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Context: what is this series?

Context: It is a British science fiction television programme.

Question: what does it deal with?

Answer: It depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called "the Doctor", an extraterrestrial being, to all appearances human - he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS - the exterior appears as a blue British police box.

Explanation: The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called "the Doctor", an extraterrestrial being, to all appearances human. The Doctor explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired

Doctor Who [SEP] Introduction


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Context: what is this series?

Context: what does it deal with?

Context: It depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called "the Doctor", an extraterrestrial being, to all appearances human - he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS - the exterior appears as a blue British police box.

Question: what are the features of the space ship mentioned above?

Answer: TARDISes are built with a chameleon cirtcuit, a piece of technology that allows them to change the exterior form of the ship to blend into the environment of whatever time or place it lands; is famously "bigger on the inside", with the interior being a whole separate dimension containing an infinite number of rooms, corridors and storage spaces.

Explanation: The Doctor's TARDIS has a number of peculiar features, notably due to its age and personality. TARDISes are built with a chameleon cirtcuit, a piece of technology that allows them to change the exterior form of the ship to blend into the environment of whatever time or place it lands. The Doctor's TARDIS always resembles a 1960s London police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit after the events of An Unearthly Child, the pilot episode of the show. However, in the revived series (since 2005), it has been stated that despite the broken chameleon circuit the TARDIS is able to generate a "perception filter", so that it is ignored by anyone not already aware of its presence. While the exterior is of limited size, the TARDIS is famously "bigger on the inside", with the interior being a whole separate dimension containing an infinite number of rooms, corridors and storage spaces. Whilst every TARDIS has a consciousness of sorts, the Doctor's TARDIS is notable in that it has a di

TARDIS [SEP] Introduction

The TARDIS (; "Time And Relative Dimension In Space") is a fictional time machine and spacecraft that appears in the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who" and its various spin-offs. The TV show "Doctor Who" mainly features a single TARDIS used by the central character the Doctor. However, in the series other TARDISes are sometimes seen or used. The Doctor's TARDIS has a number of peculiar features, notably due to its age and personality. TARDISes are built with a chameleon cirtcuit, a piece of technology that allows them to change the exterior form of the ship to blend into the environment of whatever time or place it lands.


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Context: what does it deal with?

Context: what are the features of the space ship mentioned above?

Context: TARDISes are built with a chameleon cirtcuit, a piece of technology that allows them to change the exterior form of the ship to blend into the environment of whatever time or place it lands; is famously "bigger on the inside", with the interior being a whole separate dimension containing an infinite number of rooms, corridors and storage spaces.

Question: what relation does consciousness has with it?

Answer: The "soul" of the ship is transferred into the body of a humanoid female called Idris, enabling the Doctor to have a conversation with his craft.

TARDIS [SEP] Consciousness

In "The Doctor's Wife", the "soul" of the ship is transferred into the body of a humanoid female called Idris, enabling the Doctor to have a conversation with his craft. The TARDIS says that she deliberately allowed the Doctor to "steal" her, as she wanted to see the universe itself; in a reversal of the traditional view, the TARDIS claims to have stolen the Doctor. When he accuses the TARDIS of being unreliable, she defends herself by saying that she has always taken him where he "needed to go", as opposed to where he "wanted to go". During their brief opportunity to converse, the TARDIS expresses both affection and frustration with the Doctor (including annoyance that he pushes her doors open rather than pulls them open as the instructional sign on the outside indicates).


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Context: what does it deal with?

Context: what relation does consciousness has with it?

Context: The "soul" of the ship is transferred into the body of a humanoid female called Idris, enabling the Doctor to have a conversation with his craft.

Question: what defence mechanism was it built with?

Answer: A force field, a tribophysical waveform macro kinetic extrapolator, and the Hostile Action "Dispersal" System.

Explanation:
One of the main TARDIS defenses is a force field. The field is seen in use in "The Runaway Bride" (2006), when the Tenth Doctor and the Bride, Donna Noble, are trying to escape the Empress of the Racnoss and in "The Beast Below" (2010), when the Doctor is showing Amy Pond the wonders of the universe. In "Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS" (2013), the Eleventh Doctor turns off the shields by putting the TARDIS on "basic mode" for his companion, Clara, to operate. Another device, a tribophysical waveform macro kinetic extrapolator, is installed to generate a force field in the episode "Boom Town" (2005) and is later used to protect the ship from Dalek missiles in "The Parting of the Ways".

Another defensive feature is the Hostile Action Displacement System (HADS), which can (if switched "on" by the ship's operator) teleport the ship away if it is attacked ("The Krotons", 1968) or in great danger ("Cold War", 2013). The Hostile Action "Dispersal" System can, if the TARDIS is threatened

TARDIS [SEP] Defences

When fully active, the TARDIS's outer defences are (nearly) impenetrable. In the last episode of "The Armageddon Factor" (1979), the Black Guardian is unable to enter the TARDIS after the Doctor activates "...all of the TARDIS's defences..." Similarly, when being chased by an Auton in "Rose" (2005), the Doctor reassures future companion Rose Tyler that "the assembled hordes of Genghis Khan couldn't break through those doors, and believe me, they've tried." However, in "Journey's End" (2008) the Tenth Doctor states that the Daleks, created and led by Davros, would have no problem breaching the TARDIS defences. "They're experts at fighting TARDISes, they can do anything.


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Context: what defence mechanism was it built with?

Context: A force field, a tribophysical waveform macro kinetic extrapolator, and the Hostile Action "Dispersal" System.

Question: who played the role of the doctor in the aforesaid series?

Answer: Beginning with William Hartnell, thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor, and in 2017 Jodie Whittaker became the first woman to play the role.

Doctor Who [SEP] Introduction

Beginning with William Hartnell, thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor, and in 2017 Jodie Whittaker became the first woman to play the role. The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation, a plot device in which a Time Lord "transforms" into a new body when the current one is too badly harmed to heal normally. Each actor's portrayal is unique, but all represent stages in the life of the same character, and together, they form a single lifetime with a single narrative.


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Context: what does it deal with?

Context: who played the role of the doctor in the aforesaid series?

Context: Beginning with William Hartnell, thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor, and in 2017 Jodie Whittaker became the first woman to play the role.

Question: what sort of promotions were done for it?

Answer: A preview scene was filmed in April 2016 as part of a promotional clip shown on 23 April 2016 on BBC One, during the semi-final half-time of the 2015–16 FA Cup.

Doctor Who (series 10) [SEP] Promotion

A preview scene was filmed in April 2016 as part of a promotional clip shown on 23 April 2016 on BBC One, during the semi-final half-time of the 2015–16 FA Cup. It introduced the Doctor and his new companion, Bill, being faced with Daleks. However, Moffat has stated that this scene may not be introduced into the series itself. Capaldi, Mackie, Lucas and Moffat promoted the series at New York Comic Con in October 2016. The first trailer for the series was premiered at the end of the 2016 Christmas special, "The Return of Doctor Mysterio". A second teaser trailer was released on 25 February 2017.


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Context: what sort of promotions were done for it?

Context: A preview scene was filmed in April 2016 as part of a promotional clip shown on 23 April 2016 on BBC One, during the semi-final half-time of the 2015–16 FA Cup.

Question: does the doctor specified above has any enemies?

Answer: The Autons with the Nestene Consciousness, Daleks, the Macra,  Master, and Weeping Angels, to name a few.

Explanation: With the show's 2005 revival, executive producer Russell T Davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of "Doctor Who". The Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks returned in series 1, Cybermen in series 2, the Macra and the Master in series 3, the Sontarans and Davros in series 4, and the Time Lords including Rassilon in the 2009–10 Specials. Davies' successor, Steven Moffat, has continued the trend by reviving the Silurians in series 5, Cybermats in series 6, the Great Intelligence and the Ice Warriors in Series 7, and Zygons in the 50th Anniversary Special. Since its 2005 return, the series has also introduced new recurring aliens: Slitheen (Raxacoricofallapatorians), Ood, Judoon, Weeping Angels and the Silence.

Doctor Who [SEP] Adversaries

When Sydney Newman commissioned the series, he specifically did not want to perpetuate the cliché of the "bug-eyed monster" of science fiction. However, monsters were popular with audiences and so became a staple of "Doctor Who" almost from the beginning. With the show's 2005 revival, executive producer Russell T Davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of "Doctor Who". The Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks returned in series 1, Cybermen in series 2, the Macra and the Master in series 3, the Sontarans and Davros in series 4, and the Time Lords including Rassilon in the 2009–10 Specials.


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Context: does the doctor specified above has any enemies?

Context: The Autons with the Nestene Consciousness, Daleks, the Macra,  Master, and Weeping Angels, to name a few.

Question: and who are his friends?

Answer: The Doctor's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter Susan Foreman; primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate)

Explanation: The companion figure – generally a human – has been a constant feature in "Doctor Who" since the programme's inception in 1963. One of the roles of the companion is to be a reminder for the Doctor's "moral duty". The Doctor's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton (William Russell). These characters were intended to act as audience surrogates, through which the audience would discover information about the Doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure. The only story from the original series in which the Doctor travels alone is "The Deadly Assassin" (1976). Notable companions from the earlier series included Romana (Mary Tamm and Lalla Ward), a Time Lady; Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen); and Jo Grant (Katy Manning). Dramatically, these characters provide a figure with whom the audience can identify, and serve to further the story by requesting exposition from t

Doctor Who [SEP] Companions


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Context: what does it deal with?

Context: and who are his friends?

Context: The Doctor's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter Susan Foreman; primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate)

Question: with what kinds of awards was the show honored?

Answer: Several, including the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–2010) awards at the National Television Awards; Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle Gomez became the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series, getting a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work as Missy.

Doctor Who [SEP] Awards

The show has received recognition as one of Britain's finest television programmes, winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–2010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer. In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle Gomez became the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series, getting a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work as Missy. In 2013, the Peabody Awards honoured "Doctor Who" with an Institutional Peabody "for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe." The programme is listed in "Guinness World Records" as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world, the "most successful" science fiction series of all time—based on its overall broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama with its 50th anniversary special.


Question: who is alain prost?

Answer: He is a retired French racing driver and a four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion.

Alain Prost [SEP] Introduction

Alain Marie Pascal Prost (born 24 February 1955) is a retired French racing driver and a four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion. From 1987 until 2001 he held the record for most Grand Prix victories, and is considered as one of the greatest F1 drivers ever. Michael Schumacher surpassed Prost's total of 51 victories at the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix. In 1999, Prost received the World Sports Award of the Century in the motor sport category. Prost discovered karting at the age of 14 during a family holiday. He progressed through motor sport's junior ranks, winning the French and European Formula Three championships, before joining the McLaren Formula One team in 1980 at the age of 24.


Context: who is alain prost?

Context: He is a retired French racing driver and a four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Near the town of Saint-Chamond, in the département of Loire near Lyon, France

Alain Prost [SEP] Personal and early life

Alain Prost was born near the town of Saint-Chamond, in the département of Loire near Lyon, France to André Prost and Marie-Rose Karatchian, born in France of Armenian descent. Prost had one younger brother called Daniel, who died of cancer in September 1986. Although short, standing at 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in), Prost was an active and athletic child, who enthusiastically took part in diverse sports, including wrestling, roller skating and football. In doing so he broke his nose several times. He considered careers as a gym instructor or a professional footballer before he discovered kart racing at the age of 14 while on a family holiday.


Context: who is alain prost?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Near the town of Saint-Chamond, in the département of Loire near Lyon, France

Question: what did the name of the second place originate from?

Answer: Latin "Liger", which is itself a transcription of the native Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river.

Loire [SEP] Etymology

The name "Loire" comes from Latin "Liger", which is itself a transcription of the native Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river. The Gaulish name comes from the Gaulish word "liga", which means "silt, sediment, deposit, alluvium", a word that gave French "lie", as in "sur lie", which in turn gave English "lees". "Liga" comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *"legʰ-", meaning "to lie, lay" as in the Welsh word "Lleyg", and also which gave many words in English, such as to lie, to lay, ledge, law, etc.


Context: who is alain prost?

Context: where was he born?

Context: what did the name of the second place originate from?

Context: Latin "Liger", which is itself a transcription of the native Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river.

Question: are there any rivers here?

Answer: Maine, Nièvre and the Erdre etc

Explanation: Maine, Nièvre and the Erdre

Loire [SEP] Tributaries

Its main tributaries include the rivers Maine, Nièvre and the Erdre on its right bank, and the rivers Allier, Cher, Indre, Vienne, and the Sèvre Nantaise on the left bank. The largest tributary of the river is the Allier, in length, which joins the Loire near the town of Nevers at . Downstream of Nevers lies the Loire Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its fine assortment of castles. The second-longest tributary, the Vienne, joins the Loire at Candes-Saint-Martin at , followed by the Cher, which joins the Loire near Cinq-Mars-la-Pile at and the Indre, which joins the Loire near Néman at .


Context: who is alain prost?

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Context: are there any rivers here?

Context: Maine, Nièvre and the Erdre etc

Question: is there also a place by the same name as that of the second river?

Answer: Yes, it is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Nièvre [SEP] Introduction

Nièvre () is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the centre of France named after the River Nièvre.


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Context: are there any rivers here?

Context: Maine, Nièvre and the Erdre etc

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Context: Yes, it is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Question: what is the climate like here?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Nièvre [SEP] Introduction


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Nièvre [SEP] Introduction


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Question: is the first river too named after a place?

Answer: Yes, it is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Maine [SEP] Introduction

Maine () is the northeasternmost state in the Northeastern United States. Maine is the 12th smallest by area, the 9th least populous, and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. It is located in New England, bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively. Maine is the only state to border only one other state, is the easternmost among the contiguous United States, and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes. Maine is known for its jagged, rocky coastline; low, rolling mountains; heavily forested interior; and picturesque waterways; and its seafood cuisine, especially lobster and clams.


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Context: is the first river too named after a place?

Context: Yes, it is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Question: in which country is this place located?

Answer: In the United States

Explanation: United States

Maine [SEP] Introduction


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Context: in which country is this place located?

Context: In the United States

Question: name a war fought by this country.

Answer: American Civil War

Explanation: American Civil War

United States [SEP] Civil War and Reconstruction era

Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War. With the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventions in thirteen slave states declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the "South" or the "Confederacy"), while the federal government (the "Union") maintained that secession was illegal. In order to bring about this secession, military action was initiated by the secessionists, and the Union responded in kind. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.


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Context: In the United States

Context: name a war fought by this country.

Context: American Civil War

Question: why was it fought?

Answer: It was a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people.

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina just over a month after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution.


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Context: In the United States

Context: name a war fought by this country.

Context: American Civil War

Context: why was it fought?

Context: It was a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people.

Question: who fought with whom?

Answer: Northern states loyal to the Union and southern states

Explanation: fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction


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Context: In the United States

Context: name a war fought by this country.

Context: American Civil War

Context: why was it fought?

Context: who fought with whom?

Context: Northern states loyal to the Union and southern states

Question: what effect did the war have on the economy?

Answer: The Southern economy nearly collapsed.

Explanation: nearly collapsed

American Civil War [SEP] Economic impact

The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war. There were multiple reasons for this: the severe deterioration of food supplies, especially in cities, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies. Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.


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Context: In the United States

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Context: American Civil War

Context: why was it fought?

Context: who fought with whom?

Context: what effect did the war have on the economy?

Context: The Southern economy nearly collapsed.

Question: how has this war been depicted in art?

Answer: It is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous.

American Civil War [SEP] In works of culture and art

The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. This section gives an abbreviated overview of the most notable works.


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Context: In the United States

Context: name a war fought by this country.

Context: American Civil War

Context: why was it fought?

Context: who fought with whom?

Context: The Southern economy nearly collapsed.

Context: how has this war been depicted in art?

Context: It is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous.

Question: how has it been commemorated?

Answer: Reenactment of battles, statues, memorial halls etc

American Civil War [SEP] Civil War commemoration

The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary. Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as "Birth of a Nation" (1915), "Gone with the Wind" (1939), and more recently "Lincoln" (2012). Ken Burns's PBS television series "The Civil War" (1990) is especially well remembered, though criticized for its historiography.


Question: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Answer: X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography [SEP] Introduction

X-ray crystallography (XRC) is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information. Since many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic, and biological molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields.


Context: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Context: X-ray crystallography

Question: what is the primary use of the above method?

Answer: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystallography is still the primary method for characterizing the atomic structure of new materials and in discerning materials that appear similar by other experiments. X-ray crystal structures can also account for unusual electronic or elastic properties of a material, shed light on chemical interactions and processes, or serve as the basis for designing pharmaceuticals against diseases.


Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what is the primary use of the above method?

Context: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

Question: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

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Question: can an amorphous substance be used to determine the substance's inner structure?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

X-ray crystallography [SEP] Advantages of a crystal

In principle, an atomic structure could be determined from applying X-ray scattering to non-crystalline samples, even to a single molecule. However, crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity. A crystalline sample is by definition periodic; a crystal is composed of many unit cells repeated indefinitely in three independent directions. Such periodic systems have a Fourier transform that is concentrated at periodically repeating points in reciprocal space known as "Bragg peaks"; the Bragg peaks correspond to the reflection spots observed in the diffraction image. Since the amplitude at these reflections grows linearly with the number "N" of scatterers, the observed "intensity" of these spots should grow quadratically, like "N".


Context: X-ray crystallography

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Question: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Answer: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Explanation: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.


Context: X-ray crystallography

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Context: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Context: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Question: what are some of its applications of this method?

Answer: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

X-ray crystallography [SEP] Applications

X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences. Laue claimed in 1937 that the technique "has extended the power of observing minute structure ten thousand times beyond that given us by the microscope". X-ray diffraction is analogous to a microscope with atomic-level resolution which shows the atoms and their electron distribution. X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, and neutron diffraction give information about the structure of matter, crystalline and non-crystalline, at the atomic and molecular level. In addition, these methods may be applied in the study of properties of all materials, inorganic, organic or biological.


Context: X-ray crystallography

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Context: what are some of its applications of this method?

Context: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

Question: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Answer: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Explanation: However, crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity


Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Context: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Question: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Answer: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

X-ray crystallography [SEP] Early scientific history of crystals and X-rays

Albert Einstein introduced the photon concept in 1905, but it was not broadly accepted until 1922, when Arthur Compton confirmed it by the scattering of X-rays from electrons. The particle-like properties of X-rays, such as their ionization of gases, had prompted William Henry Bragg to argue in 1907 that X-rays were "not" electromagnetic radiation. Bragg's view proved unpopular and the observation of X-ray diffraction by Max von Laue in 1912 confirmed for most scientists that X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation.


Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Question: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Answer: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

William Henry Bragg [SEP] Introduction

Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was an English physicist, chemist, mathematician, and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics: ""for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"". The mineral Braggite is named after him and his son. He was knighted in 1920.


Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Question: which educational institutions did he attend?

Answer: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

William Henry Bragg [SEP] Early years

Bragg was born at Westward, England, near Wigton, Cumberland, the son of Robert John Bragg, a merchant marine officer and farmer, and his wife Mary née Wood, a clergyman's daughter. When Bragg was seven years old, his mother died, and he was raised by his uncle, also named William Bragg, at Market Harborough, Leicestershire. He was educated at the Grammar School there, at King William's College on the Isle of Man and, having won an exhibition (scholarship), at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1884 as third wrangler, and in 1885 was awarded a first class honours in the mathematical tripos.


Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

Question: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Answer: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

William Henry Bragg [SEP] Honours and awards

Bragg was joint winner with his son, Lawrence Bragg, of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915: ""For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-ray"". Bragg was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907, vice-president in 1920, and served as President of the Royal Society from 1935 to 1940. He was elected as a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium on 1 June 1946. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1917 and Knight Commander (KBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours.


Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Question: is there some object or structure which is named in honor of him?

Answer: Yes, the lecture theatre of King William's College is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory.

William Henry Bragg [SEP] Legacy

The lecture theatre of King William's College (KWC) is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory. One of the school "Houses" at Robert Smyth School, Market Harborough, Leicester, is named "Bragg" in memory of him being a student there. Since 1992, the Australian Institute of Physics has awarded The Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics for the best PhD thesis by a student at an Australian university. The two sides of the medal contain the images of Sir William Henry and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg.


Context: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what is the primary use of the above method?

Context: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can an amorphous substance be used to determine the substance's inner structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Context: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Context: what are some of its applications of this method?

Context: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

Context: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Context: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Context: is there some object or structure which is named in honor of him?

Context: Yes, the lecture theatre of King William's College is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory.

Question: how was he associated with world war i?

Answer: He was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty

William Henry Bragg [SEP] World War I

Both of his sons were called into the army after war broke out in 1914 . The following year he was appointed Quain Professor of physics at University College London. He had to wait for almost a year to contribute to the war effort: finally, in July 1915, he was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty. In September, his younger son Robert died of wounds at Gallipoli. In November, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with elder son William Lawrence. The Navy was struggling to prevent sinkings by unseen, submerged U boats.


Context: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what is the primary use of the above method?

Context: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can an amorphous substance be used to determine the substance's inner structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Context: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Context: what are some of its applications of this method?

Context: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

Context: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Context: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Context: is there some object or structure which is named in honor of him?

Context: Yes, the lecture theatre of King William's College is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory.

Context: how was he associated with world war i?

Context: He was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty

Question: who is the second person mentioned who is involved in the discovery of that crystallography method?

Answer: German physicist

Max von Laue [SEP] Introduction

Max Theodor Felix von Laue (9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. In addition to his scientific endeavors with contributions in optics, crystallography, quantum theory, superconductivity, and the theory of relativity, he had a number of administrative positions which advanced and guided German scientific research and development during four decades. A strong objector to Nazism, he was instrumental in re-establishing and organizing German science after World War II.


Context: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what is the primary use of the above method?

Context: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can an amorphous substance be used to determine the substance's inner structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Context: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Context: what are some of its applications of this method?

Context: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

Context: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Context: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Context: is there some object or structure which is named in honor of him?

Context: Yes, the lecture theatre of King William's College is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory.

Context: how was he associated with world war i?

Context: He was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty

Context: who is the second person mentioned who is involved in the discovery of that crystallography method?

Context: German physicist

Question: what was his views on nazism?

Answer: Laue opposed Nazism in general and "Deutsche Physik" in particular

Max von Laue [SEP] Opposition to Nazism

Laue opposed Nazism in general and "Deutsche Physik" in particular – the former persecuted the Jews, in general, and the latter, among other things, put down Einstein's theory of relativity as "Jewish physics", which Laue saw as ridiculous: "science has no race or religion". Laue and his close friend Otto Hahn secretly helped scientific colleagues persecuted by Nazi policies to emigrate from Germany. Laue also openly opposed Nazi policies. An address on 18 September 1933 at the opening of the physics convention in Würzburg, opposition to Johannes Stark, an obituary note on Fritz Haber in 1934, and attendance at a commemoration for Haber are examples which clearly illustrate Laue's courageous, open opposition: The speech and the obituary note earned Laue government reprimands.


Context: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what is the primary use of the above method?

Context: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can an amorphous substance be used to determine the substance's inner structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Context: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Context: what are some of its applications of this method?

Context: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

Context: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Context: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Context: is there some object or structure which is named in honor of him?

Context: Yes, the lecture theatre of King William's College is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory.

Context: how was he associated with world war i?

Context: He was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty

Context: who is the second person mentioned who is involved in the discovery of that crystallography method?

Context: German physicist

Context: what was his views on nazism?

Context: Laue opposed Nazism in general and "Deutsche Physik" in particular

Question: what is that physik term all about?

Answer: It was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s

Deutsche Physik [SEP] Introduction

Deutsche Physik (, "German Physics") or Aryan Physics () was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s. A pseudoscientific movement, it nonetheless won the support of many eminent physicists in Germany. The term was taken from the title of a four-volume physics textbook by Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard in the 1930s. "Deutsche Physik" was opposed to the work of Albert Einstein and other modern theoretically based physics, which was disparagingly labeled "Jewish physics" ().


Context: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what is the primary use of the above method?

Context: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can an amorphous substance be used to determine the substance's inner structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Context: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Context: what are some of its applications of this method?

Context: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

Context: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Context: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Context: is there some object or structure which is named in honor of him?

Context: Yes, the lecture theatre of King William's College is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory.

Context: how was he associated with world war i?

Context: He was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty

Context: who is the second person mentioned who is involved in the discovery of that crystallography method?

Context: German physicist

Context: what was his views on nazism?

Context: Laue opposed Nazism in general and "Deutsche Physik" in particular

Context: what is that physik term all about?

Context: It was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s

Question: did he win any award?

Answer: Yes, Nobel Prize in Physics

Max von Laue [SEP] Introduction


Context: determination of crystal structure using x ray diffraction

Context: X-ray crystallography

Context: what is the primary use of the above method?

Context: In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences among various materials, especially minerals and alloys.

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this method?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can an amorphous substance be used to determine the substance's inner structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the examples of substances which can be observed under this method?

Context: The method also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA.

Context: what are some of its applications of this method?

Context: X-ray diffraction has wide and various applications in the chemical, biochemical, physical, material and mineralogical sciences.

Context: what is the advantage of using a crystal to observe its inner structure?

Context: Crystals offer a much stronger signal due to their periodicity

Context: what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the discovery of this crystallography method?

Context: William Henry Bragg and Max von Laue

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Physicist, chemist and mathematician

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: King William's College and Trinity College, Cambridge

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Nobel Prize in Physics, elected Fellow of the Royal Society, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Context: is there some object or structure which is named in honor of him?

Context: Yes, the lecture theatre of King William's College is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory.

Context: how was he associated with world war i?

Context: He was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty

Context: who is the second person mentioned who is involved in the discovery of that crystallography method?

Context: German physicist

Context: what was his views on nazism?

Context: Laue opposed Nazism in general and "Deutsche Physik" in particular

Context: what is that physik term all about?

Context: It was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s

Context: did he win any award?

Context: Yes, Nobel Prize in Physics

Question: can you name a few of his descendants?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Max von Laue [SEP] Introduction


Question: how many delegates to the continental congress signed the declaration of independance

Answer: fifty-six

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] Signing

The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official. The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4, 1776. The signatures of fifty-six delegates are affixed; however, the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate. Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4. But in 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not then present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.


Context: how many delegates to the continental congress signed the declaration of independance

Context: fifty-six

Question: who created this declaration?

Answer: "Committee of Five"

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] Draft and adoption

Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision. On June 11, 1776, Congress appointed a "Committee of Five" to draft a declaration, consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut. The committee took no minutes, so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams, too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable—although their accounts are frequently cited.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Question: when was it created?

Answer: July 4, 1776

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] Introduction

The United States Declaration of Independence (formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America) is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776. The Declaration explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Question: what did this declaration state?

Answer: It explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.

United States Declaration of Independence

Explanation: The Declaration explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: It explained why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.

Question: which other countries were influenced by this declaration?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] Influences and legal status

Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence. By Jefferson's own admission, the Declaration contained no original ideas, but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution. As he explained in 1825: Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing, it was intended to be an expression of the American mind, and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion. Jefferson's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776: his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia, and George Mason's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: which other countries were influenced by this declaration?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is there any particular leader in the later years who was influenced by this declaration?

Answer: Abraham Lincoln

United States Declaration of Independence [SEP] Lincoln and the Declaration

The Declaration's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln, a little-known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers. Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution, and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away. For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas–Nebraska Act, thought Lincoln, was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution. In his October 1854 Peoria speech, Lincoln said: The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is there any particular leader in the later years who was influenced by this declaration?

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Question: which years was the above person in office during his presidential rule?

Answer: 1861 to 1865

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Introduction

Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 to 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, the country's greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. He succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: which years was the above person in office during his presidential rule?

Context: 1861 to 1865

Question: what was his contribution in serving his country?

Answer: He succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Explanation: He succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Introduction

people. His Gettysburg Address became a historic clarion call for nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended "habeas corpus", and he averted British intervention by defusing the "Trent" Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation and his order that the Army protect and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: what was his contribution in serving his country?

Context: He succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Question: what war took place during his presidency?

Answer: Civil War

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Civil War

Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: what war took place during his presidency?

Context: Civil War

Question: which groups fought the above war?

Answer: The northern and the southern states

Explanation:
William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that."

On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, an

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Civil War


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: Civil War

Context: which groups fought the above war?

Context: The northern and the southern states

Question: which of the above groups the president we are talking about support?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Civil War


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: Civil War

Context: which groups fought the above war?

Context: The northern and the southern states

Context: which of the above groups the president we are talking about support?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: was the president assassinated?

Answer: Yes

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Assassination

At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play. At 10:14 pm, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 am on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." Lincoln's flag-enfolded body was then escorted in the rain to the White House by bareheaded Union officers, while the city's church bells rang.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: Civil War

Context: which groups fought the above war?

Context: The northern and the southern states

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was the president assassinated?

Context: Yes

Question: when did this incident take place?

Answer: April 14,1865

Explanation:
 Lincoln and his wife attended the play "Our American Cousin" on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.

At 10:14 pm, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him.

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Assassination


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: Civil War

Context: which groups fought the above war?

Context: The northern and the southern states

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was the president assassinated?

Context: Yes

Context: when did this incident take place?

Context: April 14,1865

Question: who assassinated him?

Answer: John Wilkes Booth

Explanation: John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President. When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at Ford's Theatre. Lincoln and his wife attended the play "Our American Cousin" on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Assassination


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: Civil War

Context: which groups fought the above war?

Context: The northern and the southern states

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was the president assassinated?

Context: Yes

Context: when did this incident take place?

Context: April 14,1865

Context: who assassinated him?

Context: John Wilkes Booth

Question: what was his motive for this assassination?

Answer: Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, so he hatched a plot to assassinate the President.

Abraham Lincoln [SEP] Assassination

John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President. When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at Ford's Theatre. Lincoln and his wife attended the play "Our American Cousin" on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: Civil War

Context: which groups fought the above war?

Context: The northern and the southern states

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was the president assassinated?

Context: Yes

Context: when did this incident take place?

Context: April 14,1865

Context: who assassinated him?

Context: John Wilkes Booth

Context: what was his motive for this assassination?

Context: Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, so he hatched a plot to assassinate the President.

Question: was booth killed as well?

Answer: He was shot in an encounter and he died three hours later.

Explanation: According to Corbett's later account, he fired at Booth because the fugitive "raised his pistol to shoot" at them. Conger's report to Stanton stated that Corbett shot Booth "without order, pretext or excuse," and recommended that Corbett be punished for disobeying orders to take Booth alive. Booth, fatally wounded in the neck, was dragged from the barn to the porch of Garrett's farmhouse, where he died three hours later, aged 26. T

John Wilkes Booth [SEP] Death

Booth, fatally wounded in the neck, was dragged from the barn to the porch of Garrett's farmhouse, where he died three hours later, aged 26. The bullet had pierced three vertebrae and partially severed his spinal cord, paralyzing him. In his dying moments, he reportedly whispered, "Tell my mother I died for my country." Asking that his hands be raised to his face so that he could see them, Booth uttered his last words, "Useless, useless," and died as dawn was breaking. In Booth's pockets were found a compass, a candle, pictures of five women (actresses Alice Grey, Helen Western, Effie Germon, Fannie Brown, and Booth's fiancée Lucy Hale), and his diary, where he had written of Lincoln's death, "Our country owed all her troubles to him, and God simply made me the instrument of his punishment." Shortly after Booth's death, his brother Edwin wrote to his sister Asia, "Think no more of him as your brother; he is dead to us now, as he soon must be to all the world, but imagine the boy you loved to be in that better part of his spirit, in another world." Asia also had in her possession a sealed letter that Booth had given her in January 1865 for safekeeping, only to be opened upon his death.


Context: fifty-six

Context: who created this declaration?

Context: "Committee of Five"

Context: when was it created?

Context: July 4, 1776

Context: what did this declaration state?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Abraham Lincoln

Context: 1861 to 1865

Context: Civil War

Context: which groups fought the above war?

Context: The northern and the southern states

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was the president assassinated?

Context: Yes

Context: when did this incident take place?

Context: April 14,1865

Context: who assassinated him?

Context: John Wilkes Booth

Context: was booth killed as well?

Context: He was shot in an encounter and he died three hours later.

Question: who killed him?

Answer: Sergeant Boston Corbett

John Wilkes Booth [SEP] Death

Conger tracked down Jett and interrogated him, learning of Booth's location at the Garrett farm. Before dawn on April 26, the soldiers caught up with the fugitives, who were hiding in Garrett's tobacco barn. David Herold surrendered, but Booth refused Conger's demand to surrender, saying, "I prefer to come out and fight." The soldiers then set the barn on fire. As Booth moved about inside the blazing barn, Sergeant Boston Corbett shot him. According to Corbett's later account, he fired at Booth because the fugitive "raised his pistol to shoot" at them. Conger's report to Stanton stated that Corbett shot Booth "without order, pretext or excuse," and recommended that Corbett be punished for disobeying orders to take Booth alive.


Question: what is the latitude of the shetland islands

Answer: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Subarctic [SEP] Introduction

The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, the Shetland Islands, and the Cairngorms. Generally, subarctic regions fall between 50°N and 70°N latitude, depending on local climates. Precipitation is low, and vegetation is characteristic of the taiga. Daylight at these latitudes are quite extreme between summer and winter. Near the summer solstice for instance, subarctic regions experience an all night period of either civil, nautical, or astronomical twilight, since the sun never dips more than 18 degrees below the horizon.


Context: what is the latitude of the shetland islands

Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Question: what sports are played here ?

Answer: Football

Explanation:
The Shetland Football Association oversees two divisions — a Premier League and a Reserve League — which are affiliated with the Scottish Amateur Football Association. Seasons take place during summer.

The islands are represented by the Shetland football team, which regularly competes in the Island Games.

Shetland [SEP] Sport


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Question: what languages are spoken here ?

Answer: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Explanation: The Norn language was a form of Old Norse spoken in the Northern Isles, and continued to be spoken until the 19th century. It was gradually replaced in Shetland by an insular dialect of Scots, known as Shetlandic, which is in turn being replaced in some areas by Scottish English. Although Norn was spoken for hundreds of years, it is now extinct and few written sources remain, although influences remain in the Insular Scots dialects. Shetland dialect is used in local radio and dialect writing, and is kept alive by organisations such as Shetland Forwirds, Isle Folk, and the Shetland Folk Society.

Shetland [SEP] Language


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Question: which animals are found here ?

Answer: Shetland wren, Shetland starling, Shetland field mouse

Explanation:
Shetland has numerous seabird colonies. Birds found in the islands include Atlantic puffin, storm-petrel, red-throated diver, northern gannet and great skua (locally called the "bonxie"). Numerous rarities have also been recorded including black-browed albatross and snow goose, and a single pair of snowy owls bred in Fetlar from 1967 to 1975. The Shetland wren, Fair Isle wren and Shetland starling are subspecies endemic to Shetland. There are also populations of various moorland birds such as curlew, snipe and golden plover.

One of the early ornithologists that wrote about the wealth of birdlife in Shetland was Edmund Selous (1857-1934) in his book "The Bird Watcher in the Shetlands" (1905). He writes extensively about the gulls and terns, about the arctic skuas, the black guillemots and many other birds (and the seals) of the islands.

The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna and the brown rat and house mouse are tw

Shetland [SEP] Fauna


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Context: which animals are found here ?

Context: Shetland wren, Shetland starling, Shetland field mouse

Question: name some of the regions domesticated animals ?

Answer: Shetland pony, Shetland Sheepdog, Shetland sheep, Shetland goose

Explanation: There is a variety of indigenous breeds, of which the diminutive Shetland pony is probably the best known, as well as being an important part of the Shetland farming tradition. The first written record of the pony was in 1603 in the Court Books of Shetland and, for its size, it is the strongest of all the horse breeds. Others are the Shetland Sheepdog or "Sheltie", the endangered Shetland cattle and Shetland goose and the Shetland sheep which is believed to have originated prior to 1000 AD. The Grice was a breed of semi-domesticated pig that had a habit of attacking lambs. It became extinct sometime between the middle of the nineteenth century and the 1930s.

Shetland [SEP] Domesticated animals


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Context: which animals are found here ?

Context: name some of the regions domesticated animals ?

Context: Shetland pony, Shetland Sheepdog, Shetland sheep, Shetland goose

Question: what religions is followed here ?

Answer: A higher proportion of people don't follow any religion. The Methodist Church has a relatively high membership in Shetland

Explanation:
The Reformation reached the archipelago in 1560. This was an apparently peaceful transition and there is little evidence of religious intolerance in Shetland's recorded history.

In the 2011 census, Shetland registered a higher proportion of people with no religion than the Scottish average. Nevertheless, a variety of religious denominations are represented in the islands.

The Methodist Church has a relatively high membership in Shetland, which is a District of the Methodist Church (with the rest of Scotland comprising a separate District).

Shetland [SEP] Churches and religion


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Context: which animals are found here ?

Context: what religions is followed here ?

Context: A higher proportion of people don't follow any religion. The Methodist Church has a relatively high membership in Shetland

Question: name some of the means of transport ?

Answer: Ferry, Flights

Explanation:
Transport between islands is primarily by ferry, and Shetland Islands Council operates various inter-island services. Shetland is also served by a domestic connection from Lerwick to Aberdeen on mainland Scotland. This service, which takes about 12 hours, is operated by NorthLink Ferries. Some services also call at Kirkwall, Orkney, which increases the journey time between Aberdeen and Lerwick by 2 hours. There are plans for road tunnels to some of the islands, especially Bressay and Whalsay; however, it is hard to convince the mainland government to finance them.

Sumburgh Airport, the main airport in Shetland, is located close to Sumburgh Head, south of Lerwick. Loganair operates flights to other parts of Scotland up to ten times a day, the destinations being Kirkwall, Aberdeen, Inverness, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Lerwick/Tingwall Airport is located west of Lerwick. Operated by Directflight Limited in partnership with Shetland Islands Council, it is devoted to inter-island flights from

Shetland [SEP] Transport


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Context: which animals are found here ?

Context: what religions is followed here ?

Context: name some of the means of transport ?

Context: Ferry, Flights

Question: what type of music is played here ?

Answer: Shetland folk music, traditional fiddle style

Explanation:
Shetland's culture and landscapes have inspired a variety of musicians, writers and film-makers. The Forty Fiddlers was formed in the 1950s to promote the traditional fiddle style, which is a vibrant part of local culture today. Notable exponents of Shetland folk music include Aly Bain, Jenna Reid, Fiddlers' Bid, and the late Tom Anderson and Peerie Willie Johnson. Thomas Fraser was a country musician who never released a commercial recording during his life, but whose work has become popular more than 20 years after his death in 1978.

The annual Shetland Folk Festival began in 1981 and is hosted on the first weekend of May.

Shetland [SEP] Music


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Context: which animals are found here ?

Context: what religions is followed here ?

Context: name some of the means of transport ?

Context: Ferry, Flights

Context: what type of music is played here ?

Context: Shetland folk music, traditional fiddle style

Question: any tourist places situated here ?

Answer: Shetland Museum, Geopark Shetland,  the RSPB reserve at Sumburgh Head, Bonhoga Gallery at Weisdale Mill and Jarlshof.

Explanation: Shetland is a popular destination for cruise ships, and in 2010 the Lonely Planet guide named Shetland as the sixth best region in the world for tourists seeking unspoilt destinations. The islands were described as "beautiful and rewarding" and the Shetlanders as "a fiercely independent and self-reliant bunch". Overall visitor expenditure was worth £16.4 million in 2006, in which year just under 26,000 cruise liner passengers arrived at Lerwick Harbour. This business has grown substantially with 109 cruise ships already booked in for 2019, representing over 107,000 passenger visits. In 2009, the most popular visitor attractions were the Shetland Museum, the RSPB reserve at Sumburgh Head, Bonhoga Gallery at Weisdale Mill and Jarlshof. Geopark Shetland (now Shetland UNESCO Global Geopark) was established by the Amenity Trust in 2009 to boost sustainable tourism to the islands.

Shetland [SEP] Tourism


Context: Between 50°N and 70°N latitude

Context: what sports are played here ?

Context: Football

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Scottish English, Shetlandic

Context: which animals are found here ?

Context: what religions is followed here ?

Context: name some of the means of transport ?

Context: Ferry, Flights

Context: what type of music is played here ?

Context: any tourist places situated here ?

Context: Shetland Museum, Geopark Shetland,  the RSPB reserve at Sumburgh Head, Bonhoga Gallery at Weisdale Mill and Jarlshof.

Question: talk about the flag of this island ?

Answer: The colours are identical to those of the flag of Scotland, but are shaped in the Nordic cross.

Explanation: Roy Grönneberg, who founded the local chapter of the Scottish National Party in 1966, designed the flag of Shetland in cooperation with Bill Adams to mark the 500th anniversary of the transfer of the islands from Norway to Scotland. The colours are identical to those of the flag of Scotland, but are shaped in the Nordic cross. After several unsuccessful attempts, including a plebiscite in 1985, the Lord Lyon King of Arms approved it as the official flag of Shetland in 2005.

Shetland [SEP] Shetland flag


Question: when did singapore became part of the british empire

Answer: 1819

History of Singapore [SEP] Introduction

The history of the modern state of Singapore dates back to its founding in the early nineteenth century, but evidence suggests that a significant trading settlement existed on the Island of Singapore in the 14th century. At the time, the Kingdom of Singapura was under the rule of Parameswara, who killed the previous ruler before he was expelled by the Majapahit or the Siamese. It then came under the Malacca Sultanate and then the Johor Sultanate. In 1819, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles negotiated a treaty whereby Johor allowed the British to locate a trading port on the island, leading to the establishment of the British crown colony of Singapore in 1819.


Context: when did singapore became part of the british empire

Question: who settled in its ancient time during 1826 to 1867?

Answer: Penang and Malacca

Explanation: In 1826, Singapore was grouped by the British East India Company together with Penang and Malacca to form the Straits Settlements, administered by the British East India Company. In 1830, the Straits Settlements became a "residency", or subdivision, of the Presidency of Bengal in British India.

History of Singapore [SEP] 1826–1867: The Straits Settlements

They consisted of Peranakans, who were descendants of early Chinese settlers, and Chinese coolies who flocked to Singapore to escape economic hardship in southern China. Their numbers were swelled by those fleeing the turmoil caused by the First Opium War (18391842) and Second Opium War (18561860). Many arrived in Singapore as impoverished indentured laborers. The Malays were the second largest ethnic group until the 1860s and they worked as fishermen, craftsmen, or as wage earners while continued to live mostly in kampungs. By 1860, the Indians had become the second-largest ethnic group. They consisted of unskilled labourers, traders, and convicts who were sent to carry out public works projects such as clearing jungles and laying out roads.


Context: who settled in its ancient time during 1826 to 1867?

Context: Penang and Malacca

Question: which battle did this place witness during 1932 to 1945?

Answer: "Battle of Pasir Panjang", is one of the battles.

History of Singapore [SEP] 1942–1945: The Battle for Singapore and Japanese occupation

Several fights by the Allied forces and volunteers of Singapore's population against the advancing Japanese, such as the Battle of Pasir Panjang, took place during this period. However, with most of the defenses shattered and supplies exhausted, Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival surrendered the Allied forces in Singapore to General Tomoyuki Yamashita of the Imperial Japanese Army on Chinese New Year, 15 February 1942. About 130,000 Indian, Australian, and British troops became prisoners of war, many of whom would later be transported to Burma, Japan, Korea, or Manchuria for use as slave labour via prisoner transports known as "hell ships." The fall of Singapore was the largest surrender of British-led forces in history.


Context: Penang and Malacca

Context: which battle did this place witness during 1932 to 1945?

Context: "Battle of Pasir Panjang", is one of the battles.

Question: who was this war fought between?

Answer: Japan and Singapore.

Battle of Pasir Panjang [SEP] Introduction

The Battle of Pasir Panjang, which took place between 12 and 15 February 1942, was part of the final stage of the Empire of Japan's invasion of Singapore during World War II. The battle was initiated upon the advancement of elite Imperial Japanese Army forces towards Pasir Panjang Ridge on 13 February. 13,000 Japanese troops had made an amphibious landing in northwestern Singapore near Sarimbun (see Battle of Sarimbun Beach) and had started to advance south towards Pasir Panjang. They had already captured Tengah Airfield en route. The 13,000 soldiers constituted a significant part of the total strength of 36,000 Japanese troops deployed in the invasion of Singapore.


Context: Penang and Malacca

Context: who was this war fought between?

Context: Japan and Singapore.

Question: what was the reason for it?

Answer: The battle was initiated upon the advancement of elite Imperial Japanese Army forces towards Pasir Panjang Ridge on 13 February.

Explanation: The battle was initiated upon the advancement of elite Imperial Japanese Army forces towards Pasir Panjang Ridge on 13 February.


Context: Penang and Malacca

Context: who was this war fought between?

Context: Japan and Singapore.

Context: what was the reason for it?

Context: The battle was initiated upon the advancement of elite Imperial Japanese Army forces towards Pasir Panjang Ridge on 13 February.

Question: how many people were killed or injured in this?

Answer: The Malay Regiment suffered a total of 159 killed. Six of them were British officers, seven Malay officers, 146 other ranks and a large but unspecified number wounded.

Battle of Pasir Panjang [SEP] Casualties

During the entire Malayan Campaign, but mostly from 12 to 15 February 1942 in Singapore, the Malay Regiment suffered a total of 159 killed. Six of them were British officers, seven Malay officers, 146 other ranks and a large but unspecified number wounded. About 600 surviving Malay Regiment soldiers reassembled in the Keppel Golf Link area. Here, they were separated from their British officers. They later joined prisoners-of-war from the British Indian Army battalions at the Farrer Park concentration area. It remains unclear as to how many casualties the Japanese suffered.


Context: Penang and Malacca

Context: who was this war fought between?

Context: Japan and Singapore.

Context: what was the reason for it?

Context: how many people were killed or injured in this?

Context: The Malay Regiment suffered a total of 159 killed. Six of them were British officers, seven Malay officers, 146 other ranks and a large but unspecified number wounded.

Question: the particular japanese army you mentioned above; what is their origin?

Answer: In the mid-19th century, Japan had no unified national army and the country was made up of feudal domains with the Tokugawa shogunate in overall control.

Imperial Japanese Army [SEP] Origins (1868–1871)

In the mid-19th century, Japan had no unified national army and the country was made up of feudal domains ("han") with the Tokugawa shogunate ("bakufu") in overall control, which had ruled Japan since 1603. The bakufu army, although large force, was only one among others, and bakufu efforts to control the nation depended upon the cooperation of its vassals' armies. The opening of the country after two centuries of seclusion subsequently led to the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War in 1868. The domains of Satsuma and Chōshū came to dominate the coalition against the shogunate.


Context: Penang and Malacca

Context: who was this war fought between?

Context: Japan and Singapore.

Context: what was the reason for it?

Context: the particular japanese army you mentioned above; what is their origin?

Context: In the mid-19th century, Japan had no unified national army and the country was made up of feudal domains with the Tokugawa shogunate in overall control.

Question: what does this particular term in the last portion refers to?

Answer: It was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate.

Tokugawa shogunate [SEP] Introduction

The , also known, especially in Japanese, as the , was the feudal military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. Ieyasu became the "shōgun," and the Tokugawa clan governed Japan from Edo Castle in the eastern city of Edo (Tokyo) along with the "daimyō" lords of the "samurai" class. The Tokugawa shogunate organized Japanese society under the strict Tokugawa class system and banned most foreigners under the isolationist policies of "Sakoku" to promote political stability.


Context: Penang and Malacca

Context: who was this war fought between?

Context: Japan and Singapore.

Context: what was the reason for it?

Context: what does this particular term in the last portion refers to?

Context: It was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate.

Question: who was this leyasu person who established it?

Answer: He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Tokugawa Ieyasu [SEP] Introduction

He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Son of a minor daimyo, Tokugawa once lived as a hostage, on behalf of his father, under another Daimyo. He later succeeded as daimyo after his father's death, serving as vassal and general under Oda Nobunaga, building up his strength. After Oda's death, Tokugawa was briefly a rival of fellow Oda subordinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi, before declaring allegiance to Toyotomi and fighting on his behalf. Under Toyotomi, Tokugawa was relocated to the Kanto plains in eastern Japan, away from the Toyotomi power base in Osaka.


Context: Penang and Malacca

Context: who was this war fought between?

Context: Japan and Singapore.

Context: what was the reason for it?

Context: who was this leyasu person who established it?

Context: He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Question: which battle did he encounter in his life?

Answer: The Battle of Sekigahara.

Explanation:
The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: "Sekigahara no Tatakai") was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 ("Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month"), that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Ieyasu took three more years to consolidate his position of power over the Toyotomi clan and the various "daimyō", but Sekigahara is widely considered to be the unofficial beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, the last shogunate to control Japan.

Battle of Sekigahara [SEP] Introduction