Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: The Orion Nebula, the Eta Carinae Nebula, and the Berkeley 59 / Cepheus OB4 Complex.

Question: how far is it from earth?

Answer: Sometimes several hundred light-years across.

Explanation: H II regions—sometimes several hundred light-years across—are often associated with giant molecular clouds.

H II region [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: A region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionized.

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: Sometimes several hundred light-years across.

Question: when was it first observed?

Answer: 1610

H II region [SEP] Observations

A few of the brightest H II regions are visible to the naked eye. However, none seem to have been noticed before the advent of the telescope in the early 17th century. Even Galileo did not notice the Orion Nebula when he first observed the star cluster within it (previously cataloged as a single star, θ Orionis, by Johann Bayer). The French observer Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc is credited with the discovery of the Orion Nebula in 1610. Since that early observation large numbers of H II regions have been discovered in the Milky Way and other galaxies. William Herschel observed the Orion Nebula in 1774, and described it later as "an unformed fiery mist, the chaotic material of future suns".


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Question: and by whom?

Answer: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

H II region [SEP] Observations


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Question: who was he?

Answer: French astronomer, antiquary and savant.

Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc [SEP] Introduction

Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1 December 1580 – 24 June 1637), often known simply as Peiresc, or by the Latin form of his name Peirescius, was a French astronomer, antiquary and savant, who maintained a wide correspondence with scientists, and was a successful organizer of scientific inquiry. His research included a determination of the difference in longitude of various locations in Europe, around the Mediterranean, and in North Africa.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: French astronomer, antiquary and savant.

Question: did he like collecting things?

Answer: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Explanation: Finson, including for history paintings and portraits. Finson also painted a . Peiresc was an avid art collector and relied on Finson's contacts in Italy to acquire two works of Caravaggio from the Pasqualini family of Rome.

Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc [SEP] Intellectual and collector

His correspondence to Malherbe throws light on the personality of Malherbe's troubled son Marc-Antoine Malherbe. Peiresc became one of the first admirers and supporters of Caravaggio in France. He first discovered Caravaggio's works in the Contarelli chapel in Rome in 1600 when he was only 20 years old. In his hometown, he gathered around him a sort of 'caravaggesque workshop of Southern France' with artists including Flemish artist Louis Finson, Martin Hermann Faber, Trophime Bigot and other painters. He promoted the Caravaggesque style by arranging commissions for these artists. He was instrumental in obtaining a number of commissions for Finson, including for history paintings and portraits.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Question: what kind of art did he prefer?

Answer: He became the first admirers and supporters of Caravaggio in France.

Explanation: Peiresc became one of the first admirers and supporters of Caravaggio in France. He first discovered Caravaggio's works in the Contarelli chapel in Rome in 1600 when he was only 20 years old. In his hometown, he gathered around him a sort of 'caravaggesque workshop of Southern France' with artists including Flemish artist Louis Finson, Martin Hermann Faber, Trophime Bigot and other painters. He promoted the Caravaggesque style by arranging commissions for these artists. He was instrumental in obtaining a number of commissions for Finson, including for history paintings and portraits. Finson also painted a . Peiresc was an avid art collector and relied on Finson's contacts in Italy to acquire two works of Caravaggio from the Pasqualini family of Rome.

From 1615 until 1622, Peiresc again visited Paris with du Vair. He then returned to Provence to serve as senator of the sovereign court. He became a patron of science and art, studied fossils, and supported the astronomer Pierre Gassendi from 1634 to 1637. Virginio Cesarini proposed him for membership of the Accademia dei Lincei in 1621, but it is not certain whether he joined. Peiresc's position as a great intellectual at the time of the scientific revolution has led to his being called a "Prince of the Republic of Letters". He was also a noted politician in his home region, and a tireless letter-writer (10,000 of his letters survive, and he was in constant correspondence with François de Malherbe, Hugo Grotius, the brothers Dupuy, Alphonse-Louis du Plessis de Richelieu, and with his great friend Rubens.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: He became the first admirers and supporters of Caravaggio in France.

Question: when did he first start his career as an astronomer?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: when did he first start his career as an astronomer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what object did he use to observe the orion?

Answer: Telescope

Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc [SEP] Astronomer

Peiresc was also an astronomer. In 1610 du Vair purchased a telescope, which Peiresc and Joseph Gaultier used for observing the skies, including Jupiter's moons; his courtly suggestion that individual names from the Medici family be applied to these "Medicean stars" was not taken up. Peiresc also made detailed observations of the Orion Nebula in 1610; Gaultier became the second person to see it in the telescope. To determine longitude with greater precision, he coordinated the observation of the lunar eclipses of 28 August 1635 right across the Mediterranean; this allowed him to work out that the Mediterranean sea was in fact 1,000 km shorter than had previously been thought.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what object did he use to observe the orion?

Context: Telescope

Question: can you tell me something more about it?

Answer: An optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects.

Telescope [SEP] Introduction

A telescope is an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy. The reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope. In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Telescope

Context: can you tell me something more about it?

Context: An optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects.

Question: how many types of it are there?

Answer: James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, and Hubble Space Telescope.

Explanation: For example, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope observes from wavelengths from 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 2000 μm (2 mm), but uses a parabolic aluminum antenna. On the other hand, the Spitzer Space Telescope, observing from about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm) uses a mirror (reflecting optics). Also using reflecting optics, the Hubble Space Telescope with Wide Field Camera 3 can observe in the frequency range from about 0.2 μm (0.0002 mm) to 1.7 μm (0.0017 mm) (from ultra-violet to infrared light).

Telescope [SEP] Types

The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments. Most detect electromagnetic radiation, but there are major differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light (electromagnetic radiation) in different frequency bands. Telescopes may be classified by the wavelengths of light they detect: As wavelengths become longer, it becomes easier to use antenna technology to interact with electromagnetic radiation (although it is possible to make very tiny antenna). The near-infrared can be collected much like visible light, however in the far-infrared and submillimetre range, telescopes can operate more like a radio telescope. For example, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope observes from wavelengths from 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 2000 μm (2 mm), but uses a parabolic aluminum antenna.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Telescope

Context: how many types of it are there?

Context: James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, and Hubble Space Telescope.

Question: how far can one see using the second one?

Answer: From about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm).

Telescope [SEP] Types

On the other hand, the Spitzer Space Telescope, observing from about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm) uses a mirror (reflecting optics). Also using reflecting optics, the Hubble Space Telescope with Wide Field Camera 3 can observe in the frequency range from about 0.2 μm (0.0002 mm) to 1.7 μm (0.0017 mm) (from ultra-violet to infrared light).


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Telescope

Context: how many types of it are there?

Context: how far can one see using the second one?

Context: From about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm).

Question: who invented the first telescope?

Answer: Operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre and was named in honour of mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

Explanation: It was operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre and was named in honour of mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope [SEP] Introduction

In March 2015 the operation of the JCMT was taken over by the East Asian Observatory. Funding is provided by the National Astronomical Observatory of China, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics of Taiwan. The telescope was combined with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory next to it to form the first submillimetre astronomical interferometer. This success was important driving the construction of the later Submillimeter Array and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) interferometers.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Telescope

Context: how many types of it are there?

Context: who invented the first telescope?

Context: Operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre and was named in honour of mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

Question: what did the scientist observe when they observed the orion?

Answer: "an unformed fiery mist, the chaotic material of future suns".

Explanation: William Herschel observed the Orion Nebula in 1774, and described it later as "an unformed fiery mist, the chaotic material of future suns".

H II region [SEP] Observations

In the early 20th century, Henry Norris Russell proposed that rather than being a new element, the line at 500.7 nm was due to a familiar element in unfamiliar conditions.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Telescope

Context: how many types of it are there?

Context: who invented the first telescope?

Context: what did the scientist observe when they observed the orion?

Context: "an unformed fiery mist, the chaotic material of future suns".

Question: what is its lifespan?

Answer: A few million years.

Explanation: The lifetime of an H II region is of the order of a few million years.

H II region [SEP] Origin and lifetime

Contributing to the loss of gas are the supernova explosions of the most massive stars, which will occur after only 1–2 million years.


Context: what is h ii region?

Context: where is it located?

Context: how far is it from earth?

Context: when was it first observed?

Context: and by whom?

Context: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc

Context: who was he?

Context: did he like collecting things?

Context: Yes, he was an avid art collector.

Context: what kind of art did he prefer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Telescope

Context: how many types of it are there?

Context: who invented the first telescope?

Context: what is its lifespan?

Context: A few million years.

Question: does it have any shape?

Answer: No

Explanation: H II regions vary greatly in their physical properties. They range in size from so-called "ultra-compact" (UCHII) regions perhaps only a light-year or less across, to giant H II regions several hundred light-years across. Their size is also known as the Stromgren radius and essentially depends on the intensity of the source of ionising photons and the density of the region. Their densities range from over a million particles per cm³ in the ultra-compact H II regions to only a few particles per cm³ in the largest and most extended regions. This implies total masses between perhaps 100 and 10 solar masses.

H II region [SEP] Physical properties

There are also "ultra-dense H II" regions (UDHII). Depending on the size of an H II region there may be several thousand stars within it. This makes H II regions more complicated than planetary nebulae, which have only one central ionising source. Typically H II regions reach temperatures of 10,000 K. They are mostly ionised gases with weak magnetic fields with strengths of several nanoteslas. Nevertheless, H II regions are almost always associated with a cold molecular gas, which originated from the same parent GMC. Magnetic fields are produced by these weak moving electric charges in the ionised gas, suggesting that H II regions might contain electric fields.


Question: harry potter and the order of the phoenix movie summary

Answer: In the fifth year of Harry Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge has appointed a new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor: Dolores Umbridge. Umbridge immediately clashes with Harry and punishes him for his "lies" about Voldemort by forcing him to write a message with a magic quill, scarring his hand. Despite the concern of his best friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, Harry refuses to report Umbridge's punishment to Dumbledore, who has mysteriously been ignoring Harry since the summer

Explanation: Harry's expulsion is reversed at a hearing of the Ministry of Magic and he returns to Hogwarts for his fifth year, where Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge has appointed a new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor: Dolores Umbridge. Umbridge immediately clashes with Harry and punishes him for his "lies" about Voldemort by forcing him to write a message with a magic quill, scarring his hand. Despite the concern of his best friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, Harry refuses to report Umbridge's punishment to Dumbledore, who has mysteriously been ignoring Harry since the summer. As Umbridge's control over the school increases, Harry, Hermione and Ron form a secret group to train students in defensive spells, calling themselves "Dumbledore's Army". Umbridge puts up a poster for students who want to help with exposing the group for extra credit, Draco Malfoy being one of them, calling it the "Inquisitorial Squad". Meanwhile, Harry and Cho Chang develop romantic feelings for each other

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) [SEP] Plot

During another summer with his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon, Harry Potter is expelled from Hogwarts after he uses magic to save himself and Dudley Dursley from Dementors. Harry is whisked off by a group of wizards including Mad-Eye Moody, Remus Lupin and several new faces including Nymphadora Tonks and Kingsley Shacklebolt to Number 12, Grimmauld Place, the home of his godfather Sirius Black. The building also serves as the headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix, a secret organisation founded by Albus Dumbledore which informs Harry that the Ministry of Magic is refusing to believe Lord Voldemort's return. At the Order's headquarters, Sirius mentions that Voldemort is after a special object he did not have during his previous attack.


Context: harry potter and the order of the phoenix movie summary

Context: In the fifth year of Harry Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge has appointed a new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor: Dolores Umbridge. Umbridge immediately clashes with Harry and punishes him for his "lies" about Voldemort by forcing him to write a message with a magic quill, scarring his hand. Despite the concern of his best friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, Harry refuses to report Umbridge's punishment to Dumbledore, who has mysteriously been ignoring Harry since the summer

Question: who was handling its visual effects?

Answer: London-based company Double Negative

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) [SEP] Visual effects

The film required over 1,400 visual effects shots, and the London-based company Double Negative created more than 950 of them. Working for six months on previsualisation starting in September 2005, Double Negative was largely responsible for sequences in the Room of Requirement, the Forbidden Forest, the Hall of Prophecies, and the Death Chamber. A new character in the film, Grawp, Hagrid's giant half-brother, came to life by a new technology called Soul Capturing, developed by Image Metrics. Instead of building the character from scratch, the movements and facial expressions of actor Tony Maudsley were used to model Grawp's actions.


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Question: when was the company founded?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how is the film different from the book?

Answer: There are multiple cuts in the film. One such is absence of Quidditch, the Wizarding sport

Explanation:
One cut Goldenberg had to make, which he "hated" to do, was the absence of Quidditch, the Wizarding sport. "The truth is that any movie made of this book, whoever made it, that had included the Quidditch subplot would have been a lesser film", he said. In the book, Ron grows as a character by trying out for the Quidditch team. "Ron facing challenges and coming into his own in the same way that Harry is, we tried to get that into the film in other ways, as much as possible. So, you feel like, if not the details of that story, at least the spirit of it is present in the film". The change disappointed actor Rupert Grint who had been "quite looking forward to the Quidditch stuff".

In a significant scene in the book, Harry sees a memory of his own father humiliating Snape in their school days, and Snape insulting his mother after she stood up for him. In the film, it is abbreviated to an "idea", in Goldenberg's words. "It's an iconic moment when you realise your parents are normal, flawed

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) [SEP] Differences from the book

At 766 pages in the British edition and 870 in the American edition, "Order of the Phoenix" is the longest book in the "Harry Potter" series. Screenwriter Michael Goldenberg described his task to cut down the novel as searching for "the best equivalent way to tell the story. My job was to stay true to the spirit of the book, rather than to the letter". Goldenberg said that Rowling told him, the producers, and Yates that "she just wanted to see a great movie, and gave [them] permission to take whatever liberties [they] felt [they] needed to take to translate the book into a movie she would love".


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the film different from the book?

Context: There are multiple cuts in the film. One such is absence of Quidditch, the Wizarding sport

Question: who is the music composer of the film?

Answer: Nicholas Hooper

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) [SEP] Music and soundtrack

Nicholas Hooper was the composer for the soundtrack of the film, following John Williams, who scored the first three films, and Patrick Doyle, who did the fourth. In the new score, Hooper incorporated variations on "Hedwig's Theme", the series' theme originally written by Williams for the first film and heard in all subsequent ones. In March and April 2007, Hooper and the London Chamber Orchestra recorded nearly two hours of music at Abbey Road Studios in London. The score, like the film and book, is darker than previous instalments in the series. To emphasise this, the two new main themes reflect the sinister new character Dolores Umbridge, and Lord Voldemort's invasion of Harry's mind.


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the music composer of the film?

Context: Nicholas Hooper

Question: who are the main characters of the film?

Answer: Harry Potter, Hermione Granger,  Ron Weasley

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the music composer of the film?

Context: Nicholas Hooper

Context: who are the main characters of the film?

Context: Harry Potter, Hermione Granger,  Ron Weasley

Question: how is the personality of the last character?

Answer: Very funny but insensitive and immature

Ron Weasley [SEP] Personality

Rowling in an interview described Ron as very funny but insensitive and immature, saying "There's a lot of immaturity about Ron, and that's where a lot of the humor comes from." As his first exercise with the actors who portray the central trio, Alfonso Cuarón, who directed the third film in the series, "Prisoner of Azkaban", assigned them to write an autobiographical essay about their character, written in the first person, spanning birth to the discovery of the magical world, and including the character's emotional experience. Of Rupert Grint's essay, Cuarón recalls, "Rupert didn't deliver the essay. When I questioned why he didn't do it, he said, 'I'm Ron; Ron wouldn't do it.' So I said, 'Okay, you do understand your character.'" Commenting on Ron's character development in the final book, Rowling explained that "Ron is the most immature of the three main characters, but in part seven he grows up.


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the music composer of the film?

Context: Nicholas Hooper

Context: how is the personality of the last character?

Context: Very funny but insensitive and immature

Question: what skills does he possess?

Answer: His talents are rarely shown, but he, like the other DA members, survives a violent encounter with adult Death Eaters in "Order of the Phoenix", and it is implied that during the Death Eater assault in "Half-Blood Prince" he held his own quite well because he was being helped by Felix Felicis, the good luck potion

Ron Weasley [SEP] Magical abilities and skills

Ron is given his brother Charlie's old, chipped wand, which is made out of ash and has a unicorn hair sticking out of the end. He holds the wand together with Spellotape after nearly breaking it in half at the start of "Chamber of Secrets", but it malfunctions dreadfully after this, backfiring spells, making strange noises, and emitting objects from the wrong end. Ron's new wand is fourteen inches, willow and unicorn hair, which he procures before the start of his third year at Hogwarts. Ron's talents are rarely shown, but he, like the other DA members, survives a violent encounter with adult Death Eaters in "Order of the Phoenix", and it is implied that during the Death Eater assault in "Half-Blood Prince" he held his own quite well because he was being helped by Felix Felicis, the good luck potion.


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the music composer of the film?

Context: Nicholas Hooper

Context: Very funny but insensitive and immature

Context: what skills does he possess?

Context: His talents are rarely shown, but he, like the other DA members, survives a violent encounter with adult Death Eaters in "Order of the Phoenix", and it is implied that during the Death Eater assault in "Half-Blood Prince" he held his own quite well because he was being helped by Felix Felicis, the good luck potion

Question: mention a few critical responses on the character?

Answer: He was chosen by IGN as their third favourite "Harry Potter" character, who said that Ron's status as comic relief made him "instantly endearing" and that his frustration and flirtation with Hermione Granger was a "highlight"

Ron Weasley [SEP] Reception

Ron was chosen by IGN as their third favourite "Harry Potter" character, who said that Ron's status as comic relief made him "instantly endearing" and that his frustration and flirtation with Hermione Granger was a "highlight".


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the music composer of the film?

Context: Nicholas Hooper

Context: Very funny but insensitive and immature

Context: what skills does he possess?

Context: mention a few critical responses on the character?

Context: He was chosen by IGN as their third favourite "Harry Potter" character, who said that Ron's status as comic relief made him "instantly endearing" and that his frustration and flirtation with Hermione Granger was a "highlight"

Question: what is "ign"?

Answer: It  is an American video game and entertainment media website operated by IGN Entertainment Inc.

IGN [SEP] Introduction

IGN (an abbreviation of its former name Imagine Games Network) is an American video game and entertainment media website operated by IGN Entertainment Inc., a subsidiary of Ziff Davis, itself wholly owned by j2 Global. The company is located in San Francisco's SOMA district and is headed by its former editor-in-chief, Peer Schneider. The IGN website was the brainchild of media entrepreneur Chris Anderson and launched on September 29, 1996. It focuses on games, films, television, comics, technology, and other media. Originally a network of desktop websites, IGN is now also distributed on mobile platforms, console programs on the Xbox and PlayStation, FireTV, Roku, and via YouTube, Twitch, Hulu, and Snapchat.


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the music composer of the film?

Context: Nicholas Hooper

Context: Very funny but insensitive and immature

Context: what skills does he possess?

Context: what is "ign"?

Context: It  is an American video game and entertainment media website operated by IGN Entertainment Inc.

Question: did it plagiarize something?

Answer: Yes,  the owner of YouTube channel Boomstick Gaming accused IGN reviewer Filip Miucin of plagiarizing his video review of the game "Dead Cells"

IGN [SEP] Plagiarism

In August 2018, the owner of YouTube channel Boomstick Gaming accused IGN reviewer Filip Miucin of plagiarizing his video review of the game "Dead Cells". On August 7, IGN replaced its review with a statement that its writers "take plagiarism very seriously" and were investigating the claim. Later that day, IGN stated that it had found "substantial similarities" between the reviews, apologized, and announced that it had dismissed Miucin. On August 10, IGN published a new review by Brandin Tyrrel, which included an editor's note apologizing again and stating that "this review (and its score) represents solely the opinion of the new reviewer".


Context: who was handling its visual effects?

Context: London-based company Double Negative

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the music composer of the film?

Context: Nicholas Hooper

Context: Very funny but insensitive and immature

Context: what skills does he possess?

Context: what is "ign"?

Context: did it plagiarize something?

Context: Yes,  the owner of YouTube channel Boomstick Gaming accused IGN reviewer Filip Miucin of plagiarizing his video review of the game "Dead Cells"

Question: any acquisition on it?

Answer: IGN replaced its review with a statement that its writers "take plagiarism very seriously" and were investigating the claim. It published a new review by Brandin Tyrrel, which included an editor's note apologizing again and stating that "this review represents solely the opinion of the new reviewer"

Explanation: On August 7, IGN replaced its review with a statement that its writers "take plagiarism very seriously" and were investigating the claim. Later that day, IGN stated that it had found "substantial similarities" between the reviews, apologized, and announced that it had dismissed Miucin. On August 10, IGN published a new review by Brandin Tyrrel, which included an editor's note apologizing again and stating that "this review (and its score) represents solely the opinion of the new reviewer".

IGN [SEP] Plagiarism


Question: where was the movie quantum of solace filmed

Answer: Location filming took place in Mexico, Panama, Chile, Italy, Austria and Wales

Quantum of Solace [SEP] Introduction

Location filming took place in Mexico, Panama, Chile, Italy, Austria and Wales, while interior sets were built and filmed at Pinewood Studios. Forster aimed to make a modern film that also featured classic cinema motifs: a vintage Douglas DC-3 was used for a flight sequence, and Dennis Gassner's set designs are reminiscent of Ken Adam's work on several early "Bond" films. Taking a course away from the usual Bond villains, Forster rejected any grotesque appearance for the character Dominic Greene to emphasise the hidden and secret nature of the film's contemporary villains. The film was also marked by its frequent depictions of violence, with a 2012 study by the University of Otago in New Zealand finding it to be the most violent film in the franchise.


Context: where was the movie quantum of solace filmed

Context: Location filming took place in Mexico, Panama, Chile, Italy, Austria and Wales

Question: how is the protagonist in it?

Answer: Protagonist Bond seeks revenge for the death of his lover, Vesper Lynd, and is assisted by Camille Montes

Quantum of Solace [SEP] Introduction

Quantum of Solace is a 2008 spy film and the twenty-second in the "James Bond" series produced by Eon Productions. Directed by Marc Forster and written by Paul Haggis, Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, it is a direct sequel to "Casino Royale", and the second film to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film also stars Olga Kurylenko, Mathieu Amalric, Gemma Arterton, Jeffrey Wright, and Judi Dench. In the film, Bond seeks revenge for the death of his lover, Vesper Lynd, and is assisted by Camille Montes, who is plotting revenge for the murder of her own family.


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: Protagonist Bond seeks revenge for the death of his lover, Vesper Lynd, and is assisted by Camille Montes

Question: in what ways was the film marketed?

Answer: Returning product placement partners from "Casino Royale" included Ford, Heineken, Smirnoff, Omega SA, Virgin Atlantic and Sony Ericsson. A reported £50 million was earned in product placement

Explanation: Returning product placement partners from "Casino Royale" included Ford, Heineken, Smirnoff, Omega SA, Virgin Atlantic and Sony Ericsson. A reported £50 million was earned in product placement

Quantum of Solace [SEP] Marketing

Sony held a competition, "Mission for a Million," enabling registered players to use their products to complete certain tasks. Each completed "mission" gave consumers a chance to win $1 million and a trip to a top-secret location.


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: Returning product placement partners from "Casino Royale" included Ford, Heineken, Smirnoff, Omega SA, Virgin Atlantic and Sony Ericsson. A reported £50 million was earned in product placement

Question: what is the motto of the fourth partner?

Answer: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Explanation: One of Omega's company slogans is "Omega – Exact time for life". The slogan was developed in 1931 based on the company's historical performance at the Observatory trials.

Omega SA [SEP] Motto and slogan


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: what is the motto of the fourth partner?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Question: what is its business?

Answer: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Omega SA [SEP] Introduction

Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. Founded by Louis Brandt in La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1848, the company formally operated as "La Generale Watch Co." until incorporating the name "Omega" in 1903, becoming "Louis Brandt et Frère - Omega Watch & Co.". In 1982, the company officially changed its name to "Omega SA", which is currently a subsidiary of the Swiss Swatch Group. Omega opened its museum to the public in Biel/Bienne in January 1984. Britain's Royal Flying Corps chose Omega watches in 1917 as its official timekeepers for its combat units, as did the U.S.


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Context: what is its business?

Context: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Question: does it also have a business venture for space too?

Answer: The selection of the "Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph" for American astronauts. Manned NASA missions used this handwound wristwatch

Omega SA [SEP] Space exploration

The selection of the "Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph" for American astronauts was the subject of a rivalry between Omega and Bulova. All subsequent manned NASA missions also used this handwound wristwatch. NASA started selecting the chronograph in the early 1960s. Automatic chronograph wristwatches were not available until 1969. Even so, all the instrument panel clocks and time-keeping mechanisms in the spacecraft on those space missions were Bulova Accutrons with tuning fork movements, because at the time NASA did not know how well a mechanical movement would work in zero gravity.


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Context: what is its business?

Context: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Context: does it also have a business venture for space too?

Context: The selection of the "Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph" for American astronauts. Manned NASA missions used this handwound wristwatch

Question: did its watches ever get on the moon?

Answer: Yes, the Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph was the first watch on the Moon

Omega SA [SEP] First watch on the moon

The Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph was the first watch on the Moon, worn by Buzz Aldrin. Although Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong was first to set foot on the moon, he left his 105.012 Speedmaster inside the Lunar Module as a backup because the LM's electronic timer had malfunctioned. Aldrin elected to wear his and so his Speedmaster became the first watch to be worn on the moon. Armstrong's watch is now displayed at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Aldrin's was lost. He mentions in his book, "Return to Earth", that when donating several items to the Smithsonian Institution, his Omega was one of the few things that was stolen from his personal effects.


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Context: what is its business?

Context: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Context: did its watches ever get on the moon?

Context: Yes, the Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph was the first watch on the Moon

Question: who designed it?

Answer: Albert Piguet

Explanation: Albert Piguet

Omega Speedmaster [SEP] Early development

The Speedmaster was not originally designed for space exploration. Instead, it was introduced in 1957 as a sport and racing chronograph following on from the early chronographs of the 1920s and 1930s, including the Omega 28.9 chronograph, which was Omega's first small wrist chronograph, complementing Omega's position as the official timekeeper for the Olympic Games. The first Speedmaster model, the reference CK 2915, was powered by the Omega Calibre 321 movement. This movement was developed in 1946 by Albert Piguet of Lemania, which had been acquired in 1932 by Omega's parent company, Société Suisse pour l'Industrie Horlogère, (SSIH). The "Speedmaster" name was coined from the model's novel tachymeter scale bezel (in brushed stainless steel) and by the convention set by prior Omega brands Seamaster and Railmaster.


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Context: what is its business?

Context: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Context: did its watches ever get on the moon?

Context: who designed it?

Context: Albert Piguet

Question: who was he?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Context: what is its business?

Context: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Context: did its watches ever get on the moon?

Context: who designed it?

Context: Albert Piguet

Context: who was he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who were the people wearing it?

Answer: Worn by an astronaut walking on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission.

Omega Speedmaster [SEP] Introduction

Omega Speedmaster is a line of chronograph wristwatches produced by Omega SA. While chronographs have been around since the late 1800s, Omega first introduced this line of chronographs in 1957. Since then, many different chronograph movements have been marketed under the Speedmaster name. The manual winding Speedmaster Professional or "Moonwatch" is the best-known and longest-produced; it was worn during the first American spacewalk as part of NASA's Gemini 4 mission and was the first watch worn by an astronaut walking on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission. The Speedmaster Professional remains one of several watches qualified by NASA for spaceflight and is still the only one so qualified for EVA.


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Context: what is its business?

Context: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Context: did its watches ever get on the moon?

Context: who designed it?

Context: Albert Piguet

Context: who was he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the people wearing it?

Context: Worn by an astronaut walking on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission.

Question: who was that astronaut?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Omega Speedmaster [SEP] Introduction


Context: how is the protagonist in it?

Context: in what ways was the film marketed?

Context: "Omega – Exact time for life".

Context: what is its business?

Context: Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker

Context: did its watches ever get on the moon?

Context: who designed it?

Context: Albert Piguet

Context: who was he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the people wearing it?

Context: who was that astronaut?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: were there any models of it later on?

Answer: Automatic 'Racing' models

Explanation: Automatic 'Racing' models

Omega Speedmaster [SEP] Automatic Racing models

The Speedmaster has also seen iterations within motor racing, in particular the Automatic 'Racing' models. This differ from the Professional models by having a slightly smaller case (38mm as opposed to 42mm). Michael Schumacher was one of the brand's key representatives during the early 2000s and had his own dedicated line of models.


Question: who was originally organizing the effort to bring settlers into texas in 1820

Answer: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Explanation: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Spanish Texas [SEP] Settlement difficulties

Shortly after Aguayo returned to Mexico, the new viceroy of New Spain, Juan de Acuña, marqués de Casafuerte, was ordered to cut costs accrued for the defense of the northern part of the territory. Acuña appointed Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón to inspect the entire northern frontier. Beginning in what is now California in November 1724, Rivera spent the next three years inspecting the northern frontier, reaching San Antonio in August 1727. His reports of Los Adaes, Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto, and the presidio at San Antonio were favorable, but he was unimpressed with Presidio de los Tejas, whose 25 soldiers were guarding empty missions.


Context: who was originally organizing the effort to bring settlers into texas in 1820

Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Question: who is this mentioned person?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: was the state of texas ruled by spanish authorities?

Answer: Yes, Spain had claimed ownership of the territory in 1519

Spanish Texas [SEP] History

Spain had claimed ownership of the territory in 1519, which comprised part of the present-day U.S. state of Texas, including the land north of the Medina and Nueces Rivers, but did not attempt to colonize the area until after locating evidence of the failed French colony of Fort Saint Louis in 1689. In 1690 Alonso de León escorted several Catholic missionaries to east Texas, where they established the first mission in Texas. When native tribes resisted the Spanish invasion of their homeland, the missionaries returned to Mexico, abandoning Texas for the next two decades. The Spanish returned to southeastern Texas in 1716, establishing several missions and a presidio to maintain a buffer between Spanish territory and the French colonial Louisiana district of New France.


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was the state of texas ruled by spanish authorities?

Context: Yes, Spain had claimed ownership of the territory in 1519

Question: did the spanish authorities try to establish colonies in that state prior to 1519?

Answer: No, Spain did not attempt to colonize the area until after locating evidence of the failed French colony of Fort Saint Louis in 1689.

Explanation: did not attempt to colonize the area until after locating evidence of the failed French colony of Fort Saint Louis in 1689.

Spanish Texas [SEP] History


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did the spanish authorities try to establish colonies in that state prior to 1519?

Context: No, Spain did not attempt to colonize the area until after locating evidence of the failed French colony of Fort Saint Louis in 1689.

Question: what was the reason that the spanish authorities had difficulties in settling in that state?

Answer: French colony was a threat to Spanish mines and shipping routes

Spanish Texas [SEP] Initial colonization attempts

Although Alonso Álvarez de Pineda claimed Texas for Spain in 1519, the area was largely ignored by Spain until the late seventeenth century. In 1685, the Spanish learned that France had established a colony in the area between New Spain and Florida. Believing the French colony was a threat to Spanish mines and shipping routes, Spanish King Carlos II's Council of War recommended that "Spain needed swift action 'to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.'" Having no idea where to find the French colony, the Spanish launched ten expeditions—both land and sea—over the next three years.


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the reason that the spanish authorities had difficulties in settling in that state?

Context: French colony was a threat to Spanish mines and shipping routes

Question: was this state raided by the native americans when the spanish authorities claimed ownership?

Answer: After discovering San Antonio, the Apache began repeatedly raiding the area to steal livestock, especially horses.

Spanish Texas [SEP] Apache raids

The tribes traded freely, and soon many had acquired French guns, while others had traded for Spanish horses. Tribes without access to either resource were left at a disadvantage. The Lipan Apache, who had been seasonal farmers, were soon pressed by the Comanche, who had horses, and the Wichita, who had guns. The Apaches were bitter enemies of the Tejas of East Texas and had transferred their enmity to the Spanish as friends of the Tejas. After discovering San Antonio in 1720, the Apache began repeatedly raiding the area to steal livestock, especially horses. An average of 3 Spaniards died each year in Texas as a result of Apache attacks, with approximately 100 animals taken each year.


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was this state raided by the native americans when the spanish authorities claimed ownership?

Context: After discovering San Antonio, the Apache began repeatedly raiding the area to steal livestock, especially horses.

Question: when did the spanish authorities cease ownership in this state?

Answer: By 1820

Spanish Texas [SEP] End of Spanish period

He was forced to change his mind in 1820 as the only way to avert a military coup. During this time of turmoil, it was unclear who actually governed the colonies: Joseph I, the shadow government representing Ferdinand VII, the colonial officials, or revolutionaries in each province. The Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 at the instigation of Miguel Hidalgo. Fearing that the revolution would reach colonial Texas, governor Manuel María de Salcedo ordered the Texas borders closed to all foreigners. He was soon reversed by his uncle, the Commandant General. Revolutionaries soon overthrew and imprisoned Salcedo, and a new government was established in Texas.


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the spanish authorities cease ownership in this state?

Context: By 1820

Question: what are some of the names of the spanish authorities who established colonies in this region?

Answer: Alonso Álvarez de Pineda, Alonso de León, Spanish King Carlos II

Explanation: Spanish King Carlos II


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By 1820

Context: what are some of the names of the spanish authorities who established colonies in this region?

Context: Alonso Álvarez de Pineda, Alonso de León, Spanish King Carlos II

Question: who is the first person mentioned in the list?

Answer: A Spanish Conquistador and cartographer

Alonso Álvarez de Pineda [SEP] Introduction

Alonso Álvarez de Pineda (; Aldeacentenera, 1494 – 1520) was a Spanish Conquistador and cartographer who was first in Texas history. In 1519, he led several expeditions to map the westernmost coastlines of the Gulf of Mexico, from the Yucatán Peninsula to the Pánuco River, just mapped parts of Florida, which he believed to be an island. Antón de Alaminos' exploration eliminated the western areas as being the site of the passage, leaving the land between the Pánuco River and Florida to be mapped. Alaminos persuaded the governor of Santiago, Francisco de Garay, to finance an expedition to search the remainder of the Gulf.


Context: Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalón

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By 1820

Context: who is the first person mentioned in the list?

Context: A Spanish Conquistador and cartographer

Question: have the spaniards left any influential mark on the culture or other aspects of this state after they ceased ownership?

Answer: The state's name comes from the Spanish rendering of an Indian word. Every major river in modern Texas, except the Red River, has a Spanish or Anglicized name, as do 42 of the state's 254 counties and numerous towns also bear Spanish names.

Spanish Texas [SEP] Legacy

Spanish control of Texas was followed by Mexican control of Texas, and it can be difficult to separate the Spanish and Mexican influences on the future state. The most obvious legacy is that of the language; the state's name comes from the Spanish rendering of an Indian word. Every major river in modern Texas, except the Red River, has a Spanish or Anglicized name, as do 42 of the state's 254 counties and numerous towns also bear Spanish names. Even many of the words that have been incorporated into American English, such as barbecue, canyon, ranch, and plaza, come from Spanish words.


Question: what is the purpose of the epiglottis in the respiratory system of humans

Answer: It prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs

Epiglottis [SEP] Introduction

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs. It stands open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to go along the esophagus toward the stomach instead. It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus. The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects upwards and backwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone.


Context: what is the purpose of the epiglottis in the respiratory system of humans

Context: It prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs

Question: what are its variations?

Answer: A high-rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an examination of the mouth. It does not cause any serious problem apart from maybe a mild sensation of a foreign body in the throat.

Epiglottis [SEP] Variation

A high-rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an examination of the mouth. It does not cause any serious problem apart from maybe a mild sensation of a foreign body in the throat. It is seen more often in children than adults and does not need any medical or surgical intervention. The front surface of the epiglottis is occasionally notched.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: A high-rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an examination of the mouth. It does not cause any serious problem apart from maybe a mild sensation of a foreign body in the throat.

Question: does it play any role in speaking?

Answer: In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this sound-type is rather rare.

Epiglottis [SEP] Speech sounds

In many languages, the epiglottis is not essential for producing sounds. In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this sound-type is rather rare.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this sound-type is rather rare.

Question: how does it affect swallowing?

Answer: During swallowing, the epiglottis bends backwards, folding over the entrance to the trachea, and preventing food from going into it.

Epiglottis [SEP] Swallowing

During swallowing, the epiglottis bends backwards, folding over the entrance to the trachea, and preventing food from going into it. The folding backwards is a complex movement the causes of which are not completely understood. It is likely that during swallowing the hyoid bone and the larynx move upwards and forwards, which increases passive pressure from the back of the tongue; because the aryepiglottic muscles contract; because of the passive weight of the food pushing down; and because of contraction of laryngeal and because of contraction of thyroarytenoid muscles. The consequence of this is that during swallowing the bent epiglottis blocks off the trachea, preventing food from going into it; food instead travels down the esophagus, which is behind it.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: During swallowing, the epiglottis bends backwards, folding over the entrance to the trachea, and preventing food from going into it.

Question: what is the structure of this organ which is covered during swallowing?

Answer: It is shaped like a leaf of purslane and has a free upper part that rests behind the tongue, and a lower stalk

Epiglottis [SEP] Structure

The epiglottis sits at the entrance of the larynx. It is shaped like a leaf of purslane and has a free upper part that rests behind the tongue, and a lower stalk (). The stalk originates from the back surface of the thyroid cartilage, connected by a thyroepiglottic ligament. At the sides, the stalk is connected to the arytenoid cartilages at the walls of the larynx by folds. The epiglottis originates at the entrance of the larynx, and is attached to the hyoid bone. From there, it projects upwards and backwards behind the tongue. The space between the epiglottis and the tongue is called the vallecula.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: what is the structure of this organ which is covered during swallowing?

Context: It is shaped like a leaf of purslane and has a free upper part that rests behind the tongue, and a lower stalk

Question: can it be replaced?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Epiglottis [SEP] Structure


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which are the disorders related to it?

Answer: Inflammation of the epiglottis is known as epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is mainly caused by "Haemophilus influenzae". A person with epiglottitis may have a fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing.

Epiglottis [SEP] Inflammation

Inflammation of the epiglottis is known as epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is mainly caused by "Haemophilus influenzae". A person with epiglottitis may have a fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing. For this reason, acute epiglottitis is considered a medical emergency, because of the risk of obstruction of the pharynx. Epiglottitis is often managed with antibiotics, inhaled aerosolised epinephrine to act as a bronchodilator, and may require tracheal intubation or a tracheostomy if breathing is difficult. The incidence of epiglottitis has decreased significantly in countries where vaccination against "Haemophilus influenzae" is administered.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the disorders related to it?

Context: Inflammation of the epiglottis is known as epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is mainly caused by "Haemophilus influenzae". A person with epiglottitis may have a fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing.

Question: is it found in vertebrates only?

Answer: The epiglottis is present in mammals, including land mammals and cetaceans, also as a cartilaginous structure. Like in humans, it functions to prevent entry of food into the trachea during swallowing.

Epiglottis [SEP] Other animals

The epiglottis is present in mammals, including land mammals and cetaceans, also as a cartilaginous structure. Like in humans, it functions to prevent entry of food into the trachea during swallowing. The position of the larynx is flat in mice and other rodents, including rabbits. For this reason, because the epiglottis is located behind the soft palate in rabbits, they are obligate nose breathers, as are mice and other rodents. In rodents and mice, there is a unique pouch in front of the epiglottis, and the epiglottis is commonly injured by inhaled substances, particularly at the transition zone between the flattened and cuboidal epithelium.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the disorders related to it?

Context: is it found in vertebrates only?

Context: The epiglottis is present in mammals, including land mammals and cetaceans, also as a cartilaginous structure. Like in humans, it functions to prevent entry of food into the trachea during swallowing.

Question: what is the second types of mammals mentioned above?

Answer: Cetaceans are aquatic mammals constituting the infraorder Cetacea.

Cetacea [SEP] Introduction

Cetaceans () (from , from ) are aquatic mammals constituting the infraorder Cetacea. There are around 89 living species, which are divided into two parvorders. The first is the Odontoceti, the toothed whales, which consist of around 70 species, including the dolphin (which includes killer whales), porpoise, beluga whale, narwhal, sperm whale, and beaked whale. The second is the Mysticeti, the baleen (from ) whales, which have a filter-feeder system, and consist of fifteen species divided into three families, and include the blue whale, right whale, bowhead whale, rorqual, and gray whale. The ancient and extinct ancestors of modern whales (Archaeoceti) lived 53 to 45 million years ago.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the disorders related to it?

Context: is it found in vertebrates only?

Context: what is the second types of mammals mentioned above?

Context: Cetaceans are aquatic mammals constituting the infraorder Cetacea.

Question: who are some of the animals under this category?

Answer: Odontoceti, the toothed whales, dolphins,  porpoise, beluga whale, narwhal

Explanation: Odontoceti, the toothed whales, which consist of around 70 species, including the dolphin (which includes killer whales), porpoise, beluga whale, narwhal, sperm whale, and beaked whale. The second is the Mysticeti, the baleen (from ) whales, which have a filter-feeder system, and consist of fifteen species divided into three families, and include the blue whale, right whale, bowhead whale, rorqual, and gray whale.

Cetacea [SEP] Introduction


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the disorders related to it?

Context: is it found in vertebrates only?

Context: who are some of the animals under this category?

Context: Odontoceti, the toothed whales, dolphins,  porpoise, beluga whale, narwhal

Question: how does the third animal interact with humans?

Answer: Dolphins are highly social animals. Dolphins communicate using a variety of clicks, whistle-like sounds and other vocalizations. Dolphins also use nonverbal communication by means of touch and posturing.

Dolphin [SEP] Socialization

They have also been seen protecting swimmers from sharks by swimming circles around the swimmers or charging the sharks to make them go away. Dolphins communicate using a variety of clicks, whistle-like sounds and other vocalizations. Dolphins also use nonverbal communication by means of touch and posturing. Dolphins also display culture, something long believed to be unique to humans (and possibly other primate species). In May 2005, a discovery in Australia found Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins ("Tursiops aduncus") teaching their young to use tools. They cover their snouts with sponges to protect them while foraging. This knowledge is mostly transferred by mothers to daughters, unlike simian primates, where knowledge is generally passed on to both sexes.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the disorders related to it?

Context: is it found in vertebrates only?

Context: how does the third animal interact with humans?

Context: Dolphins are highly social animals. Dolphins communicate using a variety of clicks, whistle-like sounds and other vocalizations. Dolphins also use nonverbal communication by means of touch and posturing.

Question: what is the color of the fifth animal?

Answer: White or whitish-grey in colour

Explanation: white or whitish-grey in colou

Beluga whale [SEP] Colour

The adult beluga is rarely mistaken for any other species, because it is completely white or whitish-grey in colour. Calves are usually born grey, and by the time they are a month old, have turned dark grey or blue grey. They then start to progressively lose their pigmentation until they attain their distinctive white colouration, at the age of seven years in females and nine in males. The white colouration of the skin is an adaptation to life in the Arctic that allows belugas to camouflage themselves in the polar ice caps as protection against their main predators, polar bears and killer whales.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the disorders related to it?

Context: is it found in vertebrates only?

Context: what is the color of the fifth animal?

Context: White or whitish-grey in colour

Question: which sensory inputs does it rely on?

Answer: The beluga has a very specialised sense of hearing and its auditory cortex is highly developed. It can hear sounds within the range of 1.2 to 120 kHz, with the greatest sensitivity between 10 and 75 kHz, where the average hearing range for humans is 0.02 to 20 kHz.

Explanation: The beluga has a very specialised sense of hearing and its auditory cortex is highly developed. It can hear sounds within the range of 1.2 to 120 kHz, with the greatest sensitivity between 10 and 75 kHz, where the average hearing range for humans is 0.02 to 20 kHz.

Beluga whale [SEP] Senses

The presence of cone cells indicates they can see colours, although this suggestion has not been confirmed. Glands located in the medial corner of their eyes secrete an oily, gelatinous substance that lubricates the eye and helps flush out foreign bodies. This substance forms a film that protects the cornea and the conjunctiva from pathogenic organisms. Studies on captive animals show they seek frequent physical contact with other belugas. Areas in the mouth have been found that could act as chemoreceptors for different tastes, and they can detect the presence of blood in water, which causes them to react immediately by displaying typical alarm behaviour.


Context: what are its variations?

Context: does it play any role in speaking?

Context: how does it affect swallowing?

Context: can it be replaced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the disorders related to it?

Context: is it found in vertebrates only?

Context: what is the color of the fifth animal?

Context: White or whitish-grey in colour

Context: which sensory inputs does it rely on?

Context: The beluga has a very specialised sense of hearing and its auditory cortex is highly developed. It can hear sounds within the range of 1.2 to 120 kHz, with the greatest sensitivity between 10 and 75 kHz, where the average hearing range for humans is 0.02 to 20 kHz.

Question: is the sixth animal herbivorous?

Answer: Narwhals have a relatively restricted and specialized diet. Their prey is predominantly composed of Greenland halibut, polar and Arctic cod, cuttlefish, shrimp and armhook squid.

Narwhal [SEP] Diet

Narwhals have a relatively restricted and specialized diet. Their prey is predominantly composed of Greenland halibut, polar and Arctic cod, cuttlefish, shrimp and armhook squid. Additional items found in stomachs have included wolffish, capelin, skate eggs and sometimes rocks, accidentally ingested when whales feed near the bottom. Due to the lack of well-developed dentition in the mouth, narwhals are believed to feed by swimming towards prey until it is within close range and then sucking it with considerable force into the mouth. It is thought that the beaked whales, which have similarly reduced dentition, also suck up their prey. The distinctive tusk is used to tap and stun small prey, facilitating a catch.


Question: who sings the song to the left to the left

Answer: Beyoncé

Irreplaceable [SEP] Composition

Beyoncé said that the song is "a little honest", and, "... basically we can't forget our power and our worth. And sometimes you're so in love, you forget that. And sometimes you feel like you're not being appreciated. And sometimes they forget that they can be replaced." The song's lyrics are constructed in the verse-pre-chorus-chorus form. It begins with guitar strumming, and Beyoncé sings the hook-intro, "To the left, to the left: everything you own in a box to the left". In bar seven, she sings the first verse, arguing with her boyfriend about the indifference of their relationship, and tells him to walk away.


Context: who sings the song to the left to the left

Context: Beyoncé

Question: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Answer: Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith, Tor Erik Hermansen, Mikkel, S. Eriksen, Espen Lind, Amund Bjørklund, Beyoncé

Irreplaceable [SEP] Introduction

"Irreplaceable" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her second studio album, "B'Day" (2006). The song was written by Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith, Tor Erik Hermansen, Mikkel, S. Eriksen, Espen Lind, Amund Bjørklund, Beyoncé and produced by Stargate and Beyoncé. "Irreplaceable" was originally a country record; it was re-arranged as a mid-tempo ballad with pop and R&B influences by modifying the vocal arrangements and instrumentation. During the production and recording sessions, Beyoncé and Ne-Yo wanted to create a record which people of either gender could relate to. The song's lyrics are about the breakdown of a relationship with an unfaithful man and the song contains a message about female empowerment.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith, Tor Erik Hermansen, Mikkel, S. Eriksen, Espen Lind, Amund Bjørklund, Beyoncé

Question: when did the song release?

Answer: October 23, 2006

Irreplaceable [SEP] Release

I wouldn't know how much I'm worth.' I'm happy to be a part of that." "Irreplaceable" was released in the United Kingdom on October 23, 2006, as the second single there. In the US, "Irreplaceable" was the third single from "B'Day"', and followed "Ring the Alarm". The single was released on December 5, 2006, and featured the album and instrumental versions of the track. "Irreplaceable" was the second single released from "B'Day" in international markets on Columbia Records. Two versions of the single were released in the UK on October 26, 2006. A CD single, which featured the album version of "Irreplaceable", and the Freemasons club mix radio edit of "Ring the Alarm", was released.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Question: what can you tell about its writing controversy?

Answer: A controversy arose over the writing credits on the song.

Irreplaceable [SEP] Songwriting controversy

A controversy arose over the writing credits on "Irreplaceable". Ne-Yo told MTV: "Apparently Beyoncé was at a show somewhere and right before the song came on she said, 'I wrote this for all my ladies' and then the song came on ... The song is a co-write. I wrote the lyrics, I wrote all the lyrics. Beyoncé helped me with the melodies and the harmonies and the vocal arrangement and that makes it a co-write. Meaning my contribution and her contribution made that song what it is." In 2011, Ne-Yo said that he wrote the song for himself, but thought that it would be better suited for Beyoncé.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Context: what can you tell about its writing controversy?

Context: A controversy arose over the writing credits on the song.

Question: what responses did it receive?

Answer: Jody Rosen of "Entertainment Weekly" noted "Irreplaceable" to be "a lilting tune unlike anything Beyoncé has ever performed".

Explanation: Jody Rosen of "Entertainment Weekly" noted "Irreplaceable" to be "a lilting tune unlike anything Beyoncé has ever performed". Sarah Rodman of "The Boston Globe" wrote that the song is "gentle but maddeningly hook-y". Spence Abbott of IGN wrote that "Irreplaceable" and "Resentment" go for "a much more traditional contemporary R&B vibe" than any of the previous tracks on "B'Day", making them stand out as if they were recorded separately from the rest of the album.

Irreplaceable [SEP] Critical reception

Mike Joseph of PopMatters commented that "'Irreplaceable' tellingly, was co-written by Ne-Yo, who may not be the powerhouse vocalist Beyonce is, but has significantly stronger songwriting skills. It's the best song on the album—perhaps Ms. Knowles should take a hint." Tim Finney of "Pitchfork Media", called "Irreplaceable" the best song on "B'Day" and praised its overall production, writing: Before, Beyoncé's approach to heartbreak was always literal, her voice and her words declaiming her feelings with a studied earnestness that at times was difficult to believe, let alone connect with. 'Irreplaceable' is the first song in which Beyoncé lies to herself, and the way her voice perfectly betrays that lie (revealing a giveaway tremble in the stiff upper lip of the lyrics) simultaneously renders it her most sophisticated and her most honest performance to date.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Context: what responses did it receive?

Context: Jody Rosen of "Entertainment Weekly" noted "Irreplaceable" to be "a lilting tune unlike anything Beyoncé has ever performed".

Question: how well it perform commercially?

Answer: "Irreplaceable" entered various charts worldwide, and became the most successful single released from "B'Day".

Irreplaceable [SEP] Commercial performance

"Irreplaceable" entered various charts worldwide, and became the most successful single released from "B'Day". The single debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on November 4, 2006, at number eighty-seven. It climbed the charts rapidly because of its radio airplay, and it was the "Greatest Airplay Gainer" for six consecutive weeks by early December 2006. Three weeks after the release of "Irreplaceable", "B'Day" re-entered the top ten on the US "Billboard" 200. "Irreplaceable" reached number one on December 16, becoming Beyoncé's fourth number one single as a solo artist, and her second in 2006, following "Check on It" (2005).


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Context: what responses did it receive?

Context: how well it perform commercially?

Context: "Irreplaceable" entered various charts worldwide, and became the most successful single released from "B'Day".

Question: where is the singer of this song from?

Answer: Houston, Texas,

Beyoncé [SEP] 1981–1996: Early life

Beyonce Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine "Tina" Knowles ("née" Beyonce), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyoncé's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyoncé's younger sister Solange Knowles is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and Beyoncé are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, and Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (French, Native American, and African), and distant Jewish, Spanish, Chinese and Indonesian ancestry. Through her mother, Beyoncé is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard, as well as a direct descendant of Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Context: what responses did it receive?

Context: how well it perform commercially?

Context: where is the singer of this song from?

Context: Houston, Texas,

Question: when did she start her music career?

Answer: 1996

Beyoncé [SEP] 1981–1996: Early life

On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Context: what responses did it receive?

Context: how well it perform commercially?

Context: where is the singer of this song from?

Context: Houston, Texas,

Context: when did she start her music career?

Question: which are some of her notable songs?

Answer: "Crazy in Love", "Baby Boy", "Irreplaceable" to mention a few

Explanation: Her debut album "Dangerously in Love" (2003) featured four "Billboard" Hot 100 top five songs, including the number-one singles "Crazy in Love" featuring rapper Jay-Z and "Baby Boy" featuring singer-rapper Sean Paul. Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, "B'Day", which contained her first US number-one solo single "Irreplaceable", and "Beautiful Liar", which topped the charts in most countries. Beyoncé continued her acting career with starring roles in "The Pink Panther" (2006), "Dreamgirls" (2006), and "Obsessed" (2009). Her marriage to Jay-Z and her portrayal of Etta James in "Cadillac Records" (2008) influenced her third album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008), which earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010

Beyoncé [SEP] Introduction

Her marriage to Jay-Z and her portrayal of Etta James in "Cadillac Records" (2008) influenced her third album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008), which earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010. It spawned the UK number-one single "If I Were a Boy", the US number-one single "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" and the top five single "Halo". After splitting from her manager and father Mathew Knowles in 2010, Beyoncé released the album "4" (2011); it was influenced by 1970s funk, 1980s pop, and 1990s soul. She achieved back-to-back widespread critical acclaim for her sonically experimental visual albums, "Beyoncé" (2013) and "Lemonade" (2016); the latter was the world's best-selling album of 2016 and the most acclaimed album of her career, exploring themes of infidelity and womanism.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Context: what responses did it receive?

Context: how well it perform commercially?

Context: where is the singer of this song from?

Context: Houston, Texas,

Context: when did she start her music career?

Context: which are some of her notable songs?

Context: "Crazy in Love", "Baby Boy", "Irreplaceable" to mention a few

Question: what are some philanthropic activities she involved in?

Answer: In 2002, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland and Tina Knowles built the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a community center in Downtown Houston.

Beyoncé [SEP] Philanthropy

In 2002, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland and Tina Knowles built the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a community center in Downtown Houston. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing to displaced families and provide means for new building construction, to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later. Beyoncé also donated $100,000 to the Gulf Coast Ike Relief Fund. In 2007, Beyoncé founded the Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments, a housing complex offering living space for 43 displaced individuals.


Context: Beyoncé

Context: who wrote the song "irreplaceable"?

Context: when did the song release?

Context: October 23, 2006

Context: what responses did it receive?

Context: how well it perform commercially?

Context: where is the singer of this song from?

Context: Houston, Texas,

Context: when did she start her music career?

Context: which are some of her notable songs?

Context: what are some philanthropic activities she involved in?

Context: In 2002, Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland and Tina Knowles built the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a community center in Downtown Houston.

Question: where did the live performance of the aforementioned original song take place?

Answer: American Music Awards, "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", the "Today Show".

Irreplaceable [SEP] Live performances

Beyoncé performed "Irreplaceable" during various public appearances, including the 2006 American Music Awards, "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", the "Today Show". The song was a part of Beyoncé's set list for her tour The Beyoncé Experience and I Am... World Tour. "Irreplaceable" was the closing song during her 2007 The Beyoncé Experience world tour. It was performed late in the set on earlier tour dates, but when Beyoncé embarked on the US leg, it was performed earlier in the show. Beyoncé performed "Irreplaceable" during her revue. Beyoncé has performed "Irreplaceable" without backup dancers or live instrumentation, or in another case, Beyoncé was accompanied by two drummers, two keyboardists, a percussionist, a horn section, three backup vocalists called the Mamas, and the lead guitarist, Bibi McGill.


Question: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Answer: In the small town of Winterthur, northeast of Zürich, in Switzerland

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Introduction

The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army, commanded by Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze, during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars. The small town of Winterthur lies northeast of Zürich, in Switzerland. Because of its position at the junction of seven roads, the army that held the town controlled access to most of Switzerland and points crossing the Rhine into southern Germany. Although the forces involved were small, the ability of the Austrians to sustain their 11-hour assault on the French line resulted in the consolidation of three Austrian forces on the plateau north of Zürich, leading to the French defeat a few days later.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: In the small town of Winterthur, northeast of Zürich, in Switzerland

Question: describe in few words the political situation of the battle?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Introduction


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: describe in few words the political situation of the battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when did the battle begin?

Answer: 27 May 1799

Explanation: The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Introduction


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Question: which forces fought each other in the battle?

Answer: Elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army

Explanation: The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army,

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Introduction


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: which forces fought each other in the battle?

Context: Elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army

Question: where does the first army belong to?

Answer: French Directory

Army of the Danube [SEP] Introduction

The Army of the Danube () was a field army of the French Directory in the 1799 southwestern campaign in the Upper Danube valley. It was formed on 2 March 1799 by the simple expedient of renaming the Army of Observation, which had been observing Austrian movements on the border between French First Republic and the Holy Roman Empire. It was commanded by General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Comte Jourdan (1762–1833). The formation of the army was part of the French Directory's long term strategy to undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the First Coalition and the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Question: what was the purpose behind forming the army?

Answer: To "observe" the security of the French border on the Rhine

Army of the Danube [SEP] Purpose and formation

Toward this end, in the early November 1798, Jourdan arrived in Hüningen, near the Swiss city of Basel, to take command of the Army of Observation, so-called because its function was to "observe" the security of the French border on the Rhine. Once there, Jourdan assessed the quality and disposition of the forces and identified needed supplies and manpower. He found the army woefully inadequate for its assignment. The Army, and its flanking armies, the Army of Helvetia (Switzerland) and the Army of Mayence, were equally short of manpower, supplies, ammunition, and training. Jourdan documented assiduously these shortages, pointing out in lengthy correspondence to the Directory the consequences of an under-manned and under-supplied army; his petitions seemed to have little effect on the Directory, which sent neither significant additional manpower nor supplies.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: what was the purpose behind forming the army?

Context: To "observe" the security of the French border on the Rhine

Question: when was it established?

Answer: 2 March 1799

Explanation: It was formed on 2 March 1799

Army of the Danube [SEP] Introduction

The army participated in four battles. In the battles of Ostrach and first Stockach, the Army of the Danube withdrew after suffering heavy losses. After reorganization, in which elements of the army were combined with Massena's Army of Switzerland, it withdrew after an engagement with Charles' superior force at Zürich in early June 1799; only in the Second Battle of Zurich did the Army of the Danube secure an uncontested victory. In December 1799, the Army of the Danube merged with the Army of the Rhine.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Question: what is the meaning of the aforementioned directory?

Answer: It was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic

French Directory [SEP] Introduction

The Directory (also called Directorate, ) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution. Mainstream historiography also uses the term in reference to the period from the dissolution of the National Convention on 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire) to Napoleon's coup d'état. The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions, including Britain, Austria, Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia and the Ottoman Empire.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Context: what is the meaning of the aforementioned directory?

Context: It was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic

Question: when was the committee formed?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

French Directory [SEP] Introduction


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Context: when was the committee formed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what was the directory's step towards science?

Answer: They reversed the policy of obligatory and free education for all and began to create a system of central schools, with the goal of one in each department, which boys could attend from the age of twelve, with a full curriculum of sciences, history and literature

French Directory [SEP] Education and science

By forbidding religious education, seizing the property of the Church and chasing out the clergy, they effectively closed the largest part of the educational system of the country. At the beginning of the period, the Directory reversed the policy of obligatory and free education for all, largely because of the lack of money to pay teachers. The Directory began to create a system of central schools, with the goal of one in each department, which boys could attend from the age of twelve, with a full curriculum of sciences, history and literature. The state paid a part of the cost, while each student also paid the professor a fee.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Context: when was the committee formed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the directory's step towards science?

Context: They reversed the policy of obligatory and free education for all and began to create a system of central schools, with the goal of one in each department, which boys could attend from the age of twelve, with a full curriculum of sciences, history and literature

Question: any literature based on them?

Answer: Yes. Edmond and Jules

Explanation: The most celebrated and vivid description of French society under the Directory was written by the Goncourt brothers, Edmond and Jules, published in 1864, which described the mores, daily life, culture and preoccupations of the Parisians. Its final chapter contained the lines:

French Directory [SEP] 19th Century Historians and Writers

Historians generally have not been kind to the 'Age of the Directory'. Adolphe Thiers, later twice the Prime Minister and the first president of the Third Republic, wrote the first major history in French of the Revolution, in ten volumes, published between 1823 and 1827. He described the Directory this way: Thiers blamed Barras, the only Director who served from the beginning to the end of the Directory, for its failure. The most celebrated and vivid description of French society under the Directory was written by the Goncourt brothers, Edmond and Jules, published in 1864, which described the mores, daily life, culture and preoccupations of the Parisians.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Context: when was the committee formed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any literature based on them?

Context: Yes. Edmond and Jules

Question: who is the author of the first?

Answer: Goncourt brothers

Explanation: The most celebrated and vivid description of French society under the Directory was written by the Goncourt brothers, Edmond and Jules, published in 1864,


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Context: when was the committee formed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any literature based on them?

Context: Yes. Edmond and Jules

Context: who is the author of the first?

Context: Goncourt brothers

Question: what are their names?

Answer: Edmond de Goncourt and Jules de Goncourt

Goncourt brothers [SEP] Introduction

The Goncourt brothers (, , ) were Edmond de Goncourt (1822–1896) and Jules de Goncourt (1830–1870), both French naturalism writers who, as collaborative sibling authors, were inseparable in life.


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Context: when was the committee formed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any literature based on them?

Context: Yes. Edmond and Jules

Context: who is the author of the first?

Context: Goncourt brothers

Context: what are their names?

Context: Edmond de Goncourt and Jules de Goncourt

Question: when did their partnership start?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Goncourt brothers [SEP] Introduction


Context: where was battle of winterthur fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the battle begin?

Context: 27 May 1799

Context: where does the first army belong to?

Context: French Directory

Context: when was it established?

Context: 2 March 1799

Context: when was the committee formed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any literature based on them?

Context: Yes. Edmond and Jules

Context: who is the author of the first?

Context: Goncourt brothers

Context: what are their names?

Context: when did their partnership start?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: from where did the aforementioned country where the battle took place get its name?

Answer: It is a compound containing "Switzer", an obsolete term for the Swiss

Switzerland [SEP] Etymology

The English name "Switzerland" is a compound containing "Switzer", an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective "Swiss" is a loan from French ', also in use since the 16th century. The name "Switzer" is from the Alemannic ', in origin an inhabitant of "Schwyz" and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätte cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for "Confederates", "Eidgenossen" (literally: "comrades by oath"), used since the 14th century.


Question: who plays the dwarf in game of thrones

Answer: Peter Hayden Dinklage

Explanation: Peter Hayden Dinklage

Peter Dinklage [SEP] Introduction

Peter Hayden Dinklage (; born June 11, 1969) is an American actor and producer. He received acclaim for portraying Tyrion Lannister on the HBO television series "Game of Thrones" from 2011 to 2019, for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series a record four times. He also received a Golden Globe for the role in 2011 as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2020. Born in Mendham Township, New Jersey, and raised in Brookside, Dinklage is a dwarf (achondroplasia) and stands tall. He studied acting at Bennington College while working at a local guitar shop, starring in a number of amateur stage productions.


Context:
who plays the dwarf in game of thrones
Peter Hayden Dinklage

Question: what genetic condition does he have?

Answer: He was born with achondroplasia, a common form of dwarfism.

Peter Dinklage [SEP] Early life

Peter Hayden Dinklage was born on June 11, 1969, in Morristown, New Jersey, to John Carl Dinklage, an insurance salesman, and Diane Dinklage, an elementary-school music teacher. He was born with achondroplasia, a common form of dwarfism. Dinklage grew up as the only dwarf in his family in the historic Brookside section of Mendham Township, New Jersey, with his parents and older brother, Jonathan. He is of German and Irish descent. Jonathan graduated from the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University and is a violinist for the musical "Hamilton". As a child, Dinklage and his brother performed puppet musicals for people in their neighborhood.


Context: who plays the dwarf in game of thrones

Context: Peter Hayden Dinklage

Context: what genetic condition does he have?

Context: He was born with achondroplasia, a common form of dwarfism.

Question: what causes this condition?

Answer: Hormonal cause, such as growth-hormone deficiency.

Dwarfism [SEP] Causes

Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as growth-hormone deficiency, once called "pituitary dwarfism". Two disorders, achondroplasia and growth hormone deficiency, are responsible for the majority of human dwarfism cases.