Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what does it include?

Context: is it displayed anywhere?

Context: does the latter conduct any programme?

Context: what effort do they make to reach the society?

Context: The library offers free work and life skills classes. These are offered in conjunction with volunteers and partnerships at the library.  An initiative was taken in July 2018, NYC library card holders are allowed to visit Whitney Museum, the Guggenheim and 31 other prominent New York cultural institutions for free.

Question: where all does it have it's branches?

Answer: B. Altman & Company Building on 34th Street and the central research library on 42nd Street was renamed the Humanities and Social Sciences Library.

Explanation: The library purchased and adapted the former B. Altman & Company Building on 34th Street. In 1995, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, the Science, Industry and Business Library (SIBL), designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates of Manhattan, opened to the public. Upon the creation of the SIBL, the central research library on 42nd Street was renamed the Humanities and Social Sciences Library.

New York Public Library [SEP] Other research branches

Total item holdings, including the collections of the Branch Libraries, are . The Humanities and Social Sciences Library on 42nd Street is still the heart of the NYPL's research library system. The SIBL, with approximately volumes and 60,000 periodicals, is the nation's largest public library devoted solely to science and business. The NYPL's two other research libraries are the Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture, located at 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, located at Lincoln Center. In addition to their reference collections, the Library for the Performing Arts and the SIBL also have circulating components that are administered as ordinary branch libraries.


Context: when were bill of rights added to constitution

Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what does it include?

Context: It comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

Context: is it displayed anywhere?

Context: One is in the National Archives, and the other is in the New York Public Library.

Context: does the latter conduct any programme?

Context: Yes,  The Subway Library gave New York City Subway riders access to e-books, excerpts, and short stories.

Context: where all does it have it's branches?

Context: B. Altman & Company Building on 34th Street and the central research library on 42nd Street was renamed the Humanities and Social Sciences Library.

Question: is it referred in any book or film?

Answer: Yes, The New York Public Library has been referenced numerous times in popular culture. The library has appeared as a setting and topic multiple times in film, poetry, music, television, and music.

Explanation: The New York Public Library has been referenced numerous times in popular culture. The library has appeared as a setting and topic multiple times in film, poetry, music, television, and music.

New York Public Library [SEP] In popular culture


Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what does it include?

Context: is it displayed anywhere?

Context: does the latter conduct any programme?

Context: where all does it have it's branches?

Context: is it referred in any book or film?

Context: Yes, The New York Public Library has been referenced numerous times in popular culture. The library has appeared as a setting and topic multiple times in film, poetry, music, television, and music.

Question: do they have a website?

Answer: Yes, The Library website provides access to the library's catalogs, online collections and subscription databases. It also has information about the library's free events, exhibitions, computer classes

New York Public Library [SEP] Website and digital holdings

The Library website provides access to the library's catalogs, online collections and subscription databases. It also has information about the library's free events, exhibitions, computer classes and English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. The two online catalogs, LEO (which searches the circulating collections) and CATNYP (which searches the research collections) allow users to search the library's holdings of books, journals and other materials. The LEO system allows cardholders to request books from any branch and have them delivered to any branch. The NYPL gives cardholders free access from home to thousands of current and historical magazines, newspapers, journals and reference books in subscription databases, including EBSCOhost, which contains full text of major magazines; full text of the "New York Times" (1995–present), Gale's Ready Reference Shelf which includes the "Encyclopedia of Associations" and periodical indexes, "Books in Print"; and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory.


Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what does it include?

Context: is it displayed anywhere?

Context: does the latter conduct any programme?

Context: where all does it have it's branches?

Context: is it referred in any book or film?

Context: do they have a website?

Context: Yes, The Library website provides access to the library's catalogs, online collections and subscription databases. It also has information about the library's free events, exhibitions, computer classes

Question: who manages the library?

Answer: The library is governed by a board of trustees, composed of between 25–42 trustees of several classes who collectively choose their own successors, including "ex officio" the New York City Mayor, New York City Council Speaker and New York City Comptroller.

Explanation:
The NYPL, like all public libraries in New York, is granted a charter from the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York and is registered with the New York State Education Department. The basic powers and duties of all library boards of trustees are defined in the Education Law and are subject to Part 90 of Title 8 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations.

The NYPL's charter, as restated and granted in 1975, gives the name of the corporation as "The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations". The library is governed by a board of trustees, composed of between 25–42 trustees of several classes who collectively choose their own successors, including "ex officio" the New York City Mayor, New York City Council Speaker and New York City Comptroller.

New York Public Library [SEP] Governance


Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what does it include?

Context: is it displayed anywhere?

Context: does the latter conduct any programme?

Context: where all does it have it's branches?

Context: is it referred in any book or film?

Context: do they have a website?

Context: who manages the library?

Context: The library is governed by a board of trustees, composed of between 25–42 trustees of several classes who collectively choose their own successors, including "ex officio" the New York City Mayor, New York City Council Speaker and New York City Comptroller.

Question: what other roles does the last one do?

Answer: The Office of Comptroller of New York City is the chief fiscal officer and chief auditing officer of the city.

Explanation: The Office of Comptroller of New York City is the chief fiscal officer and chief auditing officer of the city. The comptroller is elected, citywide, to a four-year term and can hold office for two consecutive terms. The current comptroller is Democrat Scott Stringer, the former Borough President of Manhattan. Stringer was elected on November 5, 2013.

New York City Comptroller [SEP] Introduction


Question: when did the battle of hastings start and finish

Answer: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction

The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig, and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway).


Context: when did the battle of hastings start and finish

Context: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066.

Question: who all fought in this battle?

Answer: The Norman- French army and the English army.

Explanation: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: The Norman- French army and the English army.

Question: who won?

Answer: The Norman-French army of William.

Explanation: he Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson,

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Question: where did this battle take place?

Answer: Approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex.

Explanation: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: Approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex.

Question: what was the reason for this battle?

Answer: The  death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne.

Explanation: The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction

Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: The  death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne.

Question: who led the english?

Answer: Harold Godwinson.

Explanation: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson,

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Question: and the french?

Answer: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Explanation: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Question: what rank did the english leader have?

Answer: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Explanation: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Introduction


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Question: what preparations did he make for the battle?

Answer: The English army was organised along regional lines, with the "fyrd", or local levy, serving under a local magnate – whether an earl, bishop, or sheriff.

Explanation: The English army was organised along regional lines, with the "fyrd", or local levy, serving under a local magnate – whether an earl, bishop, or sheriff.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] English army and Harold's preparations

The English army does not appear to have had a significant number of archers. Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade. The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet. Learning of the Norwegian invasion he rushed north, gathering forces as he went, and took the Norwegians by surprise, defeating them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. Harald Hardrada and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such great losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: what preparations did he make for the battle?

Context: The English army was organised along regional lines, with the "fyrd", or local levy, serving under a local magnate – whether an earl, bishop, or sheriff.

Question: and what preparations did the duke of normandy make?

Answer: William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] William's preparations and landing

William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders. He spent almost nine months on his preparations, as he had to construct a fleet from nothing. According to some Norman chronicles, he also secured diplomatic support, although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate. The most famous claim is that Pope Alexander II gave a papal banner as a token of support, which only appears in William of Poitiers's account, and not in more contemporary narratives. In April 1066 Halley's Comet appeared in the sky, and was widely reported throughout Europe.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: and what preparations did the duke of normandy make?

Context: William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders.

Question: where did they land?

Answer: Pevensey in Sussex.

Contemporary accounts connected the comet's appearance with the succession crisis in England. William mustered his forces at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, and was ready to cross the English Channel by about 12 August. But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force, and landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September. A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney, where the Normans fought the local "fyrd". After landing, William's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: where did they land?

Context: Pevensey in Sussex.

Question: what did their army comprise of?

Answer: The army consisted of cavalry, infantry, and archers or crossbowmen, with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Norman forces at Hastings

The exact numbers and composition of William's force are unknown. A contemporary document claims that William had 776 ships, but this may be an inflated figure. Figures given by contemporary writers for the size of the army are highly exaggerated, varying from 14,000 to 150,000. Modern historians have offered a range of estimates for the size of William's forces: 7,000–8,000 men, 1,000–2,000 of them cavalry; 10,000–12,000 men; 10,000 men, 3,000 of them cavalry; or 7,500 men. The army consisted of cavalry, infantry, and archers or crossbowmen, with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: where did they land?

Context: Pevensey in Sussex.

Context: what did their army comprise of?

Context: The army consisted of cavalry, infantry, and archers or crossbowmen, with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined.

Question: why did the english move south?

Answer: To  deal with the threatened Norman invasion.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Harold moves south

After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, Harold left much of his forces in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion. It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about per day, for the approximately . Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October, near what was described as a "hoar-apple tree".


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: where did they land?

Context: Pevensey in Sussex.

Context: what did their army comprise of?

Context: why did the english move south?

Context: To  deal with the threatened Norman invasion.

Question: which tactics did they employ?

Answer: Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation at the top of steep slope, with their flanks protected by woods and marshy ground in front of them.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Dispositions of forces and tactics

Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation at the top of steep slope, with their flanks protected by woods and marshy ground in front of them. The line may have extended far enough to be anchored on a nearby stream. The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack. Sources differ on the exact site that the English fought on: some sources state the site of the abbey, but some newer sources suggest it was Caldbec Hill. More is known about the Norman deployment. Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles", which roughly corresponded to their origins.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: where did they land?

Context: Pevensey in Sussex.

Context: what did their army comprise of?

Context: why did the english move south?

Context: which tactics did they employ?

Context: Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation at the top of steep slope, with their flanks protected by woods and marshy ground in front of them.

Question: how did harold die?

Answer: A modern biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye, although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the eye. Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died.

Explanation: A modern biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye, although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the eye. Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Death of Harold

Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died. Harold's death left the English forces leaderless, and they began to collapse. Many of them fled, but the soldiers of the royal household gathered around Harold's body and fought to the end. The Normans began to pursue the fleeing troops, and except for a rearguard action at a site known as the "Malfosse", the battle was over. Exactly what happened at the Malfosse, or "Evil Ditch", and where it took place, is unclear. It occurred at a small fortification or set of trenches where some Englishmen rallied and seriously wounded Eustace of Boulogne before being defeated by the Normans.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: where did they land?

Context: Pevensey in Sussex.

Context: what did their army comprise of?

Context: why did the english move south?

Context: which tactics did they employ?

Context: how did harold die?

Context: A modern biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye, although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the eye. Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died.

Question: when?

Answer: Harold appears to have died late in the battle, although accounts in the various sources are contradictory.

Harold appears to have died late in the battle, although accounts in the various sources are contradictory. William of Poitiers only mentions his death, without giving any details on how it occurred. The Tapestry is not helpful, as it shows a figure holding an arrow sticking out of his eye next to a falling fighter being hit with a sword. Over both figures is a statement "Here King Harold has been killed". It is not clear which figure is meant to be Harold, or if both are meant. The earliest written mention of the traditional account of Harold dying from an arrow to the eye dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk, Amatus of Montecassino.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: where did they land?

Context: Pevensey in Sussex.

Context: what did their army comprise of?

Context: why did the english move south?

Context: which tactics did they employ?

Context: how did harold die?

Context: when?

Context: Harold appears to have died late in the battle, although accounts in the various sources are contradictory.

Question: were there any invasions?

Answer: Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Tostig and Hardrada's invasions

In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire. He was driven back to his ships by the brothers Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Deserted by most of his followers, he withdrew to Scotland, where he spent the middle of the year recruiting fresh forces. Hardrada invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Hardrada's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who supported the Norwegian king's bid for the throne.


Context: who all fought in this battle?

Context: who won?

Context: The Norman-French army of William.

Context: where did this battle take place?

Context: what was the reason for this battle?

Context: who led the english?

Context: Harold Godwinson.

Context: and the french?

Context: William, the Duke of Normandy.

Context: what rank did the english leader have?

Context: He was an Anglo-Saxon King.

Context: where did they land?

Context: Pevensey in Sussex.

Context: what did their army comprise of?

Context: why did the english move south?

Context: which tactics did they employ?

Context: how did harold die?

Context: when?

Context: were there any invasions?

Context: Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney.

Question: what happened after the battle?

Answer: William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory, but instead Edgar the Ætheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York.

Battle of Hastings [SEP] Aftermath

Other legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings, but escaped and became a hermit at Chester. William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory, but instead Edgar the Ætheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York. William therefore advanced on London, marching around the coast of Kent. He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.


Question: when does the genetic material of a host and a virus combine

Answer: Only when the host is infected by the virus.

Virus [SEP] Introduction

When infected, a host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or "virions", consisting of: (i) the genetic material, i.e., long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a protein coat, the "capsid", which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an outside envelope of lipids. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more complex structures.


Context: when does the genetic material of a host and a virus combine

Context: Only when the host is infected by the virus.

Question: can you please define the latter term?

Answer: It is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

Virus [SEP] Introduction

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 6,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: It is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

Question: how did it get its name?

Answer: From the Latin word ”Virulent” that refers to poison.

Virus [SEP] Etymology

The word is from the Latin neuter referring to poison and other noxious liquids, from the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit , Avestan , and ancient Greek (all meaning "poison"), first attested in English in 1398 in John Trevisa's translation of Bartholomeus Anglicus's "De Proprietatibus Rerum". "Virulent", from Latin "virulentus" (poisonous), dates to c. 1400. A meaning of "agent that causes infectious disease" is first recorded in 1728, long before the discovery of viruses by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892. The English plural is "viruses" (sometimes also "vira"), whereas the Latin word is a mass noun, which has no classically attested plural ("vīra" is used in Neo-Latin).


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: From the Latin word ”Virulent” that refers to poison.

Question: what features of life do they exhibit?

Answer: They resemble organisms in a way that they possess genes, evolve by natural selection, and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. However, they do not have a cellular structure, which is often seen as the basic unit of life.

Virus [SEP] Life properties

Scientific opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life or organic structures that interact with living organisms. They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life", since they resemble organisms in that they possess genes, evolve by natural selection, and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. Although they have genes, they do not have a cellular structure, which is often seen as the basic unit of life. Viruses do not have their own metabolism and require a host cell to make new products. They therefore cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell—although bacterial species such as rickettsia and chlamydia are considered living organisms despite the same limitation.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: They resemble organisms in a way that they possess genes, evolve by natural selection, and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. However, they do not have a cellular structure, which is often seen as the basic unit of life.

Question: can you describe this process of evolving that you just mentioned?

Answer: It is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.

Natural selection [SEP] Introduction

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which in his view is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and their offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: can you describe this process of evolving that you just mentioned?

Context: It is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.

Question: does it causes changes in gene?

Answer: Yes, it can. However, it depends on the its effect on genetic diversity. “Purifying" selection acts to remove genetic variation and "de novo” mutation can lead to a new variation.

Natural selection [SEP] By effect on genetic diversity

Alternatively, selection can be divided according to its effect on genetic diversity. Purifying or negative selection acts to remove genetic variation from the population (and is opposed by "de novo" mutation, which introduces new variation. In contrast, balancing selection acts to maintain genetic variation in a population, even in the absence of "de novo" mutation, by negative frequency-dependent selection. One mechanism for this is heterozygote advantage, where individuals with two different alleles have a selective advantage over individuals with just one allele. The polymorphism at the human ABO blood group locus has been explained in this way.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Yes, it can. However, it depends on the its effect on genetic diversity. “Purifying" selection acts to remove genetic variation and "de novo” mutation can lead to a new variation.

Question: does it also depend on resources for survival?

Answer: Yes, as per scientific research, if they adapt to their environments they are more likely to survive and reproduce. If there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable, then a progressive evolution will take place.

Explanation: In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the "principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved". The concept was simple but powerful: individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce. As long as there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable, there will be an inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantageous variations. If the variations are heritable, then differential reproductive success leads to a progressive evolution of particular populations of a species, and populations that evolve to be sufficiently different eventually become different species.

Natural selection [SEP] Darwin's theory


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: does it also depend on resources for survival?

Context: Yes, as per scientific research, if they adapt to their environments they are more likely to survive and reproduce. If there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable, then a progressive evolution will take place.

Question: can you name the person who has a theory on this selection procedure?

Answer: Charles Darwin

Explanation: In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation.

Natural selection [SEP] Darwin's theory


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: can you name the person who has a theory on this selection procedure?

Context: Charles Darwin

Question: where was he born?

Answer: In Shrewsbury, at his family's home, The Mount.

Charles Darwin [SEP] Early life and education

Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his family's home, The Mount. He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin ("née" Wedgwood). His grandfathers Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood were both prominent abolitionists. Erasmus Darwin had praised general concepts of evolution and common descent in his "Zoonomia" (1794), a poetic fantasy of gradual creation including undeveloped ideas anticipating concepts his grandson expanded. Both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism. Robert Darwin, himself quietly a freethinker, had baby Charles baptised in November 1809 in the Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury, but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: In Shrewsbury, at his family's home, The Mount.

Question: who were his parents?

Answer: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Explanation: He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin ("née" Wedgwood).


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Question: did he ever went on a voyage?

Answer: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Charles Darwin [SEP] Survey voyage on HMS "Beagle"

Darwin took care to remain in a private capacity to retain control over his collection, intending it for a major scientific institution. After delays, the voyage began on 27 December 1831; it lasted almost five years. As FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS "Beagle" surveyed and charted coasts. He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family. He had some expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates, but in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Context: did he ever went on a voyage?

Context: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Question: what was the name of the ship?

Answer: "HMS Beagle"


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Context: did he ever went on a voyage?

Context: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Context: what was the name of the ship?

Context: "HMS Beagle"

Question: what religion did he follow?

Answer: He had an agnostic view towards it.

Explanation: He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist" and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".

Charles Darwin [SEP] Religious views

Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver. He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil. Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church, but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church. He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist" and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Context: did he ever went on a voyage?

Context: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Context: what was the name of the ship?

Context: "HMS Beagle"

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: He had an agnostic view towards it.

Question: did he write any book?

Answer: Yes. "On the Origin of Species" is one of them.

Charles Darwin [SEP] Introduction

Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species". By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Context: did he ever went on a voyage?

Context: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Context: what was the name of the ship?

Context: "HMS Beagle"

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: He had an agnostic view towards it.

Context: did he write any book?

Context: Yes. "On the Origin of Species" is one of them.

Question: what is the book about?

Answer: It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution.

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Introduction

On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the "Beagle" expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Context: did he ever went on a voyage?

Context: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Context: what was the name of the ship?

Context: "HMS Beagle"

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: He had an agnostic view towards it.

Context: did he write any book?

Context: what is the book about?

Context: It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution.

Question: when was it published?

Answer: 24 November 1859

Explanation: On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Context: did he ever went on a voyage?

Context: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Context: what was the name of the ship?

Context: "HMS Beagle"

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: He had an agnostic view towards it.

Context: did he write any book?

Context: what is the book about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 24 November 1859

Question: who was the publisher?

Answer: John Murray

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Murray as publisher; choice of title

By mid-March 1859 Darwin's abstract had reached the stage where he was thinking of early publication; Lyell suggested the publisher John Murray, and met with him to find if he would be willing to publish. On 28 March Darwin wrote to Lyell asking about progress, and offering to give Murray assurances "that my Book is not more "un"-orthodox, than the subject makes inevitable." He enclosed a draft title sheet proposing "An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection", with the year shown as "1859". Murray's response was favourable, and a very pleased Darwin told Lyell on 30 March that he would "send shortly a large bundle of M.S.


Context: can you please define the latter term?

Context: how did it get its name?

Context: what features of life do they exhibit?

Context: does it causes changes in gene?

Context: Charles Darwin

Context: where was he born?

Context: who were his parents?

Context: Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin

Context: did he ever went on a voyage?

Context: Yes, on 27 December 1831.

Context: what was the name of the ship?

Context: "HMS Beagle"

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: He had an agnostic view towards it.

Context: did he write any book?

Context: what is the book about?

Context: when was it published?

Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: John Murray

Question: what  effect did this book have on the other scientists?

Answer: Since he was an eminent in his field and evidence he presented his research in a scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion, his findings were taken seriously. Hoever, there were many debates and the scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that he had sought.

The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit.


Question: who voices spiderman in the new ps4 game

Answer: Yuri Lowenthal

Spider-Man (2018 video game) [SEP] Characters and setting

"Spider-Man" features a large ensemble cast of characters drawn from the history of Spider-Man comics. Peter Parker (voiced by Yuri Lowenthal) is a 23-year-old research assistant, who gains superhuman abilities after being bitten by a genetically-modified spider. Assuming a secret identity as the superhero Spider-Man, Peter uses these abilities to protect the residents of New York City. Eight years into his superhero career, Peter has become an experienced crime fighter but struggles to balance his superhero and personal lives. Peter is assisted by "Daily Bugle" reporter Mary Jane Watson (Laura Bailey), his ex-girlfriend, and NYPD Captain Yuri Watanabe (Tara Platt).


Context: who voices spiderman in the new ps4 game

Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Question: who created this game?

Answer: Insomniac Games

Spider-Man (2018 video game) [SEP] Introduction

Marvel's Spider-Man is a 2018 action-adventure game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, it is inspired by the long-running comic book mythology and adaptations in other media. In the main storyline, the super-human crime lord Mister Negative orchestrates a plot to seize control of New York City's criminal underworld. When Mister Negative threatens to release a deadly virus, Spider-Man must confront him and protect the city while dealing with the personal problems of his civilian persona, Peter Parker. Gameplay is presented from the third-person perspective with a primary focus on Spider-Man's traversal and combat abilities.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Question: which are the characters?

Answer: Peter Parker, Mary Jane Watson, Yuri Watanabe

Explanation: Peter Parker (voiced by Yuri Lowenthal) is a 23-year-old research assistant, who gains superhuman abilities after being bitten by a genetically-modified spider. Assuming a secret identity as the superhero Spider-Man, Peter uses these abilities to protect the residents of New York City. Eight years into his superhero career, Peter has become an experienced crime fighter but struggles to balance his superhero and personal lives. Peter is assisted by "Daily Bugle" reporter Mary Jane Watson (Laura Bailey), his ex-girlfriend, and NYPD Captain Yuri Watanabe (Tara Platt)


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: Peter Parker, Mary Jane Watson, Yuri Watanabe

Question: who is behind its background audio?

Answer: John Paesano

Spider-Man (2018 video game) [SEP] Sound

The game's music was composed by John Paesano. He worked on the project for over two years, beginning during the writing phase. The aim of the score was to make it its own character and to create a cinematic ambiance rather than being simply present in the background. The main theme took approximately two months to finish; this was then split off for other segments of the score for other characters. While Paesano was influenced by Spider-Man music from other media, he focused on the slightly older age of the game's Spider-Man, adding more gravitas to the score. He scored it more from the perspective of Peter Parker than Spider-Man to emphasize the character's humanity over his role as a superhero.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Question: was it a successful game?

Answer: Yes. It became the fastest-selling first-party video game release in Sony's history

Explanation: "Spider-Man" sold 3.3 million units—including those bundled with the PS4 console—in its first three days of release, making it the fastest-selling first-party video game release in Sony's history,

Spider-Man (2018 video game) [SEP] Sales

The game also became one of the best-selling Western-developed PS4 titles there, being surpassed only by "" and "Minecraft", and the best-selling Western-developed, Sony-funded title since 1998's "" for the PlayStation. "Spider-Man" had sold over 9 million physical and digital units worldwide by November 2018, increasing to 13.2 million copies by August 2019.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Yes. It became the fastest-selling first-party video game release in Sony's history

Question: who is the founder of the above mentioned creator?

Answer: Ted Price

Insomniac Games [SEP] Introduction

Insomniac Games, Inc. is an American video game developer based in Burbank, California. It was founded in 1994 by Ted Price as Xtreme Software, and was renamed Insomniac Games a year later. The company is most known for developing several early PlayStation mascots, Spyro the Dragon, Ratchet and Clank, as well as the "Resistance" franchise, 2014's "Sunset Overdrive" and 2018's "Spider-Man". In 2019, the studio was acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment, becoming a part of SIE Worldwide Studios. The company's first project was "Disruptor", for PlayStation, whose poor sales almost led to the company's bankruptcy. Insomniac's next project was "Spyro the Dragon", a successful video game that spawned two sequels within two years.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: who is the founder of the above mentioned creator?

Context: Ted Price

Question: was it acquired by any other company later?

Answer: Yes. By Sony

Explanation: During the 2019 Gamescom event in August, Sony announced that it was in "definitive agreements" to acquire Insomniac as one of its first-party developers. This would make Insomniac the 14th internal studio with Sony's SIE Worldwide Studios division. Sony's Shawn Layden stated they had been evaluating the option of acquiring Insomniac for some time, and the success of their "Spider-Man" game contributed significantly towards this end, demonstrating that Insomniac was an "impact maker" and a "style-setter". Layden believed that Insomniac's working relationship with Sony would not change significantly in the acquisition, leaving the studio in its own creative control, but would allow Insomniac to have closer access to other innovative technologies throughout SIE Worldwide Studios. The acquisition, for which Sony paid (equivalent to ), was completed on November 15, 2019.

Insomniac Games [SEP] Sony acquisition (2019–present)


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: was it acquired by any other company later?

Context: Yes. By Sony

Question: can you mention some of its early game creations?

Answer: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Insomniac Games [SEP] "Spyro the Dragon" (1996–2000)

At the same time, Alex Hastings began developing an engine that specialized in games with panoramic view, which is suitable for open world games. The engine allowed more gameplay features including the ability for the dragon to glide through air. "Spyro the Dragon" was released in late 1998. The game received critical acclaim upon launch and received awards from publications. Sales of the game were relatively low initially, but climbed after Christmas that year, and overall sales of the game exceeded two million. The team was expanded to 13 staff members. Because of "Spyro the Dragon"s success, the studio was requested to develop a sequel for it.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: can you mention some of its early game creations?

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Question: what is the game genre of the former one?

Answer: Platform game

Spyro the Dragon [SEP] Introduction

Spyro the Dragon is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation on September 9, 1998. The first game in the "Spyro" series, it stars the title character, a young purple dragon named Spyro, and his dragonfly friend, Sparx, who must journey across the Dragon Kingdom to defeat Gnasty Gnorc, who has overtaken the 5 dragon Homeworlds by trapping the other dragons in crystal and turning their hoard of gems into an army of minions. "Spyro the Dragon" is an open-ended 3D platformer, featuring large, sprawling levels in which the player must locate collectable items, among which are gemstones, crystallized dragons, and stolen dragon eggs.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: what is the game genre of the former one?

Context: Platform game

Question: which other companies are related to the above mentioned creator?

Answer: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Insomniac Games [SEP] Related companies

The company has a close relationship with video game developer Naughty Dog and they often share technology with each other. Some employees left Insomniac Games to form High Impact Games, which later collaborated with Insomniac on "Ratchet & Clank" projects and "". Nathan Fouts, an ex-Insomniac employee, founded his own studio and developed "Weapon of Choice". "HuniePop" was designed by Ryan Koons, who used to be an employee of Insomniac.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: Platform game

Context: which other companies are related to the above mentioned creator?

Context: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Question: do this former company also develops video game?

Answer: Yes. It is American first-party video game developer

Naughty Dog [SEP] Introduction

Naughty Dog, LLC (formerly JAM Software, Inc.) is an American first-party video game developer based in Santa Monica, California. Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer, the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001. Gavin and Rubin produced a sequence of progressively more successful games, including "Rings of Power" and "Way of the Warrior" in the early 1990s. The latter game prompted Universal Interactive Studios to sign the duo to a three-title contract and fund the expansion of the company. After designer and producer Mark Cerny convinced Naughty Dog to create a character-based platform game that would use the 3D capabilities of the new systems, Naughty Dog created "Crash Bandicoot" for the PlayStation in 1996.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: Platform game

Context: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Context: do this former company also develops video game?

Context: Yes. It is American first-party video game developer

Question: who owns it?

Answer: Sony Computer Entertainment

Explanation: Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer, the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001

Naughty Dog [SEP] Introduction


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: Platform game

Context: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Context: who owns it?

Context: Sony Computer Entertainment

Question: and what is the latter company about?

Answer: It was an American video game developer, formed by former members of Insomniac Games and Naughty Dog

High Impact Games [SEP] Introduction

High Impact Games was an American video game developer based in Burbank, California, formed in 2003 by former members of Insomniac Games and Naughty Dog. In 2007, the company released "" for the PlayStation Portable, with a PlayStation 2 port released the next year, and "Secret Agent Clank" in 2008, also for the PlayStation Portable. On November 3, 2009, the company released its third game, "", for the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2. The game was based on the "Jak & Daxter" series made by Naughty Dog. In 2010, High Impact Games was developing a remake of "Crash Team Racing" for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii, but the game was canceled by Activision before the prototype initial.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: Platform game

Context: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Context: who owns it?

Context: Sony Computer Entertainment

Context: and what is the latter company about?

Context: It was an American video game developer, formed by former members of Insomniac Games and Naughty Dog

Question: where is it based?

Answer: Burbank, California

Explanation: High Impact Games was an American video game developer based in Burbank, California,

High Impact Games [SEP] Introduction


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: Platform game

Context: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Context: who owns it?

Context: Sony Computer Entertainment

Context: and what is the latter company about?

Context: where is it based?

Context: Burbank, California

Question: regarding the game mentioned in the first question; was it honored/awarded?

Answer: It appeared on several lists of the top video games of 2018, including "Wired", "Time", "Push Square" and "Zero Punctuation"

Spider-Man (2018 video game) [SEP] Accolades and recognition

"Spider-Man" appeared on several lists of the top video games of 2018, including first place by "Wired", second place by "Time", third place by "Push Square" and "Zero Punctuation", fifth place by "EGM", ninth place by "Polygon", and tenth place by "The Daily Telegraph". Shacknews and "The Verge" named it "Game of the Year" and "Eurogamer" listed it as one of the top-30 games of the year. A poll of 128 Japanese game developers by "Famitsu" magazine named " Spider-Man" as their game of the year. In 2019, "GamesRadar+" listed it as the seventy-fifth best game of the decade.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: Platform game

Context: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Context: who owns it?

Context: Sony Computer Entertainment

Context: and what is the latter company about?

Context: where is it based?

Context: Burbank, California

Context: regarding the game mentioned in the first question; was it honored/awarded?

Context: It appeared on several lists of the top video games of 2018, including "Wired", "Time", "Push Square" and "Zero Punctuation"

Question: what is this last one that you mentioned?

Answer: A series of video game reviews

Zero Punctuation [SEP] Introduction

Zero Punctuation is a series of video game reviews created by British comedy writer and video game journalist Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw. Since the series began in 2007, over 600 episodes have been created, which have been published weekly by internet magazine "The Escapist". Episodes typically range from 5 to 6 minutes in length. Videos provide caustic humour, rapid-fire delivery, visual gags and critical insight into recently released video games, with occasional reviews of older games and retrospectives of the industry itself.


Context: Yuri Lowenthal

Context: who created this game?

Context: Insomniac Games

Context: which are the characters?

Context: who is behind its background audio?

Context: John Paesano

Context: was it a successful game?

Context: Ted Price

Context: Yes. By Sony

Context: Spyro the Dragon,  Ratchet & Clank

Context: Platform game

Context: Naughty Dog and High Impact Games

Context: who owns it?

Context: Sony Computer Entertainment

Context: and what is the latter company about?

Context: where is it based?

Context: Burbank, California

Context: what is this last one that you mentioned?

Context: A series of video game reviews

Question: does it follows any particular format?

Answer: A game is reviewed  in a highly critical manner using rapid-fire speech delivery accompanied by minimalistic cartoon imagery and animation on a distinctive yellow background, which illustrates what is being said or provides an ironic counterpoint to it

Zero Punctuation [SEP] Format

In "Zero Punctuation", Croshaw usually reviews a game in a highly critical manner using rapid-fire speech delivery accompanied by minimalistic cartoon imagery and animation on a distinctive yellow background, which illustrates what is being said or provides an ironic counterpoint to it. Subtle references or jokes may be inserted to the visuals for comic effect or to add additional context to the narration. His reviews are intended to be humorous with constant usage of puns, analogies, metaphors, and dark humour accompanied by liberal use of profanity. Croshaw usually substitutes the main character or himself with his own avatar, a cartoon man distinguished by a trilby, with other cartoon people in the same style representing the main characters in a video game, celebrities, video game programmers, or friends of Croshaw.


Question: when did new jersey change the drinking age to 21

Answer: 1846

Explanation: The first drinking age law in New Jersey was passed in 1846. It allowed the parents of a student under 21 to sue for up to $10 ($ in modern dollars) in damages against a tavern keeper or shopkeeper who supplied alcoholic beverages to their children. In 1880, a criminal statute was enacted, fining businesses that sold liquor to people under 18 if their parents had told the establishment not to sell to their child. The law was amended in 1888 to eliminate the parental consent provision, thus making it illegal in all cases for a tavern or liquor store to sell alcohol to person under 18. In 1908, the penalties were increased so that a tavern keeper who served a minor could be jailed. Upon the start of Prohibition, New Jersey repealed its laws regarding the sale of alcohol to minors since the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited almost all liquor sales.

Alcohol laws of New Jersey [SEP] History of New Jersey's drinking age


Context: when did new jersey change the drinking age to 21

Question: who did this change?

Answer: In 1985, the state made it illegal for an adult to give alcohol to a person under 21

At the same time, the penalties for underage drinking were increased to include a mandatory driver's license suspension. In 1985, the state made it illegal for an adult to give alcohol to a person under 21, with exception for religious services and parents serving alcohol to their own children at home or in a private area.


Context: who did this change?

Context: In 1985, the state made it illegal for an adult to give alcohol to a person under 21

Question: which are the dry cities of this state?

Answer: Some municipalities, particularly in South Jersey, are dry towns. There are 35 dry municipalities in New Jersey

Explanation:
Some municipalities, particularly in South Jersey, are dry towns where no alcohol can be legally served or sold. Some of them are dry because of their origins as Quaker, Methodist, or other Protestant religious communities. For example, the seaside resort town of Ocean City has been dry since it was founded in 1879 by four Methodist clergymen. In recent years, several municipalities have questioned whether they ought to remain dry. Dry towns frequently have public referendums on whether they should remain dry or allow liquor sales in order to attract new businesses and increase property tax revenue.

Dry towns in New Jersey cannot forbid the possession, consumption, or transportation of alcohol, but have the option to permit or prohibit BYOB at restaurants and social affair permits for non-profit organizations. In 2012, Ocean City residents rejected a proposal to allow restaurant patrons to bring their own wine or beer to unlicensed establishments. It is possible for a dry town to have

Alcohol laws of New Jersey [SEP] Dry towns


Context: who did this change?

Context: which are the dry cities of this state?

Context: Some municipalities, particularly in South Jersey, are dry towns. There are 35 dry municipalities in New Jersey

Question: which are the places where wine is produced?

Answer: New Jersey has 48 licensed and operating wineries

Alcohol laws of New Jersey [SEP] Wineries

For 50 years, New Jersey was limited by law to one winery license for every 1,000,000 state residents, which by 1980 effectively allowed for only seven wineries. The growth of the state's winery industry has been bolstered by the 1981 New Jersey Farm Winery Act, which repealed many Prohibition-era laws and allowed many small growers to open new wineries. , New Jersey has 48 licensed and operating wineries which produce wine from more than 90 varieties of grapes, and from over 25 other fruits. Many New Jersey wineries sell their products at festivals that are held annually throughout the state.


Context: who did this change?

Context: which are the dry cities of this state?

Context: which are the places where wine is produced?

Context: New Jersey has 48 licensed and operating wineries

Question: is there any fine or penalty charged against any breach of law?

Answer: A licensed business which serves alcohol to a person under age 21 may be fined or have their liquor license suspended or revoked; Violation of a municipal underage drinking statutes is a non-criminal offense, which has a fine of $250 for the first offense, and $350 for subsequent offenses.

Explanation:
The state underage drinking statute is a disorderly persons offense (misdemeanor), which upon conviction is punishable by up to 6 months in jail (rarely imposed), a $500–$1000 fine, and a mandatory 6-month suspension of the person's driver's license. The penalties are the same for using fake identification. Those who unlawfully serve alcohol to an underage person, entice an underage person to drink, knowingly permit underage drinking on their property, or bring alcohol onto a public school property face similar sanctions, except that their driver's license will not be suspended. A licensed business which serves alcohol to a person under age 21, even unintentionally, may be fined or have their liquor license suspended or revoked.

Violation of a municipal underage drinking statutes is a non-criminal offense, which has a fine of $250 for the first offense, and $350 for subsequent offenses. A person's driver's license can be suspended for a municipal underage drinking conviction, but usua

Alcohol laws of New Jersey [SEP] Penalties for underage drinking


Context: who did this change?

Context: which are the dry cities of this state?

Context: is there any fine or penalty charged against any breach of law?

Context: A licensed business which serves alcohol to a person under age 21 may be fined or have their liquor license suspended or revoked; Violation of a municipal underage drinking statutes is a non-criminal offense, which has a fine of $250 for the first offense, and $350 for subsequent offenses.

Question: what are the types of wineries?

Answer: pineapple wine, dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine

Explanation: (dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine, honey wine), so these specialty wineries tend to pop up where the other substances are grown. For example, a winery in Hawaii produces pineapple wine.

Winery [SEP] Types and locations

While some associate wineries with large winemaking regions such as Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley in California, the Barossa Valley in Australia or the legendary wine regions of France (Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne) and Italy, wineries can be found nearly everywhere. The east coast of the United States also has winemaking regions like New York's Finger Lakes region, Aquidneck Island, RI and Long Island, NY and Cape May, NJ. Wineries do not have to be located adjacent to vineyards; grapes can be shipped anywhere. In addition, people make wine out of other fruits and plants (dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine, honey wine), so these specialty wineries tend to pop up where the other substances are grown.


Context: who did this change?

Context: which are the dry cities of this state?

Context: what are the types of wineries?

Context: pineapple wine, dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine

Question: when ware wineries established?

Answer: 8,000 years ago.

Winery [SEP] Introduction

A winery is a building or property that produces wine, or a business involved in the production of wine, such as a . Some wine companies own many wineries. Besides wine making equipment, larger wineries may also feature warehouses, bottling lines, laboratories, and large expanses of tanks known as tank farms. Wineries may have existed as long as 8,000 years ago.


Context: who did this change?

Context: which are the dry cities of this state?

Context: what are the types of wineries?

Context: when ware wineries established?

Context: 8,000 years ago.

Question: who did it?

Answer: The remnants of an 8000-year-old facility for large-scale production was found 20 miles south of Tbilisi, Georgia.

Explanation: In 2017 the remnants of an 8000-year-old facility for large-scale production was found 20 miles south of Tbilisi, Georgia.

Winery [SEP] Ancient history


Context: who did this change?

Context: which are the dry cities of this state?

Context: what are the types of wineries?

Context: when ware wineries established?

Context: 8,000 years ago.

Context: who did it?

Context: The remnants of an 8000-year-old facility for large-scale production was found 20 miles south of Tbilisi, Georgia.

Question: is the former place the capital of the latter place you just now mentioned?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: Tbilisi ( ; ), in some countries also still known by its pre-1936 international designation, Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people

Tbilisi [SEP] Introduction

The city's location to this day ensures its position as an important transit route for energy and trade projects. Tbilisi's history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, neoclassical, Beaux Arts, Art Nouveau, Stalinist and the Modern structures. Historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of multiple cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though it is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox Christian. Its notable tourist destinations include cathedrals Sameba and Sioni, Freedom Square, Rustaveli Avenue and Agmashenebeli Avenue, medieval Narikala Fortress, the pseudo-Moorish Opera Theater, and the Georgian National Museum. The climate in Tbilisi mostly ranges from in the summer and in the winter.


Context: who did this change?

Context: which are the dry cities of this state?

Context: what are the types of wineries?

Context: when ware wineries established?

Context: 8,000 years ago.

Context: who did it?

Context: is the former place the capital of the latter place you just now mentioned?

Context: Yes

Question: how is the nightlife there?

Answer: Tbilisi has developed burgeoning nightclub culture which started to attract international media attention in the 2010s. The leading clubs such as Bassiani, Mtkvarze, Khidi, and Café Gallery have featured major international DJs as well as local performers.

Explanation: Beyond traditional attractions, Tbilisi has developed burgeoning nightclub culture which started to attract international media attention in the 2010s. The leading clubs such as Bassiani, Mtkvarze, Khidi, and Café Gallery have featured major international DJs as well as local performers.

Tbilisi [SEP] Nightlife


Question: who has a ring of power in lotr

Answer: Sauron.

Explanation: About 500 years into the Second Age, Sauron reappeared. He planned to take over Middle-earth and rule as a God-King. To seduce the Elves into his service, Sauron assumed a fair appearance as "Annatar," "Lord of Gifts", befriended the Elven-smiths of Eregion, led by Celebrimbor, and counselled them in arts and magic. With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power. He then secretly forged the One Ring, to rule all other rings, in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. The Elves detected his influence when he put on the One Ring, and removed their Rings. Enraged, Sauron initiated a great war and conquered much of the land west of Anduin. Sauron overran Eregion, killed Celebrimbor, and seized the Seven and the Nine Rings of Power.

Sauron [SEP] The Rings of Power in the Second Age


Context:
who has a ring of power in lotr
Sauron.

Question: who is he/she?

Answer: The title character and the main antagonist of "The Lord of the Rings".

Sauron [SEP] Introduction

Sauron (pronounced ) is the title character and the main antagonist, through the forging of the One Ring, of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", where he rules the land of Mordor and has the ambition of ruling the whole of Middle-earth. In the same work, he is identified as the "Necromancer" of Tolkien's earlier novel "The Hobbit". In "The Silmarillion", he is also described as the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord, Morgoth. Tolkien noted that the Ainur, the "angelic" powers of his constructed myth, "were capable of many degrees of error and failing", but by far the worst was "the absolute Satanic rebellion and evil of Morgoth and his satellite Sauron".


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: The title character and the main antagonist of "The Lord of the Rings".

Question: is it a series or a novel?

Answer: A novel in three volumes.

Explanation: For economic reasons, "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were titled "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King". Structurally, the work is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material at the end. Some editions print the entire work into a single volume, following the author's original intent.

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Introduction

From homely beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the quest mainly through the eyes of the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin. Although generally known to readers as a trilogy, the work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with "The Silmarillion", but this idea was dismissed by his publisher. For economic reasons, "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were titled "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King".


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Question: who is the author of this novel?

Answer: J. R. R. Tolkien.

The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the world at some distant time in the past, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book "The Hobbit", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, "The Lord of the Rings" is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title names the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth.


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Question: has it been adapted in any form?

Answer: It  has been adapted for film, radio, stage, and television.

Explanation: "The Lord of the Rings" has been adapted for film, radio, stage, and television.

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Adaptations


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: has it been adapted in any form?

Context: It  has been adapted for film, radio, stage, and television.

Question: which war was the main antagonist involved in?

Answer: War of the Last Alliance.

Explanation: Led by Elendil, nine ships carrying faithful Númenóreans were saved from the Downfall; they founded the kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor in Middle-earth. Sauron returned to Mordor; Mount Doom again erupted. Sauron captured Minas Ithil and destroyed the White Tree; Isildur escaped down the Anduin. Anárion defended Osgiliath and for a time drove Sauron's forces back to the mountains. Isildur and Anárion formed an alliance and defeated Sauron at Dagorlad. They invaded Mordor and laid siege to Barad-dûr for seven years. Sauron was killed by Gil-galad and Elendil, who perished in the act. When Elendil fell, his sword Narsil broke beneath him. Isildur took up the hilt-shard of Narsil and cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand, vanquishing Sauron. Elrond and Círdan, Gil-galad's lieutenants, urged Isildur to destroy the Ring by casting it into Mount Doom, but he refused and kept it for his own.

Sauron [SEP] War of the Last Alliance


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: has it been adapted in any form?

Context: which war was the main antagonist involved in?

Context: War of the Last Alliance.

Question: what was his role as a servant?

Answer: He served Aulë the Vala Smith, acquiring much knowledge.

Sauron [SEP] Servant of Aulë

Sauron served Aulë the Vala Smith, acquiring much knowledge; he was at first called "Mairon" (Quenya for "the Admirable") until he joined Melkor. In Beleriand, he was called in Sindarin "Gorthu" "Mist of Fear" and "Gorthaur" "The Cruel". Sauron was drawn to the power of Melkor, who attracted him by seeming to have power to "effect his designs quickly and masterfully", as Sauron hated disorder. Sauron became a spy for Melkor in Almaren. Melkor soon destroyed Almaren, and the Valar moved to the Uttermost West: the Blessed Realm of Valinor, still not perceiving Sauron's treachery. Sauron left the Blessed Realm and went to Middle-earth, the central continent of Arda, where Melkor had established his stronghold.


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: has it been adapted in any form?

Context: War of the Last Alliance.

Context: what was his role as a servant?

Context: He served Aulë the Vala Smith, acquiring much knowledge.

Question: has he also been the necromancer?

Answer: Yes., in the south of Mirkwood.

Sauron [SEP] The Necromancer of Dol Guldur

Sauron concealed himself in the south of Mirkwood as the Necromancer, in the stronghold of Dol Guldur, "Hill of Sorcery". The Valar sent five Maiar as Wizards to oppose the darkness, supposing it was a Nazgûl rather than Sauron himself. The chief of the Nazgûl, the Witch-king of Angmar, repeatedly attacked the northern realm of Arnor, destroying it. When attacked by Gondor, the Witch-king retreated to Mordor, gathering the Nazgûl there. The Nazgûl captured Minas Ithil, which was renamed Minas Morgul, and seized its "palantír", one of the seven seeing stones brought from Númenor. Sméagol's friend Déagol found the One Ring in the River Anduin, Sméagol, later known as Gollum, killed Déagol to get it, and was swiftly corrupted by it.


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: has it been adapted in any form?

Context: War of the Last Alliance.

Context: what was his role as a servant?

Context: has he also been the necromancer?

Context: Yes., in the south of Mirkwood.

Question: where is this place located?

Answer: It is a great dark fictional forest in novels by Sir Walter Scott and William Morris in the 19th century, and by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 20th century.

Mirkwood [SEP] Introduction

Mirkwood is a name used for a great dark fictional forest in novels by Sir Walter Scott and William Morris in the 19th century, and by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 20th century. The critic Tom Shippey explains that the name evoked the excitement of the wildness of Europe's ancient North. At least two distinct Middle-earth forests are named Mirkwood in Tolkien's legendarium. One is in the First Age, when the highlands of Dorthonion north of Beleriand became known as Mirkwood after falling under Morgoth's control. The more famous Mirkwood was in Wilderland, east of the river Anduin. It had acquired the name Mirkwood after it fell under the influence of the Necromancer; before that it had been known as Greenwood the Great.


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: has it been adapted in any form?

Context: War of the Last Alliance.

Context: what was his role as a servant?

Context: has he also been the necromancer?

Context: Yes., in the south of Mirkwood.

Context: where is this place located?

Context: It is a great dark fictional forest in novels by Sir Walter Scott and William Morris in the 19th century, and by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 20th century.

Question: who is the second person you just mentioned?

Answer: A British textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement.

Explanation: William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896) was a British textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement.

William Morris [SEP] Introduction

He founded the Socialist League in 1884 after an involvement in the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), but he broke with that organisation in 1890. In 1891, he founded the Kelmscott Press to publish limited-edition, illuminated-style print books, a cause to which he devoted his final years.


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: has it been adapted in any form?

Context: War of the Last Alliance.

Context: what was his role as a servant?

Context: has he also been the necromancer?

Context: Yes., in the south of Mirkwood.

Context: where is this place located?

Context: who is the second person you just mentioned?

Context: A British textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement.

Question: what are some of his notable collections/

Answer: Books, embroideries, tapestries, fabrics, wallpapers, drawings and sketches, furniture and stained glass.

William Morris [SEP] Notable collections and house museums

A number of galleries and museums house important collections of Morris's work and decorative items commissioned from Morris & Co. The William Morris Gallery in Walthamstow, England, is a public museum devoted to Morris's life, work and influence. The William Morris Society is based at Morris's final London home, Kelmscott House, Hammersmith, and is an international members society, museum and venue for lectures and other Morris-related events. The Art Gallery of South Australia is "fortunate in holding the most comprehensive collection of Morris & Co. furnishings outside Britain". The collection includes books, embroideries, tapestries, fabrics, wallpapers, drawings and sketches, furniture and stained glass, and forms the focus of two published works (produced to accompany special exhibitions).


Context: who has a ring of power in lotr

Context: Sauron.

Context: who is he/she?

Context: is it a series or a novel?

Context: A novel in three volumes.

Context: who is the author of this novel?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: has it been adapted in any form?

Context: War of the Last Alliance.

Context: what was his role as a servant?

Context: has he also been the necromancer?

Context: Yes., in the south of Mirkwood.

Context: where is this place located?

Context: what are some of his notable collections/

Context: Books, embroideries, tapestries, fabrics, wallpapers, drawings and sketches, furniture and stained glass.

Question: what was the role of the author of the aforementioned novel in the wwii?

Answer: In January 1939, he was asked whether he would be prepared to serve in the cryptographic department of the Foreign Office in the event of national emergency. He replied in the affirmative and, beginning on 27 March, took an instructional course at the London HQ of the Government Code and Cypher School.

J. R. R. Tolkien [SEP] Second World War

In the run-up to the Second World War, Tolkien was earmarked as a codebreaker. In January 1939, he was asked whether he would be prepared to serve in the cryptographic department of the Foreign Office in the event of national emergency. He replied in the affirmative and, beginning on 27 March, took an instructional course at the London HQ of the Government Code and Cypher School. A record of his training was found which included the notation "keen" next to his name, although Tolkien scholar Anders Stenström suggested that "In all likelihood, that is not a record of Tolkien's interest, but a note about how to pronounce the name." He was informed in October that his services would not be required.


Question: when did the flash first appear on arrow

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Flash vs. Arrow [SEP] Introduction

"Flash vs. Arrow" is the inaugural Arrowverse crossover event, broadcast on The CW, featuring episodes of the Arrowverse television series "The Flash" and "Arrow". The event began on December 2, 2014, with "The Flash" episode "Flash vs. Arrow" and concluded the next day with the "Arrow" episode "The Brave and The Bold". The crossover sees Team Flash (Barry Allen / Flash, Caitlin Snow, and Cisco Ramon) helping Team Arrow (Oliver Queen / Arrow, Felicity Smoak, and John Diggle) take on the boomerang-wielding villain Captain Boomerang, while Team Arrow helps Team Flash confront the metahuman Roy Bivolo. A crossover between the two series was announced in July 2014, after Barry Allen had been introduced in "Arrow"s second season ahead of the debut of "The Flash".


Context: when did the flash first appear on arrow

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the premise of the above mentioned show?

Answer: A crossover between the two series was announced in July 2014, after Barry Allen had been introduced in "Arrow"s second season ahead of the debut of "The Flash"

Explanation: A crossover between the two series was announced in July 2014, after Barry Allen had been introduced in "Arrow"s second season ahead of the debut of "The Flash"

Flash vs. Arrow [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the premise of the above mentioned show?

Context: A crossover between the two series was announced in July 2014, after Barry Allen had been introduced in "Arrow"s second season ahead of the debut of "The Flash"

Question: who is the this aforementioned character that appears on the show?

Answer: He is an American superhero television series.

The Flash (2014 TV series) [SEP] Introduction

The Flash is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, airing on The CW. It is based on the Barry Allen incarnation of DC Comics character the Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. It is a spin-off from "Arrow", existing in the same fictional universe known as Arrowverse. The series follows Barry Allen, portrayed by Grant Gustin, a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed, which he uses to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. Initially envisioned as a backdoor pilot, the positive reception Gustin received during two appearances as Barry on "Arrow" led to executives choosing to develop a full pilot to make use of a larger budget and help flesh out Barry's world in more detail.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the this aforementioned character that appears on the show?

Context: He is an American superhero television series.

Question: what are the superpowers of this character?

Answer: He has the power to move at superhuman speeds.

Explanation: It is based on the Barry Allen incarnation of DC Comics character the Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the superpowers of this character?

Context: He has the power to move at superhuman speeds.

Question: and which comic universe does it belong to?

Answer: DC Comics

Explanation: . It is based on the Barry Allen incarnation of DC Comics character the Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds.


Question: where does the term killer whale come from

Answer: The genus name "Orcinus" means "of the kingdom of the dead", or "belonging to Orcus".

Killer whale [SEP] Common names

Although the term "orca" is increasingly used, English-speaking scientists most often use the traditional name "killer whale". The genus name "Orcinus" means "of the kingdom of the dead", or "belonging to Orcus". Ancient Romans originally used "orca" (pl. "orcae") for these animals, possibly borrowing Ancient Greek ("óryx"), which referred (among other things) to a whale species. Since the 1960s, "orca" has steadily grown in common use. As part of the family Delphinidae, the species is more closely related to other oceanic dolphins than to other whales. They are sometimes referred to as "blackfish", a name also used for other whale species.