Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: It is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae.

Question: who was the first to name and describe it?

Answer: The first mention of "Lactifluus volemus" in the scientific literature was in Carl Linnaeus's 1753 "Species Plantarum", under the name "Agaricus lactifluus".

Explanation: he first mention of "Lactifluus volemus" in the scientific literature was in Carl Linnaeus's 1753 "Species Plantarum", under the name "Agaricus lactifluus". In 1821, Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries called it "Agaricus volemus" in his "Systema Mycologicum". In this work he proposed a grouping of related species (called a "tribus", or tribe) within the genus "Agaricus", which he named "Galorrheus". Fries later recognised "Lactarius" as a distinct genus in his 1838 "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici", citing "Galorrheus" as a synonym. Although Linnaeus had published the species before Fries, Fries's name is sanctioned and thus has nomenclatural priority. In 1871 Paul Kummer raised most of Fries's tribes to generic rank, and so renamed the species "Galorrheus volemus". The variety "L. volemus" var. "subrugosus" was identified by Charles Horton Peck in 1879, but is now classified as a separate species, "L. corrugis". In 1891, Otto Kuntze moved the species into "Lactifluus", which was af

Lactifluus volemus [SEP] Taxonomy and naming

The first mention of "Lactifluus volemus" in the scientific literature was in Carl Linnaeus's 1753 "Species Plantarum", under the name "Agaricus lactifluus". In 1821, Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries called it "Agaricus volemus" in his "Systema Mycologicum". In this work he proposed a grouping of related species (called a "tribus", or tribe) within the genus "Agaricus", which he named "Galorrheus". Fries later recognised "Lactarius" as a distinct genus in his 1838 "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici", citing "Galorrheus" as a synonym. Although Linnaeus had published the species before Fries, Fries's name is sanctioned and thus has nomenclatural priority. In 1871 Paul Kummer raised most of Fries's tribes to generic rank, and so renamed the species "Galorrheus volemus".


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: who was the first to name and describe it?

Context: The first mention of "Lactifluus volemus" in the scientific literature was in Carl Linnaeus's 1753 "Species Plantarum", under the name "Agaricus lactifluus".

Question: can this be consumed by humans?

Answer: Yes, it is edible.

Explanation: "Lactifluus volemus" is edible

Lactifluus volemus [SEP] Edibility and other uses

Two elderly people developed a transient pancreatitis after consuming "L. volemus" in central Anatolia in Turkey. Both had eaten the mushroom, which they knew as "Tirmit", many times before. The condition resolved spontaneously.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Question: in the family of fungal species mentioned above, are there any species that cause decay in wooden objects?

Answer: The corticioid species in "Boidinia", "Gloeopeniophorella", and "Pseudoxenasma" are saprotrophic, wood-degrading fungi that develop on dead wood.

Russulaceae [SEP] Wood decay species

The corticioid species in "Boidinia", "Gloeopeniophorella", and "Pseudoxenasma" are saprotrophic, wood-degrading fungi that develop on dead wood. Their early-branching positions in the phylogeny suggests this has been the ancestral trophic mode of the Russulaceae, and that the mycorrhizal lifestyle "(see above)" evolved later. The saprotrophic nature of these species has been questioned, based on the observation that other inconspicuous, crust-forming fungi are ectomycorrhizal; a subsequent author reaffirms nevertheless that "[n]one of the corticioid species in the family shows any sign of mycorrhizal activity."


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: in the family of fungal species mentioned above, are there any species that cause decay in wooden objects?

Context: The corticioid species in "Boidinia", "Gloeopeniophorella", and "Pseudoxenasma" are saprotrophic, wood-degrading fungi that develop on dead wood.

Question: are there any endangered species within this family?

Answer: Yes, some species of "Lactarius", "Lactifluus" and "Russula"  are endangered.

Russulaceae [SEP] Threats and conservation

As with most fungi, little information is available on the threat of extinction for Russulaceae species, and they have not been assessed in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List. However, national lists contain some species of "Lactarius", "Lactifluus" and "Russula", indicating that they have small populations and are endangered, e.g. in Great Britain, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and New Zealand. Although data on Russulaceae themselves are scarce, more is known about the habitats they occur in, especially for the ectomycorrhizal species which depend on their host plants: Several of these habitats are affected by loss or degradation, such as peatlands, Mediterranean forests and scrub or tropical African dry woodland.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: are there any endangered species within this family?

Context: Yes, some species of "Lactarius", "Lactifluus" and "Russula"  are endangered.

Question: what other works has the afore-mentioned scientist published?

Answer: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Carl Linnaeus [SEP] "Philosophia Botanica"

Linnaeus published "Philosophia Botanica" in 1751. The book contained a complete survey of the taxonomy system he had been using in his earlier works. It also contained information of how to keep a journal on travels and how to maintain a botanical garden.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: what other works has the afore-mentioned scientist published?

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Question: when was the first work published?

Answer: 1751

Philosophia Botanica [SEP] Introduction

Philosophia Botanica ("Botanical Philosophy", ed. 1, Stockholm & Amsterdam, 1751.) was published by the Swedish naturalist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) who greatly influenced the development of botanical taxonomy and systematics in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is ""the first textbook of descriptive systematic botany and botanical Latin"". It also contains Linnaeus's first published description of his binomial nomenclature. "Philosophia Botanica" represents a maturing of Linnaeus's thinking on botany and its theoretical foundations, being an elaboration of ideas first published in his "Fundamenta Botanica" (1736) and "Critica Botanica" (1737), and set out in a similar way as a series of stark and uncompromising principles (aphorismen).


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Context: when was the first work published?

Question: under what context was it published?

Answer: The first edition of 1735 was just eleven pages long, but this expanded with further editions until the final thirteenth edition of 1767 had reached over 3000 pages.

Philosophia Botanica [SEP] Historical context of Linnaean publications

"Systema Naturæ" was Linnaeus's early attempt to organise nature. The first edition was published in 1735 and in it he outlines his ideas for the hierarchical classification of the natural world (the “system of nature”) by dividing it into the animal kingdom ("Regnum animale"), the plant kingdom ("Regnum vegetabile") and the "mineral kingdom" ("Regnum lapideum") each of which he further divided into classes, orders, genera and species, with [generic] characters, [specific] differences, synonyms, and places of occurrence. The tenth edition of this book in 1758 has been adopted as the starting point for zoological nomenclature. The first edition of 1735 was just eleven pages long, but this expanded with further editions until the final thirteenth edition of 1767 had reached over 3000 pages.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Context: when was the first work published?

Context: under what context was it published?

Context: The first edition of 1735 was just eleven pages long, but this expanded with further editions until the final thirteenth edition of 1767 had reached over 3000 pages.

Question: are there other scientists who have studied the species that we first mentioned?

Answer: Yes, Ray and Tournefort.

Explanation:
 The terms genus and species acquired their specialized biological usage from Linnaeus's predecessors, in particular Ray and Tournefort. There was also the question of whether plants should a) be put together or separated because they conform to a definition (essentialism) or b) put together with plants having similar characteristics generally, regardless of the definition (empiricism). Linnaeus was inclined to take the first approach using the Method of Logical Division based on definition, what he called in "Philosophia Botanica" §152 the "dispositio theoretica" – but in practice he employed both methods.

Botanical historian Alan Morton, though praising Linnaeus's contribution to classification and nomenclature, is less complimentary about the theoretical ideas expressed in the publications discussed above:

Philosophia Botanica [SEP] Historical assessment

Linnaeus's system of classification follows the principles of Aristotelian logic by which arranging subjects into classes is classification; distinguishing divisions of classes is logical division. The group to be divided is the genus; the parts into which it is divided are the species. The terms genus and species acquired their specialized biological usage from Linnaeus's predecessors, in particular Ray and Tournefort. There was also the question of whether plants should a) be put together or separated because they conform to a definition (essentialism) or b) put together with plants having similar characteristics generally, regardless of the definition (empiricism). Linnaeus was inclined to take the first approach using the Method of Logical Division based on definition, what he called in "Philosophia Botanica" §152 the "dispositio theoretica" – but in practice he employed both methods.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Context: when was the first work published?

Context: under what context was it published?

Context: are there other scientists who have studied the species that we first mentioned?

Context: Yes, Ray and Tournefort.

Question: where is that species commonly found?

Answer: The northern hemisphere, in temperate regions of Europe, North America and Asia as well as some subtropical and tropical regions of Central America and Asia.

Lactifluus volemus [SEP] Introduction

Lactifluus volemus, formerly known as Lactarius volemus, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, in temperate regions of Europe, North America and Asia as well as some subtropical and tropical regions of Central America and Asia. A mycorrhizal fungus, its fruit bodies grow on the ground at the base of various species of trees from summer to autumn, either individually or in groups. It is valued as an edible mushroom, and is sold in markets in Asia. Several other "Lactifluus" mushrooms resemble "L. volemus", such as the closely related edible species "L.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Context: when was the first work published?

Context: under what context was it published?

Context: Yes, Ray and Tournefort.

Context: where is that species commonly found?

Context: The northern hemisphere, in temperate regions of Europe, North America and Asia as well as some subtropical and tropical regions of Central America and Asia.

Question: other than the type mentioned above, what are the different types of fungi?

Answer: "Lactifluus", "Multifurca", "Russula", and "Lactarius"

Explanation: An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes "Lactifluus", "Multifurca", "Russula", and "Lactarius". The crust-forming genera "Boidinia", "Gloeopeniophorella", and "Pseudoxenasma", all wood-decay fungi, have basal positions in the family.

Russulaceae [SEP] Introduction

The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies. In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally striped (pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like (corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages. An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes "Lactifluus", "Multifurca", "Russula", and "Lactarius".


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Context: when was the first work published?

Context: under what context was it published?

Context: Yes, Ray and Tournefort.

Context: where is that species commonly found?

Context: other than the type mentioned above, what are the different types of fungi?

Context: "Lactifluus", "Multifurca", "Russula", and "Lactarius"

Question: how are the different species identified within the last type?

Answer: It is a large genus with over 500 known species.

Lactarius [SEP] Introduction

Lactarius is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several edible species. The species of the genus, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they exude when cut or damaged. Like the closely related genus "Russula", their flesh has a distinctive brittle consistency. It is a large genus with over 500 known species, mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Recently, the genus "Lactifluus" has been separated from "Lactarius" based on molecular phylogenetic evidence.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Context: when was the first work published?

Context: under what context was it published?

Context: Yes, Ray and Tournefort.

Context: where is that species commonly found?

Context: how are the different species identified within the last type?

Context: It is a large genus with over 500 known species.

Question: what is the meaning of the fifth word mentioned here?

Answer: It is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family.

Genus [SEP] Introduction

A genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera.


Context: what species is lactifluus volemus?

Context: can this be consumed by humans?

Context: Yes, it is edible.

Context: Philosophia Botanica, Species Plantarum

Context: when was the first work published?

Context: under what context was it published?

Context: Yes, Ray and Tournefort.

Context: where is that species commonly found?

Context: what is the meaning of the fifth word mentioned here?

Context: It is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family.

Question: are there other names used in the same context as this one?

Answer: Yes, type specimen

Genus [SEP] The type concept

Each genus should have a designated type, although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this is the type species and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed.


Question: what is calbovista?

Answer: It is a fungal genus containing the single species Calbovista subsculpta.

Calbovista [SEP] Introduction

Calbovista is a fungal genus containing the single species Calbovista subsculpta, commonly known as the sculptured puffball, sculptured giant puffball, and warted giant puffball. It is a common puffball of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast ranges of western North America. The puffball is more or less round with a diameter of up to , white becoming brownish in age, and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales. It fruits singly or in groups along roads and in open woods at high elevations, from summer to autumn. Although the puffball was originally described as new to science by Elizabeth Eaton Morse in 1935, it was not published validly until 60 years later.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: It is a fungal genus containing the single species Calbovista subsculpta.

Question: how does it look like?

Answer: Sculptured puffball which is more or less round, white becoming brownish in age and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales.

Explanation: sculptured puffball, sculptured giant puffball, and warted giant puffball. It is a common puffball of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast ranges of western North America. The puffball is more or less round with a diameter of up to , white becoming brownish in age, and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales. It fruits singly or in gro

Calbovista [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Sculptured puffball which is more or less round, white becoming brownish in age and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales.

Question: who described it for the first time?

Answer: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Explanation: Although the puffball was originally described as new to science by Elizabeth Eaton Morse in 1935, i

Calbovista [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Question: where did she describe it?

Answer: "Mycologia" article.

Calbovista [SEP] Taxonomy

In her 1935 "Mycologia" article, American mycologist Elizabeth Eaton Morse noted the existence of an abundant and widely distributed puffball of the western United States that was commonly misidentified as "Calvatia sculpta", although it differed from that species in having extensively branched capillitial threads. The puffball had characteristics that aligned it with several other taxa. The peridium was similar to those of "Calvatia sculpta", "Calvatia caelata" (now known as "Calvatia bovista"), "Scleroderma flavidum", and "Scleroderma aurantium" (now "Scleroderma citrinum"); the rooting base was similar to "Bovistella"; and the structure of the capillitial threads reminiscent of "Bovista", "Bovistella", and "Mycenastrum". However, the new species had a unique combination of characteristics and did not fit neatly into any already-described genera.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Question: where was she from?

Answer: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Elizabeth Eaton Morse [SEP] Introduction

Elizabeth Eaton Morse (31 December 1864 – 13 November 1955) was an American mycologist. Born in Framingham, Massachusetts, she graduated from Ashland, Massachusetts, High School in 1882. For seven years she taught in elementary school before entering Wellesley College, from which she graduated with a diploma from the School of Art in 1891. After twenty years of teaching in the New York City schools Morris High School and Roosevelt High School, she returned to Wellesley College in 1924 and earned a degree in Botany in 1926. Shortly after, she registered as a part-time graduate student in the Department of Botany at the University of California, and was given storage and work space to pursue her interests in cryptogamic botany.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Question: name a few interesting spots over there?

Answer: Shoppers World and Boston Scientific headquarters.

Framingham, Massachusetts [SEP] Golden Triangle

The area is one of the largest shopping districts in New England. The area was formed with the construction of Shoppers World in 1951. Shoppers' World was a large open air shopping mall, the second in the US and the first east of the Mississippi River. The mall drew many other retail construction projects to the area, including Marshalls (1961, rebuilt as Bed, Bath and Beyond 1997), Caldor (1966, Rebuilt as Wal-Mart in 2002), Bradlees (1960s, rebuilt as Kohl's in 2002), the Route 30 Mall (1970), an AMC Framingham 15, the Framingham Mall (1978, rebuilt 2000), and Lowe's (formerly the Verizon Building, 2006).


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: name a few interesting spots over there?

Context: Shoppers World and Boston Scientific headquarters.

Question: what kind of commuter service does the place have?

Answer: Park and ride services.

Explanation: Park and ride services:

Framingham, Massachusetts [SEP] Commuter services

Park and ride services:


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: what kind of commuter service does the place have?

Context: Park and ride services.

Question: how is the governmental structure over there?

Answer: Elections are held in November of odd-numbered years, to elect a full-time mayor serving a four-year term, and an 11-member city council comprising nine district members serving two-year terms and two at-large members serving four-year terms.

Framingham, Massachusetts [SEP] Government and politics

Framingham's Home Rule Charter was approved by voters on April 4, 2017, and took effect on January 1, 2018. On that date, Yvonne M. Spicer was inaugurated as Framingham's first mayor. Elections are held in November of odd-numbered years, to elect a full-time mayor serving a four-year term, and an 11-member city council comprising nine district members serving two-year terms and two at-large members serving four-year terms. The mayor replaced the Board of Selectmen as the chief executive, and the City Council replaced Representative Town Meeting as the legislative body. The Mayor and at-large-councilors are limited to a maximum of three consecutive terms in office and district councilors are limited to six consecutive terms in office.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: how is the governmental structure over there?

Context: Elections are held in November of odd-numbered years, to elect a full-time mayor serving a four-year term, and an 11-member city council comprising nine district members serving two-year terms and two at-large members serving four-year terms.

Question: what does the golden triangle mean over there?

Answer: It was originally a three square mile district on the eastern side of Framingham, bordered by Worcester Rd. (Route 9), Cochituate Rd. (Route 30), and Speen Street in Natick.

The Golden Triangle was originally a three square mile district on the eastern side of Framingham, bordered by Worcester Rd. (Route 9), Cochituate Rd. (Route 30), and Speen Street in Natick. In 1993, the area began to expand beyond the borders of the triangle with construction of a BJ's Wholesale Club and a Super Stop & Shop just north of Route 30. It now includes the original area plus parts of Old Connecticut Path., Concord St. (Route 126), and Speen St. north of Route 30. Because of the size and complexity of this area, Framingham and Natick cooperatively operate it as a single distinct district with similar zoning.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: what does the golden triangle mean over there?

Context: It was originally a three square mile district on the eastern side of Framingham, bordered by Worcester Rd. (Route 9), Cochituate Rd. (Route 30), and Speen Street in Natick.

Question: what are the things contributing to its economy?

Answer: Small manufacturing facilities, office complexes and commercial services.

Framingham, Massachusetts [SEP] Economy

Framingham's economy is predominantly derived from retail and office complexes. There are scatterings of small manufacturing facilities and commercial services such as plumbing, mechanical and electrical expected to be found in communities of its size. Framingham has three major business districts within the city, The "Golden Triangle", Downtown/South Framingham, and West Framingham. Additionally, there are several smaller business hubs in the villages of Framingham Center, Saxonville, Nobscot, and along the Route 9 corridor.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: what are the things contributing to its economy?

Context: Small manufacturing facilities, office complexes and commercial services.

Question: which films used such a place?

Answer: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Explanation: In the spring of 2016, the town of Framingham was one of the settings for the film "Patriots Day" about the Boston Marathon bombing, starring Mark Wahlberg, John Goodman, Kevin Bacon, J.K. Simmons, Michelle Monaghan, Alex Wolff, Melissa Benoist and a cameo appearance by former athlete David Ortiz. In spring 2009, Framingham was also used for the film The Company Men, starring Ben Affleck, Chris Cooper, Kevin Costner, and Tommy Lee Jones.

Framingham, Massachusetts [SEP] Film


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: which films used such a place?

Context: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Question: name a few educational institutions over there?

Answer: Framingham High School, Summit Montessori School and the Sudbury Valley School.

Explanation: Framingham has 14 public schools which are part of the Framingham Public School District. This includes Framingham High School, three middle schools (Walsh, Fuller, and Cameron), nine elementary schools (Barberi, Brophy, Dunning, Hemenway, King, McCarthy, Potter Road, Stapleton, Woodrow Wilson), and the Blocks Pre-School. The school district's main offices are located in the Fuller Administration Building on Flagg Drive with additional offices at the King School on Water Street. The city also has a regional vocational high school and one regional charter school. Framingham is also home to several private schools, including Summit Montessori School, the Sudbury Valley School, one parochial school, one Jewish day school, and several specialty schools.

Framingham, Massachusetts [SEP] Education

This includes Framingham High School, three middle schools (Walsh, Fuller, and Cameron), nine elementary schools (Barberi, Brophy, Dunning, Hemenway, King, McCarthy, Potter Road, Stapleton, Woodrow Wilson), and the Blocks Pre-School. The school district's main offices are located in the Fuller Administration Building on Flagg Drive with additional offices at the King School on Water Street. The city also has a regional vocational high school and one regional charter school. Framingham is also home to several private schools, including Summit Montessori School, the Sudbury Valley School, one parochial school, one Jewish day school, and several specialty schools. Since 1998, when Framingham began upgrading its schools, it has performed major renovations to Cameron, Wilson, McCarthy, and Framingham High School.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: which films used such a place?

Context: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Context: name a few educational institutions over there?

Context: Framingham High School, Summit Montessori School and the Sudbury Valley School.

Question: name a few of the cast members in the latter aforementioned film?

Answer: Ben Affleck, Chris Cooper, Kevin Costner, and Tommy Lee Jones.

Explanation: film The Company Men, starring Ben Affleck, Chris Cooper, Kevin Costner, and Tommy Lee Jones.

Framingham, Massachusetts [SEP] Film


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: which films used such a place?

Context: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Context: name a few of the cast members in the latter aforementioned film?

Context: Ben Affleck, Chris Cooper, Kevin Costner, and Tommy Lee Jones.

Question: did the first actor play the role of batman?

Answer: Yes.

Ben Affleck [SEP] 2016–present: Batman role and continued directing

Given Affleck's growing reputation as a filmmaker, his decision to star as Batman in the 2016 superhero film "" was regarded by Dave Itzkoff of "The New York Times" as "a somewhat bewildering choice". Although the casting choice was met with intense fan backlash, Affleck's performance ultimately earned a positive reception. Andrew Barker of "Variety" found him "a winningly cranky, charismatic presence," while Brian Truitt of "USA Today" enjoyed his "strong" and "surprisingly emotional" take on the character. Affleck reprised his role as Batman twice, making a cameo appearance in "Suicide Squad" (2016) and starring in "Justice League" (2017). "Justice League" drew mixed opinions from critics; Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote that Affleck "looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here." In addition to his various Batman commitments, Affleck appeared in two other films in 2016.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: which films used such a place?

Context: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Context: did the first actor play the role of batman?

Context: Yes.

Question: in which movie?

Answer: Justice League.

2016–present: Batman role and continued directing

Explanation: d him "a winningly cranky, charismatic presence," while Brian Truitt of "USA Today" enjoyed his "strong" and "surprisingly emotional" take on the character. Affleck reprised his role as Batman twice, making a cameo appearance in "Suicide Squad" (2016) and starring in "Justice League" (2017). "Justice League" drew mixed opinions from critics; Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote t


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: which films used such a place?

Context: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Context: Yes.

Context: in which movie?

Context: Justice League.

Question: who is its director?

Answer: Zack Snyder.

Justice League (film) [SEP] Introduction

Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name. It is the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe and a follow-up to "", and was directed by Zack Snyder and written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon who served as co-director, based on a story by Terrio and Snyder. It features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, Ray Fisher, Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: which films used such a place?

Context: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Context: Yes.

Context: in which movie?

Context: Justice League.

Context: who is its director?

Context: Zack Snyder.

Question: where are the aforementioned fungal species found?

Answer: From California, Colorado, Idaho, Washington, Wyoming, and Oregon. Its range extends north to British Columbia and Alaska.

Explanation: It has been collected from California, Colorado, Idaho, Washington, Wyoming, and Oregon. Its range extends north to British Columbia and Alaska

Calbovista [SEP] Habitat and distribution

Its range extends north to British Columbia and Alaska. The puffball is often found by morel hunters in the spring, as it grows in similar habitats.


Context: what is calbovista?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: who described it for the first time?

Context: Elizabeth Eaton Morse.

Context: where did she describe it?

Context: "Mycologia" article.

Context: where was she from?

Context: Framingham, Massachusetts.

Context: Park and ride services.

Context: which films used such a place?

Context: Patriots Day and The Company Men.

Context: Yes.

Context: in which movie?

Context: Justice League.

Context: who is its director?

Context: Zack Snyder.

Context: where are the aforementioned fungal species found?

Context: From California, Colorado, Idaho, Washington, Wyoming, and Oregon. Its range extends north to British Columbia and Alaska.

Question: describe in few words about the fungal species features?

Answer: It has antler-like branches of its capillitium and as the puffball matures, its insides become dark brown and powdery from mature spores.

Calbovista [SEP] Introduction

The species is named for its resemblance to "Calvatia sculpta", from which it can be usually distinguished in the field by its less prominent pyramidal warts, and microscopically by the antler-like branches of its capillitium (thread-like material among the spores). "Calbovista subsculpta" is a good edible species while its interior flesh (the gleba) is still firm and white. As the puffball matures, its insides become dark brown and powdery from mature spores.


Question: how many miles is atlanta georgia from here

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Atlanta [SEP] Introduction

Atlanta () is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. With an estimated 2019 population of 506,811, it is also the 37th most populous city in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to more than 6 million people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the nation. Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia. Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County. The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and has one of the highest elevations among major cities east of the Mississippi River.


Context: how many miles is atlanta georgia from here

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where is this place located?

Answer: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Explanation: Atlanta () is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia.

Atlanta [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Question: who were the indigenous people of the place which is in u.s?

Answer: Creek people

Atlanta [SEP] Native American settlements

For thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, the indigenous Creek people and their ancestors inhabited the area. Standing Peachtree, a Creek village where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Native American settlement to what is now Atlanta. Through the early nineteenth century, European Americans systematically encroached on the Creek of northern Georgia, forcing them out of the area from 1802 to 1825. The Creek were forced to leave the area in 1821, under Indian Removal by the federal government, and European American settlers arrived the following year.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: who were the indigenous people of the place which is in u.s?

Context: Creek people

Question: any war took place there or the place part of any war?

Answer: Yes, the Civil War

Atlanta [SEP] Civil War

By 1860, Atlanta's population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a strategic hub for the distribution of military supplies. In 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. The region surrounding Atlanta was the location of several major army battles, culminating with the Battle of Atlanta and a four-month-long siege of the city by the Union Army under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman. On September 1, 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood decided to retreat from Atlanta, and he ordered the destruction of all public buildings and possible assets that could be of use to the Union Army.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: any war took place there or the place part of any war?

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Question: when was this war fought?

Answer: From 1861 to 1865

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina just over a month after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Question: what was the role of women in this war?

Answer: The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 400 and 750; also served on the Union hospital ship "Red Rover" and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.

American Civil War [SEP] Women

The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men. Women also served on the Union hospital ship "Red Rover" and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals. Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. Her name was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 (along with over 900 other, male MOH recipients); however, it was restored in 1977.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 400 and 750; also served on the Union hospital ship "Red Rover" and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.

Question: how is the climate in the above mentioned place?

Answer: Humid subtropical climate

Explanation: Under the Köppen classification, Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa") with four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round, typical for the Upland South; the city is situated in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a, with the northern and western suburbs transitioning to 7b. Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures somewhat moderated by the city's elevation. Winters are cool but variable, occasionally susceptible to snowstorms even if in small quantities on several occasions, unlike the central and southern portions of the state. Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring spring-like highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens °F (−7 to −12 °C).

Atlanta [SEP] Climate


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: how is the climate in the above mentioned place?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Question: what things contribute to its economy?

Answer: Corporate operations play a major role in its economy

Atlanta [SEP] Economy

With a GDP of $385 billion, the Atlanta metropolitan area's economy is the tenth-largest in the country and among the top 20-largest in the world. Corporate operations play a major role in Atlanta's economy, as the city claims the nation's third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. It also hosts the global headquarters of corporations like The Coca-Cola Company, The Home Depot, Delta Air Lines, AT&T Mobility, Chick-fil-A, and UPS. Over 75% of Fortune 1000 companies conduct business operations in the city's metro area, and the region hosts offices of over 1,250 multinational corporations. Many corporations are drawn to the city by its educated workforce; , 45% of adults aged 25 or older residing in the city have at least 4-year college degrees, compared to the national average of 28%.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Context: what things contribute to its economy?

Context: Corporate operations play a major role in its economy

Question: what is the major sport of this place?

Answer: Baseball, basketball etc.

Explanation: Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta. The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports: the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association, the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League, and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer. In addition, many of the city's universities participate in collegiate sports. The city also regularly hosts international, professional, and collegiate sporting events.

Atlanta [SEP] Sports

The Braves won the World Series in 1995, during an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005. The team plays at Truist Park, having moved from Turner Field for the 2017 season. The new stadium is outside the city limits, located northwest of downtown in the Cumberland/Galleria area of Cobb county. The Atlanta Falcons have played in Atlanta since their inception in 1966. The team play their home games at Mercedes Benz Stadium, having moved from the Georgia Dome in 2017. The Falcons have won the division title six times (1980, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2012, 2016) and the NFC championship twice in 1998 and 2016.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Context: what things contribute to its economy?

Context: what is the major sport of this place?

Context: Baseball, basketball etc.

Question: can you name any professional team of this place?

Answer: Atlanta Hawks

Atlanta [SEP] Sports

Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta. The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports: the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association, the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League, and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer. In addition, many of the city's universities participate in collegiate sports. The city also regularly hosts international, professional, and collegiate sporting events. The Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966. Originally established as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871, they are the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in the United States.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Context: what things contribute to its economy?

Context: what is the major sport of this place?

Context: Baseball, basketball etc.

Context: can you name any professional team of this place?

Context: Atlanta Hawks

Question: when was this team founded?

Answer: 1946

Atlanta Hawks [SEP] Introduction

The Atlanta Hawks are an American professional basketball team based in Atlanta. The Hawks compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Southeast Division. The team plays its home games at State Farm Arena. The team's origins can be traced to the establishment of the Buffalo Bisons in 1946 in Buffalo, New York, a member of the National Basketball League (NBL) owned by Ben Kerner and Leo Ferris. After 38 days in Buffalo, the team moved to Moline, Illinois, where they were renamed the Tri-Cities Blackhawks. In 1949, they joined the NBA as part of the merger between the NBL and the Basketball Association of America (BAA), and briefly had Red Auerbach as coach.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Context: what things contribute to its economy?

Context: what is the major sport of this place?

Context: Baseball, basketball etc.

Context: Atlanta Hawks

Context: when was this team founded?

Question: the team associated with which of the major sport?

Answer: American professional basketball

Explanation: The Atlanta Hawks are an American professional basketball team based in Atlanta. T

Atlanta Hawks [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Context: what things contribute to its economy?

Context: what is the major sport of this place?

Context: Baseball, basketball etc.

Context: Atlanta Hawks

Context: when was this team founded?

Context: the team associated with which of the major sport?

Context: American professional basketball

Question: who owned the team?

Answer: Ben Kerner and Leo Ferris

Atlanta Hawks [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Context: what things contribute to its economy?

Context: what is the major sport of this place?

Context: Baseball, basketball etc.

Context: Atlanta Hawks

Context: when was this team founded?

Context: American professional basketball

Context: who owned the team?

Context: Ben Kerner and Leo Ferris

Question: did the first owner receive any award?

Answer: Yes, he was inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame in 1992.

Ben Kerner [SEP] Awards and personal life

Ben Kerner was born to Jacob and Helen Arbesman Kerner on November 18, 1913 in Poland. Kerner died on November 22, 2000, and is buried in Mt. Sinai Cemetery in Affton, Missouri. He had one sister, Sylvia Kerner Robinson. He was married to Ima Jean Bilbrey on November 24, 1972 in Las Vegas, Clark, Nevada. He and his wife, had two sons: Ben Jr. and Kyle. Kerner was inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame in 1992 Kerner was inducted into the St. Louis Sports Hall of Fame in 2015.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this place located?

Context: In the U.S. state of Georgia

Context: Creek people

Context: Yes, the Civil War

Context: when was this war fought?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the role of women in this war?

Context: Humid subtropical climate

Context: what things contribute to its economy?

Context: what is the major sport of this place?

Context: Baseball, basketball etc.

Context: Atlanta Hawks

Context: when was this team founded?

Context: American professional basketball

Context: who owned the team?

Context: Ben Kerner and Leo Ferris

Context: did the first owner receive any award?

Context: Yes, he was inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame in 1992.

Question: what is criteria for inclusion of this hall of fame?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: where did the barren island get its name from?

Answer: A group of Lenape Native Americans referred to the archipelago of islands near it by a name alternatively transcribed as "Equandito", "Equendito", or "Equindito", which means "Broken Lands".

Barren Island, Brooklyn [SEP] Name

The Barren Island area was originally the homeland of the Canarsee, a group of Lenape Native Americans, who referred to the archipelago of islands near it by a name alternatively transcribed as "Equandito", "Equendito", or "Equindito", which means "Broken Lands". This name also applied to several smaller islands in the area, such as Mill Island. Throughout its existence, Barren Island has also been referred to as "Broken Lands" in English, as well as "Bearn Island", "Barn Island", and "Bear's Island". The name "Barren Island" is a corruption of the Dutch "Beeren Eylandt"; it does not relate to the English word describing the geography of the island.


Context: where did the barren island get its name from?

Context: A group of Lenape Native Americans referred to the archipelago of islands near it by a name alternatively transcribed as "Equandito", "Equendito", or "Equindito", which means "Broken Lands".

Question: what is the reason behind the decline of community over there?

Answer: An effort was made to develop a seaport district, factories and turn the creeks along the coast into canals and part of the island to be used as parkland.

Barren Island, Brooklyn [SEP] Seaport plans and decline of community

Developers began dredging ports within Jamaica Bay in 1910, in an effort to develop a seaport district. Although the city approved the construction of several piers in 1918, only one was built. That pier, which was built to receive landfill for the other proposed piers, stretched northeast and was wide. By the 1920s, two factories and several residents remained on the island. A municipal ferry service to the Rockaway Peninsula and an extension of Flatbush Avenue were both opened in 1925. The new modes of transportation were part of a proposal to develop Barren Island as a seaport. The creeks along Barren Island's coast were to be turned into canals, and the city had bought the western part of the island for use as parkland.


Context: what is the reason behind the decline of community over there?

Context: An effort was made to develop a seaport district, factories and turn the creeks along the coast into canals and part of the island to be used as parkland.

Question: are there any plants on the island?

Answer: Yes, there are fish rendering plants, as well as for fertilizer plants here.

Barren Island, Brooklyn [SEP] Fish-oil and fertilizer plants

The island's first main industrial use was for fish rendering plants, as well as for fertilizer plants that processed offal products. The fish rendering plants processed schools of menhaden, a type of fish that was caught off the coast of Long Island, and turned them into fish oil or scraps. Meanwhile, the fertilizer plants turned horse bones into glue, as well as fertilizer, buttons, and materials for refining gold and sugar. The plants processed almost 20,000 horse corpses annually at their peak, leading to the nickname "Dead Horse Bay" for the still-extant water body on the island's western shore, since the waste processors on the island would simply dump the processed waste into that bay.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: Yes, there are fish rendering plants, as well as for fertilizer plants here.

Question: where is the island located?

Answer: On Jamaica Bay

Explanation: Jamaica Bay

Barren Island, Brooklyn [SEP] Introduction

Barren Island is a peninsula and former island on the southeast shore of Brooklyn in New York City. Located on Jamaica Bay, it was geographically part of the Outer Barrier island group on the South Shore of Long Island. The island was occupied by the Lenape Native Americans prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers in the 17th century. Its name is a corruption of "Beeren Eylandt", the Dutch-language term for "Bears' Island". Barren Island remained sparsely inhabited before the 19th century, mainly because of its relative isolation from the rest of the city. From the 1850s to the mid-1930s, the island was developed as an industrial complex with fish rendering plants and other industries, and also as an ethnically diverse community of up to 1,500 residents.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Question: describe some things about the environmental conditions on the bay?

Answer: The salt marshes offer prime habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife, lately there has been a loss of marshland there reasons for which are unclear.

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Environmental conditions

The salt marshes of Jamaica Bay offer prime habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Most of the waters and marshes have been protected since 1972 as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area. Though much improved, pollution is still a problem, and after once enjoying a worldwide reputation for oysters and supporting a vigorous fishing industry the area has been closed to shellfishing since the early 20th century as one result. The marshlands are also fast diminishing. As of Spring 2003, marshland is being lost at the rate of approximately per year. The reasons for this loss are still unclear, but one hypothesis is that the loss is the result of rising sea levels.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: describe some things about the environmental conditions on the bay?

Context: The salt marshes offer prime habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife, lately there has been a loss of marshland there reasons for which are unclear.

Question: where did the bay get its name from?

Answer: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Explanation: nearby town of Jamaica

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Etymology

The name derives from the nearby town of Jamaica, which in turn derives from "Yameco", a corruption of a word for "beaver" in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The liquid "y" sound of English is spelled with a "j" in Dutch, the language of the first people to write about the area; the English conquerors retained this Dutch spelling, but, after repeated reading and speaking of "Jamaica", slowly replaced the liquid sound with the hard "j" of the English pronunciation of the name today. (In the Caribbean, the aboriginal Arawaks named their island "Xaymaca", "land of wood and water", and the "x" spelling in Spanish was in time transformed to the hard "j" of the modern English name, "Jamaica".)


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Question: did any incident happen at the bay?

Answer: American Airlines Flight 1 a Boeing 707, crashed on takeoff from JFK Airport after its rudder jammed.

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Incidents

On March 1, 1962, American Airlines Flight 1 a Boeing 707, crashed on takeoff from JFK Airport after its rudder jammed. It crashed into Pumpkin Patch Channel, a remote area of marshland on Jamaica Bay that is part of the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. All 95 people on board were killed, including 87 passengers and 8 crew members.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: American Airlines Flight 1 a Boeing 707, crashed on takeoff from JFK Airport after its rudder jammed.

Question: what are some of the plants found in jamaica?

Answer: Sewage treatment plants

Explanation: sewage treatment plants

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Geography

Loadings of nutrients and organic matter into the bay from sewage treatment plants and runoff result in phytoplankton blooms and high suspended-solid concentrations which, in turn, result in turbid water and low bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations. Jamaica Bay is in the southern portion of the New York metropolitan area, and the uplands around the bay, as well as much of the Rockaway barrier beach, are dominated by urban residential, commercial, and industrial development. The bay itself has been disturbed by dredging, filling, and development. About of the original of wetlands in the bay have been filled in, mostly around the perimeter of the bay.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: what are some of the plants found in jamaica?

Context: Sewage treatment plants

Question: what are some various ethnicities found over there?

Answer: Native Americans

Explanation: Native Americans

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Etymology


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: Sewage treatment plants

Context: what are some various ethnicities found over there?

Context: Native Americans

Question: are there any policies for the environment over there?

Answer: Various acts have been regulated by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection in order to better protect and restore habitats and improve water quality.

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Ownership and protection status

Jamaica Bay and Breezy Point have been designated as Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats by the New York State Department of State, and the bay up to the high tide line was designated as a Critical Environmental Area by the New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Jamaica Bay was also designated as one of three special natural waterfront areas by the New York City Department of City Planning. A comprehensive watershed management plan for the bay was completed in 1993 by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection in order to better protect and restore habitats and improve water quality.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: Sewage treatment plants

Context: Native Americans

Context: are there any policies for the environment over there?

Context: Various acts have been regulated by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection in order to better protect and restore habitats and improve water quality.

Question: how is the climate of the place?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The majority of land and water within this complex is publicly owned by the United States federal government, and the city of New York. Most of Jamaica Bay proper and portions of the uplands and barrier beach are part of the Gateway National Recreation Area's Jamaica Bay Unit. Administered by the National Park Service, the Jamaica Bay Unit includes the of Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, as well as Breezy Point Tip, Fort Tilden, Jacob Riis Park and Floyd Bennett Field. There are two State Parks at Jamaica Bay, Shirley Chisholm, and Bayswater Point. There are several city parks within the bay complex, including Marine Park, Spring Creek Park and Rockaway Community Park, and numerous smaller parcels of city-owned land such as Tribute Park and Sunset Cove at Broad Channel.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: Sewage treatment plants

Context: Native Americans

Context: how is the climate of the place?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how many ports does the place have?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: Sewage treatment plants

Context: Native Americans

Context: how is the climate of the place?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many ports does the place have?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: describe a few things about the aquatic life at the place?

Answer: This geographic location acts to concentrate marine and estuarine species migrating and has 48 species of fish here.

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Ecology

The location of Jamaica Bay combined with the rich food resources found there make it a regionally important fish, wildlife, and plant habitat complex. This geographic location acts to concentrate marine and estuarine species migrating between the New York Bight portion of the North Atlantic, and the Hudson River and Raritan River estuary. Shorebirds, raptors, waterfowl, land birds, and various migratory insects are concentrated by the coastlines in both directions. These migratory species are further concentrated by the surrounding urban development into the remaining open space and open water of Jamaica Bay. Jamaica Bay and nearby Breezy Point support seasonal or year-round populations of over 330 species of special emphasis and listed species, incorporating 48 species of fish and 120 species of birds.


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: Sewage treatment plants

Context: Native Americans

Context: how is the climate of the place?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many ports does the place have?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: describe a few things about the aquatic life at the place?

Context: This geographic location acts to concentrate marine and estuarine species migrating and has 48 species of fish here.

Question: name a few rivers that flow over there?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Ecology


Context: are there any plants on the island?

Context: where is the island located?

Context: On Jamaica Bay

Context: where did the bay get its name from?

Context: A nearby town of Jamaica.

Context: did any incident happen at the bay?

Context: Sewage treatment plants

Context: Native Americans

Context: how is the climate of the place?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many ports does the place have?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: name a few rivers that flow over there?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: name a few cuisines from jamaica?

Answer: Fish

Explanation: combined with the rich food resources found there make it a regionally important fish

Jamaica Bay [SEP] Ecology


Question: who sings the song man on the run

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Band on the Run (song) [SEP] Introduction

"Band on the Run" is a song by the British–American rock band Paul McCartney and Wings, released as the title track to their 1973 album "Band on the Run". The song was released as a single in April 1974 in the US and in June 1974 in the UK, following the success of "Jet", and became an international chart success. The song topped the charts in the United States, also reaching number 3 in the United Kingdom. The single sold over one million copies in 1974 in America. It has since become one of the band's most famous songs. A medley of three distinct musical passages that vary in style from folk rock to funk, "Band on the Run" is one of McCartney's longest singles at 5:09.


Context:
who sings the song man on the run
UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was the song band on the run released?

Answer: In April 1974 in the US and in June 1974 in the UK.

Explanation: The song was released as a single in April 1974 in the US and in June 1974 in the UK, following the success of "Jet", and became an international chart success.


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the song band on the run released?

Context: In April 1974 in the US and in June 1974 in the UK.

Question: does it belong to any band?

Answer: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Explanation: "Band on the Run" is a song by the British–American rock band Paul McCartney and Wings, released as the title track to their 1973 album "Band on the Run".


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Question: can you name a few places where the band had toured?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: can you name a few places where the band had toured?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is there any reference of the band in other art forms?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is there any reference of the band in other art forms?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who are the band members?

Answer: Beatle Paul McCartney, Linda McCartney, Denny Seiwell and Denny Laine.

Paul McCartney and Wings [SEP] Introduction

Paul McCartney and Wings (also known by their original name Wings) were a British–American rock band formed in 1971 by former Beatle Paul McCartney, his wife Linda McCartney on keyboards, session drummer Denny Seiwell, and former Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine. Wings were noted for frequent personnel changes along with their commercial successes, going through three lead guitarists and four drummers. However, the core trio of the McCartneys and Laine remained intact throughout the group's existence. Created following the McCartneys' 1971 album "Ram", the band's first two albums, "Wild Life" (1971) and "Red Rose Speedway" (1973) (the latter featuring guitarist Henry McCullough), were viewed as artistic disappointments beside Paul's work with the Beatles.


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: Beatle Paul McCartney, Linda McCartney, Denny Seiwell and Denny Laine.

Question: who is the first mentioned person?

Answer: English singer, songwriter, musician, and record and film producer.

Paul McCartney [SEP] Introduction

Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and record and film producer who gained worldwide fame as co-lead vocalist and bassist for the Beatles. His songwriting partnership with John Lennon remains the most successful in history. After the group disbanded in 1970, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. A self-taught musician, McCartney is proficient on bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums. He is known for his melodic approach to bass-playing (mainly playing with a plectrum), his versatile and wide tenor vocal range (spanning over four octaves), and his eclecticism (exploring styles ranging from pre-rock and roll pop to classical and electronica).


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: who is the first mentioned person?

Context: English singer, songwriter, musician, and record and film producer.

Question: what are his music skills?

Answer: He is proficient on bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums.

Explanation: A self-taught musician, McCartney is proficient on bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums.

Paul McCartney [SEP] Introduction


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: who is the first mentioned person?

Context: what are his music skills?

Context: He is proficient on bass, guitar, keyboards, and drums.

Question: what was his opinion about lennon's death?

Answer: He responded to the reporters, "It's a drag".

Paul McCartney [SEP] Reaction to Lennon's murder

On 9 December 1980, McCartney followed the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night; Lennon's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band. McCartney was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio that evening when he was surrounded by reporters who asked him for his reaction; he responded: "It's a drag". The press quickly criticised him for what appeared to be a superficial response. He later explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster.


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: who is the first mentioned person?

Context: what are his music skills?

Context: what was his opinion about lennon's death?

Context: He responded to the reporters, "It's a drag".

Question: what was his relation with ringo starr?

Answer: They both collaborated on several post-Beatles projects.

Paul McCartney [SEP] Ringo Starr

During a recording session for "The Beatles" in 1968, the two got into an argument over McCartney's critique of Starr's drum part for "Back in the U.S.S.R.", which contributed to Starr temporarily leaving the band. Starr later commented on working with McCartney: "Paul is the greatest bass player in the world. But he is also very determined ... [to] get his own way ... [thus] musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time." McCartney and Starr collaborated on several post-Beatles projects, starting in 1973 when McCartney contributed instrumentation and backing vocals for "Six O'Clock", a song McCartney wrote for Starr's album "Ringo".


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: who is the first mentioned person?

Context: what are his music skills?

Context: what was his relation with ringo starr?

Context: They both collaborated on several post-Beatles projects.

Question: can you cite some of his achievements?

Answer: He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and recognised by the "Guinness Book of World Records".

Explanation: McCartney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and again as a solo artist in 1999. In 1979, the "Guinness Book of World Records" recognised McCartney as the "most honored composer and performer in music", with 60 gold discs (43 with the Beatles, 17 with Wings) and, as a member of the Beatles, sales of over 100 million singles and 100 million albums, and as the "most successful song writer", he wrote jointly or solo 43 songs which sold one million or more records between 1962 and 1978.

Paul McCartney [SEP] Achievements

Credited with more number ones in the UK than any other artist, McCartney has participated in twenty-four chart topping singles: seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and "The Christians et al." He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", the Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", the Beatles with Billy Preston) and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid). "Yesterday" is one of the most covered songs in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions, and according to the BBC, "the track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list ...


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: who is the first mentioned person?

Context: what are his music skills?

Context: what was his relation with ringo starr?

Context: can you cite some of his achievements?

Context: He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and recognised by the "Guinness Book of World Records".

Question: was he involved in other businesses?

Answer: He owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights.

Paul McCartney [SEP] Business

Since the Rich List began in 1989, McCartney has been the UK's wealthiest musician, with an estimated fortune of £730 million in 2015. In addition to an interest in Apple Corps and MPL Communications, an umbrella company for his business interests, he owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights, including the publishing rights to the musicals "Guys and Dolls", "A Chorus Line", "Annie" and "Grease". He earned £40 million in 2003, the highest income that year within media professions in the UK. This rose to £48.5 million by 2005. McCartney's 18-date On the Run Tour grossed £37 million in 2012.


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: who is the first mentioned person?

Context: what are his music skills?

Context: what was his relation with ringo starr?

Context: can you cite some of his achievements?

Context: was he involved in other businesses?

Context: He owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights.

Question: was he interested in any sport?

Answer: Yes, he is interest into football and publicly professed support for Everton and has also shown favour for Liverpool.

Paul McCartney [SEP] Football

McCartney has publicly professed support for Everton and has also shown favour for Liverpool. In 2008, he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said: "Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool.'"


Context: who sings the song man on the run

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it belong to any band?

Context: Yes, Paul McCartney and Wings.

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who are the band members?

Context: who is the first mentioned person?

Context: what are his music skills?

Context: what was his relation with ringo starr?

Context: can you cite some of his achievements?

Context: was he involved in other businesses?

Context: was he interested in any sport?

Context: Yes, he is interest into football and publicly professed support for Everton and has also shown favour for Liverpool.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Walton area of Liverpool

Paul McCartney [SEP] Early life

James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 at Walton Hospital in the Walton area of Liverpool, where his mother, Mary Patricia (née Mohin), had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James ("Jim") McCartney, was absent from his son's birth due to his work as a volunteer firefighter during World War II. McCartney has a younger brother named Michael and a stepsister named Ruth. The children were baptised in their mother's Catholic faith, even though their father was a former Protestant who had turned agnostic. Religion was not emphasised in the household. McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton.


Question: who lived for many years in the bible

Answer: Methuselah

Methuselah [SEP] Introduction

Methuselah () ( "Məṯūšélaḥ", in pausa "Məṯūšā́laḥ", "Man of the javelin" or "Death of Sword"; "Mathousalá") was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Said to have died at the age of 969, he lived the longest of all figures mentioned in the Bible. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1st Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke. His life is described in further detail in extra-biblical religious texts such as the Book of Enoch, Slavonic Enoch, and the Book of Moses.


Context:
who lived for many years in the bible
Methuselah

Question: who is he?

Answer: A biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Explanation: Methuselah () ( "Məṯūšélaḥ", in pausa "Məṯūšā́laḥ", "Man of the javelin" or "Death of Sword"; "Mathousalá") was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Methuselah [SEP] Introduction


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: A biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Question: has he been mentioned in any other sacred works?

Answer: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Methuselah [SEP] In other religious texts

The apocryphal Book of Enoch claims to be revelations of Enoch, transcribed by him and entrusted to be preserved for future generations by his son, Methuselah. In this book, Enoch recounts two visions he has had to Methuselah. The first is about the Genesis flood narrative, and the second chronicles the history of the world from Adam to the Last Judgment. In the latter vision, men are represented as animals - the righteous are white cattle and sheep, the sinners and enemies of Israel are black cattle and wild animals. Following his father's death in the Book of Enoch, Methuselah is designated by God as a priest, while Methuselah's grandson, Noah's brother Nir, is designated by God as his successor.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: has he been mentioned in any other sacred works?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Question: are there any legends surrounding him?

Answer: The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah

Methuselah [SEP] Myth

Yigal Levin states that these long lifespans are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah. Claus Westermann states they are intended to create the impression of a distant past. The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana, a Sumerian mythological figure often compared to Enoch, as he entered heaven without dying. Ubara-Tutu was the king of Sumer until a flood swept over his land. Although the ages of Methuselah and Ubara-Tutu are different, they both died in a Great Flood. Babylonian writer Berossus also claims that, prior to the events of Babylon's flood myth, kings could live for tens of thousands of years, which bears some similarity to Genesis 5.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah

Question: what is this list ?

Answer: An ancient text in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship

Sumerian King List [SEP] Introduction

The Sumerian King List is an ancient text in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer (ancient southern Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship. This text is preserved in several recensions. The list of kings is sequential, although modern research indicates many were contemporaries, reflecting the belief that kingship was handed down by the gods and could be transferred from one city to another, asserting to a hegemony in the region. The final attested version of the "King List", dating to the Middle Bronze Age, aimed to legitimize Isin's claims to hegemony when Isin competed for dominance with Larsa and other neighboring city-states in southern Mesopotamia.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: An ancient text in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship

Question: can you mention any such ruler?

Answer: Lugal-zage-si

Sumerian King List [SEP] List

Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data. For most of the pre-Akkadian rulers listed, the king list is itself the lone source of information. Beginning with Lugal-zage-si and the Third Dynasty of Uruk (which was defeated by Sargon of Akkad), a better understanding of how subsequent rulers fit into the chronology of the ancient Near East can be deduced. The short chronology is used here.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Question: which place did he rule?

Answer: Sumer

Lugal-zage-si [SEP] Introduction

Lugal-Zage-Si ( ; frequently spelled "Lugalzaggesi", sometimes "Lugalzagesi" or "Lugal-Zaggisi") of Umma (reigned c. 2358 - 2334 BCE middle chronology) was the last Sumerian king before the conquest of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad and the rise of the Akkadian Empire, and was considered as the only king of the third dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List. Initially, as king of Umma, he led the final victory of Umma in the generation-long conflict with the city-state Lagash for the fertile plain of Gu-Edin. Following up on this success, he then united Sumer briefly as a single kingdom.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Context: which place did he rule?

Context: Sumer

Question: where is this region located now?

Answer: Southern Iraq

Sumer [SEP] Introduction

Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BCE. It is also one of the first civilizations in the world, along with Ancient Egypt, Norte Chico, Minoan civilization, Ancient China, Mesoamerica and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus from which enabled them to form urban settlements. Prehistoric proto-writing dates back before 3000 BCE. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between 3500 and 3000 BCE.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Context: which place did he rule?

Context: Sumer

Context: where is this region located now?

Context: Southern Iraq

Question: was this country ever under any foreign rule?

Answer: Yes. British rule

Iraq [SEP] British administration and independent kingdom

The country today known as Iraq was a region of the Ottoman Empire until the partition of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century. It was made up of three provinces, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. These three provinces were joined into one Kingdom by the British after the region became a League of Nations mandate, administered under British control, with the name "State of Iraq". A fourth province (Zor Sanjak), which Iraqi nationalists considered part of Upper Mesopotamia was ultimately added to Syria. In line with their "Sharifian Solution" policy, the British established the Hashemite king, Faisal I of Iraq, who had been forced out of Syria by the French, as their client ruler.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Context: which place did he rule?

Context: Sumer

Context: where is this region located now?

Context: Southern Iraq

Context: was this country ever under any foreign rule?

Context: Yes. British rule

Question: what languages are spoken here?

Answer: Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish, and the Neo-Aramaic languages

Iraq [SEP] Languages

The main languages spoken in Iraq are Mesopotamian Arabic and Kurdish, followed by the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish, and the Neo-Aramaic languages (specifically Chaldean and Assyrian). Arabic and Kurdish are written with versions of the Arabic script. Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turkoman have switched from the Arabic script to the Turkish alphabet. In addition, the Neo-Aramaic languages use the Syriac script. Other smaller minority languages include Mandaic, Shabaki, Armenian, Circassian and Persian. Prior to the invasion in 2003, Arabic was the sole official language. Since the new Constitution of Iraq approved in June 2004, both Arabic and Kurdish are official languages, while Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and the Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish (referred to as respectively "Syriac" and "Turkmen" in the constitution) are recognised regional languages.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Context: which place did he rule?

Context: Sumer

Context: where is this region located now?

Context: Southern Iraq

Context: Yes. British rule

Context: what languages are spoken here?

Context: Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish, and the Neo-Aramaic languages

Question: have they constructed / laid anything under the sea?

Answer: On 18 January 2012, Iraq was connected to the undersea communications network for the first time

Iraq [SEP] Undersea cable

On 18 January 2012, Iraq was connected to the undersea communications network for the first time. This had an immense impact on internet speed, availability and usage in Iraq. In October 2013, the Iraqi Minister for Communication ordered internet prices to be lowered by a third. This is an attempt to boost usage and comes as a result of significant improvements in Internet infrastructure in the country.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Context: which place did he rule?

Context: Sumer

Context: where is this region located now?

Context: Southern Iraq

Context: Yes. British rule

Context: what languages are spoken here?

Context: have they constructed / laid anything under the sea?

Context: On 18 January 2012, Iraq was connected to the undersea communications network for the first time

Question: did the country face any civil upheaval in the recent times?

Answer: Serious civil unrest rocked the country beginning in Baghdad and Najaf in July 2018 and spreading to other provinces in late September 2019 as rallies to protest corruption, unemployment, and public service failures turned violent

Iraq [SEP] 2019–2020 : Civil unrest, US – Iran proxy war and new government

Serious civil unrest rocked the country beginning in Baghdad and Najaf in July 2018 and spreading to other provinces in late September 2019 as rallies to protest corruption, unemployment, and public service failures turned violent. Protests and demonstrations started again on 1 October 2019, against 16 years of corruption, unemployment and inefficient public services, before they escalated into calls to overthrow the administration and to stop Iranian intervention in Iraq. The Iraqi government at times reacted harshly, resulting in over 500 deaths by 12 December 2019. On 27 December 2019, the K-1 Air Base in Iraq was attacked by more than 30 rockets, killing a U.S.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Context: which place did he rule?

Context: Sumer

Context: where is this region located now?

Context: Southern Iraq

Context: Yes. British rule

Context: what languages are spoken here?

Context: did the country face any civil upheaval in the recent times?

Context: Serious civil unrest rocked the country beginning in Baghdad and Najaf in July 2018 and spreading to other provinces in late September 2019 as rallies to protest corruption, unemployment, and public service failures turned violent

Question: how did this country get its name?

Answer: One theory is that it originates from Sumerian city of Uruk (Biblical Hebrew "Erech") and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin

Iraq [SEP] Name

The Arabic name "" () has been in use since before the 6th century CE. There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk (Biblical Hebrew "Erech") and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin, as "Uruk" was the Akkadian name for the Sumerian city of "", containing the Sumerian word for "city", UR. Another possible etymology for the name is from the Middle Persian word , meaning "south." A “Jewish incantation bowl” excavated from Nippur features the word (likely vocalized as or ), in a Jewish Babylonian Aramaic context that suggests it refers to the region of southern Mesopotamia.


Context: who lived for many years in the bible

Context: Methuselah

Context: who is he?

Context: Apocryphal Book of Enoch

Context: are there any legends surrounding him?

Context: what is this list ?

Context: can you mention any such ruler?

Context: Lugal-zage-si

Context: which place did he rule?

Context: Sumer

Context: where is this region located now?

Context: Southern Iraq

Context: Yes. British rule

Context: what languages are spoken here?

Context: how did this country get its name?

Context: One theory is that it originates from Sumerian city of Uruk (Biblical Hebrew "Erech") and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin

Question: where is this city located?

Answer: East of the present bed of the Euphrates River on the dried-up ancient channel of the Euphrates east of modern Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq

Uruk [SEP] Introduction

Uruk (; Sumerian: Cuneiform: , "unug", Akkadian: "Uruk" (); , '; Aramaic/Hebrew: '; , Ὀρέχ "Orékh", "") was an ancient city of Sumer (and later of Babylonia) situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates River on the dried-up ancient channel of the Euphrates east of modern Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq. Uruk is the type site for the Uruk period. Uruk played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid-4th millennium BC. By the final phase of the Uruk period around 3100 BCE, the city may have had 40,000 residents, with 80,000-90,000 people living in its environs, making it the largest urban area in the world at the time.