Context: who plays the baker in into the woods

Context: James Corden

Context: what is this film's genre?

Context: Musical fantasy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: how was it developed?

Context: who is this president mentioned above?

Context: what happens in first 100 days during his presidency?

Context: Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq. He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

Question: who were the ensemble cast in the film mentioned in the beginning?

Answer: Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Billy Magnussen and Johnny Depp.

Explanation: Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Billy Magnussen and Johnny Depp.


Context: who plays the baker in into the woods

Context: James Corden

Context: what is this film's genre?

Context: Musical fantasy film

Context: was it adapted to the screen from a musical stage?

Context: Yes, it was adapted to the screen from broadway musical of the same name

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: The film is centered on a childless couple who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch. Ultimately, the characters are forced to experience the unforeseen consequences of their actions.

Context: how was it developed?

Context: Development of the project was postponed at an early stage. Later the director's interest in the project was rekindled when he heard a speech by President Barack Obama on the anniversary of September 11th attacks to the families of the 9/11 victims, which passes the same message as one of the musical's song.

Context: who is this president mentioned above?

Context: American politician and attorney who served as the 44th president of the United States

Context: who were the ensemble cast in the film mentioned in the beginning?

Context: Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Billy Magnussen and Johnny Depp.

Question: who is the last mentioned person?

Answer: American actor, producer, and musician.

Explanation: American actor, producer, and musician.

Johnny Depp [SEP] Introduction

John Christopher Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, producer, and musician. He is regarded as one of the most notable film stars. He has been nominated for ten Golden Globe Awards, winning one for Best Actor for his performance of the title role in "" (2007), and has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Actor, among other accolades. Depp made his film debut in the 1984 film "A Nightmare on Elm Street", before rising to prominence as a teen idol on the television series "21 Jump Street" (1987–1990). He had a supporting role in Oliver Stone's 1986 war film "Platoon" and played the title character in the 1990 romantic fantasy "Edward Scissorhands".


Context: who plays the baker in into the woods

Context: James Corden

Context: what is this film's genre?

Context: Musical fantasy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: how was it developed?

Context: who is this president mentioned above?

Context: who is the last mentioned person?

Context: American actor, producer, and musician.

Question: is this musical film based on a book?

Answer: Yes, it is based on a book

Explanation: musical

Into the Woods (film) [SEP] Introduction

Into the Woods is a 2014 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall, and adapted to the screen by James Lapine from his and Stephen Sondheim's 1986 Broadway musical of the same name. A Walt Disney Pictures production, it features an ensemble cast that includes Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Billy Magnussen and Johnny Depp. Inspired by the Grimm Brothers' fairy tales of "Little Red Riding Hood", "Cinderella", "Jack and the Beanstalk" and "Rapunzel", the film is centered on a childless couple who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch.


Context: who plays the baker in into the woods

Context: James Corden

Context: what is this film's genre?

Context: Musical fantasy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: how was it developed?

Context: who is this president mentioned above?

Context: who is the last mentioned person?

Context: American actor, producer, and musician.

Context: is this musical film based on a book?

Context: Yes, it is based on a book

Question: what is the title of this book?

Answer: "Into the Woods"

Explanation: "Into the Woods"

Into the Woods (film) [SEP] Stage-to-screen changes

While it was initially reported that Disney had decided to make some major plot changes for the film version, Stephen Sondheim revealed that this was not the case and that any changes in the film version had been approved by him and James Lapine. Thus, the film does slightly differ from the stage production. The songs "I Guess This Is Goodbye", "Maybe They're Magic", "First Midnight" and "Second Midnight" interludes, "Ever After" (Act I finale of the original play), "So Happy", "Into the Woods" Reprise, "Agony" Reprise and "No More" (performed by the Baker) were cut from the film, although both "Ever After" and "No More" are used as instrumentals in the film.


Question: describe carbon in covalent bonds and the importance of it

Answer: It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds

Carbon [SEP] Introduction

Carbon (from "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.


Context: describe carbon in covalent bonds and the importance of it

Context: It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds

Question: what are the characteristics of this element?

Answer: Carbon is the sixth element, with a ground-state electron configuration of 1s2s2p, of which the four outer electrons are valence electrons. Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements.

Explanation: Carbon is the sixth element, with a ground-state electron configuration of 1s2s2p, of which the four outer electrons are valence electrons. Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements.

Carbon [SEP] Characteristics

Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly higher than the heavier group-14 elements (1.8–1.9), but close to most of the nearby nonmetals, as well as some of the second- and third-row transition metals. Carbon's covalent radii are normally taken as 77.2 pm (C−C), 66.7 pm (C=C) and 60.3 pm (C≡C), although these may vary depending on coordination number and what the carbon is bonded to. In general, covalent radius decreases with lower coordination number and higher bond order.


Context: what are the characteristics of this element?

Context: Carbon is the sixth element, with a ground-state electron configuration of 1s2s2p, of which the four outer electrons are valence electrons. Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements.

Question: where this element can be found in the earth?

Answer: Earth's crust

Explanation: Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust

Carbon [SEP] Introduction


Context: where this element can be found in the earth?

Context: Earth's crust

Question: what are its most common allotropes?

Answer: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Carbon [SEP] Allotropes

Atomic carbon is a very short-lived species and, therefore, carbon is stabilized in various multi-atomic structures with diverse molecular configurations called allotropes. The three relatively well-known allotropes of carbon are amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond. Once considered exotic, fullerenes are nowadays commonly synthesized and used in research; they include buckyballs, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanobuds and nanofibers. Several other exotic allotropes have also been discovered, such as lonsdaleite, glassy carbon, carbon nanofoam and linear acetylenic carbon (carbyne). Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon with the atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. As of 2009, graphene appears to be the strongest material ever tested.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Question: how did this element get its name?

Answer: The English name "carbon" comes from the Latin "carbo" for coal and charcoal, whence also comes the French "charbon", meaning charcoal.

Carbon [SEP] History and etymology

The English name "carbon" comes from the Latin "carbo" for coal and charcoal, whence also comes the French "charbon", meaning charcoal. In German, Dutch and Danish, the names for carbon are "Kohlenstoff", "koolstof" and "kulstof" respectively, all literally meaning coal-substance. Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. Diamonds were known probably as early as 2500 BCE in China, while carbon in the form of charcoal was made around Roman times by the same chemistry as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude air.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: The English name "carbon" comes from the Latin "carbo" for coal and charcoal, whence also comes the French "charbon", meaning charcoal.

Question: what is the last allotrope?

Answer: Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic.

Diamond [SEP] Introduction

Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. At room temperature and pressure, another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon, but diamond almost never converts to it. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are utilized in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth. Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions being boron and nitrogen).


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic.

Question: what can you tell about its electrical conductivity properties?

Answer: Blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators.

Diamond [SEP] Electrical conductivity

Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators. The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice, donating a hole into the valence band. Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally undoped diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition. This conductivity is associated with hydrogen-related species adsorbed at the surface, and it can be removed by annealing or other surface treatments. A 2020 paper reported that extremely thin needles of diamond can be made to vary their electrical resistance from the normal (5.6 eV bandgap) to near zero by selective tensile deformation.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: what can you tell about its electrical conductivity properties?

Context: Blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators.

Question: what are its surface properties?

Answer: Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil.

Diamond [SEP] Surface property

Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds. However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so hydrophilic that they can stabilize multiple layers of water ice at human body temperature. The surface of diamonds is partially oxidized. The oxidized surface can be reduced by heat treatment under hydrogen flow. That is to say, this heat treatment partially removes oxygen-containing functional groups.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: what are its surface properties?

Context: Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil.

Question: how this element can be identify?

Answer: Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds.

Diamond [SEP] Identification

This test takes about two to three seconds. Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants, distinguishing between various types of diamond, for example synthetic or natural, irradiated or non-irradiated, etc., requires more advanced, optical techniques. Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants, such as silicon carbide, which pass the thermal conductivity test. Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds. "Perfect" crystals (at the atomic lattice level) have never been found, so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth, that allow them to be distinguished from each other.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: what are its surface properties?

Context: how this element can be identify?

Context: Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds.

Question: how can one produce the synthetic one?

Answer: "Hgh-pressure high-temperature" (HPHT) processes and chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Explanation:
The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds are yellow and are produced by so-called "high-pressure high-temperature" (HPHT) processes. The yellow color is caused by nitrogen impurities. Other colors may also be reproduced such as blue, green or pink, which are a result of the addition of boron or from irradiation after synthesis.
Another popular method of growing synthetic diamond is chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

Diamond [SEP] Synthetics

This method is mostly used for coatings, but can also produce single crystals several millimeters in size (see picture). As of 2010, nearly all 5,000 million carats (1,000tonnes) of synthetic diamonds produced per year are for industrial use. Around 50% of the 133 million carats of natural diamonds mined per year end up in industrial use. Mining companies' expenses average 40 to 60 US dollars per carat for natural colorless diamonds, while synthetic manufacturers' expenses average for synthetic, gem-quality colorless diamonds. However, a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy-colored diamond because nearly all synthetic diamonds are fancy-colored, while only 0.01% of natural diamonds are.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: what are its surface properties?

Context: how this element can be identify?

Context: how can one produce the synthetic one?

Context: "Hgh-pressure high-temperature" (HPHT) processes and chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Question: what is the second process?

Answer: It is a vacuum deposition method used to produce high quality, high-performance, solid materials.

Chemical vapor deposition [SEP] Introduction

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a vacuum deposition method used to produce high quality, high-performance, solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films. In typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface to produce the desired deposit. Frequently, volatile by-products are also produced, which are removed by gas flow through the reaction chamber. Microfabrication processes widely use CVD to deposit materials in various forms, including: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, and epitaxial. These materials include: silicon (dioxide, carbide, nitride, oxynitride), carbon (fiber, nanofibers, nanotubes, diamond and graphene), fluorocarbons, filaments, tungsten, titanium nitride and various high-k dielectrics.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: what are its surface properties?

Context: how this element can be identify?

Context: how can one produce the synthetic one?

Context: what is the second process?

Context: It is a vacuum deposition method used to produce high quality, high-performance, solid materials.

Question: does this process has different types?

Answer: Yes, LPCVD or UHVCVD

Chemical vapor deposition [SEP] Types

CVD is practiced in a variety of formats. These processes generally differ in the means by which chemical reactions are initiated. Most modern CVD is either LPCVD or UHVCVD.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: what are its surface properties?

Context: how this element can be identify?

Context: how can one produce the synthetic one?

Context: what is the second process?

Context: does this process has different types?

Context: Yes, LPCVD or UHVCVD

Question: what are the other applications of this process?

Answer: VD techniques are advantageous for membrane coatings as well, such as those in desalination or water treatment

Chemical vapor deposition [SEP] Uses

The CVD of metal-organic frameworks, a class of crystalline nanoporous materials, has recently been demonstrated. Recently scaled up as an integrated cleanroom process depositing large-area substrates, the applications for these films are anticipated in gas sensing and low-k dielectrics CVD techniques are advantageous for membrane coatings as well, such as those in desalination or water treatment, as these coatings can be sufficiently uniform (conformal) and thin that they do not clog membrane pores.


Context: Earth's crust

Context: what are its most common allotropes?

Context: Amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond

Context: how did this element get its name?

Context: what is the last allotrope?

Context: what are its surface properties?

Context: how this element can be identify?

Context: how can one produce the synthetic one?

Context: what is the second process?

Context: does this process has different types?

Context: Yes, LPCVD or UHVCVD

Context: what are the other applications of this process?

Context: VD techniques are advantageous for membrane coatings as well, such as those in desalination or water treatment

Question: with reference to the first discussed element, what are some compounds it forms?

Answer: Organic compounds, Inorganic compounds and Organometallic compounds

Carbon [SEP] Introduction

Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen. The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various allotropes of carbon. The best known allotropes are graphite, diamond, and buckminsterfullerene. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent.


Question: indiana jones and the last crusade last scene

Answer: In the last scene, a dogfight with Luftwaffe fighters ensues although Indy and Henry are forced to crash-land, they survive and successfully bring down their pursuers.

Explanation: A dogfight with Luftwaffe fighters ensues; although Indy and Henry are forced to crash-land, they survive and successfully bring down their pursuers.

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade [SEP] Plot


Context: indiana jones and the last crusade last scene

Context: In the last scene, a dogfight with Luftwaffe fighters ensues although Indy and Henry are forced to crash-land, they survive and successfully bring down their pursuers.

Question: what kind of fight is the one mentioned here?

Answer: It  is an aerial battle between fighter aircraft conducted at close range.

Dogfight [SEP] Introduction

A dogfight, or dog fight, is an aerial battle between fighter aircraft conducted at close range. Dogfighting first occurred in Mexico in 1913, shortly after the invention of the airplane. Until at least 1992, it was a component in every major war, despite beliefs after World War II that increasingly greater speeds and longer-range weapons would make dogfighting obsolete. Modern terminology for air-to-air combat is air combat maneuvering (ACM), which refers to tactical situations requiring the use of individual basic fighter maneuvers (BFM) to attack or evade one or more opponents. This differs from aerial warfare, which deals with the strategy involved in planning and executing various missions.


Context: what kind of fight is the one mentioned here?

Context: It  is an aerial battle between fighter aircraft conducted at close range.

Question: was this associated with any revolution?

Answer: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Explanation: Mexican Revolution

Dogfight [SEP] Mexican Revolution

The first instance of plane on plane combat and the first instance of one plane intercepting another during an aerial conflict occurred during the Mexican Revolution in November 30, 1913, between two American soldiers of fortune fighting for opposing sides, Dean Ivan Lamb and Phil Rader. Both men had orders to kill, but neither pilot wanted to harm the other, so they exchanged multiple volleys of pistol fire, intentionally missing before exhausting their supply of ammunition.


Context: was this associated with any revolution?

Context: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Question: when did this take place?

Answer: November 30, 1913

Explanation: November 30, 1913

Dogfight [SEP] Mexican Revolution


Context: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Context: when did this take place?

Context: November 30, 1913

Question: who was the leader of this revolution?

Answer: Madero, Pascual Orozco, and Pancho Villa

Mexican Revolution [SEP] Introduction

The Mexican Revolution () was a major revolution, including a sequence of armed struggles, lasting roughly from 1910 to 1920, that transformed Mexican culture and government. Its outbreak in 1910 resulted from the increasing unpopularity of the 31-year-long regime of Porfirio Díaz and its failure to find a managed solution to presidential succession. This resulted in a power struggle among competing elites, which created the opportunity for agrarian insurrection. Wealthy landowner Francisco I. Madero challenged Díaz in the 1910 presidential election, and following the rigged results, revolted under the Plan of San Luis Potosí. Armed conflict broke out in northern Mexico, led by Madero, Pascual Orozco, and Pancho Villa, and with support from portions of the middle class, the peasantry, and organized labor, Díaz was forced out.


Context: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Context: when did this take place?

Context: November 30, 1913

Context: who was the leader of this revolution?

Context: Madero, Pascual Orozco, and Pancho Villa

Question: why did the second person turn against the first one?

Answer: Orozco became resentful at Madero's failure to name him to the cabinet or to a state governorship and his failure to implement a series of social reforms that he had promised at the beginning of the revolution.

Pascual Orozco [SEP] Break with Madero

After Díaz's fall, Orozco became resentful at Madero's failure to name him to the cabinet or to a state governorship. Orozco was particularly upset with Madero's failure to implement a series of social reforms that he had promised at the beginning of the revolution. Orozco believed that Madero was very similar to Díaz, whom he had helped to overthrow. Orozco was then offered the governorship of Chihuahua, which he refused, and Madero finally accepted his resignation from the federal government. When Díaz presented his resignation, Orozco was named to a relatively junior position, commander of the federal rural police "(Los Rurales)" in Chihuahua.


Context: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Context: when did this take place?

Context: November 30, 1913

Context: who was the leader of this revolution?

Context: why did the second person turn against the first one?

Context: Orozco became resentful at Madero's failure to name him to the cabinet or to a state governorship and his failure to implement a series of social reforms that he had promised at the beginning of the revolution.

Question: what followed after this break in relationship between the two?

Answer: A formal revolt against Madero's government.

Pascual Orozco [SEP] Revolt against Madero

On 3 March 1912 Orozco decreed a formal revolt against Madero's government. Orozco's forces, known as the Orozquistas and Colorados ("Red Flaggers"), defeated the Federal Army under General José González Salas. Seeing the potential danger that Orozco posed to his regime, Madero sent General Victoriano Huerta out of retirement to stop Orozco's rebellion. Huerta's troops defeated the "orozquistas" in Conejos, Rellano and Bachimba finally seizing Ciudad Juárez. After being wounded in Ojinaga, Orozco was forced to flee to the United States. After living for some months in Los Angeles, with his first cousin, Teodora Vázquez Molinar González (1879–1956) and husband, Carlos Díaz-Ferrales González (1878–1953) he was able to return to Chihuahua but extremely ill, affected with periodic rheumatism seizures.


Context: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Context: when did this take place?

Context: November 30, 1913

Context: who was the leader of this revolution?

Context: what followed after this break in relationship between the two?

Context: A formal revolt against Madero's government.

Question: was he arrested or exiled because of this?

Answer: Yes, he and his partner Huerta were arrested in Newman, Texas, and charged with conspiracy to violate U.S. neutrality laws.

Pascual Orozco [SEP] House arrest in the United States

In New York, Orozco and Huerta finalized plans to retake Mexico. En route to El Paso by train on 27 June 1915 the two were arrested in Newman, Texas, and charged with conspiracy to violate U.S. neutrality laws. He was placed under house arrest in his family's home at 1315 Wyoming Avenue El Paso, Texas, but managed to escape.


Context: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Context: when did this take place?

Context: November 30, 1913

Context: who was the leader of this revolution?

Context: was he arrested or exiled because of this?

Context: Yes, he and his partner Huerta were arrested in Newman, Texas, and charged with conspiracy to violate U.S. neutrality laws.

Question: where is this place of arrest located?

Answer: Northeast El Paso

Explanation: Northeast El Paso

Newman, Texas [SEP] Introduction

Newman is a small El Paso neighborhood in far Northeast El Paso, located some 16 miles northeast of downtown El Paso around the intersection of Dyer Street and Edge of Texas Drive on the New Mexico state line, and still sometimes described as a separate community. In 1990 it had a population of about 60 people. It was named for real estate developer Henry L. Newman, who earlier tried to develop Newman, New Mexico, just to the north across the New Mexico border, without much success. He fared only moderately better in Texas. In 1930 the United States Census listed Newman as having a population of 10 people.


Context: Yes, the Mexican Revolution

Context: when did this take place?

Context: November 30, 1913

Context: who was the leader of this revolution?

Context: where is this place of arrest located?

Context: Northeast El Paso

Question: what ethnicities of people are found in this place mentioned here?

Answer: It is one of the more ethnically diverse areas of town due to a high concentration of enlisted military families.

Northeast El Paso [SEP] Introduction

Development of Northeast El Paso, which had begun before the Second World War around the Logan area, started in earnest during the 1950s, when many homes were demolished in the process of the construction of Interstate 10. It is one of the more ethnically diverse areas of town due to a high concentration of enlisted military families. Northeast El Paso has historically not developed at a rate comparable to East El Paso and Northwest El Paso, but in recent years, it has seen an increase in development. It is expected that the population in Northeast El Paso will grow more rapidly as a result of the troop increase for Fort Bliss in the coming years.


Question: who was the first person who went to space

Answer: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Explanation: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Yuri Gagarin [SEP] Introduction

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet Air Forces pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space, achieving a major milestone in the Space Race; his capsule, Vostok 1, completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour. Born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (a town later renamed after him), in his youth Gagarin was a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy. He later joined the Soviet Air Forces as a pilot and was stationed at the Luostari Air Base, near the Norwegian border, before his selection for the Soviet space programme with five other cosmonauts.


Context: who was the first person who went to space

Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Question: when was he born?

Answer: 9 March 1934

Explanation: 9 March 1934

Yuri Gagarin [SEP] Early life

Yuri Gagarin was born 9 March 1934 in the village of Klushino, near Gzhatsk (renamed Gagarin in 1968 after his death). His parents worked on a collective farm—Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina as a dairy farmer. Yuri was the third of four children. His older brother Valentin was born in 1924 and by the time Yuri was born was already helping with the cattle on the farm. His sister Zoya, born in 1927, helped take care of "Yura" and their youngest brother Boris, born in 1936. Situated along the path of several invasions into Russia, Gagarin's hometown has been the site of many wars and conquests from foreign nations.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Explanation: village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Yuri Gagarin [SEP] Introduction


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Question: how was he selected?

Answer: He underwent physical and psychological testing conducted in Moscow.

Yuri Gagarin [SEP] Selection and training

Gagarin's selection for the Vostok programme was overseen by the Central Flight Medical Commission led by Major General Konstantin Fyodorovich Borodin of the Soviet Army Medical Service. He underwent physical and psychological testing conducted at Central Aviation Scientific-Research Hospital, in Moscow, commanded by Colonel A.S. Usanov, a member of the commission. The commission also included Colonel Yevgeniy Anatoliyevich Karpov, who later commanded the training centre, Colonel Vladimir Ivanovich Yazdovskiy, the head physician for Gagarin's flight, and Major-General Aleksandr Nikolayevich Babiychuk, a physician flag officer on the Soviet Air Force General Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Air Force.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: He underwent physical and psychological testing conducted in Moscow.

Question: which country is the village he was born in?

Answer: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Explanation: a village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia.

Klushino [SEP] Introduction

Klushino () is a village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is situated on the old road between Vyazma and Mozhaysk, not far from Gzhatsk (now named Gagarin), and it was the site of a major battle during the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18). The village is best known as the birthplace of Yuri Gagarin, the first Soviet cosmonaut and the first man in space, born there in 1934. The Gagarin house has been converted into a museum.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: which country is the village he was born in?

Context: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Question: what is the population of this country?

Answer: Over 146.7 million

Explanation: over 146.7 million

Russia [SEP] Introduction

The country is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanized. About half of the country's total area is forested, concentrating around four-fifths of its total population of over 146.7 million on its smaller and dense western portion, as opposed to its larger and sparse eastern portion. Russia is administratively divided into 85 federal subjects. The Moscow Metropolitan Area is the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and among the largest in the world, with more than 20 million residents. The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The medieval state of Rus' arose in the 9th century.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Context: what is the population of this country?

Context: Over 146.7 million

Question: which country did they fight against in world war 2?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

World War II [SEP] Introduction

World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. In a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Context: what is the population of this country?

Context: Over 146.7 million

Context: which country did they fight against in world war 2?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which language is spoken here?

Answer: Russian, Tatar and Ukrainian

Explanation: Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers.

Russia [SEP] Language

Written examples of Old East Slavic ("Old Russian") are attested from the 10th century onwards. Russian is the second-most used language on the Internet after English, one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station and is one of the six official languages of the UN. 35 languages are officially recognised in Russia in various regions by local governments.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Context: what is the population of this country?

Context: Over 146.7 million

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which language is spoken here?

Context: Russian, Tatar and Ukrainian

Question: which religion is mostly followed by people in this country??

Answer: Orthodox Christianity

Explanation: Orthodox Christianity

Russia [SEP] Religion

Though a secular state under the constitution, Russia is often said to have Russian Orthodoxy as the "de facto" national religion, despite other minorities: "The Russian Orthodox Church is de facto privileged religion of the state, claiming the right to decide which other religions or denominations are to be granted the right of registration". Russians have practised Orthodox Christianity since the 10th century. According to the historical traditions of the Orthodox Church, Christianity was first brought to the territory of modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine by Saint Andrew, the first Apostle of Jesus Christ. Following the "Primary Chronicle", the definitive Christianization of Kievan Rus' dates from the year 988 (the year is disputed), when Vladimir the Great was baptised in Chersonesus and proceeded to baptise his family and people in Kiev.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Context: what is the population of this country?

Context: Over 146.7 million

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which language is spoken here?

Context: Russian, Tatar and Ukrainian

Context: which religion is mostly followed by people in this country??

Context: Orthodox Christianity

Question: which sport is majorly popular here?

Answer: Ice hockey

Explanation: ice hockey

Russia [SEP] Sports

Soviet and later Russian athletes have always been in the top four for the number of gold medals collected at the Summer Olympics. Soviet gymnasts, track-and-field athletes, weightlifters, wrestlers, boxers, fencers, shooters, cross country skiers, biathletes, speed skaters and figure skaters were consistently among the best in the world, along with Soviet basketball, handball, futsal, volleyball and ice hockey players. The 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow while the 2014 Winter Olympics were hosted in Sochi. Although ice hockey was only introduced during the Soviet era, the Soviet Union national team managed to win gold at almost all the Olympics and World Championships they contested.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Context: what is the population of this country?

Context: Over 146.7 million

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which language is spoken here?

Context: Russian, Tatar and Ukrainian

Context: Orthodox Christianity

Context: which sport is majorly popular here?

Context: Ice hockey

Question: when did the aforementioned person die?

Answer: On 27 March 1968

Explanation: On 27 March 1968

Yuri Gagarin [SEP] Death

On 27 March 1968, while on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base, Gagarin and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died when their MiG-15UTI crashed near the town of Kirzhach. The bodies of Gagarin and Seryogin were cremated and their ashes interred in the walls of the Kremlin. Wrapped in secrecy, the cause of the crash that killed Gagarin is uncertain and became the subject of several theories. At least three investigations into the crash were conducted separately by the Air Force, official government commissions, and the KGB. According to a biography of Gagarin by Jamie Doran and Piers Bizony, "Starman: The Truth Behind the Legend of Yuri Gagarin", the KGB worked "not just alongside the Air Force and the official commission members but against them." The KGB's report, declassified in March 2003, dismissed various conspiracy theories and instead indicated the actions of airbase personnel contributed to the crash.


Context: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

Context: when was he born?

Context: 9 March 1934

Context: where is he from?

Context: Village of Klushino near Gzhatsk

Context: how was he selected?

Context: A village in Smolensk Oblast, Russia

Context: what is the population of this country?

Context: Over 146.7 million

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which language is spoken here?

Context: Russian, Tatar and Ukrainian

Context: Orthodox Christianity

Context: which sport is majorly popular here?

Context: Ice hockey

Context: when did the aforementioned person die?

Context: On 27 March 1968

Question: how did he die?

Answer: While on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base their MiG-15UTI crashed near the town of Kirzhach.

Explanation: while on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base, Gagarin and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died when their MiG-15UTI crashed near the town of Kirzhach.

Yuri Gagarin [SEP] Death


Question: when did the fifth harry potter come out

Answer: 21 June 2003

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [SEP] Introduction

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the fifth novel in the "Harry Potter" series. It follows Harry Potter's struggles through his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort, O.W.L. exams, and an obstructive Ministry of Magic. The novel was published on 21 June 2003 by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom, Scholastic in the United States, and Raincoast in Canada. It sold five million copies in the first 24 hours of publication. It is the longest book of the series.


Context: when did the fifth harry potter come out

Context: 21 June 2003

Question: who is the writer?

Answer: J. K. Rowling

Explanation: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Question: what is the genre of this novel?

Answer: Fantasy.

Explanation: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the fifth novel in the "Harry Potter" series.


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Question: what is the story about?

Answer: It follows Harry Potter's struggles through his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

Explanation: It follows Harry Potter's struggles through his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort, O.W.L. exams, and an obstructive Ministry of Magic.


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: It follows Harry Potter's struggles through his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort.

Question: has the novel been adapted into any film?

Answer: Yes, in 2007.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [SEP] Film

In 2007, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" was released in a film version directed by David Yates and written by Michael Goldenberg. The film was produced by David Heyman's company, Heyday Films, alongside David Barron. The budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million (US$150–200 million), and it became the unadjusted eleventh-highest-grossing film of all time and a critical and commercial success. The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, the third best of all time, and grossed $940 million total, second to "" for the greatest total of 2007.


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: has the novel been adapted into any film?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Question: who directed it?

Answer: David Yates

Explanation: In 2007, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" was released in a film version directed by David Yates


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David Yates

Question: where was he from?

Answer: Lancashire, England.

David Yates [SEP] Early life

David Yates was born in 1963 in Lancashire, England. His parents died when he was young. Raised in the village of Rainhill, Yates was inspired to pursue a career in filmmaking after watching Steven Spielberg's 1975 movie "Jaws". Yates's mother bought him a Super 8mm camera. He used this to shoot various films in which his friends and family featured. One such film, "The Ghost Ship", was shot on board the vessel where his uncle worked as a cook. He attended Grange Park High School, St Helens College and then the University of Essex. Yates said that he "used to skive off college all the time" and never expected to join university before being surprised by his A-Level exam results.


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David Yates

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lancashire, England.

Question: which are his other notable works?

Answer: "State of Play", "Sex Traffic" and "The Girl in the Café".

David Yates [SEP] Introduction

David Yates (born ) is an English film director who has directed films, short films, and television productions. He is best known for directing the later four films in the "Harry Potter" series. His work on the series brought him critical and commercial success along with accolades, such as the British Academy Britannia Award for Excellence in Directing. Yates also worked on various short films and became a television director early in his career. His credits include the six-part political thriller "State of Play" (2003), for which he won the Directors Guild of Great Britain Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement, the adult two-part documentary drama "Sex Traffic" (2004) and the Emmy Award-winning television film "The Girl in the Café" (2005).


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David Yates

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lancashire, England.

Context: which are his other notable works?

Context: "State of Play", "Sex Traffic" and "The Girl in the Café".

Question: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Answer: Directors Guild of Great Britain Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement.

Explanation: Yates also worked on various short films and became a television director early in his career. His credits include the six-part political thriller "State of Play" (2003), for which he won the Directors Guild of Great Britain Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement

David Yates [SEP] Introduction


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David Yates

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lancashire, England.

Context: which are his other notable works?

Context: what are some of the awards conferred to him?

Context: Directors Guild of Great Britain Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement.

Question: when was the third film from the above list released?

Answer: 25 June 2005.

The Girl in the Café [SEP] Introduction

The Girl in the Café is a British made-for-television drama film directed by David Yates, written by Richard Curtis and produced by Hilary Bevan Jones. The film is produced by the independent production company Tightrope Pictures and was originally screened on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 25 June 2005. It was also shown in the United States on cable television station Home Box Office on the same day. Bill Nighy portrays the character of Lawrence, with Kelly Macdonald portraying Gina. Nighy and Macdonald had previously starred together in the 2003 BBC serial "State of Play", which was also directed by Yates and produced by Bevan-Jones.


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David Yates

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lancashire, England.

Context: which are his other notable works?

Context: when was the third film from the above list released?

Context: 25 June 2005.

Question: who are main actors of this film?

Answer: Bill Nighy and Kelly Macdonald.

Explanation: It was also shown in the United States on cable television station Home Box Office on the same day. Bill Nighy portrays the character of Lawrence, with Kelly Macdonald portraying Gina.

The Girl in the Café [SEP] Introduction


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David Yates

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lancashire, England.

Context: which are his other notable works?

Context: 25 June 2005.

Context: who are main actors of this film?

Context: Bill Nighy and Kelly Macdonald.

Question: what critical responses did the film receive?

Answer: It gained an audience of 5.5 million, a 29% share of the total television audience watching over its 90-minute duration.

The Girl in the Café [SEP] Reception

On BBC One, the programme gained an audience of 5.5 million, a 29% share of the total television audience watching over its 90-minute duration, winning its timeslot. The opinions, however, were divided. Andrew Anthony, for example, wrote a negative review in "The Observer": Sarah Vine, herself the wife of a conservative politician, argued in "The Times" that the message was devalued by an oversimplification of the problem. In her opinion the main weakness of the film is the belief that leaders of G8 can do anything to actually handle poverty.: However, the film gained positive reviews too with Alessandre Stanley from "The New York Times" stating: There were also more positive reactions.


Context: 21 June 2003

Context: who is the writer?

Context: J. K. Rowling

Context: what is the genre of this novel?

Context: Fantasy.

Context: what is the story about?

Context: Yes, in 2007.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David Yates

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lancashire, England.

Context: which are his other notable works?

Context: 25 June 2005.

Context: who are main actors of this film?

Context: Bill Nighy and Kelly Macdonald.

Context: what critical responses did the film receive?

Context: It gained an audience of 5.5 million, a 29% share of the total television audience watching over its 90-minute duration.

Question: the filmed released under which banner?

Answer: It is produced by Tightrope Pictures.

Explanation: The Girl in the Café is a British made-for-television drama film directed by David Yates, written by Richard Curtis and produced by Hilary Bevan Jones. The film is produced by the independent production company Tightrope Pictures and was originally screened on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 25 June 2005

The Girl in the Café [SEP] Introduction


Question: when did battle of tassafaronga take place?

Answer: November 30, 1942

Explanation: November 30, 1942

Battle of Tassafaronga [SEP] Introduction

The Battle of Tassafaronga, sometimes referred to as the Fourth Battle of Savo Island or, in Japanese sources, as the , was a nighttime naval battle that took place on November 30, 1942, between United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy warships during the Guadalcanal Campaign. The battle took place in Ironbottom Sound near the Tassafaronga area on Guadalcanal. In the battle, a US force of five cruisers and four destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Carleton H. Wright engaged eight Japanese destroyers attempting to deliver food to their forces on Guadalcanal. Using radar, the US warships gained surprise, opened fire, and sank one destroyer.


Context: when did battle of tassafaronga take place?

Context: November 30, 1942

Question: where was it fought?

Answer: Ironbottom Sound near the Tassafaronga area on Guadalcanal.

Explanation: Ironbottom Sound near the Tassafaronga area on Guadalcanal.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: Ironbottom Sound near the Tassafaronga area on Guadalcanal.

Question: was any campaign going on there?

Answer: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Explanation: Guadalcanal Campaign


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Question: between whom did the battle take place?

Answer: United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy warships

Explanation: United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy warships


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy warships

Question: did it face any crisis?

Answer: Yes, supply crisis.

Explanation: supply

Battle of Tassafaronga [SEP] Supply crisis

At the same time, the Japanese tried to establish a chain of three bases in the central Solomons to allow small boats to use them as staging sites for making supply deliveries to Guadalcanal, but damaging Allied airstrikes on the bases forced the abandonment of this plan. On November 26, the 17th Army notified Imamura that it faced a critical food crisis. Some front-line units had not been resupplied for six days and even the rear-area troops were on one-third rations. The situation forced the Japanese to return to using destroyers to deliver the necessary supplies. Eighth Fleet personnel devised a plan to help reduce the exposure of destroyers delivering supplies to Guadalcanal.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Question: any particular thing within it which had a shortage?

Answer: Food

Explanation: food

Due to a combination of the threat from CAF aircraft, US Navy PT boats stationed at Tulagi, and a cycle of bright moonlight, the Japanese had switched to using submarines to deliver provisions to their forces on Guadalcanal. Beginning on November 16, 1942, and continuing for the next three weeks, 16 submarines made nocturnal deliveries of foodstuffs to the island, with one submarine making the trip each night. Each submarine could deliver 20 to 30 tons of supplies, about one day's worth of food, for the 17th Army, but the difficult task of transporting the supplies by hand through the jungle to the frontline units limited their value to sustain the Japanese troops on Guadalcanal.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: any particular thing within it which had a shortage?

Context: Food

Question: where is this canal located?

Answer: It is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of the Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia.

Guadalcanal [SEP] Introduction

Guadalcanal (; indigenous name: "Isatabu") is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of the Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the second by population (after Malaita). The island is mainly covered in dense tropical rainforest and has a mountainous interior. Guadalcanal's discovery by westerners was under the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña in 1568. The name comes from the village of Guadalcanal, in the province of Seville, in Andalusia, Spain, birthplace of Pedro de Ortega Valencia, a member of Mendaña's expedition. During 1942–43, it was the scene of the Guadalcanal Campaign and saw bitter fighting between Japanese and US troops.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: It is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of the Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia.

Question: which was is it a witness of?

Answer: Second World War and the Civil war

Explanation: Second World War

Guadalcanal [SEP] Post-war years

Immediately after the Second World War, the capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate was moved to Honiara on Guadalcanal from its previous location at Tulagi in the Florida Islands. In 1952 the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific moved from Fiji to Honiara and the post was combined with that of the Governor of the Solomon Islands. The airfield which was the cause of the fighting in 1942, and which became well known as Henderson Field is now the international airport for the Solomon Islands. It sits about five miles to the east of Honiara. The secondary airfield, known as "Fighter Two" is now the local golf course.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: which was is it a witness of?

Context: Second World War and the Civil war

Question: how is it connected to the latter war?

Answer: Long-simmering tensions between the local Guale people on Guadalcanal and more recent migrants from the neighbouring island of Malaita erupted into violence.

Guadalcanal [SEP] Civil war

In early 1999, long-simmering tensions between the local Guale people on Guadalcanal and more recent migrants from the neighbouring island of Malaita erupted into violence. The 'Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army', later called Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM), began terrorising Malaitans in the rural areas of the island in an effort to force them out of their homes. About 20,000 Malaitans fled to the capital and others returned to their home island; Guale residents of Honiara fled. The city became a Malaitan enclave and the Malaita Eagle Force took over government. The Royal Australian Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy deployed vessels to the area to protect the expatriate community resident mostly in Honiara.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: which was is it a witness of?

Context: Second World War and the Civil war

Context: how is it connected to the latter war?

Context: Long-simmering tensions between the local Guale people on Guadalcanal and more recent migrants from the neighbouring island of Malaita erupted into violence.

Question: which area near it is famous for birds?

Answer: The Guadalcanal Watersheds

Explanation: The Guadalcanal Watersheds

Guadalcanal [SEP] Important Bird Area

The Guadalcanal Watersheds form a site that has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports populations of threatened or endemic bird species. At 376,146 ha, it covers some 70% of the island, extending along the southern coast inland to the central highlands, it contains riverine and lowland tropical rainforest as well as the greatest contiguous area of cloud forest in the Solomons. Although it also contains gardens and old village sites, most of it has never been permanently inhabited. Significant birds for which the site was identified include chestnut-bellied imperial pigeons, Woodford's rails, Guadalcanal moustached kingfishers, Meek's lorikeets, Guadalcanal honeyeaters, Guadalcanal thicketbirds and Guadalcanal thrushes.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: which was is it a witness of?

Context: Second World War and the Civil war

Context: how is it connected to the latter war?

Context: which area near it is famous for birds?

Context: The Guadalcanal Watersheds

Question: when was the former navy group reorganized?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Guadalcanal [SEP] Important Bird Area


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: which was is it a witness of?

Context: Second World War and the Civil war

Context: how is it connected to the latter war?

Context: which area near it is famous for birds?

Context: The Guadalcanal Watersheds

Context: when was the former navy group reorganized?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what kind of equipment did they use?

Answer: Ships, aircrafts, non-combat vehicles etc

United States Navy [SEP] Equipment

, the navy operates over 460 ships, including vessels operated by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) crewed by a combination of civilian contractors and a small number of uniformed Naval personnel, 3,650+ aircraft, 50,000 non-combat vehicles and owns 75,200 buildings on .


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: which was is it a witness of?

Context: Second World War and the Civil war

Context: how is it connected to the latter war?

Context: which area near it is famous for birds?

Context: The Guadalcanal Watersheds

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of equipment did they use?

Context: Ships, aircrafts, non-combat vehicles etc

Question: and when was the latter navy group created?

Answer: 1868

Imperial Japanese Navy [SEP] Introduction

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: "" "Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire", or "Nippon Kaigun", "Japanese Navy") was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN. The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920, behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy (USN). It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: which was is it a witness of?

Context: Second World War and the Civil war

Context: how is it connected to the latter war?

Context: which area near it is famous for birds?

Context: The Guadalcanal Watersheds

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of equipment did they use?

Context: and when was the latter navy group created?

Question: what was its origin?

Answer: It goes back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent, beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries.

It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War. The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent, beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery. After two centuries of stagnation during the country's ensuing seclusion policy under the "shōgun" of the Edo period, Japan's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854. This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration.


Context: November 30, 1942

Context: where was it fought?

Context: was any campaign going on there?

Context: Yes, the Guadalcanal Campaign

Context: between whom did the battle take place?

Context: did it face any crisis?

Context: Yes, supply crisis.

Context: Food

Context: where is this canal located?

Context: which was is it a witness of?

Context: Second World War and the Civil war

Context: how is it connected to the latter war?

Context: which area near it is famous for birds?

Context: The Guadalcanal Watersheds

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of equipment did they use?

Context: what was its origin?

Context: It goes back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent, beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Question: which war was it a part of during 1894?

Answer: Sino-Japanese War

Explanation: Japanese

Imperial Japanese Navy [SEP] Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)

Japan continued the modernization of its navy, especially as China was also building a powerful modern fleet with foreign, especially German, assistance, and as a result tensions were building between the two countries over Korea. The Japanese naval leadership on the eve of hostilities, was generally cautious and even apprehensive as the navy had not yet received the warships ordered in February 1893, particularly the battleships and and the cruiser . Hence, initiating hostilities at the time was not ideal, and the navy was far less confident than the Japanese army about the outcome of a war with China. Japan's main strategy was to gain command of the sea as this was critical to the operations on land.


Question: where does texas rank among the states as far as number of counties is concerned

Answer: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Explanation: It is the second largest U.S. state

Texas [SEP] Introduction

Texas (, ; or "Tejas", ) is a state in the South Central Region of the United States. It is the second largest U.S. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California). Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S.


Context: where does texas rank among the states as far as number of counties is concerned

Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Question: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Answer: Yes, by Europeans

Explanation: Europeans

Texas [SEP] Colonization

The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda. Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans in what is now Texas. Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in the area, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us." Cabeza de Vaca also made observations about the way of life of the Ignaces Natives of Texas: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado describes his 1541 encounter: European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Question: what are the names of those people who set up colonies in this place?

Answer: Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda and Rene- Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Explanation: Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda

Texas [SEP] Colonization


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what are the names of those people who set up colonies in this place?

Context: Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda and Rene- Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Question: what is the climate in this us state?

Answer: The large size of this state and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather.

Texas [SEP] Climate

The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages of annual rainfall, while parts of southeast Texas average as much as per year. Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate per year. Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: The large size of this state and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather.

Question: what are the ores and minerals found in this place?

Answer: Cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel

Texas [SEP] Agriculture and mining

The state also leads the nation in production of cotton which is the number one crop grown in the state in terms of value. The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce. Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel. Texas throughout the 21st century has been hammered by drought. This has cost the state billions of dollars in livestock and crops.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: what are the ores and minerals found in this place?

Context: Cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel

Question: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Answer: Yes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, 1900 Galveston hurricane, hurricane Harvey etc

Texas [SEP] Storms

Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle. Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June. Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in Indianola, followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: Yes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, 1900 Galveston hurricane, hurricane Harvey etc

Question: what are the causes for that second storm to take place in this region?

Answer: It is a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud.

Tornado [SEP] Definitions

A tornado is "a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud". For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. The term is not precisely defined; for example, there is disagreement as to whether separate touchdowns of the same funnel constitute separate tornadoes. "Tornado" refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: what are the causes for that second storm to take place in this region?

Context: It is a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud.

Question: what are some of the types of this particular storm?

Answer: Multiple vortex tornado, landspout, and waterspout etc

Tornado [SEP] Introduction

Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than , are about across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than , are more than in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km). Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout, and waterspout. Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water, but there is disagreement over whether to classify them as true tornadoes.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: what are some of the types of this particular storm?

Context: Multiple vortex tornado, landspout, and waterspout etc

Question: how does the second type of this particular storm take place?

Answer: It forms during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus's updraft.

Landspout [SEP] Characteristics

Landspouts are a type of tornado that forms during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus's updraft. These generally are smaller and weaker than supercell tornadoes and do not form from a mesocyclone or pre-existing rotation in the cloud. Because of this, landspouts are rarely detected by Doppler weather radar. Landspouts share a strong resemblance and development process to that of waterspouts, usually taking the form of a translucent and highly laminar helical tube. Landspouts are considered tornadoes since a rapidly rotating column of air is in contact with both the surface and a cumuliform cloud.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: how does the second type of this particular storm take place?

Context: It forms during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus's updraft.

Question: what is that third type of that particular storm all about?

Answer: It is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water.

Waterspout [SEP] Introduction

A waterspout is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water. Some are connected to a cumulus congestus cloud, some to a cumuliform cloud and some to a cumulonimbus cloud. In the common form, it is a non-supercell tornado over water. While it is often weaker than most of its land counterparts, stronger versions spawned by mesocyclones do occur. Most waterspouts do not suck up water; they are small and weak rotating columns of air over water. While waterspouts form mostly in the tropics and subtropical areas, other areas also report waterspouts, including Europe, Australia, New Zealand, the Great Lakes, Antarctica and on rare occasions, the Great Salt Lake.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: what is that third type of that particular storm all about?

Context: It is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water.

Question: how can this be a threat to marine life?

Answer: Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air.

Waterspout [SEP] Threat to marine animals

Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air. A waterspout can sometimes suck small animals such as fish out of the water and all the way up into the cloud. Even if the waterspout stops spinning, the fish in the cloud can be carried over land, buffeted up and down and around with the cloud's winds until its currents no longer keep the flying fish in the atmosphere. Depending on how far they travel and how high they are taken into the atmosphere, the fish are sometimes dead by the time they rain down.


Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: how can this be a threat to marine life?

Context: Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air.

Question: what are the causes for this spout formation to take place in the water body?

Answer: They are caused by different atmospheric dynamics.

Waterspout [SEP] Formation

Waterspouts exist on a microscale, where their environment is less than two kilometers in width. The cloud from which they develop can be as innocuous as a moderate cumulus, or as great as a supercell. While some waterspouts are strong and tornadic in nature, most are much weaker and caused by different atmospheric dynamics. They normally develop in moisture-laden environments as their parent clouds are in the process of development, and it is theorized they spin as they move up the surface boundary from the horizontal shear near the surface, and then stretch upwards to the cloud once the low level shear vortex aligns with a developing cumulus cloud or thunderstorm.


Context: where does texas rank among the states as far as number of counties is concerned

Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what are the names of those people who set up colonies in this place?

Context: Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda and Rene- Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: The large size of this state and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather.

Context: what are the ores and minerals found in this place?

Context: Cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: Yes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, 1900 Galveston hurricane, hurricane Harvey etc

Context: what are the causes for that second storm to take place in this region?

Context: It is a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud.

Context: what are some of the types of this particular storm?

Context: Multiple vortex tornado, landspout, and waterspout etc

Context: how does the second type of this particular storm take place?

Context: It forms during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus's updraft.

Context: what is that third type of that particular storm all about?

Context: It is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water.

Context: how can this be a threat to marine life?

Context: Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air.

Context: what are the causes for this spout formation to take place in the water body?

Context: They are caused by different atmospheric dynamics.

Question: what are some of the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy in that us state?

Answer: Coal, uranium, petroleum and natural gas.

Texas [SEP] Energy

Ever since the discovery of oil at Spindletop, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state. If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth largest oil producer in the world according to a 2014 study. The Railroad Commission of Texas, contrary to its name, regulates the state's oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry, and surface coal and uranium mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.


Context: where does texas rank among the states as far as number of counties is concerned

Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what are the names of those people who set up colonies in this place?

Context: Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda and Rene- Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: The large size of this state and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather.

Context: what are the ores and minerals found in this place?

Context: Cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: Yes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, 1900 Galveston hurricane, hurricane Harvey etc

Context: what are the causes for that second storm to take place in this region?

Context: It is a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud.

Context: what are some of the types of this particular storm?

Context: Multiple vortex tornado, landspout, and waterspout etc

Context: how does the second type of this particular storm take place?

Context: It forms during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus's updraft.

Context: what is that third type of that particular storm all about?

Context: It is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water.

Context: how can this be a threat to marine life?

Context: Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air.

Context: what are the causes for this spout formation to take place in the water body?

Context: They are caused by different atmospheric dynamics.

Context: what are some of the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy in that us state?

Context: Coal, uranium, petroleum and natural gas.

Question: does this state contribute to greenhouse gas emissions?

Answer: Yes, it emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S.

Texas [SEP] Greenhouse gases

Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S, almost twice the amount of California, the second most polluting state.


Context: where does texas rank among the states as far as number of counties is concerned

Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what are the names of those people who set up colonies in this place?

Context: Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda and Rene- Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: The large size of this state and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather.

Context: what are the ores and minerals found in this place?

Context: Cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: Yes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, 1900 Galveston hurricane, hurricane Harvey etc

Context: what are the causes for that second storm to take place in this region?

Context: It is a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud.

Context: what are some of the types of this particular storm?

Context: Multiple vortex tornado, landspout, and waterspout etc

Context: how does the second type of this particular storm take place?

Context: It forms during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus's updraft.

Context: what is that third type of that particular storm all about?

Context: It is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water.

Context: how can this be a threat to marine life?

Context: Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air.

Context: what are the causes for this spout formation to take place in the water body?

Context: They are caused by different atmospheric dynamics.

Context: what are some of the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy in that us state?

Context: Coal, uranium, petroleum and natural gas.

Context: does this state contribute to greenhouse gas emissions?

Context: Yes, it emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S.

Question: what are the examples of those major polluting gases which are detrimental to the environment?

Answer: Industrial Revolution, combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, methane emissions from agriculture etc.

Explanation: Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019. The last time the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide w

Greenhouse gas [SEP] Introduction

The last time the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was this high was over 3 million years ago. This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, petroleum (including oil) and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation and other changes in land use. The leading source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely followed by gas venting and fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. Traditional rice cultivation is the second biggest agricultural methane source after livestock, with a near-term warming impact equivalent to the carbon-dioxide emissions from all aviation.


Context: where does texas rank among the states as far as number of counties is concerned

Context: It is the second largest U.S. state.

Context: was this state colonized by foreigners?

Context: Yes, by Europeans

Context: what are the names of those people who set up colonies in this place?

Context: Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda and Rene- Robert Cavelier de La Salle

Context: what is the climate in this us state?

Context: The large size of this state and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather.

Context: what are the ores and minerals found in this place?

Context: Cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel

Context: is this state prone to tropical storms?

Context: Yes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, 1900 Galveston hurricane, hurricane Harvey etc

Context: what are the causes for that second storm to take place in this region?

Context: It is a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud.

Context: what are some of the types of this particular storm?

Context: Multiple vortex tornado, landspout, and waterspout etc

Context: how does the second type of this particular storm take place?

Context: It forms during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus's updraft.

Context: what is that third type of that particular storm all about?

Context: It is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water.

Context: how can this be a threat to marine life?

Context: Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air.

Context: what are the causes for this spout formation to take place in the water body?

Context: They are caused by different atmospheric dynamics.

Context: what are some of the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy in that us state?

Context: Coal, uranium, petroleum and natural gas.

Context: does this state contribute to greenhouse gas emissions?

Context: Yes, it emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S.

Context: what are the examples of those major polluting gases which are detrimental to the environment?

Context: Industrial Revolution, combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, methane emissions from agriculture etc.

Question: what are the specific names of some of the geographical landforms found in this state?

Answer: Gulf Coastal Plain

Explanation: Gulf Coastal Plain

Texas [SEP] Geography

The Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100° W, a northern border with Oklahoma at 36°30' N and a western border with New Mexico at 103° W. El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 32° N and the Rio Grande. With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities. One classification system divides Texas, in order from southeast to west, into the following: Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province.


Question: what is fort vancouver centennial half dollars?

Answer: A commemorative fifty-cent piece

Explanation: a commemorative fifty-cent piece

Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar [SEP] Introduction

The Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar, sometimes called the Fort Vancouver half dollar, is a commemorative fifty-cent piece struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1925. The coin was designed by Laura Gardin Fraser. Its obverse depicts John McLoughlin, who was in charge of Fort Vancouver (present-day Vancouver, Washington) from its construction in 1825 until 1846. From there, he effectively ruled the Oregon Country on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company. The reverse shows an armed frontiersman standing in front of the fort. Washington Representative Albert Johnson wanted a coin for Fort Vancouver's centennial celebrations, but was persuaded to accept a medal instead.


Context: what is fort vancouver centennial half dollars?

Context: A commemorative fifty-cent piece

Question: who designed it?

Answer: Laura Gardin Fraser

Explanation: The coin was designed by Laura Gardin Fraser.


Context: A commemorative fifty-cent piece

Context: who designed it?

Context: Laura Gardin Fraser

Question: to honor whom was it made?

Answer: John McLoughlin

Explanation: Its obverse depicts John McLoughlin, who was in charge of Fort Vancouver (present-day Vancouver, Washington) from its construction in 1825 until 1846.


Context: A commemorative fifty-cent piece

Context: who designed it?

Context: Laura Gardin Fraser

Context: to honor whom was it made?

Context: John McLoughlin

Question: who was he?

Answer: He was a Chief Factor and Superintendent of the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort

John McLoughlin [SEP] Introduction

Dr. John McLoughlin, baptized Jean-Baptiste McLoughlin, (October 19, 1784 – September 3, 1857) was a French-Canadian, later American, Chief Factor and Superintendent of the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver from 1824 to 1845. He was later known as the "Father of Oregon" for his role in assisting the American cause in the Oregon Country. In the late 1840s, his general store in Oregon City was famous as the last stop on the Oregon Trail.