Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Question: who wrote it?

Answer: Angie Thomas

Explanation: The Hate U Give is a 2017 young adult novel by Angie Thomas. It is Thomas's debut novel, expanded from a short story she wrote in college in reaction to the police shooting of Oscar Grant.

The Hate U Give [SEP] Introduction


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: It is a story about a 16-year-old black girl from a poor neighborhood who attends an elite private school in a predominantly white, affluent part of the city and becomes entangled in a national news story after she witnesses a white police officer shoot and kill her childhood friend, Khalil.

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Question: where is she from?

Answer: Jackson, Mississippi.

Angie Thomas [SEP] Early life

Angie Thomas was born and raised in Jackson, Mississippi, where she still resides today. Thomas was subjected to multiple instances of gun violence at a young age. She grew up near the home of assassinated civil rights activist Medgar Evers, stating that her mother heard the gunshot that killed him. When she was six years old, Thomas witnessed a shootout. In an interview with The Guardian, she recounted how her mother took her to the library the following day to show her that “there was more to the world than what [Thomas] saw that day.” This inspired her to take up writing.


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Question: can you name some other books she has written?

Answer: Yes - "On the Come Up",  "Concrete Rose."

Angie Thomas [SEP] "On the Come Up (2019)"

Thomas' second book "On the Come Up" was released in February 2019. Thomas wrote the book so she could discuss the costs tolled on minorities and women when they do speak-up. The book tells the story of a teen rapper who becomes a viral sensation and the way that this distorts and changes who she is. It takes place in the same fictional universe as "The Hate U Give". The book was a bestseller. On December 11, 2019, Thomas shared on Twitter that Kay Oyegun, producer of "This is Us", has been recruited to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of "On the Come Up".


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: can you name some other books she has written?

Context: Yes - "On the Come Up",  "Concrete Rose."

Question: when was the first mentioned novel published?

Answer: February 2019

Explanation: Thomas' second book "On the Come Up" was released in February 2019.


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: when was the first mentioned novel published?

Context: February 2019

Question: is there a movie based on this novel?

Answer: Yes - "This is Us".

Explanation: On December 11, 2019, Thomas shared on Twitter that Kay Oyegun, producer of "This is Us", has been recruited to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of "On the Come Up".


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: February 2019

Context: is there a movie based on this novel?

Context: Yes - "This is Us".

Question: did the author win any award for her work?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: February 2019

Context: is there a movie based on this novel?

Context: Yes - "This is Us".

Context: did the author win any award for her work?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: the aforementioned novel about "a 16 year old girl" is it based on a real life event?

Answer: Yes - It is about a 16 year old who gets entangled in a national news story after she witnesses a white police officer shoot and kill her childhood friend, Khalil.

The Hate U Give [SEP] Introduction

The Hate U Give is a 2017 young adult novel by Angie Thomas. It is Thomas's debut novel, expanded from a short story she wrote in college in reaction to the police shooting of Oscar Grant. The book is narrated by Starr Carter, a 16-year-old black girl from a poor neighborhood who attends an elite private school in a predominantly white, affluent part of the city. Starr becomes entangled in a national news story after she witnesses a white police officer shoot and kill her childhood friend, Khalil. She speaks up about the shooting in increasingly public ways, and social tensions culminate in a riot after a grand jury decides not to indict the police officer for the shooting.


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: February 2019

Context: is there a movie based on this novel?

Context: Yes - "This is Us".

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: the aforementioned novel about "a 16 year old girl" is it based on a real life event?

Context: Yes - It is about a 16 year old who gets entangled in a national news story after she witnesses a white police officer shoot and kill her childhood friend, Khalil.

Question: what challenges did the book face?

Answer: In July 2018, a South Carolina police union raised objections to the inclusion of the book, as well as the similarly themed "All American Boys" by Brendan Kiely and Jason Reynolds, in the summer reading list for ninth-grade students of Wando High School.

The Hate U Give [SEP] Challenges

The American Library Association listed the book as one of the ten most-challenged books of 2017 and 2018, "because it was considered 'pervasively vulgar' and because of drug use, profanity, and offensive language". In July 2018, a South Carolina police union raised objections to the inclusion of the book, as well as the similarly themed "All American Boys" by Brendan Kiely and Jason Reynolds, in the summer reading list for ninth-grade students of Wando High School. A representative of the police lodge described the inclusion of the books as "almost indoctrination of distrust of police" and asserted that "we've got to put a stop to that." The books remained on the list and Wando's principal was later recognized by the state school library association for her defense of the challenged books.


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: February 2019

Context: is there a movie based on this novel?

Context: Yes - "This is Us".

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what challenges did the book face?

Context: In July 2018, a South Carolina police union raised objections to the inclusion of the book, as well as the similarly themed "All American Boys" by Brendan Kiely and Jason Reynolds, in the summer reading list for ninth-grade students of Wando High School.

Question: is there a movie adaptation of this novel as well?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The Hate U Give [SEP] Challenges


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: February 2019

Context: is there a movie based on this novel?

Context: Yes - "This is Us".

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what challenges did the book face?

Context: is there a movie adaptation of this novel as well?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: does it have any audiobook?

Answer: Yes - An audiobook was released by Harper Audio on the same day as the novel and featured narration by Bahni Turpin, whom Thomas had selected.

The Hate U Give [SEP] Audiobook

An audiobook was released by Harper Audio on the same day as the novel and featured narration by Bahni Turpin, whom Thomas had selected. Audiobook producer Caitlin Garing spoke of the importance of matching the material with the narrator and spoke of Turpin's skill, "you can trust her to get to the heart of a story and lead the listener there". It was well reviewed and won Audie Awards for best YA and best female narrator. In her acceptance speech, Turpin said it was "an important book for our time". It also won the 2018 Odyssey Award for best children's audiobook.


Context: where does the hate you give take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is it  about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: February 28, 2017

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Angie Thomas

Context: where is she from?

Context: Jackson, Mississippi.

Context: February 2019

Context: is there a movie based on this novel?

Context: Yes - "This is Us".

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what challenges did the book face?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any audiobook?

Context: Yes - An audiobook was released by Harper Audio on the same day as the novel and featured narration by Bahni Turpin, whom Thomas had selected.

Question: what theme is the novel based on?

Answer: Examining race relations is a core theme of the novel.

The Hate U Give [SEP] Themes

Examining race relations is a core theme of the novel. Professor Khalil Muhammad of Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government sees the novel as a way to have discussions among people who might not otherwise discuss Black Lives Matter: "The book – and to some degree the movie – has been read and will be read by students in all-white spaces, where otherwise the urgency of these issues has not affected them personally." At the same time, it could offer solace for black teens who have faced similar challenges to Starr. An example of this is Starr's ability to code switch between her private school and home, which Thomas demonstrates through the slang that Starr uses in each context's dialogue.


Question: what is the oxidation number of manganese in the mn ion

Answer: It is oxidation state +7.

Manganese [SEP] Oxidation states

The most common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, though all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. Mn often competes with Mg in biological systems. Manganese compounds where manganese is in oxidation state +7, which are mostly restricted to the unstable oxide MnO, compounds of the intensely purple permanganate anion MnO, and a few oxyhalides (MnOF and MnOCl), are powerful oxidizing agents. Compounds with oxidation states +5 (blue) and +6 (green) are strong oxidizing agents and are vulnerable to disproportionation. The most stable oxidation state for manganese is +2, which has a pale pink color, and many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl).


Context: what is the oxidation number of manganese in the mn ion

Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Question: is it a metal?

Answer: Yes, it is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Manganese [SEP] Introduction

Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. Historically, manganese is named for pyrolusite and other black minerals from the region of Magnesia in Greece, which also gave its name to magnesium and the iron ore magnetite. By the mid-18th century, Swedish- German chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (now known to be manganese dioxide) contained a new element, but they were unable to isolate it.


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: Yes, it is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Question: where are these widely found?

Answer: It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron.

Explanation: It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Manganese [SEP] Introduction


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in minerals in combination with iron.

Question: what are some of its uses?

Answer: Steel production, additive in unleaded gasoline, dry cell battery..

Explanation:
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline to boost octane rating and reduce engine knocking. The manganese in this unusual organometallic compound is in the +1 oxidation state.

Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO) is used as a reagent in organic chemistry for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols (where the hydroxyl group is adjacent to an aromatic ring). Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidize and neutralize the greenish tinge in glass from trace amounts of iron contamination. MnO is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. In some preparations, it is a brown pigment for paint and is a constituent of natural umber.

Manganese(IV) oxide was used in the original type of dry cell battery as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells. The manganese dioxide is reduced to the manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH) during discharging

Manganese [SEP] Other uses


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: Steel production, additive in unleaded gasoline, dry cell battery..

Question: is it toxic to humans?

Answer: Yes, exposure or intake may led to manganism, neurodegenerative disorder,  Parkinson's disease.

Explanation: Excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.

Manganese [SEP] Toxicity


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: Yes, exposure or intake may led to manganism, neurodegenerative disorder,  Parkinson's disease.

Question: what does the last type of disease mean?

Answer: It  is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.

Explanation: Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The symptoms usually emerge slowly and, as the disease worsens, non-motor symptoms become more common. The most obvious early symptoms are tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking, but cognitive and behavioral problems may also occur. Parkinson's disease dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression and anxiety are also common, occurring in more than a third of people with PD. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems. The main motor symptoms are collectively called "parkinsonism", or a "parkinsonian syndrome".

Parkinson's disease [SEP] Introduction


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: what does the last type of disease mean?

Context: It  is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.

Question: how is it diagnosed?

Answer: Diagnosis is based on symptoms, with tests such as neuroimaging.

Explanation: Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms, with tests such as neuroimaging used to rule out other diseases. Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected. Males are more often affected than females at a ratio of around 3:2. When it is seen in people before the age of 50, it is called early-onset PD. In 2015, PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally. The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 15 years.

Parkinson's disease [SEP] Introduction


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Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: Diagnosis is based on symptoms, with tests such as neuroimaging.

Question: how can it be prevented?

Answer: Exercise, Caffeine helps decrease in risk, Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E helps reduction in the incidence of the development of Parkinson's disease.

Explanation:
Exercise in middle age may reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease later in life. Caffeine also appears protective with a greater decrease in risk occurring with a larger intake of caffeinated beverages such as coffee. People who smoke cigarettes or use smokeless tobacco are less likely than non-smokers to develop PD, and the more they have used tobacco, the less likely they are to develop PD. It is not known what underlies this effect. Tobacco use may actually protect against PD, or it may be that an unknown factor both increases the risk of PD and causes an aversion to tobacco or makes it easier to stop using tobacco.

Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, have been proposed to protect against the disease, but results of studies have been contradictory and no positive effect has been proven. The results regarding fat and fatty acids have been contradictory, with various studies reporting protective effects, risk-increasing effects or no effects. There have been preliminary indicatio

Parkinson's disease [SEP] Prevention


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how can it be prevented?

Context: Exercise, Caffeine helps decrease in risk, Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E helps reduction in the incidence of the development of Parkinson's disease.

Question: can surgery cure it?

Answer: No, Surgical therapies helps in 30–60% improvement.

Explanation: Treating motor symptoms with surgery was once a common practice, but since the discovery of levodopa, the number of operations has declined. Studies in the past few decades have led to great improvements in surgical techniques, so that surgery is again being used in people with advanced PD for whom drug therapy is no longer sufficient. Surgery for PD can be divided in two main groups: lesional and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Target areas for DBS or lesions include the thalamus, the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus. Deep brain stimulation is the most commonly used surgical treatment, developed in the 1980s by Alim Louis Benabid and others. It involves the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. DBS is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication, as long as they do not have severe neuro

Parkinson's disease [SEP] Surgery


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how can it be prevented?

Context: can surgery cure it?

Context: No, Surgical therapies helps in 30–60% improvement.

Question: are there any notable cases in relation to this disease?

Answer: Actor Michael J. Fox has written two autobiographies in which his fight against and Boxer Muhammad Ali  the disease, Olympic medalist Davis Phinney started the Davis Phinney Foundation in 2004 to support it, Boxer Muhammad Ali has been called the "World's most famous Parkinson's patient".

Explanation:
Actor Michael J. Fox has PD and has greatly increased the public awareness of the disease. After diagnosis, Fox embraced his Parkinson's in television roles, sometimes acting without medication, in order to further illustrate the effects of the condition. He has written two autobiographies in which his fight against the disease plays a major role, and appeared before the United States Congress without medication to illustrate the effects of the disease. The Michael J. Fox Foundation aims to develop a cure for Parkinson's disease. Fox received an honorary doctorate in medicine from Karolinska Institutet for his contributions to research in Parkinson's disease.

Professional cyclist and Olympic medalist Davis Phinney, who was diagnosed with young onset Parkinson's at age 40, started the Davis Phinney Foundation in 2004 to support Parkinson's research, focusing on quality of life for people with the disease.

Boxer Muhammad Ali showed signs of Parkinson's when he was 38, but was not diagn

Parkinson's disease [SEP] Notable cases


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how can it be prevented?

Context: can surgery cure it?

Context: are there any notable cases in relation to this disease?

Context: Actor Michael J. Fox has written two autobiographies in which his fight against and Boxer Muhammad Ali  the disease, Olympic medalist Davis Phinney started the Davis Phinney Foundation in 2004 to support it, Boxer Muhammad Ali has been called the "World's most famous Parkinson's patient".

Question: what is the profession of this world's most  famous parkinson's patient?

Answer: He is a boxer.

Parkinson's disease [SEP] Notable cases

Professional cyclist and Olympic medalist Davis Phinney, who was diagnosed with young onset Parkinson's at age 40, started the Davis Phinney Foundation in 2004 to support Parkinson's research, focusing on quality of life for people with the disease. Boxer Muhammad Ali showed signs of Parkinson's when he was 38, but was not diagnosed until he was 42, and has been called the "World's most famous Parkinson's patient". Whether he had PD or parkinsonism related to boxing is unresolved.


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how can it be prevented?

Context: can surgery cure it?

Context: what is the profession of this world's most  famous parkinson's patient?

Context: He is a boxer.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Louisville, Kentucky.

Muhammad Ali [SEP] Introduction

Muhammad Ali (; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer, activist, and philanthropist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated figures of the 20th century and as one of the greatest boxers of all time. Ali was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer at age 12. At 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics, and turned professional later that year. He converted to Islam and became a Muslim after 1961, and in 1964 took the name Muhammad Ali, shortly after winning the world heavyweight championship from Sonny Liston in a major upset at age 22.


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how can it be prevented?

Context: can surgery cure it?

Context: He is a boxer.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Louisville, Kentucky.

Question: has he won any tournaments?

Answer: Yes, He has won heavyweight boxing, "Fighter of the Year" by "The Ring",  "Sportsman of the Year", Arthur Ashe Courage Award.

Explanation:
Muhammad Ali defeated every top heavyweight in his era, which has been called the golden age of heavyweight boxing. Ali was named "Fighter of the Year" by "The Ring" magazine more times than any other fighter, and was involved in more "Ring" "Fight of the Year" bouts than any other fighter. He was an inductee into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and held wins over seven other Hall of Fame inductees. He was one of only three boxers to be named "Sportsman of the Year" by "Sports Illustrated".

In 1978, three years before Ali's permanent retirement, the Louisville Board of Aldermen in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, voted 6–5 to rename Walnut Street to Muhammad Ali Boulevard. This was controversial at the time, as within a week 12 of the 70 street signs were stolen. Earlier that year, a committee of the Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky) considered renaming Ali's alma mater, Central High School, in his honor, but the motion failed to pass. In time, Muhammad Ali Bouleva

Muhammad Ali [SEP] Legacy


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how can it be prevented?

Context: can surgery cure it?

Context: He is a boxer.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Louisville, Kentucky.

Context: has he won any tournaments?

Context: Yes, He has won heavyweight boxing, "Fighter of the Year" by "The Ring",  "Sportsman of the Year", Arthur Ashe Courage Award.

Question: what were his contribution in terms of charity?

Answer: He contributed by donating millions to charity organizations, single black donor to the United Negro College Fund , feed more than 22million people afflicted by hunger across the world.

Explanation: Ali was known for being a humanitarian and philanthropist. He focused on practicing his Islamic duty of charity and good deeds, donating millions to charity organizations and disadvantaged people of all religious backgrounds. It is estimated that Ali helped to feed more than 22million people afflicted by hunger across the world. Early in his career, one of his main focuses was youth education. He spoke at several historically black colleges and universities about the importance of education, and became the largest single black donor to the United Negro College Fund in 1967 by way of a $10,000 donation ($78,000 in 2020 USD). In late 1966, he also pledged to donate a total of $100,000 to the UNCF (specifically promising to donate much of the proceeds of his title defense against Cleveland Williams), and paid $4,500 per closed circuit installation at six HBCUs so they could watch his fights.

Muhammad Ali [SEP] Philanthropy, humanitarianism and politics


Context: It is oxidation state +7.

Context: is it a metal?

Context: where are these widely found?

Context: what are some of its uses?

Context: is it toxic to humans?

Context: how is it diagnosed?

Context: how can it be prevented?

Context: can surgery cure it?

Context: He is a boxer.

Context: where was he born?

Context: Louisville, Kentucky.

Context: has he won any tournaments?

Context: what were his contribution in terms of charity?

Context: He contributed by donating millions to charity organizations, single black donor to the United Negro College Fund , feed more than 22million people afflicted by hunger across the world.

Question: what is the role of this metal in biochemistry?

Answer: The reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses contain manganese.

Explanation: The classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors is large and includes oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. The reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (though not lentiviruses such as HIV) contain manganese. The best-known manganese-containing polypeptides may be arginase, the diphtheria toxin, and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD).

Manganese [SEP] Biochemistry


Question: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Answer: Education Act 1944.

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] Butler's post-war education changes

In 1944, Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944, which raised the school leaving age to 15: other changes included the introduction of the Tripartite System. The Act should have been brought into effect as from September 1939, but it was not implemented because of the effects of World War II: it was eventually enforced from April 1947. The comprehensive school system has since replaced the Tripartite System brought in by this Act across most of England. This Act also recommended compulsory part-time education for all children until the age of 18, but was dropped, in similar fashion to the 1918 Act, to cut spending after World War II.


Context:
when did school leaving age rise to 15
Education Act 1944.

Question: is it a survey?

Answer: No, an act to address the country's educational needs.

Explanation: The Green Book formed the basis of the 1943 White Paper, "Educational Reconstruction" which was itself used to formulate the 1944 Act. The purpose of the Act was to address the country's educational needs amid demands for social reform that had been an issue before the Second World War began. The Act incorporated proposals developed by leading specialists in the 1920s and 1930s such as R. H. Tawney and William Henry Hadow. The text of the Act was drafted by Board of Education officials including Griffiths G. Williams, William Cleary, H. B. Wallis, S. H. Wood, Robert S. Wood, and Maurice Holmes.

Education Act 1944 [SEP] Background

The Act also encouraged non-sectarian religious teaching in secular schools. A third of the Anglican church schools became voluntary aided which entitled them to enhanced state subsidies whilst retaining autonomy over admissions, curriculum and teacher appointments; Roman Catholic schools also chose this option. The legislation was enacted in 1944, but its changes were designed to take effect after the war, thus allowing for additional pressure groups to have their influence. Paul Addison argues that in the end, the act was widely praised by Conservatives because it honoured religion and social hierarchy, by Labour because it opened new opportunities for working class children, and by the general public because it ended the fees they had to pay for secondary education.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: No, an act to address the country's educational needs.

Question: what is age wise participation?

Answer: The plans of 2007  included the duty for parents to assist their children in education or training participation until the date of their 18th birthday, as well as detailing proposed moves to reform the apprenticeship system and to improve achievement for children in care.

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] Participation Age

A year later, on 6 November 2007, Prime Minister Gordon Brown unveiled the government's plans in the Queen's Speech. The plans included the duty for parents to assist their children in education or training participation until the date of their 18th birthday, as well as detailing proposed moves to reform the apprenticeship system and to improve achievement for children in care. The Education and Skills Act 2008, when it came into force in the 2013 academic year, initially required participation in some form of education or training until the school year in which the child turned 17, followed by the age being raised to the young person's 18th birthday in 2015.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: The plans of 2007  included the duty for parents to assist their children in education or training participation until the date of their 18th birthday, as well as detailing proposed moves to reform the apprenticeship system and to improve achievement for children in care.

Question: describe a few of the effects because of it?

Answer: There is a downward trend in the number of unskilled jobs available.

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] Effects

The downward trend in the number of unskilled jobs available throughout the country is continuing. The government believes that the extension of compulsory education until the age of 18 will mean many more young people will leave education in a much better position to find skilled employment. Speaking in March 2007, Chancellor Gordon Brown stated that around 50,000 teenagers would be paid a training allowance to sign up to college-based courses, with estimates on the available number of apprenticeships available to double to around 500,000 by 2020, with 80% being available in England, which will be an increase from the current 250,000 apprenticeships available, offered by 130,000 employers.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: describe a few of the effects because of it?

Context: There is a downward trend in the number of unskilled jobs available.

Question: who opposed it?

Answer: MPs from both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.

Explanation:
maturity at 16.

The proposal of using criminal sanctions to enforce attendance under this new system was opposed by MPs from both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats,

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] Opposition

A spokesperson for the DfES said the proposals were not about "forcing young people to do something they don't want to", and that "we are letting young people down if we allow them to leave education and training without skills at the age of 16." However, the Prime Minister's Queen's Speech in November 2007, which discussed the raise in school leaving age, suggested that pupils who failed to comply with new laws are to be expected to face fines or community service, rather than custodial sentencing which had previously been proposed. Local Authorities will also be expected to ensure pupils are participating up to 18 years of age.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: MPs from both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.

Question: when was the bill for the act introduced?

Answer: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] The "Fisher Act" of 1918

The year 1918 saw the introduction of the Education Act 1918, often known as the Fisher Act because it was devised by Herbert Fisher. The Act enforced compulsory education from 5–14 years, but also included provision for compulsory part-time education for all 14-to-18-year-olds. There were also plans for expansion in tertiary education, by raising the participation age to 18, but cuts in public spending after World War I made this impractical. This is the first Act which started the planning of provision for young people to remain in education until the age of 18. The 1918 act was not implemented until a further Act of 1921 was passed.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: when was the bill for the act introduced?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Question: what are the reasons behind the rise of the school leaving age?

Answer: Many of the increases in the 19th and 20th centuries were intended to generate more skilled labour by giving more time for students to gain skills and qualifications.

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales [SEP] Introduction

The raising of school leaving age (shortened to ROSLA) is the term used by the government for changes of the age at which a child is allowed to leave compulsory education in England and Wales as specified under an Education Act. In England and Wales this age has been raised on several occasions since the introduction of compulsory education in 1870. Many of the increases in the 19th and 20th centuries were intended to generate more skilled labour by giving more time for students to gain skills and qualifications. On 1 September 1972, the age was raised from 15 to 16, after preparations which had begun in 1964.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: what are the reasons behind the rise of the school leaving age?

Context: Many of the increases in the 19th and 20th centuries were intended to generate more skilled labour by giving more time for students to gain skills and qualifications.

Question: what changes were done in education post-war?

Answer: In 1944, Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944, which raised the school leaving age to 15: other changes included the introduction of the Tripartite System.

Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales

Explanation: In 1944, Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944, which raised the school leaving age to 15: other changes included the introduction of the Tripartite System.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: what changes were done in education post-war?

Context: In 1944, Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944, which raised the school leaving age to 15: other changes included the introduction of the Tripartite System.

Question: who is the person mentioned above?

Answer: A prominent British Conservative politician.

Rab Butler [SEP] Introduction

Richard Austen Butler, Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, (9 December 1902 – 8 March 1982), generally known as R. A. Butler and familiarly known from his initials as Rab, was a prominent British Conservative politician. "The Times" obituary called him "the creator of the modern educational system, the key-figure in the revival of post-war Conservatism, arguably the most successful chancellor since the war and unquestionably a Home Secretary of reforming zeal." He was one of his party's leaders in promoting the post-war consensus through which the major parties largely agreed on the main points of domestic policy until the 1970s, sometimes known as "Butskellism" from a fusion of his name with that of his Labour counterpart Hugh Gaitskell.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: A prominent British Conservative politician.

Question: any reference of him in fiction?

Answer: Yes, in "Random Quest", "Resistance", and "The Big One".

Rab Butler [SEP] In fiction

In the alternative reality depicted in John Wyndham's short story "Random Quest", where the Second World War did not happen, Butler is the prime minister. The story was written in 1954, when Butler acceding to the premiership was a serious possibility. Butler becomes World War II prime minister in the 2007 alternative history novel "Resistance" by Owen Sheers. However, he leads a collaborationist puppet government after Germany has largely conquered the British Isles. Butler and Lord Halifax engineered a June 1940 British surrender to Germany, and occupation, in the background to the alternative history novel "The Big One", leading to his assassination by resistance forces.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: any reference of him in fiction?

Context: Yes, in "Random Quest", "Resistance", and "The Big One".

Question: what is the first fiction?

Answer: It is a science fiction short story, which is also a love story.

Random Quest [SEP] Introduction

"Random Quest" is a science fiction short story, which is also a love story, by John Wyndham. It was included in his 1961 collection "Consider Her Ways and Others". It has been dramatised three times, twice under its original name and once as "Quest for Love".


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: any reference of him in fiction?

Context: what is the first fiction?

Context: It is a science fiction short story, which is also a love story.

Question: who is the author of it?

Answer: John Wyndham.

Explanation: "Random Quest" is a science fiction short story, which is also a love story, by John Wyndham.

Random Quest [SEP] Introduction


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: any reference of him in fiction?

Context: what is the first fiction?

Context: who is the author of it?

Context: John Wyndham.

Question: name a few stories written by him?

Answer: "The Day of the Triffids" and "The Midwich Cuckoos" .

John Wyndham [SEP] Introduction

John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris (; 10 July 1903 – 11 March 1969) was an English science fiction writer best known for his works published under the pen name John Wyndham, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes. Some of his works were set in post-apocalyptic landscapes. His best known works include "The Day of the Triffids" (1951) and "The Midwich Cuckoos" (1957), the latter filmed twice as "Village of the Damned".


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: any reference of him in fiction?

Context: what is the first fiction?

Context: who is the author of it?

Context: John Wyndham.

Context: name a few stories written by him?

Context: "The Day of the Triffids" and "The Midwich Cuckoos" .

Question: what is the former about?

Answer: aggressive species of plant that starts killing people after most people in the world are blinded by an apparent meteor shower.

The Day of the Triffids [SEP] Introduction

The Day of the Triffids is a 1951 post-apocalyptic novel by the English science fiction author John Wyndham. After most people in the world are blinded by an apparent meteor shower, an aggressive species of plant starts killing people. Although Wyndham had already published other novels using other pen name combinations drawn from his real name, this was the first novel published as "John Wyndham". The story has been made into the 1962 feature film of the same name, three radio drama series (in 1957, 1968 and 2001) and two TV series (in 1981 and 2009). It was nominated for the International Fantasy Award in 1952 and in 2003 the novel was listed on the BBC's survey The Big Read.


Context: when did school leaving age rise to 15

Context: Education Act 1944.

Context: is it a survey?

Context: what is age wise participation?

Context: who opposed it?

Context: The Fisher Act was introduced in 1918.

Context: who is the person mentioned above?

Context: any reference of him in fiction?

Context: what is the first fiction?

Context: who is the author of it?

Context: John Wyndham.

Context: name a few stories written by him?

Context: what is the former about?

Context: aggressive species of plant that starts killing people after most people in the world are blinded by an apparent meteor shower.

Question: in what way did it impact culture?

Answer: According to director Danny Boyle, the opening hospital sequence of "The Day of the Triffids" inspired Alex Garland to write the screenplay for "28 Days Later".

The Day of the Triffids [SEP] Cultural impact

According to director Danny Boyle, the opening hospital sequence of "The Day of the Triffids" inspired Alex Garland to write the screenplay for "28 Days Later" (2002). The short story "How to Make a Triffid" by Kelly Lagor includes discussions of the possible genetic pathways that could be manipulated to engineer the triffids.


Question: who launched the first man made satellite and when

Answer: The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957.

Sputnik 1 [SEP] Introduction

Sputnik 1 (; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or "Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1", "Elementary Satellite 1") was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It orbited for three weeks before its batteries died and then orbited silently for two months before it fell back into the atmosphere. It was a polished metal sphere 58 cm (23 in) in diameter with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable by radio amateurs, and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth.


Context: who launched the first man made satellite and when

Context: The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957.

Question: who designed this satellite?

Answer: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Sputnik 1 [SEP] Design

The chief constructor of Sputnik 1 at OKB-1 was Mikhail S. Khomyakov. The satellite was a diameter sphere, assembled from two hemispheres that were hermetically sealed with O-rings and connected by 36 bolts. It had a mass of . The hemispheres were 2 mm thick, and were covered with a highly polished 1 mm-thick heat shield made of an aluminium–magnesium–titanium alloy, AMG6T. The satellite carried two pairs of antennas designed by the Antenna Laboratory of OKB-1, led by Mikhail V. Krayushkin. Each antenna was made up of two whip-like parts, in length, and had an almost spherical radiation pattern. The power supply, with a mass of , was in the shape of an octagonal nut with the radio transmitter in its hole.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Question: what was its launching mission?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sputnik 1 [SEP] Design


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: does it have any replicas?

Answer: Yes, at least two vintage duplicates of Sputnik 1 exist, built apparently as backup units.

Sputnik 1 [SEP] Backup units and replicas

At least two vintage duplicates of Sputnik 1 exist, built apparently as backup units. One resides just outside Moscow in the corporate museum of Energia, the modern descendant of Korolev's design bureau, where it is on display by appointment only. Another is in the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. Unlike Energia's unit, it has no internal components, but it does have casings and molded fittings inside (as well as evidence of battery wear), which suggests it was built as more than just a model. Authenticated by the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow, the unit was auctioned in 2001 and purchased by an anonymous private buyer, who donated it to the museum.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: Yes, at least two vintage duplicates of Sputnik 1 exist, built apparently as backup units.

Question: from where was it launched?

Answer: Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in Kazakh SSR (now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome)

Explanation: Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in Kazakh SSR (now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome).

Sputnik 1 [SEP] Introduction

The satellite travelled at about , taking 96.2 minutes to complete each orbit. It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz, which were monitored by radio operators throughout the world. The signals continued for 21 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on 26 October 1957. Sputnik burned up on 4 January 1958 while reentering Earth's atmosphere, after three months, 1440 completed orbits of the Earth, and a distance travelled of about .


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: from where was it launched?

Context: Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in Kazakh SSR (now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome)

Question: the last thing you mentioned here; what is it?

Answer: A spaceport

Baikonur Cosmodrome [SEP] Introduction

The Baikonur Cosmodrome (; ) is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia. The Cosmodrome is the world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest (in area) operational space launch facility. The spaceport is in the desert steppe of Baikonur, about east of the Aral Sea and north of the river Syr Darya. It is near the Tyuratam railway station and is about above sea level. Baikonur Cosmodrome and the city of Baikonur celebrated the 63rd anniversary of the foundation on 2 June 2018. The spaceport is currently leased by the Kazakh Government to Russia until 2050, and is managed jointly by the Roscosmos State Corporation and the Russian Aerospace Forces.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: from where was it launched?

Context: the last thing you mentioned here; what is it?

Context: A spaceport

Question: what do you mean by this term?

Answer: It is a site for launching (or receiving) spacecraft, by analogy to seaport for ships or airport for aircraft.

Spaceport [SEP] Introduction

A spaceport or cosmodrome is a site for launching (or receiving) spacecraft, by analogy to seaport for ships or airport for aircraft. The word "spaceport", and even more so "cosmodrome", has traditionally been used for sites capable of launching spacecraft into orbit around Earth or on interplanetary trajectories. However, rocket launch sites for purely sub-orbital flights are sometimes called spaceports, as in recent years new and proposed sites for suborbital human flights have been frequently referred to or named 'spaceports'. Space stations and proposed future bases on the moon are sometimes called spaceports, in particular if intended as a base for further journeys.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: from where was it launched?

Context: A spaceport

Context: what do you mean by this term?

Context: It is a site for launching (or receiving) spacecraft, by analogy to seaport for ships or airport for aircraft.

Question: what impact does the previous thing we talked about has on the environment?

Answer: Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the Sakha Republic were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome.

Baikonur Cosmodrome [SEP] Environmental impact

Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the Sakha Republic were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near Nyurbinsky District, Russia. Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: from where was it launched?

Context: A spaceport

Context: what do you mean by this term?

Context: what impact does the previous thing we talked about has on the environment?

Context: Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the Sakha Republic were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome.

Question: is there a museum here?

Answer: Yes, Baikonur museum.

Baikonur Cosmodrome [SEP] Baikonur Museum

Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass. Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: from where was it launched?

Context: A spaceport

Context: what do you mean by this term?

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, Baikonur museum.

Question: what is there in this museum?

Answer: A collection of space artifacts, a restored test artifact from the Soviet Buran programme, photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, etc.

Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of Sergey Korolev and Yuri Gagarin. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artifacts. A restored test artifact from the Soviet Buran programme sits next to the museum entrance. The vehicle that flew a single orbital test mission in 1988 was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002; For a complete list of Buran artifacts, see Buran (spacecraft). The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: from where was it launched?

Context: A spaceport

Context: what do you mean by this term?

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, Baikonur museum.

Context: what is there in this museum?

Context: A collection of space artifacts, a restored test artifact from the Soviet Buran programme, photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, etc.

Question: the programme you said; what was it about?

Answer: It was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project.

Buran programme [SEP] Introduction

The Buran programme (, , "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"), also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter programme" ("VKK" is for , "Air Space Ship"), was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Moscow and was formally suspended in 1993. In addition to being the designation for the whole Soviet/Russian reusable spacecraft project, "Buran" was also the name given to Orbiter K1, which completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988 and was the only Soviet reusable spacecraft to be launched into space. The "Buran"-class orbiters used the expendable Energia rocket as a launch vehicle.


Context: who designed this satellite?

Context: Mikhail S. Khomyakov

Context: what was its launching mission?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it have any replicas?

Context: from where was it launched?

Context: A spaceport

Context: what do you mean by this term?

Context: is there a museum here?

Context: Yes, Baikonur museum.

Context: what is there in this museum?

Context: the programme you said; what was it about?

Context: It was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project.

Question: which spaceflights were used for this?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Buran programme [SEP] Introduction


Question: former welsh county replaced by denbighshire and flintshire

Answer: Clwyd was abolished, and the new unitary authorities of Wrexham, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, and Flintshire were created.

Clwyd [SEP] Introduction

Clwyd () is a preserved county of Wales, situated in the north-east corner of the country; it is named after the River Clwyd, which runs through the area. To the north lies the Irish Sea, with the English ceremonial counties of Cheshire to the east and Shropshire to the south-east. Powys and Gwynedd lie to the south and west respectively. Clwyd also shares a maritime boundary with Merseyside along the River Dee. Between 1974 and 1996, a slightly different area had a county council, with local government functions shared with six district councils. In 1996, Clwyd was abolished, and the new unitary authorities of Wrexham, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, and Flintshire were created; under this reorganisation, "Clwyd" became a preserved county, with the name being retained for certain ceremonial functions.


Context: former welsh county replaced by denbighshire and flintshire

Context: Clwyd was abolished, and the new unitary authorities of Wrexham, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, and Flintshire were created.

Question: where is this county located?

Answer: It is a preserved county of Wales, situated in the north-east corner of the country

Explanation: is a preserved county of Wales, situated in the north-east corner of the country; it is named after the River Clwyd, which runs through the area.

Clwyd [SEP] Introduction


Context: where is this county located?

Context: It is a preserved county of Wales, situated in the north-east corner of the country

Question: what are the modes of commuting used here?

Answer: Railways, Roadways

Clwyd [SEP] Transport

The North Wales Coast Line is the railway line from Crewe to Holyhead, served by Transport for Wales and Avanti West Coast services. Trains leaving Crewe pass through Chester, cross the River Dee into Wales, and continue through Flint, Shotton, Holywell junction, Prestatyn, Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Llandudno Junction, Conwy and Bangor, to Holyhead, from where there is a ferry service to Ireland. Passengers can change at Shotton for the Borderlands Line, which links Wrexham with Bidston on the Wirral Peninsula in England. The Conwy Valley Line links Llandudno Junction to Blaenau Ffestiniog via Betws-y-Coed and was constructed mainly for use as a freight line for the transport of slate to the quay at Deganwy for export by sea.


Context: where is this county located?

Context: what are the modes of commuting used here?

Context: Railways, Roadways

Question: can you name a few famous landmarks here?

Answer: The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, The Clwydian Range and Dee Valley, The Gop

Clwyd [SEP] Landmarks

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct was built by Thomas Telford in 1805 and is the largest aqueduct in the United Kingdom; it carries the Llangollen Canal over the River Dee and is a World Heritage Site, being considered a masterpiece of civil engineering. The Clwydian Range and Dee Valley constitute an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, one of just five in the whole of Wales. Denbigh, Colwyn and Ruthin are historic towns and Llangollen hosts the Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod in July each year. The Gop is a Neolithic mound, the second largest such structure in Britain being only superseded by Silbury Hill.


Context: where is this county located?

Context: Railways, Roadways

Context: can you name a few famous landmarks here?

Context: The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, The Clwydian Range and Dee Valley, The Gop

Question: what is the name of their transportation services?

Answer: Transport for Wales

Explanation: The North Wales Coast Line is the railway line from Crewe to Holyhead, served by Transport for Wales and Avanti West Coast services.

Clwyd [SEP] Transport


Context: where is this county located?

Context: Railways, Roadways

Context: what is the name of their transportation services?

Context: Transport for Wales

Question: can you describe the last landmark mentioned above?

Answer: The Gop is a Neolithic mound, the second largest such structure in Britain.

Explanation: The Gop is a Neolithic mound, the second largest such structure in Britain being only superseded by Silbury Hill.

Clwyd [SEP] Landmarks

Other fine country houses in Clwyd include Trevor Hall and Faenol Fawr, Bodelwyddan, while Plas Mawr and Aberconwy House are historic town houses in Conwy. Also in Conwy is the Conwy Suspension Bridge, one of the first such bridges in the world.


Context: where is this county located?

Context: Railways, Roadways

Context: Transport for Wales

Context: can you describe the last landmark mentioned above?

Context: The Gop is a Neolithic mound, the second largest such structure in Britain.

Question: what is the meaning of the mound you just mentioned?

Answer: The Neolithic comprises a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.

Neolithic [SEP] Introduction

Other parts of the world (including Oceania and the northern regions of the Americas) remained broadly in the Neolithic stage of development until European contact. The Neolithic comprises a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals. The term "Neolithic" derives from the Greek , "new", and , "stone", literally meaning "New Stone Age". The term was coined by Sir John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system.


Context: where is this county located?

Context: Railways, Roadways

Context: Transport for Wales

Context: what is the meaning of the mound you just mentioned?

Context: The Neolithic comprises a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.

Question: can these be found in any other country?

Answer: Yes, Balochistan, Pakistan

Neolithic [SEP] South and East Asia

Settled life, encompassing the transition from foraging to farming and pastoralism, began in South Asia in the region of Balochistan, Pakistan, around 7,000 BCE. At the site of Mehrgarh, Balochistan, presence can be documented of the domestication of wheat and barley, rapidly followed by that of goats, sheep, and cattle. In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal "Nature" that the oldest (and first "early Neolithic") evidence for the drilling of teeth "in vivo" (using bow drills and flint tips) was found in Mehrgarh. In South India, the Neolithic began by 6500 BC and lasted until around 1400 BC when the Megalithic transition period began.


Context: where is this county located?

Context: Railways, Roadways

Context: Transport for Wales

Context: can these be found in any other country?

Context: Yes, Balochistan, Pakistan

Question: what is the economical standing in the aforementioned county?

Answer: he main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port of Mostyn builds and supports offshore windfarms. Agriculture, largely based on livestock, has traditionally been the main occupation in the central and western parts.

Explanation:
The main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port of Mostyn builds and supports offshore windfarms.

Agriculture, largely based on livestock, has traditionally been the main occupation in the central and western parts.

Clwyd [SEP] Economy

The arrival of the railway on the coast in the mid-nineteenth century opened up travel from Merseyside and caused a boom in tourism, with guesthouses in seaside towns offering board and lodging for the urban visitors. More recently caravan sites and holiday villages have blossomed and there has been an increase in the ownership of "second homes". Various initiatives designed to boost the economy of North Wales are being attempted in 2016. These include the Northern Gateway project on the former Sealand RAF site on Deeside, and a redevelopment project for the former Rhyl seafront and funfair.


Context: where is this county located?

Context: Railways, Roadways

Context: Transport for Wales

Context: Yes, Balochistan, Pakistan

Context: what is the economical standing in the aforementioned county?

Context: he main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port of Mostyn builds and supports offshore windfarms. Agriculture, largely based on livestock, has traditionally been the main occupation in the central and western parts.

Question: when was the above mentioned port built?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Clwyd [SEP] Economy

The land uses of any region depend on the underlying geology which influences the soil types. In the Clwydian Range, lead and spar minerals have been mined in the past, and limestone quarried from Llantysilio Mountain, Ruabon Mountain and Minera Mountain near Wrexham. The Minera Limeworks were once the largest lime workings in North Wales. Later, road building stone was extracted but the quarries closed in 1992. Coal mining in the North Wales Coalfield ceased in the second half of the twentieth century but used to be a large source of employment in the area. The main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port of Mostyn builds and supports offshore windfarms.


Question: who discovered the speed of light in a vacuum

Answer: Witelo

Speed of light [SEP] Early history

Also in the 11th century, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī agreed that light has a finite speed, and observed that the speed of light is much faster than the speed of sound. In the 13th century, Roger Bacon argued that the speed of light in air was not infinite, using philosophical arguments backed by the writing of Alhazen and Aristotle. In the 1270s, Witelo considered the possibility of light travelling at infinite speed in vacuum, but slowing down in denser bodies.


Context: who discovered the speed of light in a vacuum

Context: Witelo

Question: what is the numerical value of it?

Answer: As a dimensional physical constant, the numerical value is different for different unit systems.

Speed of light [SEP] Numerical value, notation, and units

As a dimensional physical constant, the numerical value of is different for different unit systems. In branches of physics in which appears often, such as in relativity, it is common to use systems of natural units of measurement or the geometrized unit system where . Using these units, does not appear explicitly because multiplication or division by1 does not affect the result.


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: As a dimensional physical constant, the numerical value is different for different unit systems.

Question: how important is it in the field of physics?

Answer: It is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer.

Speed of light [SEP] Fundamental role in physics

The speed at which light waves propagate in vacuum is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer. This invariance of the speed of light was postulated by Einstein in 1905, after being motivated by Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism and the lack of evidence for the luminiferous aether; it has since been consistently confirmed by many experiments. It is only possible to verify experimentally that the two-way speed of light (for example, from a source to a mirror and back again) is frame-independent, because it is impossible to measure the one-way speed of light (for example, from a source to a distant detector) without some convention as to how clocks at the source and at the detector should be synchronized.


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: how important is it in the field of physics?

Context: It is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer.

Question: were there any experiments conducted to discover something faster than light?

Answer: Yes, but they do not travel fast than light

Explanation: There are situations in which it may seem that matter, energy, or information travels at speeds greater than "c", but they do not. For example, as is discussed in the propagation of light in a medium section below, many wave velocities can exceed "c". For example, the phase velocity of X-rays through most glasses can routinely exceed "c", but phase velocity does not determine the velocity at which waves convey information.

Speed of light [SEP] Faster-than-light observations and experiments

However, the only physical entities that are moving are the laser and its emitted light, which travels at the speed "c" from the laser to the various positions of the spot. Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move faster than "c", after a delay in time. In neither case does any matter, energy, or information travel faster than light. The rate of change in the distance between two objects in a frame of reference with respect to which both are moving (their closing speed) may have a value in excess of "c". However, this does not represent the speed of any single object as measured in a single inertial frame.


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: were there any experiments conducted to discover something faster than light?

Context: Yes, but they do not travel fast than light

Question: who did such experiments?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

There are situations in which it may seem that matter, energy, or information travels at speeds greater than "c", but they do not. For example, as is discussed in the propagation of light in a medium section below, many wave velocities can exceed "c". For example, the phase velocity of X-rays through most glasses can routinely exceed "c", but phase velocity does not determine the velocity at which waves convey information. If a laser beam is swept quickly across a distant object, the spot of light can move faster than "c", although the initial movement of the spot is delayed because of the time it takes light to get to the distant object at the speed "c".


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: who did such experiments?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is its part in spaceflights?

Answer: There is a brief delay from the source to the receiver, which becomes more noticeable as distances increase; was significant for communications between ground control and Apollo 8

Explanation: Similarly, communications between the Earth and spacecraft are not instantaneous. There is a brief delay from the source to the receiver, which becomes more noticeable as distances increase. This delay was significant for communications between ground control and Apollo 8 when it became the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon: for every question, the ground control station had to wait at least three seconds for the answer to arrive. The communications delay between Earth and Mars can vary between five and twenty minutes depending upon the relative positions of the two planets.

Speed of light [SEP] Spaceflights and astronomy

NASA must wait several hours for information from a probe orbiting Jupiter, and if it needs to correct a navigation error, the fix will not arrive at the spacecraft for an equal amount of time, creating a risk of the correction not arriving in time. Receiving light and other signals from distant astronomical sources can even take much longer. For example, it has taken 13 billion (13) years for light to travel to Earth from the faraway galaxies viewed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field images. Those photographs, taken today, capture images of the galaxies as they appeared 13 billion years ago, when the universe was less than a billion years old.


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: who did such experiments?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its part in spaceflights?

Context: There is a brief delay from the source to the receiver, which becomes more noticeable as distances increase; was significant for communications between ground control and Apollo 8

Question: what is the special relativity in relation to it?

Answer: The speed of light in vacuum "c" featured as a fundamental constant, also appearing in contexts unrelated to light.

Speed of light [SEP] Special relativity

In 1905 Einstein postulated from the outset that the speed of light in vacuum, measured by a non-accelerating observer, is independent of the motion of the source or observer. Using this and the principle of relativity as a basis he derived the special theory of relativity, in which the speed of light in vacuum "c" featured as a fundamental constant, also appearing in contexts unrelated to light. This made the concept of the stationary aether (to which Lorentz and Poincaré still adhered) useless and revolutionized the concepts of space and time.


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: who did such experiments?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its part in spaceflights?

Context: what is the special relativity in relation to it?

Context: The speed of light in vacuum "c" featured as a fundamental constant, also appearing in contexts unrelated to light.

Question: what mediums are used to understand the idea of it?

Answer: In a medium, light usually does not propagate at a speed equal to "c"; further, different types of light wave will travel at different speeds.

Speed of light [SEP] In a medium

In a medium, light usually does not propagate at a speed equal to "c"; further, different types of light wave will travel at different speeds. The speed at which the individual crests and troughs of a plane wave (a wave filling the whole space, with only one frequency) propagate is called the phase velocity "v". A physical signal with a finite extent (a pulse of light) travels at a different speed. The largest part of the pulse travels at the group velocity "v", and its earliest part travels at the front velocity "v". The phase velocity is important in determining how a light wave travels through a material or from one material to another.


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: who did such experiments?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its part in spaceflights?

Context: what mediums are used to understand the idea of it?

Context: In a medium, light usually does not propagate at a speed equal to "c"; further, different types of light wave will travel at different speeds.

Question: can you name any scientists from ancient times who tried to study on it?

Answer: The ancient Greeks, Muslim scholars, and classical European scientists, Rømer, and Einstein

Speed of light [SEP] History

Until the early modern period, it was not known whether light travelled instantaneously or at a very fast finite speed. The first extant recorded examination of this subject was in ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks, Muslim scholars, and classical European scientists long debated this until Rømer provided the first calculation of the speed of light. Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity concluded that the speed of light is constant regardless of one's frame of reference. Since then, scientists have provided increasingly accurate measurements.


Context: Witelo

Context: what is the numerical value of it?

Context: who did such experiments?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its part in spaceflights?

Context: can you name any scientists from ancient times who tried to study on it?

Context: The ancient Greeks, Muslim scholars, and classical European scientists, Rømer, and Einstein

Question: how was the art evolved in the country of the first mentioned group?

Answer: In the West, the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models and in the East, Alexander the Great's conquests resulted in Greco-Buddhist art, with ramifications as far as Japan.

Explanation: The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times to the present day, particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture. In the West, the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, with ramifications as far as Japan. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world.

Ancient Greece [SEP] Art and architecture


Question: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Answer: Curtis Armstrong, J.R. Villarreal, Sean Michael Afable, Erica Hubbard, Lee Thompson Young, Julito McCullum, Sahara Garey, Eddie Steeples, and Tzi Ma.

Akeelah and the Bee [SEP] Introduction

Akeelah and the Bee is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Doug Atchison. It tells the story of Akeelah Anderson (Keke Palmer), an 11-year-old girl who participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, her mother (Angela Bassett), her schoolmates, and her coach, Dr. Joshua Larabee (Laurence Fishburne). The cast also features Curtis Armstrong, J.R. Villarreal, Sean Michael Afable, Erica Hubbard, Lee Thompson Young, Julito McCullum, Sahara Garey, Eddie Steeples, and Tzi Ma. The film was developed over a period of 10 years by Atchison, who came up with the initial concept after seeing the 1994 Scripps National Spelling Bee and noting that a majority of the competitors came from well-off socioeconomic backgrounds.


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: Curtis Armstrong, J.R. Villarreal, Sean Michael Afable, Erica Hubbard, Lee Thompson Young, Julito McCullum, Sahara Garey, Eddie Steeples, and Tzi Ma.

Question: what is this movie about?

Answer: It tells the story of Akeelah Anderson, an 11-year-old girl who participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, her mother, her schoolmates, and her coach, Dr. Joshua Larabee.

Explanation: It tells the story of Akeelah Anderson (Keke Palmer), an 11-year-old girl who participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, her mother (Angela Bassett), her schoolmates, and her coach, Dr. Joshua Larabee (Laurence Fishburne).

Akeelah and the Bee [SEP] Introduction


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: It tells the story of Akeelah Anderson, an 11-year-old girl who participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, her mother, her schoolmates, and her coach, Dr. Joshua Larabee.

Question: is it a real life adaptation?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Akeelah and the Bee [SEP] Introduction


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: is it a real life adaptation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: ddid this movie get any awards?

Answer: It won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film/Television Movie - Comedy or Drama.

Akeelah and the Bee [SEP] Accolades

The film was nominated for six Black Reel Awards, winning only Best Actress for Palmer. Out of five NAACP Image Awards nominations, "Akeelah and the Bee" won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film/Television Movie - Comedy or Drama. At the Black Movie Awards, it won the five awards it was nominated for. The same happened during the Young Artist Awards where it was nominated for two categories and won two awards, and at the CAMIE Awards where it was nominated for and won an award. The film was also nominated for but did not win any award from the BET Awards, Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, Chicago Film Critics, and Satellite Awards.


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: is it a real life adaptation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: ddid this movie get any awards?

Context: It won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film/Television Movie - Comedy or Drama.

Question: who is last mentioned actor from list you mentioned above?

Answer: He is a Hong Kong-American actor

Explanation: is a Hong Kong-American actor

Tzi Ma [SEP] Introduction

Tzi Ma (; born June 10, 1962) is a Hong Kong-American actor. He is well known for his roles in television shows, such as "The Man in the High Castle" and "24", and films, such as "Dante's Peak", "Rush Hour", "Rush Hour 3", "Arrival", "The Farewell", and "Tigertail".


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: is it a real life adaptation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: ddid this movie get any awards?

Context: who is last mentioned actor from list you mentioned above?

Context: He is a Hong Kong-American actor

Question: what are the other movies he has acted in?

Answer: "Dante's Peak", "Rush Hour", "Rush Hour 3", "Arrival", "The Farewell", and "Tigertail"

Explanation: "Dante's Peak", "Rush Hour", "Rush Hour 3", "Arrival", "The Farewell", and "Tigertail"

Tzi Ma [SEP] Introduction


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: is it a real life adaptation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: ddid this movie get any awards?

Context: He is a Hong Kong-American actor

Context: what are the other movies he has acted in?

Context: "Dante's Peak", "Rush Hour", "Rush Hour 3", "Arrival", "The Farewell", and "Tigertail"

Question: what role did he play in the second movie?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Tzi Ma [SEP] Introduction


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: is it a real life adaptation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: ddid this movie get any awards?

Context: He is a Hong Kong-American actor

Context: what role did he play in the second movie?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where did the spelling bee originate?

Answer: 1925

Scripps National Spelling Bee [SEP] History

The National Spelling Bee was formed in 1925 as a consolidation of numerous local spelling bees, organized by "The Courier-Journal" in Louisville, Kentucky. Frank Neuhauser won the first National Spelling Bee held that year, by successfully spelling "gladiolus". the spelling bee has been held every year except for 1943–1945 due to World War II and 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The E.W. Scripps Company acquired the rights to the program in 1941. The bee is held in late May and/or early June of each year. It is open to students who have not yet completed the eighth grade, reached their 15th birthday, nor won a previous National Spelling Bee.


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: is it a real life adaptation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: ddid this movie get any awards?

Context: He is a Hong Kong-American actor

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the spelling bee originate?

Question: is it also held at internationally?

Answer: Scripps announced tentative plans for an international version but the plans are still on hold

Scripps National Spelling Bee [SEP] Proposed international bee

In May 2012, Scripps announced tentative plans for an international version, in which three-person teams from as many as sixty countries would compete. Although each speller would be able to confer with teammates once during each contest, all spellers would eventually compete and win prizes as individuals. If logistical and financial details can be reached, the event would be officially announced in early 2013 with the first competition to take place the following December. As of 2015, these plans are on hold.


Context: cast of the movie akeelah and the bee

Context: what is this movie about?

Context: is it a real life adaptation?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: ddid this movie get any awards?

Context: He is a Hong Kong-American actor

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did the spelling bee originate?

Context: is it also held at internationally?

Context: Scripps announced tentative plans for an international version but the plans are still on hold

Question: as per the movie did akeelah win this contest?

Answer: Yes, she enters the spelling bee and wins

Akeelah and the Bee [SEP] Plot

Akeelah Anderson, an 11-year-old spelling enthusiast, attends Crenshaw Middle School, a predominantly black school in South Los Angeles. She lives with her widowed mother Tanya, her three older siblings, Kiana, Devon, and Terrence, and her unnamed infant niece. Her principal, Mr. Welch, suggests that she sign up for the Crenshaw Schoolwide Spelling Bee, which she initially refuses. After being threatened for detention for the remainder of the semester, she enters the spelling bee and wins. Soon after, Dr. Joshua Larabee, a visiting English professor, tests Akeelah and decides that she is good enough to compete in the National Spelling Bee.


Question: who was the original leader of the puritans in the colonies and what was his famous quote

Answer: John Winthrop. His quote was "bear one another's burdens".

John Winthrop [SEP] "A Model of Christian Charity"

John Winthrop wrote and delivered the lay sermon that became "A Model of Christian Charity" either before the 1630 crossing to North America or while en route. It described the ideas and plans to keep the Puritan society strong in faith, as well as the struggles that they would have to overcome in the New World. He used the phrase "city upon a hill" (derived from the Bible's Sermon on the Mount) to characterize the colonists' endeavour as part of a special pact with God to create a holy community. He encouraged the colonists to "bear one another's burdens" and to view themselves as a "Company of Christ, bound together by Love." He told the colonists to be stricter in their religious conformance than even the Church of England, and to make it their objective to establish a model state.


Context: who was the original leader of the puritans in the colonies and what was his famous quote

Context: John Winthrop. His quote was "bear one another's burdens".

Question: who was he?

Answer: An English Puritan lawyer.

John Winthrop [SEP] Introduction

John Winthrop (January 12, 1587/88 – March 26, 1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England following Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of colonizers from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies. Winthrop was born into a wealthy land-owning and merchant family. He trained in the law and became Lord of the Manor at Groton in Suffolk.


Context: who was he?

Context: An English Puritan lawyer.

Question: was he a writer?

Answer: Yes.

John Winthrop [SEP] Writings and legacy

Winthrop rarely published and his literary contribution was relatively unappreciated during his time, yet he spent his life continually producing written accounts of historical events and religious manifestations. His major contributions to the literary world were "A Modell of Christian Charity" (1630) and "The History of New England" (1630–1649, also known as "The Journal of John Winthrop"), which remained unpublished until the late 18th century.


Context: who was he?

Context: An English Puritan lawyer.

Context: was he a writer?

Context: Yes.

Question: can you name some of his works?

Answer: : "A Modell of Christian Charity" and "The History of New England".

Explanation: "A Modell of Christian Charity" (1630) and "The History of New England" (1630–1649, also known as "The Journal of John Winthrop"), which remained unpublished until the late 18th century.

John Winthrop [SEP] Writings and legacy


Context: who was he?

Context: An English Puritan lawyer.

Context: was he a writer?

Context: Yes.

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: : "A Modell of Christian Charity" and "The History of New England".

Question: was he involved in any controversy?

Answer: Yes, the Antinomian controversy.

Explanation: This religious rift is commonly called the Antinomian Controversy, and it significantly divided the colony; Winthrop saw the Antinomian beliefs as a particularly unpleasant and dangerous heresy.

John Winthrop [SEP] Religious controversies

Winthrop was then out of office, and he had a good relationship with Williams. The magistrates ordered Williams' arrest, but Winthrop warned him, making possible his flight which resulted in the establishment of Providence Plantations. Winthrop and Williams later had an epistolary relationship in which they discussed their religious differences.


Context: who was he?

Context: An English Puritan lawyer.

Context: was he a writer?

Context: Yes.

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: was he involved in any controversy?

Context: Yes, the Antinomian controversy.

Question: what is the reason behind it?

Answer: The new settlers had different religious views than Winthrop according to whom , these beliefs were heresy.

Explanation: In 1634 and 1635, Winthrop served as an assistant, while the influx of settlers brought first John Haynes and then Henry Vane to the governorship. Haynes, Vane, Anne Hutchinson, and pastors Thomas Hooker and John Wheelwright all espoused religious or political views that were at odds with those of the earlier arrivals, including Winthrop. Hutchinson and Wheelwright subscribed to the Antinomian view that following religious laws was not required for salvation, while Winthrop and others believed in a more Legalist view. This religious rift is commonly called the Antinomian Controversy, and it significantly divided the colony; Winthrop saw the Antinomian beliefs as a particularly unpleasant and dangerous heresy. By December 1636, the dispute reached into colonial politics, and Winthrop attempted to bridge the divide between the two factions.

By December 1636, the dispute reached into colonial politics, and Winthrop attempted to bridge the divide between the two factions. He wrote an account of his religious awakening and other theological position papers designed to harmonize the opposing views. (It is not known how widely these documents circulated, and not all of them have survived.) In the 1637 election, Vane was turned out of all offices, and Dudley was elected governor. Dudley's election did not immediately quell the controversy. First John Wheelwright and later Anne Hutchinson were put on trial, and both were banished from the colony. (Hutchinson and others founded the settlement of Portsmouth on Rhode Island; Wheelwright founded first Exeter, New Hampshire and then Wells, Maine in order to be free of Massachusetts rule.) Winthrop was active in arguing against their supporters, but Shepard criticized him for being too moderate, claiming that Winthrop should "make their wickedness and guile manifest to all men that they may go no farther and then will sink of themselves." Hooker and Haynes had left Massachusetts in 1636 and 1637 for new settlements on the Connecticut River (the nucleus of the Connecticut Colony); Vane left for England after the 1637 election, suggesting that he might seek a commission as a governor general to overturn the colonial government.


Context: who was he?

Context: An English Puritan lawyer.

Context: was he a writer?

Context: Yes.

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: was he involved in any controversy?

Context: Yes, the Antinomian controversy.

Context: what is the reason behind it?

Context: The new settlers had different religious views than Winthrop according to whom , these beliefs were heresy.

Question: what does the term antimonian refer to?

Answer: It refers to  any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms, or is at least considered to do so.

Antinomianism [SEP] Introduction

Antinomianism (Ancient Greek: ἀντί, "against" and νόμος, "law") is any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms (Latin: mores), or is at least considered to do so. The term has both religious and secular meanings. In some Christian belief systems, an antinomian is one who takes the principle of salvation by faith and divine grace to the point of asserting that the saved are not bound to follow the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments. The distinction between antinomian and other Christian views on moral law is that antinomians believe that obedience to the law is motivated by an internal principle flowing from belief rather than from any external compulsion.


Context: who was he?

Context: An English Puritan lawyer.

Context: was he a writer?

Context: Yes.

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: was he involved in any controversy?

Context: Yes, the Antinomian controversy.

Context: what is the reason behind it?

Context: what does the term antimonian refer to?

Context: It refers to  any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms, or is at least considered to do so.

Question: were there any works mentioning of this controversy?

Answer: Yes, "A Short Story of the Rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists & Libertines".

Antinomian Controversy [SEP] Published works

The events of the Antinomian Controversy have been recorded by numerous authors over a period of nearly 375 years. Following is a summary of some of the most significant published works relating to the controversy, most of which were listed by Charles Francis Adams, Jr. in his 1894 compilation of source documents on the controversy. In addition to these sources, there have been many biographies written about Anne Hutchinson during the 20th and 21st centuries. The first account of the controversy was "A Short Story of the Rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists & Libertines" (usually shortened to "Short Story") written by John Winthrop in 1638, the year after Hutchinson had been given the order of banishment and the year of her departure from the Bay colony.


Context: who was he?

Context: An English Puritan lawyer.

Context: was he a writer?

Context: Yes.

Context: can you name some of his works?

Context: was he involved in any controversy?

Context: Yes, the Antinomian controversy.

Context: what is the reason behind it?

Context: what does the term antimonian refer to?

Context: were there any works mentioning of this controversy?

Context: Yes, "A Short Story of the Rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists & Libertines".

Question: who wrote it?

Answer: John Winthrop.

Explanation: The first account of the controversy was "A Short Story of the Rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists & Libertines" (usually shortened to "Short Story") written by John Winthrop in 1638, the year after Hutchinson had been given the order of banishment and the year of her departure from the Bay colony.

The work includes an incomplete transcript of the trial of Hutchinson. It was rushed to England in March or April 1638, but was not published until 1644. As it was prepared for publication, Reverend Thomas Weld added a preface, calling the story "newly come forth in the Presse" even though it had been written six years earlier. The "Short Story" was highly critical of Anne Hutchinson and John Wheelwright, and Wheelwright felt compelled to present his side of the story once it was published in England, as his son was going to school in England at the time. "Mercurius Americanus" was published in London in 1645 under the name of John Wheelwright, Jr.