Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: where was its last conference held?

Context: In 1919 and 1920

Context: which powers does it have?

Context: The territories were governed by mandatory powers, such as the United Kingdom in the case of the Mandate of Palestine, and the Union of South Africa in the case of South-West Africa, until the territories were deemed capable of self-government.

Question: has the league participated in any war?

Answer: Yes, Spanish Civil War

League of Nations [SEP] Spanish Civil War

On 17 July 1936, the Spanish Army launched a coup d'état, leading to a prolonged armed conflict between Spanish Republicans (the elected leftist national government) and the Nationalists (conservative, anti-communist rebels who included most officers of the Spanish Army). Julio Álvarez del Vayo, the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, appealed to the League in September 1936 for arms to defend Spain's territorial integrity and political independence. The League members would not intervene in the Spanish Civil War nor prevent foreign intervention in the conflict. Adolf Hitler and Mussolini continued to aid General Francisco Franco's Nationalists, while the Soviet Union helped the Spanish Republic.


Context: who is the founder of the league of nations

Context: Peace activists William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy

Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: The first schemes for an international organisation to prevent future wars began to gain considerable public support, particularly in Great Britain and the United States.

Context: can you please name some of the members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: The IPU was founded with an international scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its foundational aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means.

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: The IPU has played a leading role in the development of international law and institutions, including the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the League of Nations, and the United Nations.

Context: where was its last conference held?

Context: In 1919 and 1920

Context: which powers does it have?

Context: has the league participated in any war?

Context: Yes, Spanish Civil War

Question: when was this?

Answer: 17 July 1936

Explanation: On 17 July 1936,


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: where was its last conference held?

Context: In 1919 and 1920

Context: which powers does it have?

Context: has the league participated in any war?

Context: Yes, Spanish Civil War

Context: when was this?

Context: 17 July 1936

Question: does the league use any symbols in its working?

Answer: Yes,  A semi-official emblem for the League of Nations emerged: two five-pointed stars within a blue pentagon. They symbolised the Earth's five continents and "five races."

League of Nations [SEP] Languages and symbols

The official languages of the League of Nations were French and English. In 1939, a semi-official emblem for the League of Nations emerged: two five-pointed stars within a blue pentagon. They symbolised the Earth's five continents and "five races." A bow at the top displayed the English name ("League of Nations"), while another at the bottom showed the French (""Société des Nations"").


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: where was its last conference held?

Context: In 1919 and 1920

Context: which powers does it have?

Context: has the league participated in any war?

Context: Yes, Spanish Civil War

Context: when was this?

Context: 17 July 1936

Context: does the league use any symbols in its working?

Context: Yes,  A semi-official emblem for the League of Nations emerged: two five-pointed stars within a blue pentagon. They symbolised the Earth's five continents and "five races."

Question: which languages do they speak?

Answer: French and English

Explanation: French and English.


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: where was its last conference held?

Context: In 1919 and 1920

Context: which powers does it have?

Context: has the league participated in any war?

Context: Yes, Spanish Civil War

Context: when was this?

Context: 17 July 1936

Context: which languages do they speak?

Context: French and English

Question: what were the things the league was created to help resolve?

Answer: During the early interwar period, the League played little part in resolving the turmoil resulting from the war.

Explanation:
The Allies tended to refer only particularly difficult matters to the League. This meant that, during the early interwar period, the League played little part in resolving the turmoil resulting from the war. The questions the League considered in its early years included those designated by the Paris Peace treaties.

As the League developed, its role expanded, and by the middle of the 1920s it had become the centre of international activity. This change can be seen in the relationship between the League and non-members. The United States and Russia, for example, increasingly worked with the League. During the second half of the 1920s, France, Britain and Germany were all using the League of Nations as the focus of their diplomatic activity, and each of their foreign secretaries attended League meetings at Geneva during this period. They also used the League's machinery to try to improve relations and settle their differences.

League of Nations [SEP] Resolving territorial disputes

The aftermath of the First World War left many issues to be settled, including the exact position of national boundaries and which country particular regions would join. Most of these questions were handled by the victorious Allied powers in bodies such as the Allied Supreme Council. The Allies tended to refer only particularly difficult matters to the League. This meant that, during the early interwar period, the League played little part in resolving the turmoil resulting from the war. The questions the League considered in its early years included those designated by the Paris Peace treaties. As the League developed, its role expanded, and by the middle of the 1920s it had become the centre of international activity.


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: where was its last conference held?

Context: In 1919 and 1920

Context: which powers does it have?

Context: has the league participated in any war?

Context: Yes, Spanish Civil War

Context: when was this?

Context: 17 July 1936

Context: which languages do they speak?

Context: French and English

Context: what were the things the league was created to help resolve?

Context: During the early interwar period, the League played little part in resolving the turmoil resulting from the war.

Question: is the league still active today?

Answer: No, It was founded on 10 January 1920 following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War, and ceased operations on 20 April 1946.

League of Nations [SEP] Introduction

The League of Nations, abbreviated as LON ( , abbreviated as SDN or SdN), was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War, and ceased operations on 20 April 1946. The organisation's primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe.


Question: what is the meaning of baptism of the holy spirit

Answer: It is frequently associated with incorporation into the Christian Church, the bestowal of spiritual gifts, and empowerment for Christian ministry.

Baptism with the Holy Spirit [SEP] Introduction

In Christian theology, baptism with the Holy Spirit, also called baptism in the Holy Spirit or baptism in the Holy Ghost, has been interpreted by different Christian denominations and traditions in a variety of ways due to differences in the doctrines of salvation and ecclesiology. It is frequently associated with incorporation into the Christian Church, the bestowal of spiritual gifts, and empowerment for Christian ministry. Spirit baptism has been variously defined as part of the sacraments of initiation into the church, as being synonymous with regeneration, as being synonymous with Christian perfection that empowers a person for Christian life and service.


Context: what is the meaning of baptism of the holy spirit

Context: It is frequently associated with incorporation into the Christian Church, the bestowal of spiritual gifts, and empowerment for Christian ministry.

Question: can you mention one advantage of this ministry you said?

Answer: Family integrated churches eliminate "all age-graded classes and events."

Christian ministry [SEP] Advantages and disadvantages

There are several advantages to the concept of age-specific ministries. Age-specific ministry does have certain disadvantages, mostly stemming from the separation of children from the primary church functions. An alternative to age-specific ministry gaining ground is the concept of inter-generational ministry, which seeks to include all age and peer groups in primary church functions. Family integrated churches eliminate "all age-graded classes and events."


Context: can you mention one advantage of this ministry you said?

Context: Family integrated churches eliminate "all age-graded classes and events."

Question: was it related to any creative/performing arts?

Answer: Nearly all churches feature some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band, whether accompanied or a cappella.

Christian ministry [SEP] Creative and performing arts

Nearly all churches feature some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band, whether accompanied or a cappella. Religious organizations also incorporate other forms of creative and performance arts into their services or programs.


Context: was it related to any creative/performing arts?

Context: Nearly all churches feature some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band, whether accompanied or a cappella.

Question: what do this last term means?

Answer: It is a) music is group or solo performance without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way.

A cappella [SEP] Introduction

A cappella (, , ; ) (sometimes spelled "a capella" from Latin) music is group or solo performance without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century, a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for "alla breve".


Context: what do this last term means?

Context: It is a) music is group or solo performance without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way.

Question: which artists recorded it?

Answer: "The Song Spinners" had a best-seller with "Comin' In on a Wing and a Prayer".

A cappella [SEP] Recording artists

In July 1943, as a result of the American Federation of Musicians boycott of US recording studios, the a cappella vocal group "The Song Spinners" had a best-seller with "Comin' In on a Wing and a Prayer". In the 1950s, several recording groups, notably The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen, introduced complex jazz harmonies to a cappella performances. The King's Singers are credited with promoting interest in small-group a cappella performances in the 1960s. Frank Zappa loves Doo wop and A cappella, so Zappa released The Persuasions' first album from his label in 1970. In 1983, an a cappella group known as The Flying Pickets had a Christmas 'number one' in the UK with a cover of Yazoo's (known in the US as Yaz) "Only You".


Context: what do this last term means?

Context: which artists recorded it?

Context: "The Song Spinners" had a best-seller with "Comin' In on a Wing and a Prayer".

Question: is there any theatre where this type of music is performed?

Answer: It has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theatre that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theatres in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times.

A cappella [SEP] Musical theatre

A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theatre that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theatres in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times. The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances. It was produced by Playwrights Horizons with book by John Jiler, music and lyrics by Ray Leslee. The musical style of the show's score was primarily Doo-Wop as the plot revolved around Doo-Wop group singers of the 1960s. In 2001, The Kinsey Sicks, produced and starred in the critically acclaimed off-Broadway hit, "DRAGAPELLA! Starring the Kinsey Sicks" at New York's legendary Studio 54.


Context: what do this last term means?

Context: which artists recorded it?

Context: is there any theatre where this type of music is performed?

Context: It has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theatre that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theatres in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times.

Question: where is this former mentioned theatre situated?

Answer: Manhattan in New York City

Off-Broadway [SEP] Introduction

An off-Broadway theatre is any professional theatre venue in Manhattan in New York City with a seating capacity between 100 and 499, inclusive. These theatres are smaller than Broadway theatres, but larger than off-off-Broadway theatres, which seat fewer than 100. An "off-Broadway production" is a production of a play, musical, or revue that appears in such a venue and adheres to related trade union and other contracts. Some shows that premiere off-Broadway are subsequently produced on Broadway.


Context: what do this last term means?

Context: which artists recorded it?

Context: where is this former mentioned theatre situated?

Context: Manhattan in New York City

Question: is it compared to an opera?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Off-Broadway [SEP] Introduction


Context: what do this last term means?

Context: which artists recorded it?

Context: Manhattan in New York City

Context: is it compared to an opera?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which film/tv musical took place here in this theatre?

Answer: "The Elves"

Broadway theatre [SEP] Birth of the musical and post-Civil War

Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown Manhattan beginning around 1850, seeking less expensive real estate. In the beginning of the 19th century, the area that now comprises the Theater District was owned by a handful of families and comprised a few farms. In 1836, Mayor Cornelius Lawrence opened 42nd Street and invited Manhattanites to "enjoy the pure clean air." Close to 60 years later, theatrical entrepreneur Oscar Hammerstein I built the iconic Victoria Theater on West 42nd Street. Broadway's first "long-run" musical was a 50-performance hit called "The Elves" in 1857. In 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square.


Context: what do this last term means?

Context: which artists recorded it?

Context: Manhattan in New York City

Context: is it compared to an opera?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which film/tv musical took place here in this theatre?

Context: "The Elves"

Question: any international ones?

Answer: "Hair", "Little Shop of Horrors", "Spring Awakening", etc.

Broadway theatre [SEP] Off-Broadway and US tours

The classification of theatres is governed by language in Actors' Equity Association contracts. To be eligible for a Tony, a production must be in a house with 500 seats or more and in the Theater District, which are the criteria that define Broadway theatre. Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway shows often provide a more experimental, challenging, and intimate performance than is possible in the larger Broadway theatres. Some Broadway shows, however, such as the musicals "Hair", "Little Shop of Horrors", "Spring Awakening", "Next to Normal", "Rent", "Avenue Q", "In the Heights", "Fun Home", "Dear Evan Hansen", and "Hamilton", began their runs Off-Broadway and later transferred to Broadway, seeking to replicate their intimate experience in a larger theatre.


Question: what was operation brevity?

Answer: A limited offensive conducted in mid-May 1941.

Operation Brevity [SEP] Introduction

Operation Brevity was a limited offensive conducted in mid-May 1941, during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. Conceived by the commander-in-chief of the British Middle East Command, General Archibald Wavell, Brevity was intended to be a rapid blow against weak Axis front-line forces in the Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia area of the border between Egypt and Libya. Although the operation got off to a promising start, throwing the Axis high command into confusion, most of its early gains were lost to local counter-attacks, and with German reinforcements being rushed to the front the operation was called off after one day.


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: A limited offensive conducted in mid-May 1941.

Question: did it operate during any war?

Answer: Second World War.

Explanation: Operation Brevity was a limited offensive conducted in mid-May 1941, during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War

Operation Brevity [SEP] Introduction


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Question: who commanded the operation then?

Answer: General Archibald Wavell

Explanation: Conceived by the commander-in-chief of the British Middle East Command, General Archibald Wavell,

Operation Brevity [SEP] Introduction


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Question: where is he from?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Operation Brevity [SEP] Introduction


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Context: where is he from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who were the allied forces of the operation?

Answer: 22nd Guards Brigade and elements of the 7th Armoured Division.

Operation Brevity [SEP] Allied force

Operation Brevity would be carried out by the 22nd Guards Brigade and elements of the 7th Armoured Division. Its armoured component consisted of 29 cruiser tanks of the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment (2RTR) and 24 infantry tanks of the 4th Royal Tank Regiment (4RTR). The Royal Air Force (RAF) allocated all available fighters and a small force of bombers to the operation. Brigadier William Gott—in command of all Allied front-line forces since the retreat—was to lead the operation in the field, and his plan was to advance in three parallel columns. On the desert flank to the south, the 7th Armoured Brigade group was to move from Bir el Khireigat to Sidi Azeiz destroying any opposition encountered en route.


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Context: where is he from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who were the allied forces of the operation?

Context: 22nd Guards Brigade and elements of the 7th Armoured Division.

Question: where did this operation take place?

Answer: Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia.

Explanation: Brevity was intended to be a rapid blow against weak Axis front-line forces in the Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia area of the border between Egypt and Libya.

Operation Brevity [SEP] Introduction


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Context: where is he from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did this operation take place?

Context: Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia.

Question: where is the  third place you mentioned located?

Answer: Libya

Bardia [SEP] Introduction

Bardia, or El Burdi () is a Mediterranean seaport in the Butnan District of eastern Libya, located near the border with Egypt. It is also occasionally called "Bórdi Slemán".


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Context: where is he from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did this operation take place?

Context: Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia.

Context: where is the  third place you mentioned located?

Context: Libya

Question: who were the first settlers in this place?

Answer: Berbers

Libya [SEP] Introduction

The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya and contains over three million of Libya's seven million people. The second-largest city is Benghazi, which is located in eastern Libya. The Latin name "Libya" is based on the name of the region west of the Nile () used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for all of North Africa, and was again adopted during the period of Italian colonization beginning in 1911. Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures. The Phoenicians established trading posts in western Libya, and ancient Greek colonists established city-states in eastern Libya.


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Context: where is he from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did this operation take place?

Context: Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia.

Context: Libya

Context: who were the first settlers in this place?

Context: Berbers

Question: did any anyone try to colonize this place?

Answer: Yes, Italy.

Libya [SEP] Italian colonization (1911–1943)

After the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912), Italy simultaneously turned the three regions into colonies. From 1912 to 1927, the territory of Libya was known as Italian North Africa. From 1927 to 1934, the territory was split into two colonies, Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania, run by Italian governors. Some 150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting roughly 20% of the total population. Omar Mukhtar rose to prominence as a resistance leader against Italian colonization and became a national hero despite his capture and execution on 16 September 1931. His face is currently printed on the Libyan ten dinar note in memory and recognition of his patriotism.


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Context: where is he from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did this operation take place?

Context: Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia.

Context: Libya

Context: Berbers

Context: did any anyone try to colonize this place?

Context: Yes, Italy.

Question: which languages are spoken there?

Answer: Libya is Arabic.

Libya [SEP] Languages

According to the CIA, the official language of Libya is Arabic. The local Libyan Arabic variety is spoken alongside Modern Standard Arabic. Various Berber languages are also spoken, including Tamasheq, Ghadamis, Nafusi, Suknah and Awjilah. The Libyan Amazigh High Council (LAHC) has declared the Amazigh (Berber or Tamazight) language as an official language in the cities and districts inhabited by the Berbers in Libya. In addition, Italian and English are widely understood in the major cities, with the former used in commerce and still spoken among the remaining Italian population.


Context: what was operation brevity?

Context: did it operate during any war?

Context: Second World War.

Context: who commanded the operation then?

Context: General Archibald Wavell

Context: where is he from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where did this operation take place?

Context: Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia.

Context: Libya

Context: Berbers

Context: Yes, Italy.

Context: which languages are spoken there?

Context: Libya is Arabic.

Question: was the operation a success?

Answer: No, a failure.

Operation Brevity [SEP] Aftermath

Operation Brevity failed to achieve most of its objectives, succeeding only in retaking the Halfaya Pass. The British lost five tanks destroyed and a further 13 were damaged but the tank regiments suffered no losses in personnel. Total casualties amounted to at least 206 men. The 1st Durham Light Infantry suffered the most during the operation losing 196 men killed, wounded or captured. The 2nd Scots Guards lost one man killed and four wounded, the 3rd Coldstream Guards lost one man killed and the 11th Hussars suffered four men wounded. Losses among the 2nd Rifle Brigade are unknown. German casualties numbered three tanks (a Panzer II and two Panzer IIIs, although several more suffered minor damage) and 258 men killed, wounded or captured.


Question: why are leaves modified into spines in the cactus plant

Answer: It help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade

Cactus [SEP] Introduction

Cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. Almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis. Cacti are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north—except for "Rhipsalis baccifera", which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka.


Context: why are leaves modified into spines in the cactus plant

Context: It help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade

Question: what are the parts of this mentioned plant?

Answer: areoles

Cactus [SEP] Introduction

Cactus spines are produced from specialized structures called areoles, a kind of highly reduced branch. Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to flowers, which are usually tubular and multipetaled. Many cacti have short growing seasons and long dormancies, and are able to react quickly to any rainfall, helped by an extensive but relatively shallow root system that quickly absorbs any water reaching the ground surface. Cactus stems are often ribbed or fluted, which allows them to expand and contract easily for quick water absorption after rain, followed by long drought periods. Like other succulent plants, most cacti employ a special mechanism called "crassulacean acid metabolism" (CAM) as part of photosynthesis.


Context: what are the parts of this mentioned plant?

Context: areoles

Question: how would you describe this part?

Answer: Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to flowers, which are usually tubular and multipetaled.

Explanation: Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to flowers, which are usually tubular and multipetaled.

Cactus [SEP] Introduction


Context: areoles

Context: how would you describe this part?

Context: Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti. As well as spines, areoles give rise to flowers, which are usually tubular and multipetaled.

Question: what are some of the adaptations these plants have developed to survive in deserted areas?

Answer: A small number of cactus species in the tribes Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae have become adapted to life as climbers or epiphytes

Cactus [SEP] Adaptations for water conservation

All cacti have some adaptations to promote efficient water use. Most cacti—opuntias and cactoids—specialize in surviving in hot and dry environments (i.e. they are xerophytes), but the first ancestors of modern cacti were already adapted to periods of intermittent drought. A small number of cactus species in the tribes Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae have become adapted to life as climbers or epiphytes, often in tropical forests, where water conservation is less important.


Context: areoles

Context: how would you describe this part?

Context: what are some of the adaptations these plants have developed to survive in deserted areas?

Context: A small number of cactus species in the tribes Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae have become adapted to life as climbers or epiphytes

Question: how are these plants used as food?

Answer: It can be preserved by boiling to produce syrup and by drying. The syrup can also be fermented to produce an alcoholic drink.

Cactus [SEP] Food

The fruit of the saguaro ("Carnegiea gigantea") has long been important to the indigenous peoples of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States, including the Sonoran Desert. It can be preserved by boiling to produce syrup and by drying. The syrup can also be fermented to produce an alcoholic drink. Fruits of "Stenocereus" species have also been important food sources in similar parts of North America; "Stenocereus queretaroensis" is cultivated for its fruit. In more tropical southern areas, the climber "Hylocereus undatus" provides "pitahaya orejona", now widely grown in Asia under the name dragon fruit. Other cacti providing edible fruit include species of "Echinocereus", "Ferocactus", "Mammillaria", "Myrtillocactus", "Pachycereus", "Peniocereus" and "Selenicereus".


Context: areoles

Context: how would you describe this part?

Context: how are these plants used as food?

Context: It can be preserved by boiling to produce syrup and by drying. The syrup can also be fermented to produce an alcoholic drink.

Question: how can one propagate these plants?

Answer: It can be propagated by seed, cuttings or grafting.

Cactus [SEP] Propagation

Cacti can be propagated by seed, cuttings or grafting. Seed sown early in the year produces seedlings that benefit from a longer growing period. Seed is sown in a moist growing medium and then kept in a covered environment, until 7–10 days after germination, to avoid drying out. A very wet growing medium can cause both seeds and seedlings to rot. A temperature range of is suggested for germination; soil temperatures of around promote the best root growth. Low light levels are sufficient during germination, but afterwards semi-desert cacti need higher light levels to produce strong growth, although acclimatization is needed to conditions in a greenhouse, such as higher temperatures and strong sunlight.


Context: areoles

Context: how would you describe this part?

Context: how are these plants used as food?

Context: how can one propagate these plants?

Context: It can be propagated by seed, cuttings or grafting.

Question: how can these plants get infected?

Answer: Fungi, bacteria and viruses attack cacti, the first two particularly when plants are over-watered.

Cactus [SEP] Pests and diseases

Slugs and snails also eat cacti. Fungi, bacteria and viruses attack cacti, the first two particularly when plants are over-watered. Fusarium rot can gain entry through a wound and cause rotting accompanied by red-violet mold. ""Helminosporium" rot" is caused by "Bipolaris cactivora" ( "Helminosporium cactivorum"); "Phytophthora" species also cause similar rotting in cacti. Fungicides may be of limited value in combating these diseases. Several viruses have been found in cacti, including cactus virus X. These appear to cause only limited visible symptoms, such as chlorotic (pale green) spots and mosaic effects (streaks and patches of paler color). However, in an "Agave" species, cactus virus X has been shown to reduce growth, particularly when the roots are dry.


Context: areoles

Context: how would you describe this part?

Context: how are these plants used as food?

Context: how can one propagate these plants?

Context: how can these plants get infected?

Context: Fungi, bacteria and viruses attack cacti, the first two particularly when plants are over-watered.

Question: what are some of the names of the plant species that are categorized under this plant group?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Cactus [SEP] Pests and diseases

A range of pests attack cacti in cultivation. Those that feed on sap include mealybugs, living on both stems and roots; scale insects, generally only found on stems; whiteflies, which are said to be an "infrequent" pest of cacti; red spider mites, which are very small but can occur in large numbers, constructing a fine web around themselves and badly marking the cactus via their sap sucking, even if they do not kill it; and thrips, which particularly attack flowers. Some of these pests are resistant to many insecticides, although there are biological controls available. Roots of cacti can be eaten by the larvae of sciarid flies and fungus gnats.


Context: areoles

Context: how would you describe this part?

Context: how are these plants used as food?

Context: how can one propagate these plants?

Context: how can these plants get infected?

Context: what are some of the names of the plant species that are categorized under this plant group?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the conservation status of this plant group?

Answer: They are species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled

Cactus [SEP] Conservation

All cacti are included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which "lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled." Control is exercised by making international trade in most specimens of cacti illegal unless permits have been issued, at least for exports. Some exceptions are allowed, e.g., for "naturalized or artificially propagated plants". Some cacti, such as all "Ariocarpus" and "Discocactus" species, are included in the more restrictive Appendix I, used for the "most endangered" species. These may only be moved between countries for scientific purposes, and only then when accompanied by both export and import permits.


Context: areoles

Context: how would you describe this part?

Context: how are these plants used as food?

Context: how can one propagate these plants?

Context: how can these plants get infected?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the conservation status of this plant group?

Context: They are species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled

Question: which places are these plants prominently found?

Answer: Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth.

Cactus [SEP] Introduction

A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word "cactus" derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek , a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain. Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth.


Question: where did the granite for the washington monument come from

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Washington Monument [SEP] Introduction

The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army (1775–1784) in the American Revolutionary War and the first President of the United States (1789–1797). Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, is both the world's tallest predominantly stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk, standing tall according to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (measured 2013–14) or tall according to the National Park Service (measured 1884). It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances.


Context: where did the granite for the washington monument come from

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: why was this constructed?

Answer: It is built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and the first President of the United States.

Explanation: built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army (1775–1784) in the American Revolutionary War and the first President of the United States

Washington Monument [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: It is built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and the first President of the United States.

Question: what is term period for the elected body mentioned in the end?

Answer: The United States placed a limit of two terms on its presidency by means of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1951.

Term limit [SEP] Modern

Many modern presidential republics employ term limits for their highest offices. The United States placed a limit of two terms on its presidency by means of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1951. There are no term limits for Vice Presidency, Representatives and Senators, although there have been calls for term limits for those offices. Under various state laws, some state governors and state legislators have term limits. Formal limits in America date back to the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, authored by William Penn and providing for triennial rotation of the Provincial Council, the upper house of the colonial legislature.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: what is term period for the elected body mentioned in the end?

Context: The United States placed a limit of two terms on its presidency by means of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1951.

Question: who holds this position currently?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Term limit [SEP] Modern


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Context: why was this constructed?

Context: who holds this position currently?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where does this elected body reside?

Answer: The White House in Washington, D.C. is the official residence of the president.

President of the United States [SEP] Residence

The White House in Washington, D.C. is the official residence of the president. The site was selected by George Washington, and the cornerstone was laid in 1792. Every president since John Adams (in 1800) has lived there. At various times in U.S. history, it has been known as the "President's Palace", the "President's House", and the "Executive Mansion". Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: who holds this position currently?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this elected body reside?

Context: The White House in Washington, D.C. is the official residence of the president.

Question: who designed this house?

Answer: Irish-born architect James Hoban

White House [SEP] Introduction

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term "White House" is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style. Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin, a building which today houses the Oireachtas, the Irish legislature. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: who holds this position currently?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this elected body reside?

Context: who designed this house?

Context: Irish-born architect James Hoban

Question: can you name another construction designed by this person?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

White House [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: who holds this position currently?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this elected body reside?

Context: who designed this house?

Context: Irish-born architect James Hoban

Context: can you name another construction designed by this person?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was the aforementioned monument built?

Answer: Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white.

Explanation: Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white.

White House [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: who holds this position currently?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this elected body reside?

Context: who designed this house?

Context: Irish-born architect James Hoban

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the aforementioned monument built?

Context: Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white.

Question: did it undergo any constructional changes in the following years?

Answer: Yes, By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded.  A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House

White House [SEP] Overcrowding and building the West Wing

When Chester A. Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction. All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren. A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: who holds this position currently?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this elected body reside?

Context: who designed this house?

Context: Irish-born architect James Hoban

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did it undergo any constructional changes in the following years?

Context: Yes, By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded.  A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House

Question: when did the first president end his term?

Answer: After two terms

President of the United States [SEP] Term limit

When the first president, George Washington, announced in his "Farewell Address" that he was not running for a third term, he established a "two-terms then out" precedent. Precedent became tradition after Thomas Jefferson publicly embraced the principle a decade later during his second term, as did his two immediate successors, James Madison and James Monroe. In spite of the strong two-term tradition, Ulysses S. Grant sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880, as did Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 (though it would have been only his second full term). Both were unsuccessful. In 1940, after leading the nation through the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt was elected to a third term, breaking the long-standing precedent.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was this constructed?

Context: who holds this position currently?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this elected body reside?

Context: who designed this house?

Context: Irish-born architect James Hoban

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the first president end his term?

Context: After two terms

Question: did the monument that was built to commemorate him, face any destruction?

Answer: Yes, It sustained damage during the 5.8 magnitude 2011 Virginia earthquake; over 150 cracks were found in the monument.

Washington Monument [SEP] 2011 earthquake damage

On August 23, 2011, the Washington Monument sustained damage during the 5.8 magnitude 2011 Virginia earthquake; over 150 cracks were found in the monument. A National Park Service spokesperson reported that inspectors discovered a crack near the top of the structure, and announced that the monument would be closed indefinitely. A block in the pyramidion also was partially dislodged, and pieces of stone, stone chips, mortar, and paint chips came free of the monument and "littered" the interior stairs and observation deck. The Park Service said it was bringing in two structural engineering firms (Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. and Tipping Mar Associates) with extensive experience in historic buildings and earthquake-damaged structures to assess the monument.


Question: squid are members of what phylum and what class

Answer: They are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea.

Squid [SEP] Taxonomy and phylogeny

Squid are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea. The squid orders Myopsida and Oegopsida are in the superorder Decapodiformes (from the Greek for "ten-legged"). Two other orders of decapodiform cephalopods are also called squid, although they are taxonomically distinct from squids and differ recognizably in their gross anatomical features. They are the bobtail squid of order Sepiolida and the ram's horn squid of the monotypic order Spirulida. The vampire squid ("Vampyroteuthis infernalis"), however, is more closely related to the octopuses than to any squid. The cladogram, not fully resolved, is based on Sanchez et al., 2018. Their molecular phylogeny used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences; they comment that a robust phylogeny "has proven very challenging to obtain".


Context: squid are members of what phylum and what class

Context: They are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea.

Question: with reference to the class mentioned, what is the meaning of the name it derives?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Cephalopod [SEP] Introduction

A cephalopod () is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishermen sometimes call cephalopods "inkfish," referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology. Cephalopods became dominant during the Ordovician period, represented by primitive nautiloids. The class now contains two, only distantly related, extant subclasses: Coleoidea, which includes octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish; and Nautiloidea, represented by "Nautilus" and "Allonautilus".


Context: with reference to the class mentioned, what is the meaning of the name it derives?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: with reference to the creature mentioned, how would you describe its physical appearance?

Answer: The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers.

Squid [SEP] Description

Squid are soft-bodied molluscs whose forms evolved to adopt an active predatory lifestyle. The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers. The suckers may lie directly on the arm or be stalked. Their rims are stiffened with chitin and may contain minute toothlike denticles. These features, as well as strong musculature, and a small ganglion beneath each sucker to allow individual control, provide a very powerful adhesion to grip prey.


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Context: with reference to the creature mentioned, how would you describe its physical appearance?

Context: The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers.

Question: from which part of their body do these creatures release ink?

Answer: The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water.

Squid [SEP] Predator distraction with ink

Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape. The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water. The ink is a suspension of melanin particles and quickly disperses to form a dark cloud that obscures the escape manoeuvres of the squid. Predatory fish may also be deterred by the alkaloid nature of the discharge which may interfere with their chemoreceptors.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: from which part of their body do these creatures release ink?

Context: The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water.

Question: why do these release this substance?

Answer: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.

Explanation: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.

Question: what are the features of their nervous system?

Answer: Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera.

Squid [SEP] Nervous system and sense organs

Cephalopods have the most highly developed nervous systems among invertebrates. Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera. Giant axons up to in diameter convey nerve messages with great rapidity to the circular muscles of the mantle wall, allowing a synchronous, powerful contraction and maximum speed in the jet propulsion system. The paired eyes, on either side of the head, are housed in capsules fused to the cranium.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: what are the features of their nervous system?

Context: Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera.

Question: do these creatures have a specific breeding season?

Answer: Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors.

Squid [SEP] Reproduction

Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors. Elaborate changes in body patterning take place in some species in both agonistic and courtship behaviour. The Caribbean reef squid ("Sepioteuthis sepioidea"), for example, employs a complex array of colour changes during courtship and social interactions and has a range of about 16 body patterns in its repertoire. The pair adopt a head-to-head position, and "jaw locking" may take place, in a similar manner to that adopted by some cichlid fish.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: do these creatures have a specific breeding season?

Context: Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors.

Question: what is the maximum length the largest species can grow?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Squid [SEP] Reproduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: what is the maximum length the largest species can grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what do these creatures feed on?

Answer: Squid are carnivores

Squid [SEP] Feeding

Squid are carnivores, and, with their strong arms and suckers, can overwhelm relatively large animals efficiently. Prey is identified by sight or by touch, grabbed by the tentacles which can be shot out with great rapidity, brought back to within reach of the arms, and held by the hooks and suckers on their surface. In some species, the squid's saliva contains toxins which act to subdue the prey. These are injected into its bloodstream when the prey is bitten, along with vasodilators and chemicals to stimulate the heart, and quickly circulate to all parts of its body. The deep sea squid "Taningia danae" has been filmed releasing blinding flashes of light from large photophores on its arms to illuminate and disorientate potential prey.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Question: how would you describe the structure of their heart?

Answer: They have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts.

Squid [SEP] Cardiovascular and excretory systems

The squid mantle cavity is a seawater-filled sac containing three hearts and other organs supporting circulation, respiration, and excretion. Squid have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts. The systemic heart consists of three chambers, a lower ventricle and two upper atria, all of which can contract to propel the blood. The branchial hearts pump blood specifically to the gills for oxygenation, before returning it to the systemic heart. The blood contains the copper-rich protein hemocyanin, which is used for oxygen transport at low ocean temperatures and low oxygen concentrations, and makes the oxygenated blood a deep, blue color.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Context: how would you describe the structure of their heart?

Context: They have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts.

Question: what is the peculiar feature in their bodies that is responsible to keep these creatures' buoyancy?

Answer: They have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion.

Squid [SEP] Buoyancy

Unlike nautiloids which have gas-filled chambers inside their shells which provide buoyancy, and octopuses which live near and rest on the seabed and do not require to be buoyant, many squid have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion. The small difference in density provides a small contribution to buoyancy per unit volume, so the mechanism requires a large buoyancy chamber to be effective.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Context: what is the peculiar feature in their bodies that is responsible to keep these creatures' buoyancy?

Context: They have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion.

Question: what the various species of this creature?

Answer: The vampire squid, bobtail squid, ram's horn squid, etc.

Explanation: They are the bobtail squid of order Sepiolida and the ram's horn squid of the monotypic order Spirulida. The vampire squid ("Vampyroteuthis infernalis"), however, is more closely related to the octopuses than to any squid.

Squid [SEP] Taxonomy and phylogeny


Context: squid are members of what phylum and what class

Context: They are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea.

Context: with reference to the class mentioned, what is the meaning of the name it derives?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: with reference to the creature mentioned, how would you describe its physical appearance?

Context: The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers.

Context: from which part of their body do these creatures release ink?

Context: The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water.

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.

Context: what are the features of their nervous system?

Context: Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera.

Context: do these creatures have a specific breeding season?

Context: Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors.

Context: what is the maximum length the largest species can grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Context: how would you describe the structure of their heart?

Context: They have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts.

Context: what is the peculiar feature in their bodies that is responsible to keep these creatures' buoyancy?

Context: They have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion.

Context: what the various species of this creature?

Context: The vampire squid, bobtail squid, ram's horn squid, etc.

Question: in which oceans will you find the first species mentioned?

Answer: They are found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions

Vampire squid [SEP] Introduction

The vampire squid ("Vampyroteuthis infernalis", lit. "vampire squid from Hell") is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions. Unique retractile sensory filaments justify the vampire squid's placement in its own order, Vampyromorphida, as it shares similarities with both octopuses and squid, but is now known to be more closely related to octopuses. As a phylogenetic relict, it is the only known surviving member of its order. The first specimens were collected on the Valdivia Expedition and they were originally described as an octopus in 1903 by German teuthologist Carl Chun, but later assigned to a new order together with several extinct taxa.


Context: squid are members of what phylum and what class

Context: They are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea.

Context: with reference to the class mentioned, what is the meaning of the name it derives?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: with reference to the creature mentioned, how would you describe its physical appearance?

Context: The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers.

Context: from which part of their body do these creatures release ink?

Context: The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water.

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.

Context: what are the features of their nervous system?

Context: Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera.

Context: do these creatures have a specific breeding season?

Context: Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors.

Context: what is the maximum length the largest species can grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Context: how would you describe the structure of their heart?

Context: They have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts.

Context: what is the peculiar feature in their bodies that is responsible to keep these creatures' buoyancy?

Context: They have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion.

Context: what the various species of this creature?

Context: The vampire squid, bobtail squid, ram's horn squid, etc.

Context: in which oceans will you find the first species mentioned?

Context: They are found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions

Question: how big do these species grow?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Vampire squid [SEP] Introduction


Context: squid are members of what phylum and what class

Context: They are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea.

Context: with reference to the class mentioned, what is the meaning of the name it derives?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: with reference to the creature mentioned, how would you describe its physical appearance?

Context: The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers.

Context: from which part of their body do these creatures release ink?

Context: The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water.

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.

Context: what are the features of their nervous system?

Context: Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera.

Context: do these creatures have a specific breeding season?

Context: Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors.

Context: what is the maximum length the largest species can grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Context: how would you describe the structure of their heart?

Context: They have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts.

Context: what is the peculiar feature in their bodies that is responsible to keep these creatures' buoyancy?

Context: They have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion.

Context: what the various species of this creature?

Context: The vampire squid, bobtail squid, ram's horn squid, etc.

Context: in which oceans will you find the first species mentioned?

Context: They are found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions

Context: how big do these species grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: have they developed any adaptations to thrive in the deep sea?

Answer: Their blue blood's hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen more efficiently than in other cephalopods, aided by gills with an especially large surface area. The animals have weak musculature, but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort because of sophisticated statocysts and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater.

Vampire squid [SEP] Habitat and adaptations

Of all deep-sea cephalopods, their mass-specific metabolic rate is the lowest. Their blue blood's hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen more efficiently than in other cephalopods, aided by gills with an especially large surface area. The animals have weak musculature, but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort because of sophisticated statocysts (balancing organs akin to a human's inner ear) and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater. Like many deep-sea cephalopods, the vampire squid lacks ink sacs. If disturbed, it will curl its arms up outwards and wrap them around its body, turning itself inside-out in a way, exposing spiny projections.


Context: squid are members of what phylum and what class

Context: They are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea.

Context: with reference to the class mentioned, what is the meaning of the name it derives?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: with reference to the creature mentioned, how would you describe its physical appearance?

Context: The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers.

Context: from which part of their body do these creatures release ink?

Context: The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water.

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.

Context: what are the features of their nervous system?

Context: Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera.

Context: do these creatures have a specific breeding season?

Context: Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors.

Context: what is the maximum length the largest species can grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Context: how would you describe the structure of their heart?

Context: They have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts.

Context: what is the peculiar feature in their bodies that is responsible to keep these creatures' buoyancy?

Context: They have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion.

Context: what the various species of this creature?

Context: The vampire squid, bobtail squid, ram's horn squid, etc.

Context: in which oceans will you find the first species mentioned?

Context: They are found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions

Context: how big do these species grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have they developed any adaptations to thrive in the deep sea?

Context: Their blue blood's hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen more efficiently than in other cephalopods, aided by gills with an especially large surface area. The animals have weak musculature, but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort because of sophisticated statocysts and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater.

Question: how would you describe the physical appearance of this species?

Answer: Vampire's gelatinous body varies in colour from velvety jet-black to pale reddish, depending on location and lighting conditions. A webbing of skin connects its eight arms, each lined with rows of fleshy spines or cirri; the inner side of this "cloak" is black. Only the distal halves (farthest from the body) of the arms have suckers. Its limpid, globular eyes, which appear red or blue, depending on lighting, are proportionately the largest in the animal kingdom at in diameter.

Vampire squid [SEP] Description

The vampire squid can reach a maximum total length around . Its gelatinous body varies in colour from velvety jet-black to pale reddish, depending on location and lighting conditions. A webbing of skin connects its eight arms, each lined with rows of fleshy spines or cirri; the inner side of this "cloak" is black. Only the distal halves (farthest from the body) of the arms have suckers. Its limpid, globular eyes, which appear red or blue, depending on lighting, are proportionately the largest in the animal kingdom at in diameter. The name of the animal was inspired by its dark colour, cloaklike webbing, and red eyes, rather than habit—it feeds on detritus, not blood.


Context: squid are members of what phylum and what class

Context: They are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea.

Context: with reference to the class mentioned, what is the meaning of the name it derives?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: with reference to the creature mentioned, how would you describe its physical appearance?

Context: The head and foot of the squid are at one end of a long body, and this end is functionally anterior, leading the animal as it moves through the water. A set of eight arms and two distinctive tentacles surround the mouth; each appendage takes the form of a muscular hydrostat and is flexible and prehensile, usually bearing disc-like suckers.

Context: from which part of their body do these creatures release ink?

Context: The ink gland and its associated ink sac empties into the rectum close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water.

Context: why do these release this substance?

Context: Squid distract attacking predators by ejecting a cloud of ink, giving themselves an opportunity to escape.

Context: what are the features of their nervous system?

Context: Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera.

Context: do these creatures have a specific breeding season?

Context: Courtship in squid takes place in the open water and involves the male selecting a female, the female responding, and the transfer by the male of spermatophores to the female. In many instances, the male may display to identify himself to the female and drive off any potential competitors.

Context: what is the maximum length the largest species can grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what do these creatures feed on?

Context: Squid are carnivores

Context: how would you describe the structure of their heart?

Context: They have a main systemic heart that pumps blood around the body as part of the general circulatory system, and two branchial hearts.

Context: what is the peculiar feature in their bodies that is responsible to keep these creatures' buoyancy?

Context: They have a fluid-filled receptacle, equivalent to the swim bladder of a fish, in the coelom or connective tissue. This reservoir acts as a chemical buoyancy chamber, with the heavy metallic cations typical of seawater replaced by low molecular-weight ammonium ions, a product of excretion.

Context: what the various species of this creature?

Context: The vampire squid, bobtail squid, ram's horn squid, etc.

Context: in which oceans will you find the first species mentioned?

Context: They are found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions

Context: how big do these species grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have they developed any adaptations to thrive in the deep sea?

Context: Their blue blood's hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen more efficiently than in other cephalopods, aided by gills with an especially large surface area. The animals have weak musculature, but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort because of sophisticated statocysts and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater.

Context: how would you describe the physical appearance of this species?

Context: Vampire's gelatinous body varies in colour from velvety jet-black to pale reddish, depending on location and lighting conditions. A webbing of skin connects its eight arms, each lined with rows of fleshy spines or cirri; the inner side of this "cloak" is black. Only the distal halves (farthest from the body) of the arms have suckers. Its limpid, globular eyes, which appear red or blue, depending on lighting, are proportionately the largest in the animal kingdom at in diameter.

Question: with reference to the creature's class mentioned earlier, what are the other creatures that belong to this class?

Answer: octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus.

Explanation: A cephalopod () is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus.

Cephalopod [SEP] Introduction


Question: where did the elves live in lord of the rings

Answer: In wild natural places

Elf (Middle-earth) [SEP] Introduction

In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, Elves are a fictional race inhabiting Middle-earth in the remote past. Unlike Men and Dwarves, Elves are immortal. They appear in "The Hobbit" and in "The Lord of the Rings", but their history is described more fully in "The Silmarillion". Tolkien derived his Elves from mentions in the ancient poetry and languages of Northern Europe, especially Old English. These suggested to him that elves were large, dangerous, beautiful, lived in wild natural places, and practised archery. He invented languages for the Elves including Sindarin and Quenya. Tolkien-style Elves have become a staple of fantasy literature both in the West and in Japan.


Context: where did the elves live in lord of the rings

Context: In wild natural places

Question: who does the term refers to?

Answer: Elves are a fictional race inhabiting Middle-earth in the remote past.

Explanation: In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, Elves are a fictional race inhabiting Middle-earth in the remote past. Unlike Men and Dwarves, Elves are immortal. They appear in "The Hobbit" and in "The Lord of the Rings", but their history is described more fully in "The Silmarillion".

Elf (Middle-earth) [SEP] Introduction


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: Elves are a fictional race inhabiting Middle-earth in the remote past.

Question: do they speak any particular language?

Answer: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Elf (Middle-earth) [SEP] Elvish languages

Tolkien created many languages for his Elves. His interest was primarily philological, and he said his stories grew out of his languages. Indeed, the languages were the first thing Tolkien ever created for his mythos, starting with what he originally called "Elfin" or "Qenya" [sic]. This was later spelled Quenya (High-elven) and, along with Sindarin (Grey-elven), is one of the two most complete of Tolkien's constructed languages. Elves are also credited with creating the Tengwar (by Fëanor) and Cirth (Daeron) scripts.


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Question: do they appear in any film or book?

Answer: Yes, they appear in "The Hobbit" and in "The Lord of the Rings",

Explanation: They appear in "The Hobbit" and in "The Lord of the Rings",

Elf (Middle-earth) [SEP] Introduction


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: Yes, they appear in "The Hobbit" and in "The Lord of the Rings",

Question: is the latter one book or a movie?

Answer: The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Introduction

The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the world at some distant time in the past, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book "The Hobbit", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, "The Lord of the Rings" is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title names the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth.


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Question: who is its author?

Answer: J. R. R. Tolkien

Explanation: The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

J. R. R. Tolkien [SEP] Childhood

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State (later annexed by the British Empire; now Free State Province in the Republic of South Africa), to Arthur Reuel Tolkien (1857–1896), an English bank manager, and his wife Mabel, "née" Suffield (1870–1904). The couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked. Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, who was born on 17 February 1894. As a child, Tolkien was bitten by a large baboon spider in the garden, an event some think later echoed in his stories, although he admitted no actual memory of the event and no special hatred of spiders as an adult.


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Question: where is this state situated?

Answer: It was an independent Boer sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902

Orange Free State [SEP] Introduction

The Orange Free State (, , abbreviated as OVS) was an independent Boer sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902. It is one of the three historical precursors to the present-day Free State province. Extending between the Orange and Vaal rivers, its borders were determined by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1848 when the region was proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty, with a British Resident based in Bloemfontein.


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Context: where is this state situated?

Context: It was an independent Boer sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902

Question: was diamond found here?

Answer: Yes, the Free State established a temporary government over the diamond fields

Explanation: The Free State established a temporary government over the diamond fields, but the administration of this body was satisfactory neither to the Free State nor to the diggers.

Orange Free State [SEP] Diamonds discovered

The diamond fields offered a ready market for stock and other agricultural produce. Money flowed into the pockets of the farmers. Public credit was restored. "Bluebacks" recovered par value, and were called in and redeemed by the government. Valuable diamond mines were also discovered within the Free State, of which the one at Jagersfontein was the richest. Capital from Kimberley and London was soon provided with which to work them.


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Context: where is this state situated?

Context: was diamond found here?

Context: Yes, the Free State established a temporary government over the diamond fields

Question: who were its ancient inhabitants?

Answer: Sotho people

Orange Free State [SEP] Ancient settlements

Europeans first visited the country north of the Orange River towards the close of the 18th century. One of the most notable visitors was the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon, who mapped the region and gave the Orange River its name. At that time, the population was sparse. The majority of the inhabitants appear to have been members of the Sotho people (colonial form Basuto), but in the valleys of the Orange and Vaal were Korana and other Khoikhoi, and in the Drakensberg and on the western border lived numbers of Bushmen. Early in the 19th century Griqua established themselves north of the Orange.


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Context: where is this state situated?

Context: was diamond found here?

Context: who were its ancient inhabitants?

Context: Sotho people

Question: what kind of clothes did these people wear?

Answer: Girls wear a beaded waist wrap called a "thethana" that covers the waist, particularly the crotch area and part of the buttocks. They also wear grey blankets and goatskin skirts, and the boys wear a loincloth called a "tshea" as well as colorful blankets. These traditional outfits are often combined with more modern items like sunglasses.

Sotho people [SEP] Special clothing items

Special clothing is worn for special events like initiation rites and traditional healing ceremonies. For a Lebollo la basadi, or a girl's initiation ceremony, girls wear a beaded waist wrap called a "thethana" that covers the waist, particularly the crotch area and part of the buttocks. They also wear grey blankets and goatskin skirts. These garments are worn by young girls and women, particularly virgins. For a Lebollo la banna, or a boy's initiation ceremony, boys wear a loincloth called a "tshea" as well as colorful blankets. These traditional outfits are often combined with more modern items like sunglasses.


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Context: where is this state situated?

Context: was diamond found here?

Context: who were its ancient inhabitants?

Context: Sotho people

Context: what kind of clothes did these people wear?

Context: Girls wear a beaded waist wrap called a "thethana" that covers the waist, particularly the crotch area and part of the buttocks. They also wear grey blankets and goatskin skirts, and the boys wear a loincloth called a "tshea" as well as colorful blankets. These traditional outfits are often combined with more modern items like sunglasses.

Question: were they cannibals?

Answer: Yes, they  practice  cannibalism

Explanation: The practice of cannibalism increased among the Basotho during the times of "lifaqane" (literally "need for sustenance" or "we want") when there were many refugee tribes fleeing wars started by the Zulu King Shaka. According to missionary Ellenberger, tribes who practiced cannibalism were the Bakhatla of Tabane, specifically those who were ruled by the Chief Rakotsoane at Sefikeng.

Sotho people [SEP] Cannibalism

According to the Basotho, cannibals are regarded as people having evil supernatural powers comparable with Satan or spirits of the dead that oppose the good spirits and Basotho ancestors. Their tradition states that the great Bakuena chief, Mohlomi, prophesied the coming of the "lifaqane" and cannibalism on his death bed with the words, "After my death, a cloud of red dust will come out of the east and consume our tribes. The father will eat his children. I greet you all, and depart to where our fathers rest."


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Context: where is this state situated?

Context: was diamond found here?

Context: who were its ancient inhabitants?

Context: Sotho people

Context: were they cannibals?

Context: Yes, they  practice  cannibalism

Question: what else has the above mentioned author written?

Answer: "The Father Christmas Letters",  "Mr. Bliss" and "Roverandom" ,"Leaf by Niggle" etc for children

Explanation: In addition to his mythopoeic compositions, Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from Father Christmas for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as "The Father Christmas Letters"). Other works included "Mr. Bliss" and "Roverandom" (for children), and "Leaf by Niggle" (part of "Tree and Leaf"), "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", "Smith of Wootton Major" and "Farmer Giles of Ham". "Roverandom" and "Smith of Wootton Major", like "The Hobbit", borrowed ideas from his "legendarium".

J. R. R. Tolkien [SEP] Children's books and other short works


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Context: where is this state situated?

Context: was diamond found here?

Context: who were its ancient inhabitants?

Context: Sotho people

Context: were they cannibals?

Context: Yes, they  practice  cannibalism

Context: what else has the above mentioned author written?

Context: "The Father Christmas Letters",  "Mr. Bliss" and "Roverandom" ,"Leaf by Niggle" etc for children

Question: how many parts are there in the above novel we were talking about?

Answer: There are three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.

From homely beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the quest mainly through the eyes of the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin. Although generally known to readers as a trilogy, the work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with "The Silmarillion", but this idea was dismissed by his publisher. For economic reasons, "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were titled "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King".


Context: In wild natural places

Context: who does the term refers to?

Context: do they speak any particular language?

Context: "Elfin" or "Qenya"

Context: do they appear in any film or book?

Context: is the latter one book or a movie?

Context: who is its author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: where is he from?

Context: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State

Context: where is this state situated?

Context: was diamond found here?

Context: who were its ancient inhabitants?

Context: Sotho people

Context: were they cannibals?

Context: Yes, they  practice  cannibalism

Context: how many parts are there in the above novel we were talking about?

Context: There are three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.

Question: what is its theme?

Answer: The Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth.

Explanation: The title names the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth. From homely beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the quest mainly through the eyes of the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin.