Context: where is potassium located in the human body

Context: cells

Question: how does it react chemically?

Answer: It is chemically very similar to sodium.

Potassium [SEP] Introduction

Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction, and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight), and occurs in many minerals such as orthoclase, a common constituent of granites and other igneous rocks. Potassium is chemically very similar to sodium, the previous element in group 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar first ionization energy, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. It was suspected in 1702 that they were distinct elements that combine with the same anions to make similar salts, and was proven in 1807 using electrolysis.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: It is chemically very similar to sodium.

Question: what is its use in medication?

Answer: It is used as a medication in the form of potassium chloride to treat and prevent low blood potassium.

Potassium [SEP] Medical use

Potassium, in the form of potassium chloride is used as a medication to treat and prevent low blood potassium. Low blood potassium may occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medications. It is given by slow injection into a vein or by mouth.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: It is used as a medication in the form of potassium chloride to treat and prevent low blood potassium.

Question: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Answer: It is formed in supernovae by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms.

Potassium [SEP] Cosmic formation and distribution

Potassium is formed in supernovae by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms. Potassium is principally created in Type II supernovae via an explosive oxygen-burning process. is also formed in s-process nucleosynthesis and the neon burning process. Potassium is the 20th most abundant element in the solar system and the 17th most abundant element by weight in the Earth. It makes up about 2.6% of the weight of the earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element in the crust. The potassium concentration in seawater is 0.39g/L (0.039 wt/v%), about one twenty-seventh the concentration of sodium.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: It is formed in supernovae by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms.

Question: in which foods can you find it?

Answer: yam, parsley, dried apricots, milk, chocolate, all nuts, etc.

Potassium [SEP] Food sources

Potassium is present in all fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Foods with high potassium concentrations include yam, parsley, dried apricots, milk, chocolate, all nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), potatoes, bamboo shoots, bananas, avocados, coconut water, soybeans, and bran. The USDA lists tomato paste, orange juice, beet greens, white beans, potatoes, plantains, bananas, apricots, and many other dietary sources of potassium, ranked in descending order according to potassium content. A day's worth of potassium is in 5 plantains or 11 bananas.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: yam, parsley, dried apricots, milk, chocolate, all nuts, etc.

Question: what are the types in which you can consume the fourth one?

Answer: Milk consumption occurs in two distinct overall types: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals and a food product obtained from other mammals for consumption by humans of all ages

Explanation: Milk consumption occurs in two distinct overall types: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals and a food product obtained from other mammals for consumption by humans of all ages.

Milk [SEP] Types of consumption


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what are the types in which you can consume the fourth one?

Context: Milk consumption occurs in two distinct overall types: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals and a food product obtained from other mammals for consumption by humans of all ages

Question: can this food item possibly harm in any way?

Answer: Milk and dairy products have the potential for causing serious infection in newborn infants

Milk [SEP] Possible harms

Milk and dairy products have the potential for causing serious infection in newborn infants. Unpasteurized milk and cheeses can promote the growth of "Listeria" bacteria. "Listeria monocytogenes" can also cause serious infection in an infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to her infant in utero or after birth. The infection has the potential of seriously harming or even causing the death of a preterm infant, an infant of low or very low birth weight, or an infant with a congenital defect of the immune system. The presence of this pathogen can sometimes be determined by the symptoms that appear as a gastrointestinal illness in the mother.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: can this food item possibly harm in any way?

Context: Milk and dairy products have the potential for causing serious infection in newborn infants

Question: what are some of its fermented products?

Answer: sour cream, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir, and kumis

Milk [SEP] Spoilage and fermented milk products

When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns "sour". This is the result of fermentation, where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose in the milk into lactic acid. Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures (e.g. "Lactobacilli sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp.", etc.) to produce a variety of fermented milk products. The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and causes the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency. Some of these products include sour cream, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir, and kumis.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what are some of its fermented products?

Context: sour cream, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir, and kumis

Question: what is the last one's role in culture?

Answer: During the Yuan Dynasty of China, it was essentially made to be the replacement of tea

Kumis [SEP] Cultural role

During the Yuan Dynasty of China, kumis was essentially made to be the replacement of tea. Furthermore, Möngke Khan had a drinking fountain made in the Mongol Empire's capital of Karakorum, including kumis alongside Chinese rice wine, Scandinavian mead and Persian grape wine as a symbol of the empire's diversity and size. The capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, is named after the paddle used to churn the fermenting milk, showing the importance of the drink in the national culture. The famous Russian writer Leo Tolstoy in "A Confession" spoke of running away from his troubled life by drinking "kumis".


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: During the Yuan Dynasty of China, it was essentially made to be the replacement of tea

Question: where did the term came from?

Answer: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Kumis [SEP] Terminology and etymology

"Kumis" comes from the Turkic word "kımız". Kurmann derives the word from the name of the Kumyks, one of many Turkic peoples, although this appears to be a purely speculative claim. Clauson notes that "kımız" is found throughout the Turkic language family, and cites the 11th-century appearance of the word in "Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk" written by Kaşgarlı Mahmud in the Karakhanid language. In Mongolia, the drink is called "airag" ( ) or, in some areas, "tsegee". William of Rubruck in his travels calls the drink "cosmos" and describes its preparation among the Mongols.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Question: which places consume this?

Answer: The drink remains important to the peoples of the Central Asian steppes, of Huno-Bulgar, Turkic and Mongol origin

Kumis [SEP] Introduction

Kumis (also spelled kumiss or koumiss or kumys, see other transliterations and cognate words below under terminology and etymology - , "qymyz") is a fermented dairy product traditionally made from mare's milk or donkey milk. The drink remains important to the peoples of the Central Asian steppes, of Huno-Bulgar, Turkic and Mongol origin: Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Kyrgyz, Mongols, and Yakuts. Kumis was historically consumed by the Khitan, Jurchen, Hungarians and Han Chinese of North China as well. "Kumis" is a dairy product similar to "kefir", but is produced from a liquid starter culture, in contrast to the solid "kefir" "grains".


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Context: which places consume this?

Context: The drink remains important to the peoples of the Central Asian steppes, of Huno-Bulgar, Turkic and Mongol origin

Question: which ethnic group can you find within the people of former origin that you just mentioned?

Answer: Xiongnu, Huns and Pannonian Avars, as well as Tuoba and Rouran

Turkic peoples [SEP] List of ethnic groups

Possible Proto-Turkic ancestry, at least partial, has been posited for Xiongnu, Huns and Pannonian Avars, as well as Tuoba and Rouran (later Tatars), who were of Proto-Mongolic Donghu ancestry.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Context: which places consume this?

Context: which ethnic group can you find within the people of former origin that you just mentioned?

Question: from where did they originated?

Answer: They belong to the Proto-Mongolic Donghu ancestry.

Explanation: Possible Proto-Turkic ancestry, at least partial, has been posited for Xiongnu, Huns and Pannonian Avars, as well as Tuoba and Rouran (later Tatars), who were of Proto-Mongolic Donghu ancestry.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Context: which places consume this?

Context: from where did they originated?

Context: They belong to the Proto-Mongolic Donghu ancestry.

Question: which religion do they belong to?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Context: which places consume this?

Context: from where did they originated?

Context: which religion do they belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you name some of their foods?

Answer: Manti

Explanation: Nomadic Turks cooked their meals in a "[[Kazan (cookware)|qazan]]", a pot similar to a [[cauldron]]; a wooden rack called a "qasqan" can be used to prepare certain steamed foods, like the traditional meat dumplings called "[[Manti (food)|manti]]". They also used a "saj", a griddle that was traditionally placed on stones over a fire, and "[[skewer|shish]]". In later times, the Persian [[tava]] was borrowed from the Persians for frying, but traditionally nomadic Turks did most of their cooking using the qazan, saj and shish. Meals were served in a bowl, called a "chanaq", and eaten with a knife ("bïchaq") and spoon ("qashi̅q"). Both bowl and spoon were historically made from wood.

Turkic peoples [SEP] Cuisine

Markets in the steppe region had a limited range of foodstuffs available—mostly [[grain]]s, [[dried fruit]]s, [[spices]], and [[tea]]. Turks mostly herded [[sheep]], [[goat]]s and [[horse]]s. Dairy was a staple of the nomadic diet and there are many Turkic words for various dairy products such as "süt" (milk), "yagh" (butter), [[ayran]], "[[kaymak|qaymaq]]" (similar to [[clotted cream]]), [[Kumis|qi̅mi̅z]] (fermented mare's milk) and "[[qurut]]" (dried yoghurt). During the Middle Ages [[Kazakh cuisine|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] and [[Tatar cuisine|Tatars]], who were historically part of the Turkic nomadic group known as the [[Golden Horde]], continued to develop new variations of dairy products. Nomadic Turks cooked their meals in a "[[Kazan (cookware)|qazan]]", a pot similar to a [[cauldron]]; a wooden rack called a "qasqan" can be used to prepare certain steamed foods, like the traditional meat dumplings called "[[Manti (food)|manti]]".


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Context: which places consume this?

Context: from where did they originated?

Context: which religion do they belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you name some of their foods?

Context: Manti

Question: what theory is related to the language of the first ethnic group of these people?

Answer: Language isolate theories

Xiongnu [SEP] Language isolate theories

The Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer has denied any possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language. He also strongly rejected any connection with Turkic or Mongolian.


Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Context: which places consume this?

Context: from where did they originated?

Context: which religion do they belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you name some of their foods?

Context: Manti

Context: what theory is related to the language of the first ethnic group of these people?

Context: Language isolate theories

Question: what does this theory explains?

Answer: The Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer has denied any possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language.

Xiongnu [SEP] Language isolate theories


Context: where is potassium located in the human body

Context: cells

Context: how does it react chemically?

Context: It is chemically very similar to sodium.

Context: what is its use in medication?

Context: It is used as a medication in the form of potassium chloride to treat and prevent low blood potassium.

Context: how does its cosmic formation happens?

Context: It is formed in supernovae by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms.

Context: in which foods can you find it?

Context: yam, parsley, dried apricots, milk, chocolate, all nuts, etc.

Context: what are the types in which you can consume the fourth one?

Context: Milk consumption occurs in two distinct overall types: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals and a food product obtained from other mammals for consumption by humans of all ages

Context: can this food item possibly harm in any way?

Context: Milk and dairy products have the potential for causing serious infection in newborn infants

Context: what are some of its fermented products?

Context: sour cream, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir, and kumis

Context: what is the last one's role in culture?

Context: During the Yuan Dynasty of China, it was essentially made to be the replacement of tea

Context: where did the term came from?

Context: It comes from the Turkic word "kımız".

Context: which places consume this?

Context: The drink remains important to the peoples of the Central Asian steppes, of Huno-Bulgar, Turkic and Mongol origin

Context: which ethnic group can you find within the people of former origin that you just mentioned?

Context: Xiongnu, Huns and Pannonian Avars, as well as Tuoba and Rouran

Context: from where did they originated?

Context: They belong to the Proto-Mongolic Donghu ancestry.

Context: which religion do they belong to?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you name some of their foods?

Context: Manti

Context: what theory is related to the language of the first ethnic group of these people?

Context: Language isolate theories

Context: what does this theory explains?

Context: The Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer has denied any possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language.

Question: where can you find its rock art?

Answer: Noin-Ula kurgans

Xiongnu [SEP] Rock art and writing

The rock art of the Yin and Helan Mountains is dated from the 9th millennium BC to the 19th century AD. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images. Excavations conducted between 1924 and 1925 in the Noin-Ula kurgans produced objects with over twenty carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to that of to the runic letters of the Old Turkic alphabet discovered in the Orkhon Valley. From this a some scholars hold that the Xiongnu had a script similar to Eurasian runiform and this alphabet itself served as the basis for the ancient Turkic writing.


Question: where are the roman baths located in england

Answer: Bath, Somerset, England

Roman Baths (Bath) [SEP] Introduction

The Roman Baths are a well-preserved "thermae" in the city of Bath, Somerset, England. A temple was constructed on the site between 60-70CE in the first few decades of Roman Britain. Its presence led to the development of the small Roman urban settlement known as "Aquae Sulis" around the site. The Roman baths—designed for public bathing—were used until the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th Century CE. According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", the original Roman baths were in ruins a century later. The area around the natural springs was redeveloped several times during the Early and Late Middle Ages.


Context: where are the roman baths located in england

Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Question: what is the use of this site?

Answer: It is designed for public bathing.

Explanation: The Roman baths—designed for public bathing—were used until the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th Century CE

Roman Baths (Bath) [SEP] Introduction


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Question: what is the quality of its water?

Answer: The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations.

Roman Baths (Bath) [SEP] Water quality

Bath was charged with responsibility for the hot springs in a Royal Charter of 1591 granted by Elizabeth I. This duty has now passed to Bath and North East Somerset Council, who carry out monitoring of pressure, temperature and flow rates. The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations. The Roman Baths are no longer used for bathing. In October 1978, a young girl swimming in the restored Roman Bath with the Bath Dolphins, a local swimming club, contracted meningitis and died, leading to the closure of the bath for several years. Tests showed "Naegleria fowleri", a deadly pathogen, in the water.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations.

Question: who is authorized to preserve it?

Answer: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Explanation: This duty has now passed to Bath and North East Somerset Council, who carry out monitoring of pressure, temperature and flow rates.

Roman Baths (Bath) [SEP] Water quality


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Question: is it a part of a gallery?

Answer: Yes, it has a museum that houses artefacts from the Roman period including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring, presumably as offerings to the goddess.

Roman Baths (Bath) [SEP] Museum

The museum houses artefacts from the Roman period including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring, presumably as offerings to the goddess. These include more than 12,000 Denari coins, which is the largest collective votive deposit known from Britain. A gilt bronze head of the goddess Sulis Minerva, which was discovered nearby in 1727, is displayed. An audio guide is available in 12 languages. The Bath Roman Temple stood on a podium more than two metres above the surrounding courtyard, approached by a flight of steps. On the approach there were four large, fluted Corinthian columns supporting a frieze and decorated pediment above.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: Yes, it has a museum that houses artefacts from the Roman period including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring, presumably as offerings to the goddess.

Question: when was the council you mentioned founded?

Answer: 1889

Bath and North East Somerset Council [SEP] History

Historically part of the county of Somerset, Bath was made a county borough in 1889 and thus was independent of the newly created administrative Somerset county council. The area that would become Bath and North East Somerset became part of Avon when that non-metropolitan county was created in 1974. When Avon was abolished in 1996, its non-metropolitan districts of Wansdyke and Bath were combined into a new unitary authority named Bath and North East Somerset, with its principal offices at Bath. Before the Reform Act of 1832, Bath elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons. Bath now has a single parliamentary constituency, with a Liberal Democrat, Wera Hobhouse, as Member of Parliament since 2017.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: when was the council you mentioned founded?

Question: who controls it politically?

Answer: The Liberal Democrats

Bath and North East Somerset Council [SEP] Political control

From the creation of the authority in 1995, no political party had overall control of the council until 2015. The Liberal Democrats quickly became the dominant party until the 2007 elections when the Conservative Party won 31 seats to become the largest party, though they did not have a majority. In the 2015 elections, the Conservatives won 37 seats to gain overall control of the council, then in 2019 the Liberal Democrats took control after winning 37 seats. A boundary change in 2018 meant that the number of councillors elected in 2019 was reduced from 65 to 59, and the number of electoral wards from 37 to 33.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Question: can you mention a feature of the council?

Answer: The council consists of 59 councillors: 28 from Bath, 8 from Midsomer Norton & Radstock, 6 from Keynsham, and 17 from other areas.

Bath and North East Somerset Council [SEP] Introduction

Bath and North East Somerset Council is the local council for the district of Bath and North East Somerset in Somerset, England. It is a unitary authority, with the powers and functions of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. The council consists of 59 councillors: 28 from Bath, 8 from Midsomer Norton & Radstock, 6 from Keynsham, and 17 from other areas.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: can you mention a feature of the council?

Context: The council consists of 59 councillors: 28 from Bath, 8 from Midsomer Norton & Radstock, 6 from Keynsham, and 17 from other areas.

Question: what is the role of council of county in different countries?

Answer: A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.

Explanation: A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.

County council [SEP] Introduction


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: what is the role of council of county in different countries?

Context: A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.

Question: how does it functions in the uk?

Answer: In the various constituent countries of the United Kingdom councils had different powers and different memberships - in England they generally form the top level in a two-tier system of administration.

County council [SEP] United Kingdom

County councils were formed in the late 19th century. In the various constituent countries of the United Kingdom councils had different powers and different memberships. Following local government reforms in the 1970s, county councils no longer exist in Scotland or Northern Ireland. In England they generally form the top level in a two-tier system of administration; in Wales they are unitary authorities.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: how does it functions in the uk?

Context: In the various constituent countries of the United Kingdom councils had different powers and different memberships - in England they generally form the top level in a two-tier system of administration.

Question: what does the reforms of 21st century consists of?

Answer: The status of some of the more rural counties changed - Cornwall, Durham, Northumberland, Shropshire and Wiltshire became unitary authorities providing all services.

Explanation: A further wave of local government reform took place in April 2009 under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007. Following invitations from central government in 2007, a number of county councils and their associated districts examined ways in which local government provision could be rationalised, mainly in the form of abolishing the existing county and district councils and establishing one-tier authorities for all or parts of these existing counties. As a result, the status of some of these (mainly) more rural counties changed. Cornwall, Durham, Northumberland, Shropshire and Wiltshire became unitary authorities providing all services. Some of these councils have dropped the word "county" from their titles. Bedfordshire and Cheshire county councils were abolished with more than one unitary council established within the boundaries of the abolished council. Other county councils remained unchanged, particularly in the heavily populated parts of England such as

County council [SEP] 21st-century reforms


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: how does it functions in the uk?

Context: what does the reforms of 21st century consists of?

Context: The status of some of the more rural counties changed - Cornwall, Durham, Northumberland, Shropshire and Wiltshire became unitary authorities providing all services.

Question: the public bath site that we talked about, what is the source of its water?

Answer: Sacred Spring

Roman Baths (Bath) [SEP] Introduction

The Roman Baths are preserved in four main features: the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple, the Roman Bath House, and a museum which holds artefacts from "Aquae Sulis". However, all buildings at street level date from the 19th century. It is a major tourist attraction in the UK, and together with the Grand Pump Room, receives more than 1.3 million visitors annually. Visitors can tour the baths and museum but cannot enter the water.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: how does it functions in the uk?

Context: the public bath site that we talked about, what is the source of its water?

Context: Sacred Spring

Question: what was its use post-roman?

Answer: In the 12th century John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir.

Roman Baths (Bath) [SEP] Post-Roman use

baths have been modified on several occasions, including the 12th century, when John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir, and the 16th century, when the city corporation built a new bath (Queen's Bath) to the south of the spring. The court physician Théodore de Mayerne bathed Anne of Denmark in the King's Bath on 19 May 1613. She returned in August 1615. The spring is now housed in 18th-century buildings, designed by architects John Wood, the Elder and John Wood, the Younger, father and son. Visitors drank the waters in the Grand Pump Room, a neo-classical salon which remains in use, both for taking the waters and for social functions.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: how does it functions in the uk?

Context: Sacred Spring

Context: what was its use post-roman?

Context: In the 12th century John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir.

Question: who is this person who built curative bath?

Answer: He was a medieval Bishop of Wells in England who moved the diocese seat to Bath.

John of Tours [SEP] Introduction

John of Tours or John de Villula (died 1122) was a medieval Bishop of Wells in England who moved the diocese seat to Bath. He was a native of Tours and was King William I of England's doctor before becoming a bishop. After his consecration as bishop, he was either given or purchased Bath Abbey, a rich monastery, and then moved the headquarters of the diocese from Wells, to the abbey. He rebuilt the church at Bath, building a large cathedral that no longer survives. He gave a large library to his cathedral and received the right to hold a fair in Bath.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: how does it functions in the uk?

Context: Sacred Spring

Context: what was its use post-roman?

Context: who is this person who built curative bath?

Context: He was a medieval Bishop of Wells in England who moved the diocese seat to Bath.

Question: what was the controversy that he got into?

Answer: He was one of the bishops that sided with King William against Anselm of Canterbury at the king's Whitsun council in 1097.

John of Tours [SEP] Investiture Controversy

John was one of the bishops that sided with King William against Anselm of Canterbury at the king's Whitsun council in 1097, one of early councils called during the Investiture Controversy in England. During the reign of King Henry I, who succeeded his brother King William in 1100, John along with Robert Bloet, the Bishop of Lincoln, consecrated abbots who had been invested in office by the king. John attended Anselm's reforming Council of London in 1102, which debated and passed decrees to reform the clergy.


Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: how does it functions in the uk?

Context: Sacred Spring

Context: what was its use post-roman?

Context: what was the controversy that he got into?

Context: He was one of the bishops that sided with King William against Anselm of Canterbury at the king's Whitsun council in 1097.

Question: who was this controversy dispute between?

Answer: It was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe.

Investiture Controversy [SEP] Introduction

The Investiture Controversy, also called Investiture Contest, was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself. A series of popes in the 11th and 12th centuries undercut the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and other European monarchies, and the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany. It began as a power struggle between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV (then King, later Holy Roman Emperor) in 1076. The conflict ended in 1122, when Pope Callixtus II and Emperor Henry V agreed on the Concordat of Worms.


Context: where are the roman baths located in england

Context: Bath, Somerset, England

Context: what is the use of this site?

Context: It is designed for public bathing.

Context: what is the quality of its water?

Context: The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations.

Context: who is authorized to preserve it?

Context: Bath and North East Somerset Council

Context: is it a part of a gallery?

Context: Yes, it has a museum that houses artefacts from the Roman period including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring, presumably as offerings to the goddess.

Context: when was the council you mentioned founded?

Context: who controls it politically?

Context: The Liberal Democrats

Context: can you mention a feature of the council?

Context: The council consists of 59 councillors: 28 from Bath, 8 from Midsomer Norton & Radstock, 6 from Keynsham, and 17 from other areas.

Context: what is the role of council of county in different countries?

Context: A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.

Context: how does it functions in the uk?

Context: In the various constituent countries of the United Kingdom councils had different powers and different memberships - in England they generally form the top level in a two-tier system of administration.

Context: what does the reforms of 21st century consists of?

Context: The status of some of the more rural counties changed - Cornwall, Durham, Northumberland, Shropshire and Wiltshire became unitary authorities providing all services.

Context: the public bath site that we talked about, what is the source of its water?

Context: Sacred Spring

Context: what was its use post-roman?

Context: In the 12th century John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir.

Context: who is this person who built curative bath?

Context: He was a medieval Bishop of Wells in England who moved the diocese seat to Bath.

Context: what was the controversy that he got into?

Context: He was one of the bishops that sided with King William against Anselm of Canterbury at the king's Whitsun council in 1097.

Context: who was this controversy dispute between?

Context: It was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe.

Question: when did this dispute end?

Answer: 1122

Explanation: The conflict ended in 1122, when Pope Callixtus II and Emperor Henry V agreed on the Concordat of Worms.


Question: who was geraldine page?

Answer: An American actress

Geraldine Page [SEP] Introduction

Geraldine Sue Page (November 22, 1924June 13, 1987) was an American actress. She earned acclaim for her work on Broadway as well as in major Hollywood films and television productions, garnering an Academy Award (from eight nominations), two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globes, a BAFTA Award, and four nominations for the Tony Award. A native of Kirksville, Missouri, Page studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and with Uta Hagen and Lee Strasberg in New York City before being cast in her first credited part in the Western film "Hondo" (1953), which earned her her first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.


Context:
who was geraldine page?
An American actress

Question: where was she born?

Answer: Kirksville, Missouri

Geraldine Page [SEP] Early life

Page was born November 22, 1924 in Kirksville, Missouri, the second child of Edna Pearl (née Maize) and Leon Elwin Page who worked at Andrew Taylor Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery (combined with the American School of Osteopathy, eventually to form A.T. Still University). He was an author whose works included "Practical Anatomy" (1925), "Osteopathic Fundamentals" (1926), and "The Old Doctor" (1932). She had one older brother, Donald. At age five, Page relocated with her family to Chicago, Illinois. Raised a Methodist, Page and her family were active parishioners of the Englewood Methodist Church in Chicago, where she had her first foray into acting within the church's theatre group, playing Jo March in a 1941 production of Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women".


Context:
who was geraldine page?
An American actress
where was she born?
Kirksville, Missouri

Question: which film did she act first?

Answer: "Hondo"

Geraldine Page [SEP] Early stage and film

Page was subsequently cast in the role of Alma in the Quintero-directed production of "Summer and Smoke", written by Tennessee Williams (also staged at the Circle Theatre in 1952). Page's role in "Summer and Smoke" garnered her significant exposure, including a Drama Desk Award, and a profile in "Time" magazine. Her official film debut and role in "Hondo", opposite John Wayne, garnering her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Prior, she appeared in an uncredited role in "Taxi". Speaking to a Kirksville newspaper, she said: "Actually "Hondo" wasn't my first movie. I had one small, but satisfactory scene in a Dan Dailey picture called "Taxi", which was filmed in New York." Page was blacklisted in Hollywood after her debut in "Hondo" based on her association with Uta Hagen and did not work in film for nearly ten years.


Context:
who was geraldine page?
An American actress
where was she born?
Kirksville, Missouri
which film did she act first?
"Hondo"

Question: when was it released?

Answer: 1953

Hondo (film) [SEP] Introduction

Hondo is a 1953 Warnercolor 3D Western film directed by John Farrow and starring John Wayne and Geraldine Page. The screenplay is based on the July 5, 1952 "Collier's" short story "The Gift of Cochise" by Louis L'Amour. The book "Hondo" was a novelization of the film also written by L'Amour, and published by Gold Medal Books in 1953. The supporting cast features Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon. The shoot went over schedule, and Farrow had to leave the production as he was contractually obligated to direct another movie. The final scenes featuring the Apache attack on the circled wagons of the Army and settlers were shot by John Ford, whom Wayne had asked to finish the film; Ford was uncredited for this work.


Context:
who was geraldine page?
An American actress
where was she born?
Kirksville, Missouri
which film did she act first?
"Hondo"
when was it released?
1953

Question: who were her co-stars in it?

Answer: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Explanation: The supporting cast features Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon.

Hondo (film) [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who was geraldine page?
An American actress
where was she born?
Kirksville, Missouri
which film did she act first?
"Hondo"
when was it released?
1953
who were her co-stars in it?
Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Question: did the film bring her any award?

Answer: Yes, first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Explanation: A native of Kirksville, Missouri, Page studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and with Uta Hagen and Lee Strasberg in New York City before being cast in her first credited part in the Western film "Hondo" (1953), which earned her her first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Geraldine Page [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: Yes, first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Question: what was her unique style in acting?

Answer: Page was regarded as a respected character actress, and Page was trained as a method actor, and at times worked with psychoanalysts when developing her interpretations of roles.

Geraldine Page [SEP] Acting style

But I don't try to get one. My whole effort is to relax and keep the doors open so that there's room if one should pop up." During her life, Page was regarded as a respected character actress. Speaking of her stage career in 1986, she said: "I used to think that by opening [night] all the work was done. Now I'm finding how much you can learn from the audience." She described acting as a "bottomless cup," adding: "If I studied for the next ninety years I'd just be scratching the surface."


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: Page was regarded as a respected character actress, and Page was trained as a method actor, and at times worked with psychoanalysts when developing her interpretations of roles.

Question: can you name any other movie that she was a part of?

Answer: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

She and Newman subsequently starred in the 1962 film adaptation of the same name and Page earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film. In 1963, Page starred in "Toys in the Attic", based on Lillian Hellman's play of the same name, and garnered a Golden Globe nomination. She received another nomination the following year starring in Delbert Mann's "Dear Heart" as a self-sufficient but lonely postmistress visiting New York City for a convention, finding love with a greeting card salesman. In 1964, she starred in a Lee Strasberg-directed Broadway revival of Anton Chekhov's "Three Sisters" playing eldest sister Olga to Kim Stanley's Masha with Barbara Baxley as the interloper Natasha.


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: can you name any other movie that she was a part of?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Question: who directed the former?

Answer: George Roy Hill

Toys in the Attic (1963 film) [SEP] Introduction

Toys in the Attic is a 1963 American drama film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Dean Martin, Geraldine Page, Yvette Mimieux, Gene Tierney and Wendy Hiller. The film is based on a Tony Award-winning play of the same name by Lillian Hellman. The screenplay adaptation is by James Poe, and the original music score was composed by George Duning.


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Question: what genre does it come under?

Answer: Drama film


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Question: has the latter won any awards?

Answer: No, but the movie received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song "Dear Heart."

Dear Heart [SEP] Awards

The movie received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song "Dear Heart." The music was composed by Henry Mancini, with lyrics by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans. It received three Golden Globe Award nominations, for Best Motion Picture - Drama, Best Actress - Drama, and Best Song.


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Context: has the latter won any awards?

Context: No, but the movie received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song "Dear Heart."

Question: what was the story about?

Answer: Lonely middle-aged people who fall in love at a hotel convention.

Dear Heart [SEP] Introduction

Dear Heart is a 1964 American romantic comedy film starring Glenn Ford and Geraldine Page as lonely middle-aged people who fall in love at a hotel convention. It was directed by Delbert Mann, from a screenplay by Tad Mosel. Its theme song, "Dear Heart", was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Context: has the latter won any awards?

Context: what was the story about?

Context: Lonely middle-aged people who fall in love at a hotel convention.

Question: who has acted in the leading role?

Answer: Glenn Ford

Explanation: Dear Heart is a 1964 American romantic comedy film starring Glenn Ford and Geraldine Page as lonely middle-aged people who fall in love at a hotel convention.

Dear Heart [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Context: has the latter won any awards?

Context: what was the story about?

Context: who has acted in the leading role?

Context: Glenn Ford

Question: was this his debut film?

Answer: No, His first major movie part was in "Heaven with a Barbed Wire Fence"

Glenn Ford [SEP] Columbia Pictures

Ford acted in West Coast stage companies and had a role in the short "Night in Manhattan" (1937) before joining Columbia Pictures in 1939. His stage name came from his father's hometown of Glenford, Alberta. His first major movie part was in "Heaven with a Barbed Wire Fence" (1939) at 20th Century Fox, written by Dalton Trumbo. Ford's first movie for Columbia was a "B", "My Son Is Guilty" (1939). He went on to other "B" movies such as "Convicted Woman" (1940), "Men Without Souls" (1940), "Babies for Sale" (1940) and "Blondie Plays Cupid" (1941). Ford was in the bigger budgeted "The Lady in Question" (1940), which co-starred Rita Hayworth.


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Context: has the latter won any awards?

Context: what was the story about?

Context: who has acted in the leading role?

Context: Glenn Ford

Context: was this his debut film?

Context: No, His first major movie part was in "Heaven with a Barbed Wire Fence"

Question: does he own any production company?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Glenn Ford [SEP] Columbia Pictures


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Context: has the latter won any awards?

Context: what was the story about?

Context: who has acted in the leading role?

Context: Glenn Ford

Context: was this his debut film?

Context: does he own any production company?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: has he appeared in any television programmes?

Answer: Yes, in 1971, Ford signed with CBS to star in his first television series, a half-hour comedy/drama titled "The Glenn Ford Show".

Glenn Ford [SEP] Television

In 1971, Ford signed with CBS to star in his first television series, a half-hour comedy/drama titled "The Glenn Ford Show". However, CBS head Fred Silverman noticed that many of the featured films being shown at a Glenn Ford film festival were Westerns. He suggested doing a Western series, instead, which resulted in the "modern-day Western" series, "Cade's County". Ford played southwestern Sheriff Cade for one season (1971–1972) in a mix of police mystery and western drama. In "The Family Holvak" (1975–1976), Ford portrayed a Depression-era preacher in a family drama, reprising the same character he had played in the TV film, "The Greatest Gift".


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Context: has the latter won any awards?

Context: what was the story about?

Context: who has acted in the leading role?

Context: Glenn Ford

Context: was this his debut film?

Context: does he own any production company?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has he appeared in any television programmes?

Context: Yes, in 1971, Ford signed with CBS to star in his first television series, a half-hour comedy/drama titled "The Glenn Ford Show".

Question: when was the channel formed?

Answer: January 1927

CBS [SEP] Introduction

Paley. It can also refer to some of CBS's first demonstrations of color television, which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950. The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc., a radio network founded in Chicago by New York City talent agent Arthur Judson in January 1927. In April of that year, the Columbia Phonograph Company, parent of the Columbia record label, invested in the network, resulting in its rebranding as the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (CPBS). In early 1928, Judson and Columbia sold the network to Isaac and Leon Levy, two brothers who owned WCAU, the network's Philadelphia affiliate, as well as their partner Jerome Louchheim.


Context: who was geraldine page?

Context: An American actress

Context: where was she born?

Context: Kirksville, Missouri

Context: which film did she act first?

Context: "Hondo"

Context: when was it released?

Context: who were her co-stars in it?

Context: Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon

Context: did the film bring her any award?

Context: what was her unique style in acting?

Context: "Toys in the Attic" and "Dear Heart"

Context: who directed the former?

Context: George Roy Hill

Context: what genre does it come under?

Context: Drama film

Context: has the latter won any awards?

Context: what was the story about?

Context: who has acted in the leading role?

Context: Glenn Ford

Context: was this his debut film?

Context: does he own any production company?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the channel formed?

Context: January 1927

Question: does it broadcast internationally?

Answer: Yes, CBS programs are shown outside the United States: through various ViacomCBS international networks and/or content agreements

Explanation: CBS programs are shown outside the United States: through various ViacomCBS international networks and/or content agreements, and in two North American countries, through U.S.-based CBS stations.

CBS [SEP] International broadcasts


Question: family guy stewie goes back to episode one

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Back to the Pilot [SEP] Introduction

"Back to the Pilot" is the fifth episode of the tenth season of the animated comedy series "Family Guy". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on November 13, 2011. In "Back to the Pilot", two of the show's main characters, baby genius Stewie and anthropomorphic dog Brian, both voiced by series creator Seth MacFarlane, use a time machine to travel back in time to the first episode of the series, "Death Has a Shadow". Trouble ensues however, when Brian tells his former self about the September 11 attacks, causing the present to be dramatically changed, and ultimately resulting in a second civil war.


Context: family guy stewie goes back to episode one

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is it?

Answer: "Back to the Pilot" is the fifth episode of the tenth season of the animated comedy series "Family Guy".

Explanation: "Back to the Pilot" is the fifth episode of the tenth season of the animated comedy series "Family Guy".

Back to the Pilot [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it?

Context: "Back to the Pilot" is the fifth episode of the tenth season of the animated comedy series "Family Guy".

Question: who is the producer ?

Answer: Seth MacFarlane

Back to the Pilot [SEP] Production and development

Series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane first announced the episode at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International in San Diego, California on July 23, 2011. MacFarlane notes in the DVD featurette that the episode was inspired by the "" episode "Trials and Tribble-ations". It was directed by series regular Dominic Bianchi, in his second episode of the season. Bianchi also previously served as director for the series's landmark 150th episode "Brian & Stewie". The episode was written by series showrunner and executive producer Mark Hentemann, who joined the show as a writer in its third season. Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors, with Andrew Goldberg and Alex Carter serving as executive story editors, and Spencer Porter, Anthony Blasucci, Mike Desilets, and Deepak Sethi serving as staff writers for the episode.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it?

Context: who is the producer ?

Context: Seth MacFarlane

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Kent, Connecticut

Seth MacFarlane [SEP] Early life and education

MacFarlane was born and raised in Kent, Connecticut. His parents, Ronald Milton MacFarlane and Ann Perry (née Sager), were born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. MacFarlane's younger sister Rachael is also a voice actress. He has roots in New England going back to the 1600s, and is a descendant of "Mayflower" passenger William Brewster. MacFarlane's parents met in 1970, when they both lived and worked in Boston, Massachusetts, and married later that year. The couple moved to Kent in 1972, where Ann began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School. She later worked in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at the Kent School, a selective college preparatory school, where Ronald was a teacher.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it?

Context: who is the producer ?

Context: Seth MacFarlane

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kent, Connecticut

Question: is he associated with any awards ?

Answer: Yes, He has been nominated for twenty-three Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on "Family Guy" and has won five times

Seth MacFarlane [SEP] Awards and nominations

MacFarlane has been nominated for twenty-three Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on "Family Guy" and has won five times, in 2000, 2002, 2016, 2017 and 2019. He has been nominated for five Grammy Awards for his work in "", "Music Is Better Than Words", "Family Guy", "No One Ever Tells You", and "In Full Swing". He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for co-writing the opening song, "Everybody Needs a Best Friend", from his film "Ted" with the film's composer Walter Murphy. He has received numerous awards from other organizations, including the Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production and the Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation for the "Family Guy" episode titled "Blue Harvest", the MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo and the Empire Award for Best Comedy for "Ted".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it?

Context: who is the producer ?

Context: Seth MacFarlane

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kent, Connecticut

Context: is he associated with any awards ?

Context: Yes, He has been nominated for twenty-three Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on "Family Guy" and has won five times

Question: name few actors of the series he won the award for?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it?

Context: who is the producer ?

Context: Seth MacFarlane

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kent, Connecticut

Context: is he associated with any awards ?

Context: name few actors of the series he won the award for?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: name few projects he worked on?

Answer: Family Guy, The Orville, American Dad! are few of them

Seth MacFarlane [SEP] Introduction

Seth Woodbury MacFarlane (; born October 26, 1973) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, director, comedian, and singer. MacFarlane is the creator of the TV series "Family Guy" (1999–present) and "The Orville" (2017–present), and co-creator of the TV series "American Dad!" (2005–present) and "The Cleveland Show" (2009–2013). He also wrote, directed, and starred in the films "Ted" (2012), its sequel "Ted 2" (2015), and "A Million Ways to Die in the West" (2014). MacFarlane is a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design, where he studied animation. Recruited to Hollywood, he was an animator and writer for Hanna-Barbera for several television series, including "Johnny Bravo", "Cow and Chicken", "Dexter's Laboratory", "I Am Weasel", and "Larry & Steve".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it?

Context: who is the producer ?

Context: Seth MacFarlane

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kent, Connecticut

Context: is he associated with any awards ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: name few projects he worked on?

Context: Family Guy, The Orville, American Dad! are few of them

Question: name few main actors in the third entity?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Seth MacFarlane [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it?

Context: who is the producer ?

Context: Seth MacFarlane

Context: where was he born?

Context: Kent, Connecticut

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Question: when was the second entity out for viewing?

Answer: The Orville was aired in 2017

The Orville [SEP] Introduction

The Orville is an American science fiction comedy-drama television series created by and starring Seth MacFarlane as series protagonist Ed Mercer, an officer in the Planetary Union's line of exploratory space vessels in the 25th century. Inspired by several science-fiction sources, but mainly the original "" as well as its "" successor, both of which it heavily parodies and pays homage to, the show follows the crew of the starship USS "Orville" on their episodic adventures. Two seasons have aired, 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, and a third is scheduled to air on Hulu in late 2020. "The Orville" is a joint production by Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Television.


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Context: Seth MacFarlane

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Context: Kent, Connecticut

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Context: when was the second entity out for viewing?

Context: The Orville was aired in 2017

Question: what is its genre ?

Answer: science fiction comedy-drama television series

Explanation: The Orville is an American science fiction comedy-drama television series

The Orville [SEP] Introduction


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Context: what is its genre ?

Context: science fiction comedy-drama television series

Question: name few movies under the fist mentioned genre?

Answer: A Trip to the Moon, Metropolis, Godzilla to name a few

Explanation:
The first, or at least one of the first, recorded science fiction film is 1902's "A Trip to the Moon", directed by French filmmaker Georges Méliès. It was profoundly influential on later filmmakers, bringing a different kind of creativity and fantasy to the cinematic medium. In addition, Méliès's innovative editing and special effects techniques were widely imitated and became important elements of the medium.

1927's "Metropolis", directed by Fritz Lang, is the first feature-length science fiction film. Though not well received in its time, it is now considered a great and influential film. In 1954, "Godzilla", directed by Ishirō Honda, began the kaiju subgenre of science fiction film, which feature large creatures of any form, usually attacking a major city or engaging other monsters in battle.

Science fiction [SEP] Film

1968's "", directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the work of Arthur C. Clarke, rose above the mostly B-movie offerings up to that time both in scope and quality, and greatly influenced later science fiction films. That same year, "Planet of the Apes" (the original), directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and based on the 1963 French novel "La Planète des Singes" by Pierre Boulle, was released to popular and critical acclaim, due in large part to its vivid depiction of a post-apocalyptic world in which intelligent apes dominate humans. In 1977, George Lucas began the "Star Wars" film series with the film now identified as ""Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope."" The series, often called a space opera, went on to become a worldwide popular culture phenomenon, and the second-highest-grossing film series of all time.


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Context: Seth MacFarlane

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Context: Kent, Connecticut

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Context: The Orville was aired in 2017

Context: what is its genre ?

Context: name few movies under the fist mentioned genre?

Context: A Trip to the Moon, Metropolis, Godzilla to name a few

Question: what is the first one ?

Answer: A Trip to the Moon is a 1902 French adventure short film.

A Trip to the Moon [SEP] Introduction

A Trip to the Moon () is a 1902 French adventure short film directed by Georges Méliès. Inspired by a wide variety of sources, including Jules Verne's 1865 novel "From the Earth to the Moon" and its 1870 sequel "Around the Moon", the film follows a group of astronomers who travel to the Moon in a cannon-propelled capsule, explore the Moon's surface, escape from an underground group of Selenites (lunar inhabitants), and return to Earth with a captive Selenite. It features an ensemble cast of French theatrical performers, led by Méliès himself in the main role of Professor Barbenfouillis, and is filmed in the overtly theatrical style for which Méliès became famous.


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Context: Kent, Connecticut

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Context: what is its genre ?

Context: what is the first one ?

Context: A Trip to the Moon is a 1902 French adventure short film.

Question: name few actors who enacted in it?

Answer: When it was made, film actors performed anonymously and no credits were given.

A Trip to the Moon [SEP] Cast

When "A Trip to the Moon" was made, film actors performed anonymously and no credits were given; the practice of supplying opening and closing credits in films was a later innovation. Nonetheless, the following cast details can be reconstructed from available evidence:


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Context: Kent, Connecticut

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Context: what is its genre ?

Context: what is the first one ?

Context: name few actors who enacted in it?

Context: When it was made, film actors performed anonymously and no credits were given.

Question: what inspired it ?

Answer: Jules Verne's novels "From the Earth to the Moon" and "Around the Moon".

A Trip to the Moon [SEP] Inspiration

When asked in 1930 what inspired him for "A Trip to the Moon", Méliès credited Jules Verne's novels "From the Earth to the Moon" (1865) and "Around the Moon" (1870). Cinema historians, the mid-20th-century French writer Georges Sadoul first among them, have frequently suggested H. G. Wells's "The First Men in the Moon" (1901), a French translation of which was published a few months before Méliès made the film, as another likely influence. Sadoul argued that the first half of the film (up to the shooting of the projectile) is derived from Verne and that the second half, the travellers' adventures on and in the Moon, is derived from Wells.


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Context: what is its genre ?

Context: what is the first one ?

Context: name few actors who enacted in it?

Context: what inspired it ?

Context: Jules Verne's novels "From the Earth to the Moon" and "Around the Moon".

Question: was the first novel influenced by any culture?

Answer: The novel was adapted as the opera "Le voyage dans la lune" in 1875

Explanation:
The novel was adapted as the opera "Le voyage dans la lune" in 1875, with music by Jacques Offenbach.

In 1880 "The Pall Mall Gazette" described Verne’s "Columbiad" as a ‘space-ship’ - the first recorded use of this term in history.

From the Earth to the Moon [SEP] Influence on popular culture

The novel was adapted as the opera "Le voyage dans la lune" in 1875, with music by Jacques Offenbach. In 1880 "The Pall Mall Gazette" described Verne's "Columbiad" as a ‘space-ship' - the first recorded use of this term in history. In H. G. Wells' 1901 novel "The First Men in the Moon" (also relating to the first voyagers to the Moon) the protagonist, Mr. Bedford, mentions Verne's novel to his companion, Professor Cavor, who replies (in a possible dig at Verne) that he does not know what Bedford is referring to. Verne returned the dig later when he pointed out that he used gun cotton to send his men to the Moon, an actual substance.


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Context: name few actors who enacted in it?

Context: what inspired it ?

Context: was the first novel influenced by any culture?

Context: The novel was adapted as the opera "Le voyage dans la lune" in 1875

Question: was the first novel associated to paris?

Answer: The first incarnation of the roller coaster Space Mountain in Disneyland Paris, named "Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune", was based loosely on this novel.

From the Earth to the Moon [SEP] Disneyland Paris

The first incarnation of the roller coaster Space Mountain in Disneyland Paris, named "Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune", was based loosely on this novel. The attraction opened in 1995. The attraction's exterior was designed using a Verne era retro-futuristic influence. Elements of the ambiance include rivet and boiler plate effect and the "Columbiad," which recoils with a bang and produces smoke as each car passes, giving riders the perception of being shot into space. During 2005, the ride was refurbished and renamed "" as part of the Happiest Celebration on Earth. The ride no longer features elements of the original storyline from the novel.


Question: what happened after the mt st helens eruption

Answer: An earthquake which caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, creating the largest landslide recorded

Explanation: An earthquake at 8:32:11 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, creating the largest landslide recorded.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Introduction

Less severe outbursts continued into the next day, only to be followed by other large, but not as destructive, eruptions later that year. Thermal energy released during the eruption was equal to 26 megatons of TNT.


Context: what happened after the mt st helens eruption

Context: An earthquake which caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, creating the largest landslide recorded

Question: when was the last time it erupted?

Answer: January 2008

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] 2004–2008

The 2004–08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano. Starting in October 2004, there was a gradual building of a new lava dome. The new dome did not rise above the crater created by the 1980 eruption. This activity lasted until January 2008.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Question: and before that?

Answer: October 2004

Explanation: . Starting in October 2004, there was a gradual building of a new lava dome.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Question: and before that?

Answer: Between 1980s to 1991

Explanation:
An eruption occurred on May 25, 1980, at 2:30 a.m. that sent an ash column into the atmosphere. The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity and occurred during a rainstorm. Erratic wind from the storm carried ash from the eruption to the south and west, lightly dusting large parts of western Washington and Oregon. Pyroclastic flows exited the northern breach and covered avalanche debris, lahars and other pyroclastic flows deposited by the May 18 eruption.

At 7:05 p.m. on June 12, a plume of ash billowed above the volcano. At 9:09 p.m. a much stronger explosion sent an ash column about skyward. This event caused the Portland area, previously spared by wind direction, to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival.
A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor, growing to a height of and a width of within a week.

A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet. The July eruptive episode wa

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] 1980–1991


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Question: which was the deadliest eruption?

Answer: March 27, 1980 eruptions

On March 27, 1980, a series of volcanic explosions and pyroclastic flows began at Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington, United States. It initiated as a series of phreatic blasts from the summit then escalated on May 18, 1980, as a major explosive eruption. The eruption, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5, was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. It has often been declared the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's north slope.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Question: describe the build up of this eruption that you just mentioned

Answer: On March 20, at 3:45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time, a shallow magnitude 4.2 earthquake centered below the volcano's north flank, signaled the volcano's return from 123 years of hibernation. A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25, reaching peak levels in the next two days, including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale. A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater were recorded during those two days

Explanation:
Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980. Several small earthquakes, beginning on March 15, indicated that magma might have begun moving below the volcano. On March 20, at 3:45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (all times will be in PST or PDT), a shallow magnitude 4.2 earthquake centered below the volcano's north flank, signaled the volcano's return from 123 years of hibernation. A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25, reaching peak levels in the next two days, including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale. A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater were recorded during those two days.

Shocks of magnitude 3.2 or greater occurred at a slightly increasing rate during April and May with five earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above per day in early April, and eight per day the week before May 18. Initially there was no direct sign of erup

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Build-up to the eruption


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: describe the build up of this eruption that you just mentioned

Context: On March 20, at 3:45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time, a shallow magnitude 4.2 earthquake centered below the volcano's north flank, signaled the volcano's return from 123 years of hibernation. A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25, reaching peak levels in the next two days, including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale. A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater were recorded during those two days

Question: how far did the landslide reach?

Answer: He traveled and moved across Spirit Lake's west arm, part of it hit a ridge about north, some of the slide spilled over the ridge, but most of it moved down the North Fork Toutle River, filling its valley up to deep with avalanche debris

Explanation: The landslide, the largest in recorded history, traveled at and moved across Spirit Lake's west arm. Part of it hit a ridge about north. Some of the slide spilled over the ridge, but most of it moved down the North Fork Toutle River, filling its valley up to deep with avalanche debris.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Landslide and climactic phase

Part of it hit a ridge about north. Some of the slide spilled over the ridge, but most of it moved down the North Fork Toutle River, filling its valley up to deep with avalanche debris. An area of about was covered, and the total volume of the deposit was about . Scientists were able to reconstruct the motion of the landslide from a series of rapid photographs by Gary Rosenquist, who was camping away from the blast. Rosenquist, his party and his photographs survived because the blast was deflected by local topography short of his location.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: He traveled and moved across Spirit Lake's west arm, part of it hit a ridge about north, some of the slide spilled over the ridge, but most of it moved down the North Fork Toutle River, filling its valley up to deep with avalanche debris

Question: were there mudslides as well?

Answer: Yes, mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River, Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River

Explanation: The hot, exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain's glaciers along with most of the overlying snow. As in many previous St. Helens' eruptions, this created huge lahars (volcanic mudflows) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain, and which started to move as early as 8:50 a.m. Lahars travelled as fast as while still high on the volcano but progressively slowed to about on the flatter and wider parts of rivers. Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River, Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River. Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir, which rose by noon to accommodate the nearly of additional water, mud and debris.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Mudslides flow downstream


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: Yes, mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River, Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River

Question: is it true there were side way blasts?

Answer: Yes

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Initial lateral blast

The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens' neck to much lower pressure, causing the gas-charged, partially molten rock and high-pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started. Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. The resulting blast directed the pyroclastic flow laterally. It consisted of very hot volcanic gases, ash and pumice formed from new lava, as well as pulverized old rock, which hugged the ground. Initially moving at approximately , the blast quickly accelerated to around , and it may have briefly passed the speed of sound.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Question: what were the effects?

Answer: 57 people known to have died in that day's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation, while several died from burns

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Lateral blast result

The huge ensuing ash cloud sent skyward from St. Helens' northern foot was visible throughout the quiet zone. The near-supersonic lateral blast, loaded with volcanic debris, caused devastation as far as from the volcano. The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into three roughly concentric zones: By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims, it was still as hot as and filled with suffocating gas and flying debris. Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation, while several died from burns. Lodge owner Harry R. Truman was buried under hundreds of feet of avalanche material.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Context: what were the effects?

Context: 57 people known to have died in that day's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation, while several died from burns

Question: how large was the ash column?

Answer: A huge ash column grew to a height of above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours

Explanation: As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing, a huge ash column grew to a height of above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Ash column

and was seen on the ground in Denver, Colorado, the next day. In time, ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma, and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about During the nine hours of vigorous eruptive activity, about 540,000,000 tons () of ash fell over an area of more than . The total volume of the ash before its compaction by rainfall was about . The volume of the uncompacted ash is equivalent to about of solid rock, or about 7% of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Context: what were the effects?

Context: how large was the ash column?

Context: A huge ash column grew to a height of above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours

Question: what properties does ash have?

Answer: The ash properties have large variations due to meteorological conditions

Explanation: Generally, given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions, a certain variation of the ash type will occur, as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption. The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception, and hence the ash properties have large variations.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Ash properties


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Context: what were the effects?

Context: how large was the ash column?

Context: what properties does ash have?

Context: The ash properties have large variations due to meteorological conditions

Question: describe its chemical composition

Answer: Approximately 65% silicon dioxide, 18% aluminium oxide, 5% ferric oxide, 4% each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2% magnesium oxide, alone with some trace chemicals  0.05–0.09% chlorine, 0.02–0.03% fluorine, and 0.09–0.3% sulfur

Explanation: The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be approximately 65% silicon dioxide, 18% aluminium oxide, 5% ferric oxide, 4% each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2% magnesium oxide. Trace chemicals were also detected, their concentrations varying as shown: 0.05–0.09% chlorine, 0.02–0.03% fluorine, and 0.09–0.3% sulfur.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Chemical composition


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Context: what were the effects?

Context: how large was the ash column?

Context: what properties does ash have?

Context: describe its chemical composition

Context: Approximately 65% silicon dioxide, 18% aluminium oxide, 5% ferric oxide, 4% each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2% magnesium oxide, alone with some trace chemicals  0.05–0.09% chlorine, 0.02–0.03% fluorine, and 0.09–0.3% sulfur

Question: how many people died?

Answer: 57

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Disputed death toll

There is a minor controversy in regard to the exact death toll. The figure most commonly cited is 57. However, there are two points of dispute. The first point regards two officially listed victims, Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer. They were reported missing after the explosion. In the aftermath, investigators were able to locate individuals named Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer who were alive and well. However, they were unable to determine who reported Hiatt missing, and the person who was listed as reporting Thayer missing claimed she was not the one who had done so. Since the investigators could not thus verify that they were the "same" Hiatt and Thayer who were reported missing, the names remain listed among the presumed dead.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Context: what were the effects?

Context: how large was the ash column?

Context: what properties does ash have?

Context: describe its chemical composition

Context: how many people died?

Question: what was the damage?

Answer: It created some temporary major problems with transportation, sewage disposal, and water treatment systems, fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power blackouts.

Explanation: The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation, sewage disposal, and water treatment systems. Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall, closing many highways and roads. Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half. Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks, as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility. Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures. Fine-grained, gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment. The ash contaminated oil systems and clogged air filters, and scratched moving surfaces. Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power blackouts.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Ash damage and removal


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Context: what were the effects?

Context: how large was the ash column?

Context: what properties does ash have?

Context: describe its chemical composition

Context: how many people died?

Context: what was the damage?

Context: It created some temporary major problems with transportation, sewage disposal, and water treatment systems, fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power blackouts.

Question: in monetary terms?

Answer: $1.1 billion estimate

Explanation: refined estimate of $1.1 billion ($3.4 billion ) was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of the United States Congress.

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens [SEP] Cost

The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering, however, proved only temporary. Mount St. Helens, perhaps because of its reawakening, has regained its appeal for tourists. The United States Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano's devastation.


Context: when was the last time it erupted?

Context: January 2008

Context: and before that?

Context: October 2004

Context: and before that?

Context: Between 1980s to 1991

Context: which was the deadliest eruption?

Context: March 27, 1980 eruptions

Context: how far did the landslide reach?

Context: were there mudslides as well?

Context: is it true there were side way blasts?

Context: Yes

Context: what were the effects?

Context: how large was the ash column?

Context: what properties does ash have?

Context: describe its chemical composition

Context: how many people died?

Context: what was the damage?

Context: in monetary terms?

Context: $1.1 billion estimate

Question: which gases were released during the eruption?

Answer: Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

This event caused the Portland area, previously spared by wind direction, to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival. A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor, growing to a height of and a width of within a week. A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet. The July eruptive episode was preceded by several days of measurable expansion of the summit area, heightened earthquake activity, and changed emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. The first hit at 5:14 p.m. as an ash column shot and was followed by a faster blast at 6:25 p.m.


Question: who is frank fetter?

Answer: An  American economist of the Austrian School.

Frank Fetter [SEP] Introduction

Frank Albert Fetter (; March 8, 1863 – March 21, 1949) was an American economist of the Austrian School. Fetter's treatise, "The Principles of Economics", contributed to an increased American interest in the Austrian School, including the theories of Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. Fetter notably debated Alfred Marshall, presenting a theoretical reassessment of land as capital. Fetter's arguments have been credited with prompting mainstream economists to abandon the Georgist idea "that land is a unique factor of production and hence that there is any special need for a special theory of ground rent..." A proponent of the subjective theory of value, Fetter emphasized the importance of time preference and rebuffed Irving Fisher for abandoning the pure time preference theory of interest that Fisher had earlier espoused in his 1907 book, "The Rate of Interest".