with an amplifier to drive a speaker cabinet.

Context: what were the early uses of the tonewheel?

Context: It is used as a beat frequency oscillator in early radio receivers to make continuous wave radiotelegraphy (Morse code) signals audible.

Context: what are the uses of this code in aviation?

Context: The pilots use this code to ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: Yes, the "Dying Hercules" is his master piece.

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: He was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany, and Turkey

Context: which are the major visual arts in the last country?

Context: Turkish painting, Carpet weaving, Ottoman miniature

Context: where did the last one originate?

Context: Istanbul

Context: was the city known by any other name?

Context: Byzantium

Context: where did this name of the city originate from?

Context: The Anglicization of Latin "Byzantinus" yielded "Byzantine"

Context: are there any ethnic groups in the modern city?

Context: Kurdish,  Bosniaks

Context: which language is spoken by the second group?

Context: the Bosnian language

Question: is there any controversy related to it?

Answer: The controversy arises because the name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms.

Bosnian language [SEP] Controversy and recognition

The name "Bosnian language" is a controversial issue for some Croats and Serbs, who also refer to it as the "Bosniak" language ( / ; ). Bosniak linguists however insist that the only legitimate name is "Bosnian" language (""), and that that is the name that both Croats and Serbs should use. The controversy arises because the name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms. The language is called "Bosnian language" in the 1995 Dayton Accords and is concluded by observers to have received legitimacy and international recognition at the time.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: He was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist

Context: what instrument does the second type of person play?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: It is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions

Context: which are the modern versions of this type?

Context: Hammond organ a type of electronic organ.

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: The sound is generated by creating an electric current from rotating a metal tonewheel near an electromagnetic pickup, and then strengthening the signal with an amplifier to drive a speaker cabinet.

Context: what were the early uses of the tonewheel?

Context: It is used as a beat frequency oscillator in early radio receivers to make continuous wave radiotelegraphy (Morse code) signals audible.

Context: what are the uses of this code in aviation?

Context: The pilots use this code to ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: Yes, the "Dying Hercules" is his master piece.

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: He was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany, and Turkey

Context: which are the major visual arts in the last country?

Context: Turkish painting, Carpet weaving, Ottoman miniature

Context: where did the last one originate?

Context: Istanbul

Context: was the city known by any other name?

Context: Byzantium

Context: where did this name of the city originate from?

Context: The Anglicization of Latin "Byzantinus" yielded "Byzantine"

Context: are there any ethnic groups in the modern city?

Context: Kurdish,  Bosniaks

Context: which language is spoken by the second group?

Context: the Bosnian language

Context: is there any controversy related to it?

Context: The controversy arises because the name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms.

Question: which is the common cuisine of the second group that reject this designation?

Answer: Turkish coffee,  bread, slatko, kajmak, Ćevapčići, slava

Explanation: Traditionally, Turkish coffee is prepared after a meal, and is served in small cups. Bread is the basis of all Serbian meals, and it plays an important role in Serbian cuisine and can be found in religious rituals. A traditional Serbian welcome is to offer bread and salt to guests, and also "slatko" (fruit preserve). Meat is widely consumed, as is fish. Serbian specialties include "kajmak" (a dairy product similar to clotted cream), "proja" (cornbread), "kačamak" (corn-flour porridge), and "gibanica" (cheese and kajmak pie). Ćevapčići, caseless grilled and seasoned sausages made of minced meat, is the national dish of Serbia.

Serbs [SEP] Cuisine

The international name "Slivovitz" is derived from Serbian. Plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs. A Serbian meal usually starts or ends with plum products and Šljivovica is served as an aperitif. A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best. Traditionally, Šljivovica (commonly referred to as "rakija") is connected to Serbian culture as a drink used at all important rites of passage (birth, baptism, military service, marriage, death, etc.), and in the Serbian Orthodox patron saint celebration ("slava"). It is used in numerous folk remedies, and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks.


Context: who was olivier messiaen?

Context: He was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist

Context: what instrument does the second type of person play?

Context: Organ

Context: what type of instrument is that?

Context: It is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions

Context: which are the modern versions of this type?

Context: Hammond organ a type of electronic organ.

Context: what are the features of the first one?

Context: The sound is generated by creating an electric current from rotating a metal tonewheel near an electromagnetic pickup, and then strengthening the signal with an amplifier to drive a speaker cabinet.

Context: what were the early uses of the tonewheel?

Context: It is used as a beat frequency oscillator in early radio receivers to make continuous wave radiotelegraphy (Morse code) signals audible.

Context: what are the uses of this code in aviation?

Context: The pilots use this code to ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable

Context: whom is the code named after?

Context: Samuel Morse

Context: what were some of his inventions?

Context: Single-wire telegraph system

Context: did he create any paintings?

Context: Yes, the "Dying Hercules" is his master piece.

Context: did he receive any foreign recognition?

Context: He was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany, and Turkey

Context: which are the major visual arts in the last country?

Context: Turkish painting, Carpet weaving, Ottoman miniature

Context: where did the last one originate?

Context: Istanbul

Context: was the city known by any other name?

Context: Byzantium

Context: where did this name of the city originate from?

Context: The Anglicization of Latin "Byzantinus" yielded "Byzantine"

Context: are there any ethnic groups in the modern city?

Context: Kurdish,  Bosniaks

Context: which language is spoken by the second group?

Context: the Bosnian language

Context: is there any controversy related to it?

Context: The controversy arises because the name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms.

Context: which is the common cuisine of the second group that reject this designation?

Context: Turkish coffee,  bread, slatko, kajmak, Ćevapčići, slava

Question: how is the first one prepared?

Answer: It is a style of coffee prepared using very finely ground coffee beans without filtering. sometimes flavoured with cardamom, mastic, salep, or ambergris

Explanation:
Sugar is added to Turkish coffee while brewing, so the amount of sugar must be specified when preparing the coffee. It may be served unsweetened (), with little or moderate sugar (), or sweet (). Coffee is often served with something small and sweet to eat, such as Turkish delight. It is sometimes flavoured with cardamom, mastic, salep, or ambergris.
A lot of the powdered coffee grounds are transferred from the "cezve" to the cup; in the cup, some settle on the bottom but much remains in suspension and is consumed with the coffee.

Turkish coffee [SEP] Preparation

As soon as the mixture begins to froth, and before it boils over, it is taken off the heat; it may be briefly reheated twice more to increase the desired froth. Sometimes about one-third of the coffee is distributed to individual cups; the remaining amount is returned to the fire and distributed to the cups as soon as it comes to the boil. The coffee is traditionally served in a special type of small porcelain cup called a "kahve finjanı". Sugar is added to Turkish coffee while brewing, so the amount of sugar must be specified when preparing the coffee.


Question: who plays first shinedown or five finger death punch

Answer: Ivan Moody, Andy James, Chris Kael, Charlie Engen, and Zoltan Bathory

Explanation: The band originally consisted of vocalist Ivan Moody, guitarist Zoltan Bathory, guitarist Caleb Andrew Bingham, bassist Matt Snell, and drummer Jeremy Spencer. Bingham was replaced by guitarist Darrell Roberts in 2006, who was then replaced by Jason Hook in 2009. Bassist Matt Snell departed from the band in 2010, and was replaced by Chris Kael in 2011. Spencer then departed the band in 2018 due to recurring back issues, and was replaced by Charlie Engen, making guitarist Bathory the only remaining founding member of the band. In October 2020, British guitarist Andy James became the band's lead guitarist, replacing Jason Hook.

Five Finger Death Punch [SEP] Introduction

In October 2020, British guitarist Andy James became the band's lead guitarist, replacing Jason Hook. Five Finger Death Punch's debut album "The Way of the Fist" was released in 2007, which began achieving rapid success and selling over 500,000 copies in the United States. The 2009 follow-up album "War Is the Answer" further increased their popularity, selling over 1,000,000 copies and got certified Platinum by the RIAA, the band's third album, "American Capitalist", was released on October 11, 2011, and achieved Gold status within the year. The following four albums—"The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 1" (2013), "The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2" (2013), "Got Your Six" (2015), and "And Justice for None" (2018)—have all been certified Gold, making Five Finger Death Punch one of the most successful heavy metal bands of the decade.


Context: who plays first shinedown or five finger death punch

Context: Ivan Moody, Andy James, Chris Kael, Charlie Engen, and Zoltan Bathory

Question: what type of music do they play?

Answer: Heavy metal, alternative metal, nu metal, and arena rock

Five Finger Death Punch [SEP] Musical style and influences

Five Finger Death Punch's musical style has generally been regarded as heavy metal, , , alternative metal, nu metal, and arena rock. Thom Jurek of AllMusic wrote that Five Finger Death Punch's "instantly recognizable sound is equal parts melodic and meaty guitar riffs, fat vamps, catchy hooks, tight, flashy solos, and hard-grooving bass and drums". Five Finger Death Punch vocalist Ivan Moody's vocals are usually singing and screaming. The band has also released successful ballads, as well. Bathory described Five Finger Death Punch as "a straight-up heavy metal band with a hint of thrash metal—maybe a hint of the Euro stuff in there" and then said, "that's pretty much what we are".


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: Heavy metal, alternative metal, nu metal, and arena rock

Question: when did this band form?

Answer: 2005

Five Finger Death Punch [SEP] Formation, departure of Bangham, and "The Way of the Fist" (2005–2009)

Five Finger Death Punch was founded in 2005 by former U.P.O. bassist Zoltan Bathory and drummer Jeremy Spencer, Zoltan deriving the band's name from classic martial arts cinema. Bassist Matt Snell joined in early 2006. Later that year, Bathory contacted former Motograter vocalist Ivan Moody, sending him some of the material the band had recorded and asked him to audition for the vocalist position. Moody flew from his home in Denver, Colorado to Los Angeles and quickly began recording material with the band. By the end of 2006, their debut album, "The Way of the Fist" had been recorded and entirely self-produced.


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Question: what was their debut album?

Answer: "The Way of the Fist"

Explanation: Five Finger Death Punch's debut album "The Way of the Fist" was released in 2007


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Question: when was it released?

Answer: 2007


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Question: what were some of the names of the songs from that album?

Answer: "The Bleeding", "Never Enough", and "Stranger than Fiction"

Explanation: Three singles were released from the album, "The Bleeding", "Never Enough", and "Stranger than Fiction".

The Way of the Fist [SEP] Singles


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Context: what were some of the names of the songs from that album?

Context: "The Bleeding", "Never Enough", and "Stranger than Fiction"

Question: what accolades this did the band win for this album?

Answer: The album entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 199 and was certified gold in 2011

Formation, departure of Bangham, and "The Way of the Fist" (2005–2009)

The album was recorded with Stevo "Shotgun" Bruno and Mike Sarkisyan and was mixed by guitarist Logan Mader. After searching for a second guitarist, they found Caleb Bingham who played some shows with the band, but was later replaced by Darrell Roberts. Shortly after recording the album, they signed a record deal with Firm Music, a branch of "The Firm". On July 10, 2007, they released an EP, "Pre-Emptive Strike" exclusively through the American iTunes Store. The album's lead single, "The Bleeding", was released on July 13, 2007. "The Way of the Fist" was released on July 31, 2007. The album entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 199 and was certified gold in 2011.


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Context: what accolades this did the band win for this album?

Context: The album entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 199 and was certified gold in 2011

Question: what was the next album they released?

Answer: "War Is the Answer"

Explanation: Five Finger Death Punch's debut album "The Way of the Fist" was released in 2007, which began achieving rapid success and selling over 500,000 copies in the United States. The 2009 follow-up album "War Is the Answer" further increased their popularity, selling over 1,000,000 copies and got certified Platinum by the RIAA, the band's third album, "American Capitalist", was released on October 11, 2011, and achieved Gold status within the year.


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Context: what was the next album they released?

Context: "War Is the Answer"

Question: what were the names of the songs from this above-mentioned collection?

Answer: "Hard to See", "Walk Away", "Dying Breed", "No One Gets Left Behind", "Bad Company", and "Far from Home"

War Is the Answer [SEP] Singles

Six singles have been released from the album, "Hard to See", "Walk Away", "Dying Breed", "No One Gets Left Behind", "Bad Company", and "Far from Home". The first single from "War Is the Answer", "Hard to See", began receiving radio play on July 13, 2009. The song was noted for having "undeniable melodies." According to Bathory, the song is about people being attached to opinions based on limited amounts of information. It is also a playable track in the video game "". The second single, "Walk Away" was released on November 2, 2009 and appeared in "Tap Tap Revenge 3" as one of their weekly free tracks and also was used as the theme song for TNA's 2010 PPV Lockdown.


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Context: what was the next album they released?

Context: "War Is the Answer"

Context: what were the names of the songs from this above-mentioned collection?

Context: "Hard to See", "Walk Away", "Dying Breed", "No One Gets Left Behind", "Bad Company", and "Far from Home"

Question: did any of the tracks from this album were played out in a movie or tv show?

Answer: No but second song was used as the theme song for TNA's 2010 PPV Lockdown

Explanation: The second single, "Walk Away" was released on November 2, 2009 and appeared in "Tap Tap Revenge 3" as one of their weekly free tracks and also was used as the theme song for TNA's 2010 PPV Lockdown.

War Is the Answer [SEP] Singles


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Context: what was the next album they released?

Context: "War Is the Answer"

Context: did any of the tracks from this album were played out in a movie or tv show?

Context: No but second song was used as the theme song for TNA's 2010 PPV Lockdown

Question: what type of show/movie is the last one all about?

Answer: It was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event

Lockdown (2010) [SEP] Introduction

Lockdown (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion, which took place on April 18, 2010 at the Family Arena in Saint Charles, Missouri. It was the sixth event under the Lockdown chronology and the fourth event of the 2010 TNA PPV schedule. In the tradition of Lockdown events, every match took place inside a steel cage. It was the first Lockdown event with a four-sided steel cage. In October 2017, with the launch of the Global Wrestling Network, the event became available to stream on demand.


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Context: what was the next album they released?

Context: "War Is the Answer"

Context: what type of show/movie is the last one all about?

Context: It was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event

Question: who were some of the band's influences for their music?

Answer: Pantera, Voivod, Accept, W.A.S.P., Yngwie Malmsteen

He cited Pantera, Voivod, Accept, W.A.S.P., Yngwie Malmsteen as influences. Ivan Moody cited vocalists such as Mike Patton, Phil Anselmo, Layne Staley and Lynn Strait as influences. Moody also said, "Pantera is one of our biggest influences". Jeremy Spencer cited drummers such as Lars Ulrich, Dave Lombardo, Gene Hoglan, Dave Grohl, Buddy Rich and Tommy Aldridge as influences. Spencer also cited Prince and David Bowie as influences.


Context: what type of music do they play?

Context: when did this band form?

Context: what was their debut album?

Context: "The Way of the Fist"

Context: when was it released?

Context: what was the next album they released?

Context: "War Is the Answer"

Context: who were some of the band's influences for their music?

Context: Pantera, Voivod, Accept, W.A.S.P., Yngwie Malmsteen

Question: from the above-mentioned list, which country is that first band from

Answer: Arlington, Texas

Pantera [SEP] Introduction

Pantera () was an American heavy metal band from Arlington, Texas, formed in 1981. The group's best-known lineup consisted of the Abbott brothers—drummer Vinnie Paul and guitarist Dimebag Darrell—along with vocalist Phil Anselmo and bassist Rex Brown. In addition to their development and popularization of the groove metal subgenre, Pantera is credited (along with others, such as Testament, Sepultura and Machine Head) for being part of the second wave of thrash metal scene from the late 1980s to early-to-mid 1990s. Pantera is regarded as one of the most successful and influential bands in heavy metal history, having sold around 40 million records worldwide, and being nominated four times at the Grammy's.