Question: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Answer: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Go Ahead and Break My Heart [SEP] Introduction

"Go Ahead and Break My Heart" is a song that was written and recorded by American singers Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani for the former's tenth studio album, "If I'm Honest" (2016). Shelton's longtime producer Scott Hendricks produced the track. It was released as its second promotional single for digital download on May 9, 2016. The song is Shelton and Stefani's first collaboration. The ideas behind the song began after the pair shared similar insecurities with each other, leaving Shelton to write the first verse, followed by Stefani analyzing it and writing her own. "Go Ahead and Break My Heart" received generally positive reviews from music critics, with them finding it to be a "strong" choice for "If I'm Honest".


Context:
who wrote go ahead and break my heart
Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Question: is it a part of an album?

Answer: It is part of the album If "If I'm Honest".

Go Ahead and Break My Heart [SEP] Background and composition

The release of the duet was first announced via Stefani's Twitter account, where she posted the album notes of "If I'm Honest", which revealed her name in the track listing. In an interview with "People", Shelton expressed that the best part of the duet was "the honest way it came about". He stated: "There's not a third ghost writer, there's not five writers on it. It's just she and I sat down and wrote this song […] and I couldn't be happier about [it]." He further explained that the song was written about "some serious insecurities that we had when we first started down this road with each other"; he called the end result "perfect".


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: It is part of the album If "If I'm Honest".

Question: has it been performed on stage?

Answer: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Go Ahead and Break My Heart [SEP] Live performances

Shelton and Stefani first performed "Go Ahead and Break My Heart" on the tenth season of "The Voice" on May 9, 2016. Staff members from "Rolling Stone" lauded the rendition and stated the couple "heat[ed] up the stage with palpable chemistry [...] without ever losing eye contact". On the same day, they performed the single at a promotional iHeartRadio concert. Another rendition occurred at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards on May 22, 2016. The two sang it additionally at Country Jam in Grand Junction, Colorado, on June 18, 2016, followed by select appearances during Stefani's This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour (2016).


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Question: where is this radio based out of?

Answer: It is based in America.

Explanation:
iHeartRadio is an American free broadcast, podcast and streaming radio platform owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. It was founded in April 2008. , iHeartRadio functions as the national umbrella brand for iHeartMedia's radio network, the largest radio broadcaster in the United States.

They regularly host performances at the iHeartRadio Theaters in Los Angeles and New York.

IHeartRadio [SEP] Introduction


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Question: who owns it?

Answer: iHeartMedia.

Explanation: iHeartRadio is an American free broadcast, podcast and streaming radio platform owned by iHeartMedia,

IHeartRadio [SEP] Introduction


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Context: who owns it?

Context: iHeartMedia.

Question: when was this media house founded?

Answer: 1972

IHeartMedia [SEP] Introduction

iHeartMedia, Inc., formerly CC Media Holdings, Inc., is an American mass media corporation headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. It is the holding company of iHeartCommunications, Inc. (formerly Clear Channel Communications, Inc.), a company founded by Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs in 1972, and later taken private by Bain Capital, LLC and Thomas H. Lee Partners through a leveraged buyout in 2008. As a result of this buyout, Clear Channel Communications, Inc. began to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of CC Media Holdings, Inc. On September 16, 2014, CC Media Holdings, Inc. was rebranded iHeartMedia, Inc.; and Clear Channel Communications, Inc., became iHeartCommunications, Inc.


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Context: who owns it?

Context: iHeartMedia.

Context: when was this media house founded?

Question: by whom?

Answer: By Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs.

Explanation: It is the holding company of iHeartCommunications, Inc. (formerly Clear Channel Communications, Inc.), a company founded by Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs in 1972,

IHeartMedia [SEP] Introduction


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Context: who owns it?

Context: iHeartMedia.

Context: when was this media house founded?

Context: by whom?

Context: By Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs.

Question: was it ever declared bankrupt?

Answer: Yes.

IHeartMedia [SEP] Emergence from bankruptcy, realignments towards digital

In September 2018, iHeartMedia acquired HowStuffWorks' podcast network Stuff Media for $55 million. On November 19, 2018, iHeartMedia announced its intent to acquire Jelli, the provider of a programmatic advertising platform for radio stations. In January 2019, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas approved a creditor-supported plan for iHeartMedia to exit bankruptcy, which would reduce the company's debt from $16.1 billion to $5.75 billion. The plan included the spin-out of iHeartMedia's 89.1% stake in its out-of-home advertising division Clear Channel Outdoor. In April 2019, the company also filed a proposed initial public offering. iHeartMedia emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy in May 2019, with a new board of directors and the spin-out of Clear Channel Outdoor, but maintaining its existing leadership of CEO Bob Pittman and president Rich Bressler.


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Context: who owns it?

Context: iHeartMedia.

Context: when was this media house founded?

Context: by whom?

Context: By Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs.

Context: was it ever declared bankrupt?

Context: Yes.

Question: when?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Context: who owns it?

Context: iHeartMedia.

Context: when was this media house founded?

Context: by whom?

Context: By Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs.

Context: was it ever declared bankrupt?

Context: Yes.

Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how did they overcome this?

Answer: U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas approved a creditor-supported plan for iHeartMedia to exit bankruptcy.

Emergence from bankruptcy, realignments towards digital

Explanation: In January 2019, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas approved a creditor-supported plan for iHeartMedia to exit bankruptcy, which would reduce the company's debt from $16.1 billion to $5.75 billion.


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Context: who owns it?

Context: iHeartMedia.

Context: when was this media house founded?

Context: by whom?

Context: By Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs.

Context: was it ever declared bankrupt?

Context: Yes.

Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did they overcome this?

Context: U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas approved a creditor-supported plan for iHeartMedia to exit bankruptcy.

Question: where was the founder of this media house you mentioned at first born?

Answer: Harris County, Texas, United States.

Lowry Mays [SEP] Early years

Lester Lowry Mays was born on July 24, 1935 in Harris County, Texas, United States to Lester T. Mays and Mary Virginia Lowry. Mays attended the A&M College of Texas (now Texas A&M University), where he received a B.S. in petroleum engineering. After his 1957 graduation from Texas A&M, Mays joined the Air Force, where he served as an officer. Upon his discharge from the Air Force, Mays earned an MBA from Harvard University. He became an investment banker, rising to Vice President of Corporate Finance during his ten years at Russ & Company.


Context: who wrote go ahead and break my heart

Context: Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani.

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: has it been performed on stage?

Context: Yes, at the iHeartRadio concert.

Context: where is this radio based out of?

Context: It is based in America.

Context: who owns it?

Context: iHeartMedia.

Context: when was this media house founded?

Context: by whom?

Context: By Lowry Mays and B. J. "Red" McCombs.

Context: was it ever declared bankrupt?

Context: Yes.

Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did they overcome this?

Context: where was the founder of this media house you mentioned at first born?

Context: Harris County, Texas, United States.

Question: what was his occupation before he joined the media industry?

Answer: Investment banker.

Explanation: He became an investment banker, rising to Vice President of Corporate Finance during his ten years at Russ & Company.

Lowry Mays [SEP] Early years


Question: who is kellie loder?

Answer: An independent singer-songwriter

Kellie Loder [SEP] Introduction

Kellie Loder (born 1988) is an independent singer-songwriter from Newfoundland who plays drums, guitar and piano. She has released two Contemporary Christian albums: "The Way" in 2009 and "Imperfections & Directions" in 2010. With a voice that St. John's-based newspaper "The Telegram" has described as "powerful yet serene and soulful", she has won critical recognition at the annual MusicNL awards in Newfoundland, as well as the Juno Awards, Canada's top music prizes. Having written her first song at age 16 about a cousin who died in a traffic accident, Loder was studying nursing at the Grenfell Campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland when she released "The Way" in August 2009.


Context:
who is kellie loder?
An independent singer-songwriter

Question: can you name some of her songs?

Answer: "Fearless"

Kellie Loder [SEP] Music career

Loder later referred to the music professionals she met (including Scott Mansfield, Mark Peddle, and NewManiac Studios' Peter Newman) as "the top players" in the music industry of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the producers helped Loder with "Imperfections & Directions", her second album. She was particularly appreciative of Newman, who produced the album, mixing "Imperfections & Directions" with Tom Laune in Nashville, Tennessee. Loder originally conceived "Fearless" (one of the album's tracks) as a techno song, and believes that Newman was the one who made that techno feel a reality. On November 14, 2009, Loder opened for the Newfoundland-based Christian rock band Anyday, which was launching its debut album, "Got Extraordinary", at a benefit concert at Springdale's Indian River High School.


Context:
who is kellie loder?
An independent singer-songwriter
can you name some of her songs?
"Fearless"

Question: which country does she belong to?

Answer: Newfoundland

Kellie Loder [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who is kellie loder?
An independent singer-songwriter
can you name some of her songs?
"Fearless"
which country does she belong to?
Newfoundland

Question: which was her debut album?

Answer: "The Way"

Explanation: She has released two Contemporary Christian albums: "The Way" in 2009 and "Imperfections & Directions" in 2010.

Kellie Loder [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who is kellie loder?
An independent singer-songwriter
can you name some of her songs?
"Fearless"
which country does she belong to?
Newfoundland
which was her debut album?
"The Way"

Question: which is her hometown?

Answer: Badger

Kellie Loder [SEP] Early life

Kellie Loder was born to Christina and Bob Loder in 1988, and was raised in Badger, a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. She considers her first introduction to music to have taken place before she was born; her mother frequently played Michael W. Smith songs to her through headphones while she was still in the womb. Loder claims to have "natural rhythm" and that she began emulating the drummer at her Pentecostal church by beating on a pew with pencils at the age of two. At age 10, Loder was placed in her church's drumming ensemble.


Context:
who is kellie loder?
An independent singer-songwriter
can you name some of her songs?
"Fearless"
which country does she belong to?
Newfoundland
which was her debut album?
"The Way"
which is her hometown?
Badger

Question: which other musicians belong to the same province as her?

Answer: Great Big Sea, The Ennis Sisters, The Dardanelles, Ron Hynes, and Jim Payne.

Newfoundland and Labrador [SEP] Music

Newfoundland and Labrador has a folk musical heritage based on the Irish, English and Scottish traditions that were brought to its shores centuries ago. Though similar in its Celtic influence to neighbouring Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador are more Irish than Scottish, and have more elements imported from English and French music than those provinces. Much of the region's music focuses on the strong seafaring tradition in the area, and includes sea shanties and other sailing songs. Some modern traditional musicians include Great Big Sea, The Ennis Sisters, The Dardanelles, Ron Hynes, and Jim Payne. The Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra began in St John's in 1962 as a 20-piece string orchestra known as the St.


Context: who is kellie loder?

Context: An independent singer-songwriter

Context: can you name some of her songs?

Context: "Fearless"

Context: which country does she belong to?

Context: Newfoundland

Context: which was her debut album?

Context: "The Way"

Context: which is her hometown?

Context: Badger

Context: which other musicians belong to the same province as her?

Context: Great Big Sea, The Ennis Sisters, The Dardanelles, Ron Hynes, and Jim Payne.

Question: who were the members of the first group?

Answer: Alan Doyle and Séan McCann

Great Big Sea [SEP] Introduction

Great Big Sea was a Canadian folk rock band from Newfoundland and Labrador, best known for performing energetic rock interpretations of traditional Newfoundland folk songs including sea shanties, which draw from the island's 500-year-old Irish, Scottish, and Cornish heritage. The band was very successful in Canada, with eleven of their albums being certified Gold in the country, including four being certified Platinum and two achieving multi-platinum certifications. Between 1996 and 2016, Great Big Sea was the sixteenth best-selling Canadian artist in Canada and the sixth best-selling Canadian band in Canada. While it has been confirmed that the band has officially retired, former members Alan Doyle and Séan McCann have continued performing in their own solo careers typically including music from Great Big Sea in their setlists.


Context: who is kellie loder?

Context: An independent singer-songwriter

Context: can you name some of her songs?

Context: "Fearless"

Context: which country does she belong to?

Context: Newfoundland

Context: which was her debut album?

Context: "The Way"

Context: which is her hometown?

Context: Badger

Context: who were the members of the first group?

Context: Alan Doyle and Séan McCann

Question: what are some of the songs by the second group from the province?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Great Big Sea [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is kellie loder?

Context: An independent singer-songwriter

Context: can you name some of her songs?

Context: "Fearless"

Context: which country does she belong to?

Context: Newfoundland

Context: which was her debut album?

Context: "The Way"

Context: which is her hometown?

Context: Badger

Context: Alan Doyle and Séan McCann

Context: what are some of the songs by the second group from the province?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: did the fourth musician from the province win any awards?

Answer: Yes, East Coast Music Award, Artist of the Year, to name a few.

Explanation: Hynes is a seven-time East Coast Music Awards winner, and past Juno and Canadian Country Music Awards nominee. He was named Artist of the Year ('92) and was presented with the prestigious Arts Achievement Award (2004) by the Newfoundland/Labrador Arts Council.

Ron Hynes [SEP] Biography

In 2002, Hynes received an honorary Doctor of Letters from Memorial University in St. John's in recognition of his original songwriting and his contribution to the cultural heritage of Newfoundland. In 2006, Hynes was honored as the recipient of the St. John's Folk Arts Council's Lifetime Achievement Award. Widely regarded as one of Canada's premiere singer-songwriters with a career spanning over 30 years, Hynes' songs have become part of the fabric of Newfoundland culture. His work is also known outside the province; Hynes' songs have been covered worldwide by over 100 artists, including Emmylou Harris, Valdy and Christy Moore. Most recently, Hynes was the winner of Male Solo Recording of the Year at the 2007 East Coast Music Awards, and picked up three awards at the 2006 MusicNL awards show in November 2006.


Context: who is kellie loder?

Context: An independent singer-songwriter

Context: can you name some of her songs?

Context: "Fearless"

Context: which country does she belong to?

Context: Newfoundland

Context: which was her debut album?

Context: "The Way"

Context: which is her hometown?

Context: Badger

Context: Alan Doyle and Séan McCann

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did the fourth musician from the province win any awards?

Context: Yes, East Coast Music Award, Artist of the Year, to name a few.

Question: did he have any other career apart from music?

Answer: Yes, actor/writer.

Explanation: Hynes had starred on screen and stage as an actor/writer in numerous roles dating back to the 1970s, including "The Bard of Prescott Street", "Wonderful Grand Band", "The Best of CODCO", "Hank Williams: The Show He Never Gave", "The Island Opry Show", "The Lost Island Opry", "Secret Nation", "Anchor Zone" and "Dooley Gardens".

Ron Hynes [SEP] Stage and screen career


Question: what is the definition of a planet?

Answer: A planet is a body that orbits the Sun, is massive enough for its own gravity to make it round and has "cleared its neighbourhood" of smaller objects approaching its orbit

Definition of planet [SEP] Introduction

These may be characterized as the orbital definition and the geophysical definition. The issue of a clear definition for "planet" came to a head in January 2005 with the discovery of the trans-Neptunian object Eris, a body more massive than the smallest then-accepted planet, Pluto. In its August 2006 response, the International Astronomical Union (IAU), recognised by astronomers as the world body responsible for resolving issues of nomenclature, released its decision on the matter during a meeting in Prague. This definition, which applies only to the Solar System (though exoplanets had been addressed in 2003), states that a planet is a body that orbits the Sun, is massive enough for its own gravity to make it round, and has "cleared its neighbourhood" of smaller objects approaching its orbit.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: A planet is a body that orbits the Sun, is massive enough for its own gravity to make it round and has "cleared its neighbourhood" of smaller objects approaching its orbit

Question: how were they described during antiquity?

Answer: Ancient Greek astronomers employed the term "asteres planetai" meaning "wandering stars", to describe those starlike lights in the heavens that moved over the course of the year

Definition of planet [SEP] Planets in antiquity

While knowledge of the planets predates history and is common to most civilizations, the word "planet" dates back to ancient Greece. Most Greeks believed the Earth to be stationary and at the center of the universe in accordance with the geocentric model and that the objects in the sky, and indeed the sky itself, revolved around it (an exception was Aristarchus of Samos, who put forward an early version of heliocentrism). Greek astronomers employed the term "asteres planetai" (ἀστέρες πλανῆται), "wandering stars", to describe those starlike lights in the heavens that moved over the course of the year, in contrast to the "asteres aplaneis" (ἀστέρες ἀπλανεῖς), the "fixed stars", which stayed motionless relative to one another.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: how were they described during antiquity?

Context: Ancient Greek astronomers employed the term "asteres planetai" meaning "wandering stars", to describe those starlike lights in the heavens that moved over the course of the year

Question: and during the middle ages?

Answer: Medieval and Renaissance writers generally accepted the idea of seven planets

Definition of planet [SEP] Planets in the Middle Ages

Medieval and Renaissance writers generally accepted the idea of seven planets. The standard medieval introduction to astronomy, Sacrobosco's "De Sphaera", includes the Sun and Moon among the planets, the more advanced "Theorica planetarum" presents the "theory of the seven planets," while the instructions to the "Alfonsine Tables" show how "to find by means of tables the mean "motuses" of the sun, moon, and the rest of the planets." In his "Confessio Amantis", 14th-century poet John Gower, referring to the planets' connection with the craft of alchemy, writes, "Of the planetes ben begonne/The gold is tilted to the Sonne/The Mone of Selver hath his part...", indicating that the Sun and the Moon were planets.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: Medieval and Renaissance writers generally accepted the idea of seven planets

Question: what is one controversy that is going on regarding this?

Answer: A number of Pluto-as-planet proponents have circulated a petition among astronomers to alter the definition

Definition of planet [SEP] Ongoing controversies

Despite the IAU's declaration, a number of critics remain unconvinced. The definition is seen by some as arbitrary and confusing. A number of Pluto-as-planet proponents, in particular Alan Stern, head of NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto, have circulated a petition among astronomers to alter the definition. Stern's claim is that, since less than 5 percent of astronomers voted for it, the decision was not representative of the entire astronomical community. Even with this controversy excluded, however, there remain several ambiguities in the definition.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: what is one controversy that is going on regarding this?

Context: A number of Pluto-as-planet proponents have circulated a petition among astronomers to alter the definition

Question: when was this controversial entity discovered?

Answer: 1930

Pluto [SEP] Introduction

Pluto (minor planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It was the first and the largest Kuiper belt object to be discovered. Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and declared to be the ninth planet from the Sun. After 1992, its status as a planet was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt. In 2005, Eris, a dwarf planet in the scattered disc which is 27% more massive than Pluto, was discovered. This led the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term "planet" formally in 2006, during their 26th General Assembly.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: when was this controversial entity discovered?

Question: by whom?

Answer: Clyde Tombaugh

Explanation: Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930

Pluto [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: by whom?

Context: Clyde Tombaugh

Question: who was he?

Answer: American astronomer

Clyde Tombaugh [SEP] Introduction

Clyde William Tombaugh (February 4, 1906 January 17, 1997) was an American astronomer. He discovered Pluto in 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as the Kuiper belt. At the time of discovery, Pluto was considered a planet, but was later reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. Tombaugh also discovered many asteroids. He called for the serious scientific research of unidentified flying objects, or UFOs.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: by whom?

Context: Clyde Tombaugh

Context: who was he?

Context: American astronomer

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Streator, Illinois

Explanation: Tombaugh was born in Streator, Illinois

Clyde Tombaugh [SEP] Life and career

Tombaugh was born in Streator, Illinois, son of Muron Dealvo Tombaugh, a farmer, and his wife Adella Pearl Chritton. After his family moved to Burdett, Kansas, in 1922, Tombaugh's plans for attending college were frustrated when a hailstorm ruined his family's farm crops. Starting in 1926, he built several telescopes with lenses and mirrors by himself. To better test his telescope mirrors, Tombaugh, with just a pick and shovel, dug a pit 24 feet long, 8 feet deep, and 7 feet wide. This provided a constant air temperature, free of air currents, and was also used by the family as a root cellar and emergency shelter.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: by whom?

Context: Clyde Tombaugh

Context: who was he?

Context: American astronomer

Context: where was he born?

Context: Streator, Illinois

Question: did this place experience any natural calamity in 1951?

Answer: Yes. The worst flood in it's history

Streator, Illinois [SEP] 1951 flood

The worst flood in Streator's history occurred in 1951. The Vermilion River reached a flood level of .


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: by whom?

Context: Clyde Tombaugh

Context: who was he?

Context: American astronomer

Context: where was he born?

Context: Streator, Illinois

Context: did this place experience any natural calamity in 1951?

Context: Yes. The worst flood in it's history

Question: what about in 2010?

Answer: An EF2 tornado swept through southern Streator

Streator, Illinois [SEP] 2010 tornado

At approximately 8:50 pm (CST) on June 5, 2010 an EF2 tornado swept through southern Streator. The tornado initially touched down east of Magnolia, causing EF0 and EF1 damage as it traveled east. EF2 damage began as the tornado passed East 15th Road. No fatalities were reported, but there were reports of leveled houses and extensive damage throughout the area. The National Weather Service reported that there were two tornadoes. The second was reported to have touched down one mile west of Streator, with a base of 50 feet.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: by whom?

Context: Clyde Tombaugh

Context: who was he?

Context: American astronomer

Context: where was he born?

Context: Streator, Illinois

Context: Yes. The worst flood in it's history

Context: what about in 2010?

Context: An EF2 tornado swept through southern Streator

Question: are there any museums here?

Answer: Yes. The Streatorland Historical Society Museum

Streator, Illinois [SEP] Museums and historical buildings

The Streatorland Historical Society Museum houses displays of Streator history and memorabilia of some of its famous citizens. One of the displays is a tribute to the Free Canteen. The Canteen was a group of local volunteers who served over 1.5 million soldiers during World War II who briefly stopped at the city's old Santa Fe Train Depot while traveling by troop trains. Other features include a homemade telescope used by astronomer Clyde Tombaugh and a Burlington Northern caboose rail car. During World War II the Streator Santa Fe Train Depot was a busy way-station for millions of soldiers and sailors who passed through the town on the way to or from training for the war.


Context: what is the definition of a planet?

Context: and during the middle ages?

Context: by whom?

Context: Clyde Tombaugh

Context: who was he?

Context: American astronomer

Context: where was he born?

Context: Streator, Illinois

Context: Yes. The worst flood in it's history

Context: what about in 2010?

Context: are there any museums here?

Context: Yes. The Streatorland Historical Society Museum

Question: what modes of transportation are available?

Answer: Road, rail and mass transit

Streator, Illinois [SEP] Transportation

Streator is served by Illinois State Routes 23 and 18, which intersect in downtown. Streator is isolated in that it is located at least a 15-minute drive from the nearest US interstate highway. Rail service is provided by Norfolk Southern Railway, BNSF Railway and the Illinois Railway. The city of Streator does not provide a mass transit system. Amtrak and AT&SF previously served Streator at Streator Station.


Question: what is the name of the oldest bible in the world

Answer: Codex Sinaiticus

Explanation: Codex Sinaiticus

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Introduction

Codex Sinaiticus (, "Sinaïtikós Kṓdikas"; Shelfmarks and references: London, British Library, Add MS 43725; Gregory-Aland nº א [Aleph] or 01, [Soden δ 2]) or "Sinai Bible" is one of the four great uncial codices, ancient, handwritten copies of a Christian Bible in Greek. The codex is a historical treasure. The codex is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in uncial letters on parchment and dated paleographically to the mid-4th century. Scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the most important Greek texts of the New Testament, along with the Codex Vaticanus. Until Constantin von Tischendorf's discovery of the Sinaiticus text, the Codex Vaticanus was unrivaled.


Context: what is the name of the oldest bible in the world

Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Question: in which language was it written?

Answer: Greek

Explanation: Codex Sinaiticus (, "Sinaïtikós Kṓdikas"; Shelfmarks and references: London, British Library, Add MS 43725; Gregory-Aland nº א [Aleph] or 01, [Soden δ 2]) or "Sinai Bible" is one of the four great uncial codices, ancient, handwritten copies of a Christian Bible in Greek.

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Introduction


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Question: when was it written?

Answer: Mid-4th century

Explanation: mid-4th century

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Introduction


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Question: what does it include?

Answer: The whole codex consists, with a few exceptions, of quires of eight leaves, a format popular throughout the Middle Ages.

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Description

The codex consists of parchment, originally in double sheets, which may have measured about 40 by 70 cm. The whole codex consists, with a few exceptions, of quires of eight leaves, a format popular throughout the Middle Ages. Each line of the text has some twelve to fourteen Greek uncial letters, arranged in four columns (48 lines per column) with carefully chosen line breaks and slightly ragged right edges. When opened, the eight columns thus presented to the reader have much the same appearance as the succession of columns in a papyrus roll. The poetical books of the Old Testament are written stichometrically, in only two columns per page.


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: The whole codex consists, with a few exceptions, of quires of eight leaves, a format popular throughout the Middle Ages.

Question: where is the book now?

Answer: British Library in London

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Present location

The codex is now split into four unequal portions: 347 leaves in the British Library in London (199 of the Old Testament, 148 of the New Testament), 12 leaves and 14 fragments in the Saint Catherine's Monastery, 43 leaves in the Leipzig University Library, and fragments of 3 leaves in the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg. Saint Catherine's Monastery still maintains the importance of a letter, handwritten in 1844 with an original signature of Tischendorf confirming that he borrowed those leaves. However, recently published documents, including a deed of gift dated 11 September 1868 and signed by Archbishop Kallistratos and the monks of the monastery, indicate that the manuscript was acquired entirely legitimately.


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Question: is it accessible to public?

Answer: Yes, it is on public display

Explanation: it is on public display.

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Introduction

The Codex Sinaiticus came to the attention of scholars in the 19th century at Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula, with further material discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries. Although parts of the codex are scattered across four libraries around the world, most of the manuscript is held today in the British Library in London, where it is on public display. Since its discovery, study of the Codex Sinaiticus has proven to be useful to scholars for critical studies of biblical text.


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Question: when was the book discovered?

Answer: In 1761

Explanation: in 1761

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Discovery

The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati, when he visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt. His diary was published in 1879, in which was written: In questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo, ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime, assai grandi, sottili, e quadre, scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d'oro rotondo, che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico. "In this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ...


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Question: who discovered it?

Answer: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Explanation: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati,

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Discovery


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Question: where did he find this?

Answer: In Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt

Explanation: Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt.

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Discovery


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Context: where did he find this?

Context: In Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt

Question: is it related to any other manuscripts?

Answer: Yes, to "Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209" and "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus"

Codex Sinaiticus [SEP] Text-type and relationship to other manuscripts

For most of the New Testament, "Codex Sinaiticus" is in general agreement with "Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209" and "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus", attesting the Alexandrian text-type. A notable example of an agreement between the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus texts is that they both omit the word εικη ('without cause', 'without reason', 'in vain') from Matthew 5:22 ""But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgement"". In John 1:1–8:38 "Codex Sinaiticus" differs from Vaticanus and all other Alexandrian manuscripts. It is in closer agreement with "Codex Bezae" in support of the Western text-type.


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Context: where did he find this?

Context: is it related to any other manuscripts?

Context: Yes, to "Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209" and "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus"

Question: were there any other manuscripts along with this at the monastery?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Context: where did he find this?

Context: is it related to any other manuscripts?

Context: were there any other manuscripts along with this at the monastery?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was the monastery built?

Answer: Between 548 and 565

Explanation: between 548 and 565

Saint Catherine's Monastery [SEP] Introduction

Built between 548 and 565, the monastery is one of the oldest working Christian monasteries in the world. The site contains the world's oldest continually operating library, possessing many unique books including the Syriac Sinaiticus and, until 1859, the Codex Sinaiticus.


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Context: where did he find this?

Context: is it related to any other manuscripts?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the monastery built?

Context: Between 548 and 565

Question: is there any historical significance to the location of this monastery?

Answer: The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush

Saint Catherine's Monastery [SEP] History

The oldest record of monastic life at Sinai comes from the travel journal written in Latin by a woman named Egeria about 381–384. She visited many places around the Holy Land and Mount Sinai, where, according to the Old Testament, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565), enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush (also known as "Saint Helen's Chapel") ordered to be built by Empress Consort Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the burning bush. The living bush on the grounds is purportedly the one seen by Moses.


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Context: where did he find this?

Context: is it related to any other manuscripts?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the monastery built?

Context: Between 548 and 565

Context: is there any historical significance to the location of this monastery?

Context: The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush

Question: where did the above emperor rule?

Answer: Western Roman Empire

Explanation: Western Roman Empire

Justinian I [SEP] Introduction

Justinian I (; ; ; 11 May 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great (), was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized "renovatio imperii", or "restoration of the Empire". Because of his restoration activities, Justinian has sometimes been known as the "Last Roman" in mid-20th century historiography. This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. Subsequently, Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths.


Context: Codex Sinaiticus

Context: in which language was it written?

Context: Greek

Context: when was it written?

Context: Mid-4th century

Context: what does it include?

Context: where is the book now?

Context: British Library in London

Context: is it accessible to public?

Context: Yes, it is on public display

Context: when was the book discovered?

Context: In 1761

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati

Context: where did he find this?

Context: is it related to any other manuscripts?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was the monastery built?

Context: Between 548 and 565

Context: where did the above emperor rule?

Context: Western Roman Empire

Question: can you comment on his religious views?

Answer: Monophysite doctrine

Explanation: Monophysite doctrine

Justinian I [SEP] Religious activities

Justinian saw the orthodoxy of his empire threatened by diverging religious currents, especially Monophysitism, which had many adherents in the eastern provinces of Syria and Egypt. Monophysite doctrine, which maintains that Jesus Christ had one divine nature or a synthesis of a divine and human nature, had been condemned as a heresy by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and the tolerant policies towards Monophysitism of Zeno and Anastasius I had been a source of tension in the relationship with the bishops of Rome. Justin reversed this trend and confirmed the Chalcedonian doctrine, openly condemning the Monophysites. Justinian, who continued this policy, tried to impose religious unity on his subjects by forcing them to accept doctrinal compromises that might appeal to all parties, a policy that proved unsuccessful as he satisfied none of them.


Question: what is meitnerium?

Answer: An extremely radioactive synthetic chemical element

Meitnerium [SEP] Introduction

Meitnerium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element not found in nature, but can be created in a laboratory). The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 4.5 seconds, although the unconfirmed meitnerium-282 may have a longer half-life of 67 seconds. The GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, first created this element in 1982. It is named after Lise Meitner. In the periodic table, meitnerium is a d-block transactinide element. It is a member of the 7th period and is placed in the group 9 elements, although no chemical experiments have yet been carried out to confirm that it behaves as the heavier homologue to iridium in group 9 as the seventh member of the 6d series of transition metals.


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: An extremely radioactive synthetic chemical element

Question: what is its symbol?

Answer: Mt

Explanation: Meitnerium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Mt a

Meitnerium [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Question: what is its atomic number?

Answer: 109

Explanation: Meitnerium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Mt and atomic number 109.

Meitnerium [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Question: which block does it belong to in the periodic table?

Answer: d-block

Explanation: In the periodic table, meitnerium is a d-block transactinide element.

Meitnerium [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: which block does it belong to in the periodic table?

Context: d-block

Question: when was it discovered?

Answer: August 29, 1982

Meitnerium [SEP] Discovery

Meitnerium was first synthesized on August 29, 1982 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of iron-58 and detected a single atom of the isotope meitnerium-266: This work was confirmed three years later at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (then in the Soviet Union).


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: d-block

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: August 29, 1982

Question: who discovered it?

Answer: A German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg

Explanation: Meitnerium was first synthesized on August 29, 1982 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg

Meitnerium [SEP] Discovery


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: d-block

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: August 29, 1982

Context: who discovered it?

Context: A German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg

Question: does it have any isotops?

Answer: It has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes but several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory

Meitnerium [SEP] Isotopes

Meitnerium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Eight different isotopes of meitnerium have been reported with atomic masses 266, 268, 270, and 274–278, two of which, meitnerium-268 and meitnerium-270, have known but unconfirmed metastable states. A ninth isotope with atomic mass 282 is unconfirmed. Most of these decay predominantly through alpha decay, although some undergo spontaneous fission.


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: d-block

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: August 29, 1982

Context: who discovered it?

Context: does it have any isotops?

Context: It has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes but several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory

Question: what can you tell me about the former member of the research team?

Answer: He is a German physicist at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) facility in Darmstadt, Germany

Peter Armbruster [SEP] Introduction

Peter Armbruster (born 25 July 1931) is a German physicist at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) facility in Darmstadt, Germany, and is credited with co-discovering elements 107 (bohrium), 108 (hassium), 109 (meitnerium), 110 (darmstadtium), 111 (roentgenium), and 112 (copernicium) with research partner Gottfried Münzenberg. Armbruster was born in Dachau, Bavaria. He studied physics at the Technical University of Stuttgart and Munich, and obtained his Ph.D. in 1961 under Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Technical University of Munich. His major research fields are fission, interaction of heavy ions in matter and atomic physics with fission product beams at the Research Centre of Jülich (1965 to 1970).


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: d-block

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: August 29, 1982

Context: who discovered it?

Context: does it have any isotops?

Context: what can you tell me about the former member of the research team?

Context: He is a German physicist at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) facility in Darmstadt, Germany

Question: what about the latter?

Answer: He is a German physicist who studied physics at Justus-Liebig-Universität in Giessen and Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck and completed his studies with a Ph.D. at the University of Giessen

Explanation:
Gottfried Münzenberg (born 17 March 1940) is a German physicist.

He studied physics at Justus-Liebig-Universität in Giessen and Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck and completed his studies with a Ph.D. at the University of Giessen, Germany, in 1971.

Gottfried Münzenberg [SEP] Introduction

In 1984, he became head of the new GSI project, the fragment separator, a project which opened new research topics, such as interactions of relativistic heavy ions with matter, production and separation of exotic nuclear beams and structure of exotic nuclei. He directed the "Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Chemistry" department of the GSI and was professor of physics at the University of Mainz until he retired in March 2005. Gottfried Münzenberg was born into a family of Protestant ministers (father Pastor Heinz and mother Helene Münzenberg). All his life he has been deeply concerned about the philosophical and theological implications of physics.


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: d-block

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: August 29, 1982

Context: who discovered it?

Context: does it have any isotops?

Context: what about the latter?

Context: He is a German physicist who studied physics at Justus-Liebig-Universität in Giessen and Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck and completed his studies with a Ph.D. at the University of Giessen

Question: where is the aforesaid university located?

Answer: Giessen, Hesse, Germany

University of Giessen [SEP] Introduction

University of Giessen, official name Justus Liebig University Giessen (German: "Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen"), is a large public research university in Giessen, Hesse, Germany. It is named after its most famous faculty member, Justus von Liebig, the founder of modern agricultural chemistry and inventor of artificial fertiliser. It covers the areas of arts/humanities, business, dentistry, economics, law, medicine, science, social sciences, and veterinary medicine. Its university hospital, which has two sites, Giessen and Marburg (the latter of which is the teaching hospital of the University of Marburg), is the only private university hospital in Germany.


Context: what is meitnerium?

Context: what is its symbol?

Context: Mt

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: d-block

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: August 29, 1982

Context: who discovered it?

Context: does it have any isotops?

Context: what about the latter?

Context: where is the aforesaid university located?

Context: Giessen, Hesse, Germany

Question: what are the various myths associated with it?

Answer: Two law students of the university are buried in a double grave and that both died on the same day sparked the myth that they had fought against each other in a duel

University of Giessen [SEP] Myth

Two law students of University of Giessen, Karl Siegfrieden (4 June 1822 – 10 March 1840) and Karl von Müller (10 June 1799 – 10 March 1840), are buried in a double grave at Alter Friedhof cemetery in Giessen. That both died on the same day sparked the myth that they had fought against each other in a duel. However, in 2008 the local newspaper "Gießener Allgemeine Zeitung", referencing a 1939 chronicle of the fraternity Corps Teutonia zu Gießen which Karl von Müller co-founded, revealed that both students had died of typhus. Von Müller had contracted the disease while nursing his sick friend.


Question: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Answer: The Wales national rugby union team

Explanation: The Wales national rugby union team

Wales national rugby union team [SEP] Introduction

The Wales national rugby union team () represents Wales in men's international rugby union. Its governing body, the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU), was established in 1881, the same year that Wales played their first international against England. The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium), which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999. Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship (previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship) since it was established in 1883. They have won the tournament (and its predecessors) outright 27 times, most recently in 2019, which was also a Grand Slam.


Context:
who has the most caps for wales rugby
The Wales national rugby union team

Question: which country does this team represent?

Answer: Wales

Explanation: Wales


Context:
who has the most caps for wales rugby
The Wales national rugby union team
which country does this team represent?
Wales

Question: when was it established?

Answer: 1881


Context:
who has the most caps for wales rugby
The Wales national rugby union team
which country does this team represent?
Wales
when was it established?
1881

Question: where is this country this team represents?

Answer: It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south.

Wales [SEP] Introduction

Wales ( ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon (), its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate. Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: where is this country this team represents?

Context: It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south.

Question: who are the local government of this country?

Answer: UK

Wales [SEP] Government and politics

Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Constitutionally, the UK is a "de jure" unitary state, its parliament and government in Westminster. In the House of Commons – the lower house of the UK Parliament – Wales is represented by 40 MPs (out of 650) from Welsh constituencies. At the 2019 general election, 22 Labour and Labour Co-op MPs were elected, 14 Conservative MPs and 4 Plaid Cymru MPs. The Wales Office is a department of the United Kingdom government responsible for Wales, whose minister the Secretary of State for Wales sits in the UK cabinet.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: who are the local government of this country?

Context: UK

Question: what is the channel that is mentioned previously?

Answer: The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain

Bristol Channel [SEP] Introduction

The Bristol Channel () is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset in South West England. It extends from the lower estuary of the River Severn () to the North Atlantic Ocean. It takes its name from the English city of Bristol, and is over 30 miles (50 km) wide at its western limit. Long stretches of both sides of the coastline are designated as Heritage Coast. These include Exmoor, Bideford Bay, the Hartland Point peninsula, Lundy Island, Glamorgan, Gower Peninsula, Carmarthenshire, south Pembrokeshire, and Caldey Island. Until Tudor times the Bristol Channel was known as the Severn Sea, and it is still known as this in both and .


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: what is the channel that is mentioned previously?

Context: The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain

Question: which are the surrounding coastal cities and towns?

Answer: The city of Swansea is the largest settlement on the Welsh coast of the Bristol Channel. Other major built-up areas include Barry (including Barry Island), Port Talbot and Llanelli.

Bristol Channel [SEP] Coastal cities and towns

The city of Swansea is the largest settlement on the Welsh coast of the Bristol Channel. Other major built-up areas include Barry (including Barry Island), Port Talbot and Llanelli. Smaller resort towns include Porthcawl, Mumbles, Saundersfoot and Tenby. The cities of Cardiff and Newport adjoin the Severn estuary, but lie upstream of the Bristol Channel itself. On the English side, the resort towns of Weston-super-Mare, Burnham-on-Sea, Watchet, Minehead and Ilfracombe are located on the Bristol Channel. Barnstaple and Bideford are sited on estuaries opening onto Bideford Bay, at the westernmost end of the Bristol Channel. Just upstream of the official eastern limit of the Channel, adjoining the Severn estuary, is the city of Bristol, originally established on the River Avon but now with docks on the Severn estuary, which is one of the most important ports in Britain.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: which are the surrounding coastal cities and towns?

Context: The city of Swansea is the largest settlement on the Welsh coast of the Bristol Channel. Other major built-up areas include Barry (including Barry Island), Port Talbot and Llanelli.

Question: who are the governing body of the rugby team?

Answer: World Rugby (WR)

Explanation: World Rugby (WR)

Rugby union [SEP] Governing bodies

The international governing body of rugby union (and associated games such as sevens) is World Rugby (WR). The WR headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland. WR, founded in 1886, governs the sport worldwide and publishes the game's laws and rankings. As of February 2014, WR (then known as the IRB, for International Rugby Board) recorded 119 unions in its membership, 101 full members and 18 associate member countries. According to WR, rugby union is played by men and women in over 100 countries. WR controls the Rugby World Cup, the Women's Rugby World Cup, Rugby World Cup Sevens, HSBC Sevens Series, HSBC Women's Sevens Series, World Under 20 Championship, World Under 20 Trophy, Nations Cup and the Pacific Nations Cup.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: who are the governing body of the rugby team?

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Question: which stadium does this team play in?

Answer: Millennium Stadium

Explanation: Millennium Stadium


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Question: who are some of the greatest players in this team?

Answer: Shane Williams

Explanation: Shane Williams

Wales national rugby union team [SEP] Notable players

Eighteen Welsh internationals have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame. One Welsh player, Shane Williams in 2008, has been awarded World Rugby Player of the Year (formerly known as the International Rugby Board Player of the Year).


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: who are some of the greatest players in this team?

Context: Shane Williams

Question: what are the other events the stadium mentioned above hosts?

Answer: The Tsunami Relief Cardiff concert, the Super Special Stage of Wales Rally Great Britain, the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and various concerts

Millennium Stadium [SEP] Introduction

The Millennium Stadium (), known since 2016 as the Principality Stadium () for sponsorship reasons, is the national stadium of Wales. Located in Cardiff, it is the home of the Wales national rugby union team and has also held Wales national football team games. Initially built to host the 1999 Rugby World Cup, it has gone on to host many other large-scale events, such as the Tsunami Relief Cardiff concert, the Super Special Stage of Wales Rally Great Britain, the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and various concerts. It also hosted six FA Cup finals and several other high-profile football fixtures while Wembley Stadium was being redeveloped.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: Shane Williams

Context: what are the other events the stadium mentioned above hosts?

Context: The Tsunami Relief Cardiff concert, the Super Special Stage of Wales Rally Great Britain, the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and various concerts

Question: what is the six nations championship played by the rugby team?

Answer: Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, and Scotland.

Wales national rugby union team [SEP] Six Nations

Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, and Scotland. The Six Nations started as the Home Nations Championship in 1883, as a contest between the four component nations of the United Kingdom. Wales first won it in 1893, when they achieved a Triple Crown. Wales have won the tournament outright 27 times, and shared 12 other victories. Their longest wait between championships was 11 years (1994–2005). Wales first won a Grand Slam in 1908 – although France did not officially join the Five Nations until 1910 – and their first Six Nations Grand Slam in 2005.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: Shane Williams

Context: what is the six nations championship played by the rugby team?

Context: Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, and Scotland.

Question: did this rugby team participate in the world cup?

Answer: Wales have contested every Rugby World Cup

Wales national rugby union team [SEP] World Cup

Wales have contested every Rugby World Cup since the inaugural tournament in 1987. The 1987 tournament was Wales' most successful; they won all three pool matches and their quarter-final, before losing to the All Blacks in the semi-finals. They then faced Australia in the third place play-off match, which they won 22–21. In the next two tournaments in 1991 and 1995, Wales failed to progress beyond the pool stage, winning just one match in each tournament. They also became the first co host nation to not make it out of the pool stage in 1991.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: Shane Williams

Context: did this rugby team participate in the world cup?

Context: Wales have contested every Rugby World Cup

Question: who are the team's current squad?

Answer: Dragons hooker Elliot Dee and Scarlets flanker James Davies have been called up to the squad as replacements for the injured Ken Owens and Josh McLeod.

Wales national rugby union team [SEP] Current squad

On 6th October 2020, Wales announced a 38-man squad for the Six Nations. Dragons hooker Elliot Dee and Scarlets flanker James Davies have been called up to the squad as replacements for the injured Ken Owens and Josh McLeod. Head coach: Wayne Pivac


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: Shane Williams

Context: who are the team's current squad?

Context: Dragons hooker Elliot Dee and Scarlets flanker James Davies have been called up to the squad as replacements for the injured Ken Owens and Josh McLeod.

Question: who are coaches of this rugby team?

Answer: David Nash, Clive Rowlands

Explanation: Clive Rowlands

Wales national rugby union team [SEP] Coaches

Following the unsuccessful tour to South Africa in 1964, the WRU set up a working party on coaching. The party recommended that Welsh clubs accept the principle of coaching. David Nash was appointed as the national team's first coach in 1967, but for the 1968 tour of Argentina, the WRU initially planned not to have a coach tour with the team. Following pressure from the Welsh clubs at the WRU's annual general meeting, the decision was reversed and Clive Rowlands was appointed as coach for the tour. The appointing of a coach for the team coincided with Wales' success in the Five Nations during the 1970s.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: Shane Williams

Context: who are the team's current squad?

Context: who are coaches of this rugby team?

Context: David Nash, Clive Rowlands

Question: who is the former?

Answer: David Nash was appointed as the national team's first coach

Explanation: David Nash was appointed as the national team's first coach


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: UK

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: Shane Williams

Context: who are the team's current squad?

Context: who are coaches of this rugby team?

Context: David Nash, Clive Rowlands

Context: who is the former?

Context: David Nash was appointed as the national team's first coach

Question: in the other events hosted in the stadium what is the relief concert mentioned in the answer?

Answer: Tsunami Relief Cardiff was a charity music concert

Tsunami Relief Cardiff [SEP] Introduction

Tsunami Relief Cardiff was a charity music concert held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 22 January 2005, in aid of the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which had occurred the month before. The concert raised £1,248,963. The concert was, at the time, the biggest charity concert in the United Kingdom since Live Aid over 20 years before, and more than 60,000 fans watched live, with many millions more from around the world viewing the seven-hour-long concert. The main tickets sold out in 3 days; when a further 1,000 tickets were issued, they sold in 20 minutes.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: where is this country this team represents?

Context: It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south.

Context: who are the local government of this country?

Context: UK

Context: what is the channel that is mentioned previously?

Context: The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain

Context: which are the surrounding coastal cities and towns?

Context: The city of Swansea is the largest settlement on the Welsh coast of the Bristol Channel. Other major built-up areas include Barry (including Barry Island), Port Talbot and Llanelli.

Context: who are the governing body of the rugby team?

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: who are some of the greatest players in this team?

Context: Shane Williams

Context: what are the other events the stadium mentioned above hosts?

Context: The Tsunami Relief Cardiff concert, the Super Special Stage of Wales Rally Great Britain, the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and various concerts

Context: what is the six nations championship played by the rugby team?

Context: Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, and Scotland.

Context: did this rugby team participate in the world cup?

Context: Wales have contested every Rugby World Cup

Context: who are the team's current squad?

Context: Dragons hooker Elliot Dee and Scarlets flanker James Davies have been called up to the squad as replacements for the injured Ken Owens and Josh McLeod.

Context: who are coaches of this rugby team?

Context: David Nash, Clive Rowlands

Context: who is the former?

Context: David Nash was appointed as the national team's first coach

Context: in the other events hosted in the stadium what is the relief concert mentioned in the answer?

Context: Tsunami Relief Cardiff was a charity music concert

Question: what are the overall records achieved by the rugby team?

Answer: They reached 2nd during the 2015 Rugby World Cup, before hitting top spot for the first time on 19 August 2019, after winning 15 of their last 16 games.

Wales national rugby union team [SEP] Overall

Wales climbed to 4th after a win over Scotland in their first match of the 2009 Six Nations. They slumped to 9th in 2010 but rose back to 4th after their fourth place in the 2011 World Cup. Since then – notwithstanding a nine-game slump in 2012–13 where they fell to 9th – Wales have ranked consistently in the top six teams. They reached 2nd during the 2015 Rugby World Cup, before hitting top spot for the first time on 19 August 2019, after winning 15 of their last 16 games. Wales have won 384 of their 735 Test matches.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: where is this country this team represents?

Context: It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south.

Context: who are the local government of this country?

Context: UK

Context: what is the channel that is mentioned previously?

Context: The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain

Context: which are the surrounding coastal cities and towns?

Context: The city of Swansea is the largest settlement on the Welsh coast of the Bristol Channel. Other major built-up areas include Barry (including Barry Island), Port Talbot and Llanelli.

Context: who are the governing body of the rugby team?

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: who are some of the greatest players in this team?

Context: Shane Williams

Context: what are the other events the stadium mentioned above hosts?

Context: The Tsunami Relief Cardiff concert, the Super Special Stage of Wales Rally Great Britain, the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and various concerts

Context: what is the six nations championship played by the rugby team?

Context: Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, and Scotland.

Context: did this rugby team participate in the world cup?

Context: Wales have contested every Rugby World Cup

Context: who are the team's current squad?

Context: Dragons hooker Elliot Dee and Scarlets flanker James Davies have been called up to the squad as replacements for the injured Ken Owens and Josh McLeod.

Context: who are coaches of this rugby team?

Context: David Nash, Clive Rowlands

Context: who is the former?

Context: David Nash was appointed as the national team's first coach

Context: in the other events hosted in the stadium what is the relief concert mentioned in the answer?

Context: Tsunami Relief Cardiff was a charity music concert

Context: what are the overall records achieved by the rugby team?

Context: They reached 2nd during the 2015 Rugby World Cup, before hitting top spot for the first time on 19 August 2019, after winning 15 of their last 16 games.

Question: is this aforementioned period considered the golden age by the rugby team?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

When the World Rugby Rankings were introduced in October 2003, Wales were ranked 8th. They rose to 7th in June 2004, before falling back to 8th in November that year. Following a Grand Slam win in the 2005 Six Nations, they rose to a ranking position of 5th. They fell to 9th by June 2006, and, after rising back to 8th by September, fell to 10th after the 2007 World Cup. A second Six Nations' Grand Slam in 2008 propelled them to 6th in the rankings, but following losses to South Africa in the mid-year and end-of-year internationals Wales slipped to 7th.


Context: who has the most caps for wales rugby

Context: The Wales national rugby union team

Context: which country does this team represent?

Context: Wales

Context: when was it established?

Context: where is this country this team represents?

Context: It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south.

Context: who are the local government of this country?

Context: UK

Context: what is the channel that is mentioned previously?

Context: The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain

Context: which are the surrounding coastal cities and towns?

Context: The city of Swansea is the largest settlement on the Welsh coast of the Bristol Channel. Other major built-up areas include Barry (including Barry Island), Port Talbot and Llanelli.

Context: who are the governing body of the rugby team?

Context: World Rugby (WR)

Context: which stadium does this team play in?

Context: Millennium Stadium

Context: who are some of the greatest players in this team?

Context: Shane Williams

Context: what are the other events the stadium mentioned above hosts?

Context: The Tsunami Relief Cardiff concert, the Super Special Stage of Wales Rally Great Britain, the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and various concerts

Context: what is the six nations championship played by the rugby team?

Context: Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, and Scotland.

Context: did this rugby team participate in the world cup?

Context: Wales have contested every Rugby World Cup

Context: who are the team's current squad?

Context: Dragons hooker Elliot Dee and Scarlets flanker James Davies have been called up to the squad as replacements for the injured Ken Owens and Josh McLeod.

Context: who are coaches of this rugby team?

Context: David Nash, Clive Rowlands

Context: who is the former?

Context: David Nash was appointed as the national team's first coach

Context: in the other events hosted in the stadium what is the relief concert mentioned in the answer?

Context: Tsunami Relief Cardiff was a charity music concert

Context: what are the overall records achieved by the rugby team?

Context: They reached 2nd during the 2015 Rugby World Cup, before hitting top spot for the first time on 19 August 2019, after winning 15 of their last 16 games.

Context: is this aforementioned period considered the golden age by the rugby team?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who are players have been inducted into the welsh sports hall of fame?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: what is the purpose for each of the following important techniques used in genetic engineering

Answer: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Genetic engineering [SEP] Introduction

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus.


Context: what is the purpose for each of the following important techniques used in genetic engineering

Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Question: what is the definition of this branch of science?

Answer: Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Explanation: Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Introduction


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: what is the definition of this branch of science?

Context: Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Question: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Answer: Either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA.

Explanation: New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Introduction


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process?

Context: Either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA.

Question: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Answer: The gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments to amplify up the gene segment, which can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Gene isolation and cloning

The next step is to isolate the candidate gene. The cell containing the gene is opened and the DNA is purified. The gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify up the gene segment. These segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. If the chosen gene or the donor organism's genome has been well studied it may already be accessible from a genetic library. If the DNA sequence is known, but no copies of the gene are available, it can also be artificially synthesised. Once isolated the gene is ligated into a plasmid that is then inserted into a bacterium.


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process?

Context: The gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments to amplify up the gene segment, which can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis.

Question: what are some of the things manufactured using this technique?

Answer: Has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Applications

Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. Bacteria, the first organisms to be genetically modified, can have plasmid DNA inserted containing new genes that code for medicines or enzymes that process food and other substrates. Plants have been modified for insect protection, herbicide resistance, virus resistance, enhanced nutrition, tolerance to environmental pressures and the production of edible vaccines. Most commercialised GMOs are insect resistant or herbicide tolerant crop plants. Genetically modified animals have been used for research, model animals and the production of agricultural or pharmaceutical products.


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: what are some of the things manufactured using this technique?

Context: Has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms.

Question: mention any one controversy about this branch of science.

Answer: Concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment.

Genetic engineering [SEP] Controversy

Critics have objected to the use of genetic engineering on several grounds, including ethical, ecological and economic concerns. Many of these concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment. These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in some countries. Accusations that scientists are "playing God" and other religious issues have been ascribed to the technology from the beginning. Other ethical issues raised include the patenting of life, the use of intellectual property rights, the level of labeling on products, control of the food supply and the objectivity of the regulatory process.


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: mention any one controversy about this branch of science.

Context: Concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment.

Question: who was the first scientist to initiate this engineering process?

Answer: Stanley G. Weinbaum

Explanation: The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel "Dragon's Island", published in 1951 – one year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story "Proteus Island".

Genetic engineering [SEP] History

One of the main recommendations from this meeting was that government oversight of recombinant DNA research should be established until the technology was deemed safe. In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in "E.coli". Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court in the "Diamond v. Chakrabarty" case ruled that genetically altered life could be patented. The insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982.


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: who was the first scientist to initiate this engineering process?

Context: Stanley G. Weinbaum

Question: which year did he conduct the experiment to initiate this process?

Answer: General concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story "Proteus Island".

Explanation: though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story "Proteus Island".

Genetic engineering [SEP] History


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: Stanley G. Weinbaum

Context: which year did he conduct the experiment to initiate this process?

Context: General concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story "Proteus Island".

Question: were there any other experiments conducted when this type of engineering branch was emerging?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Genetic engineering [SEP] History

Humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through selective breeding, or artificial selection as contrasted with natural selection. More recently, mutation breeding has used exposure to chemicals or radiation to produce a high frequency of random mutations, for selective breeding purposes. Genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of DNA by humans outside breeding and mutations has only existed since the 1970s. The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel "Dragon's Island", published in 1951 – one year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G.


Context: To change the genetic makeup of cells

Context: Stanley G. Weinbaum

Context: were there any other experiments conducted when this type of engineering branch was emerging?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what do genes contain?

Answer: Protein coding sequence; includes DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA

Explanation:
The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

Flanking the open reading frame, genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression.

Gene [SEP] Structure

Highly transcribed genes have "strong" promoter sequences that form strong associations with transcription factors, thereby initiating transcription at a high rate. Others genes have "weak" promoters that form weak associations with transcription factors and initiate transcription less frequently. Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters. Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame that alter expression. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site.


Question: where does loss of function occur in a spinal cord injury

Answer: Spinal cord

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Introduction

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be "complete injury", with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or "incomplete", meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments.


Context: where does loss of function occur in a spinal cord injury

Context: Spinal cord

Question: how is this injury classified as?

Answer: Classified into three types based on cause: mechanical forces, toxic, and ischemic (from lack of blood flow).

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Classification

Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or nontraumatic, and can be classified into three types based on cause: mechanical forces, toxic, and ischemic (from lack of blood flow). The damage can also be divided into primary and secondary injury: the cell death that occurs immediately in the original injury, and biochemical cascades that are initiated by the original insult and cause further tissue damage. These secondary injury pathways include the ischemic cascade, inflammation, swelling, cell suicide, and neurotransmitter imbalances. They can take place for minutes or weeks following the injury. At each level of the spinal column, spinal nerves branch off from either side of the spinal cord and exit between a pair of vertebrae, to innervate a specific part of the body.


Context: Spinal cord

Context: how is this injury classified as?

Context: Classified into three types based on cause: mechanical forces, toxic, and ischemic (from lack of blood flow).

Question: what are the causes for this injury?

Answer: Physical trauma

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Causes

Spinal cord injuries are most often caused by physical trauma. Forces involved can be hyperflexion (forward movement of the head); hyperextension (backward movement); lateral stress (sideways movement); rotation (twisting of the head); compression (force along the axis of the spine downward from the head or upward from the pelvis); or distraction (pulling apart of the vertebrae). Traumatic SCI can result in contusion, compression, or stretch injury. It is a major risk of many types of vertebral fracture. Pre-existing asymptomatic congenital anomalies can cause major neurological deficits, such as hemiparesis, to result from otherwise minor trauma. In the US, Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of SCIs; second are falls, then violence such as gunshot wounds, then sports injuries.


Context: Spinal cord

Context: how is this injury classified as?

Context: what are the causes for this injury?

Context: Physical trauma

Question: what are the symptoms a person experiences with this injury?

Answer: Pain, numbness, or a loss of sensation in the related areas.

Explanation: A section of skin innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a dermatome, and injury to that part of the spine can cause pain, numbness, or a loss of sensation in the related areas. Paraesthesia, a tingling or burning sensation in affected areas of the skin, is another symptom. A person with a lowered level of consciousness may show a response to a painful stimulus above a certain point but not below it.

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Signs and symptoms

A group of muscles innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a myotome, and injury to that part of the spinal cord can cause problems with movements that involve those muscles. The muscles may contract uncontrollably (spasticity), become weak, or be completely paralysed. Spinal shock, loss of neural activity including reflexes below the level of injury, occurs shortly after the injury and usually goes away within a day. Priapism, an erection of the penis may be a sign of acute spinal cord injury.


Context: Spinal cord

Context: how is this injury classified as?

Context: what are the causes for this injury?

Context: Physical trauma

Context: what are the symptoms a person experiences with this injury?

Context: Pain, numbness, or a loss of sensation in the related areas.

Question: what are the complications associated with it?

Answer: Pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, neurogenic shock, and paralysis below the injury site.

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Complications

Complications of spinal cord injuries include pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, neurogenic shock, and paralysis below the injury site. In the long term, the loss of muscle function can have additional effects from disuse, including atrophy of the muscle. Immobility can lead to pressure sores, particularly in bony areas, requiring precautions such as extra cushioning and turning in bed every two hours (in the acute setting) to relieve pressure. In the long term, people in wheelchairs must shift periodically to relieve pressure. Another complication is pain, including nociceptive pain (indication of potential or actual tissue damage) and neuropathic pain, when nerves affected by damage convey erroneous pain signals in the absence of noxious stimuli.


Context: Spinal cord

Context: how is this injury classified as?

Context: what are the causes for this injury?

Context: Physical trauma

Context: what are the complications associated with it?

Context: Pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, neurogenic shock, and paralysis below the injury site.

Question: mention some treatments provided for the betterment of the injured patients.

Answer: Prehospital treatment and Early hospital treatment

Spinal cord injury [SEP] Prehospital treatment

The first stage in the management of a suspected spinal cord injury is geared toward basic life support and preventing further injury: maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation and restricting further motion of the spine. In the emergency setting, most people who has been subjected to forces strong enough to cause SCI are treated as though they have instability in the spinal column and have spinal motion restricted to prevent damage to the spinal cord. Injuries or fractures in the head, neck, or pelvis as well as penetrating trauma near the spine and falls from heights are assumed to be associated with an unstable spinal column until it is ruled out in the hospital.


Context: Spinal cord

Context: how is this injury classified as?

Context: what are the causes for this injury?

Context: Physical trauma

Context: mention some treatments provided for the betterment of the injured patients.

Context: Prehospital treatment and Early hospital treatment

Question: where does that spinal column connect between?

Answer: From the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

Spinal cord [SEP] Introduction

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the spinal cord begins at the occipital bone, passing through the foramen magnum and entering the spinal canal at the beginning of the cervical vertebrae. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where it ends.