Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where is it located?

Answer: Quinta da Boa Vista park in the Imperial Neighbourhood of São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Paço de São Cristóvão [SEP] Introduction

Paço de São Cristóvão (; ; also known as Palácio Imperial or Palácio Imperial de São Cristóvão) was an imperial palace located in the Quinta da Boa Vista park in the Imperial Neighbourhood of São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It served as residence to the Portuguese Royal Family and later to the Brazilian Imperial Family until 1889, when the country became a republic through a coup d'état deposing Emperor Pedro II. The palace briefly served as a public building by the provisional government for the constituent assembly of the first republican constitution. It housed the major part (92.5%) of the collections of the National Museum of Brazil, which, together with the building, were largely destroyed by a fire on 2 September 2018.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Quinta da Boa Vista park in the Imperial Neighbourhood of São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Question: apart from the royals who else resides in this palace?

Answer: Brazilian Imperial Family

Explanation: It served as residence to the Portuguese Royal Family and later to the Brazilian Imperial Family until 1889, when the country became a republic through a coup d'état deposing Emperor Pedro II.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: apart from the royals who else resides in this palace?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Question: is there a museum here?

Answer: Yes, the National Museum.

Paço de São Cristóvão [SEP] National Museum

Founded in 1818 by King John VI of Portugal, the National Museum was transferred to the old Imperial Palace of São Cristóvão in 1892. During its long history, its collections have been greatly expanded by acquisitions and donations, including by Emperor Pedro II, a great sponsor of the sciences. The collections included Astronomy (mostly meteorites), Palaeontology, Natural history, Ethnology (including many interesting works by Brazilian indigenous peoples) and Archaeology (mostly antiquities from ancient Egypt). Much of the art collection displayed by the Museum still consisted of what was gathered by the Emperor Pedro II himself. In this manner, it reflects 19th-century views of Anthropology, Archeology and sciences in general.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Question: what impact did the prince have?

Answer: An isolated and shy Pedro II changed; shared domestic interests that developed into an affectionate friendship.

Explanation: The birth of an heir produced changes in Pedro II's character. Previously isolated and shy, he became more outgoing and confident as monarch. His strained relationship with his wife, the product of a disappointing arranged marriage, also improved, and with children came shared domestic interests that developed into an affectionate friendship.

Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil [SEP] Life and impact

A letter written by Pedro II to his elder sister Maria II a few months after the birth of his second child—a daughter named Isabel—displayed his happiness: "No news here save the good state of health of myself, of the empress, and of the little ones, who are becoming increasingly cute, principally little Afonso, who is already walking and who says many words, still half incomprehensible, the which increases their charm."


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Context: what impact did the prince have?

Context: An isolated and shy Pedro II changed; shared domestic interests that developed into an affectionate friendship.

Question: when did he die?

Answer: 11 June 1847

Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil [SEP] Death

On 11 June 1847, the young prince was playing in the library of the palace when he experienced a series of strong convulsions and died, not quite two and a half years old. His death revealed that Afonso suffered from epilepsy, as did his father. The grief of Pedro II and his wife was enormous. It was feared that the shock might affect Teresa Cristina's health, as she was pregnant at the time with her third child. She later gave birth without complications on 13 July to a girl, who was christened Leopoldina. The devastated emperor wrote a letter to his stepmother, the Empress Amélia, dated 11 July 1847, telling her of Afonso's death: "With the most piercing grief I tell you that my little Afonso, your godson, unfortunately died of convulsions, which he suffered during five hours on the 4th of last month; and a few days ago little Isabel was put at risk by a strong attack of convulsions that greatly frightened me." A grand state funeral—not seen since the death of Pedro II's sister Paula in 1833—was held for the Prince Imperial at 7 p.m.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Context: what impact did the prince have?

Context: when did he die?

Context: 11 June 1847

Question: how did he die?

Answer: From epilepsy

Explanation: Afonso died from epilepsy

Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil [SEP] Introduction

Dom Afonso (23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the eldest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. Afonso died from epilepsy at the age of two, devastating the emperor. The following year, Pedro and Teresa Cristina had another son, Pedro Afonso, but he too died in infancy. After the loss of his second son, doubts grew in Pedro II's mind that the imperial system could be viable.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Context: what impact did the prince have?

Context: when did he die?

Context: 11 June 1847

Context: how did he die?

Context: From epilepsy

Question: how is he remembered even till today?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Context: what impact did the prince have?

Context: when did he die?

Context: 11 June 1847

Context: how did he die?

Context: From epilepsy

Context: how is he remembered even till today?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are the symptoms of the disease?

Answer: Recurrent seizures.

Epilepsy [SEP] Signs and symptoms

Epilepsy is characterized by a long-term risk of recurrent seizures. These seizures may present in several ways depending on the part of the brain involved and the person's age.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Context: what impact did the prince have?

Context: when did he die?

Context: 11 June 1847

Context: how did he die?

Context: From epilepsy

Context: how is he remembered even till today?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the symptoms of the disease?

Context: Recurrent seizures.

Question: and how can one diagnose it?

Answer: Based on observation of the seizure onset and the underlying cause.

Epilepsy [SEP] Diagnosis

The diagnosis of epilepsy is typically made based on observation of the seizure onset and the underlying cause. An electroencephalogram (EEG) to look for abnormal patterns of brain waves and neuroimaging (CT scan or MRI) to look at the structure of the brain are also usually part of the workup. While figuring out a specific epileptic syndrome is often attempted, it is not always possible. Video and EEG monitoring may be useful in difficult cases.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Context: what impact did the prince have?

Context: when did he die?

Context: 11 June 1847

Context: how did he die?

Context: From epilepsy

Context: how is he remembered even till today?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the symptoms of the disease?

Context: Recurrent seizures.

Context: and how can one diagnose it?

Context: Based on observation of the seizure onset and the underlying cause.

Question: can it be prevented in anyway?

Answer: Reduce head injuries, good care during birth, and reduction of pork tapeworm.

Epilepsy [SEP] Prevention

While many cases are not preventable, efforts to reduce head injuries, provide good care around the time of birth, and reduce environmental parasites such as the pork tapeworm may be effective. Efforts in one part of Central America to decrease rates of pork tapeworm resulted in a 50% decrease in new cases of epilepsy.


Context: who was afonso?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 23 February 1845

Context: who was he to successor of?

Context: Pedro II

Context: did he live in a palace?

Context: Yes, Palace of São Cristóvão.

Context: when was it built?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: Brazilian Imperial Family

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, the National Museum.

Context: what impact did the prince have?

Context: when did he die?

Context: 11 June 1847

Context: how did he die?

Context: From epilepsy

Context: how is he remembered even till today?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the symptoms of the disease?

Context: Recurrent seizures.

Context: and how can one diagnose it?

Context: can it be prevented in anyway?

Context: Reduce head injuries, good care during birth, and reduction of pork tapeworm.

Question: how can a first aid help?

Answer: Rolling people onto their side and into the recovery position helps prevent fluids from getting into the lungs.

Epilepsy [SEP] First aid

Rolling people with an active tonic-clonic seizure onto their side and into the recovery position helps prevent fluids from getting into the lungs. Putting fingers, a bite block or tongue depressor in the mouth is not recommended as it might make the person vomit or result in the rescuer being bitten. Efforts should be taken to prevent further self-injury. Spinal precautions are generally not needed. If a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or if there are more than two seizures in an hour without a return to a normal level of consciousness between them, it is considered a medical emergency known as status epilepticus.


Question: game of thrones season one episode 2 summary

Answer: The Starks join the King's entourage, while Tyrion Lannister and Jon snow start ravelling towards the Wall in the North. Daenerys Targaryen, goes to the city of Vaes Dothrak with her husband's "khalasar".

Explanation: Nearly all the action of the episode happens during travel: Eddard Stark and his daughters accompany the king's entourage to King's Landing to occupy the post of Hand of the King, Tyrion Lannister joins Jon in his travel to the Wall, and the newly wed Daenerys goes with her husband's "khalasar" to the city of Vaes Dothrak. Meanwhile, in Winterfell a grieving Catelyn Stark watches over her unconscious son Bran.

The Kingsroad [SEP] Introduction

"The Kingsroad" is the second episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series "Game of Thrones", first aired on April 24, 2011. It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Tim Van Patten. Nearly all the action of the episode happens during travel: Eddard Stark and his daughters accompany the king's entourage to King's Landing to occupy the post of Hand of the King, Tyrion Lannister joins Jon in his travel to the Wall, and the newly wed Daenerys goes with her husband's "khalasar" to the city of Vaes Dothrak.


Context: game of thrones season one episode 2 summary

Context: The Starks join the King's entourage, while Tyrion Lannister and Jon snow start ravelling towards the Wall in the North. Daenerys Targaryen, goes to the city of Vaes Dothrak with her husband's "khalasar".

Question: what is the kingsroad?

Answer: The name of the second episode of the first season.

Explanation: "The Kingsroad" is the second episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series "Game of Thrones", first aired on April 24, 2011.

The Kingsroad [SEP] Introduction

Meanwhile, in Winterfell a grieving Catelyn Stark watches over her unconscious son Bran. The title of the episode refers to the long road that snakes throughout Westeros, eventually ending at King's Landing.


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: The name of the second episode of the first season.

Question: where was it filmed?

Answer: The Paint Hall Studio and the Redhall Estate, in Ballycarry.

Explanation: The principal shooting for the episode was done at The Paint Hall studio. The scenes at the Inn at the Crossroads were filmed on location at the Redhall Estate, in Ballycarry, during the first days of September 2010.

The Kingsroad [SEP] Filming locations


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: The Paint Hall Studio and the Redhall Estate, in Ballycarry.

Question: was it received well by the audience?

Answer: It got a positive response and 2.2 millions viewers had watched it as it premiered.

Explanation: The second episode of "Game of Thrones" attracted the same viewing figures as the premiere, with 2.2 million viewers. The second repeat obtained 0.7 million, which was also similar to the previous week's figure. These ratings have been considered positive, especially considering that it was aired on an Easter Sunday.

The Kingsroad [SEP] Ratings


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: It got a positive response and 2.2 millions viewers had watched it as it premiered.

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Tim Van Patten.

Explanation: It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Tim Van Patten.

The Kingsroad [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Question: has he won any awards?

Answer: Yes, the Edgar Award, the Writers Guild of America Award and the Primetime Emmy Award.

Tim Van Patten [SEP] Awards

In 2001, together with Terence Winter, Van Patten won both the Edgar Award and Writers Guild of America Award for for "The Sopranos" episode "Pine Barrens," directed by Steve Buscemi. In 2004, Van Patten directed an episode called "Long Term Parking," which won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series. He has been nominated at the Primetime Emmy Awards on ten occasions for directing: "The Sopranos" episodes "Amour Fou", "Whoever Did This", "Long Term Parking" and "Members Only", "The Pacific" episode "Okinawa", the "Game of Thrones" pilot "Winter Is Coming", and "Boardwalk Empire" episodes "To the Lost", "Margate Sands", "Farewell Daddy Blues" and the series finale "Eldorado", winning the award for "To the Lost" in 2012.


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Context: has he won any awards?

Context: Yes, the Edgar Award, the Writers Guild of America Award and the Primetime Emmy Award.

Question: on what basis is the first award presented?

Answer: In 2001, along with Terence Winter, he received it for an episode called "Pine Barrens" in the TV series "The Sopranos".

Explanation: In 2001, together with Terence Winter, Van Patten won both the Edgar Award and Writers Guild of America Award for for "The Sopranos" episode "Pine Barrens," directed by Steve Buscemi.

Tim Van Patten [SEP] Awards


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Context: has he won any awards?

Context: on what basis is the first award presented?

Context: In 2001, along with Terence Winter, he received it for an episode called "Pine Barrens" in the TV series "The Sopranos".

Question: can you mention some of his other works?

Answer: He has directed movies episodes of "Perry Mason", "The Sopranos", "The Wire" among many others; and has also acted in movies like "Class of 1984" and "The Master".

Explanation:
Timothy Van Patten is an American television director, actor, screenwriter, and producer. He has directed episodes of "Perry Mason", "Boardwalk Empire", " Black Mirror", "Deadwood", "Ed", "Game of Thrones", "The Pacific", "Rome", "Sex and the City", "The Sopranos", and "The Wire".

As an actor, he is perhaps best known for portraying Mario "Salami" Pettrino on "The White Shadow". He also played the villainous teenager Peter Stegman in "Class of 1984" and Max Keller on "The Master".

Tim Van Patten [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Context: has he won any awards?

Context: can you mention some of his other works?

Context: He has directed movies episodes of "Perry Mason", "The Sopranos", "The Wire" among many others; and has also acted in movies like "Class of 1984" and "The Master".

Question: when was the first mentioned movie released?

Answer: 1982

Class of 1984 [SEP] Introduction

Class of 1984 is a 1982 Canadian action thriller crime film directed by Mark L. Lester and co-written by Tom Holland and John Saxton based on a story by Holland. The film stars Perry King, Merrie Lynn Ross (who also served as co-executive producer), Timothy Van Patten, Lisa Langlois, Stefan Arngrim, Michael J. Fox (credited as Michael Fox in an early role shortly before his breakthrough on the TV series "Family Ties"), and Roddy McDowall. The film used the punk look and image that was becoming part of popular culture in the early 1980s. The theme song, "I Am the Future", was performed by Alice Cooper.


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Context: has he won any awards?

Context: when was the first mentioned movie released?

Question: does the movie have any legacy?

Answer: It has been mentioned by comedy writer and producer Tom Scharpling as one of his favourite movies.

Explanation: Comedy writer/producer Tom Scharpling has noted that "Class of 1984" is one of his favorite films. Scharpling would often reference the film on his weekly call in radio program "The Best Show on WFMU".

Class of 1984 [SEP] Legacy


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Context: has he won any awards?

Context: does the movie have any legacy?

Context: It has been mentioned by comedy writer and producer Tom Scharpling as one of his favourite movies.

Question: what is the storyline of it?

Answer: It is about how a newly appointed music teacher helps out his students, who are riddled with drug problems and also engage in a number of illegal activities, by all means necessary

Explanation:
Andrew Norris is the new music teacher at a troubled inner city school. As he arrives on his first day, he meets fellow teacher Terry Corrigan, who is carrying a gun. When Andrew asks about the firearm, Terry assures him he will learn why the protection is necessary. When they enter the school, Andrew is shocked to see everyone scanned by metal detectors and frisked. He spots a student with a knife, but the security guards let the kid go because they are so overworked.

The halls of the school are covered with graffiti. Andrew learns he is expected to patrol the halls as a security guard during his off periods. In his first class, a group of five disruptive students are roughhousing and causing trouble. The leader of the gang is Peter Stegman, the only member of the group who is actually registered in that class. They all eventually walk out, and Andrew discovers the rest of the students actually want to learn, especially Arthur, who plays the trumpet, and Deneen, who plays the clarine

Class of 1984 [SEP] Plot


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Context: has he won any awards?

Context: does the movie have any legacy?

Context: what is the storyline of it?

Context: It is about how a newly appointed music teacher helps out his students, who are riddled with drug problems and also engage in a number of illegal activities, by all means necessary

Question: who was the protagonist of the film?

Answer: The music teacher, Andrew Norris.

Explanation: Andrew Norris is the new music teacher at a troubled inner city school.

Class of 1984 [SEP] Plot


Context: what is the kingsroad?

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: was it received well by the audience?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Tim Van Patten.

Context: has he won any awards?

Context: does the movie have any legacy?

Context: what is the storyline of it?

Context: who was the protagonist of the film?

Context: The music teacher, Andrew Norris.

Question: which actor was casted as the music teacher?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Class of 1984 [SEP] Plot


Question: what was the structure of the roman catholic church based on

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Catholic Church [SEP] Introduction

The Catholic Church, sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide . As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of almost 3,500 dioceses (also called "local churches") around the world on every continent, each shepherded by its bishop. The pope, who is the Bishop of Rome (and whose titles also include Vicar of Jesus Christ and Successor of St. Peter), is the chief pastor of the whole church, entrusted with the universal Petrine ministry of unity and correction.


Context: what was the structure of the roman catholic church based on

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who is the head of this church?

Answer: Pope

Explanation: The pope, who is the Bishop of Rome (and whose titles also include Vicar of Jesus Christ and Successor of St. Peter), is the chief pastor of the whole church,

Catholic Church [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Question: do they have a holy city?

Answer: Yes, Vatican City

Catholic Church [SEP] Holy See, papacy, Roman Curia, and College of Cardinals

The pope is also Sovereign of Vatican City, a small city-state entirely enclaved within the city of Rome, which is an entity distinct from the Holy See. It is as head of the Holy See, not as head of Vatican City State, that the pope receives ambassadors of states and sends them his own diplomatic representatives. The Holy See also confers orders, decorations and medals, such as the orders of chivalry originating from the Middle Ages. While the famous Saint Peter's Basilica is located in Vatican City, above the traditional site of Saint Peter's tomb, the papal cathedral for the Diocese of Rome is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, located within the city of Rome, though enjoying extraterritorial privileges accredited to the Holy See.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Question: in which country is this in?

Answer: Italy

Vatican City [SEP] Introduction

Vatican City (), officially the Vatican City State (; ), is the Holy See's independent city state, an enclave within Rome, Italy. The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty (1929), and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of and a population of about 825, it is the smallest sovereign state in the world by both area and population.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Question: what authority does the head of the church have?

Answer: Papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see

Pope [SEP] Introduction

The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity by international law headquartered in the distinctively independent Vatican City State, established by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 between Italy and the Holy See to ensure its temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. The Holy See is recognized by its adherence at various levels to international organization and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what authority does the head of the church have?

Context: Papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see

Question: what is his real name?

Answer: The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

Explanation: The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

Pope [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

Question: who are the other members of this church?

Answer: Ordained clergy, bishops,  priests, non-ordained ministers, lay missionaries, lay ecclesial ministers.

Explanation: Catholic ministers include ordained clergy, lay ecclesial ministers, missionaries, and catechists. Also as of the end of 2014, there were 465,595 ordained clergy, including 5,237 bishops, 415,792 priests (diocesan and religious), and 44,566 deacons (permanent). Non-ordained ministers included 3,157,568 catechists, 367,679 lay missionaries, and 39,951 lay ecclesial ministers.

Catholic Church [SEP] Membership

Catholicism is the second largest religious body in the world, surpassed in size only by Sunni Islam. Church membership, defined as baptised Catholics, was 1.329 billion at the end of 2018, which is 18% of the world population. Catholics represent about half of all Christians. Geographic distribution of Catholics worldwide continues to shift, with 17.8% in Africa, 48.3% in the Americas, 11.1% Asia, 21.5% in Europe, and 0.9% in Oceania. Catholic ministers include ordained clergy, lay ecclesial ministers, missionaries, and catechists. Also as of the end of 2014, there were 465,595 ordained clergy, including 5,237 bishops, 415,792 priests (diocesan and religious), and 44,566 deacons (permanent).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: who are the other members of this church?

Context: Ordained clergy, bishops,  priests, non-ordained ministers, lay missionaries, lay ecclesial ministers.

Question: what law do they follow?

Answer: Canon law

Catholic Church [SEP] Canon law

Canon law () is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church. The canon law of the Latin Church was the first modern Western legal system and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West, while the distinctive traditions of Oriental canon law govern the 23 Eastern Catholic particular churches "sui iuris." Positive ecclesiastical laws, based directly or indirectly upon immutable divine law or natural law, derive formal authority in the case of universal laws from promulgation by the supreme legislator—the Supreme Pontiff—who possesses the totality of legislative, executive and judicial power in his person, while particular laws derive formal authority from promulgation by a legislator inferior to the supreme legislator, whether an ordinary or a delegated legislator.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Question: what does it state?

Answer: It is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church.

Catholic Church [SEP] Canon law


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: It is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church.

Question: what is its nature?

Answer: The Catholic Church teaches that it is the "one true church", "the universal sacrament of salvation for the human race", and "the one true religion".

Catholic Church [SEP] Nature of the church

The Catholic Church teaches that it is the "one true church", "the universal sacrament of salvation for the human race", and "the one true religion". According to the "Catechism", the Catholic Church is further described in the Nicene Creed as the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church". These are collectively known as the Four Marks of the Church. The church teaches that its founder is Jesus Christ. The New Testament records several events considered integral to the establishment of the Catholic Church, including Jesus' activities and teaching and his appointment of the apostles as witnesses to his ministry, suffering, and resurrection.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: The Catholic Church teaches that it is the "one true church", "the universal sacrament of salvation for the human race", and "the one true religion".

Question: and how does the church perceive the nature of god?

Answer: The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as a "perichoresis" of three "hypostases", or "persons": God the Father; God the Son; and God the Holy Spirit, which together are called the "Holy Trinity"

Catholic Church [SEP] Nature of God

The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as a "perichoresis" ("mutual indwelling") of three "hypostases", or "persons": God the Father; God the Son; and God the Holy Spirit, which together are called the "Holy Trinity". Catholics believe that Jesus Christ is the "Second Person" of the Trinity, God the Son. In an event known as the Incarnation, through the power of the Holy Spirit, God became united with human nature through the conception of Christ in the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Christ, therefore, is understood as being both fully divine and fully human, including possessing a human soul.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: and how does the church perceive the nature of god?

Context: The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as a "perichoresis" of three "hypostases", or "persons": God the Father; God the Son; and God the Holy Spirit, which together are called the "Holy Trinity"

Question: do they have a final judgement?

Answer: Yes, the Church teaches that, immediately after death, the soul of each person will receive a particular judgement from God, based on their sins and their relationship to Christ

Catholic Church [SEP] Final judgement

The Catholic Church teaches that, immediately after death, the soul of each person will receive a particular judgement from God, based on their sins and their relationship to Christ. This teaching also attests to another day when Christ will sit in universal judgement of all mankind. This final judgement, according to the church's teaching, will bring an end to human history and mark the beginning of both a new and better heaven and earth ruled by God in righteousness. Depending on the judgement rendered following death, it is believed that a soul may enter one of three states of the afterlife: While the Catholic Church teaches that it alone possesses the full means of salvation, it also acknowledges that the Holy Spirit can make use of Christian communities separated from itself to "impel towards Catholic unity" and "tend and lead toward the Catholic Church", and thus bring people to salvation, because these separated communities contain some elements of proper doctrine, albeit admixed with errors.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: do they have a final judgement?

Context: Yes, the Church teaches that, immediately after death, the soul of each person will receive a particular judgement from God, based on their sins and their relationship to Christ

Question: name some of their saints

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Catholic Church [SEP] Final judgement


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: do they have a final judgement?

Context: name some of their saints

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what role does the virgin mary have?

Answer: Catholic Mariology deals with the doctrines and teachings concerning the life of the Mary, mother of Jesus, as well as the veneration of Mary by the faithful. Mary is held in special regard, declared the Mother of God , and believed as dogma to have remained a virgin throughout her life.

Catholic Church [SEP] Virgin Mary

Catholic Mariology deals with the doctrines and teachings concerning the life of the Mary, mother of Jesus, as well as the veneration of Mary by the faithful. Mary is held in special regard, declared the Mother of God (), and believed as dogma to have remained a virgin throughout her life. Further teachings include the doctrines of the Immaculate Conception (her own conception without the stain of original sin) and the Assumption of Mary (that her body was assumed directly into heaven at the end of her life). Both of these doctrines were defined as infallible dogma, by Pope Pius IX in 1854 and Pope Pius XII in 1950 respectively, but only after consulting with the Catholic bishops throughout the world to ascertain that this is a Catholic belief.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: do they have a final judgement?

Context: name some of their saints

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what role does the virgin mary have?

Context: Catholic Mariology deals with the doctrines and teachings concerning the life of the Mary, mother of Jesus, as well as the veneration of Mary by the faithful. Mary is held in special regard, declared the Mother of God , and believed as dogma to have remained a virgin throughout her life.

Question: name their sacraments

Answer: Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony

Catholic Church [SEP] Sacraments

The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several ecumenical councils, most recently the Council of Trent. These are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the "Last Rites"), Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's grace to all those who receive them with the proper disposition ("ex opere operato"). The "Catechism of the Catholic Church" categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the "sacraments of Christian initiation", "sacraments of healing" and "sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: do they have a final judgement?

Context: name some of their saints

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what role does the virgin mary have?

Context: name their sacraments

Context: Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony

Question: what social activites do they do?

Answer: The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world.

Catholic Church [SEP] Social services

The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world. In 2010, the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers said that the church manages 26% of health care facilities in the world, including hospitals, clinics, orphanages, pharmacies and centres for those with leprosy. The church has always been involved in education, since the founding of the first universities of Europe. It runs and sponsors thousands of primary and secondary schools, colleges and universities throughout the world and operates the world's largest non-governmental school system. Religious institutes for women have played a particularly prominent role in the provision of health and education services, as with orders such as the Sisters of Mercy, Little Sisters of the Poor, the Missionaries of Charity, the Sisters of St.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: do they have a final judgement?

Context: name some of their saints

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what role does the virgin mary have?

Context: name their sacraments

Context: what social activites do they do?

Context: The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world.

Question: what are its views on homosexuality?

Answer: It teaches that "homosexual acts" are "contrary to the natural law", "acts of grave depravity" and "under no circumstances can they be approved", but that persons experiencing homosexual tendencies must be accorded respect and dignity

Catholic Church [SEP] Homosexuality

The Catholic Church also teaches that "homosexual acts" are "contrary to the natural law", "acts of grave depravity" and "under no circumstances can they be approved", but that persons experiencing homosexual tendencies must be accorded respect and dignity. According to the "Catechism of the Catholic Church", This part of the "Catechism" was quoted by Pope Francis in a 2013 press interview in which he remarked, when asked about an individual: This remark and others made in the same interview were seen as a change in the tone, but not in the substance of the teaching of the church, which includes opposition to same-sex marriage.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the head of this church?

Context: Pope

Context: do they have a holy city?

Context: Yes, Vatican City

Context: in which country is this in?

Context: Italy

Context: what is his real name?

Context: what law do they follow?

Context: Canon law

Context: what does it state?

Context: what is its nature?

Context: do they have a final judgement?

Context: name some of their saints

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what role does the virgin mary have?

Context: name their sacraments

Context: what social activites do they do?

Context: what are its views on homosexuality?

Context: It teaches that "homosexual acts" are "contrary to the natural law", "acts of grave depravity" and "under no circumstances can they be approved", but that persons experiencing homosexual tendencies must be accorded respect and dignity

Question: have there been cases of sexual abuse?

Answer: Yes, the issue of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy and other church members has become the subject of civil litigation, criminal prosecution, media coverage and public debate in countries around the world

Catholic Church [SEP] Sexual abuse cases

From the 1990s, the issue of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy and other church members has become the subject of civil litigation, criminal prosecution, media coverage and public debate in countries around the world. The Catholic Church has been criticized for its handling of abuse complaints when it became known that some bishops had shielded accused priests, transferring them to other pastoral assignments where some continued to commit sexual offences. In response to the scandal, formal procedures have been established to help prevent abuse, encourage the reporting of any abuse that occurs and to handle such reports promptly, although groups representing victims have disputed their effectiveness.


Question: describe genetic engineering and give one example of it

Answer: It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Explanation:
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or "knock out", genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome.

An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified (GM) and the resulting entit

Genetic engineering [SEP] Introduction


Context: describe genetic engineering and give one example of it

Context: It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Question: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Answer: Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Process

Creating a GMO is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism. This is driven by what the aim is for the resultant organism and is built on earlier research. Genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates. The development of microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing has made it much easier to find suitable genes. Luck also plays its part; the round-up ready gene was discovered after scientists noticed a bacterium thriving in the presence of the herbicide.


Context: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Context: Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

Question: what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Answer: Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing

Explanation: The development of microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing has made it much easier to find suitable genes.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Process


Context: what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Context: Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing

Question: how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field?

Answer: The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Medicine

Genetic engineering has many applications to medicine that include the manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy. One of the earliest uses of genetic engineering was to mass-produce human insulin in bacteria. This application has now been applied to, human growth hormones, follicle stimulating hormones (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines and many other drugs. Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies, have been adapted through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies. In 2017, genetic engineering of chimeric antigen receptors on a patient's own T-cells was approved by the U.S.


Context: how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field?

Context: The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.

Question: and how is it applied in the field of farming?

Answer: To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Agriculture

One of the best-known and controversial applications of genetic engineering is the creation and use of genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food. Crops have been developed to increase production, increase tolerance to abiotic stresses, alter the composition of the food, or to produce novel products. The first crops to be released commercially on a large scale provided protection from insect pests or tolerance to herbicides. Fungal and virus resistant crops have also been developed or are in development. This makes the insect and weed management of crops easier and can indirectly increase crop yield.


Context: and how is it applied in the field of farming?

Context: To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food.

Question: any examples of crops which can be genetically modified?

Answer: The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato

Genetic engineering [SEP] Agriculture

GM crops that directly improve yield by accelerating growth or making the plant more hardy (by improving salt, cold or drought tolerance) are also under development. In 2016 Salmon have been genetically modified with growth hormones to reach normal adult size much faster. GMOs have been developed that modify the quality of produce by increasing the nutritional value or providing more industrially useful qualities or quantities. The Amflora potato produces a more industrially useful blend of starches. Soybeans and canola have been genetically modified to produce more healthy oils. The first commercialised GM food was a tomato that had delayed ripening, increasing its shelf life.


Context: any examples of crops which can be genetically modified?

Context: The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato

Question: what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way?

Answer: Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products.

Explanation: Crops have been developed to increase production, increase tolerance to abiotic stresses, alter the composition of the food, or to produce novel products.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Agriculture


Context: what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way?

Context: Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products.

Question: how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels?

Answer: Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Industrial

Other applications with genetically engineered bacteria could involve making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels, cleaning up oil spills, carbon and other toxic waste and detecting arsenic in drinking water. Certain genetically modified microbes can also be used in biomining and bioremediation, due to their ability to extract heavy metals from their environment and incorporate them into compounds that are more easily recoverable. In materials science, a genetically modified virus has been used in a research laboratory as a scaffold for assembling a more environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery. Bacteria have also been engineered to function as sensors by expressing a fluorescent protein under certain environmental conditions.


Context: how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels?

Context: Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels.

Question: what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Genetic engineering [SEP] Industrial

Organisms can have their cells transformed with a gene coding for a useful protein, such as an enzyme, so that they will overexpress the desired protein. Mass quantities of the protein can then be manufactured by growing the transformed organism in bioreactor equipment using industrial fermentation, and then purifying the protein. Some genes do not work well in bacteria, so yeast, insect cells or mammalians cells can also be used. These techniques are used to produce medicines such as insulin, human growth hormone, and vaccines, supplements such as tryptophan, aid in the production of food (chymosin in cheese making) and fuels.


Context: what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the development of the engineering process?

Answer: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; James Watson and Francis Crick

Explanation: The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel "Dragon's Island", published in 1951 – one year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story "Proteus Island".

Genetic engineering [SEP] History

One of the main recommendations from this meeting was that government oversight of recombinant DNA research should be established until the technology was deemed safe. In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in "E.coli". Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court in the "Diamond v. Chakrabarty" case ruled that genetically altered life could be patented. The insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982.


Context: describe genetic engineering and give one example of it

Context: It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Context: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Context: Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

Context: what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Context: Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing

Context: how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field?

Context: The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.

Context: and how is it applied in the field of farming?

Context: To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food.

Context: any examples of crops which can be genetically modified?

Context: The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato

Context: what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way?

Context: Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products.

Context: how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels?

Context: Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels.

Context: what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the development of the engineering process?

Context: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; James Watson and Francis Crick

Question: what did the first scientist state when he developed this engineering process?

Answer: He observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.

Alfred Hershey [SEP] Introduction

Alfred Day Hershey (December 4, 1908 – May 22, 1997) was an American Nobel Prize–winning bacteriologist and geneticist. He was born in Owosso, Michigan and received his B.S. in chemistry at Michigan State University in 1930 and his Ph.D. in bacteriology in 1934, taking a position shortly thereafter at the Department of Bacteriology at Washington University in St. Louis. He began performing experiments with bacteriophages with Italian-American Salvador Luria, German Max Delbrück, Indian-Canadian Adam Hasnain, and Serbian Mila Huhtala in 1940, and observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.


Context: describe genetic engineering and give one example of it

Context: It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Context: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Context: Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

Context: what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Context: Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing

Context: how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field?

Context: The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.

Context: and how is it applied in the field of farming?

Context: To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food.

Context: any examples of crops which can be genetically modified?

Context: The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato

Context: what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way?

Context: Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products.

Context: how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels?

Context: Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels.

Context: what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the development of the engineering process?

Context: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; James Watson and Francis Crick

Context: what did the first scientist state when he developed this engineering process?

Context: He observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.

Question: and what did the third scientist propose when he developed the process?

Answer: He proposed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

James Watson [SEP] Introduction

James Dewey Watson KBE (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist. In 1953, he co-authored with Francis Crick the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Watson, Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". In subsequent years, it has been recognized that Watson and his colleagues did not properly attribute colleague Rosalind Franklin for her contributions to the discovery of the double helix structure. Watson earned degrees at the University of Chicago (BS, 1947) and Indiana University (PhD, 1950).


Context: describe genetic engineering and give one example of it

Context: It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Context: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Context: Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

Context: what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Context: Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing

Context: how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field?

Context: The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.

Context: and how is it applied in the field of farming?

Context: To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food.

Context: any examples of crops which can be genetically modified?

Context: The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato

Context: what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way?

Context: Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products.

Context: how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels?

Context: Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels.

Context: what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the development of the engineering process?

Context: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; James Watson and Francis Crick

Context: what did the first scientist state when he developed this engineering process?

Context: He observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.

Context: and what did the third scientist propose when he developed the process?

Context: He proposed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

Question: what is the full form of that above-mentioned abbreviated term?

Answer: Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA [SEP] Introduction

Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.


Context: describe genetic engineering and give one example of it

Context: It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Context: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Context: Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

Context: what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Context: Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing

Context: how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field?

Context: The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.

Context: and how is it applied in the field of farming?

Context: To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food.

Context: any examples of crops which can be genetically modified?

Context: The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato

Context: what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way?

Context: Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products.

Context: how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels?

Context: Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels.

Context: what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the development of the engineering process?

Context: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; James Watson and Francis Crick

Context: what did the first scientist state when he developed this engineering process?

Context: He observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.

Context: and what did the third scientist propose when he developed the process?

Context: He proposed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

Context: what is the full form of that above-mentioned abbreviated term?

Context: Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question: what is it made up of?

Answer: Composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

DNA [SEP] Introduction


Context: describe genetic engineering and give one example of it

Context: It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Context: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Context: Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

Context: what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Context: Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing

Context: how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field?

Context: The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria.

Context: and how is it applied in the field of farming?

Context: To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food.

Context: any examples of crops which can be genetically modified?

Context: The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato

Context: what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way?

Context: Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products.

Context: how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels?

Context: Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels.

Context: what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the development of the engineering process?

Context: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; James Watson and Francis Crick

Context: what did the first scientist state when he developed this engineering process?

Context: He observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.

Context: and what did the third scientist propose when he developed the process?

Context: He proposed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

Context: what is the full form of that above-mentioned abbreviated term?

Context: Deoxyribonucleic acid

Context: what is it made up of?

Context: Composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

Question: in which part is this abbreviated term present amongst eukaryotes?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

DNA [SEP] Introduction


Question: who took over the islamic empire after the caliphs

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Succession to Muhammad [SEP] Introduction

The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that split the Muslim community into several divisions in the first century of Islamic history, with the most prominent among these sects being the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam. Shia Islam holds that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the appointed successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad as head of the community. Sunni Islam maintains Abu Bakr to be the first leader after Muhammad on the basis of election. The contrasting opinions regarding the succession are primarily based on differing interpretations of events in early Islamic history as well as of "hadiths" (sayings of Muhammad).


Context: who took over the islamic empire after the caliphs

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is this succession issue?

Answer: The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that split the Muslim community into several divisions in the first century of Islamic history. Shia Islam holds that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the appointed successor to the prophet Muhammad. Sunni Islam maintains Abu Bakr to be the first leader after Muhammad.

Explanation: The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that split the Muslim community into several divisions in the first century of Islamic history, with the most prominent among these sects being the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam. Shia Islam holds that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the appointed successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad as head of the community. Sunni Islam maintains Abu Bakr to be the first leader after Muhammad on the basis of election.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that split the Muslim community into several divisions in the first century of Islamic history. Shia Islam holds that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the appointed successor to the prophet Muhammad. Sunni Islam maintains Abu Bakr to be the first leader after Muhammad.

Question: who was this leader maintained by the sunnis?

Answer: A father-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the first of the Rashidun Caliphs.

Abu Bakr [SEP] Introduction

Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Uthman (; 573 CE23 August 634 CE) was a companion and, through his daughter Aisha, a father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the first of the Rashidun Caliphs. Initially a rich and respected businessman, Abu Bakr later became one of the first converts to Islam and extensively contributed his wealth in support of Muhammad's work. He was among Muhammad's closest companions, accompanying him on his migration to Medina and being present at a number of his military conflicts, such as the battles of Badr and Uhud. Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr succeeded in the leadership of the Muslim community as the first Rashidun Caliph.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: who was this leader maintained by the sunnis?

Context: A father-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the first of the Rashidun Caliphs.

Question: where was he from?

Answer: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Abu Bakr [SEP] Early life

Abu Bakr was born in Mecca sometime in 573 CE, to a rich family in the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy. His father's name was Uthman and given the laqab "Abu Quhafa", and his mother was Salma bint Sakhar who was given the laqab of "Umm ul-Khair". He spent his early childhood like other Arab children of the time, among the Bedouins who called themselves "Ahl-i-Ba'eer"- the people of the camel, and developed a particular fondness for camels. In his early years he played with the camel calves and goats, and his love for camels earned him the nickname ("kunya") ""Abu Bakr"", the father of the camel's calf.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Question: how did he die?

Answer: He fell sick and did not recover. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged

Abu Bakr [SEP] Death

On 23 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick and did not recover. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged, and when his condition worsened, he felt that his end was near. Realising this, he sent for Ali and requested him to perform his ghusl since Ali had also done it for Muhammad. Abu Bakr felt that he should nominate his successor so that the issue should not be a cause of dissension among the Muslims after his death, though there was already controversy over Ali not having been appointed. He appointed Umar for this role after discussing the matter with some companions.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: He fell sick and did not recover. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged

Question: did he take part in any war?

Answer: Yes - he participated in the Battle of Uhud, Battle of the Trench, Invasion of Banu Qurayza, Battle of Khaybar, Ridda Wars

Explanation:
In 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he himself was wounded. Before the battle had begun, his son Abdul-Rahman, at that time still non-Muslim and fighting on the side of the Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. Later, Abdul-Rahman approached his father and said to him "You were exposed to me as a target, but I turned away from you and did not kill you." To this Abu Bakr replied "However, if you had been exposed to me as a target I would not have turned away from you."
In the second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid’s cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat. Many fled from the battlefield, including Abu Bakr. However, according to his own account, he was "the first to return".

Abu Bakr [SEP] Battle of Uhud

In 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he himself was wounded. Before the battle had begun, his son Abdul-Rahman, at that time still non-Muslim and fighting on the side of the Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. Later, Abdul-Rahman approached his father and said to him "You were exposed to me as a target, but I turned away from you and did not kill you." To this Abu Bakr replied "However, if you had been exposed to me as a target I would not have turned away from you." In the second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: Yes - he participated in the Battle of Uhud, Battle of the Trench, Invasion of Banu Qurayza, Battle of Khaybar, Ridda Wars

Question: who were the parties involved in the last war?

Answer: Military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr Versus rebel Arabian tribes

Ridda wars [SEP] Introduction

The Ridda Wars (), or Wars of Apostasy, were a series of military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes during 632 and 633, just after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. The rebels' position was that they had submitted to Muhammad as the prophet of Allah, but owed nothing to Abu Bakr. Some rebels followed either Tulayha, Musaylima or Sajjah, all of whom claimed prophethood. Most of the tribes were defeated and reintegrated into the Caliphate. The peoples surrounding Mecca did not revolt. A detailed reconstruction of the events is complicated by the frequently contradictory and tendentious accounts found in primary sources.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: who were the parties involved in the last war?

Context: Military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr Versus rebel Arabian tribes

Question: where was it fought?

Answer: Medina, Yamamah, Oman, Northern Arabia to  name a few

Explanation:
In mid-September 632, Abu Bakr dispatched Hudaifa bin Mihsan's corps to tackle the apostasy in Oman, where the dominant tribe of Azd had revolted under their chief Laqeet bin Malik, known more commonly as "Dhu'l-Taj" ("the Crowned One"). According to some reports, he also claimed prophethood.

Hudaifa entered Oman, but not having sufficient strength to fight Dhu'l-Taj, he requested reinforcements from the Caliph, who sent Ikrimah from Yamamah to aid him in late September. The combined forces then defeated Dhu'l-Taj at a battle at Dibba, one of Dhu'l-Taj's strongholds, in November. Dhu'l-Taj himself was killed in the battle.

Hudaifa was appointed governor of Oman, and set about the re-establishment of law and order. Ikrimah, having no local administrative responsibility, used his corps to subdue the area around Daba, and, in a number of small actions, succeeded in breaking the resistance of those Azd who had continued to defy the authority of Medina.

Ridda wars [SEP] Oman


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: where was it fought?

Context: Medina, Yamamah, Oman, Northern Arabia to  name a few

Question: what was the result of this war?

Answer: The rebellions collapsed, Abu Bakr now decided to expand the empire.

Explanation:
With the collapse of the rebellions, Abu Bakr now decided to expand the empire. It is unclear whether his intention was to mount a full-scale expansion, or preemptive attacks to secure a buffer zone between the Islamic state and the powerful Sassanid and Byzantine empires. This set the stage for the Islamic conquest of Persia.
Khalid was sent to the Persian Empire with an army consisting of 18,000 volunteers, and conquered the richest province of the Persian empire: Iraq. Thereafter, Abu Bakr sent his armies to invade Roman Syria, an important province of the Byzantine Empire.

Ridda wars [SEP] Aftermath


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: where was it fought?

Context: what was the result of this war?

Context: The rebellions collapsed, Abu Bakr now decided to expand the empire.

Question: how were the persians related to this?

Answer: Abu Bakr decided to expand the empire. This set the stage for the Islamic conquest of Persia. Khalid was sent to the Persian Empire with an army and conquered the richest province of the Persian empire: Iraq.

Ridda wars [SEP] Aftermath


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: where was it fought?

Context: what was the result of this war?

Context: how were the persians related to this?

Context: Abu Bakr decided to expand the empire. This set the stage for the Islamic conquest of Persia. Khalid was sent to the Persian Empire with an army and conquered the richest province of the Persian empire: Iraq.

Question: by whom was this empire established?

Answer: Cyrus II of Persia (Cyrus the Great)

Explanation: The first dynasty of the Persian Empire was created by the Achaemenids, established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC with the conquest of the Median, Lydian and Babylonian empires. It covered much of the then known Ancient world. Persepolis, the most famous historical site related to Persian Empire in the Achaemenid era, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.

Persian Empire [SEP] Achaemenids


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: where was it fought?

Context: what was the result of this war?

Context: how were the persians related to this?

Context: by whom was this empire established?

Context: Cyrus II of Persia (Cyrus the Great)

Question: which dynasties ruled here?

Answer: Achaemenid dynasty, Arsacid dynasty of Parthia,

Explanation:
The Persian domination and kingdom in the Iranian plateau started by an extension of the Achaemenid dynasty, who expanded their earlier domination possibly from the 9th century BC onward. The eponymous founder of this dynasty was Achaemenes (from Old Persian "Haxāmaniš"). Achaemenids are "descendants of Achaemenes" as Darius the Great, the ninth king of the dynasty, traces his genealogy to him and declares "for this reason we are called Achaemenids." Achaemenes built the state Parsumash in the southwest of Iran and was succeeded by Teispes, who took the title "King of Anshan" after seizing Anshan city and enlarging his kingdom further to include Pars proper. Ancient documents mention that Teispes had a son called Cyrus I, who also succeeded his father as "king of Anshan." Cyrus I had a full brother whose name is recorded as Ariaramnes.

In 600 BC, Cyrus I was succeeded by his son, Cambyses I, who reigned until 559 BC. Cyrus II "the Great" was a son of Cambyses I, who had named his son

Cyrus the Great [SEP] Dynastic history


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this succession issue?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Context: how did he die?

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: where was it fought?

Context: what was the result of this war?

Context: how were the persians related to this?

Context: by whom was this empire established?

Context: Cyrus II of Persia (Cyrus the Great)

Context: which dynasties ruled here?

Context: Achaemenid dynasty, Arsacid dynasty of Parthia,

Question: by whom was the former established?

Answer: Cyrus II of Persia

Explanation: The kings of the Achaemenid dynasty were Persian without doubt, but the fact that the mother of Cyrus the Great was a Median has led to the dynasty and its empire being referred to as the Medo-Persian Empire, though this term is most often used in biblical texts.

Achaemenid dynasty [SEP] Origin


Question: who plays the voice of nala in lion king

Answer: Moira Kelly

Nala (The Lion King) [SEP] Introduction

Nala is a lioness animated character appearing in Disney's "The Lion King" franchise. Introduced in the animated film "The Lion King" in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels "" (1998) and "The Lion King 1½" (2004), and serves as a recurring character in "The Lion Guard" (2015–2019). In the original film, the adult Nala is voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively. Nala is introduced as the best friend of Simba, and ultimately becomes his wife by the end of "The Lion King".


Context: who plays the voice of nala in lion king

Context: Moira Kelly

Question: which movie/show did this character appear in?

Answer: "The Lion King"

Explanation: Nala is a lioness animated character appearing in Disney's "The Lion King"

Nala (The Lion King) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: which movie/show did this character appear in?

Context: "The Lion King"

Question: what are the other characters in this movie?

Answer: Simba, uncle Scar, Mufasa, Kopa, Kiara, Kion

Nala (The Lion King) [SEP] Introduction

Several years after Simba's uncle Scar has killed Simba's father Mufasa and taken the throne, Nala desperately ventures into the jungle to find help. Upon unexpectedly reuniting with a grown Simba, who she had long been tricked by Scar into presuming dead, Nala encourages him to return to Pride Rock, overthrow his uncle and ultimately become king. As Simba's queen, Nala has a son, Kopa, an adventurous cub in "The Lion King: Six New Adventures", a daughter, Kiara, whose story is explored in "The Lion King: Simba's Pride" and another son named Kion, who serves as the protagonist of "The Lion Guard".


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: what are the other characters in this movie?

Context: Simba, uncle Scar, Mufasa, Kopa, Kiara, Kion

Question: when was it first released in theaters?

Answer: June 15, 1994

The Lion King [SEP] Release

Audience reaction was enthusiastic, causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview. Prior to the film's release, Disney did 11 test screenings. "The Lion King" had a limited release in North America on Wednesday, June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City, and featuring live shows with ticket prices up to $30. The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens. The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theaters to implement Dolby Laboratories' newest sound systems.


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Question: is this movie associated with any controversies?

Answer: Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word "SEX" might have been used to promote sexual promiscuity

The Lion King [SEP] Other controversies

Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word "SEX" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down, which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. Animator Tom Sito has stated that the letters spell "SFX" (a common abbreviation for "special effects"), not with an "E" instead of the "F", and were intended as an innocent "signature" created by the effects animation team. Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal, though the complaints may have been somewhat tongue-in-cheek. One hyena researcher, who had organized the animators' visit to the University of California, Berkeley, Field Station for the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Reproduction, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas, listed "boycott "The Lion King"" in an article listing ways to help preserve hyenas in the wild, and later "joke[d] that "The Lion King" set back hyena conservation efforts." Even so, the film was also credited with "spark[ing] an interest" in hyenas at the Berkeley center.


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: is this movie associated with any controversies?

Context: Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word "SEX" might have been used to promote sexual promiscuity

Question: are there any computer games based on this movie?

Answer: Yes, three different video games based on this film

Explanation: three different video games based on

The Lion King [SEP] Video games

Along with the film release, three different video games based on "The Lion King" were released by Virgin Interactive in December 1994. The main title was developed by Westwood Studios, and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version, while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version. The film and sequel "Simba's Pride" later inspired another game, Torus Games' "" (2000) for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation. Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in "Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games", a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level, later ported to the SNES by Tiertex.


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: are there any computer games based on this movie?

Context: Yes, three different video games based on this film

Question: what other characters has the voice actor mentioned above given her voice for?

Answer: The Lion King" and its sequels "" and "The Lion King 1 1/2"

Moira Kelly [SEP] Introduction

Moira Kelly (born March 6, 1968) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 film "The Cutting Edge" as well as single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama "One Tree Hill". She is also known for playing the role of Donna Hayward in "", replacing Lara Flynn Boyle in the prequel to the 1990 TV series "Twin Peaks". Other roles include Dorothy Day in "", White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of "The West Wing", and the voice of Simba's love interest Nala in "The Lion King" and its sequels "" and "The Lion King 1 1/2".


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: what other characters has the voice actor mentioned above given her voice for?

Context: The Lion King" and its sequels "" and "The Lion King 1 1/2"

Question: which was her debut movie?

Answer: "Love, Lies and Murder"

Explanation: "Love, Lies and Murder",

Moira Kelly [SEP] Career

Kelly made her professional acting debut in the fact-based made-for-TV movie "Love, Lies and Murder", playing teenager Cinnamon Brown, who was coerced by her father into killing his wife and her stepmother, Linda Brown. She was originally going to have a starring role as Polly Pry in Trey Parker and Matt Stone's "Cannibal! The Musical", but Kelly was convinced not to do so by her agent out of concerns it could potentially ruin her career, and was ultimately replaced with Toddy Walters, though she was still credited in the end credits under her initials "M.K." as "the Dropout". She went on to have small roles in the films "The Boy Who Cried Bitch", "Hi-Life", and "Billy Bathgate" before being cast as Donna Hayward in "".


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: which was her debut movie?

Context: "Love, Lies and Murder"

Question: when was it released?

Answer: February 17, 1991

Explanation: rst on February 17, 1991

Love, Lies and Murder [SEP] Introduction

Love, Lies, and Murder is a 1991 American miniseries starring Clancy Brown, Sheryl Lee, Moira Kelly, Tom Bower, John Ashton, and Cynthia Nixon. It is based on the 1985 murder of Linda Bailey Brown and Ann Rule's book "If You Really Loved Me". The miniseries is four hours long and aired on NBC in two parts, the first on February 17, 1991 and the second on February 18, 1991. Lifetime airs the miniseries.


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: which was her debut movie?

Context: "Love, Lies and Murder"

Context: when was it released?

Context: February 17, 1991

Question: what is it about?

Answer: In 1985, Cinnamon Brown kills her stepmother by shooting her. Although she confessed to the crime, the lack of motive propels investigators to delve deeper into the case, and discover that there is far more to it than originally thought.

Love, Lies and Murder [SEP] Plot

In 1985, Cinnamon Brown kills her stepmother by shooting her. Although she confessed to the crime, the lack of motive propels investigators to delve deeper into the case, and discover that there is far more to it than originally thought.


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: which was her debut movie?

Context: "Love, Lies and Murder"

Context: when was it released?

Context: February 17, 1991

Context: what is it about?

Context: In 1985, Cinnamon Brown kills her stepmother by shooting her. Although she confessed to the crime, the lack of motive propels investigators to delve deeper into the case, and discover that there is far more to it than originally thought.

Question: who were the other actors in it?

Answer: Clancy Brown, Sheryl Lee, Moira Kelly, Tom Bower, John Ashton, and Cynthia Nixon

Explanation: Clancy Brown, Sheryl Lee, Moira Kelly, Tom Bower, John Ashton, and Cynthia Nixon.


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: which was her debut movie?

Context: "Love, Lies and Murder"

Context: when was it released?

Context: February 17, 1991

Context: what is it about?

Context: who were the other actors in it?

Context: Clancy Brown, Sheryl Lee, Moira Kelly, Tom Bower, John Ashton, and Cynthia Nixon

Question: who is the last mentioned actress?

Answer: American actress and activist

Explanation: American actress and activist

Cynthia Nixon [SEP] Introduction

Cynthia Ellen Nixon (born April 9, 1966) is an American actress and activist. For her portrayal of Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series "Sex and the City" (1998–2004), she won the 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She reprised the role in the films "Sex and the City" (2008) and "Sex and the City 2" (2010). Her other film credits include "Amadeus" (1984), "James White" (2015), and playing Emily Dickinson in "A Quiet Passion" (2016). Nixon made her Broadway debut in the 1980 revival of "The Philadelphia Story". Her other Broadway credits include "The Real Thing" (1983), "Hurlyburly" (1983), "Indiscretions" (1995), "The Women" (2001), and "Wit" (2012).


Context: Moira Kelly

Context: "The Lion King"

Context: when was it first released in theaters?

Context: June 15, 1994

Context: which was her debut movie?

Context: "Love, Lies and Murder"

Context: when was it released?

Context: February 17, 1991

Context: what is it about?

Context: who were the other actors in it?

Context: who is the last mentioned actress?

Context: American actress and activist

Question: which role of hers made her a star?

Answer: Her portrayal of Miranda Hobbes in "Sex and the City"

Explanation: her portrayal of Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series "Sex and the City"

Cynthia Nixon [SEP] Introduction