Context: which all animals can we see here?

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Tree sap, insects, carrion

Context: who predates them?

Context: how big is the first one?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how long do they live?

Context: 16 or 17 years

Context: what are the measures taken?

Context: which country do they belong to?

Context: Western North America

Question: what kind of sports do they entertain there?

Answer: Football

North America [SEP] Sports

Canada, Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup. The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America, in order of average revenue.


Context: where is oregon caves national monument and preserve located?

Context: A protected area in the northern Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon in the United States.

Context: which all animals can we see here?

Context: Black bear, cougar, northern flying squirrel, and Pacific giant salamander

Context: what sort of place does the third one select to live in?

Context: Coniferous and mixed coniferous forests across the top of North America, from Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee and west to Utah, Washington and Oregon.

Context: what do they feed on?

Context: Tree sap, insects, carrion

Context: who predates them?

Context: The spotted owl, the great horned owl, the Canadian lynx

Context: how big is the first one?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how long do they live?

Context: 16 or 17 years

Context: is there any need for it to be conserved?

Context: Yes, IUCN Red List status for the spotted owl is near threatened with a decreasing population trend.

Context: what are the measures taken?

Context: A provision of the Endangered Species Act, has been invoked to decide whether or not to open up more federal forest for commercial logging.

Context: which country do they belong to?

Context: Western North America

Context: what kind of sports do they entertain there?

Context: Football

Question: has it hosted any major tournaments?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

North America [SEP] Sports


Question: who is abu nidal?

Answer: He was the founder of Fatah.

Explanation: Sabri Khalil al-Banna (May 1937 – 16 August 2002), known as Abu Nidal, was the founder of Fatah: The Revolutionary Council, a militant Palestinian splinter group more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO).

Abu Nidal [SEP] Introduction

The group's operations included the Rome and Vienna airport attacks on 27 December 1985, when gunmen opened fire on passengers in simultaneous shootings at El Al ticket counters, killing 20. Patrick Seale, Abu Nidal's biographer, wrote of the shootings that their "random cruelty marked them as typical Abu Nidal operations". Abu Nidal died after a shooting in his Baghdad apartment in August 2002. Palestinian sources believed he was killed on the orders of Saddam Hussein, while Iraqi officials insisted he had committed suicide during an interrogation. "He was the patriot turned psychopath", David Hirst wrote in the "Guardian" on the news of his death.


Context:
who is abu nidal?
He was the founder of Fatah.

Question: what is it?

Answer: The Revolutionary Council, a militant Palestinian splinter group more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO).

Abu Nidal [SEP] Introduction

Sabri Khalil al-Banna (May 1937 – 16 August 2002), known as Abu Nidal, was the founder of Fatah: The Revolutionary Council, a militant Palestinian splinter group more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO). At the height of its militancy in the 1970s and 1980s, the ANO was widely regarded as the most ruthless of the Palestinian groups. Abu Nidal ("father of struggle") formed the ANO in October 1974 after a split from Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Acting as a freelance contractor, Abu Nidal is believed to have ordered attacks in 20 countries, killing over 300 and injuring over 650.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: The Revolutionary Council, a militant Palestinian splinter group more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO).

Question: what does the name of the organization mean?

Answer: It means "opening", "conquering", or "victory".

Fatah [SEP] Etymology

The full name of the movement is حركة التحرير الوطني الفلسطيني "ḥarakat al-taḥrīr al-waṭanī al-Filasṭīnī", meaning the "Palestinian National Liberation Movement". From this was crafted the reverse acronym فتح "Fatḥ" (generally rendered in English as "Fatah") meaning "opening", "conquering", or "victory". The word "fatḥ" or "fatah" is used in religious discourse to signify the Islamic expansion in the first centuries of Islamic history –as in "Fatḥ al-Sham", the "conquering of the Levant". "Fatah" also has religious significance in that it is the name of the 48th "sura" (chapter) of the Quran which, according to major Muslim commentators, details the story of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: what does the name of the organization mean?

Context: It means "opening", "conquering", or "victory".

Question: were they involved in any battle?

Answer: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Fatah [SEP] Battle of Karameh

Throughout 1968, Fatah and other Palestinian armed groups were the target of a major Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Jordanian village of Karameh, where the Fatah headquartersas well as a mid-sized Palestinian refugee campwere located. The town's name is the Arabic word for "dignity", which elevated its symbolism to the Arab people, especially after the Arab defeat in 1967. The operation was in response to attacks against Israel, including rockets strikes from Fatah and other Palestinian militias into the occupied West Bank. Knowledge of the operation was available well ahead of time, and the government of Jordan (as well as a number of Fatah commandos) informed Arafat of Israel's large-scale military preparations.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Question: against whom?

Answer: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Explanation: Throughout 1968, Fatah and other Palestinian armed groups were the target of a major Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Jordanian village of Karameh

Fatah [SEP] Battle of Karameh


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Question: what caused the war?

Answer: The  attacks against Israel, including rockets strikes from Fatah and other Palestinian militias into the occupied West Bank.

Explanation: The operation was in response to attacks against Israel, including rockets strikes from Fatah and other Palestinian militias into the occupied West Bank.

Fatah [SEP] Battle of Karameh


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: The  attacks against Israel, including rockets strikes from Fatah and other Palestinian militias into the occupied West Bank.

Question: where did it take place?

Answer: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Explanation: hroughout 1968, Fatah and other Palestinian armed groups were the target of a major Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Jordanian village of Karameh,

Fatah [SEP] Battle of Karameh


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Question: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Answer: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Abu Nidal [SEP] Expulsion from Fatah

Two months later, in November 1973 (just after the Yom Kippur War in October), the ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861, this time using the name Arab Nationalist Youth Organization. Fatah had been discussing convening a peace conference in Geneva; the hijacking was intended to warn them not to go ahead with it. In response, in March or July 1974, Arafat expelled Abu Nidal from Fatah. In October 1974 Abu Nidal formed the ANO, calling it Fatah: The Revolutionary Council. In November that year a Fatah court sentenced him to death "in absentia" for the attempted assassination of Mahmoud Abbas. Seale writes that it is unlikely that Abu Nidal had intended to kill Abbas, and just as unlikely that Fatah wanted to kill Abu Nidal.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Question: what for?

Answer: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Explanation: Two months later, in November 1973 (just after the Yom Kippur War in October), the ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861, this time using the name Arab Nationalist Youth Organization. Fatah had been discussing convening a peace conference in Geneva; the hijacking was intended to warn them not to go ahead with it.

Abu Nidal [SEP] Expulsion from Fatah


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Question: which country did the flight belong to?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Abu Nidal [SEP] Expulsion from Fatah


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where did the incident take place?

Answer: The plane was hijacked when it was en route over Iraq.

KLM Flight 861 [SEP] Incident

KLM Flight 861, captained by Issac Risseeuw, was a scheduled flight from Amsterdam (AMS) to Tokyo-Haneda (HND) with planned stops at Athens (ATH), Beirut (BEY) and Delhi (DEL). The airplane was en route over Iraq when it was hijacked by three passengers, claiming to be members of the Arab Youth Organization for the Liberation of Palestine. They forced the plane to Damascus, Nicosia, Tripoli, Malta, and finally Dubai where the hijackers surrendered to authorities.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the incident take place?

Context: The plane was hijacked when it was en route over Iraq.

Question: was it rescued?

Answer: Yes, the hijackers surrendered to authorities in Dubai.

Explanation: They forced the plane to Damascus, Nicosia, Tripoli, Malta, and finally Dubai where the hijackers surrendered to authorities.

KLM Flight 861 [SEP] Incident


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the incident take place?

Context: was it rescued?

Context: Yes, the hijackers surrendered to authorities in Dubai.

Question: how is the climate in the region mentioned above?

Answer: Hot, desert climate

Dubai [SEP] Climate

Dubai has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh). Summers in Dubai are extremely hot, prolonged, windy, and humid, with an average high around and overnight lows around in the hottest month, August. Most days are sunny throughout the year. Winters are comparatively cool, though mild to warm, with an average high of and overnight lows of in January, the coolest month. Precipitation, however, has been increasing in the last few decades, with accumulated rain reaching per year. Dubai summers are also known for the very high humidity level, which can make it very uncomfortable for many with exceptionally high dew points in summer.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the incident take place?

Context: was it rescued?

Context: how is the climate in the region mentioned above?

Context: Hot, desert climate

Question: do they have any laws regarding consuming alcohol?

Answer: Yes, alcohol sale and consumption is tightly regulated, restricted to licensed venues.

Dubai [SEP] Alcohol laws

Alcohol sale and consumption, though legal, is tightly regulated. Adult non-Muslims are allowed to consume alcohol in licensed venues, typically within hotels, or at home with the possession of an alcohol licence. Places other than hotels, clubs, and specially designated areas are typically not permitted to sell alcohol. As in other parts of the world, drinking and driving is illegal, with 21 being the legal drinking age in the Emirate of Dubai.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the incident take place?

Context: was it rescued?

Context: Hot, desert climate

Context: do they have any laws regarding consuming alcohol?

Context: Yes, alcohol sale and consumption is tightly regulated, restricted to licensed venues.

Question: can you name a few touristic attractions there?

Answer: Burj Khalifa, The Dubai Fountain, Dubai Miracle Garden etc.

Explanation: Burj Khalifa (, "Khalifa Tower", pronounced ), known as Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest artificial structure in the world, standing at .

Tourist attractions in Dubai [SEP] Burj Khalifa


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the incident take place?

Context: was it rescued?

Context: Hot, desert climate

Context: can you name a few touristic attractions there?

Context: Burj Khalifa, The Dubai Fountain, Dubai Miracle Garden etc.

Question: anything remarkable about the third place?

Answer: It has around 150 million flowers and houses the Dubai Butterfly Garden, home to 15000 butterflies.

Explanation: Dubai Miracle Garden is one of Dubai's signature creations. Launched on Valentine's Day 2013, it sits in the heart of Dubai with a total area of .72,000 sq. M. The 150 million flower gardens arranged in colorful arches and patterns are truly spectacular. The Dubai Butterfly Garden, home to 15000 butterflies, is a unique feature. The Dubai Miracle Garden won two Guinness Records for the largest vertical garden in 2013 and the world's largest floral sculpture in the shape of an Airbus A380 in 2016.

Tourist attractions in Dubai [SEP] Dubai Miracle Garden


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the incident take place?

Context: was it rescued?

Context: Hot, desert climate

Context: anything remarkable about the third place?

Context: It has around 150 million flowers and houses the Dubai Butterfly Garden, home to 15000 butterflies.

Question: has it made any world record?

Answer: It has won two Guinness Records for the largest vertical garden.

Explanation: The Dubai Miracle Garden won two Guinness Records for the largest vertical garden in 2013 and the world's largest floral sculpture in the shape of an Airbus A380 in 2016.


Context: who is abu nidal?

Context: He was the founder of Fatah.

Context: what is it?

Context: were they involved in any battle?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Karameh

Context: against whom?

Context: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Context: what caused the war?

Context: where did it take place?

Context: The Jordanian village of Karameh

Context: has the founder faced any expulsion?

Context: Yes, he was expelled from Fatah.

Context: what for?

Context: The ANO hijacked KLM Flight 861

Context: which country did the flight belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the incident take place?

Context: was it rescued?

Context: Hot, desert climate

Context: has it made any world record?

Context: It has won two Guinness Records for the largest vertical garden.

Question: is it mentioned in any novels or films?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: what is rhinemaidens?

Answer: They are the three water-nymphs ("Rheintöchter" or "Rhine daughters") who appear in Richard Wagner's opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen".

Rhinemaidens [SEP] Introduction

The Rhinemaidens are the three water-nymphs ("Rheintöchter" or "Rhine daughters") who appear in Richard Wagner's opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen". Their individual names are Woglinde, Wellgunde and Flosshilde (Floßhilde), although they are generally treated as a single entity and they act together accordingly. Of the 34 characters in the "Ring" cycle, they are the only ones who did not originate in the Old Norse "Eddas". Wagner created his Rhinemaidens from other legends and myths, most notably the "Nibelungenlied" which contains stories involving water-sprites (nixies) or mermaids of the Danube (but perhaps where that river meets the Rhine). The key concepts associated with the Rhinemaidens in the "Ring" operas—their flawed guardianship of the Rhine gold, and the condition (the renunciation of love) through which the gold could be stolen from them and then transformed into a means of obtaining world power—are wholly Wagner's own invention, and are the elements that initiate and propel the entire drama.


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: They are the three water-nymphs ("Rheintöchter" or "Rhine daughters") who appear in Richard Wagner's opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen".

Question: when was the first time this was performed?

Answer: 1876

Explanation: From the first complete production of the "Ring", at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1876, it was established that the Rhinemaidens should be depicted in conventional human form, rather than as mermaids or with other supernatural features, notwithstanding Alberich's insult to Wellgunde: "Frigid bony fish!" ("Kalter, grätiger Fisch!"). The staging of their scenes has always been a test of ingenuity and imagination, since Wagner's stage directions include much swimming and diving and other aquatic gymnastics. Traditionally, therefore, much use has been made of backdrops and lighting to achieve the necessary watery effects. Until the Second World War, under the influence of Cosima Wagner and her (and Wagner's) son Siegfried, a policy of "stifling conservatism" was applied to Bayreuth stagings of the "Ring" operas. Although there had been some innovation in productions staged elsewhere, it was not until the postwar revival of the Festival in 1951 that there were any significant changes in Ba

Rhinemaidens [SEP] On stage


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: when was the first time this was performed?

Question: who wrote this?

Answer: Richard Wagner

Rhinemaidens [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Question: what was the genre of the opera?

Answer: Epic music drama

Der Ring des Nibelungen [SEP] Introduction

' (The Ring of the Nibelung), WWV 86, is a cycle of four German-language epic music dramas composed by Richard Wagner. The works are based loosely on characters from Norse sagas and the "Nibelungenlied". The composer termed the cycle a "Bühnenfestspiel" (stage festival play), structured in three days preceded by a ("preliminary evening"). It is often referred to as the Ring" cycle, Wagner's "Ring, or simply The Ring""'. Wagner wrote the libretto and music over the course of about twenty-six years, from 1848 to 1874. The four parts that constitute the "Ring" cycle are, in sequence: Individual works of the sequence are often performed separately, and indeed the operas contain dialogues that mention events in the previous operas, so that a viewer could watch any of them without having watched the previous parts and still understand the plot.


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Context: what was the genre of the opera?

Context: Epic music drama

Question: how many acts is this opera divided into?

Answer: Four


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Context: what was the genre of the opera?

Context: Epic music drama

Context: how many acts is this opera divided into?

Context: Four

Question: where is the composer from?

Answer: Leipzig, Germany

Richard Wagner [SEP] Early years

Richard Wagner was born to an ethnic German family in Leipzig, who lived at No 3, the Brühl ("The House of the Red and White Lions") in the Jewish quarter.He was baptized at St. Thomas Church. He was the ninth child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, who was a clerk in the Leipzig police service, and his wife, Johanna Rosine (née Paetz), the daughter of a baker. Wagner's father Carl died of typhus six months after Richard's birth. Afterwards, his mother Johanna lived with Carl's friend, the actor and playwright Ludwig Geyer. In August 1814 Johanna and Geyer probably married—although no documentation of this has been found in the Leipzig church registers.


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Context: what was the genre of the opera?

Context: Epic music drama

Context: Four

Context: where is the composer from?

Context: Leipzig, Germany

Question: can you tell me names of other works he has done apart from the former one?

Answer: Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman, 1843); Tannhäuser (1845); Lohengrin (1850).

Richard Wagner [SEP] "Romantic operas" (1843–51)

Wagner's middle stage output began with "Der fliegende Holländer" ("The Flying Dutchman", 1843), followed by "Tannhäuser" (1845) and "Lohengrin" (1850). These three operas are sometimes referred to as Wagner's "romantic operas". They reinforced the reputation, among the public in Germany and beyond, that Wagner had begun to establish with "Rienzi". Although distancing himself from the style of these operas from 1849 onwards, he nevertheless reworked both "Der fliegende Holländer" and "Tannhäuser" on several occasions. These three operas are considered to represent a significant developmental stage in Wagner's musical and operatic maturity as regards thematic handling, portrayal of emotions and orchestration.


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Context: what was the genre of the opera?

Context: Epic music drama

Context: Four

Context: where is the composer from?

Context: Leipzig, Germany

Context: can you tell me names of other works he has done apart from the former one?

Context: Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman, 1843); Tannhäuser (1845); Lohengrin (1850).

Question: has he  participated in any festival?

Answer: Bayreuth Festival

Richard Wagner [SEP] Introduction

Wagner had his own opera house built, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which embodied many novel design features. The "Ring" and "Parsifal" were premiered here and his most important stage works continue to be performed at the annual Bayreuth Festival, run by his descendants. His thoughts on the relative contributions of music and drama in opera were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional forms into his last few stage works, including "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" ("The Mastersingers of Nuremberg").


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Context: what was the genre of the opera?

Context: Epic music drama

Context: Four

Context: where is the composer from?

Context: Leipzig, Germany

Context: has he  participated in any festival?

Context: Bayreuth Festival

Question: what is the theme of das rheingold scene 4?

Answer: After Wotan seizes the ring from the captive Alberich, the dwarf's agonised, self-pitying monologue ("Am I now free?") ends with his declamation of the "Curse" motif – "one of the most sinister musical ideas ever to have entered the operatic repertoire"

Das Rheingold [SEP] Fourth scene

After Wotan seizes the ring from the captive Alberich, the dwarf's agonised, self-pitying monologue ("Am I now free?") ends with his declamation of the "Curse" motif – "one of the most sinister musical ideas ever to have entered the operatic repertoire", according to Scruton's analysis: "It rises through a half-diminished chord, and then falls through an octave to settle on a murky C major triad, with clarinets in their lowest register over a timpani pedal in F sharp". This motif will recur throughout the cycle; it will be heard later in this scene, when Fafner clubs Fasolt to death over possession of the ring.


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Context: what was the genre of the opera?

Context: Epic music drama

Context: Four

Context: where is the composer from?

Context: Leipzig, Germany

Context: has he  participated in any festival?

Context: Bayreuth Festival

Context: what is the theme of das rheingold scene 4?

Context: After Wotan seizes the ring from the captive Alberich, the dwarf's agonised, self-pitying monologue ("Am I now free?") ends with his declamation of the "Curse" motif – "one of the most sinister musical ideas ever to have entered the operatic repertoire"

Question: how many scenes does rheingold have in total?

Answer: Four

Das Rheingold [SEP] Introduction

Das Rheingold (; The Rhinegold), WWV 86A, is the first of the four music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen," (English: "The Ring of the Nibelung"). It was performed, as a single opera, at the National Theatre Munich on 22 September 1869, and received its first performance as part of the "Ring" cycle at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, on 13 August 1876. Wagner wrote the "Ring" librettos in reverse order, so that "Das Rheingold" was the last of the texts to be written; it was, however, the first to be set to music. The score was completed in 1854, but Wagner was unwilling to sanction its performance until the whole cycle was complete; he worked intermittently on this music until 1874.


Context: what is rhinemaidens?

Context: who wrote this?

Context: Richard Wagner

Context: what was the genre of the opera?

Context: Epic music drama

Context: Four

Context: where is the composer from?

Context: Leipzig, Germany

Context: has he  participated in any festival?

Context: Bayreuth Festival

Context: how many scenes does rheingold have in total?

Context: Four

Question: what kind of music does the opera have?

Answer: leitmotifs

Der Ring des Nibelungen [SEP] Leitmotifs

As a significant element in the "Ring" and his subsequent works, Wagner adopted the use of leitmotifs, which are recurring themes or harmonic progressions. They musically denote an action, object, emotion, character, or other subject mentioned in the text or presented onstage. Wagner referred to them in "Opera and Drama" as "guides-to-feeling", describing how they could be used to inform the listener of a musical or dramatic subtext to the action onstage in the same way as a Greek chorus did for the theatre of ancient Greece.


Question: where is newberry volcano located?

Answer: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Newberry Volcano [SEP] Introduction

Newberry Volcano is a large active shield volcano located about south of Bend, Oregon, United States, east of the major crest of the Cascade Range, within the Newberry National Volcanic Monument. Its highest point is Paulina Peak. The largest volcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, Newberry has an area of when its lava flows are taken into account. From north to south, the volcano has a length of , with a width of and a total volume of approximately . It was named for the geologist and surgeon John Strong Newberry, who explored central Oregon for the Pacific Railroad Surveys in 1855.


Context:
where is newberry volcano located?
South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Question: which sub-features it comprises of?

Answer: More than 400 vents which include cinder cones, lava domes, lava edifices

Newberry Volcano [SEP] Subfeatures

Vents at the volcano follow north-east and north-west trends influenced by extension of the Basin and Range Province. With more than 400 vents, Newberry has more individual subfeatures than any other volcano in the contiguous United States. These include cinder cones, lava domes, and various other lava edifices, with at least 25 vents on the volcano's flanks and summits becoming active within the past 10,000 years. Most of the cinder cones on the volcano's edifice vary from in elevation, though a number of them reach heights above with diameters greater than . Most of these exhibit saucer-like summit depression landforms, with notable exceptions at Lava Top and North Kawak Buttes, which have craters that are in depth.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: More than 400 vents which include cinder cones, lava domes, lava edifices

Question: what recreational value does it have?

Answer: Fishing, camping, mountain biking, hiking

Explanation: Newberry Volcano is visited by 250,000 people each year, who come to go fishing for trout in East Lake, to camp on Paulina Lake, or go mountain biking around the loop that surrounds the crater. The lakes are also popular for boating. At the Newberry National Volcanic Monument, camping, fishing, and hiking are popular, including on the Trail of the Molten Land, which follows a 7,000-year-old lava flow from Lava Butte, and the Trail of the Whispering Pines, which traverses a ponderosa pine forest. Horse riding is also possible in a section of the Peter Skene Ogden Trail, long, which runs through the monument area; snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are also popular.

Newberry Volcano [SEP] Recreation


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: Fishing, camping, mountain biking, hiking

Question: did it erupt recently?

Answer: No

Explanation: Eruptive activity at Newberry Volcano began about 600,000 years ago and has continued into the Holocene, the last eruption taking place 1,300 years ago. Unlike other shield-shaped volcanoes, which often erupt basaltic lavas only, Newberry Volcano has also erupted andesitic and rhyolitic lavas. A popular destination for hiking, fishing, boating, and other recreational activities, the volcano lies within of 16,400 people and within of nearly 200,000 people, and it continues to pose a threat to life. Still considered an active volcano, it could erupt and produce lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows), ashfall, earthquakes, avalanches, and floods. To track this threat, the volcano and its surroundings are closely monitored with sensors by the United States Geological Survey.

Newberry Volcano [SEP] Introduction

The surrounding area has been inhabited by Native American populations for more than 10,000 years. The volcano contains a large caldera, in diameter, known as the Newberry Caldera. Within the caldera are two lakes: Paulina Lake and East Lake. The volcano and its vicinity include many pyroclastic cones, lava flows and lava domes; Newberry has more than 400 vents, the most of any volcano in the contiguous United States. Glaciers may have once been present at the volcano, though this remains contested. The area has a dry climate with low precipitation levels and little surface runoff. The origin of the volcano remains somewhat unclear; while some scientists believe it originated from an independent hotspot, most evidence indicates that it formed from the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca and Gorda tectonic plates under the continental North American Plate.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Question: then when did it erupt last?

Answer: 1,300 years ago.

Newberry Volcano [SEP] Introduction

Eruptive activity at Newberry Volcano began about 600,000 years ago and has continued into the Holocene, the last eruption taking place 1,300 years ago. Unlike other shield-shaped volcanoes, which often erupt basaltic lavas only, Newberry Volcano has also erupted andesitic and rhyolitic lavas. A popular destination for hiking, fishing, boating, and other recreational activities, the volcano lies within of 16,400 people and within of nearly 200,000 people, and it continues to pose a threat to life. Still considered an active volcano, it could erupt and produce lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows), ashfall, earthquakes, avalanches, and floods.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Question: which natural energy is produced here?

Answer: Geothermal energy.

Newberry Volcano [SEP] Mining and geothermal energy

Because Newberry has had recent eruptive activity, has remained active for a long time, and has a shallow heat source feeding hot springs, it represents a source of geothermal energy. An investigation conducted by the United States Geological Survey in 1981 drilled a well in depth at a location to the east of the Big Obsidian flow, finding temperatures of under the surface there. An energy company drilled two holes with a depth of in 1995 and 1996, but they were unable to find fluids, so they lacked a mechanism to drive turbines and opted to end the project at Newberry.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Question: what kind of energy is this?

Answer: Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth

Geothermal energy [SEP] Introduction

Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The adjective "geothermal" originates from the Greek roots (), meaning Earth, and (), meaning hot. Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the core–mantle boundary may reach over 4000 °C (7200 °F). The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth

Question: what are its types?

Answer: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Geothermal energy [SEP] Types

Geothermal energy comes in either "vapor-dominated" or "liquid-dominated" forms. Larderello and The Geysers are vapor-dominated. Vapor-dominated sites offer temperatures from 240 to 300 °C that produce superheated steam.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: what are its types?

Context: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Question: what kind of effect it has on the environment?

Answer: Fluids drawn from the deep Earth carry  carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane and ammonia which contribute to global warming, acid rain, and noxious smells if released.

Geothermal energy [SEP] Environmental effects

Fluids drawn from the deep Earth carry a mixture of gases, notably carbon dioxide (), hydrogen sulfide (), methane () and ammonia (). These pollutants contribute to global warming, acid rain, and noxious smells if released. Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of of per megawatt-hour (MW·h) of electricity, a small fraction of the emission intensity of conventional fossil fuel plants. Plants that experience high levels of acids and volatile chemicals are usually equipped with emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust. In addition to dissolved gases, hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic elements such as mercury, arsenic, boron, and antimony.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: what are its types?

Context: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Context: what kind of effect it has on the environment?

Context: Fluids drawn from the deep Earth carry  carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane and ammonia which contribute to global warming, acid rain, and noxious smells if released.

Question: which human related activity cause this rain?

Answer: Electricity generation using coal, animal agriculture, factories, and motor vehicles

Acid rain [SEP] Human activity

The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as electricity generation, animal agriculture, factories, and motor vehicles. Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollution responsible for acidic rain. The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited. In the past, factories had short funnels to let out smoke, but this caused many problems locally; thus, factories now have taller smoke funnels. However, dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther, causing widespread ecological damage.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: what are its types?

Context: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Context: which human related activity cause this rain?

Context: Electricity generation using coal, animal agriculture, factories, and motor vehicles

Question: how is our soil effected due to this?

Answer: Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed. The enzymes of these microbes are denatured  by the acid.

Acid rain [SEP] Soils

Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain. Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed. The enzymes of these microbes are denatured (changed in shape so they no longer function) by the acid. The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins, such as aluminium, and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium. Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations, such as calcium and magnesium, are leached by acid rain, thereby affecting sensitive species, such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Soil acidification


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: what are its types?

Context: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Context: how is our soil effected due to this?

Context: Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed. The enzymes of these microbes are denatured  by the acid.

Question: which areas are mostly affected by it?

Answer: Eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia,  the eastern third of the United States, and southeastern Canada

Explanation: Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia, the eastern third of the United States, and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan.

Acid rain [SEP] Affected areas


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: what are its types?

Context: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Context: how is our soil effected due to this?

Context: which areas are mostly affected by it?

Context: Eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia,  the eastern third of the United States, and southeastern Canada

Question: in the very beginning you mentioned some sub-features, what is meant by the first one i that list?

Answer: It is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or cinder that has been built around a volcanic vent.

Cinder cone [SEP] Introduction

A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or cinder that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders, clinkers, or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is symmetrical; with slopes between 30–40°; and a nearly circular ground plan. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: what are its types?

Context: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Context: how is our soil effected due to this?

Context: which areas are mostly affected by it?

Context: in the very beginning you mentioned some sub-features, what is meant by the first one i that list?

Context: It is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or cinder that has been built around a volcanic vent.

Question: and how is it affected by the environmental conditions?

Answer: The size and shape of cinder cones depend on environmental properties as different gravity and/or atmospheric pressure might change the dispersion of ejected scoria particles.

Cinder cone [SEP] Effect of environmental conditions

The size and shape of cinder cones depend on environmental properties as different gravity and/or atmospheric pressure might change the dispersion of ejected scoria particles. For example, cinder cones on Mars seem to be more than two times wider than terrestrial analogues as lower atmospheric pressure and gravity enable wider dispersion of ejected particles over a larger area. Therefore, it seems that erupted amount of material is not sufficient on Mars for the flank slopes to attain the angle of repose and Martian cinder cones seem to be ruled mainly by ballistic distribution and not by material redistribution on flanks as typical on Earth.


Context: where is newberry volcano located?

Context: South of Bend, Oregon, United States

Context: which sub-features it comprises of?

Context: what recreational value does it have?

Context: did it erupt recently?

Context: No

Context: then when did it erupt last?

Context: 1,300 years ago.

Context: which natural energy is produced here?

Context: Geothermal energy.

Context: what kind of energy is this?

Context: what are its types?

Context: Vapor-dominated, liquid-dominated

Context: how is our soil effected due to this?

Context: which areas are mostly affected by it?

Context: and how is it affected by the environmental conditions?

Context: The size and shape of cinder cones depend on environmental properties as different gravity and/or atmospheric pressure might change the dispersion of ejected scoria particles.

Question: and among the recreations you mentioned, what risk does the third one face?

Answer: Injuries due to mountain biking are possible in the more extreme disciplines like downhill biking, free ride and dirt jumping. Injuries range from minor wounds to major injuries such as broken bones, head or spinal injuries

Mountain biking [SEP] Risks

Injuries are a given factor when mountain biking, especially in the more extreme disciplines like downhill biking, free ride and dirt jumping. Injuries range from minor wounds, such as cuts and abrasions from falls on gravel or other surfaces, to major injuries such as broken bones, head or spinal injuries resulting from impacts with rocks, trees or the terrain being ridden on. Another risk factor is that mountain biking takes places in wilderness area so emergency response will be delayed in case of injury. Protective equipment can protect against minor injuries and reduce the extent or seriousness of major impacts, but may not protect a rider from major impacts or accidents.


Question: when was uranus first discovered and by who

Answer: Sir William Herschel discovered it on 13 March 1781.

Explanation: Sir William Herschel observed Uranus on 13 March 1781 from the garden of his house at 19 New King Street in Bath, Somerset, England (now the Herschel Museum of Astronomy), and initially reported it (on 26 April 1781) as a comet.

Uranus [SEP] Discovery

With a telescope, Herschel "engaged in a series of observations on the parallax of the fixed stars." Herschel recorded in his journal: "In the quartile near ζ Tauri ... either [a] Nebulous star or perhaps a comet." On 17 March he noted: "I looked for the Comet or Nebulous Star and found that it is a Comet, for it has changed its place." When he presented his discovery to the Royal Society, he continued to assert that he had found a comet, but also implicitly compared it to a planet: Herschel notified the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne of his discovery and received this flummoxed reply from him on 23 April 1781: "I don't know what to call it.


Context: when was uranus first discovered and by who

Context: Sir William Herschel discovered it on 13 March 1781.

Question: is this a planet ?

Answer: Yes, Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.

Uranus [SEP] Introduction

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. Its name is a reference to the Greek god of the sky, Uranus, who, according to Greek mythology, was the grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter) and father of Cronus (Saturn). It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have bulk chemical compositions which differ from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as "ice giants" to distinguish them from the other gas giants. Uranus's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, but it contains more "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: Yes, Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.

Question: how is the climate here ?

Answer: It is the coldest planet in the Solar System.

Uranus [SEP] Climate

At ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, Uranus's atmosphere is bland in comparison to the other giant planets, even to Neptune, which it otherwise closely resembles. When "Voyager 2" flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten cloud features across the entire planet. One proposed explanation for this dearth of features is that Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets. The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is , making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: It is the coldest planet in the Solar System.

Question: what is its reference in culture ?

Answer: In astrology, it is the ruling planet of Aquarius.

Uranus [SEP] In culture

In astrology, the planet Uranus () is the ruling planet of Aquarius. Because Uranus is cyan and Uranus is associated with electricity, the colour electric blue, which is close to cyan, is associated with the sign Aquarius (see Uranus in astrology). The chemical element uranium, discovered in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, was named after the then-newly discovered Uranus. "Uranus, the Magician" is a movement in Gustav Holst's orchestral suite "The Planets", written between 1914 and 1916.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: In astrology, it is the ruling planet of Aquarius.

Question: has is it been explored ?

Answer: Yes, In 1986, NASA's "Voyager 2" interplanetary probe encountered it.

Explanation: In 1986, NASA's "Voyager 2" interplanetary probe encountered Uranus.

Uranus [SEP] Exploration

A Uranus orbiter and probe was recommended by the 2013–2022 Planetary Science Decadal Survey published in 2011; the proposal envisages launch during 2020–2023 and a 13-year cruise to Uranus. A Uranus entry probe could use Pioneer Venus Multiprobe heritage and descend to 1–5 atmospheres. The ESA evaluated a "medium-class" mission called Uranus Pathfinder. A New Frontiers Uranus Orbiter has been evaluated and recommended in the study, "The Case for a Uranus Orbiter". Such a mission is aided by the ease with which a relatively big mass can be sent to the systemover 1500 kg with an Atlas 521 and 12-year journey.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: Yes, In 1986, NASA's "Voyager 2" interplanetary probe encountered it.

Question: how is the atmosphere there ?

Answer: There is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing.

Uranus [SEP] Atmosphere

Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing is called its atmosphere. Remote-sensing capability extends down to roughly 300 km below the level, with a corresponding pressure around and temperature of . The tenuous thermosphere extends over two planetary radii from the nominal surface, which is defined to lie at a pressure of 1 bar. The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 MPa to 10 kPa); the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between and pressures of between (10 kPa to 10 µPa); and the thermosphere extending from 4,000 km to as high as 50,000 km from the surface.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: There is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing.

Question: how did it get its name ?

Answer: he name of Uranus references the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus.

Uranus [SEP] Name

The name of Uranus references the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus (), the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter), which in Latin became (). It is the only planet whose English name is derived directly from a figure of Greek mythology. The adjectival form of Uranus is "Uranian". The pronunciation of the name "Uranus" preferred among astronomers is , with stress on the first syllable as in Latin , in contrast to , with stress on the second syllable and a long "a", though both are considered acceptable. Consensus on the name was not reached until almost 70 years after the planet's discovery.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: he name of Uranus references the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus.

Question: how is its visibility ?

Answer: Its mean apparent magnitude is 5.68 with a standard deviation of 0.17, while the extremes are 5.38 and +6.03.

Uranus [SEP] Visibility

The mean apparent magnitude of Uranus is 5.68 with a standard deviation of 0.17, while the extremes are 5.38 and +6.03. This range of brightness is near the limit of naked eye visibility. Much of the variability is dependent upon the planetary latitudes being illuminated from the Sun and viewed from the Earth. Its angular diameter is between 3.4 and 3.7 arcseconds, compared with 16 to 20 arcseconds for Saturn and 32 to 45 arcseconds for Jupiter. At opposition, Uranus is visible to the naked eye in dark skies, and becomes an easy target even in urban conditions with binoculars.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: Its mean apparent magnitude is 5.68 with a standard deviation of 0.17, while the extremes are 5.38 and +6.03.

Question: what is it composed of ?

Answer: It consists mainly of molecular hydrogen and helium.

Uranus [SEP] Composition

The composition of Uranus's atmosphere is different from its bulk, consisting mainly of molecular hydrogen and helium. The helium molar fraction, i.e. the number of helium atoms per molecule of gas, is in the upper troposphere, which corresponds to a mass fraction . This value is close to the protosolar helium mass fraction of , indicating that helium has not settled in its centre as it has in the gas giants. The third-most-abundant component of Uranus's atmosphere is methane (). Methane has prominent absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared (IR), making Uranus aquamarine or cyan in colour. Methane molecules account for 2.3% of the atmosphere by molar fraction below the methane cloud deck at the pressure level of ; this represents about 20 to 30 times the carbon abundance found in the Sun.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: It consists mainly of molecular hydrogen and helium.

Question: what is its internal structure ?

Answer: It consists of three layers: a rocky (silicate/iron–nickel) core in the centre, an icy mantle in the middle and an outer gaseous hydrogen/helium envelope.

Uranus [SEP] Internal structure

The remainder of the non-ice mass (0.5 to 3.7 Earth masses) is accounted for by rocky material. The standard model of Uranus's structure is that it consists of three layers: a rocky (silicate/iron–nickel) core in the centre, an icy mantle in the middle and an outer gaseous hydrogen/helium envelope. The core is relatively small, with a mass of only 0.55 Earth masses and a radius less than 20% of Uranus'; the mantle comprises its bulk, with around 13.4 Earth masses, and the upper atmosphere is relatively insubstantial, weighing about 0.5 Earth masses and extending for the last 20% of Uranus's radius.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: It consists of three layers: a rocky (silicate/iron–nickel) core in the centre, an icy mantle in the middle and an outer gaseous hydrogen/helium envelope.

Question: who the person you mentioned above who discovered this planet ?

Answer: Astronomer and composer of music

Explanation: Frederick William Herschel (; ; 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-born British astronomer and composer of music.

William Herschel [SEP] Introduction

Herschel pioneered the use of astronomical spectrophotometry, using prisms and temperature measuring equipment to measure the wavelength distribution of stellar spectra. In the course of these investigations, Herschel discovered infrared radiation. Other work included an improved determination of the rotation period of Mars, the discovery that the Martian polar caps vary seasonally, the discovery of Titania and Oberon (moons of Uranus) and Enceladus and Mimas (moons of Saturn). Herschel was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1816. He was the first President of the Royal Astronomical Society when it was founded in 1820. He died in August 1822, and his work was continued by his only son, John Herschel.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: who the person you mentioned above who discovered this planet ?

Context: Astronomer and composer of music

Question: where was he born ?

Answer: Electorate of Hanover in Germany.

William Herschel [SEP] Early life and musical activities

Herschel was born in the Electorate of Hanover in Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, one of ten children of Issak Herschel and his wife Anna Ilse Moritzen, of German Lutheran ancestry. His forefathers came from Pirna, in Saxony. Theories that they were Protestants from Bohemia have been questioned by Hamel, since the surname Herschel already occurs a century earlier in the very same area that the family lived in. Herschel's father was an oboist in the Hanover Military Band. In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band Wilhelm and his brother Jakob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: Astronomer and composer of music

Context: where was he born ?

Context: Electorate of Hanover in Germany.

Question: name some of his musical work ?

Answer: Various vocal works including a "Te Deum", psalms, motets and sacred chants along with some catches.

William Herschel [SEP] Musical works

Herschel's complete musical works were as follows: Various vocal works including a "Te Deum", psalms, motets and sacred chants along with some catches. Keyboard works for organ and harpsichord:


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: Astronomer and composer of music

Context: where was he born ?

Context: Electorate of Hanover in Germany.

Context: name some of his musical work ?

Context: Various vocal works including a "Te Deum", psalms, motets and sacred chants along with some catches.

Question: how did he die ?

Answer: He died after a long illness.

William Herschel [SEP] Family and death

He helped to found the Astronomical Society of London in 1820, which in 1831 received a royal charter and became the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1813, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. On 25 August 1822, Herschel died at Observatory House, Windsor Road, Slough, after a long illness. He was buried at nearby St Laurence's Church, Upton, Slough. Herschel's epitaph is Caroline was deeply distressed by his death, and soon after his burial she returned to Hanover, a decision she later regretted. She had lived in England for fifty years. Her interests were much more in line with her nephew John Herschel, also an astronomer, than with her surviving family in Hanover.


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: Astronomer and composer of music

Context: where was he born ?

Context: Electorate of Hanover in Germany.

Context: name some of his musical work ?

Context: how did he die ?

Context: He died after a long illness.

Question: did he invent any telescope ?

Answer: Yes, Herschel telescopes.

Explanation: Herschel constructed his first large telescope in 1774, after which he spent nine years carrying out sky surveys to investigate double stars. Herschel published catalogues of nebulae in 1802 (2,500 objects) and in 1820 (5,000 objects). The resolving power of the Herschel telescopes revealed that many objects called nebulae in the Messier catalogue were actually clusters of stars.

William Herschel [SEP] Introduction


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: Astronomer and composer of music

Context: where was he born ?

Context: Electorate of Hanover in Germany.

Context: name some of his musical work ?

Context: how did he die ?

Context: He died after a long illness.

Context: did he invent any telescope ?

Context: Yes, Herschel telescopes.

Question: what is  this ?

Answer: It is his first large telescope.

William Herschel [SEP] Introduction


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: Astronomer and composer of music

Context: where was he born ?

Context: Electorate of Hanover in Germany.

Context: name some of his musical work ?

Context: how did he die ?

Context: He died after a long illness.

Context: did he invent any telescope ?

Context: Yes, Herschel telescopes.

Context: what is  this ?

Context: It is his first large telescope.

Question: how large was it ?

Answer: The largest was a reflecting telescope with a 49½-inch-diameter (1.26 m) primary mirror and a focal length.

William Herschel [SEP] 40ft telescope

The largest and most famous of Herschel's telescopes was a reflecting telescope with a 49½-inch-diameter (1.26 m) primary mirror and a focal length. The 40-foot telescope was, at that time, the largest scientific instrument that had been built. It was hailed as a triumph of "human perseverance and zeal for the sublimest science". In 1785 Herschel approached King George for money to cover the cost of building the 40-foot telescope. He received £4,000. Without royal patronage, the telescope could not have been created. As it was, it took five years, and went over budget. The Herschel home in Slough became a scramble of "labourers and workmen, smiths and carpenters".


Context: is this a planet ?

Context: how is the climate here ?

Context: what is its reference in culture ?

Context: has is it been explored ?

Context: how is the atmosphere there ?

Context: how did it get its name ?

Context: how is its visibility ?

Context: what is it composed of ?

Context: what is its internal structure ?

Context: Astronomer and composer of music

Context: where was he born ?

Context: Electorate of Hanover in Germany.

Context: name some of his musical work ?

Context: how did he die ?

Context: He died after a long illness.

Context: did he invent any telescope ?

Context: Yes, Herschel telescopes.

Context: what is  this ?

Context: It is his first large telescope.

Context: how large was it ?

Context: The largest was a reflecting telescope with a 49½-inch-diameter (1.26 m) primary mirror and a focal length.

Question: who was he married to ?

Answer: Mary Pitt (née Baldwin)

William Herschel [SEP] Family and death

On 8 May 1788, William Herschel married the widow Mary Pitt (née Baldwin) at St Laurence's Church, Upton in Slough. They had one child, John, born at Observatory House on 7 March 1792. William's personal background and rise as man of science had a profound impact on the upbringing of his son and grandchildren. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788. In 1816, William was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order by the Prince Regent and was accorded the honorary title 'Sir' although this was not the equivalent of an official British knighthood.


Question: what is referred to as nil battey sannata?

Answer: It is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film.

Nil Battey Sannata [SEP] Introduction

Nil Battey Sannata (; slang for "Good For Nothing"), released internationally as The New Classmate, is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari in her feature debut. Produced by Aanand L. Rai, Ajay Rai, and Alan McAlex under the banners of Colour Yellow Productions and JAR Pictures, the film was co-written by Iyer, Neeraj Singh, Pranjal Choudhary, and Nitesh Tiwari. Swara Bhaskar starred as Chanda Sahay, a high-school drop-out household maid and single mother of a sullen young girl named Apeksha, played by Ria Shukla. The film's theme is a person's right to dream and change their lives, irrespective of social status.


Context: what is referred to as nil battey sannata?

Context: It is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film.

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Explanation: Nil Battey Sannata (; slang for "Good For Nothing"), released internationally as The New Classmate, is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari in her feature debut.

Nil Battey Sannata [SEP] Introduction


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Question: what is the release date?

Answer: 2015

Nil Battey Sannata [SEP] Introduction


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Question: who are the characters?

Answer: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Explanation: Swara Bhaskar starred as Chanda Sahay, a high-school drop-out household maid and single mother of a sullen young girl named Apeksha, played by Ria Shukla.

Nil Battey Sannata [SEP] Introduction


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Question: and who played these character?

Answer: Swara Bhaskar and Ria Shukla, respectively.

Nil Battey Sannata [SEP] Introduction


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: Swara Bhaskar and Ria Shukla, respectively.

Question: is it a remake of any other film or or any other remake was made after it?

Answer: Remade in Tamil as "Amma Kanakku", and in Malayalam as "Udaharanam Sujatha".

Explanation: The film did well at the box-office, collecting a total of around during its entire theatrical run. The same year, the film was remade in Tamil as "Amma Kanakku", with Iyer returning to direct. The following year, it was remade in Malayalam as "Udaharanam Sujatha".

Nil Battey Sannata [SEP] Introduction

Released in India on 22 April 2016, "Nil Battey Sannata" was distributed by Eros International and garnered critical and audience acclaim. Reviewers praised most aspects of the production, especially its narrative and realism, and the performances of the cast, Bhaskar's in particular. At the 62nd Filmfare Awards, Iyer won the Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director, while Bhaskar and Shukla won the Screen Awards for Best Actress (Critics) and Best Child Artist respectively. The film did well at the box-office, collecting a total of around during its entire theatrical run. The same year, the film was remade in Tamil as "Amma Kanakku", with Iyer returning to direct.


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: is it a remake of any other film or or any other remake was made after it?

Context: Remade in Tamil as "Amma Kanakku", and in Malayalam as "Udaharanam Sujatha".

Question: what was the former actor's debutant film?

Answer: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Swara Bhaskar [SEP] Introduction

Swara Bhaskar (born 9 April 1988) is an Indian actress who works in the Hindi film industry. Best known for her supporting work in mainstream productions and starring roles in independent films, she has won two Screen Awards and has been nominated Filmfare Award on three occasions. Swara, the daughter of naval Commodore C. Uday Bhaskar (Retd.), was born and raised in Delhi. After receiving her bachelor's degree in English literature from the Miranda House, she enrolled herself at the Jawaharlal Nehru University to complete her master's in Sociology. Swara made her film debut with a supporting role in the 2009 drama "Madholal Keep Walking", a commercial failure.


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: what was the former actor's debutant film?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Question: is she a producer also?

Answer: Yes, her production house is Kahaaniwaaley.

Explanation: She launched her production house Kahaaniwaaley with her brother Ishan Bhaskar on 25 January 2019.

Swara Bhaskar [SEP] Producer


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: Yes, her production house is Kahaaniwaaley.

Question: which protest was she a part?

Answer: Citizenship Amendment Act

Swara Bhaskar [SEP] Anti-CAA protests

Swara has been a vocal critic of the Citizenship Amendment Act and participated in the accompanying protests. Cases were since lodged against her for inciting communal disharmony with provocative speeches. She came out strongly against the arrest of Safoora Zargar an anti-CAA activist charged with UAPA by Delhi Police.


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: which protest was she a part?

Context: Citizenship Amendment Act

Question: is the director into advertising?

Answer: Yes, she spent 15 years in the advertising agency Leo Burnett.

Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari [SEP] Advertising

A gold medalist in commercial arts from Sophia Polytechnic, Mumbai, Ashwiny spent 15 years in the advertising agency Leo Burnett (India). She won several awards like Cannes Lions, New York festival, One show, Promax and the Goafest Awards. She quit Leo Burnett to follow her passion in filmmaking.


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: which protest was she a part?

Context: Citizenship Amendment Act

Context: is the director into advertising?

Context: Yes, she spent 15 years in the advertising agency Leo Burnett.

Question: in which other film did she work?

Answer: "Bareilly Ki Barfi"

Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari [SEP] Films

She remade the film in Tamil as Amma Kanakku which released on 24 June in the same year. She was selected as one of the "Powerful Women in 2016" in the "Femina" poll and was a part of Grazia Women Achievers 2016. She was a speaker at Tedx Bangalore 2016 on women, films and self-empowerment. In 2017, she won a Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director. Iyer next directed the 2017 romantic comedy "Bareilly Ki Barfi", for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Director at the 2018 ceremony. The film and Iyer's direction received a critical praise and the film went onto become a commercial success.


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: which protest was she a part?

Context: Citizenship Amendment Act

Context: is the director into advertising?

Context: in which other film did she work?

Context: "Bareilly Ki Barfi"

Question: which actors worked in this film?

Answer: Kriti Sanon, Ayushmann Khurrana, and Rajkummar Rao

Bareilly Ki Barfi [SEP] Introduction

Bareilly Ki Barfi () is a 2017 Indian romantic comedy film directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari and starring Kriti Sanon, Ayushmann Khurrana, and Rajkummar Rao in lead roles with Pankaj Tripathi and Seema Pahwa in supporting roles. It was theatrically released in India on 18 August 2017, receiving highly positive reviews from critics, and emerged as a commercial success grossing over worldwide against a budget of . It ran for more than 70 days in both India and abroad, and received 8 nominations at the 63rd Filmfare Awards, including Best Film and Best Supporting Actress (Pahwa), and won Best Director (Iyer Tiwari) and Best Supporting Actor (Rao).


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: which protest was she a part?

Context: Citizenship Amendment Act

Context: is the director into advertising?

Context: in which other film did she work?

Context: "Bareilly Ki Barfi"

Context: which actors worked in this film?

Context: Kriti Sanon, Ayushmann Khurrana, and Rajkummar Rao

Question: what is its genre?

Answer: Romantic comedy

Explanation: Bareilly Ki Barfi () is a 2017 Indian romantic comedy film

Bareilly Ki Barfi [SEP] Introduction


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: which protest was she a part?

Context: Citizenship Amendment Act

Context: is the director into advertising?

Context: in which other film did she work?

Context: "Bareilly Ki Barfi"

Context: which actors worked in this film?

Context: what is its genre?

Context: Romantic comedy

Question: in which television series did this second actor work?

Answer: "MTV Fully Faltoo Movies", "Cheque De India", and "Jaadoo Ek Baar", to name a few.

Ayushmann Khurrana [SEP] 2004–2011: Television shows and early career

After completing his graduation and post-graduation in Journalism, his first job was as an radio personality at BIG FM, Delhi. He hosted the show "Big Chai – Maan Na Maan", "Main Tera Ayushmann" and also won the Young Achievers Award in 2007 for it. He was the youngest recipient of the Bharat Nirman Award in New Delhi. He also worked in many other MTV shows such as "MTV Fully Faltoo Movies", "Cheque De India" and "Jaadoo Ek Baar". He then turned television host with a multiple-talent-based reality show India's Got Talent on Colors TV, which he co-anchored with Nikhil Chinapa, and "Stripped", which gave latest updates on the Indian TV industry with a comic tinge, again on MTV.


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: which protest was she a part?

Context: Citizenship Amendment Act

Context: is the director into advertising?

Context: in which other film did she work?

Context: "Bareilly Ki Barfi"

Context: which actors worked in this film?

Context: what is its genre?

Context: Romantic comedy

Context: in which television series did this second actor work?

Context: "MTV Fully Faltoo Movies", "Cheque De India", and "Jaadoo Ek Baar", to name a few.

Question: did any of his film fetch him any award?

Answer: Yes, "Vicky Donor".

Explanation: Khurrana made his acting debut in 2012 with Shoojit Sircar's romantic comedy "Vicky Donor", co-starring Annu Kapoor and Yami Gautam. It marked the production debut of actor John Abraham, and starred Khurrana in the titular role of a sperm donor. In preparation, he attended acting workshops and interacted with medical professionals. For the film's soundtrack, he sang "Pani Da Rang", which he had written and composed with Rochak Kohli back in 2003. Praising the film's ensemble cast, Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote that Khurrana's "candid disposition and roguish face ensures his street smart drollery works like a breeze". With worldwide earnings of over against a budget of , "Vicky Donor" emerged as a commercial success. At the Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khurrana was awarded trophies for Best Male Debut and Best Male Playback Singer.

Ayushmann Khurrana [SEP] 2012–2015: Film debut and career struggles


Context: who directed it?

Context: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari

Context: what is the release date?

Context: who are the characters?

Context: Chanda Sahay, Apeksha

Context: and who played these character?

Context: "Madholal Keep Walking"

Context: is she a producer also?

Context: which protest was she a part?

Context: Citizenship Amendment Act

Context: is the director into advertising?

Context: in which other film did she work?

Context: "Bareilly Ki Barfi"

Context: which actors worked in this film?

Context: what is its genre?

Context: Romantic comedy

Context: did any of his film fetch him any award?

Context: Yes, "Vicky Donor".

Question: which award?

Answer: Filmfare Awards for Best Male Debut and Best Male Playback Singer.

2012–2015: Film debut and career struggles

At the Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khurrana was awarded trophies for Best Male Debut and Best Male Playback Singer. In 2013, Khurrana appeared in "Forbes India" Celebrity 100 list, ranking 70th with an estimated annual income of . He then collaborated with Kunaal Roy Kapur in Rohan Sippy's "Nautanki Saala!" (2013), a comedy based on the French film "Après Vous" (2005). Anupama Chopra found Khurrana to be "earnest" in it but felt that his comedic work was overshadowed by that of Roy Kapur. He also recorded two songs for the film's soundtrack. A year later, Khurrana teamed with Yash Raj Films (as part of a three-film deal) in the romantic comedy "Bewakoofiyaan" (2014), co-starring Sonam Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor, about a young man who has trouble convincing his girlfriend's father to approve of their marriage.


Question: what is tool?

Answer: American rock band

Tool (band) [SEP] Introduction

Tool is an American rock band from Los Angeles. Formed in 1990, the group's line-up includes drummer Danny Carey, guitarist Adam Jones, and vocalist Maynard James Keenan. Justin Chancellor has been the band's bassist since 1995, replacing their original bassist Paul D'Amour. Tool has won four Grammy Awards, performed worldwide tours, and produced albums topping the charts in several countries. To date, the band has released five studio albums, one EP and one box set. They emerged with a heavy metal sound on their first studio album, "Undertow" (1993), and became a dominant act in the alternative metal movement with the release of their follow-up album "Ænima" in 1996.


Context:
what is tool?
American rock band

Question: when did this band form?

Answer: 1990

Explanation: Formed in 1990, the group's line-up includes drummer Danny Carey, guitarist Adam Jones, and vocalist Maynard James Keenan.

Tool (band) [SEP] Introduction


Context:
what is tool?
American rock band
when did this band form?
1990

Question: who are the members of this band?

Answer: Danny Carey, Adam Jones and Maynard James Keenan

Tool (band) [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is tool?

Context: American rock band

Context: when did this band form?

Context: who are the members of this band?

Context: Danny Carey, Adam Jones and Maynard James Keenan

Question: what kind of music is associated with this band?

Answer: Rock

Explanation: Tool is an American rock band from Los Angeles. Formed in 1990, the group's line-up includes drummer Danny Carey, guitarist Adam Jones, and vocalist Maynard James Keenan.

Tool (band) [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is tool?

Context: American rock band

Context: when did this band form?

Context: who are the members of this band?

Context: what kind of music is associated with this band?

Context: Rock

Question: who is the lead singer of this band?

Answer: Maynard James Keenan

Tool (band) [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is tool?

Context: American rock band

Context: when did this band form?

Context: who are the members of this band?

Context: Rock

Context: who is the lead singer of this band?

Context: Maynard James Keenan

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Ravenna, Ohio

Maynard James Keenan [SEP] Early life

Maynard James Keenan was born James Herbert Keenan in Ravenna, Ohio, on April 17, 1964, the only child of Southern Baptists Judith Marie (née Dougherty; November 22, 1943June 18, 2003) and Michael Loren Keenan. He is of Irish and Italian descent. When his parents divorced in 1968, his father moved to Scottville, Michigan, and Keenan would only see him about once a year for the next 12 years. His mother remarried, bringing Keenan into an "intolerant and unworldly household" where his intelligence and creative expression would be stifled. His mother suffered a paralyzing subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm in 1976 when Keenan was 11, and this incident would later serve as the inspiration for songs such as Tool's "Jimmy" and "Wings for Marie" and A Perfect Circle's "Judith".


Context: what is tool?

Context: American rock band

Context: when did this band form?

Context: who are the members of this band?

Context: Rock

Context: who is the lead singer of this band?

Context: Maynard James Keenan

Context: where is he from?

Context: Ravenna, Ohio

Question: did he belong to any other band before joining the former one?

Answer: Yes, TexA.N.S.

Maynard James Keenan [SEP] Early bands

Upon completing his term of prep school, Keenan studied art at Kendall College of Art and Design in Grand Rapids, Michigan. From there he moved to Somerville, Massachusetts, where his love of animals led him to practice interior design for a Boston-area pet store. He was transferred to a store in Los Angeles, before he was quickly fired and began working in set construction. During the 1980s, Keenan played bass guitar for TexA.N.S. and sang for Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty, both independent bands. During this time, he wrote an early version of "Sober", later Tool's first successful single. He also (with future Tool bandmate Danny Carey) performed live and recorded with Green Jellö between 1990 and 1993, playing guitar and performing backup vocals as the voice of one of the pigs on the band's hit song "Three Little Pigs" on their debut album "Cereal Killer", and appearing in the music video for "Slave Boy" on the band's follow-up LP "333".


Context: what is tool?

Context: American rock band

Context: when did this band form?

Context: who are the members of this band?

Context: Rock

Context: who is the lead singer of this band?

Context: Maynard James Keenan

Context: where is he from?

Context: Ravenna, Ohio

Context: did he belong to any other band before joining the former one?

Context: Yes, TexA.N.S.

Question: what else did he do apart from singing?

Answer: Comedy and acting

Maynard James Keenan [SEP] Comedy and acting

Keenan is featured in several segments of "Mr. Show", most notably in the Ronnie Dobbs sketch presented in the first season in which he plays the lead singer of the then-fictitious band "Puscifer". He also appears in episode 2.6, "The Velveteen Touch of a Dandy Fop". Later, Keenan sang on a track for the "Mr. Show" incarnation "Run Ronnie Run", and appears in the "music video sex scene" on its DVD. Keenan appeared on the cover of the May/June 1999 issue of "Pop Smear" magazine, portraying Charles Manson as part of a photo essay, imitating a famous "Life" magazine portrait.


Context: what is tool?

Context: American rock band

Context: when did this band form?

Context: who are the members of this band?

Context: Rock

Context: who is the lead singer of this band?

Context: Maynard James Keenan

Context: where is he from?

Context: Ravenna, Ohio

Context: Yes, TexA.N.S.

Context: what else did he do apart from singing?

Context: Comedy and acting

Question: did he act in any film?

Answer: Yes,  "Bikini Bandits" and its sequel.

Explanation: He also appeared as Satan in the 2002 film "Bikini Bandits" and its 2004 sequel "Bikini Bandits 2: Golden Rod".

On April 1, 2005, the official Tool website announced, as an April Fools' Day prank, that "Maynard has found Jesus" and would be abandoning the recording of the new album temporarily and possibly permanently. Kurt Loder of MTV contacted Keenan via email to ask for a confirmation and received a nonchalant confirmation. When Loder asked again, Keenan's response was simply "heh heh". On April 7, the official site revealed that it was a hoax. During an interview Keenan later stated, "It was April Fools'. If you fall for that on April Fools' Day, there's nothing I can do for you." He has been part of other April Fools' pranks related to Tool, including one in which he was said to be in critical condition after a tour bus accident.


Context: what is tool?

Context: American rock band

Context: when did this band form?

Context: who are the members of this band?

Context: Rock

Context: who is the lead singer of this band?

Context: Maynard James Keenan

Context: where is he from?

Context: Ravenna, Ohio

Context: Yes, TexA.N.S.

Context: what else did he do apart from singing?

Context: Comedy and acting

Context: did he act in any film?

Context: Yes,  "Bikini Bandits" and its sequel.

Question: which was the first album that the band released?

Answer: Opiate

Tool (band) [SEP] Formation and "Opiate" (1989–1992)

It's a wrench. ... we are ... your tool; use us as a catalyst in your process of finding out whatever it is you need to find out, or whatever it is you're trying to achieve." After almost two years of practicing and performing locally in the Los Angeles area, the band was approached by record companies, and eventually signed a record deal with Zoo Entertainment. In March 1992, Zoo released the band's first effort, "Opiate". Described by the band as "slam and bang" heavy music and the "hardest sounding" six songs they had written to that point, the EP included the singles "Hush" and "Opiate".


Question: what does the term ridge route refer to?

Answer: A two-lane highway between Los Angeles County and Kern County, California.

Ridge Route [SEP] Introduction

The Ridge Route, officially the Castaic–Tejon Route, was a two-lane highway between Los Angeles County and Kern County, California. Opened in 1915 and paved with concrete between 1917 and 1921, the road was the first paved highway directly linking the Los Angeles Basin with the San Joaquin Valley (southern Central Valley) over the Tejon Pass and the rugged Sierra Pelona Mountains ridge south of Gorman. Much of the old road runs through the Angeles National Forest, and passes many historical landmarks, including the National Forest Inn, Reservoir Summit, Kelly's Half Way Inn, Tumble Inn, and Sandberg's Summit Hotel. North of the forest, the Ridge Route passed through Deadman's Curve before ending at Grapevine.


Context: what does the term ridge route refer to?

Context: A two-lane highway between Los Angeles County and Kern County, California.

Question: who constructed it?

Answer: California Highway Commission

Ridge Route [SEP] Construction

The route chosen was direct from Saugus to Gorman, over the top of the ridge for many miles. Due to cost and drainage concerns, and a desire to reduce altering the terrain, the road was built with 697 curves, high in the mountains. Construction on the Ridge Route, officially considered to run from Castaic Junction (west of Saugus on the road to Ventura) to the bottom of the grade at Grapevine, began in 1914. The highway was one of the earliest projects completed by the California Highway Commission. Horse-drawn scrapers were used. The new road, designed with an ideal grade of 6 percent (but with several 7 percent grades, including at Grapevine,) cut the distance by over the Tejon Pass Route or over the Midway Route.


Context: who constructed it?

Context: California Highway Commission

Question: had the roadway faced any accident anytime?

Answer: Yes - A Ridge Route Alternate was built to prevent road accidents and to increase road capacity.

Ridge Route [SEP] Bypasses and the fate of the bypassed road

In 1929 the state decided to build a new bypass of the central portion through Piru Canyon, and to upgrade the north portion over Tejon Pass and down the hill to Grapevine. This Ridge Route Alternate, or Ridge Alternate Highway, shortened the route by and increased the minimum curve radius from . This was done for the safety of the road, which had many accidents, and to increase the road's capacity. The old highway was to be relinquished to Los Angeles County and incorporated into the county road system. Construction began in 1930, and the road south of Tejon Pass opened on October 29, 1933; replacement of the Grapevine grade was completed in 1936.


Context: who constructed it?

Context: California Highway Commission

Context: had the roadway faced any accident anytime?

Context: Yes - A Ridge Route Alternate was built to prevent road accidents and to increase road capacity.

Question: which places does the route connect?

Answer: Piru Canyon, Grapevine

Bypasses and the fate of the bypassed road

Explanation: In 1929 the state decided to build a new bypass of the central portion through Piru Canyon, and to upgrade the north portion over Tejon Pass and down the hill to Grapevine. This Ridge Route Alternate, or Ridge Alternate Highway, shortened the route by and increased the minimum curve radius from .


Context: who constructed it?

Context: California Highway Commission

Context: which places does the route connect?

Context: Piru Canyon, Grapevine

Question: where is the latter located?

Answer: Kern County, California

Grapevine, California [SEP] Introduction

Grapevine is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California, at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. The small village is directly adjacent to Interstate 5 and consists mainly of travelers' and roadside services. At an elevation of , the community is located at the foot of a grade known as The Grapevine that starts at the mouth of Grapevine Canyon, immediately south of the community, and ascends the canyon to the Tejon Pass, which separates the Tehachapi Mountains from the San Emigdio Mountains via Interstate 5 (formerly U.S. Route 99).


Context: who constructed it?

Context: California Highway Commission

Context: which places does the route connect?

Context: Piru Canyon, Grapevine

Context: where is the latter located?

Context: Kern County, California

Question: is grapevine a town?

Answer: No, it is a small village and an unincorporated community

Explanation: Grapevine is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California, at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. The small village is directly adjacent to Interstate 5 and consists mainly of travelers' and roadside services.