Context: who was this king?

Context: where did he get his name from?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Wales or the Welsh Marches

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: Chronicle "The History of the Kings of Britain"

Question: how did people describe the king during the pre-galfridian time?

Answer: The pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore and localised magical wonder-tales, the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape.

King Arthur [SEP] Pre-Galfridian traditions

The second is that the pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore (particularly topographic or onomastic folklore) and localised magical wonder-tales, the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape. The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. On the one hand, he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners. On the other, his warband in the earliest sources includes former pagan gods, and his wife and his possessions are clearly Otherworldly in origin. One of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death-songs known as "Y Gododdin" ("The Gododdin"), attributed to 6th-century poet Aneirin.


Context: who wrote the first book about king arthur

Context: The familiar literary persona of Arthur began with Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudo-historical "Historia Regum Britanniae"

Context: who was this king?

Context: He was a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries.

Context: where did he get his name from?

Context: The most widely accepted etymology derives it from the Roman "nomen gentile" Artorius

Context: who was the person who wrote about about this king?

Context: He was a British cleric and one of the major figures in the development of British historiography and the popularity of tales of King Arthur

Context: where was he from?

Context: Wales or the Welsh Marches

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: how did people describe the king during the pre-galfridian time?

Context: The pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore and localised magical wonder-tales, the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape.

Question: how is the climate like of the first place where the writer is from?

Answer: Wales lies within the north temperate zone. It has a changeable, maritime climate and is one of the wettest countries in Europe. Welsh weather is often cloudy, wet and windy, with warm summers and mild winters.

Wales [SEP] Climate

Wales lies within the north temperate zone. It has a changeable, maritime climate and is one of the wettest countries in Europe. Welsh weather is often cloudy, wet and windy, with warm summers and mild winters. The long summer days and short winter days result from Wales' northerly latitudes (between 53° 43′ N and 51° 38′ N). Aberystwyth, at the midpoint of the country's west coast, has nearly 17 hours of daylight at the summer solstice. Daylight at midwinter there falls to just over seven and a half hours. The country's wide geographic variations cause localised differences in sunshine, rainfall and temperature.


Context: who was this king?

Context: where did he get his name from?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Wales or the Welsh Marches

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: how is the climate like of the first place where the writer is from?

Context: Wales lies within the north temperate zone. It has a changeable, maritime climate and is one of the wettest countries in Europe. Welsh weather is often cloudy, wet and windy, with warm summers and mild winters.

Question: can you name some plants found here?

Answer: Snowdon lily – "Gagea serotina" – and other alpine species such as "Saxifraga cespitosa", "Saxifraga oppositifolia" and "Silene acaulis"

Explanation: The north facing high grounds of Snowdonia support a relict pre-glacial flora including the iconic Snowdon lily – "Gagea serotina" – and other alpine species such as "Saxifraga cespitosa", "Saxifraga oppositifolia" and "Silene acaulis". Wales has a number of plant species not found elsewhere in the UK, including the spotted rock-rose "Tuberaria guttata" on Anglesey and "Draba aizoides" on the Gower.

Wales [SEP] Flora and fauna

Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion, in particular, are recognised as an area of international importance for bottlenose dolphins, and New Quay has the only summer residence of bottlenose dolphins in the whole of the UK. River fish of note include char, eel, salmon, shad, sparling and Arctic char, whilst the gwyniad is unique to Wales, found only in Bala Lake. Wales is known for its shellfish, including cockles, limpet, mussels and periwinkles. Herring, mackerel and hake are the more common of the country's marine fish. The north facing high grounds of Snowdonia support a relict pre-glacial flora including the iconic Snowdon lily – "Gagea serotina" – and other alpine species such as "Saxifraga cespitosa", "Saxifraga oppositifolia" and "Silene acaulis".


Context: who was this king?

Context: where did he get his name from?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Wales or the Welsh Marches

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: can you name some plants found here?

Context: Snowdon lily – "Gagea serotina" – and other alpine species such as "Saxifraga cespitosa", "Saxifraga oppositifolia" and "Silene acaulis"

Question: what kind of healthcare facilities does it offer?

Answer: Public healthcare in Wales is provided by NHS Wales

Wales [SEP] Healthcare

Public healthcare in Wales is provided by NHS Wales (), originally formed as part of the NHS structure for England and Wales by the National Health Service Act 1946, but with powers over the NHS in Wales coming under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969. Responsibility for NHS Wales passed to the Welsh Assembly under devolution in 1999, and is now the responsibility of the Minister for Health and Social Services. Historically, Wales was served by smaller 'cottage' hospitals, built as voluntary institutions. As newer, more expensive, diagnostic techniques and treatments became available, clinical work has been concentrated in newer, larger district hospitals.


Context: who was this king?

Context: where did he get his name from?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Wales or the Welsh Marches

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: can you name some plants found here?

Context: what kind of healthcare facilities does it offer?

Context: Public healthcare in Wales is provided by NHS Wales

Question: is there any modern legend associated with the king?

Answer: Yes

King Arthur [SEP] Modern legend

Retellings and reimaginings of the romance tradition are not the only important aspect of the modern legend of King Arthur. Attempts to portray Arthur as a genuine historical figure of , stripping away the "romance", have also emerged. As Taylor and Brewer have noted, this return to the medieval "chronicle tradition" of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the "Historia Brittonum" is a recent trend which became dominant in Arthurian literature in the years following the outbreak of the Second World War, when Arthur's legendary resistance to Germanic enemies struck a chord in Britain. Clemence Dane's series of radio plays, "The Saviours" (1942), used a historical Arthur to embody the spirit of heroic resistance against desperate odds, and Robert Sherriff's play "The Long Sunset" (1955) saw Arthur rallying Romano-British resistance against the Germanic invaders.


Question: what year did the first friends episode air

Answer: September 22, 1994

Friends [SEP] Introduction

Friends is an American television sitcom, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004, lasting ten seasons. With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer, the show revolves around six friends in their 20s and 30s who live in Manhattan, New York City. The series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright, Kauffman, and Crane. Kauffman and Crane began developing "Friends" under the title "Insomnia Cafe" between November and December 1993.


Context: what year did the first friends episode air

Context: September 22, 1994

Question: who created this show?

Answer: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Friends [SEP] Introduction


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Question: who are the actors in this show?

Answer: Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer

Explanation: With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer, the show revolves around six friends in their 20s and 30s who live in Manhattan, New York City.

Friends [SEP] Introduction


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer

Question: how many seasons have been released for this show?

Answer: Ten

Friends [SEP] Introduction


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: how many seasons have been released for this show?

Context: Ten

Question: what are some of the places where the scenes were filmed at?

Answer: Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California

Friends [SEP] Introduction

They presented the idea to Bright, and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC. After several script rewrites and changes, including title changes to "Six of One" and "Friends Like Us", the series was finally named "Friends". Filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. All ten seasons of "Friends" ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings; it ultimately reached the number-one spot in its eighth season. The series finale aired on May 6, 2004, and was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers, making it the fifth most-watched series finale in television history, and the most-watched television episode of the 2000s.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: what are some of the places where the scenes were filmed at?

Context: Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California

Question: did any get-together take place amongst the actors?

Answer: Yes, unscripted reunion special named "The One Where They Got Back Together"

Friends [SEP] Reunion

On November 12, 2019, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that Warner Bros TV is developing a Friends reunion for HBO Max that would feature the whole cast and creators returning. On February 21, 2020, HBO confirmed that the unscripted reunion special, tentatively named "The One Where They Got Back Together", was set to be released in May the same year, along with the 236 original episodes of the series. On March 18, 2020, it was announced that the special, which was set to film on the "Friends" stage on March 23 and 24, had been postponed indefinitely, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: did any get-together take place amongst the actors?

Context: Yes, unscripted reunion special named "The One Where They Got Back Together"

Question: when did that happen?

Answer: On the "Friends" stage

Explanation: On March 18, 2020, it was announced that the special, which was set to film on the "Friends" stage on March 23 and 24, had been postponed indefinitely, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Friends [SEP] Reunion


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Question: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Answer: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Friends [SEP] "Joey"

After the series finale in 2004, LeBlanc signed on for the spin-off series, "Joey", following Joey's move to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career. Kauffman and Crane were not interested in the spin-off, although Bright agreed to executive produce the series with Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg-Meehan. NBC heavily promoted "Joey" and gave it "Friends"' Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot. The pilot was watched by 18.6 million American viewers, but ratings continually decreased throughout the series's two seasons, averaging 10.2 million viewers in the first season and 7.1 million in the second. The final broadcast episode on March 7, 2006, was watched by 7.09 million viewers; NBC cancelled the series on May 15, 2006, after two seasons, leaving eight episodes unaired.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Question: when was that released?

Answer: September 9, 2004

Joey (TV series) [SEP] Introduction

Joey is an American sitcom created by Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg-Meehan and a spin-off/sequel to "Friends", starring Matt LeBlanc reprising his role as Joey Tribbiani. It premiered on the NBC television network, on September 9, 2004, in the former time slot of its parent series, Thursday nights at 8:00 p.m. Midway through the second season, the show was placed on a hiatus by NBC but returned on March 7, 2006, in a new timeslot of Tuesdays at 8:30 p.m. Only one episode, "Joey and the Snowball Fight", was shown in this new timeslot before the show was pulled by NBC when it was overshadowed in ratings by "American Idol".


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Question: who acted in that spin-off?

Answer: Matt LeBlanc

Explanation: Joey is an American sitcom created by Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg-Meehan and a spin-off/sequel to "Friends", starring Matt LeBlanc reprising his role as Joey Tribbiani.

Joey (TV series) [SEP] Introduction


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Question: what was the overall feedback received from the critics/viewers after watching this?

Answer: It was not well received by critics; ratings and viewers were gradually falling

Joey (TV series) [SEP] Reception and cancellation

"Joey" premiered on NBC on September 9, 2004 as a part of the network's Thursday night comedy lineup. Although the series was not well received by critics, the premiere episode attracted 18.6 million viewers. As the first season progressed, ratings fell but remained average (10.1 million viewers). NBC renewed the series for a second season and moved it to Tuesday nights opposite Fox's highly rated series "American Idol". Ratings for the second season fell to an all-time low (4.1 million viewers) and NBC put the show on hiatus in March 2006. NBC officially canceled the series in May 2006 citing low ratings.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Context: what was the overall feedback received from the critics/viewers after watching this?

Context: It was not well received by critics; ratings and viewers were gradually falling

Question: was this show cancelled after that?

Answer: Yes, in May 2006

Explanation: Ratings for the second season fell to an all-time low (4.1 million viewers) and NBC put the show on hiatus in March 2006. NBC officially canceled the series in May 2006 citing low ratings.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Context: was this show cancelled after that?

Context: Yes, in May 2006

Question: by chance, did it win any award?

Answer: Yes, People's Choice Award

Joey (TV series) [SEP] Awards and nominations

"Joey" won the People's Choice Award of Favorite New Television Comedy and Matt LeBlanc won Favorite Male Television Star. LeBlanc was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Context: was this show cancelled after that?

Context: Yes, in May 2006

Context: by chance, did it win any award?

Context: Yes, People's Choice Award

Question: with reference to the actor in that spin-off show, when did he take a break from his profession?

Answer: Following the cancellation of "Joey", he announced his break from acting on tv

Explanation: Following the cancellation of "Joey", LeBlanc announced that he would be taking a one-year hiatus from acting on TV, which eventually turned into five years. His next role was a fictionalized version of himself on "Episodes".

Matt LeBlanc [SEP] 2006–2011: Hiatus


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Context: was this show cancelled after that?

Context: Yes, in May 2006

Context: by chance, did it win any award?

Context: Yes, People's Choice Award

Context: with reference to the actor in that spin-off show, when did he take a break from his profession?

Context: Following the cancellation of "Joey", he announced his break from acting on tv

Question: what happened in 2011?

Answer: He began appearing as a fictional version of himself in "Episodes"

Matt LeBlanc [SEP] 2011–present: Career revival

From 2011, LeBlanc began appearing as a fictional version of himself in "Episodes", a television series about a fictional American remake of an equally fictional British television series. The series is written by "Friends" co-creator David Crane and his partner Jeffrey Klarik. At the 69th Golden Globe Awards in 2012, LeBlanc won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a television series, musical, or comedy, and was nominated for an additional four Primetime Emmy Awards. In February 2012, LeBlanc appeared in the second episode of the eighteenth series of "Top Gear", where he set the fastest lap time in the "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" segment in a Kia Cee'd.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Context: was this show cancelled after that?

Context: Yes, in May 2006

Context: by chance, did it win any award?

Context: Yes, People's Choice Award

Context: what happened in 2011?

Context: He began appearing as a fictional version of himself in "Episodes"

Question: with reference to the first actress who appeared in the first show released in 1994 what other films/tv shows did she appear in?

Answer: "Bruce Almighty", "The Break-Up", "Marley & Me", "Just Go with It", "Horrible Bosses", and "We're the Millers"

Explanation: Her biggest box office successes include the films "Bruce Almighty" (2003), "The Break-Up" (2006), "Marley & Me" (2008), "Just Go with It" (2011), "Horrible Bosses" (2011), and "We're the Millers" (2013), each of which grossed over $200 million in worldwide box office receipts. Some of her most critically acclaimed film roles include "Office Space" (1999), "The Good Girl" (2002), "Friends with Money" (2006), "Cake" (2014), and "Dumplin'" (2018).

Jennifer Aniston [SEP] Introduction

She returned to television in 2019, producing and starring in the Apple TV+ drama series "The Morning Show", for which she won another Screen Actors Guild Award. Aniston has been included in numerous magazines' lists of the world's most beautiful women. Her net worth is estimated to be US$200 million. She is the recipient of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Aniston is also the co-founder of the production company Echo Films, established in 2008. Divorced from actor Brad Pitt, to whom she was married for five years, Aniston is separated from actor Justin Theroux, whom she married in 2015.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Context: was this show cancelled after that?

Context: Yes, in May 2006

Context: by chance, did it win any award?

Context: Yes, People's Choice Award

Context: what happened in 2011?

Context: with reference to the first actress who appeared in the first show released in 1994 what other films/tv shows did she appear in?

Context: "Bruce Almighty", "The Break-Up", "Marley & Me", "Just Go with It", "Horrible Bosses", and "We're the Millers"

Question: does she have greek ancestry?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: Aniston was born on February 11, 1969, in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Sherman Oaks, the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and actress Nancy Dow. One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Louis Grieco, was from Italy. Her mother's other ancestry includes English, Irish, Scottish, and a small amount of Greek.

Jennifer Aniston [SEP] Early life

When she was six, she began attending a Waldorf school. Her parents split up when she was nine years old. Having discovered acting at age 11 at the Waldorf school, Aniston enrolled in Manhattan's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, where she joined the school's drama society; Anthony Abeson was her drama teacher. She performed in "The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window" by Lorraine Hansberry and "Three Sisters" by Anton Chekhov.


Context: September 22, 1994

Context: who created this show?

Context: David Crane and Marta Kauffman

Context: who are the actors in this show?

Context: Ten

Context: when did that happen?

Context: On the "Friends" stage

Context: is there a show titled 'joey'?

Context: Yes, Friend's spin-off series

Context: when was that released?

Context: September 9, 2004

Context: who acted in that spin-off?

Context: Matt LeBlanc

Context: was this show cancelled after that?

Context: Yes, in May 2006

Context: by chance, did it win any award?

Context: Yes, People's Choice Award

Context: what happened in 2011?

Context: does she have greek ancestry?

Context: Yes

Question: what was her actual surname before it was anglicized?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Jennifer Aniston [SEP] Early life

Aniston was born on February 11, 1969, in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Sherman Oaks, the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and actress Nancy Dow. One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Louis Grieco, was from Italy. Her mother's other ancestry includes English, Irish, Scottish, and a small amount of Greek. Aniston has two half-brothers: John Melick, her older maternal half-brother, and Alex Aniston, her younger paternal half-brother. Aniston's godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her father's best friends. As a child she moved to New York City. Despite her father's television career she was discouraged from watching television, though she found ways around the prohibition.


Question: which factor most directly resulted in great britain entering world war i

Answer: Belgium had won the war for its independence and at the Treaty of London in 1839 Britain with other major powers guaranteed the independence of this nation. On the 4th of August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium and thus Britain stepped in to honor its promise from 1839.

Explanation: , the large antiwar element among Liberals would support the war to honour the 1839 treaty regarding guarantees of Belgian neutrality, so that rather than France was the public reason given. Therefore, the public reason given out by the government. and used in posters, was that Britain was required to safeguard Belgium's neutrality under the 1839 Treaty of London.

History of the United Kingdom during the First World War [SEP] Asquith as prime minister

Britain's duty to her Entente partners, both France and Russia, were paramount factors. The Foreign Secretary Edward Grey argued that the secret naval agreements with France created a moral obligation 'to save France from defeat by Germany. British national interest rejected German control of France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Grey warned that to abandon its allies would be a permanent disaster: if Germany won the war, or the Entente won without British support, then, either way, Britain would be left without any friends. This would have left both Britain and her Empire vulnerable to isolation. Eyre Crowe, a senior Foreign office expert said: Should the war come, and England stand aside, one of two things must happen.


Context: which factor most directly resulted in great britain entering world war i

Context: Belgium had won the war for its independence and at the Treaty of London in 1839 Britain with other major powers guaranteed the independence of this nation. On the 4th of August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium and thus Britain stepped in to honor its promise from 1839.

Question: when did this war begin?

Answer: 1914.

History of the United Kingdom during the First World War [SEP] Introduction

Great Britain was a leading Allied Power during the First World War of 1914–1918, fighting against the Central Powers, especially Germany. The armed forces were greatly expanded and reorganised—the war marked the founding of the Royal Air Force. The highly controversial introduction, in January 1916, of conscription for the first time in British history followed the raising of the largest all-volunteer army in history, known as Kitchener's Army, of more than 2,000,000 men. The outbreak of war was a socially unifying event. Enthusiasm was widespread in 1914, and was similar to that across Europe. On the eve of war, there was serious domestic unrest amongst the labour and suffrage movements and especially in Ireland.


Context: when did this war begin?

Question: who was the prime minister during this time?

Answer: H. H. Asquith.

History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

On 4 August, King George V declared war on the advice of his prime minister, H. H. Asquith, leader of the Liberal Party. Britain's basic reasons for declaring war focused on a deep commitment to France and avoidance of splitting the Liberal Party. Top Liberals threatened to resign if the cabinet refused to support France—which would mean loss of control of the government to a coalition or to the Unionist (i.e. Conservative) opposition. However, the large antiwar element among Liberals would support the war to honour the 1839 treaty regarding guarantees of Belgian neutrality, so that rather than France was the public reason given.


Context: when did this war begin?

Context: who was the prime minister during this time?

Context: H. H. Asquith.

Question: did he ever become a chancellor?

Answer: Yes, Chancellor of the Exchequer.

H. H. Asquith [SEP] Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1905–1908

Salisbury's Conservative successor as Prime Minister, Arthur Balfour, resigned in December 1905, but did not seek a dissolution of Parliament and a general election. King Edward VII invited Campbell-Bannerman to form a minority government. Asquith and his close political allies Haldane and Sir Edward Grey tried to pressure him into taking a peerage to become a figurehead Prime Minister in the House of Lords, giving the pro-empire wing of the party greater dominance in the House of Commons. Campbell-Bannerman called their bluff and refused to move. Asquith was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. He held the post for over two years, and introduced three budgets.


Context: when did this war begin?

Context: H. H. Asquith.

Context: did he ever become a chancellor?

Context: Yes, Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Question: did his wife pass away?

Answer: Yes, 1888.

H. H. Asquith [SEP] Family background

Asquith was born in Morley, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the younger son of Joseph Dixon Asquith (1825–1860) and his wife Emily, "née" Willans (1828–1888). The couple also had three daughters, of whom only one survived infancy. The Asquiths were an old Yorkshire family, with a long nonconformist tradition. It was a matter of family pride, shared by Asquith, that an ancestor, Joseph Asquith, was imprisoned for his part in the pro-Roundhead Farnley Wood Plot of 1664. Both Asquith's parents came from families associated with the Yorkshire wool trade. Dixon Asquith inherited the Gillroyd Mill Company, founded by his father.


Context: when did this war begin?

Context: H. H. Asquith.

Context: did he ever become a chancellor?

Context: Yes, Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Context: did his wife pass away?

Context: Yes, 1888.

Question: when did he finally resign?

Answer: December 1916.

H. H. Asquith [SEP] Introduction

He formed a coalition government with other parties, but failed to satisfy critics. As a result, he was forced to resign in December 1916, and he never regained power. After attending Balliol College, Oxford, he became a successful barrister. In 1886 he was the Liberal candidate for East Fife, a seat he held for over thirty years. In 1892 he was appointed as Home Secretary in Gladstone's fourth ministry, remaining in the post until the Liberals lost the 1895 election. In the decade of opposition that followed Asquith became a major figure in the party, and when the Liberals regained power under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905 Asquith was named Chancellor of the Exchequer.


Context: when did this war begin?

Context: H. H. Asquith.

Context: did he ever become a chancellor?

Context: Yes, Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Context: did his wife pass away?

Context: Yes, 1888.

Context: when did he finally resign?

Context: December 1916.

Question: what led to the collapse of the liberal party during the world war?

Answer: The Conservative party was led by Lloyd George, who was considered "the Man Who Won the War", who wrote a joint letter of support to candidates to indicate they were considered the official Coalition candidates which was issued to opponents of many sitting Liberal MPs, devastating the incumbents.

History of the United Kingdom during the First World War [SEP] Collapse of the Liberal Party

In the general election of 1918, Lloyd George, "the Man Who Won the War", led his coalition into another "khaki election" and won a sweeping victory over the Asquithian Liberals and the newly emerging Labour Party. Lloyd George and the Conservative leader Bonar Law wrote a joint letter of support to candidates to indicate they were considered the official Coalition candidates – this "coupon", as it became known, was issued to opponents of many sitting Liberal MPs, devastating the incumbents. Asquith and most of his Liberal colleagues lost their seats. Lloyd George was increasingly under the influence of the rejuvenated Conservative party.


Question: what does the column in the periodic table mean

Answer: The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours.

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction

The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have metals on the left and nonmetals on the right. The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours. Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers: for example, group 17 elements are the halogens; and group 18 are the noble gases. Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals.


Context: what does the column in the periodic table mean

Question: what is this tabular structure used for?

Answer: To classify chemical elements which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends.

Explanation: The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have metals on the left and nonmetals on the right. The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours. Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers: for example, group 17 elements are the halogens; and group 18 are the noble gases. Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals.

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is this tabular structure used for?

Context: To classify chemical elements which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends.

Question: does this contain only metals?

Answer: No, it also contains metalloids, nonmetals and noble gases.

Periodic table [SEP] Metals, metalloids and nonmetals

According to their shared physical and chemical properties, the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals, metalloids and nonmetals. Metals are generally shiny, highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic compounds with nonmetals (other than noble gases). A majority of nonmetals are colored or colorless insulating gases; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals feature covalent bonding. In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties. Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties, when going left to right in the rows.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: No, it also contains metalloids, nonmetals and noble gases.

Question: where are the first one placed in the table?

Answer: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Explanation: According to their shared physical and chemical properties, the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals, metalloids and nonmetals. Metals are generally shiny, highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic compounds with nonmetals (other than noble gases). A majority of nonmetals are colored or colorless insulating gases; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals feature covalent bonding. In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: where are the first one placed in the table?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Question: what are the different types of the former substance mentioned by you?

Answer: Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony

Metalloid [SEP] Introduction

A metalloid is a type of chemical element which has a preponderance of properties in between, or that are a mixture of, those of metals and nonmetals. There is neither a standard definition of a metalloid nor complete agreement on the elements appropriately classified as such. Despite the lack of specificity, the term remains in use in the literature of chemistry. The six commonly recognised metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. Five elements are less frequently so classified: carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine. On a standard periodic table, all eleven elements are located in a diagonal region of the p-block extending from boron at the upper left to astatine at lower right.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: what are the different types of the former substance mentioned by you?

Context: Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony

Question: and that of the latter?

Answer: hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen,  fluorine, neon

Nonmetal [SEP] Introduction

In chemistry, a nonmetal (or non-metal) is a chemical element that mostly lacks the characteristics of a metal. Physically, a nonmetal tends to have a relatively low melting point, boiling point, and density. A nonmetal is typically brittle when solid and usually has poor thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. Chemically, nonmetals tend to have relatively high ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. They gain or share electrons when they react with other elements and chemical compounds. Seventeen elements are generally classified as nonmetals: most are gases (hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon and radon); one is a liquid (bromine); and a few are solids (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine).


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen,  fluorine, neon

Question: by whom was this table first developed?

Answer: Dmitri Mendeleev

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction

Numerous synthetic radioisotopes of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories. The organization of the periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the various element properties, and also to predict chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869, developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then-known elements. He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within the table. Most of his forecasts soon proved to be correct, culminating with the discovery of gallium and germanium in 1875 and 1886 respectively, which corroborated his predictions.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Question: who was he?

Answer: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Dmitri Mendeleev [SEP] Introduction

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (often romanized as Mendeleyev or Mendeleef) ( ; , , ; 8 February 18342 February 1907 ) was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is best remembered for formulating the Periodic Law and creating a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements. He used the Periodic Law not only to correct the then-accepted properties of some known elements, such as the valence and atomic weight of uranium, but also to predict the properties of eight elements that were yet to be discovered.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Dmitri Mendeleev [SEP] Early life

Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia, to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev (1783–1847) and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva) (1793–1850). Ivan worked as a school principal and a teacher of fine arts, politics and philosophy at the Tambov and Saratov gymnasiums. Ivan's father, Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, was a Russian Orthodox priest from the Tver region. As per the tradition of priests of that time, Pavel's children were given new family names while attending the theological seminary, with Ivan getting the family name Mendeleev after the name of a local landlord. Maria Kornilieva came from a well-known family of Tobolsk merchants, founders of the first Siberian printing house who traced their ancestry to Yakov Korniliev, a 17th-century posad man turned a wealthy merchant.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Question: can you name any institution that he attended either as a student or a faculty?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Dmitri Mendeleev [SEP] Early life


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Context: can you name any institution that he attended either as a student or a faculty?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who were his parents?

Answer: Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva

Explanation: Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia, to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev (1783–1847) and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva) (1793–1850). Ivan worked as a school principal and a teacher of fine arts, politics and philosophy at the Tambov and Saratov gymnasiums.

Dmitri Mendeleev [SEP] Early life


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva

Question: when did he develop the table?

Answer: 1869

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his parents?

Context: when did he develop the table?

Question: what other things is he famous for?

Answer: He researched in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology

Dmitri Mendeleev [SEP] Other achievements

Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian Lev Chugaev characterized him as "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy." Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture. In an attempt at a chemical conception of the aether, he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his parents?

Context: when did he develop the table?

Context: what other things is he famous for?

Context: He researched in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology

Question: can you mention any particular achievement ?

Answer: He investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases

Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, "coronium". Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions. In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while in 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his parents?

Context: when did he develop the table?

Context: what other things is he famous for?

Context: can you mention any particular achievement ?

Context: He investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases

Question: was this particular law named after any person?

Answer: Yes

Gay-Lussac's law [SEP] Pressure-temperature law

This law is often referred to as Gay-Lussac's law of pressure–temperature, between 1800 and 1802, discovered the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume. Gay Lussac discovered this while building an "air thermometer". The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the gas's absolute temperature. If a gas's temperature increases, then so does its pressure if the mass and volume of the gas are held constant. The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in kelvins.


Context: does this contain only metals?

Context: Somewhere between metals and nonmetals

Context: and that of the latter?

Context: by whom was this table first developed?

Context: Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: who was he?

Context: A Russian chemist and inventor.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Verkhnie Aremzyani, Siberia

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were his parents?

Context: when did he develop the table?

Context: what other things is he famous for?

Context: was this particular law named after any person?

Context: Yes

Question: what is the law about?

Answer: The pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant.

Gay-Lussac's law [SEP] Introduction

Gay-Lussac's law (more correctly referred to as Amontons's law) states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant. Mathematically, it can be written as: formula_1. Gay-Lussac is incorrectly recognized for the Pressure Law which established that the pressure of an enclosed gas is directly proportional to its temperature and which he was the first to formulate (c. 1809). He is also sometimes credited with being the first to publish convincing evidence that shows the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume.


Question: who lives on the 50th floor at trump tower

Answer: Todd Brassner, an art dealer used to live there

Explanation: At around 5:30 p.m. (EDT) on April 7, 2018, a 4-alarm fire broke out in a condominium in the tower's 50th floor, killing a resident and injuring six firefighters; the apartment was almost entirely engulfed in flames by the time the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) arrived. In a Twitter post, Trump attributed the fire's limited damage to the building's design. The sole fatality was 67-year-old Todd Brassner, an art dealer known for his association with Andy Warhol, who had endured debilitating medical problems for several years.

Trump Tower [SEP] Incidents

Brassner's apartment, as well as the rest of the residential units in Trump Tower, did not contain sprinklers because the structure had been built before 1999, when the city passed a law requiring sprinklers in residential units; Trump had lobbied against the proposal. The FDNY later announced that the fire had been accidentally caused by power wires that had overheated. The April 2018 fire followed a minor electrical fire at the tower earlier that year, which had injured three people. In July 2020, activists including New York City mayor Bill de Blasio painted the words "Black Lives Matter" in giant letters on Fifth Avenue directly in front of the building.


Context: who lives on the 50th floor at trump tower

Context: Todd Brassner, an art dealer used to live there

Question: who owns the tower?

Answer: Donald Trump and the Trump Organization

Trump Tower [SEP] Introduction

Trump Tower is a 58-floor, mixed-use skyscraper at 721–725 Fifth Avenue, between 56th and 57th Streets, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Trump Tower serves as the headquarters for the Trump Organization. Additionally, it houses the penthouse condominium residence of the building's namesake and developer, U.S. president Donald Trump, who is also a businessman and real estate developer. Several members of the Trump family also live, or have resided, in the building. The tower stands on a plot where the flagship store of department-store chain Bonwit Teller was formerly located. Der Scutt of Poor, Swanke, Hayden & Connell designed Trump Tower, and Trump and the Equitable Life Assurance Company (now the AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company) developed it.


Context: who owns the tower?

Context: Donald Trump and the Trump Organization

Question: who is the architect of the tower?

Answer: Der Scutt

Explanation: Der Scutt of Poor, Swanke, Hayden & Connell designed Trump Tower, and Trump and the Equitable Life Assurance Company (now the AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company) developed it.

Trump Tower [SEP] Introduction


Context: who owns the tower?

Context: Donald Trump and the Trump Organization

Context: who is the architect of the tower?

Context: Der Scutt

Question: name a few of his projects?

Answer: The Corinthian luxury condominium and the HSBC Bank USA headquarters in New York City, and the Grand Hyatt New York are some of them.

Der Scutt [SEP] Biography

Der Scutt began his own private practice in 1981. Scutt established his own firm, Der Scutt Architect, in 1981 and was awarded an impressive group of commissions, including the 55-story 100 United Nations Plaza Tower luxury condominium, the 57-story Corinthian luxury condominium in New York City, HSBC Bank USA headquarters in New York City, and the Roure Bertrand Dupont United States headquarters in New Jersey. Scutt's major high rise office building renovations include those at 505 Park Avenue, 625 Madison Avenue, 575 Lexington Avenue, 1633 Broadway, 57 West 57th Street, 823 United Nations Plaza, 555 Fifth Avenue, the world corporate headquarters of International Flavors and Fragrances, and 1615 L Street in Washington, D.C.


Context: who owns the tower?

Context: Donald Trump and the Trump Organization

Context: who is the architect of the tower?

Context: Der Scutt

Context: name a few of his projects?

Context: The Corinthian luxury condominium and the HSBC Bank USA headquarters in New York City, and the Grand Hyatt New York are some of them.

Question: what are some of the controversies with hsbc bank?

Answer: It was criticized for bad customer service, and for failure to implement proper money laundering controls.

Explanation: In 2010, HSBC was rated the worst in customer advocacy by Forrester Research, which asked bank customers to rank their banks. In the national survey of approximately 4,500 banking customers assessing the top 50 banks, in answer to the question: "My financial provider does what’s best for me, not just its own bottom line," HSBC set a new all-time low with a 16% rating, 10% below the previous year. In 2012, the U.S. government uncovered a "blatant failure to implement proper anti-money laundering controls facilitat[ing] the laundering of at least $881 million in drug proceeds through the U.S. financial system".

HSBC Bank USA [SEP] Controversies

In 2010, HSBC was rated the worst in customer advocacy by Forrester Research, which asked bank customers to rank their banks. In the national survey of approximately 4,500 banking customers assessing the top 50 banks, in answer to the question: "My financial provider does what's best for me, not just its own bottom line," HSBC set a new all-time low with a 16% rating, 10% below the previous year. In 2012, the U.S. government uncovered a "blatant failure to implement proper anti-money laundering controls facilitat[ing] the laundering of at least $881 million in drug proceeds through the U.S. financial system".


Context: who owns the tower?

Context: Donald Trump and the Trump Organization

Context: who is the architect of the tower?

Context: Der Scutt

Context: name a few of his projects?

Context: what are some of the controversies with hsbc bank?

Context: It was criticized for bad customer service, and for failure to implement proper money laundering controls.

Question: when was it founded?

Answer: 1980

Explanation: In 1980, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation acquired a 51% controlling interest in Marine Midland Bank, headquartered in Buffalo, New York. HSBC acquired the remaining interest in 1987. The banks continued to operate under the Marine Midland name until 1998, when the offices were re-branded as HSBC Bank.

HSBC Bank USA [SEP] History

That same year, Marine Midland acquired 11 branches from the East River Savings Bank in the New York Metropolitan area. Marine also acquired the US dollar clearing business of JPMorgan Chase. At the same time, HSBC transferred 2 branches in the northwestern United States to HSBC Bank Canada. The next year, Marine completed its acquisition of First Federal Savings and Loan from Toronto-based Canada Trust, for $620 million. First Federal Savings, headquartered in Rochester, had $7.2 billion in assets, 1,600 employees, 79 retail branches in New York State and 15 mortgage origination offices in 9 states.


Question: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Answer: A type of puffball mushroom.

Lycoperdon echinatum [SEP] Introduction

Lycoperdon echinatum, commonly known as the spiny puffball or the spring puffball, is a type of puffball mushroom in the genus "Lycoperdon". The saprobic species has been found in Africa, Europe, Central America, and North America, where it grows on soil in deciduous woods, glades, and pastures. It has been proposed that North American specimens be considered a separate species, "Lycoperdon americanum", but this suggestion has not been followed by most authors. Molecular analysis indicates that "L. echinatum" is closely related to the puffball genus "Handkea". The fruit bodies of "L. echinatum" are wide by tall, supported by a small base, and densely covered with spines that are up to long.


Context:
what is lycoperdon echinatum?
A type of puffball mushroom.

Question: where is it found?

Answer: Africa, Europe, Central America, and North America

Explanation: The saprobic species has been found in Africa, Europe, Central America, and North America, where it grows on soil in deciduous woods, glades, and pastures.

Lycoperdon echinatum [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: Africa, Europe, Central America, and North America

Question: are there any species similar to it?

Answer: L. echinatum

Explanation: "Lycoperdon pulcherrimum" closely resembles "L. echinatum", but its spines are stouter, do not turn brown in age, and the surface of the fruit body underneath the spines is smooth, not pitted.

Lycoperdon echinatum [SEP] Similar species

echinatum", but the former has a smooth outer surface when mature, and has spores attached to a pedicel (a narrow extension of the basidium on which the sterigmata and spores are formed) that is about 4–5 times as long as the spore. "Lycoperdon compactum", found only in New Zealand, also resembles "L. echinatum" in appearance, but differs in having smaller spores, capillitia that are hyaline (translucent) and septate (with partitions that divide the capillitia into compartments).


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Question: you mentioned it was a type of mushroom, what was it again?

Answer: Puffball mushroom

Lycoperdon echinatum [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: you mentioned it was a type of mushroom, what was it again?

Context: Puffball mushroom

Question: is it edible?

Answer: Young puffballs can be edible.

Explanation: While most puffballs are not poisonous, some often look similar to young agarics, and especially the deadly Amanitas, such as the death cap or destroying angel mushrooms. It is for this reason that all puffballs gathered in mushroom hunting are cut in half lengthwise. Young puffballs in the edible stage, before maturation of the gleba, have undifferentiated white flesh within; whereas the gills of immature Amanita mushrooms can be seen if they are closely examined.

Puffball [SEP] Edibility and identification

It has been estimated that a large specimen of this fungus when mature will produce around 7 × 10¹² spores. If collected before spores have formed, while the flesh is still white, it may be cooked as slices fried in butter, with a strong earthy, mushroom flavor. Not all true puffball mushrooms are without stalks. Some may also be stalked like the "Podaxis pistillaris" which is also called the "false shaggy mane". There are also a number of false puffballs that look similar to the true ones.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Question: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Answer: Yes, the true truffles (Tuberales) are gasteroid Ascomycota.

Puffball [SEP] Classification

Major orders: Similarly, the true truffles (Tuberales) are gasteroid Ascomycota. Their ascocarps are called tuberothecia.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: Yes, the true truffles (Tuberales) are gasteroid Ascomycota.

Question: what is the last word you just mentioned?

Answer: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Ascomycota [SEP] Introduction

Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (from Greek: ("askos"), meaning "sac" or "wineskin"), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: what is the last word you just mentioned?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Question: are they beneficial to humans?

Answer: Yes, ascus fungi have brought some important benefits to humanity.

Explanation: On the other hand, ascus fungi have brought some important benefits to humanity.

Ascomycota [SEP] Beneficial effects for humans


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: Yes, ascus fungi have brought some important benefits to humanity.

Question: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Answer: It produces microscopic spores inside special, elongated cells or sacs.

Ascomycota [SEP] Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes and their characteristics

Ascomycetes: Ascomycetes are 'spore shooters'. They are fungi which produce microscopic spores inside special, elongated cells or sacs, known as 'asci', which give the group its name. Asexual reproduction:


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: It produces microscopic spores inside special, elongated cells or sacs.

Question: what kind of relation do they have with animals?

Answer: The genus "Xylaria" colonize the nests of leafcutter ants and other fungus-growing ants.

Ascomycota [SEP] Symbiotic relationships with animals

Several ascomycetes of the genus "Xylaria" colonize the nests of leafcutter ants and other fungus-growing ants of the tribe Attini, and the fungal gardens of termites (Isoptera). Since they do not generate fruiting bodies until the insects have left the nests, it is suspected that, as confirmed in several cases of Basidiomycota species, they may be cultivated. Bark beetles (family Scolytidae) are important symbiotic partners of ascomycetes. The female beetles transport fungal spores to new hosts in characteristic tucks in their skin, the "mycetangia". The beetle tunnels into the wood and into large chambers in which they lay their eggs.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: what kind of relation do they have with animals?

Context: The genus "Xylaria" colonize the nests of leafcutter ants and other fungus-growing ants.

Question: the last type of ants that you just mentioned, how do they mate?

Answer: The winged males and queens then take their nuptial flights to mate high in the air.

Fungus-growing ants [SEP] Mating

Typically, one queen lives per colony. Every year after the colony is about three years old, the queen lays eggs of female and male alates, the reproductive ants that will pass on the genes of the queens. Before leaving the nest, queens stuff some of the fungus' mycelia in her cibarium. These winged males and queens then take their nuptial flights to mate high in the air. In some areas, species flights are synchronized with all local colonies' virgin royalty flying at the same time on the same day, such as "Atta sexdens" and "Atta texana". Some species' queens mate with only one male, as in "Seriomyrmex" and "Trachymyrmex", while some are known to mate with as many as eight or 10, such as "Atta sexdens" and many" Acromyrmex" spp.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: the last type of ants that you just mentioned, how do they mate?

Context: The winged males and queens then take their nuptial flights to mate high in the air.

Question: do these ants help in farming or gardening in any way?

Answer: Yes, it helps in both.

Fungus-growing ants [SEP] Gardening process

First, foragers bring in to and drop leaf fragments on the nest's chamber floor. Workers that are usually slightly smaller clip these pieces into segments that are about across. Smaller ants then crush these fragments and mold them into damp pellets by adding fecal droplets and kneading them. They add the pellets into a larger pile of other prill. Smaller workers then pluck loose strands of fungus from dense patches and plant them on the surface of the freshly made pile. The smallest workers, the minim, move around and keep up the garden by delicately prodding the piles with their antennae, licking the surfaces, and plucking out the spores and hyphae of unwanted mold species.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: do these ants help in farming or gardening in any way?

Context: Yes, it helps in both.

Question: where are such ants normally found?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: Yes, it helps in both.

Context: where are such ants normally found?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is their habitat?

Answer: Lower attines mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100-1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens in them.

Fungus-growing ants [SEP] Habitat

Lower attines mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100-1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens in them. Higher attines, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5-10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to .


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: Yes, it helps in both.

Context: where are such ants normally found?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their habitat?

Context: Lower attines mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100-1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens in them.

Question: how have these ants evolved?

Answer: They forage for leaf sections, but then convert their primary food source to the fungus these leaf cuts grew.

Fungus-growing ants [SEP] Evolution

Early ancestors of attine ants were probably insect predators. They likely began foraging for leaf sections, but then converted their primary food source to the fungus these leaf cuts grew. Higher attines, such as "Acromyrmex" and "Atta", are believed to have evolved in Central and North America about 20 million years ago (Mya), starting with "Trachymyrmex cornetzi." While the fungal cultivars of the 'lower' attine ants can survive outside an ant colony, those of 'higher' attine ants are obligate mutualists, meaning they cannot exist without one another. Generalized fungus farming in ants appears to have evolved about 55-60 Mya, but early 25 Mya ants seemed to have domesticated a single fungal lineage with gongylidia to feed colonies.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: Yes, it helps in both.

Context: where are such ants normally found?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their habitat?

Context: how have these ants evolved?

Context: They forage for leaf sections, but then convert their primary food source to the fungus these leaf cuts grew.

Question: which was the other type of ant that you mentioned before?

Answer: Leafcutter ants

Leafcutter ant [SEP] Introduction

Leafcutter ants, a non-generic name, are any of 47 species of leaf-chewing ants belonging to the two genera "Atta" and "Acromyrmex". These species of tropical, fungus-growing ants are all endemic to South and Central America, Mexico, and parts of the southern United States. Leafcutter ants can carry twenty times their body weight and cut and process fresh vegetation (leaves, flowers, and grasses) to serve as the nutritional substrate for their fungal cultivates. "Acromyrmex" and "Atta" ants have much in common anatomically; however, the two can be identified by their external differences. "Atta" ants have three pairs of spines and a smooth exoskeleton on the upper surface of the thorax, while "Acromyrmex" ants have four pairs and a rough exoskeleton.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: Yes, it helps in both.

Context: where are such ants normally found?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their habitat?

Context: how have these ants evolved?

Context: which was the other type of ant that you mentioned before?

Context: Leafcutter ants

Question: what is  their interaction with humans?

Answer: A serious agricultural pest, defoliating crops and damaging roads and farmland with their nest-making activities.

Leafcutter ant [SEP] Interactions with humans

In some parts of their range, leafcutter ants can be a serious agricultural pest, defoliating crops and damaging roads and farmland with their nest-making activities. For example, some "Atta" species are capable of defoliating an entire citrus tree in less than 24 hours. A promising approach to deterring attacks of the leafcutter ant "Acromyrmex lobicornis" on crops has been demonstrated. Collecting the refuse from the nest and placing it over seedlings or around crops resulted in a deterrent effect over a period of 30 days.


Context: what is lycoperdon echinatum?

Context: A type of puffball mushroom.

Context: where is it found?

Context: are there any species similar to it?

Context: L. echinatum

Context: Puffball mushroom

Context: is it edible?

Context: Young puffballs can be edible.

Context: are you able to classify this mushroom?

Context: It is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

Context: are they beneficial to humans?

Context: how do these mushrooms reproduce?

Context: Yes, it helps in both.

Context: where are such ants normally found?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their habitat?

Context: how have these ants evolved?

Context: Leafcutter ants

Context: what is  their interaction with humans?

Context: A serious agricultural pest, defoliating crops and damaging roads and farmland with their nest-making activities.

Question: what type of ants are present in their colony?

Answer: "Atta" ants

Leafcutter ant [SEP] Colony hierarchy

In a mature leafcutter colony, ants are divided into castes, based mostly on size, that perform different functions. "Acromyrmex" and "Atta" exhibit a high degree of biological polymorphism, four castes being present in established colonies—minims, minors, mediae, and majors. Majors are also known as soldiers or dinergates. "Atta" ants are more polymorphic than "Acromyrmex", meaning comparatively less difference occurs in size from the smallest to largest types of "Acromyrmex".


Question: who was the last state to ratify the 13th amendment

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [SEP] Introduction

The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6, 1865 and proclaimed on December 18. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863 declared that the enslaved in Confederate-controlled areas were free. When they escaped to Union lines or federal forces – including now-former slaves – advanced south, emancipation occurred without any compensation to the former owners.


Context: who was the last state to ratify the 13th amendment

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what does thirteenth amendment to the united states constitution mean?

Answer: The amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by Congress.

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Explanation: abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by Congress


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what does thirteenth amendment to the united states constitution mean?

Context: The amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by Congress.

Question: when was it passed?

Answer: January 31, 1865

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Explanation: The amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Question: what change did it bring?

Answer: W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in 1935: Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment. There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation, doing the same work they did before emancipation, except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war.

Explanation:
 W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in 1935:
Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment. There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation, doing the same work they did before emancipation, except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war.

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution [SEP] Political and economic change in the South

Blackmon called "an array of interlocking laws essentially intended to criminalize black life". These laws, passed or updated after emancipation, were known as Black Codes. Mississippi was the first state to pass such codes, with an 1865 law titled "An Act to confer Civil Rights on Freedmen". The Mississippi law required black workers to contract with white farmers by January1 of each year or face punishment for vagrancy. Blacks could be sentenced to forced labor for crimes including petty theft, using obscene language, or selling cotton after sunset. States passed new, strict vagrancy laws that were selectively enforced against blacks without white protectors.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in 1935: Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment. There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation, doing the same work they did before emancipation, except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war.

Question: who was the writer mentioned?

Answer: He was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor.

W. E. B. Du Bois [SEP] Introduction

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community, and after completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Earlier, Du Bois had risen to national prominence as the leader of the Niagara Movement, a group of African-American activists that wanted equal rights for blacks.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: He was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor.

Question: when was he born?

Answer: February 23, 1868

Explanation: February 23, 1868

W. E. B. Du Bois [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Question: where did he belong to?

Answer: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Explanation: Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts

W. E. B. Du Bois [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Question: where did he study?

Answer: University of Berlin and Harvard

Explanation: completing graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard,

W. E. B. Du Bois [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Question: was he part of any famous movement?

Answer: Niagara Movement

Explanation: Niagara Movement,

W. E. B. Du Bois [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Question: what was it?

Answer: It was a black civil rights organization

Explanation: was a black civil rights organization

Niagara Movement [SEP] Introduction

The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group of civil rights activists – many of whom were among the vanguard of African-American lawyers in the United States – led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, near Fort Erie, Ontario, where the first meeting took place, in July 1905. The Niagara Movement was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement. It opposed what its members believed were policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African-American leaders such as Booker T.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: It was a black civil rights organization

Question: when was it founded?

Answer: 1905

Explanation: founded in 1905

Niagara Movement [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: when was it founded?

Question: why was it formed?

Answer: The Niagara Movement was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement. It opposed what its members believed were policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African-American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.

Explanation: The Niagara Movement was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement. It opposed what its members believed were policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African-American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.

Niagara Movement [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: when was it founded?

Context: why was it formed?

Context: The Niagara Movement was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement. It opposed what its members believed were policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African-American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.

Question: where did the first meeting occur?

Answer: It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, near Fort Erie, Ontario, where the first meeting took place

Explanation: It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, near Fort Erie, Ontario, where the first meeting took place

Niagara Movement [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: when was it founded?

Context: why was it formed?

Context: where did the first meeting occur?

Context: It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, near Fort Erie, Ontario, where the first meeting took place

Question: were there any measures taken to preserve the falls?

Answer: Industrialization threatened to carve up Goat Island to further expand commercial development. Other industrial encroachments and lack of public access led to a conservation movement in the U.S. known as Free Niagara

Niagara Falls [SEP] Preservation efforts

In the 1870s, sightseers had limited access to Niagara Falls and often had to pay for a glimpse, and industrialization threatened to carve up Goat Island to further expand commercial development. Other industrial encroachments and lack of public access led to a conservation movement in the U.S. known as Free Niagara, led by such notables as Hudson River School artist Frederic Edwin Church, landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted, and architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Church approached Lord Dufferin, governor-general of Canada, with a proposal for international discussions on the establishment of a public park. Goat Island was one of the inspirations for the American side of the effort.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: when was it founded?

Context: why was it formed?

Context: where did the first meeting occur?

Context: were there any measures taken to preserve the falls?

Context: Industrialization threatened to carve up Goat Island to further expand commercial development. Other industrial encroachments and lack of public access led to a conservation movement in the U.S. known as Free Niagara

Question: does it have any hydroelectric project in it?

Answer: Yes,  the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Mining Company was chartered, which eventually constructed the canals that would be used to generate electricity.

Niagara Falls [SEP] Hydroelectric power

The enormous energy of Niagara Falls has long been recognized as a potential source of power. The first known effort to harness the waters was in 1759, when Daniel Joncaire built a small canal above the falls to power his sawmill. Augustus and Peter Porter purchased this area and all of American Falls in 1805 from the New York state government, and enlarged the original canal to provide hydraulic power for their gristmill and tannery. In 1853, the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Mining Company was chartered, which eventually constructed the canals that would be used to generate electricity. In 1881, under the leadership of Jacob F.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: when was it founded?

Context: why was it formed?

Context: where did the first meeting occur?

Context: does it have any hydroelectric project in it?

Context: Yes,  the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Mining Company was chartered, which eventually constructed the canals that would be used to generate electricity.

Question: did it get featured in any film?

Answer: The falls was a featured location in the major motion picture "Superman II"

Niagara Falls [SEP] Movies and television

Already a huge tourist attraction and favorite spot for honeymooners, Niagara Falls visits rose sharply in 1953 after the release of "Niagara", a movie starring Marilyn Monroe and Joseph Cotten. The 1956 animated short "Niagara Fools" featured Woody Woodpecker attempting to go over the falls in a barrel. The falls was a featured location in the major motion picture "Superman II" in 1980, and was itself the subject of a popular IMAX movie, "". Illusionist David Copperfield performed a trick in which he appeared to travel over the Horseshoe Falls in 1990. The falls, or more particularly, the tourist-supported complex near the falls, was the setting of the short-lived Canadian-shot US television show "Wonderfalls" in early 2004.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: when was it founded?

Context: why was it formed?

Context: where did the first meeting occur?

Context: did it get featured in any film?

Context: The falls was a featured location in the major motion picture "Superman II"

Question: when was the movie released?

Answer: December 4, 1980

Superman II [SEP] Introduction

Superman II is a 1980 superhero film directed by Richard Lester and written by Mario Puzo and David and Leslie Newman from a story by Puzo based on the DC Comics character Superman. It is the second installment in the "Superman" film series and a sequel to "Superman" (1978). It stars Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Terence Stamp, Ned Beatty, Sarah Douglas, Margot Kidder, and Jack O'Halloran. The film was released in Australia and mainland Europe on December 4, 1980, and in other countries throughout 1981. Selected premiere engagements of "Superman II" were presented in Megasound, a high-impact surround sound system similar to Sensurround.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it passed?

Context: January 31, 1865

Context: what change did it bring?

Context: who was the writer mentioned?

Context: when was he born?

Context: February 23, 1868

Context: where did he belong to?

Context: Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Context: where did he study?

Context: University of Berlin and Harvard

Context: was he part of any famous movement?

Context: Niagara Movement

Context: what was it?

Context: when was it founded?

Context: why was it formed?

Context: where did the first meeting occur?

Context: did it get featured in any film?

Context: when was the movie released?

Context: December 4, 1980

Question: how much money did it make?

Answer: "Superman II" had grossed $75 million, and went on to gross $108.2 million in the United States and Canada

Superman II [SEP] Box office

In its first month of release, "Superman II" had grossed $75 million, and went on to gross $108.2 million in the United States and Canada (with the gross rental coming to $65 million), the third highest-grossing film of 1981. Internationally, it grossed $82.2 million for a worldwide total of $190.4 million.


Question: where do red pandas live in the wild

Answer: The temperate forests of the Himalayas; It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.

Explanation:
The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas, and ranges from the foothills of western Nepal to China in the east. Its easternmost limit is the Qinling Mountains of the Shaanxi Province in China. Its range includes southern Tibet, Sikkim and Assam in India, Bhutan, the northern mountains of Burma, and in south-western China, in the Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan and the Gongshan Mountains in Yunnan. It may also live in south-west Tibet and northern Arunachal Pradesh, but this has not been documented. Locations with the highest density of red pandas include an area in the Himalayas that has been proposed as having been a refuge for a variety of endemic species in the Pleistocene. The distribution range of the red panda should be considered disjunct, rather than continuous. A disjunct population inhabits the Meghalaya Plateau of north-eastern India.

The red panda lives between altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between with little annual change. It p

Red panda [SEP] Distribution and habitat


Context: where do red pandas live in the wild

Context: The temperate forests of the Himalayas; It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.

Question: what type of animal is it?

Answer: Mammal

Red panda [SEP] Introduction

The red panda ("Ailurus fulgens") is a mammal species native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression. Despite its name, it is not closely related to the giant panda. The red panda has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat, though with a longer body, and is somewhat heavier.


Context: where do red pandas live in the wild

Context: what type of animal is it?

Context: Mammal

Question: describe its physical attributes?

Answer: Reddish-brown fur on the upper parts, blackish fur on the lower parts, and a light face with tear markings and white badges; The legs are black and short with thick fur; curved and sharp semi-retractile claws

Explanation:
The red panda has long, soft, reddish-brown fur on the upper parts, blackish fur on the lower parts, and a light face with tear markings and white badges similar to those of a raccoon, but each individual can have distinctive markings. Its skull is roundish with medium-sized upright ears, its nose is black, and its eyes are blackish. Its teeth are robust. Its long, bushy tail with six alternating transverse ochre rings provide balance and excellent camouflage in a habitat with moss- and lichen-covered trees. The legs are black and short with thick fur on the soles of the paws. This fur serves as thermal insulation on snow-covered or icy surfaces and conceals scent glands, which are also present on the anus.

The head and body length of a red panda measures , and its tail is long. Males weigh and females .

The red panda is specialized as a bamboo feeder with strong, curved and sharp semi-retractile claws standing inward for grasping narrow tree branches, leaves, and fruit. Like the gia

Red panda [SEP] Physical characteristics