Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: Kurt Cobain, Krist Novoselic, Dave Grohl

Question: when did the first musician begin his music career?

Answer: In early 1985

Kurt Cobain [SEP] Early musical projects

On his 14th birthday on February 20, 1981, Cobain's uncle offered him either a bike or a used guitar—Kurt chose the guitar. Soon, he was trying to play Led Zeppelin's power ballad, "Stairway to Heaven". He also learned how to play "Louie Louie," Queen's "Another One Bites the Dust", and the Cars' "My Best Friend's Girl", before he began working on his own songs. Cobain played left-handed, despite being forced to write right-handed. In early 1985, Cobain formed Fecal Matter after he had dropped out of Aberdeen High School. One of "several joke bands" that arose from the circle of friends associated with the Melvins, it initially featured Cobain singing and playing guitar, Melvins drummer Dale Crover playing bass, and Greg Hokanson playing drums.


Context: smells like teen spirit what is teen spirit

Context: The book "Teen Spirit: The Stories Behind Every Nirvana Song" describes "Teen Spirit" as "a typically murky Cobain exploration of meaning and meaninglessness"

Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: when did the first musician begin his music career?

Context: In early 1985

Question: has he collaborated with other musicians as well?

Answer: Yes. With fellow American alternative rock band Screaming Trees

Kurt Cobain [SEP] Collaboration with other artists

In 1989, members of Nirvana and fellow American alternative rock band Screaming Trees formed a side project known as the Jury. The band featured Cobain on vocals and guitar, Mark Lanegan on vocals, Krist Novoselic on bass and Mark Pickerel on drums. Over two days of recording sessions, on August 20 and 28, 1989, the band recorded four songs also performed by Lead Belly; "Where Did You Sleep Last Night?", an instrumental version of "Grey Goose", "Ain't It a Shame" and "They Hung Him on a Cross"; the latter of which featured Cobain performing solo. Cobain was inspired to record the songs after receiving a copy of "Lead Belly's Last Sessions" from friend Slim Moon; after hearing it he "felt a connection to Leadbelly's almost physical expressions of longing and desire." In 1992, Cobain contacted William S.


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: has he collaborated with other musicians as well?

Context: Yes. With fellow American alternative rock band Screaming Trees

Question: what was the debut song of the band mentioned earlier, that the singer was part of?

Answer: Love Buzz

Bleach (Nirvana album) [SEP] Introduction

Bleach is the debut studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on June 15, 1989 by Sub Pop. After the release of its debut single "Love Buzz" on Sub Pop in November 1988, Nirvana practiced for two to three weeks in preparation for recording a full-length album. The main recording sessions for "Bleach" took place at Reciprocal Recording in Seattle, Washington between December 1988 and January 1989. "Bleach" did not chart upon its original indie label release, but was well received by critics. When the album was reissued internationally by Geffen Records in 1992 following the success of Nirvana's second album, "Nevermind", its major label version peaked at number 89 on the "Billboard" 200, peaked at number 33 on the UK Albums Chart and 34 on the Australian albums chart.


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: what was the debut song of the band mentioned earlier, that the singer was part of?

Context: Love Buzz

Question: when was this released?

Answer: November 1988

Explanation: After the release of its debut single "Love Buzz" on Sub Pop in November 1988


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: Love Buzz

Context: when was this released?

Context: November 1988

Question: have any singers made a cover of this song?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: Love Buzz

Context: when was this released?

Context: November 1988

Context: have any singers made a cover of this song?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is the aforementioned third band member part of any other band now?

Answer: Yes. Foo Fighters

Dave Grohl [SEP] Introduction

David Eric Grohl (born January 14, 1969) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter. He was the drummer for rock band Nirvana and founded the band Foo Fighters, for whom he is the singer, guitarist, and primary songwriter. Grohl is also the drummer and co-founder of the rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures, and wrote the music and performed all the instruments for his short-lived side projects Late! and Probot. He has also recorded and toured with Queens of the Stone Age. At age 17, Grohl joined Washington D.C.-area punk rock band Scream after the departure of drummer Kent Stax. He joined Nirvana soon after Scream's unexpected disbandment.


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: Love Buzz

Context: when was this released?

Context: November 1988

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the aforementioned third band member part of any other band now?

Context: Yes. Foo Fighters

Question: is he involved in any philanthropic work?

Answer: He sent a note of support to the two trapped miners in the Beaconsfield mine collapse in Tasmania, Australia offering them tickets to any Foos show, anywhere, and two cold beers

Dave Grohl [SEP] Advocacy, philanthropy and views

In May 2006, Grohl sent a note of support to the two trapped miners in the Beaconsfield mine collapse in Tasmania, Australia. In the initial days following the collapse one of the men requested an iPod with the Foo Fighters album "In Your Honor" to be sent down to them through a small hole. Grohl's note read, in part, "Though I'm halfway around the world right now, my heart is with you both, and I want you to know that when you come home, there's two tickets to any Foos show, anywhere, and two cold beers waiting for yous. Deal?" In October 2006, one of the miners took up his offer, joining Grohl for a drink after a Foo Fighters acoustic concert at the Sydney Opera House.


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: Love Buzz

Context: when was this released?

Context: November 1988

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes. Foo Fighters

Context: is he involved in any philanthropic work?

Context: He sent a note of support to the two trapped miners in the Beaconsfield mine collapse in Tasmania, Australia offering them tickets to any Foos show, anywhere, and two cold beers

Question: has he made any tv appearances?

Answer: Yes. He has been a musical guest on "Saturday Night Live" and also appeared in several sketches on SNL

Dave Grohl [SEP] Television

Grohl has been a musical guest on "Saturday Night Live" thirteen times since 1992, more than any other musician. He has appeared with Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Them Crooked Vultures, Mick Jagger and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. He has also appeared in several sketches on SNL. On October 13, 2007, he performed in the SNL Digital Short People Getting Punched Just Before Eating. On February 6, 2010, he appeared as a middle-aged punk rock drummer reuniting the group "Crisis of Conformity" (fronted by Fred Armisen) after 25 years in a skit later on in the episode. On March 9, 2011, he appeared in the SNL Digital Short Helen Mirren's Magical Bosom and the sketch Bongo's Clown Room.


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: Love Buzz

Context: when was this released?

Context: November 1988

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes. Foo Fighters

Context: has he made any tv appearances?

Context: Yes. He has been a musical guest on "Saturday Night Live" and also appeared in several sketches on SNL

Question: what type of show is it?

Answer: American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show

Saturday Night Live [SEP] Introduction

Saturday Night Live (also known simply as SNL) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11, 1975, under the original title NBC's Saturday Night. The show's comedy sketches, which often parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest, who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast as with featured performances by a musical guest. An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!", properly beginning the show.


Context: who sang this song mentioned here?

Context: American rock band Nirvana

Context: who were the members of this band?

Context: In early 1985

Context: Love Buzz

Context: when was this released?

Context: November 1988

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes. Foo Fighters

Context: has he made any tv appearances?

Context: what type of show is it?

Context: American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show

Question: who are the cast of the show?

Answer: Laraine Newman, John Belushi, Jane Curtin, Gilda Radner, Dan Aykroyd, Garrett Morris, and Chevy Chase

Saturday Night Live [SEP] Cast

The original 1975 cast of "SNL", titled "The Not Ready For Prime-Time Players," a term coined by writer Herb Sargent, included Laraine Newman, John Belushi, Jane Curtin, Gilda Radner, Dan Aykroyd, Garrett Morris, and Chevy Chase. Radner was the first person hired after Michaels himself. Although Chase became a performer, he was hired on a one-year writer contract and refused to sign the performer contract that was repeatedly given to him, allowing him to leave the show after the first season in 1976. Newman was brought aboard after having a prior working relationship with Michaels. Morris was initially brought in as a writer, but attempts to have him fired by another writer led Michaels to have Morris audition for the cast, where he turned in a successful performance.


Question: when did we first start using nuclear energy

Answer: 1970's

Explanation: Nuclear power has one of the lowest levels of fatalities per unit of energy generated compared to other energy sources. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity each have caused more fatalities per unit of energy due to air pollution and accidents. Since its commercialization in the 1970s, nuclear power has prevented about 1.84 million air pollution-related deaths and the emission of about 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels.

Nuclear power [SEP] Introduction

Civilian nuclear power supplied 2,563 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity in 2018, equivalent to about 10% of global electricity generation, and was the second largest low-carbon power source after hydroelectricity. there are 443 civilian fission reactors in the world, with a combined electrical capacity of 395 gigawatt (GW). There are also 56 nuclear power reactors under construction and 109 reactors planned, with a combined capacity of 60 GW and 120 GW, respectively. The United States has the largest fleet of nuclear reactors, generating over 800 TWh zero-emissions electricity per year with an average capacity factor of 92%. Most reactors under construction are generation III reactors in Asia.


Context: when did we first start using nuclear energy

Question: what is this power?

Answer: It is a power that uses nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.

Nuclear power [SEP] Introduction

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium. Nuclear decay processes are used in niche applications such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Generating electricity from fusion power remains at the focus of international research. This article mostly deals with nuclear fission power for electricity generation.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is a power that uses nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.

Question: what happens to the waste of this process?

Answer: It is disposed.

Explanation:
Disposal of nuclear waste is often considered the most politically divisive aspect in the lifecycle of a nuclear power facility.
Presently, waste is mainly stored at individual reactor sites and there are over 430 locations around the world where radioactive material continues to accumulate.
Some experts suggest that centralized underground repositories which are well-managed, guarded, and monitored, would be a vast improvement.
There is an "international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep geological repositories", with the lack of movement of nuclear waste in the 2 billion year old natural nuclear fission reactors in Oklo, Gabon being cited as "a source of essential information today."

Nuclear power [SEP] Waste disposal

However, in Finland the Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository is under construction as of 2015. The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico has been taking nuclear waste since 1999 from production reactors, but as the name suggests is a research and development facility. In 2014 a radiation leak caused by violations in the use of chemically reactive packaging brought renewed attention to the need for quality control management, along with some initial calls for more R&D into the alternative methods of disposal for radioactive waste and spent fuel. In 2017, the facility was formally reopened after three years of investigation and cleanup, with the resumption of new storage taking place later that year.


Context: what is this power?

Context: what happens to the waste of this process?

Context: It is disposed.

Question: is it used in space ?

Answer: Yes.

Nuclear power [SEP] Use in space

Both fission and fusion appear promising for space propulsion applications, generating higher mission velocities with less reaction mass. This is due to the much higher energy density of nuclear reactions: some 7 orders of magnitude (10,000,000 times) more energetic than the chemical reactions which power the current generation of rockets. Radioactive decay has been used on a relatively small scale (few kW), mostly to power space missions and experiments by using radioisotope thermoelectric generators such as those developed at Idaho National Laboratory.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Question: has it faced any attacks?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Nuclear power [SEP] Attacks and sabotage

Terrorists could target nuclear power plants in an attempt to release radioactive contamination into the community. The United States 9/11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11, 2001 attacks. An attack on a reactor's spent fuel pool could also be serious, as these pools are less protected than the reactor core. The release of radioactivity could lead to thousands of near-term deaths and greater numbers of long-term fatalities. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all nuclear power plant sites at least once every three years.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where was this technology first used?

Answer: United States of America

Explanation: In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, the discovery of the nuclear chain reaction led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, the research reactor known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved criticality on December 2, 1942. The reactor's development was part of the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to create atomic bombs during World War II. It led to the building of larger single-purpose production reactors, such as the X-10 Pile, for the production of weapons-grade plutonium for use in the first nuclear weapons. The United States tested the first nuclear weapon in July 1945, the Trinity test, with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki taking place one month later.

Nuclear power [SEP] First nuclear reactor


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Question: any particular project in that country where this was used?

Answer: Yes. The first man-made reactor, the research reactor known as Chicago Pile-1

Explanation: In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, the discovery of the nuclear chain reaction led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, the research reactor known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved criticality on December 2, 1942.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: any particular project in that country where this was used?

Context: Yes. The first man-made reactor, the research reactor known as Chicago Pile-1

Question: what was its importance?

Answer: The successful test of CP-1 not only proved that a nuclear reactor was feasible, it demonstrated that the "k" factor was larger than originally thought.

Explanation: The successful test of CP-1 not only proved that a nuclear reactor was feasible, it demonstrated that the "k" factor was larger than originally thought. This removed the objections to the use of air or water as a coolant rather than expensive helium. It also meant that there was greater latitude in the choice of materials for coolant pipes and control mechanisms. Wigner now pressed ahead with his design for a water-cooled production reactor. There remained concerns about the ability of a graphite-moderated reactor being able to produce plutonium on industrial scale, and for this reason the Manhattan Project continued the development of heavy water production facilities. An air-cooled reactor, the X-10 Graphite Reactor, was built at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge as part of a plutonium semiworks, followed by larger water-cooled production reactors at the Hanford Site in Washington state. Enough plutonium was produced for an atomic bomb by July 1945, and for two more in August.

Chicago Pile-1 [SEP] Significance and commemoration


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: The successful test of CP-1 not only proved that a nuclear reactor was feasible, it demonstrated that the "k" factor was larger than originally thought.

Question: what site was chosen for this?

Answer: A suitable location long, wide and high, sunk slightly below ground level, in a space under the stands at Stagg Field

Explanation: In Chicago, Samuel K. Allison had found a suitable location long, wide and high, sunk slightly below ground level, in a space under the stands at Stagg Field originally built as a rackets court. Stagg Field had been largely unused since the University of Chicago had given up playing American football in 1939, but the rackets courts under West Stands were still used for playing squash and handball. Leona Woods and Anthony L. Turkevich played squash there in 1940. Since it was intended for strenuous exercise, the area was unheated, and very cold in the winter. The nearby North Stands had a pair of ice skating rinks on the ground floor, which although they were unrefrigerated, seldom melted in winter. Allison used the rackets court area to construct a experimental pile before Fermi's group arrived in 1942.

Chicago Pile-1 [SEP] Choice of site


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: A suitable location long, wide and high, sunk slightly below ground level, in a space under the stands at Stagg Field

Question: where did the concept of this project originate from?

Answer: It was first hypothesized by the Hungarian scientist Leo Szilard. He realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons or dineutrons, which then caused further nuclear reactions, the process might be self-perpetuating.

Chicago Pile-1 [SEP] Origins

The idea of chemical chain reactions was first suggested in 1913 by the German chemist Max Bodenstein for a situation in which two molecules react to form not just the final reaction products, but also some unstable molecules which can further react with the original substances to cause more to react. The concept of a nuclear chain reaction was first hypothesized by the Hungarian scientist Leo Szilard on 12 September 1933. Szilard realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons or dineutrons, which then caused further nuclear reactions, the process might be self-perpetuating. Szilard proposed using mixtures of lighter known isotopes which produced neutrons in copious amounts, and also entertained the possibility of using uranium as a fuel.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: where did the concept of this project originate from?

Context: It was first hypothesized by the Hungarian scientist Leo Szilard. He realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons or dineutrons, which then caused further nuclear reactions, the process might be self-perpetuating.

Question: who was this person?

Answer: Hungarian-American physicist and inventor.

Explanation: Leo Szilard (; ; born Leó Spitz; February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Hungarian-American physicist and inventor.

Leo Szilard [SEP] Introduction

After Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, Szilard urged his family and friends to flee Europe while they still could. He moved to England, where he helped found the Academic Assistance Council, an organization dedicated to helping refugee scholars find new jobs. While in England he discovered a means of isotope separation known as the Szilard–Chalmers effect.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: who was this person?

Context: Hungarian-American physicist and inventor.

Question: was he ever a faculty in any institution?

Answer: No

Leo Szilard [SEP] Columbia University

In November 1938, Szilard moved to New York City, taking a room at the King's Crown Hotel near Columbia University. He encountered John R. Dunning, who invited him to speak about his research at an afternoon seminar in January 1939. That month, Niels Bohr brought news to New York of the discovery of nuclear fission in Germany by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner, and Otto Frisch. When Szilard found out about it on a visit to Wigner at Princeton University, he immediately realized that uranium might be the element capable of sustaining a chain reaction.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: who was this person?

Context: was he ever a faculty in any institution?

Context: No

Question: does he have any published materials?

Answer: Yes. A book of short stories, "The Voice of the Dolphins" (1961)

Explanation: Szilard published a book of short stories, "The Voice of the Dolphins" (1961), in which he dealt with the moral and ethical issues raised by the Cold War and his own role in the development of atomic weapons.

Leo Szilard [SEP] Writings

The title story described an international biology research laboratory in Central Europe. This became reality after a meeting in 1962 with Victor F. Weisskopf, James Watson and John Kendrew. When the European Molecular Biology Laboratory was established, the library was named The Szilard Library and the library stamp features dolphins. Other honors that he received included the Atoms for Peace Award in 1959, and the Humanist of the Year in 1960. A lunar crater on the far side of the Moon was named after him in 1970. The Leo Szilard Lectureship Award, established in 1974, is given in his honor by the American Physical Society.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: who was this person?

Context: No

Context: does he have any published materials?

Context: Yes. A book of short stories, "The Voice of the Dolphins" (1961)

Question: was he ever diagnosed with cancer?

Answer: Yes. Bladder Cancer

Explanation: In 1960, Szilard was diagnosed with bladder cancer. He underwent cobalt therapy at New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital using a cobalt 60 treatment regimen that his doctors gave him a high degree of control over. A second round of treatment with an increased dose followed in 1962. The higher dose did its job and his cancer never returned.

Leo Szilard [SEP] Cancer diagnosis and treatment


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: who was this person?

Context: No

Context: does he have any published materials?

Context: was he ever diagnosed with cancer?

Context: Yes. Bladder Cancer

Question: what are its causes?

Answer: Tobacco smoking is the main known contributor and Opium consumption increases the risk by 3-fold

Explanation: Tobacco smoking is the main known contributor to urinary bladder cancer; in most populations, smoking is associated with over half of bladder cancer cases in men and one-third of cases among women, however these proportions have reduced over recent years since there are fewer smokers in Europe and North America. There is an almost linear relationship between smoking duration (in years), pack years and bladder cancer risk. A risk plateau at smoking about 15 cigarettes a day can be observed (meaning that those who smoke 15 cigarettes a day are approximately at the same risk as those smoking 30 cigarettes a day). Smoking (cigar, pipe, Egyptian waterpipe and smokeless tobacco) in any form increases the risk for bladder cancer. Quitting smoking reduces the risk. Risk of bladder cancer decreases by 30% within 1–4 years and continues to decrease by 60% at 25 years after smoking cessation. However, former smokers will most likely always be at a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to people

Bladder cancer [SEP] Causes


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: who was this person?

Context: No

Context: does he have any published materials?

Context: was he ever diagnosed with cancer?

Context: Yes. Bladder Cancer

Context: what are its causes?

Context: Tobacco smoking is the main known contributor and Opium consumption increases the risk by 3-fold

Question: what are its signs?

Answer: Some symptoms include pain during urination, frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to do so.

Bladder cancer [SEP] Signs and symptoms

Other possible symptoms include pain during urination, frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to do so. These signs and symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer, and may also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, including prostate infections, overactive bladder or cystitis. Some rare forms of bladder cancer like urachal adenocarcinoma produce mucin, which is then excreted in the urine causing it to be thick. People with advanced disease may have pelvic or bony pain, lower-extremity swelling, or flank pain. Rarely, a palpable mass can be detected on physical examination.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: who was this person?

Context: No

Context: does he have any published materials?

Context: was he ever diagnosed with cancer?

Context: Yes. Bladder Cancer

Context: what are its causes?

Context: what are its signs?

Context: Some symptoms include pain during urination, frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to do so.

Question: how is it diagnosed?

Answer: Cystoscope is the best diagnosis.

Bladder cancer [SEP] Diagnosis

Currently, the best diagnosis of the state of the bladder is by way of cystoscopy, which is a procedure in which a flexible or rigid tube (called a "cystoscope") bearing a camera and various instruments is introduced into the bladder through the urethra. The flexible procedure allows for a visual inspection of the bladder, for minor remedial work to be undertaken and for samples of suspicious lesions to be taken for a biopsy. A rigid cystoscope is used under general anesthesia in the operating room and can support remedial work and biopsies as well as more extensive tumor removal. Unlike papillary lesion, which grow into the bladder cavity and are readily visible, carcinoma in situ lesion are flat and obscure.


Context: what is this power?

Context: It is disposed.

Context: is it used in space ?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it faced any attacks?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was this technology first used?

Context: United States of America

Context: what was its importance?

Context: what site was chosen for this?

Context: who was this person?

Context: No

Context: does he have any published materials?

Context: was he ever diagnosed with cancer?

Context: Yes. Bladder Cancer

Context: what are its causes?

Context: what are its signs?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: Cystoscope is the best diagnosis.

Question: how is it treated?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Bladder cancer [SEP] Diagnosis


Question: who is murasaki shikibu?

Answer: A poet

Murasaki Shikibu [SEP] Introduction

She continued to write during her service, adding scenes from court life to her work. After five or six years, she left court and retired with Shōshi to the Lake Biwa region. Scholars differ on the year of her death; although most agree on 1014, others have suggested she was alive in 1031. Murasaki wrote "The Diary of Lady Murasaki", a volume of poetry, and "The Tale of Genji". Within a decade of its completion, "Genji" was distributed throughout the provinces; within a century it was recognized as a classic of Japanese literature and had become a subject of scholarly criticism.


Context:
who is murasaki shikibu?
A poet

Question: where was he from?

Answer: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Murasaki Shikibu [SEP] Early life

Murasaki Shikibu was born c. 973 in Heian-kyō, Japan, into the northern Fujiwara clan descending from Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, the first 9th-century Fujiwara regent. The Fujiwara clan dominated court politics until the end of the 11th century through strategic marriages of their daughters into the imperial family and the use of regencies. In the late 10th century and early 11th century, Michinaga, the so-called Mido Kampaku, arranged his four daughters into marriages with emperors, giving him unprecedented power. Murasaki's great-grandfather, Fujiwara no Kanesuke, had been in the top tier of the aristocracy, but her branch of the family gradually lost power and by the time of Murasaki's birth was at the middle to lower ranks of the Heian aristocracy—the level of provincial governors.


Context:
who is murasaki shikibu?
A poet
where was he from?
She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Question: which was her debut work?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Murasaki Shikibu [SEP] Early life


Context:
who is murasaki shikibu?
A poet
where was he from?
She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.
which was her debut work?
UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you mention some of her works?

Answer: "The Tale of Genji", "The Diary of Lady Murasaki" and "Poetic Memoirs"

Murasaki Shikibu [SEP] Works

Three works are attributed to Murasaki: "The Tale of Genji", "The Diary of Lady Murasaki" and "Poetic Memoirs", a collection of 128 poems. Her work is considered important because her writing reflects the creation and development of Japanese writing during a period when Japanese shifted from an unwritten vernacular to a written language. Until the 9th century, Japanese language texts were written in Chinese characters using the man'yōgana writing system. A revolutionary achievement was the development of kana, a true Japanese script, in the mid-to late 9th century. Japanese authors began to write prose in their own language, which led to genres such as tales (monogatari) and poetic journals (Nikki Bungaku).


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: "The Tale of Genji", "The Diary of Lady Murasaki" and "Poetic Memoirs"

Question: what does the first one deal with?

Answer: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

The Tale of Genji [SEP] Introduction

The work recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji", or "Shining Genji", the son of an ancient Japanese emperor, known to readers as Emperor Kiritsubo, and a low-ranking concubine called Kiritsubo Consort. For political reasons, the emperor removes Genji from the line of succession, demoting him to a commoner by giving him the surname Minamoto, and he pursues a career as an imperial officer. The tale concentrates on Genji's romantic life and describes the customs of the aristocratic society of the time. It may be the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic.


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Question: what is the literary style used?

Answer: As with most Heian literature, "Genji"  was probably written mostly in kana.

The Tale of Genji [SEP] Literary context

do as the Romans do") unspoken. As with most Heian literature, "Genji" was probably written mostly (or perhaps entirely) in kana (Japanese phonetic script) and not in kanji, because it was written by a woman for a female audience. Writing in kanji was at the time a masculine pursuit; women were generally discreet when using kanji, confining themselves mostly to native Japanese words (yamato kotoba).


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: As with most Heian literature, "Genji"  was probably written mostly in kana.

Question: were there any english translations?

Answer: The first partial translation of "Genji Monogatari" was in English.

The Tale of Genji [SEP] English translations

The first partial translation of "Genji Monogatari" into English was by Suematsu Kenchō, published in 1882. Arthur Waley published a six-volume translation of all but one chapter, with the first volume published in 1921 and the last in 1933. In 1976, Edward Seidensticker published the first complete translation into English, made using a self-consciously "stricter" approach with regards to content if not form. The English translation published in 2001 by Royall Tyler aims at fidelity in content and form to the original text. The most recently written ("Genji and the Luck of the Sea") dates from 2007. Its initial version has been extensively revised, retitled, and updated for this publication.


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: The first partial translation of "Genji Monogatari" was in English.

Question: who did the translation?

Answer: Suematsu Kenchō


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: who did the translation?

Context: Suematsu Kenchō

Question: was he a poet too?

Answer: No, he was a Japanese politician, intellectual and author.

Suematsu Kenchō [SEP] Introduction

Viscount was a Japanese politician, intellectual and author, who lived in the Meiji and Taishō periods. Apart from his activity in the Japanese government, he also wrote several important works on Japan in English. He was portrayed in a negative manner in Ryōtarō Shiba's novel "Saka no ue no kumo".


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: who did the translation?

Context: Suematsu Kenchō

Context: was he a poet too?

Context: No, he was a Japanese politician, intellectual and author.

Question: what were his literary works?

Answer: His works include the first English translation of "Genji Monogatari"  and several books on aspects of Japanese culture.

Explanation: Suematsu was also active as a writer of English works on Japanese subjects. His works include the first English translation of "Genji Monogatari" (which he wrote while at Cambridge) and several books on aspects of Japanese culture.

Suematsu Kenchō [SEP] Literary activities


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: who did the translation?

Context: Suematsu Kenchō

Context: was he a poet too?

Context: what were his literary works?

Context: His works include the first English translation of "Genji Monogatari"  and several books on aspects of Japanese culture.

Question: why was he at cambridge?

Answer: To pursue a Law degree

Explanation: Suematsu arrived in London in 1878 with the Japanese embassy which was dispatched there, and enrolled in Cambridge University in 1881. He graduated with a law degree from Cambridge (St. John's College, Cambridge) in 1884, returning to Japan in 1886.

Suematsu Kenchō [SEP] Suematsu at Cambridge


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: who did the translation?

Context: Suematsu Kenchō

Context: was he a poet too?

Context: what were his literary works?

Context: why was he at cambridge?

Context: To pursue a Law degree

Question: where is it located?

Answer: Its a county town of Cambridgeshire, England.

Cambridge [SEP] Introduction

Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, the population of the Cambridge built-up area (which is larger than the remit of Cambridge City Council) was 158,434 including 29,327 students. Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951. The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209.


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: who did the translation?

Context: Suematsu Kenchō

Context: was he a poet too?

Context: what were his literary works?

Context: why was he at cambridge?

Context: To pursue a Law degree

Context: where is it located?

Context: Its a county town of Cambridgeshire, England.

Question: what sorts of events can we witness there?

Answer: Midsummer Fair, Cambridge Beer Festival,  Strawberry Fair, etc

Cambridge [SEP] Festivals and events

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by King John. Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with various market stalls. For one week in May, on Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival has been held since 1974. Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall.


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: who did the translation?

Context: Suematsu Kenchō

Context: was he a poet too?

Context: what were his literary works?

Context: why was he at cambridge?

Context: To pursue a Law degree

Context: where is it located?

Context: what sorts of events can we witness there?

Context: Midsummer Fair, Cambridge Beer Festival,  Strawberry Fair, etc

Question: what happens at the last fair?

Answer: Music, entertainments, arts and crafts

Strawberry Fair [SEP] Introduction

Strawberry Fair is a local festival of music, entertainments, arts and crafts which has been held in Cambridge, England, since 1974. The fair is held on Midsummer Common on the first Saturday in June. It is open to the public and free. It has been held since 1974 except 2010, when it was cancelled due to drunkenness and drug use. A year later, the fair continued with a perimeter fence erected around the festival and searches to check for alcohol, drugs and weapons.


Context: who is murasaki shikibu?

Context: A poet

Context: where was he from?

Context: She was from Heian-kyō, Japan.

Context: which was her debut work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of her works?

Context: what does the first one deal with?

Context: It recounts the life of "Hikaru Genji"

Context: what is the literary style used?

Context: were there any english translations?

Context: who did the translation?

Context: Suematsu Kenchō

Context: was he a poet too?

Context: what were his literary works?

Context: why was he at cambridge?

Context: To pursue a Law degree

Context: where is it located?

Context: what happens at the last fair?

Context: Music, entertainments, arts and crafts

Question: why was it named so?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Strawberry Fair [SEP] Introduction


Question: who sang te amo in the 80's

Answer: Rihanna sang Te Amo which was released as a digital download on June 8, 2010, in Australia, Italy and New Zealand

Explanation: "Te Amo" (English: "I Love You") is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her fourth studio album, "Rated R" (2009). The song was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, James Fauntleroy II and Rihanna, with production helmed by Eriksen and Hermansen under their production name, Stargate. "Te Amo" impacted radio in Canada on June 7, 2010, and was released via digital download on June 8, 2010, in Australia, Italy and New Zealand, as the album's third international and sixth and final overall single. "Te Amo" incorporates elements of music of Latin America and conveys Rihanna's struggles as the object of another woman's desires.

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Introduction


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: Rihanna sang Te Amo which was released as a digital download on June 8, 2010, in Australia, Italy and New Zealand

Question: who originally sang it?

Answer: Rihanna


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Question: how was the version sang by rihanna received?

Answer: It received positive reception from music critics.

Explanation: "Te Amo" received positive reception from music critics. As part of his review for "Rated R", Jude Rogers of BBC Music noted that "Te Amo" and "Rockstar 101" were the less futuristic tracks on the album as they do not feature the heavy electronic influences, which are present on songs such as "Hard" and "G4L". Robert Copsey of Digital Spy awarded the song a rating of four out of five stars and noted that Rihanna had progressed from singing about a male interest in one of her previous singles, "Rude Boy", to fantasizing about women, writing "After the rather explicit 'Rude Boy' campaign, Rihanna's taking a well-deserved break from titillating the blokes here – only to find herself the object of another lady's affections. One of her Rated R LPs less menacing moments, 'Te Amo' finds La Fenty grappling with her sexuality over some irresistible, Latin-infused Stargate beats." Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music awarded the song four out of five stars and commented on the theme of lesbianism, writi

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Critical reception


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: how was the version sang by rihanna received?

Context: It received positive reception from music critics.

Question: who were the critics?

Answer: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Explanation: Robert Copsey of Digital Spy awarded the song a rating of four out of five stars and noted that Rihanna had progressed from singing about a male interest in one of her previous singles, "Rude Boy", to fantasizing about women, writing "After the rather explicit 'Rude Boy' campaign, Rihanna's taking a well-deserved break from titillating the blokes here – only to find herself the object of another lady's affections. One of her Rated R LPs less menacing moments, 'Te Amo' finds La Fenty grappling with her sexuality over some irresistible, Latin-infused Stargate beats." Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music awarded the song four out of five stars and commented on the theme of lesbianism, writing "It's that old, old story: Girl meets girl. Girl speaks different language to girl. Girl loves girl. Girl doesn't love girl. Girl sad. We’ve all been there, right? And Rihanna’s captured that feeling beautifully."


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Question: what does 'te amo' mean?

Answer: I Love You

Explanation: "Te Amo" (English: "I Love You") is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her fourth studio album, "Rated R" (2009).


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Question: in which language?

Answer: Spanish and Portuguese

Explanation: Musically, the song is written in the key of G-sharp minor with Rihanna's vocal range spanning from the low note of F♯ to the high note of C♯. Lyrically, "Te Amo" tells of a relationship between two women, with one realizing that she is falling in love with Rihanna, proclaiming "Te amo" throughout the song (the Spanish and Portuguese phrase for "I Love You").

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Background and composition

Lyrically, "Te Amo" tells of a relationship between two women, with one realizing that she is falling in love with Rihanna, proclaiming "Te amo" throughout the song (the Spanish and Portuguese phrase for "I Love You"). As Rihanna realizes that the other woman is falling in love with her, Rihanna sings, "I feel the love, but I don't feel that way", meaning that she knows her suitor loves her, but does not want to become romantically involved with her.


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Question: what is the singer's full name?

Answer: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Rihanna [SEP] Introduction

Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( ; born 20 February 1988) is a Barbadian singer, actress, and businesswoman. Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, Barbados, Rihanna was discovered by American record producer Evan Rogers who invited her to the United States to record demo tapes. After signing with Def Jam in 2005, she soon gained recognition with the release of her first two studio albums, "Music of the Sun" (2005) and "A Girl like Me" (2006), both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US "Billboard" 200 chart. Rihanna's third album, "Good Girl Gone Bad" (2007), incorporated elements of dance-pop and established her status as a sex symbol in the music industry.


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Question: who was the record label for the song?

Answer: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Rated R (Rihanna album) [SEP] Introduction

Rated R is the fourth studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on November 20, 2009 by Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records. Recording sessions for the album began in March 2009 and took place at recording studios throughout United States and Europe. Rihanna, together with Antonio "L.A." Reid and The Carter Administration, was the executive producer of the album and worked with various record producers, including Chase & Status, StarGate, The-Dream, Ne-Yo, and Brian Kennedy. The record featured several vocalists and instrumentalists, including Young Jeezy, will.i.am, Justin Timberlake and Slash, who played the guitars in "Rockstar 101".


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Question: who composed it?

Answer: Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, James Fauntleroy II and Rihanna

"Te Amo" was released as the fourth international and sixth overall single from Rihanna's fourth studio album, "Rated R". The song was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, James Fauntleroy II and Rihanna, with production helmed by Eriksen and Hermansen under their production name, Stargate. The song was sent for mainstream airplay in Canada on June 7, 2010, and released via digital download in Australia, Italy and New Zealand one day later, through Universal Music. In Germany, "Te Amo" was released as a CD single on June 11, 2010. Musically, the song is written in the key of G-sharp minor with Rihanna's vocal range spanning from the low note of F♯ to the high note of C♯.


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, James Fauntleroy II and Rihanna

Question: how did it perform?

Answer: It debuted at number 52 on the Swedish Singles Chart; at number 29 on the UK R&B Chart; at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart

Explanation: Upon the release of the album, "Te Amo" made its first chart appearance on the Swedish Singles Chart, where it debuted at number 52 on December 4, 2009, and initially charted for a single week. After being released as a promotional CD in Sweden on May 5, 2010, the song re-entered the chart at number 53 on July 7, 2010. "Te Amo" peaked at number 48 two weeks later on July 30, and spent a total of six non-consecutive weeks on the chart. In the United Kingdom, the song entered the UK R&B Chart at number 29 on April 24, 2010, and peaked at number five weeks on May 29. The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 30 on May 15, 2010, and peaked at number 14 two weeks later on May 29. On May 23, 2010, the song entered the Australian Singles Chart and the Swiss Singles Chart at numbers 35 and 58, respectively. The song peaked at number 22 in its sixth charting week in Australia, and at number nine in Switzerland. "Te Amo" debuted at number 11 in Austria on June 25, 2010, and descended to

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Chart performance


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: how did it perform?

Context: It debuted at number 52 on the Swedish Singles Chart; at number 29 on the UK R&B Chart; at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart

Question: was there a music video made?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: The music video for "Te Amo" was shot over two days on April 29 and 30, 2010, in Vigny, France and was directed by longtime collaborator Anthony Mandler, who had previously directed the music videos for "Wait Your Turn" and "Russian Roulette". Whilst on set for the video, photographs were released; they featured Rihanna wearing a vibrant Mara Hoffman maxi dress, which cost over $1,000. French supermodel Laetitia Casta played the role of a femme fatale and the apparent love interest of Rihanna.

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Music video

Throughout all of the video, Casta tries to seduce Rihanna whilst Rihanna initially resists, but eventually gives in to Casta's charm. First, she meets Rihanna in the living room and catches her eye. In the next scene, the couple are shown on top of a table with ultraviolet lighting and Casta rubs her head on Rihanna's legs. They are then shown outside the castle and Rihanna falls to the ground in despair while Casta looks on, letting her long hair fall loose and standing seductively. Soon, they are shown in a room full of male dancers and Rihanna begins to feel more comfortable around her admirer.


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: how did it perform?

Context: was there a music video made?

Context: Yes

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Anthony Mandler

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Music video


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: how did it perform?

Context: was there a music video made?

Context: Yes

Context: who directed it?

Context: Anthony Mandler

Question: who produced it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Music video

The music video for "Te Amo" was shot over two days on April 29 and 30, 2010, in Vigny, France and was directed by longtime collaborator Anthony Mandler, who had previously directed the music videos for "Wait Your Turn" and "Russian Roulette". Whilst on set for the video, photographs were released; they featured Rihanna wearing a vibrant Mara Hoffman maxi dress, which cost over $1,000. French supermodel Laetitia Casta played the role of a femme fatale and the apparent love interest of Rihanna. In the video, Rihanna plays Casta's lesbian love interest. Casta arrives at the castle in a car, and steps out with a very provocative dominatrix-looking outfit, and meets Rihanna who is waiting inside.


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: how did it perform?

Context: was there a music video made?

Context: Yes

Context: who directed it?

Context: Anthony Mandler

Context: who produced it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where was it filmed?

Answer: Vigny, France

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Music video


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: how did it perform?

Context: was there a music video made?

Context: Yes

Context: who directed it?

Context: Anthony Mandler

Context: who produced it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Vigny, France

Question: were there live performances?

Answer: Yes - at Radio 1's Big Weekend 2010 in Bangor, Wales ; Rock in Rio 2011 in Rio de Janeiro.

Explanation: Rihanna performed "Te Amo" for the first time at Radio 1's Big Weekend 2010 on May 23, 2010 in Bangor, Wales, where she performed the song as part of a set list, along with "Madhouse", "Hard", "Disturbia", "Rude Boy", "Russian Roulette", "Don't Stop the Music", "SOS" and "Umbrella". The song was also included on the set list of the Last Girl on Earth tour. Rihanna performed the song during the Rock in Rio 2011 in Rio de Janeiro.

Te Amo (Rihanna song) [SEP] Live performances


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: how did it perform?

Context: was there a music video made?

Context: Yes

Context: who directed it?

Context: Anthony Mandler

Context: who produced it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Vigny, France

Context: were there live performances?

Context: Yes - at Radio 1's Big Weekend 2010 in Bangor, Wales ; Rock in Rio 2011 in Rio de Janeiro.

Question: what other songs has the first label recorded?

Answer: Rihanna's albums - Music of the Sun, A Girl like Me

Explanation: After signing with Def Jam in 2005, she soon gained recognition with the release of her first two studio albums, "Music of the Sun" (2005) and "A Girl like Me" (2006), both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US "Billboard" 200 chart.

Rihanna [SEP] Introduction

Rihanna has released collaborative hit singles with artists such as Drake, Eminem, and Calvin Harris. With sales of over 250 million records worldwide, Rihanna is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has earned 14 number-ones and 31 top-ten singles in the US and 30 top-ten entries in the UK. Her accolades include nine Grammy Awards, 13 American Music Awards, 12 "Billboard" Music Awards, and six "Guinness World Records". "Forbes" ranked her among the top ten highest-paid celebrities in 2012 and 2014; as of 2019, she is the wealthiest female musician, with an estimated net worth of $600 million.


Context: who sang te amo in the 80's

Context: who originally sang it?

Context: Rihanna

Context: who were the critics?

Context: Robert Copsey, Fraser McAlpine

Context: what does 'te amo' mean?

Context: I Love You

Context: in which language?

Context: Spanish and Portuguese

Context: what is the singer's full name?

Context: Robyn Rihanna Fenty

Context: who was the record label for the song?

Context: Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records

Context: who composed it?

Context: how did it perform?

Context: was there a music video made?

Context: Yes

Context: who directed it?

Context: Anthony Mandler

Context: who produced it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it filmed?

Context: Vigny, France

Context: were there live performances?

Context: what other songs has the first label recorded?

Context: Rihanna's albums - Music of the Sun, A Girl like Me

Question: and what about the latter?

Answer: Rihanna's album 'Good Girl Gone Bad' by Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records.

Good Girl Gone Bad [SEP] Introduction

Good Girl Gone Bad is the third studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on May 31, 2007, by Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records. Rihanna worked with various producers on the album, including Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, Terius "Dream" Nash, Neo da Matrix, Timbaland, Carl Sturken, Evan Rogers and Stargate. Inspired by Brandy Norwood's fourth studio album "Afrodisiac" (2004), "Good Girl Gone Bad" is a pop, dance-pop and R&B record with 1980s music influences. Described as a turning point in Rihanna's career, it represents a departure from the Caribbean sound of her previous releases, "Music of the Sun" (2005) and "A Girl like Me" (2006).


Question: who does the constitution put in formal charge of presiding over the senate

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Constitution of the Roman Republic [SEP] Introduction

The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of unwritten norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic. The constitution emerged from that of the Roman kingdom, evolved substantively and significantly—almost to the point of unrecognisability—over the almost five hundred years of the republic. The collapse of republican government and norms from 133 BC would lead to the rise of Augustus and his principate. The republican constitution can be divided into three main branches: A complex set of checks and balances developed between these three branches. For example, the assemblies theoretically held all power, but were called and governed by the magistrates, who, controlling discussion, exercised dominating influence over them.


Context: who does the constitution put in formal charge of presiding over the senate

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is this constitution?

Answer: The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of unwritten norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic.

Explanation: The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of unwritten norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of unwritten norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic.

Question: is it associated with any war?

Answer: Tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus in 88 BC attempted to pass legislation granting greater political rights to the Italians; one of the additions to this legislative programme included a transfer of command of the coming First Mithridatic War from Sulla to Gaius Marius, who had re-entered politics. Flower writes, "by agreeing to promote the career of Marius, Sulpicius ... decided to throw republican norms aside in his bid to control the political scene in Rome and get his reforms" passed.

Explanation: Tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus in 88 BC attempted to pass legislation granting greater political rights to the Italians; one of the additions to this legislative programme included a transfer of command of the coming First Mithridatic War from Sulla to Gaius Marius, who had re-entered politics. Flower writes, "by agreeing to promote the career of Marius, Sulpicius ... decided to throw republican norms aside in his bid to control the political scene in Rome and get his reforms" passed.

Constitution of the Roman Republic [SEP] Sulla's civil war

After winning a second civil war and purging the Republic of thousands of political opponents and "enemies" (many of whom were targeted for their wealth), he forced the Assemblies to make him dictator for the settling of the constitution, with an indefinite term. Sulla also created legal barriers, which would only be lifted during the dictatorship of Julius Caesar some forty years later, against political participation by the relatives of those whom he ordered murdered. And with this use of unprecedented violence at a new level, Sulla was able not only to take control of the state, but also retain control of it, unlike Scipio Nasica or Gaius Marius, both of whom had lost control of the city after deploying force.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: Tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus in 88 BC attempted to pass legislation granting greater political rights to the Italians; one of the additions to this legislative programme included a transfer of command of the coming First Mithridatic War from Sulla to Gaius Marius, who had re-entered politics. Flower writes, "by agreeing to promote the career of Marius, Sulpicius ... decided to throw republican norms aside in his bid to control the political scene in Rome and get his reforms" passed.

Question: who is the first person mentioned above?

Answer: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known simply as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman who won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.

Sulla [SEP] Introduction

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known simply as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman who won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Sulla was a gifted and innovative general, achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents, both foreign and domestic. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured through betrayal, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: who is the first person mentioned above?

Context: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known simply as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman who won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.

Question: how did he look?

Answer: Sulla was red-blond, blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance".

Sulla [SEP] Appearance and character

Sulla was red-blond, blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance". He was said to have a duality between being charming and easily approachable, able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people while also assuming a dictatorial stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest." This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext he might have a man crucified, but on another occasion would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property." His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens, retaining a doting step mother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: Sulla was red-blond, blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance".

Question: where was he from?

Answer: Rome

Explanation: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known simply as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman who won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history

Sulla [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Question: name few of his sons?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sulla [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: didi he capture anything?

Answer: Yes, he took initiative to capture the Numidian King.

Sulla [SEP] Capture of Jugurtha

These machinations caused calls for Metellus's removal; despite delaying tactics by Metellus, in 107 BC Marius returned to Rome to stand for the consulship. Marius was elected consul and took over the campaign while Sulla was nominated quaestor to him. Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus and ultimately defeated the Numidians in 106 BC, thanks in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. He had persuaded Jugurtha's father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom), to betray Jugurtha who had fled to Mauretania for refuge. It was a dangerous operation from the first, with King Bocchus weighing up the advantages of handing Jugurtha over to Sulla or Sulla over to Jugurtha.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: didi he capture anything?

Context: Yes, he took initiative to capture the Numidian King.

Question: the king was from which place?

Answer: Massinissa of Numidia.

Sulla [SEP] Capture of Jugurtha

The Jugurthine War had started in 112 BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. Rome declared war on Jugurtha in 111 BC, but for five years the Roman legions were unsuccessful. Several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), one (Aulus Postimius Albinus) was defeated. In 109 Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, saw an opportunity to usurp his commander and fed rumors of incompetence and delay to the publicani (tax gatherers) in the region.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: didi he capture anything?

Context: the king was from which place?

Context: Massinissa of Numidia.

Question: was this place divided?

Answer: Yes, Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family.

Explanation: Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family.

Sulla [SEP] Capture of Jugurtha


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: didi he capture anything?

Context: the king was from which place?

Context: Massinissa of Numidia.

Context: was this place divided?

Context: Yes, Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family.

Question: when did the grandson got power?

Answer: When Micipsa died in 118 BC, he was succeeded jointly by Jugurtha and his two sons (Jugurtha's adoptive-brothers) Hiempsal and Adherbal.

Jugurtha [SEP] Rise to power

When Micipsa died in 118 BC, he was succeeded jointly by Jugurtha and his two sons (Jugurtha's adoptive-brothers) Hiempsal and Adherbal. Hiempsal and Jugurtha quarrelled immediately after the death of Micipsa. Jugurtha had Hiempsal killed, which led to open war with Adherbal. After Jugurtha defeated him in open battle, Adherbal fled to Rome for help. The Roman officials settled the fight by dividing Numidia into two parts, probably in 116, but this settlement was tainted by accusations that the Roman officials accepted bribes to favor Jugurtha. Among the officials found guilty was Lucius Opimius (who, as consul in 121 BC, had presided over events which led to the death of Gaius Gracchus).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: didi he capture anything?

Context: the king was from which place?

Context: Massinissa of Numidia.

Context: was this place divided?

Context: when did the grandson got power?

Context: When Micipsa died in 118 BC, he was succeeded jointly by Jugurtha and his two sons (Jugurtha's adoptive-brothers) Hiempsal and Adherbal.

Question: was he associated with literature?

Answer: Jugurtha features in one of Arthur Rimbaud's earliest surviving poems.

Jugurtha [SEP] Literary references

Jugurtha features in one of Arthur Rimbaud's earliest surviving poems. Rimbaud was a French poet living in the mid- to late nineteenth century, his father a captain in the French army. The poem is a Latin ode to the Numidian king, contextualized to Rimbaud's modern context by having the ghost of Jugurtha, a la Hamlet, appear to a baby Abdelkader al-Jazairi (who is unnamed in the poem) a hero of the Algerian struggle for independence against France. The poem opens:


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: didi he capture anything?

Context: the king was from which place?

Context: Massinissa of Numidia.

Context: was this place divided?

Context: when did the grandson got power?

Context: was he associated with literature?

Context: Jugurtha features in one of Arthur Rimbaud's earliest surviving poems.

Question: where is this poet from?

Answer: France

Explanation: Rimbaud was a French poet

Jugurtha [SEP] Literary references


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: didi he capture anything?

Context: the king was from which place?

Context: Massinissa of Numidia.

Context: was this place divided?

Context: when did the grandson got power?

Context: was he associated with literature?

Context: where is this poet from?

Context: France

Question: name few of this works?

Answer: Illuminations, A season in Hell

Explanation: "Illuminations".

Arthur Rimbaud [SEP] Introduction

Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (, ; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet known for his influence on modern literature and arts, prefiguring surrealism. Born in Charleville, he started writing at a very young age and excelled as a student, but abandoned his formal education in his teenage years to run away from home to Paris amidst the Franco-Prussian War. During his late adolescence and early adulthood he produced the bulk of his literary output, then completely stopped writing literature at the age of 20, after assembling his last major work, "Illuminations". Rimbaud was known to have been a libertine and a restless soul, having engaged in a hectic, at-times-violent romantic relationship with fellow poet Paul Verlaine, which lasted nearly two years.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this constitution?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: how did he look?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Rome

Context: name few of his sons?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: didi he capture anything?

Context: the king was from which place?

Context: Massinissa of Numidia.

Context: was this place divided?

Context: when did the grandson got power?

Context: was he associated with literature?

Context: where is this poet from?

Context: France

Context: name few of this works?

Context: Illuminations, A season in Hell

Question: what is the second?

Answer: A Season in Hell () is an extended poem in prose written and published in 1873 by French writer Arthur Rimbaud.

A Season in Hell [SEP] Introduction

A Season in Hell () is an extended poem in prose written and published in 1873 by French writer Arthur Rimbaud. It is the only work that was published by Rimbaud himself. The book had a considerable influence on later artists and poets, including the Surrealists.


Question: inland revenue commissioners v broadway cottages trust 1955 ch 20

Answer: It states that if there are any potential beneficiaries who the trustees are not certain of, or the trustees cannot compile a complete list, the trust is void for uncertainty.

Explanation: The test for fixed trusts is that the trustees must be able to give a complete list of the beneficiaries, as laid down in "IRC v Broadway Cottages". If there are any potential beneficiaries who the trustees are not certain of, or the trustees cannot compile a complete list, the trust is void for uncertainty.

Three certainties [SEP] Certainty of objects

The leading test of certainty of objects here is also the "any given postulant test", applied to discretionary trusts in "McPhail v Doulton". The courts attempted to mitigate this test in "Re Baden's Deed Trusts (no 2)"; however, all three judges of the Court of Appeal gave separate reasons. Stamp LJ had an approach based entirely on the facts, with no greater impact on certainty of objects. Sachs LJ took the approach that the burden of proof was on the claimants to prove they were beneficiaries, not on the trustees to prove the trust was valid. Megaw LJ, however, took the approach that a trust could be valid, even with uncertain beneficiaries, if there was a "core number" of beneficiaries who were certain.


Context: inland revenue commissioners v broadway cottages trust 1955 ch 20

Context: It states that if there are any potential beneficiaries who the trustees are not certain of, or the trustees cannot compile a complete list, the trust is void for uncertainty.

Question: what is this three certainties all about?

Answer: It refers to a rule within English trusts law on the creation of express trusts that, to be valid, the trust instrument must show certainty of intention, subject matter and object.

Three certainties [SEP] Introduction

The three certainties refer to a rule within English trusts law on the creation of express trusts that, to be valid, the trust instrument must show certainty of intention, subject matter and object. "Certainty of intention" means that it must be clear that the donor or testator wishes to create a trust; this is not dependent on any particular language used, and a trust can be created without the word "trust" being used, or even the donor knowing he is creating a trust. Since the 1950s, the courts have been more willing to conclude that there was intention to create a trust, rather than hold that the trust is void.


Context: what is this three certainties all about?

Context: It refers to a rule within English trusts law on the creation of express trusts that, to be valid, the trust instrument must show certainty of intention, subject matter and object.

Question: what is the above-mentioned instrument all about?

Answer: It is an instrument in writing executed by a settlor used to constitute a trust.

Trust instrument [SEP] Introduction

A trust instrument (also sometimes called a deed of trust, where executed by way of deed) is an instrument in writing executed by a settlor used to constitute a trust. Trust instruments are generally only used in relation to an "inter vivos" trust; testamentary trusts are usually created under a will.


Context: what is the above-mentioned instrument all about?

Context: It is an instrument in writing executed by a settlor used to constitute a trust.

Question: who is the settlor in this case?

Answer: He is a trustor, or occasionally, a grantor or donor.

Settlor [SEP] Introduction

In law a settlor is a person who settles property on trust law for the benefit of beneficiaries. In some legal systems, a settlor is also referred to as a trustor, or occasionally, a grantor or donor. Where the trust is a testamentary trust, the settlor is usually referred to as the testator. The settlor may also be the trustee of the trust (where he declares that he holds his own property on trusts) or a third party may be the trustee (where he transfers the property to the trustee on trusts). In the common law of England and Wales, it has been held, controversially, that where a trustee declares an intention to transfer trust property to a trust of which he is one of several trustees, that is a valid settlement notwithstanding the property is not vested in the other trustees.


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: He is a trustor, or occasionally, a grantor or donor.

Question: who created these certainties?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Settlor [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: who created these certainties?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: list those three certainties.

Answer: Certainty of intention", "Certainty of subject matter" and "Certainty of object".

Three certainties [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: who created these certainties?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: list those three certainties.

Context: Certainty of intention", "Certainty of subject matter" and "Certainty of object".

Question: what does the first certainty state?

Answer: To create an express trust without being aware that one is doing so, so long as the court can determine from the person's intention that a beneficial entitlement should be conferred which the law will enforce.

Three certainties [SEP] Certainty of intention

A trust will not be formed if it is clear that some other intention was there, such as the intention to make a pure gift, as in "Jones v Lock". Historically, precatory words such as "it is hoped" and "it is desired" were held to be valid. Since "Lambe v Eames", the courts have instead taken the approach that the circumstances and the reading of the statement as a whole are the factors, and that no particular words will impose a trust on their own. It is possible to create an express trust without being aware that one is doing so, so long as the court can determine from the person's intention that a beneficial entitlement should be conferred which the law (or equity) will enforce.


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: who created these certainties?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: list those three certainties.

Context: what does the first certainty state?

Context: To create an express trust without being aware that one is doing so, so long as the court can determine from the person's intention that a beneficial entitlement should be conferred which the law will enforce.

Question: what does the second certainty state?

Answer: It is a requirement that the subject matter be certain — that the property intended to be in the trust be separated from other property, showing clarity in what is intended to be trust property. If there is no clear separation, the trust will fail.

Three certainties [SEP] Certainty of subject matter

It is a requirement that the subject matter be certain — that the property intended to be in the trust be separated from other property, showing clarity in what is intended to be trust property. If there is no clear separation, the trust will fail, as in "Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd". This point was illustrated by "Re London Wine Co (Shippers) Ltd", where creditors of a bankrupt wine trading company argued that they should be able to claim the wine they had paid for. The problem was that these bottles were not individually identifiable, and Oliver J held that: A sum of money, say 10,000, does not satisfy the requirement, rendering uncertainty.


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: who created these certainties?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: list those three certainties.

Context: what does the first certainty state?

Context: what does the second certainty state?

Context: It is a requirement that the subject matter be certain — that the property intended to be in the trust be separated from other property, showing clarity in what is intended to be trust property. If there is no clear separation, the trust will fail.

Question: what does the third certainty state?

Answer: There is a requirement that the beneficiaries of a trust, known as the objects, be certain. Within express trusts this is a particularly complex area, because the test used to determine certainty varies between fixed trusts, mere powers and discretionary trusts.

There is a requirement that the beneficiaries of a trust, known as the objects, be certain. Within express trusts this is a particularly complex area, because the test used to determine certainty varies between fixed trusts, mere powers and discretionary trusts. Fixed trusts are trusts for a specific, named list of individuals, with Alastair Hudson giving the example of "£10,000 to be held upon trust equally for the complete team of 11 Sunderland Football Club players who started the 1992 Cup Final at Wembley". The test for fixed trusts is that the trustees must be able to give a complete list of the beneficiaries, as laid down in "IRC v Broadway Cottages".


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: who created these certainties?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: list those three certainties.

Context: what does the first certainty state?

Context: what does the second certainty state?

Context: what does the third certainty state?

Context: There is a requirement that the beneficiaries of a trust, known as the objects, be certain. Within express trusts this is a particularly complex area, because the test used to determine certainty varies between fixed trusts, mere powers and discretionary trusts.

Question: what happens in the case of uncertainty?

Answer: Where there is not sufficient clarity, the trust may be held void as uncertain and give rise to any the three uncertainities i.e."Conceptual uncertainty”, "Evidential uncertainty” and “Ascertainability"

Explanation:
Where there is not sufficient clarity, the trust may be held void as uncertain. The applicable forms of uncertainty have been categorised as:

Conceptual uncertainty is the "most fundamental in the validity of a trust or power", and is where the language used in the trust is unclear. Examples include where familiar but overly vague terms are used, such as "good customers" or "useful employees"; if the concept cannot be certain, the trust fails. Evidential uncertainty, on the other hand, is where there is a question of fact it is impossible to answer, such as when a claimant cannot prove he is a beneficiary. This does not necessarily invalidate the trust, as Jenkins J (as he was then) said in "Re Coxen":
The next type of uncertainty, ascertainability, is where it is impossible to find the beneficiaries, either because they have died, moved or changed names. This is not necessarily fatal; the test for deciding if it is or not was laid out by Wynn-Parry J as: "mere difficulty of ascertain

Three certainties [SEP] Uncertainty


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: who created these certainties?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: list those three certainties.

Context: what does the first certainty state?

Context: what does the second certainty state?

Context: what does the third certainty state?

Context: what happens in the case of uncertainty?

Context: Where there is not sufficient clarity, the trust may be held void as uncertain and give rise to any the three uncertainities i.e."Conceptual uncertainty”, "Evidential uncertainty” and “Ascertainability"

Question: how is the above case resolved?

Answer: Drafters use three principal devices to resolve problems of potential uncertainty.  1. The beneficiary's eligibility to the trust., 2. The testator has to define  the way in which trustees should exercise their judgement, and 3. To give the trustees the power to give trust property to "anyone in the world" or to "anyone whom the trustees consider appropriate".

Explanation:
Drafters use three principal devices to resolve problems of potential uncertainty. These are:

The first device has been approved by the courts: in "Re Tuck's Settlement Trusts", Lord Denning allowed the court and trustees to engage a Chief Rabbi to determine whether a beneficiary's wife was "of the Jewish faith" which determined the beneficiary's eligibility to the trust. Though this condition was conceptually uncertain, owing to the court's inability to determine with certainty whether someone is of a particular faith, the trust document explicitly set out that a Chief Rabbi could determine it. Lord Denning stating "any conceptual uncertainty" was "cured by the Chief Rabbi clause".

The second device was condemned as ineffective by Jenkins J in "Re Coxen", when he wrote:
As such, simply giving the trustees this power was not enough to defeat uncertainties. If, however, the testator "had sufficiently defined" the way in which trustees should exercise their judgement, it would be vali

Three certainties [SEP] Resolving uncertainties


Context: who is the settlor in this case?

Context: who created these certainties?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: list those three certainties.

Context: what does the first certainty state?

Context: what does the second certainty state?

Context: what does the third certainty state?

Context: how is the above case resolved?

Context: Drafters use three principal devices to resolve problems of potential uncertainty.  1. The beneficiary's eligibility to the trust., 2. The testator has to define  the way in which trustees should exercise their judgement, and 3. To give the trustees the power to give trust property to "anyone in the world" or to "anyone whom the trustees consider appropriate".

Question: what are the names of the lawyers mentioned who are involved in the cases of these certainties issue?

Answer: "Lord Denning", Jenkins J" and "Megarry V-C".


Question: in his 1962 we choose to go to the moon

Answer: "We choose to go to the Moon", officially titled as the Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort, is a speech delivered by United States President John F. Kennedy

We choose to go to the Moon [SEP] Introduction

"We choose to go to the Moon", officially titled as the Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort, is a speech delivered by United States President John F. Kennedy about the effort to reach the Moon to a large crowd gathered at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas, on September 12, 1962. The speech, largely written by Kennedy advisor and speechwriter Ted Sorensen, was intended to persuade the American people to support the Apollo program, the national effort to land a man on the Moon. In his speech, Kennedy characterized space as a new frontier, invoking the pioneer spirit that dominated American folklore.