Context: Henry Ross Perot

Context: did he win the presidency?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: He was a salesman.

Context: when did he begin his political career?

Context: Yes, in 1996.

Context: Bill Clinton and Bob Dole.

Context: did the election face any controversy?

Context: Yes, there was a polling controversy.

Context: can you tell me what happened?

Context: who won the election?

Context: Bill Clinton.

Context: how is he associated with the israeli-palestinian conflict?

Context: He made an effort to end it.

Question: did he face any kind of allegations?

Answer: Yes, of sexual misconduct, sexual assault and sexual harassment.

Bill Clinton [SEP] Sexual misconduct and sexual assault allegations

Several women have publicly accused Bill Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time, because of the vast power differential between a 22-year old intern and the president of the United States. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the #MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair.


Context: who ran as an independent presidential candidate in 1992

Context: Henry Ross Perot

Context: did he win the presidency?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a business is he involved with?

Context: He was a salesman.

Context: when did he begin his political career?

Context: has he stood for the presidential campaign other than in 1992 ?

Context: Yes, in 1996.

Context: can you name the other candidates who stood in the presidential election of 1996?

Context: Bill Clinton and Bob Dole.

Context: did the election face any controversy?

Context: Yes, there was a polling controversy.

Context: can you tell me what happened?

Context: The polling in the election was criticized by Everett Carll Ladd, Jr., who argued that "polls had overestimated Clinton's lead during the campaign and had thereby dampened interest in the election."

Context: who won the election?

Context: Bill Clinton.

Context: what can you tell me about his early career?

Context: He was the attorney general of Arkansas and governor of Arkansas.

Context: He made an effort to end it.

Context: did he face any kind of allegations?

Context: Yes, of sexual misconduct, sexual assault and sexual harassment.

Question: what is the public opinion about him?

Answer: He had the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years and he left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which was the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.

Explanation: Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s. After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point. According to a CBS News/"New York Times" poll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era. Clinton's average Gallup poll approval rating for his last quarter in office was 61%, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years. Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters.

Bill Clinton [SEP] Public opinion


Question: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Answer: North America to Costa Rica

Columbian mammoth [SEP] Introduction

The Columbian mammoth ("Mammuthus columbi") is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited North America as far north as the northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with "Mammuthus subplanifrons" in the early Pliocene. The Columbian mammoth evolved from the steppe mammoth, which entered North America from Asia about 1.5 million years ago. The pygmy mammoths of the Channel Islands of California evolved from Columbian mammoths. The closest extant relative of the Columbian and other mammoths is the Asian elephant.


Context:
where could you find columbian mammoth?
North America to Costa Rica

Question: who described it?

Answer: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Columbian mammoth [SEP] Taxonomy

The Columbian mammoth was first scientifically described in 1857 by naturalist Hugh Falconer, who named the species "Elephas columbi" after the explorer Christopher Columbus. The animal was brought to Falconer's attention in 1846 by Charles Lyell, who sent him molar fragments found during the 1838 excavation of the Brunswick–Altamaha Canal in Georgia, in the southeastern United States. At the time, similar fossils from across North America were attributed to woolly mammoths (then "Elephas primigenius"). Falconer found that his specimens were distinct, confirming his conclusion by examining their internal structure and studying additional molars from Mexico. Although scientists William Phipps Blake and Richard Owen believed that "E.


Context:
where could you find columbian mammoth?
North America to Costa Rica
who described it?
Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Question: have they been extinct?

Answer: Yes, it became extinct during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.

Columbian mammoth [SEP] Extinction

Columbian and woolly mammoths both disappeared during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, alongside most of the Pleistocene megafauna. The most recent Columbian mammoth remains have been dated around 10,900 years ago. This extinction formed part of the Quaternary extinction event, which began 40,000 years ago and peaked between 14,000 and 11,500 years ago. Scientists do not know whether these extinctions happened abruptly or were drawn out. During this period, 40 mammal species disappeared from North America, almost all of which weighed over ; the extinction of the mammoths cannot be explained in isolation. Scientists are divided over whether climate change, hunting, or a combination of the two, drove the extinction of the Columbian mammoths.


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: Yes, it became extinct during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.

Question: the naturalist you mentioned, has he discovered or described anything else?

Answer: He was the first to discover the Siwalik fossil beds and possibly the first person to discover a fossil ape.

Hugh Falconer [SEP] Introduction

Hugh Falconer MD FRS (29 February 1808 – 31 January 1865) was a Scottish geologist, botanist, palaeontologist, and paleoanthropologist. He studied the flora, fauna, and geology of India, Assam, and Burma, and was the first to suggest the modern evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium. He was the first to discover the Siwalik fossil beds, and may also have been the first person to discover a fossil ape.


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: the naturalist you mentioned, has he discovered or described anything else?

Context: He was the first to discover the Siwalik fossil beds and possibly the first person to discover a fossil ape.

Question: what was his connection with calcutta?

Answer: He was the superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden and professor of botany in the Medical College, Calcutta.

Hugh Falconer [SEP] Calcutta

In 1847 Falconer became superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden and professor of botany in the Medical College, Calcutta, near his older brother, Alexander Falconer, a Calcutta merchant. Hugh Falconer served as an advisor to the Indian government and the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Bengal, the "de facto" colonial "Department of Agriculture". He prepared an important report on the teak forests of Tenasserim, and this saved them from destruction by reckless felling. Through his recommendation, the cultivation of the cinchona in the Indian empire was introduced for the medicinal use of its bark in the treatment of malaria.


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: what was his connection with calcutta?

Context: He was the superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden and professor of botany in the Medical College, Calcutta.

Question: what was the scientific name of the extinct species that we talked about?

Answer: "Elephas columbi"

Columbian mammoth [SEP] Taxonomy


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: what was his connection with calcutta?

Context: what was the scientific name of the extinct species that we talked about?

Context: "Elephas columbi"

Question: were they naturally trapped?

Answer: Yes, using sinkholes and tar pits.

Columbian mammoth [SEP] Natural traps

Many specimens also accumulated in natural traps, such as sinkholes and tar pits. The Hot Springs Mammoth Site in South Dakota is a 26,000-year-old, roughly -long sinkhole that functioned for 300 to 700 years before filling with sediment. The site is the opposite scenario of that in Waco; all but one of the at least 55 skeletons—additional skeletons are excavated each year—are male, and accumulated over time rather than in a single event. Like modern male elephants, male mammoths primarily are assumed to have lived alone, to be more adventurous (especially young males), and to be more likely to encounter dangerous situations than the females.


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: what was his connection with calcutta?

Context: "Elephas columbi"

Context: were they naturally trapped?

Context: Yes, using sinkholes and tar pits.

Question: where were they found trapped?

Answer: The Hot Springs Mammoth Site in South Dakota

Explanation: The Hot Springs Mammoth Site in South Dakota is a 26,000-year-old, roughly -long sinkhole that functioned for 300 to 700 years before filling with sediment.

Columbian mammoth [SEP] Natural traps


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: what was his connection with calcutta?

Context: "Elephas columbi"

Context: were they naturally trapped?

Context: Yes, using sinkholes and tar pits.

Context: where were they found trapped?

Context: The Hot Springs Mammoth Site in South Dakota

Question: which is the dominant political party in the above mentioned place?

Answer: Republican Party

South Dakota [SEP] Politics

South Dakota politics are generally dominated by the Republican Party. Since statehood, Republicans have carried the state's electoral votes in all but five presidential elections: 1896, 1912 (by Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party), 1932, 1936 and 1964. (Democrat George McGovern—a native South Dakotan—failed to carry his home state in 1972.) Only Alaska has been carried fewer times by a Democrat. Additionally, a Democrat has not won the governorship since 1974. As of 2016, Republicans hold a 15% voter registration advantage over Democrats and hold large majorities in both the state House and the state Senate. Despite the state's general Republican and conservative leanings, Democrats have found success in various statewide elections, most notably in those involving South Dakota's congressional representatives in Washington.


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: what was his connection with calcutta?

Context: "Elephas columbi"

Context: were they naturally trapped?

Context: Yes, using sinkholes and tar pits.

Context: where were they found trapped?

Context: which is the dominant political party in the above mentioned place?

Context: Republican Party

Question: what are some of the most prominent cultures here?

Answer: American Indian, rural, Western, and European

South Dakota [SEP] Culture

South Dakota's culture reflects the state's American Indian, rural, Western, and European roots. A number of annual events celebrating the state's ethnic and historical heritage take place around the state, such as Days of '76 in Deadwood, Czech Days in Tabor, and the annual St. Patrick's Day and Cinco de Mayo festivities in Sioux Falls. The various tribes hold many annual pow wows at their reservations throughout the state, to which non-Native Americans are sometimes invited. Custer State Park holds an annual Buffalo Roundup, in which volunteers on horseback gather the park's herd of around 1,500 bison. Black Elk (Lakota) was a medicine man and heyokha, whose life spanned the transition to reservations.


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: what was his connection with calcutta?

Context: "Elephas columbi"

Context: were they naturally trapped?

Context: Yes, using sinkholes and tar pits.

Context: where were they found trapped?

Context: Republican Party

Context: what are some of the most prominent cultures here?

Context: American Indian, rural, Western, and European

Question: can you mention some of the cities of this state?

Answer: Sioux Falls, Rapid City and  Aberdeen, to name a few.

Explanation:
Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota, with a 2010 population of 153,888,
and a metropolitan area population of 238,122.
The city, founded in 1856, is in the southeast corner of the state. Retail, finance, and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls, where the economy was originally centered on agri-business and quarrying.

Rapid City, with a 2010 population of 67,956, and a metropolitan area population of 124,766, is the second-largest city in the state. It is on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, and was founded in 1876. Rapid City's economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending, because of the proximity of many tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base.

The next eight largest cities in the state, in order of descending 2010 population, are Aberdeen (26,091), Brookings (22,056), Watertown (21,482), Mitchell (15,254), Yankton (14,454), Pierre (13,646), Huron (12,592), and Vermillion (10,571). Pierre is the state capit

South Dakota [SEP] Cities and towns


Context: where could you find columbian mammoth?

Context: North America to Costa Rica

Context: who described it?

Context: Naturalist Hugh Falconer

Context: have they been extinct?

Context: what was his connection with calcutta?

Context: "Elephas columbi"

Context: were they naturally trapped?

Context: Yes, using sinkholes and tar pits.

Context: where were they found trapped?

Context: Republican Party

Context: can you mention some of the cities of this state?

Context: Sioux Falls, Rapid City and  Aberdeen, to name a few.

Question: what is its symbol?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

South Dakota [SEP] Cities and towns


Question: which unit is used to measure mass in the metric system

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Metric system [SEP] Introduction

A metric system is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre introduced in France in the 1790s. The historical development of these systems culminated in the definition of the International System of Units (SI), under the oversight of an international standards body. The historical evolution of metric systems has resulted in the recognition of several principles. Each of the fundamental dimensions of nature is expressed by a single base unit of measure. The definition of base units has increasingly been realised from natural principles, rather than by copies of physical artefacts. For quantities derived from the fundamental base units of the system, units derived from the base units are used–e.g., the square metre is the derived unit for area, a quantity derived from length.


Context: which unit is used to measure mass in the metric system

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is this system?

Answer: It  is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre introduced in France in the 1790s.

Explanation: is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre introduced in France in the 1790s. T

Metric system [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: It  is a system of measurement that succeeded the decimalised system based on the metre introduced in France in the 1790s.

Question: what are some of its common ones?

Answer: Mètre des Archives and Kilogramme des Archives

Metric system [SEP] Common metric systems

A number of different metric system have been developed, all using the "Mètre des Archives" and "Kilogramme des Archives" (or their descendants) as their base units, but differing in the definitions of the various derived units.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: what are some of its common ones?

Context: Mètre des Archives and Kilogramme des Archives

Question: what is the emu system?

Answer: Several systems of electrical units were defined following discovery of Ohm's law in 1824.

Explanation: Several systems of electrical units were defined following discovery of Ohm's law in 1824.

Metric system [SEP] The EMU, ESU and Gaussian systems of electrical units


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: what are some of its common ones?

Context: what is the emu system?

Context: Several systems of electrical units were defined following discovery of Ohm's law in 1824.

Question: what are the prefixes used here?

Answer: In the metric system, multiples and submultiples of units follow a decimal pattern and in the early days, multipliers that were positive powers of ten were given Greek derived prefixes such as kilo and mega and those negative were given centi and milli.

Metric system [SEP] Prefixes for multiples and submultiples

In the metric system, multiples and submultiples of units follow a decimal pattern. A common set of decimal-based prefixes that have the effect of multiplication or division by an integer power of ten can be applied to units that are themselves too large or too small for practical use. The concept of using consistent classical (Latin or Greek) names for the prefixes was first proposed in a report by the French Revolutionary Commission on Weights and Measures in May 1793. The prefix "kilo", for example, is used to multiply the unit by 1000, and the prefix "milli" is to indicate a one-thousandth part of the unit.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: what are some of its common ones?

Context: what is the emu system?

Context: what are the prefixes used here?

Context: In the metric system, multiples and submultiples of units follow a decimal pattern and in the early days, multipliers that were positive powers of ten were given Greek derived prefixes such as kilo and mega and those negative were given centi and milli.

Question: what does gravitational system uses?

Answer: It uses  the kilogram-force (kilopond) as a base unit of force, with mass measured in a unit known as the hyl, "Technische Masseneinheit" (TME), mug or metric slug.

Metric system [SEP] Gravitational systems

Gravitational metric systems use the kilogram-force (kilopond) as a base unit of force, with mass measured in a unit known as the hyl, "Technische Masseneinheit" (TME), mug or metric slug. Although the CGPM passed a resolution in 1901 defining the standard value of acceleration due to gravity to be 980.665 cm/s, gravitational units are not part of the International System of Units (SI).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: what are some of its common ones?

Context: what is the emu system?

Context: what are the prefixes used here?

Context: what does gravitational system uses?

Context: It uses  the kilogram-force (kilopond) as a base unit of force, with mass measured in a unit known as the hyl, "Technische Masseneinheit" (TME), mug or metric slug.

Question: what are some of the related units of kilopond?

Answer: Tonne-force, metric ton-force, megagram-force, and megapond.

Kilogram-force [SEP] Related units

The tonne-force, metric ton-force, megagram-force, and megapond (Mp) are each 1000 kilograms-force. The decanewton or dekanewton (daN), exactly 10 N, is used in some fields as an approximation to the kilogram-force, because it is close to the 9.80665 N of 1 kgf.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: what are some of its common ones?

Context: what is the emu system?

Context: what are the prefixes used here?

Context: what does gravitational system uses?

Context: what are some of the related units of kilopond?

Context: Tonne-force, metric ton-force, megagram-force, and megapond.

Question: what are the currency units in the measurement system?

Answer: Unit of account

Explanation: unit of account

System of measurement [SEP] Units of currency

A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account in economics and unit of measure in accounting. This is normally a currency issued by a country or a fraction thereof; for instance, the US dollar and US cent ( of a dollar), or the euro and euro cent. ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: what are some of its common ones?

Context: what is the emu system?

Context: what are the prefixes used here?

Context: what does gravitational system uses?

Context: what are the currency units in the measurement system?

Context: Unit of account

Question: where is this unit used?

Answer: It is used to compare against each other; for example, goods, services, assets, liabilities etc and for financial accounting to describe the specific assets and liabilities and historically many transaction prices were agreed using this unit.

Unit of account [SEP] Introduction

In economics, unit of account is one of the functions of money. The value of something is measured in a specific currency. This allows different things to be compared against each other; for example, goods, services, assets, liabilities, labor, income, expenses. It lends meaning to profits, losses, liability and assets. A unit of account in financial accounting refers to the numbers that are used to describe the specific assets and liabilities that are reported in financial statements rather than the units used to measure them. Unit of account and unit of measure are sometimes treated as synonyms in financial accounting and economics.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this system?

Context: what are some of its common ones?

Context: what is the emu system?

Context: what are the prefixes used here?

Context: what does gravitational system uses?

Context: Unit of account

Context: where is this unit used?

Context: It is used to compare against each other; for example, goods, services, assets, liabilities etc and for financial accounting to describe the specific assets and liabilities and historically many transaction prices were agreed using this unit.

Question: historically, what was this units purpose?

Answer: Many transaction prices were agreed using a quantity of a unit of account.

Unit of account [SEP] Introduction

Historically, many transaction prices were agreed using a quantity of a unit of account. The actual payment might include a number of other types of coin, and other goods, agreed to be equivalent in total to the sum agreed.


Question: what is the main language in czech republic

Answer: Czech

Czech language [SEP] Introduction

Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; "lingua Bohemica" in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group. Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree, as well as Polish. Like other Slavic languages, Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German. The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period.


Context: what is the main language in czech republic

Context: Czech

Question: how is it classified?

Answer: Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants

Explanation:
Czech is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. This branch includes Polish, Kashubian, Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak. Slovak is the most closely related language to Czech, followed by Polish and Silesian.

The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe. Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants (see Phonology below).

Czech language [SEP] Classification


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants

Question: does it have older and more recent versions?

Answer: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Czech language [SEP] Medieval/Old Czech

The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as "early Old Czech", but the term "Medieval Czech" is also used. Around the 7th century, the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe, settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire. The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century. The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries. The diversification of the Czech-Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time, marked among other things by its use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: does it have older and more recent versions?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Question: please explain the former.

Answer: The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period. The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete Bible translation also dates to this period. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well

Explanation:
The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as "early Old Czech", but the term "Medieval Czech" is also used.

Around the 7th century, the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe, settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire. The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century. The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries. The diversification of the Czech-Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time, marked among other things by its use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.

The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete Bible tra

Czech language [SEP] Medieval/Old Czech


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period. The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete Bible translation also dates to this period. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well

Question: and the latter version?

Answer: The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty.

Explanation:
The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Sometime before the 18th century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.

With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century, Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the 15th through the 17th centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renaissance).

During the national revival, i

Czech language [SEP] Modern Czech


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty.

Question: can you mention any person who worked with this latter version?

Answer: Josef Dobrovský

Czech language [SEP] Modern Czech

Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renaissance). During the national revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled "Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache" ("Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language"). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, "í" in place of the former "j" and "j" in place of "g"), the use of "t" (rather than "ti") to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German).


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: can you mention any person who worked with this latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Question: who was he?

Answer: He was a Czech philologist and historian, one of the most important figures of the Czech National Revival along with Josef Jungmann

Explanation: Josef Dobrovský (17 August 1753 – 6 January 1829) was a Czech philologist and historian, one of the most important figures of the Czech National Revival along with Josef Jungmann.

Josef Dobrovský [SEP] Introduction


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: He was a Czech philologist and historian, one of the most important figures of the Czech National Revival along with Josef Jungmann

Question: when was he born?

Answer: 17 August 1753

Explanation: Josef Dobrovský (17 August 1753 – 6 January 1829)

Josef Dobrovský [SEP] Introduction


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 17 August 1753

Question: where?

Answer: Balassagyarmat, Nógrád County, in the Kingdom of Hungary

Josef Dobrovský [SEP] Life and work

Dobrovský was born at Balassagyarmat, Nógrád County, in the Kingdom of Hungary, when his father Jakub Doubravský (1701, Solnitz (Czech: Solnice), Bohemia 1764, Bischofteinitz (Czech: Horšovský Týn), Bohemia) was temporarily stationed as a soldier there. His mother was Magdalena Dobrovská (1733, Tschaslawsko (Czech: Čáslavsko), Bohemia 1797). He received his first education in the German school at Horšovský Týn in Plzeň district, made his first acquaintance with the Czech language and soon made himself fluent in it at the Německý Brod gymnasium, and then studied for some time under the Jesuits at Klatovy. In 1769 he began to study philosophy at the University of Prague.


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 17 August 1753

Context: where?

Context: Balassagyarmat, Nógrád County, in the Kingdom of Hungary

Question: where was this kingdom located?

Answer: Central Europe

Kingdom of Hungary [SEP] Introduction

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world. Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania.


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 17 August 1753

Context: where?

Context: where was this kingdom located?

Context: Central Europe

Question: is it still a kingdom or has it been converted into a country?

Answer: It  was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.  The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king Charles IV in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic

Explanation:
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920). The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world.

Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania. The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács until 1918 and also played a key role in the liberation wars against the Ottoman Empire.

From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of

Kingdom of Hungary [SEP] Introduction


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 17 August 1753

Context: where?

Context: where was this kingdom located?

Context: Central Europe

Context: is it still a kingdom or has it been converted into a country?

Context: It  was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.  The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king Charles IV in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic

Question: did any revolt happen here?

Answer: Yes, Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union  and entered World War II on the side of the Axis

Kingdom of Hungary [SEP] During World War II 1941–1945

After being granted part of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia by the Germans and Italians in the First Vienna Award of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the Second Vienna Award of 1940, Hungary participated in their first military maneuvers on the side of the Axis powers in 1941. Thus, the Hungarian army was part of the invasion of Yugoslavia, gaining some more territory and joining the Axis powers in the process. On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union on 26 June, and entered World War II on the side of the Axis.


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 17 August 1753

Context: where?

Context: where was this kingdom located?

Context: Central Europe

Context: did any revolt happen here?

Context: Yes, Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union  and entered World War II on the side of the Axis

Question: when?

Answer: 26 June 1941

Explanation: On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union on 26 June, and entered World War II on the side of the Axis.

The Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust and Horthy's regime was replaced by a fascist puppet government under the pro-German Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi, thus effectively ending the possibility for independent actions in the war. However, the form of government was only changed to a republic two years later.


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 17 August 1753

Context: where?

Context: where was this kingdom located?

Context: Central Europe

Context: did any revolt happen here?

Context: when?

Context: 26 June 1941

Question: you mentioned a war, could you tell me a bit more about it?

Answer: It was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries including all the great powers forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis

Explanation: World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. In a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities. Tens of millions of people died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, including in the use of strategic bombing of population centres, and the only uses of nuclear weapons in war.

World War II [SEP] Introduction


Context: Czech

Context: how is it classified?

Context: Yes,  "Old Czech" and "Modern Czech"

Context: please explain the former.

Context: and the latter version?

Context: Josef Dobrovský

Context: who was he?

Context: when was he born?

Context: 17 August 1753

Context: where?

Context: where was this kingdom located?

Context: Central Europe

Context: did any revolt happen here?

Context: when?

Context: 26 June 1941

Context: you mentioned a war, could you tell me a bit more about it?

Context: It was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries including all the great powers forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis

Question: can you name any country that was involved in this war?

Answer: Poland, Germany,  France,  United Kingdom are some of them

Explanation: World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours: Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the Fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history and trappi

World War II [SEP] Introduction


Question: when does callie get pregnant on grey's anatomy

Answer: She moves in with Sloan, and they have a one-night stand. Robbins returns for Torres, apologizing and hoping for forgiveness, but Torres initially rebuffs her, and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan's baby

Callie Torres [SEP] Storylines

A heartbroken Torres moves in with Sloan, and they have a one-night stand. Robbins returns for Torres, apologizing and hoping for forgiveness, but Torres initially rebuffs her, and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan's baby. Robbins agrees to raise the child with her, but dislikes that Sloan will be a permanent part of their lives. En route a weekend getaway, Robbins proposes to Torres, but before Torres can reply, the two are in a head-on collision with a truck, leaving Torres severely injured. In an attempt to save her life, obstetrician-gynecologist Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), delivers Torres's premature baby.


Context: when does callie get pregnant on grey's anatomy

Context: She moves in with Sloan, and they have a one-night stand. Robbins returns for Torres, apologizing and hoping for forgiveness, but Torres initially rebuffs her, and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan's baby

Question: who created this character?

Answer: Shonda Rhimes

Callie Torres [SEP] Introduction

Calliope Iphegenia Torres, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy", which airs on the ABC in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez. She was introduced in season 2, as a senior orthopedic resident, as a love-interest for intern George O'Malley (T. R. Knight). Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon, the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis, but received star-billing in season 3. Torres was initially conceived as a love-interest, and eventual wife, for O'Malley, and was created to be disliked by her colleagues.


Context: who created this character?

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Question: which series does it belong to?

Answer: "Grey's Anatomy"

Explanation: Iphegenia Torres, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy", which airs on the ABC in the United States.

Callie Torres [SEP] Introduction


Context: who created this character?

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Context: which series does it belong to?

Context: "Grey's Anatomy"

Question: when was it released?

Answer: March 27, 2005

Grey's Anatomy [SEP] Introduction

Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27, 2005, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement. The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings as they develop into seasoned doctors while balancing personal and professional relationships. The title is an allusion to "Gray's Anatomy", a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray. Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series. She is also one of the executive producers alongside Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg and recently Ellen Pompeo.


Context: who created this character?

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Context: which series does it belong to?

Context: "Grey's Anatomy"

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 27, 2005

Question: what is it's story line?

Answer: The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings as they develop into seasoned doctors while balancing personal and professional relationships

Explanation: The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings as they develop into seasoned doctors while balancing personal and professional relationships

Grey's Anatomy [SEP] Introduction


Context: who created this character?

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Context: which series does it belong to?

Context: "Grey's Anatomy"

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 27, 2005

Context: what is it's story line?

Context: The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings as they develop into seasoned doctors while balancing personal and professional relationships

Question: which channel did broadcast it?

Answer: American Broadcasting Company

Grey's Anatomy [SEP] Introduction


Context: who created this character?

Context: Shonda Rhimes

Context: which series does it belong to?

Context: "Grey's Anatomy"

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 27, 2005

Context: what is it's story line?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: American Broadcasting Company

Question: who are the other characters in it?

Answer: Meredith Grey, Alex Karev, Miranda Bailey and Richard Webber

Explanation: At the start of the sixteenth season, the show had a large ensemble of 14 actors—including 4 characters from the original cast (Meredith Grey, Alex Karev, Miranda Bailey and Richard Webber). Justin Chambers, who played Dr. Alex Karev, left the show during this season.

Grey's Anatomy [SEP] Introduction

Justin Chambers, who played Dr. Alex Karev, left the show during this season. "Grey's Anatomy" is the longest-running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC, and the longest scripted primetime series carried by ABC. As of February 28, 2019, it was the longest running American primetime medical drama series. The series was most recently renewed for its seventeenth season. Its success catapulted longtime series regulars including Pompeo, Dempsey and Oh to worldwide recognition; they were among the top 5 highest-earning television actors in 2013. While the show's ratings have fallen over the course of its run (it was once among the overall top 10 shows in the United States), it is still one of the highest-rated shows among the 18–49 demographic, and the #3 drama on all of broadcast television in the United States.


Question: who was the joker before he went crazy

Answer: A story about the Joker's origin appeared in "Detective Comics", here, the character is a laboratory worker who becomes the Red Hood to steal 1 million dollars and retire.

Explanation: Although a number of backstories have been given, a definitive one has not yet been established for the Joker. An unreliable narrator, the character is uncertain of who he was before and how he became the Joker: "Sometimes I remember it one way, sometimes another ...if I'm going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice!" A story about the Joker's origin appeared in "Detective Comics" #168 (February 1951), nearly a decade after the character's debut. Here, the character is a laboratory worker who becomes the Red Hood (a masked criminal) to steal 1 million dollars and retire. He falls into a vat of chemical waste when his heist is thwarted by Batman, emerging with bleached white skin, red lips, green hair and a permanent grin.

Joker (character) [SEP] Origins


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: A story about the Joker's origin appeared in "Detective Comics", here, the character is a laboratory worker who becomes the Red Hood to steal 1 million dollars and retire.

Question: where did the concept of this character emerge from?

Answer: Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson are credited with creating the character. The concept started with Finger produced an image of actor "Conrad Veidt" in character as “Gwynplaine" in the film "The Man Who Laughs" as an inspiration for the Joker's appearance, and Robinson produced a sketch of a joker playing card.

Joker (character) [SEP] Concept

Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson are credited with creating the Joker, but their accounts of the character's conception differ, each providing his own version of events. Finger's, Kane's, and Robinson's versions acknowledge that Finger produced an image of actor Conrad Veidt in character as Gwynplaine (a man with a disfigured face, giving him a perpetual grin) in the 1928 film "The Man Who Laughs" as an inspiration for the Joker's appearance, and Robinson produced a sketch of a joker playing card. Robinson claimed that it was his 1940 card sketch that served as the character's concept, and that Finger associated with Veidt's portrayal.


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: where did the concept of this character emerge from?

Context: Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson are credited with creating the character. The concept started with Finger produced an image of actor "Conrad Veidt" in character as “Gwynplaine" in the film "The Man Who Laughs" as an inspiration for the Joker's appearance, and Robinson produced a sketch of a joker playing card.

Question: what are the skills of this character?

Answer: He is portrayed as skilled in melee combat. He is talented with firearms. His chief asset is his mind.

Explanation: The Joker is portrayed as skilled in melee combat, from his initial appearances when he defeats Batman in a sword fight (nearly killing him), and others when he overwhelms Batman but declines to kill him. He is talented with firearms, although even his guns are theatrical; his long-barreled revolver often releases a flag reading "Bang", and a second trigger-pull launches the flag to skewer its target. Although formidable in combat, the Joker's chief asset is his mind.

Joker (character) [SEP] Skills and equipment


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: He is portrayed as skilled in melee combat. He is talented with firearms. His chief asset is his mind.

Question: are there any other versions for this character?

Answer: Yes, a number of alternate universes in DC Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations on the Joker, in which the character's origins, behavior, and morality differ from the mainstream setting. One version, describes him as a computer virus or a hero trying to defeat the era's tyrannical Batman.

Explanation: A number of alternate universes in DC Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations on the Joker, in which the character's origins, behavior, and morality differ from the mainstream setting. "The Dark Knight Returns" depicts the final battle between an aged Batman and Joker; others portray the aftermath of the Joker's death at the hands of a number of characters, including Superman. Still others describe distant futures in which the Joker is a computer virus or a hero trying to defeat the era's tyrannical Batman. In some stories, the Joker is someone else entirely; "Flashpoint" features Batman's mother Martha Wayne as the Joker in response to her son's murder, and in "", Lex Luthor becomes the Joker in a world where Superman is Batman.

Joker (character) [SEP] Alternative versions


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: are there any other versions for this character?

Context: Yes, a number of alternate universes in DC Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations on the Joker, in which the character's origins, behavior, and morality differ from the mainstream setting. One version, describes him as a computer virus or a hero trying to defeat the era's tyrannical Batman.

Question: what impact does this character have in culture?

Answer: The character is considered one of the four top comic book characters, alongside Batman, Superman, and Spider-Man. When DC Comics released the original series of "Greatest Stories Ever Told”,  featuring collections of stories about heroes like Batman and Superman, the Joker was the only villain included alongside them.

Joker (character) [SEP] Cultural impact and legacy

The Joker is considered one of the most-recognizable and iconic fictional characters in popular culture, one of the best comic villains, and one of the greatest villains of all time. The character was well-liked following his debut, appearing in nine out of the first 12 "Batman" issues, and remained one of Batman's most popular foes throughout his publication. The character is considered one of the four top comic book characters, alongside Batman, Superman, and Spider-Man. Indeed, when DC Comics released the original series of "Greatest Stories Ever Told" (1987–1988) featuring collections of stories about heroes like Batman and Superman, the Joker was the only villain included alongside them.


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: what impact does this character have in culture?

Context: The character is considered one of the four top comic book characters, alongside Batman, Superman, and Spider-Man. When DC Comics released the original series of "Greatest Stories Ever Told”,  featuring collections of stories about heroes like Batman and Superman, the Joker was the only villain included alongside them.

Question: is the character featured in other media?

Answer: Yes, the character has been adapted in television series, animated, live-action films, books and video games.

Joker (character) [SEP] In other media

The Joker has appeared in a variety of media, including television series, animated and live-action films. WorldCat (a catalog of libraries in 170 countries) records over 250 productions featuring the Joker as a subject, including films, books, and video games, and Batman films featuring the character are typically the most successful. The character's earliest on-screen adaptation was in the 1966 television series "Batman" and its film adaptation "Batman", in which he was played as a cackling prankster by Cesar Romero (reflecting his contemporary comic counterpart). The Joker then appeared in the animated television series "The Adventures of Batman" (1968, voiced by Larry Storch), "The New Adventures of Batman" (1977, voiced by Lennie Weinrib) and "" (1985, voiced by Frank Welker).


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: is the character featured in other media?

Context: Yes, the character has been adapted in television series, animated, live-action films, books and video games.

Question: can you name any films where the character is involved?

Answer: "The Dark Knight", is one of them.

Joker (character) [SEP] In other media

A redesigned Joker, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, appeared in 2004's "The Batman"; Richardson was the first African-American to play the character. After Christopher Nolan's successful 2005 "Batman" film reboot, "Batman Begins", which ended with a teaser for the Joker's involvement in a sequel, the character appeared in 2008's "The Dark Knight", played by Heath Ledger as an avatar of anarchy and chaos. While "Batman Begins" earned a worldwide total of $370 million; "The Dark Knight" earned over $1 billion and was the highest-grossing film of the year, setting several contemporary box-office records (including highest-grossing midnight opening, opening day and opening weekend).


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: can you name any films where the character is involved?

Context: "The Dark Knight", is one of them.

Question: what can you tell me about the aforesaid initial hero?

Answer: "Batman" is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

Batman [SEP] Introduction

Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in "Detective Comics" #27 in 1939. Originally named the "Bat-Man," the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the World's Greatest Detective. Batman is the secret identity of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and owner of Wayne Enterprises. Batman originated from an incident in Bruce's childhood; after witnessing the murder of his parents Dr. Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne, he swore vengeance against criminals, an oath tempered by a sense of justice.


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: "The Dark Knight", is one of them.

Context: what can you tell me about the aforesaid initial hero?

Context: "Batman" is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

Question: what are the various kinds of technology he uses?

Answer: His batsuit aids in his combat against enemies, having the properties of both Kevlar and Nomex. It protects him from gunfire and other significant impacts.

Batman [SEP] Technology

Batman's batsuit aids in his combat against enemies, having the properties of both Kevlar and Nomex. It protects him from gunfire and other significant impacts. His gloves typically feature three scallops that protrude from long, gauntlet-like cuffs, although in his earliest appearances he wore short, plain gloves without the scallops. The overall look of the character, particularly the length of the cowl's ears and of the cape, varies greatly depending on the artist. Dennis O'Neil said, "We now say that Batman has two hundred suits hanging in the Batcave so they don't have to look the same ... Everybody loves to draw Batman, and everybody wants to put their own spin on it."


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: "The Dark Knight", is one of them.

Context: what are the various kinds of technology he uses?

Context: His batsuit aids in his combat against enemies, having the properties of both Kevlar and Nomex. It protects him from gunfire and other significant impacts.

Question: how is he associated with the silver age?

Answer: He meets and regularly works with other heroes during the Silver Age, most notably Superman.

Batman [SEP] Silver Age

Nevertheless, details of Batman's history were altered or expanded upon through the decades. Additions include meetings with a future Superman during his youth, his upbringing by his uncle Philip Wayne (introduced in "Batman" #208 (Feb. 1969)) after his parents' death, and appearances of his father and himself as prototypical versions of Batman and Robin, respectively. In 1980, then-editor Paul Levitz commissioned the "Untold Legend of the Batman" miniseries to thoroughly chronicle Batman's origin and history. Batman meets and regularly works with other heroes during the Silver Age, most notably Superman, whom he began regularly working alongside in a series of team-ups in "World's Finest Comics", starting in 1954 and continuing through the series' cancellation in 1986.


Context: who was the joker before he went crazy

Context: what are the skills of this character?

Context: "The Dark Knight", is one of them.

Context: how is he associated with the silver age?

Context: He meets and regularly works with other heroes during the Silver Age, most notably Superman.

Question: who are his allies?

Answer: His butler, Alfred Pennyworth, Batgirl, Lucius Fox and Dr. Leslie Thompkins, are some of them.

Explanation:
Batman's butler, Alfred Pennyworth, first appeared in "Batman" #16 (1943). He serves as Bruce Wayne's loyal father figure and is one of the few persons to know his secret identity. Alfred raised Bruce after his parents' death and knows him on a very personal level. He is sometimes portrayed as a sidekick to Batman and the only other resident of Wayne Manor aside from Bruce. The character "[lends] a homely touch to Batman's environs and [is] ever ready to provide a steadying and reassuring hand" to the hero and his sidekick.

The informal name "Batman family" is used for a group of characters closely allied with Batman, generally masked vigilantes who either have been trained by Batman or operate in Gotham City with his tacit approval. They include: Barbara Gordon, Commissioner Gordon's daughter, who has fought crime under the vigilante identity of Batgirl and, during a period in which she was confined to a wheelchair due to a gunshot wound inflicted by the Joker, the computer hacker Or

Batman [SEP] Allies


Question: which years did the cologne war take place?

Answer: 1583

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction

The Cologne War (1583–88) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany. The war occurred within the context of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation, and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion. Also called the Seneschal's War or the Seneschal Upheaval and occasionally the Sewer War, the conflict tested the principle of ecclesiastical reservation, which had been included in the religious Peace of Augsburg (1555). This principle excluded, or "reserved", the ecclesiastical territories of the Holy Roman Empire from the application of "cuius regio, eius religio", or "whose rule, his religion", as the primary means of determining the religion of a territory.


Context: which years did the cologne war take place?

Question: which country did it take place?

Answer: Germany

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Question: the war was fought between whom?

Answer: Protestant and Catholic factions

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Context: the war was fought between whom?

Context: Protestant and Catholic factions

Question: name some people who fought the war from the first group mentioned above.

Answer: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and John Knox

Protestantism [SEP] Introduction

In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Iceland. Reformed (or Calvinist) denominations spread in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by Protestant Reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and John Knox. The political separation of the Church of England from the pope under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other fields. Protestantism is diverse, being more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church or Oriental Orthodoxy.


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Context: the war was fought between whom?

Context: Protestant and Catholic factions

Context: name some people who fought the war from the first group mentioned above.

Context: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and John Knox

Question: and from the second group?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Protestantism [SEP] Introduction

Protestantism is the second-largest form of Christianity (after Catholicism) with a total of 800 million to 1 billion adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Catholic Church. Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and matters of church polity and apostolic succession. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (') rather than also by good works and the highest authority of the Bible alone (rather than also with sacred tradition) in faith and morals (').


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Context: the war was fought between whom?

Context: Protestant and Catholic factions

Context: and from the second group?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which year did the war end?

Answer: 1588

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Context: the war was fought between whom?

Context: Protestant and Catholic factions

Context: and from the second group?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which year did the war end?

Question: who won ?

Answer: Catholic

Cologne War [SEP] Aftermath

Ernst's rule, and that of his four Wittelsbach successors, strengthened the position of his family in Imperial politics. The victory of the Catholic party further consolidated the Counter-Reformation in the northwest territories of the Holy Roman Empire, especially in the bishoprics of Münster, Paderborn, Osnabrück, and Minden, which were bordered by Protestant territories. Once Ernst's brother or such allies as the Duke of Parma regained control, Jesuits efficiently identified any recalcitrant Protestants and converted them to Catholicism. The Counter-Reformation was thoroughly applied in the lower Rhineland, with the goal that every Protestant, whether Lutheran or Calvinist, would be brought to the Catholic fold.


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Context: the war was fought between whom?

Context: Protestant and Catholic factions

Context: and from the second group?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which year did the war end?

Context: who won ?

Context: Catholic

Question: what was the aftermath of the war?

Answer: After Gebhard's expulsion, Ernst assumed full charge of the Electorate of Cologne. In his later years, a nuncio at Cologne took responsibilities for the financial administration of the archdiocese, and Ernst's nephew, Ferdinand of Bavaria, was elected to the Cathedral Chapter, the Wittelsbach heir-apparent.

Cologne War [SEP] Aftermath

After Gebhard's expulsion, Ernst assumed full charge of the Electorate of Cologne. In his later years, a nuncio at Cologne took responsibilities for the financial administration of the archdiocese, and Ernst's nephew, Ferdinand of Bavaria, was elected to the Cathedral Chapter, the Wittelsbach heir-apparent. When Ernst died in 1612, the Cathedral Chapter duly elected his nephew to the position and Wittelsbachs held the Electorate until 1761. Ernst's victory, both in winning the election in 1583, and in convincing the assembly of other electors to accept him in 1585, confirmed him as the new archbishop of Cologne and gave the Wittelsbach family a foothold on the northern Rhine.


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Context: the war was fought between whom?

Context: Protestant and Catholic factions

Context: and from the second group?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which year did the war end?

Context: who won ?

Context: Catholic

Context: what was the aftermath of the war?

Context: After Gebhard's expulsion, Ernst assumed full charge of the Electorate of Cologne. In his later years, a nuncio at Cologne took responsibilities for the financial administration of the archdiocese, and Ernst's nephew, Ferdinand of Bavaria, was elected to the Cathedral Chapter, the Wittelsbach heir-apparent.

Question: who is gebhard?

Answer: Prince-elector of Cologne

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction

It stipulated instead that if an ecclesiastical prince converted to Protestantism, he would resign from his position rather than force the conversion of his subjects. In December 1582, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the Prince-elector of Cologne, converted to Protestantism. The principle of ecclesiastical reservation required his resignation. Instead, he declared religious parity for his subjects and, in 1583, married Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben, intending to convert the ecclesiastical principality into a secular, dynastic duchy. A faction in the Cathedral Chapter elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria.


Context: which country did it take place?

Context: Germany

Context: the war was fought between whom?

Context: Protestant and Catholic factions

Context: and from the second group?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which year did the war end?

Context: who won ?

Context: Catholic

Context: what was the aftermath of the war?

Context: who is gebhard?

Context: Prince-elector of Cologne

Question: what's his wife's name?

Answer: Johanna v. Fürstenberg

Explanation: Gebhard was born in the Fürstenburg fortress of Heiligenberg, the second son of William, known as "the younger", (6 March 1518 – 17 January 1566), Freiherr and Seneschal of Waldburg and an Imperial Councilor, and his wife, Johanna v. Fürstenberg (1529–1589).

Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg [SEP] Family and early career

Gereon in Köln (1562–67), a canon in Strassburg (1567), in Ellwangen (1567–83), and in Würzburg (1569–70). In 1571, he became deacon of the Strassburg Cathedral, a position he held until his death in 1601. In 1576, by papal nomination, he became provost of the Cathedral in Augsburg. He would have drawn a stipend from all these positions.


Question: a substance that binds to a receptor and has an agonistic or antagonistic effect is called

Answer: Receptor antagonist

Receptor antagonist [SEP] Introduction

A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist. Antagonist drugs interfere in natural works of receptor protein. They are sometimes called blockers; examples include alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. In pharmacology, antagonists have affinity but no efficacy for their cognate receptors, and binding will disrupt the interaction and inhibit the function of an agonist or inverse agonist at receptors. Antagonists mediate their effects by binding to the active site or to the allosteric site on a receptor, or they may interact at unique binding sites not normally involved in the biological regulation of the receptor's activity.


Context: a substance that binds to a receptor and has an agonistic or antagonistic effect is called

Context: Receptor antagonist

Question: can you give a few examples?

Answer: Alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers

Explanation: They are sometimes called blockers; examples include alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers.

Receptor antagonist [SEP] Introduction


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: Alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers

Question: how is the first one classified?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Receptor antagonist [SEP] Introduction


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: does the first mentioned example have any side effects?

Answer: Yes, dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, psychiatric depression, and dry mouth

Alpha blocker [SEP] Other side effects

Finally, there are other general side effects that can be caused by most alpha blockers (however, more frequently in alpha-1 blockers). Such side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, psychiatric depression, and dry mouth. Priapism, an unwanted, painful long term erection not brought on by sexual arousal and lasting several hours has been associated with alpha blocker use. While this is extremely rare, particularly with tamsulosin, it can cause permanent impotence if not treated in a hospital setting. Male patients should be made aware of this as it can result from a single dose or develop over time.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does the first mentioned example have any side effects?

Context: Yes, dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, psychiatric depression, and dry mouth

Question: does it also have any scientific/health use?

Answer: Yes, used to treat Raynaud's disease, congestive heart failure (CHF), pheochromocytoma, and erectile dysfunction

Alpha blocker [SEP] Medical uses

While there are limited clinical α-blocker uses, in which most α-blockers are used for hypertension or benign prostatic hyperplasia , α-blockers can be used to treat a few other diseases, such as Raynaud's disease, congestive heart failure (CHF), pheochromocytoma, and erectile dysfunction. Furthermore, α-blockers can occasionally be used to treat anxiety and panic disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) induced nightmares. Studies have also had great medical interest in testing alpha blockers, specifically α blockers, to treat Type II diabetes and psychiatric depression.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: does it also have any scientific/health use?

Context: Yes, used to treat Raynaud's disease, congestive heart failure (CHF), pheochromocytoma, and erectile dysfunction

Question: what is the meaning of the last mentioned disease?

Answer: It is the type of sexual dysfunction in which the penis fails to become or stay erect during sexual activity

Erectile dysfunction [SEP] Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also called impotence, is the type of sexual dysfunction in which the penis fails to become or stay erect during sexual activity. It is the most common sexual problem in men. Through its connection to self-image and to problems in sexual relationships, erectile dysfunction can cause psychological harm. In about 80% of cases, physical causes can be identified. These include cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; neurological problems, such as those following prostatectomy; hypogonadism; and drug side effects. About 10% of cases are psychological impotence, caused by thoughts or feelings; here, there is a strong response to placebo treatment.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the meaning of the last mentioned disease?

Context: It is the type of sexual dysfunction in which the penis fails to become or stay erect during sexual activity

Question: what is the cause of it?

Answer: Surgical intervention may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, and  is associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression

Explanation:
Surgical intervention for a number of conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. ED is a common complication of treatments for prostate cancer, including prostatectomy and destruction of the prostate by external beam radiation, although the prostate gland itself is not necessary to achieve an erection. As far as inguinal hernia surgery is concerned, in most cases, and in the absence of postoperative complications, the operative repair can lead to a recovery of the sexual life of people with preoperative sexual dysfunction, while, in most cases, it does not affect people with a preoperative normal sexual life.

ED can also be associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression. The increased risk appears to be about 1.7-fold.

Erectile dysfunction [SEP] Causes

Causes of or contributors to ED include the following: Surgical intervention for a number of conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. ED is a common complication of treatments for prostate cancer, including prostatectomy and destruction of the prostate by external beam radiation, although the prostate gland itself is not necessary to achieve an erection. As far as inguinal hernia surgery is concerned, in most cases, and in the absence of postoperative complications, the operative repair can lead to a recovery of the sexual life of people with preoperative sexual dysfunction, while, in most cases, it does not affect people with a preoperative normal sexual life.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the cause of it?

Context: Surgical intervention may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, and  is associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression

Question: what are the ways it can be treated?

Answer: Exercise, particularly of the aerobic type and counseling, if cause is psychological

Erectile dysfunction [SEP] Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. In general, exercise, particularly of the aerobic type, is effective for preventing ED during midlife. Counseling can be used if the underlying cause is psychological, including how to lower stress or anxiety related to sex. Medications by mouth and vacuum erection devices are first-line treatments, followed by injections of drugs into the penis, as well as penile implants. Vascular reconstructive surgeries are beneficial in certain groups. Treatments, other than surgery, do not fix the underlying physiological problem, but are used as needed before sex.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the cause of it?

Context: what are the ways it can be treated?

Context: Exercise, particularly of the aerobic type and counseling, if cause is psychological

Question: what are some types of the exercise mentioned above?

Answer: Physical, Dynamic and static

Exercise [SEP] Classification

Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on the human body: Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on accuracy, agility, power, and speed. Types of exercise can also be classified as dynamic or static. 'Dynamic' exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the diastolic blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise (such as weight-lifting) can cause the systolic pressure to rise significantly, albeit transiently, during the performance of the exercise.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the cause of it?

Context: what are the ways it can be treated?

Context: what are some types of the exercise mentioned above?

Context: Physical, Dynamic and static

Question: with regards to the initial list of diseases shared, can you explain the first one?

Answer: It is a medical condition in which spasm of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow

Raynaud syndrome [SEP] Introduction

Raynaud syndrome, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a medical condition in which spasm of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow. Typically, the fingers, and less commonly the toes, are involved. Rarely, the nose, ears, or lips are affected. The episodes result in the affected part turning white and then blue. Often, numbness or pain occurs. As blood flow returns, the area turns red and burns. The episodes typically last minutes, but can last several hours. Episodes are often triggered by cold or emotional stress. Primary Raynaud's, also known as idiopathic, means that it is spontaneous and unrelated to another disease.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the cause of it?

Context: what are the ways it can be treated?

Context: Physical, Dynamic and static

Context: with regards to the initial list of diseases shared, can you explain the first one?

Context: It is a medical condition in which spasm of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow

Question: what are its early indications?

Answer: Localized pain, discoloration (paleness), and sensations of cold and/or numbness

Raynaud syndrome [SEP] Signs and symptoms

The condition can cause localized pain, discoloration (paleness), and sensations of cold and/or numbness. When exposed to cold temperatures, the blood supply to the fingers or toes, and in some cases the nose or earlobes, is markedly reduced; the skin turns pale or white (called pallor) and becomes cold and numb. These events are episodic, and when the episode subsides or the area is warmed, the blood flow returns, and the skin color first turns red (rubor), and then back to normal, often accompanied by swelling, tingling, and a painful "pins and needles" sensation. All three color changes are observed in classic Raynaud's.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the cause of it?

Context: what are the ways it can be treated?

Context: Physical, Dynamic and static

Context: what are its early indications?

Context: Localized pain, discoloration (paleness), and sensations of cold and/or numbness

Question: who was the first to study this disease?

Answer: Maurice Raynaud

Raynaud syndrome [SEP] Introduction

Onset of the primary form is typically between ages 15 and 30 and occurs more frequently in females. The secondary form usually affects older people. Both forms are more common in cold climates. It is named after the French physician Maurice Raynaud, who described the condition in 1862.


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the cause of it?

Context: what are the ways it can be treated?

Context: Physical, Dynamic and static

Context: what are its early indications?

Context: who was the first to study this disease?

Context: Maurice Raynaud

Question: who was he?

Answer: He was a French doctor

Explanation: Auguste Gabriel Maurice Raynaud (10 August 1834 – 29 June 1881) was the French doctor who discovered Raynaud syndrome, a vasospastic disorder which contracts blood vessels in extremities and is the "R" in the CREST syndrome acronym, in the late 19th century.

Maurice Raynaud [SEP] Introduction


Context: Receptor antagonist

Context: can you give a few examples?

Context: how is the first one classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the cause of it?

Context: what are the ways it can be treated?

Context: Physical, Dynamic and static

Context: what are its early indications?

Context: Maurice Raynaud

Context: who was he?

Context: He was a French doctor

Question: when did he begin his career as a doctor?

Answer: 1865

Maurice Raynaud [SEP] Life and career

Raynaud never received a senior position at any of the Paris hospitals, but became "Médecine des hôpitaux" (received hospital privileges) in 1865. At various times, he was attached to the hospitals of Hôtel Dieu (1866), Laboisière (1872), and Charité (1880), among others. In 1866 he became an agrégé with the works "Sur les hyperhémies non phlegmasiques" and "De la revulsion", which established him as a professor of medical pathology. He was made an officer of the Légion d'honneur in 1871 and elected to the "Académie de Médecine" in 1879, and lectured with great success at the university as well as the Lariboisière and Charité hospitals.


Question: what is suillus luteus?

Answer: A bolete fungus

Suillus luteus [SEP] Introduction

Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus "Suillus". A common fungus native to Eurasia, from the British Isles to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as "Boletus luteus" by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, is now classified in a different family as well as genus. "Suillus luteus" is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms, and is commonly prepared and eaten in soups, stews or fried dishes.


Context:
what is suillus luteus?
A bolete fungus

Question: by whom was it named?

Answer: Carl Linnaeus

Suillus luteus [SEP] Taxonomy and naming

The slippery jack was one of the many species first described in 1753 by the "father of taxonomy" Carl Linnaeus, who, in the second volume of his "Species Plantarum", gave it the name "Boletus luteus". The specific epithet is the Latin adjective "lūtěus", meaning "yellow". The fungus was reclassified as (and became the type species of) the genus "Suillus" by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1796. "Suillus" is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from "swine". In addition to the British Mycological Society approved name "slippery jack", other common names for this bolete include "pine boletus" and "sticky bun"—the latter referring to its resemblance to the pastry.


Context:
what is suillus luteus?
A bolete fungus
by whom was it named?
Carl Linnaeus

Question: where was he born?

Answer: The village of Råshult in Småland, Sweden

Carl Linnaeus [SEP] Childhood

Linnaeus was born in the village of Råshult in Småland, Sweden, on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nicolaus (Nils) Ingemarsson (who later adopted the family name Linnaeus) and Christina Brodersonia. His siblings were Anna Maria Linnæa, Sofia Juliana Linnæa, Samuel Linnæus (who would eventually succeed their father as rector of Stenbrohult and write a manual on beekeeping), and Emerentia Linnæa. His father taught him Latin as a small child. One of a long line of peasants and priests, Nils was an amateur botanist, a Lutheran minister, and the curate of the small village of Stenbrohult in Småland.


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: The village of Råshult in Småland, Sweden

Question: what religion is followed in the second place?

Answer: Christianity

Småland [SEP] Religion

Compared to much of Sweden, Småland has a higher level of religious intensity and church participation. In terms of Lutheran ecclesiastical boundaries, most of the province encompasses the diocese of Växjö. Parts of northern Småland are in the diocese of Linköping. Småland is also known for its free churches, although the free church congregations are concentrated in Jönköping County. Most of Kalmar County and Kronoberg County have few or no free church congregations.


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: what religion is followed in the second place?

Context: Christianity

Question: what is the climate like here?

Answer: The climate of Småland is divided between the oceanic climate and the humid continental climate

Småland [SEP] Climate

The climate of Småland is divided between the oceanic climate of coastal areas such as Kalmar and the humid continental climate of the interior higher areas such as Jönköping. Southern interior areas such as Växjö have similar oceanic climates such as the coastline. However, temperature average differences between areas are relatively small, since Småland lies in the continental/oceanic transition zone. Summer daytime averages are similar throughout the province, since all three major urban areas are on average around with daytime winter temperatures hovering around the freezing point. The slightly colder nights averaging in Jönköping are rendering its continental classification. The locality of Målilla has the Swedish and Scandinavian all-time highest-measured temperature with on June 1, 1947.


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: Christianity

Context: what is the climate like here?

Context: The climate of Småland is divided between the oceanic climate and the humid continental climate

Question: what is the reason behind existence of the first type of climate?

Answer: Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the ocean adjacent to coastal areas

Oceanic climate [SEP] Introduction

Oceanic climates can have considerable storm activity as they are located in the belt of the stormy westerlies. Many oceanic climates have frequent cloudy or overcast conditions due to the near constant storms and lows tracking over or near them. The annual range of temperatures is smaller than typical climates at these latitudes due to the constant stable marine air masses that pass through oceanic climates, which lack both very warm and very cool fronts.


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: Christianity

Context: what is the climate like here?

Context: what is the reason behind existence of the first type of climate?

Context: Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the ocean adjacent to coastal areas

Question: what other place has this type of climate?

Answer: Western Europe, United Kingdom, New Zealand

Oceanic climate [SEP] Introduction

It typically lacks a dry season, as precipitation is more evenly dispersed throughout the year. It is the predominant climate type across much of Western Europe, United Kingdom, New Zealand, the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada, far southwestern South America, a narrow zone of southeastern Australia including Tasmania, and isolated locations elsewhere. Oceanic climates are generally characterised by a narrower annual range of temperatures than in other places at a comparable latitude, and generally do not have the extremely dry summers of Mediterranean climates or the hot and wet summers of humid subtropical climates. Oceanic climates are most dominant in Europe, where they spread much farther inland than in other continents.


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: Christianity

Context: what is the climate like here?

Context: what other place has this type of climate?

Context: Western Europe, United Kingdom, New Zealand

Question: where did the name of the last country originate from?

Answer: "Nova Zeelandia," from Latin, after the Dutch province of Zeeland, and this name was later anglicised to "New Zealand"

Explanation: Dutch cartographers subsequently renamed Tasman's discovery "Nova Zeelandia," from Latin, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. This name was later anglicised to "New Zealand".

New Zealand [SEP] Etymology

The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu. For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: Christianity

Context: what is the climate like here?

Context: where did the name of the last country originate from?

Context: "Nova Zeelandia," from Latin, after the Dutch province of Zeeland, and this name was later anglicised to "New Zealand"

Question: what language is spoken here?

Answer: English, Samoan, "Northern Chinese"

Explanation: s recorded in the 2018 census, Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin, 2.0%), Hindi (1.5%), and French (1.2%). 22,986 people (0.5%) reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language, which became one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.

New Zealand [SEP] Language

After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language ("te reo Māori") in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas. It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation, being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987, and is spoken by 4.0% of the population. There are now Māori language immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori. Many places have both their Māori and English names officially recognised. As recorded in the 2018 census, Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin, 2.0%), Hindi (1.5%), and French (1.2%).


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: Christianity

Context: what is the climate like here?

Context: what language is spoken here?

Context: English, Samoan, "Northern Chinese"

Question: which ethnic groups live here?

Answer: European, Māori, Asian

New Zealand [SEP] Ethnicity and immigration

In the 2018 census, 71.8% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 16.5% as Māori. Other major ethnic groups include Asian (15.3%) and Pacific peoples (9.0%), two-thirds of whom live in the Auckland Region. The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%. While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally and by locals. The Māori loanword Pākehā has been used to refer to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this name.


Context: what is suillus luteus?

Context: A bolete fungus

Context: by whom was it named?

Context: Carl Linnaeus

Context: where was he born?

Context: Christianity

Context: what is the climate like here?

Context: what language is spoken here?

Context: English, Samoan, "Northern Chinese"

Context: which ethnic groups live here?

Context: European, Māori, Asian

Question: name a few plants found here.

Answer: Southern beech, tussock

Explanation: New Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years and island biogeography has influenced evolution of the country's species of animals, fungi and plants. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species. About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous vascular plants are endemic, covering 1,944 species across 65 genera. The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand and 40% of these are endemic. The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent podocarps, or by southern beech in cooler climates. The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are tussock.

New Zealand [SEP] Biodiversity