Context: who is the first god in god of war

Context: which mythologies are used in the game?

Context: Greek mythology and Norse mythology

Context: PlayStation 2 (PS2) video game console

Context: which company owns the gaming console?

Context: Sony Computer Entertainment

Context: No, but adapted as a documentary

Context: name of the documentary?

Context: "God of War: Unearthing the Legend"

Context: who directed it?

Context: Hosted by Peter Weller

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Stevens Point, Wisconsin

Peter Weller [SEP] Early life

Weller was born June 24, 1947, in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, the son of Dorothy Jean (née Davidson), a homemaker, and Frederick Bradford Weller, a lawyer, federal judge, and career helicopter pilot for the United States Army. Weller had a "middle-class Catholic" upbringing. As a result of his father's army work, Weller spent many years abroad during his childhood. His family lived in Germany for several years before eventually moving to Texas, where he attended Alamo Heights High School in San Antonio, graduating in 1965.


Context: who is the first god in god of war

Context: Ares, who was killed by Kratos to become the new God of War

Context: which mythologies are used in the game?

Context: Greek mythology and Norse mythology

Context: on which gaming console was its first game in its series was released?

Context: PlayStation 2 (PS2) video game console

Context: which company owns the gaming console?

Context: Sony Computer Entertainment

Context: what kind of criticism did the gaming console receive?

Context: It is the best-selling video game console of all time; even with the release of PlayStation 3, the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation, and continued to be produced until 2013

Context: did the aforementioned game franchise was adapted as a film?

Context: No, but adapted as a documentary

Context: name of the documentary?

Context: "God of War: Unearthing the Legend"

Context: who directed it?

Context: Hosted by Peter Weller

Context: where was he born?

Context: Stevens Point, Wisconsin

Question: name a few works where he has been voice acting?

Answer: Two-parts of "The Dark Knight Returns", video game "Wilson's Heart", etc, are some of them

Explanation: Weller voiced the character of Bruce Wayne / Batman in the two-part 2012–13 of "The Dark Knight Returns", and the titular character in the video game "Wilson's Heart". He returned to voice RoboCop in a series of commercials for KFC in 2019 and "Mortal Kombat 11".

Peter Weller [SEP] Voice acting


Question: why does xenon have a high boiling point

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Xenon [SEP] Introduction

Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts. Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized. Xenon is used in flash lamps and arc lamps, and as a general anesthetic. The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule (Xe) as the lasing medium, and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps. Xenon is used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles and as the propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft.


Context: why does xenon have a high boiling point

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what kind of a substance is it?

Answer: It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.

Explanation: Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.

Xenon [SEP] Introduction

Naturally occurring xenon consists of seven stable isotopes and two long-lived radioactive isotopes. More than 40 unstable xenon isotopes undergo radioactive decay, and the isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System. Radioactive xenon-135 is produced by beta decay from iodine-135 (a product of nuclear fission), and is the most significant (and unwanted) neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.

Question: by whom was it discovered?

Answer: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Xenon [SEP] History

Xenon was discovered in England by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers in September 1898, shortly after their discovery of the elements krypton and neon. They found xenon in the residue left over from evaporating components of liquid air. Ramsay suggested the name "xenon" for this gas from the Greek word ξένον "xénon", neuter singular form of ξένος "xénos", meaning 'foreign(er)', 'strange(r)', or 'guest'. In 1902, Ramsay estimated the proportion of xenon in the Earth's atmosphere to be one part in 20 million. During the 1930s, American engineer Harold Edgerton began exploring strobe light technology for high speed photography.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Question: where does it occur?

Answer: In Earth's atmosphere

Xenon [SEP] Occurrence and production

Xenon is a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere, occurring at (parts per billion), or approximately 1 part per 11.5 million. It is also found as a component of gases emitted from some mineral springs. Xenon is obtained commercially as a by-product of the separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen. After this separation, generally performed by fractional distillation in a double-column plant, the liquid oxygen produced will contain small quantities of krypton and xenon. By additional fractional distillation, the liquid oxygen may be enriched to contain 0.1–0.2% of a krypton/xenon mixture, which is extracted either by absorption onto silica gel or by distillation.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Question: how is it produced?

Answer: By fractional distillation

Explanation: Xenon is obtained commercially as a by-product of the separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen. After this separation, generally performed by fractional distillation in a double-column plant, the liquid oxygen produced will contain small quantities of krypton and xenon. By additional fractional distillation, the liquid oxygen may be enriched to contain 0.1–0.2% of a krypton/xenon mixture, which is extracted either by absorption onto silica gel or by distillation. Finally, the krypton/xenon mixture may be separated into krypton and xenon by further distillation.

Xenon [SEP] Occurrence and production


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Question: is it used in sports?

Answer: Yes - Inhaling a xenon/oxygen mixture is known to increase red blood cell production and athletic performance. However, the World Anti Doping Agency added xenon to the list of prohibited substances

Explanation: Inhaling a xenon/oxygen mixture activates production of the transcription factor HIF-1-alpha, which may lead to increased production of erythropoietin. The latter hormone is known to increase red blood cell production and athletic performance. Reportedly, doping with xenon inhalation has been used in Russia since 2004 and perhaps earlier. On August 31, 2014, the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) added xenon (and argon) to the list of prohibited substances and methods, although no reliable doping tests for these gases have yet been developed. In addition, effects of xenon on erythropoietin production in humans have not been demonstrated, so far.

Xenon [SEP] Sports doping


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: Yes - Inhaling a xenon/oxygen mixture is known to increase red blood cell production and athletic performance. However, the World Anti Doping Agency added xenon to the list of prohibited substances

Question: and any medical uses?

Answer: General anesthetic and as a Neuroprotectant

Explanation:
Xenon has been used as a general anesthetic, but it is more expensive than conventional anesthetics.

Xenon interacts with many different receptors and ion channels, and like many theoretically multi-modal inhalation anesthetics, these interactions are likely complementary. Xenon is a high-affinity glycine-site NMDA receptor antagonist. However, xenon is different from certain other NMDA receptor antagonists in that it is not neurotoxic and it inhibits the neurotoxicity of ketamine and nitrous oxide, while actually producing neuroprotective effects. Unlike ketamine and nitrous oxide, xenon does not stimulate a dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens.

Like nitrous oxide and cyclopropane, xenon activates the two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1. A related channel TASK-3 also implicated in the actions of inhalation anesthetics is insensitive to xenon. Xenon inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine αβ receptors which contribute to spinally mediated analgesia. Xenon is an effective inhibitor

Xenon [SEP] Anesthesia


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: General anesthetic and as a Neuroprotectant

Question: what safety measures need to be taken for this gas?

Answer: Xenon gas can be safely kept in normal sealed glass or metal containers at standard temperature and pressure. Xenon is non-toxic but it causes mild to full surgical anesthesia when inhaled in high concentrations with oxygen; many oxygen–xenon compounds are toxic, they are also explosive

Explanation:
Because they are strongly oxidative, many oxygen–xenon compounds are toxic; they are also explosive (highly exothermic), breaking down to elemental xenon and diatomic oxygen (O) with much stronger chemical bonds than the xenon compounds.

Xenon gas can be safely kept in normal sealed glass or metal containers at standard temperature and pressure. However, it readily dissolves in most plastics and rubber, and will gradually escape from a container sealed with such materials. Xenon is non-toxic, although it does dissolve in blood and belongs to a select group of substances that penetrate the blood–brain barrier, causing mild to full surgical anesthesia when inhaled in high concentrations with oxygen.

Xenon [SEP] Precautions

The speed of sound in xenon gas (169 m/s) is less than that in air because the average velocity of the heavy xenon atoms is less than that of nitrogen and oxygen molecules in air. Hence, xenon vibrates more slowly in the vocal cords when exhaled and produces lowered voice tones (low-frequency-enhanced sounds, but the fundamental frequency or pitch doesn't change), an effect opposite to the high-toned voice produced in helium. Specifically, when the vocal tract is filled with xenon gas, its natural resonant frequency becomes lower than when it's filled with air. Thus, the low frequencies of the sound wave produced by the same direct vibration of the vocal cords would be enhanced, resulting in a change of the timbre of the sound amplified by the vocal tract.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: what safety measures need to be taken for this gas?

Context: Xenon gas can be safely kept in normal sealed glass or metal containers at standard temperature and pressure. Xenon is non-toxic but it causes mild to full surgical anesthesia when inhaled in high concentrations with oxygen; many oxygen–xenon compounds are toxic, they are also explosive

Question: can you tell me a bit more about the former discoverer of this gas?

Answer: A Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases.

William Ramsay [SEP] Introduction

Sir William Ramsay (; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" along with his collaborator, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for their discovery of argon. After the two men identified argon, Ramsay investigated other atmospheric gases. His work in isolating argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon led to the development of a new section of the periodic table.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: can you tell me a bit more about the former discoverer of this gas?

Context: A Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Glasgow, Scotland

William Ramsay [SEP] Early years

Ramsay was born at 2 Clifton Street in Glasgow on 2 October 1852, the son of civil engineer and surveyor, William C. Ramsay, and his wife, Catherine Robertson. The family lived at 2 Clifton Street in the city centre, a three-storey and basement Georgian townhouse. The family moved to 1 Oakvale Place in the Hillhead district in his youth. He was a nephew of the geologist Sir Andrew Ramsay. He was educated at Glasgow Academy and then apprenticed to Robert Napier, shipbuilder in Govan. However, he instead decided to study Chemistry at the University of Glasgow, matriculating in 1866 and graduating 1869.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Glasgow, Scotland

Question: was he a part of any institution?

Answer: Yes - University College London (UCL) as the chair of Chemistry

Explanation: In 1887 he succeeded Alexander Williamson as the chair of Chemistry at University College London (UCL). It was here at UCL that red post celebrated discoveries were made. As early as 1885–1890 he published several notable papers on the oxides of nitrogen, developing the skills that he needed for his subsequent work.

William Ramsay [SEP] Career

In August Ramsay told Rayleigh he had isolated a new, heavy component of air, which did not appear to have any chemical reactivity. He named this inert gas "argon", from the Greek word meaning "lazy". In the following years, working with Morris Travers, he discovered neon, krypton, and xenon. He also isolated helium, which had only been observed in the spectrum of the sun, and had not previously been found on earth. In 1910 he isolated and characterised radon. During 1893–blue Ramsay collaborated with Emily Aston, a British chemist, in experiments on mineral analysis and atomic weight determination. Their work included publications on the molecular surface energies of mixtures of non-associating liquids.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Glasgow, Scotland

Context: was he a part of any institution?

Context: Yes - University College London (UCL) as the chair of Chemistry

Question: what is the logo of this college?

Answer: UCL exclusively uses its logo

University College London [SEP] Logo, arms and colours

Whereas most universities primarily use their logo on mundane documents but their coat of arms on official documents such as degree certificates, UCL exclusively uses its logo. The present logo was adopted as part of a rebranding exercise in August 2005. Prior to that date, a different logo was used, in which the letters UCL were incorporated into a stylised representation of the Wilkins Building portico. UCL formerly made some use of a pseudo-heraldic "coat of arms" depicting a raised bent arm dressed in armour holding a green upturned open wreath. A version of this badge (not on a shield) appears to have been used by UCL Union from shortly after its foundation in 1893.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Glasgow, Scotland

Context: was he a part of any institution?

Context: what is the logo of this college?

Context: UCL exclusively uses its logo

Question: are they secular?

Answer: Yes - it would enable students of different Christian traditions to study alongside each other without conflict. A "quiet contemplation room" also allows prayer for staff and students of all faiths.

Explanation: From its foundation the college was deliberately secular; the initial justification for this was that it would enable students of different Christian traditions (specifically Roman Catholics, Anglicans and Protestants) to study alongside each other without conflict. UCL has retained this strict secular position and, unlike most other UK universities, has no specific religious prayer rooms. There is, however, a Christian chaplain (who also serves as interfaith advisor) and there is no restriction on religious groups among students. A "quiet contemplation room" also allows prayer for staff and students of all faiths.

University College London [SEP] Secularism


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Glasgow, Scotland

Context: was he a part of any institution?

Context: what is the logo of this college?

Context: UCL exclusively uses its logo

Context: are they secular?

Context: Yes - it would enable students of different Christian traditions to study alongside each other without conflict. A "quiet contemplation room" also allows prayer for staff and students of all faiths.

Question: is there a museum as well?

Answer: Yes - Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy

University College London [SEP] Introduction

UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL operates several museums and collections in a wide range of fields, including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing. In 2017/18, UCL had around 41,500 students and 15,100 staff (including around 7,100 academic staff and 840 professors) and had a total group income of £1.45 billion, of which £476.3 million was from research grants and contracts. UCL is a member of numerous academic organisations, including the Russell Group and the League of European Research Universities, and is part of UCL Partners, the world's largest academic health science centre, and the "golden triangle" of research-intensive English universities.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of a substance is it?

Context: by whom was it discovered?

Context: William Ramsay, Morris Travers

Context: where does it occur?

Context: In Earth's atmosphere

Context: how is it produced?

Context: By fractional distillation

Context: is it used in sports?

Context: and any medical uses?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Glasgow, Scotland

Context: was he a part of any institution?

Context: what is the logo of this college?

Context: UCL exclusively uses its logo

Context: are they secular?

Context: is there a museum as well?

Context: Yes - Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy

Question: what items are displayed here?

Answer: In Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology you will find the earliest pieces of linen from Egypt (about 5000 BC),  two lions from the temple of Min at Koptos. At Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy you will find a rare quagga skeleton, thylacine specimens, dodo bones.

Explanation: The collection contains some significant 'firsts': one of the earliest pieces of linen from Egypt (about 5000 BC); two lions from the temple of Min at Koptos, from the first group of monumental sculpture (about 3000 BC, these are located in the main UCL building); a fragment from the first kinglist or calendar (about 2900 BC); the earliest example of metal from Egypt, the first worked iron beads; the earliest example of glazing; the earliest 'cylinder seal' in Egypt (about 3500 BC); the oldest wills on papyrus paper; the oldest gynaecological papyrus; the only veterinary papyrus from ancient Egypt; and the largest architectural drawing, showing a shrine (about 1300 BC).

Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology [SEP] Notable holdings


Question: when did hurricane isis strike?

Answer: It struck in the year 1998.

Hurricane Isis (1998) [SEP] Introduction

Hurricane Isis was the only hurricane to make landfall during the 1998 Pacific hurricane season. The ninth tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the season, Isis developed on September 1 from an interaction between a tropical wave and a large surface circulation to the southwest of Mexico. It moved northward, striking the extreme southeastern portion of the Baja California peninsula before attaining hurricane status in the Gulf of California. Isis made landfall at Topolobampo in the Mexican state of Sinaloa on September 3, and quickly lost its low-level circulation. The remnants persisted for several days before dissipating over the U.S.


Context:
when did hurricane isis strike?
It struck in the year 1998.

Question: where?

Answer: Southwest of Mexico

Explanation: southwest of Mexico


Context:
when did hurricane isis strike?
It struck in the year 1998.
where?
Southwest of Mexico

Question: what kind of storm is it?

Answer: Tropical storm

Explanation: tropical storm


Context:
when did hurricane isis strike?
It struck in the year 1998.
where?
Southwest of Mexico
what kind of storm is it?
Tropical storm

Question: what were its aftereffects?

Answer: Destroyed over 700 houses, killed 14 people, damaged roads and railways, caused traffic accidents and power outages.

state of Idaho on September 8. In Mexico, Isis destroyed over 700 houses and killed 14 people; this is primarily due to its heavy rainfall which peaked at over 20 inches (500 mm) in southern Baja California Sur. The rainfall caused widespread damage to roads and railways, stranding thousands of people. Moisture from the remnants of Isis extended into the southwestern United States, resulting in light rainfall, dozens of traffic accidents, and power outages to thousands of residents in San Diego County, California.


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: Destroyed over 700 houses, killed 14 people, damaged roads and railways, caused traffic accidents and power outages.

Question: how is us related to it?

Answer: The remnants of Isis caused rainfall across some states in the U.S resulting in flash floods on roadways.

Explanation: The remnants persisted for several days before dissipating over the U.S. state of Idaho


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: how is us related to it?

Context: The remnants of Isis caused rainfall across some states in the U.S resulting in flash floods on roadways.

Question: the place where the storm was struck; of which war was it a witness during 1810 to 21?

Answer: War of Independence

Explanation: War of Independence

Mexico [SEP] War of Independence (1810–1821)

Chief among the Filipino-Mexican soldiers was General Isidoro Montes de Oca who defeated Royalist armies 3 times his force's size. Then, the Criollo Royalist, Agustin Iturbide, instead of attacking Vicente Guerrero, approached Guerrero to join forces as he was impressed with his tenacity despite fighting larger odds, and on 24 August 1821 representatives of the Spanish Crown and Iturbide signed the "Treaty of Córdoba" and the "Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire", which recognized the independence of Mexico under the terms of the "Plan of Iguala". Mexico's short recovery after the War of Independence was soon cut short again by the civil wars, foreign invasion and occupation, and institutional instability of the mid-19th century, which lasted until the government of Porfirio Díaz reestablished conditions that paved the way for economic growth.


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: how is us related to it?

Context: the place where the storm was struck; of which war was it a witness during 1810 to 21?

Context: War of Independence

Question: what was it about?

Answer: It was a war against Spain.

Explanation: against Spain

Mexico [SEP] Introduction

Mexico became an independent nation state after the successful Mexican War of Independence against Spain in 1821. The War of Texas Independence in 1836 and the Mexican–American War led to huge territorial losses in Mexico's sparsely populated north, contiguous to the United States. The newly instituted reforms that granted protection to indigenous communities, and curtailed the power of the military and the church, were enshrined in the Constitution of 1857. This triggered the War of the Reform and French intervention. Maximilian Habsburg was installed as emperor by France and Benito Juárez kept an opposing republican government in exile. The following decades were marked by instability and dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, who sought to modernize Mexico and restore order.


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: how is us related to it?

Context: War of Independence

Context: what was it about?

Context: It was a war against Spain.

Question: which indigenous civilization used to reside here?

Answer: Mesoamerican culture

Explanation: Mesoamerican culture

Mexico [SEP] Indigenous civilizations

The earliest human artifacts in Mexico are chips of stone tools found near campfire remains in the Valley of Mexico and radiocarbon-dated to circa 10,000 years ago. Mexico is the site of the domestication of maize, tomato, and beans, which produced an agricultural surplus. This enabled the transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC. In the subsequent formative eras, maize cultivation and cultural traits such as a mythological and religious complex, and a vigesimal (base 20) numeric system, were diffused from the Mexican cultures to the rest of the Mesoamerican culture area. In this period, villages became more dense in terms of population, becoming socially stratified with an artisan class, and developing into chiefdoms.


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: how is us related to it?

Context: War of Independence

Context: what was it about?

Context: It was a war against Spain.

Context: which indigenous civilization used to reside here?

Context: Mesoamerican culture

Question: name some of its tourist spots?

Answer: Resort town of Cancún, ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Ha, Acapulco on the Pacific coast etc

Explanation: resort town of Cancún,

Mexico [SEP] Tourism

On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the resort town of Cancún, especially among university students during spring break. Just offshore is the beach island of Isla Mujeres, and to the east is the Isla Holbox. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called Riviera Maya which includes the beach town of Playa del Carmen and the ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Há. A day trip to the south of Cancún is the historic port of Tulum. In addition to its beaches, the town of Tulum is notable for its cliff-side Mayan ruins.


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: how is us related to it?

Context: War of Independence

Context: what was it about?

Context: It was a war against Spain.

Context: Mesoamerican culture

Context: name some of its tourist spots?

Context: Resort town of Cancún, ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Ha, Acapulco on the Pacific coast etc

Question: is there any archaeological site present in the first place?

Answer: Yes, Maya archaeological sites

Explanation: small Mayan vestiges

Cancún [SEP] Maya archaeological sites

There are some small Mayan vestiges of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization in Cancún. El Rey (Las Ruinas del Rey) is located in the Hotel Zone. El Meco, a more substantial site, is found on the mainland just outside the city limits on the road north to Punta Sam. Close by in the Riviera Maya and the Grand Costa Maya, there are sites such as Cobá and Muyil (Riviera) the small Polé (now Xcaret), and Kohunlich, Kinichná, Dzibanché, Oxtankah, Tulum, and Chacchoben, in the south of the state. Chichén Itzá is in the neighboring state of Yucatán.


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: how is us related to it?

Context: War of Independence

Context: what was it about?

Context: It was a war against Spain.

Context: Mesoamerican culture

Context: name some of its tourist spots?

Context: is there any archaeological site present in the first place?

Context: Yes, Maya archaeological sites

Question: is this place prone to the above kind of storm?

Answer: Yes, it  lasts from May to December

Cancún [SEP] Tropical storms and hurricanes

The tropical storm season lasts from May to December, the rainy season extends into January with peak precipitation in October. February to early May tend to be drier with only occasional scattered showers. Cancún is located in one of the main Caribbean hurricane impact areas. Although large hurricanes are rare, they have struck near to Cancún in recent years, Hurricane Wilma in 2005 being the largest. Hurricane Gilbert made a devastating direct hit on Cancún in September 1988 and the tourist hotels needed to be rebuilt. In both cases, federal, state and municipal authorities were well prepared to deal with most of the effects on tourists and local residents.


Context: when did hurricane isis strike?

Context: It struck in the year 1998.

Context: where?

Context: Southwest of Mexico

Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: Tropical storm

Context: what were its aftereffects?

Context: how is us related to it?

Context: War of Independence

Context: what was it about?

Context: It was a war against Spain.

Context: Mesoamerican culture

Context: name some of its tourist spots?

Context: Yes, Maya archaeological sites

Context: is this place prone to the above kind of storm?

Context: Yes, it  lasts from May to December

Question: is the above mentioned culture has any type of sacrificial concept?

Answer: Their sacrifice is divided into two types: autosacrifice and human sacrifice and it was done to appease the gods.

Mesoamerica [SEP] Sacrifice

Generally, sacrifice can be divided into two types: autosacrifice and human sacrifice. The different forms of sacrifice are reflected in the imagery used to evoke ideological structure and sociocultural organization in Mesoamerica. In the Maya area, for example, stele depict bloodletting rituals performed by ruling elites, eagles and jaguars devouring human hearts, jade circles or necklaces that represented hearts, and plants and flowers that symbolized both nature and the blood that provided life. Imagery also showed pleas for rain or pleas for blood, with the same intention to replenish the divine energy. Ritual sacrifice was done in efforts to appease the gods, and was done with the purpose of protection of the population.


Question: please tell me more about the siege of godesberg?

Answer: It was the first major siege of the Cologne War.

Siege of Godesberg [SEP] Introduction

The Siege of Godesberg, 18 November – 17 December 1583, was the first major siege of the Cologne War (1583–1589). Seeking to wrest control of an important fortification, Bavarian and mercenary soldiers surrounded the Godesberg, and the village then of the same name, now Bad Godesberg, located at its foot. On top of the mountain sat a formidable fortress, similarly named Godesburg, built in the early 13th century during a contest over the election of two competing archbishops. Towering over the Rhine valley, the Godesburg's strategic position commanded the roads leading to and from Bonn, the Elector of Cologne's capital city, and Cologne, the region's economic powerhouse.


Context: please tell me more about the siege of godesberg?

Context: It was the first major siege of the Cologne War.

Question: who fought in it?

Answer: It was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions.

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction

The Cologne War (1583–88) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany. The war occurred within the context of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation, and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion. Also called the Seneschal's War or the Seneschal Upheaval and occasionally the Sewer War, the conflict tested the principle of ecclesiastical reservation, which had been included in the religious Peace of Augsburg (1555). This principle excluded, or "reserved", the ecclesiastical territories of the Holy Roman Empire from the application of "cuius regio, eius religio", or "whose rule, his religion", as the primary means of determining the religion of a territory.


Context: who fought in it?

Context: It was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions.

Question: when was it?

Answer: 1583–88

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction


Context: who fought in it?

Context: when was it?

Question: where was it?

Answer: Bavarian and mercenary soldiers surrounded the Godesberg, and the village then of the same name, now Bad Godesberg, located at its foot.

Explanation: Bavarian and mercenary soldiers surrounded the Godesberg, and the village then of the same name, now Bad Godesberg, located at its foot

Siege of Godesberg [SEP] Introduction


Context: who fought in it?

Context: when was it?

Context: where was it?

Context: Bavarian and mercenary soldiers surrounded the Godesberg, and the village then of the same name, now Bad Godesberg, located at its foot.

Question: was this siege part of a war?

Answer: Yes, it was the first major siege of the Cologne War.

Siege of Godesberg [SEP] Introduction


Context: who fought in it?

Context: when was it?

Context: where was it?

Context: was this siege part of a war?

Context: Yes, it was the first major siege of the Cologne War.

Question: please tell me more about the war?

Answer: The war occurred within the context of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation, and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion.

Explanation: The war occurred within the context of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation, and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion.

Cologne War [SEP] Introduction


Question: when was the last time an english monarch vetoed an act of parliament

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Royal assent [SEP] Introduction

Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature (either directly, or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf). In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in others that is a separate step. Under a modern constitutional monarchy royal assent is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still, in theory, permit the Monarch to withhold assent to laws (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the Monarch almost never does so, except in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government.


Context: when was the last time an english monarch vetoed an act of parliament

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is this topic about?

Answer: Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature.

Explanation: Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature (either directly, or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf). In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in others that is a separate step. Under a modern constitutional monarchy royal assent is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still, in theory, permit the Monarch to withhold assent to laws (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the Monarch almost never does so, except in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to veto a law by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs, such an occurrence has been very rare since the eighteenth century.

Royal assent [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature.

Question: which country does it belong to ?

Answer: In those nations which still, in theory, permit the Monarch to withhold assent to laws such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein.

Explanation: in those nations which still, in theory, permit the Monarch to withhold assent to laws (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the Monarch almost never does so, except in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to veto a law by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs, such an occurrence has been very rare since the eighteenth century.

Royal assent [SEP] Introduction

While the power to veto a law by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs, such an occurrence has been very rare since the eighteenth century. Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the Sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster for this purpose. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general (as the Monarch's representative) merely signs a bill.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: In those nations which still, in theory, permit the Monarch to withhold assent to laws such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein.

Question: how is it decided upon?

Answer: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Explanation:
. Under a modern constitutional monarchy royal assent is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still, in theory, permit the Monarch to withhold assent to laws (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the Monarch almost never does so, except in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to veto a law by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs, such an occurrence has been very rare since the eighteenth century.

Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the Sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster for this purpose. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general (as the Monarch's

Royal assent [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Question: who hold the power to decide this?

Answer: Monarchy and constitution, monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name

Explanation: A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. Constitutional monarchy differs from absolute monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power) in that constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, Sweden and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less personal discretion in the exercise of their authority.

Constitutional monarchy [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Context: who hold the power to decide this?

Context: Monarchy and constitution, monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name

Question: to which era does this date back to?

Answer: The Bronze Age, ancient times of the Hittites.

Constitutional monarchy [SEP] History

The oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the Hittites. They were an ancient Anatolian people that lived during the Bronze Age whose king or queen had to share their authority with an assembly, called the "Panku", which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative assembly or a legislature. Members of the "Panku" came from scattered noble families who worked as representatives of their subjects in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Context: who hold the power to decide this?

Context: to which era does this date back to?

Context: The Bronze Age, ancient times of the Hittites.

Question: what does this age signify ?

Answer: It is a historical period that was characterized by the use of bronze, in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.

Bronze Age [SEP] Introduction

The Bronze Age is a historical period that was characterized by the use of bronze, in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies. An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere. Bronze itself is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time, allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Context: who hold the power to decide this?

Context: to which era does this date back to?

Context: what does this age signify ?

Context: It is a historical period that was characterized by the use of bronze, in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.

Question: which part of the world does the first mentioned country above belong to ?

Answer: United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the European mainland.

Explanation: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK or U.K.) or Britain, is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland. Otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is .

United Kingdom [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Context: who hold the power to decide this?

Context: to which era does this date back to?

Context: what does this age signify ?

Context: which part of the world does the first mentioned country above belong to ?

Context: United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the European mainland.

Question: what is the original language of this place?

Answer: English.

Explanation: The UK's "de facto" official language is English. It is estimated that 95 per cent of the UK's population are monolingual English speakers. 5.5 per cent of the population are estimated to speak languages brought to the UK as a result of relatively recent immigration. South Asian languages, including Punjabi, Hindi, Bengali and Gujarati, are the largest grouping and are spoken by 2.7 per cent of the UK population. According to the 2011 census, Polish has become the second-largest language spoken in England and has 546,000 speakers. In 2019, some three quarters of a million people spoke little or no English.

United Kingdom [SEP] Languages


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Context: who hold the power to decide this?

Context: to which era does this date back to?

Context: what does this age signify ?

Context: what is the original language of this place?

Context: English.

Question: where is the second mentioned country above located?

Answer: It is a Nordic country in Northern Europe whose mainland territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Norway [SEP] Introduction

Norway (; ; ; ; ), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe whose mainland territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula; Mainland Norway and the remote island of Jan Mayen as well as the archipelago of Svalbard form Metropolitan Norway. Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of the Kingdom of Norway. Norway also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. Norway has a total area of and a population of 5,312,300 (as of August 2018). The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden (1,619 km or 1,006 mi long).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Context: who hold the power to decide this?

Context: to which era does this date back to?

Context: what does this age signify ?

Context: English.

Context: where is the second mentioned country above located?

Context: It is a Nordic country in Northern Europe whose mainland territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Question: what is the weather like in this country?

Answer: Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus, many of which also exhibit the tundra/alpine/polar climate (ET).

Explanation: Parts of southeastern Norway including parts of Mjøsa have warm-summer humid continental climates (Köppen Dfb), while the more southern and western coasts are mostly of the oceanic climate (Cfb). Further inland in southeastern and northern Norway, the subarctic climate (Dfc) dominates; this is especially true for areas in the rain shadow of the Scandinavian Mountains. Some of the inner valleys of Oppland get so little precipitation annually, thanks to the rain shadow effect, that they meet the requirements for dry-summer subarctic climates (Dsc). In higher altitudes, close to the coasts of southern and western Norway, one can find the rare subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc). This climate is also common in Northern Norway, usually in lower altitudes, all the way down to sea level. A small part of the northernmost coast of Norway has the tundra/alpine/polar climate (ET). Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus, many of which also exhibit the tundra/alpine/p

Norway [SEP] Climate

The southern and western parts of Norway, fully exposed to Atlantic storm fronts, experience more precipitation and have milder winters than the eastern and far northern parts. Areas to the east of the coastal mountains are in a rain shadow, and have lower rain and snow totals than the west. The lowlands around Oslo have the warmest and sunniest summers, but also cold weather and snow in wintertime.Because of Norway's high latitude, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. From late May to late July, the sun never completely descends beneath the horizon in areas north of the Arctic Circle (hence Norway's description as the "Land of the Midnight sun"), and the rest of the country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this topic about?

Context: which country does it belong to ?

Context: how is it decided upon?

Context: By modern constitutional monarchy.

Context: who hold the power to decide this?

Context: to which era does this date back to?

Context: what does this age signify ?

Context: English.

Context: what is the weather like in this country?

Context: Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus, many of which also exhibit the tundra/alpine/polar climate (ET).

Question: name a few places of interest here?

Answer: Landscapes of Arctic Circle, Oslo, Ålesund, Bergen, Stavanger, Trondheim, Kristiansand and Tromsø.

Explanation: The main attractions of Norway are the varied landscapes that extend across the Arctic Circle. It is famous for its fjord-indented coastline and its mountains, ski resorts, lakes and woods. Popular tourist destinations in Norway include Oslo, Ålesund, Bergen, Stavanger, Trondheim, Kristiansand and Tromsø. Much of the nature of Norway remains unspoiled, and thus attracts numerous hikers and skiers. The fjords, mountains and waterfalls in Western and Northern Norway attract several hundred thousand foreign tourists each year. In the cities, cultural idiosyncrasies such as the Holmenkollen ski jump attract many visitors, as do landmarks such as Bergen's Bryggen and Oslo's Vigeland Sculpture Park.

Norway [SEP] Tourism

As of 2008, Norway ranks 17th in the World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report. Tourism in Norway contributed to 4.2% of the gross domestic product as reported in 2016. Every one in fifteen people throughout the country work in the tourism industry. Tourism is seasonal in Norway, with more than half of total tourists visiting between the months of May and August. The main attractions of Norway are the varied landscapes that extend across the Arctic Circle. It is famous for its fjord-indented coastline and its mountains, ski resorts, lakes and woods. Popular tourist destinations in Norway include Oslo, Ålesund, Bergen, Stavanger, Trondheim, Kristiansand and Tromsø.


Question: the roman empire reached its greatest extent during the

Answer: During the reign of Trajan

Roman Empire [SEP] Introduction

The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ("Roman Peace"). Rome reached its greatest territorial expanse during the reign of Trajan (98–117 AD). A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus (177–192). In the 3rd century the Empire underwent a crisis that threatened its existence, as the Gallic Empire and Palmyrene Empire broke away from the Roman state, and a series of short-lived emperors, often from the legions, led the empire. The empire was reunified under Aurelian (). In an effort to stabilize it, Diocletian set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West in 286.


Context: the roman empire reached its greatest extent during the

Context: During the reign of Trajan

Question: what is this empire?

Answer: It was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome.

Roman Empire [SEP] Introduction

The Roman Empire ( ; ) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia ruled by emperors. From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century, it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and the city of Rome as sole capital (27 BC – 286 AD). After the military crisis, the empire was ruled by multiple emperors who shared rule over the Western Roman Empire (based in Milan and later in Ravenna) and over the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; centred on Nicomedia and Antioch, later based in Constantinople).


Context: During the reign of Trajan

Context: what is this empire?

Context: It was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome.

Question: who was the first ruler of this empire?

Answer: Caesar Augustus

Explanation: The Roman Empire ( ; ) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia ruled by emperors. From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century, it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and the city of Rome as sole capital (27 BC – 286 AD).

Roman Empire [SEP] Introduction


Context: During the reign of Trajan

Context: what is this empire?

Context: who was the first ruler of this empire?

Context: Caesar Augustus

Question: what languages were spoken here?

Answer: Latin and koine Greek

Explanation: The language of the Romans was Latin, which Virgil emphasizes as a source of Roman unity and tradition. Until the time of Alexander Severus (reigned 222–235), the birth certificates and wills of Roman citizens had to be written in Latin. Latin was the language of the law courts in the West and of the military throughout the Empire, but was not imposed officially on peoples brought under Roman rule. This policy contrasts with that of Alexander the Great, who aimed to impose Greek throughout his empire as the official language. As a consequence of Alexander's conquests, koine Greek had become the shared language around the eastern Mediterranean and into Asia Minor.

Roman Empire [SEP] Languages

Suetonius quotes him as referring to "our two languages". In the Eastern empire, laws and official documents were regularly translated into Greek from Latin. The everyday interpenetration of the two languages is indicated by bilingual inscriptions, which sometimes even switch back and forth between Greek and Latin. After all freeborn inhabitants of the empire were universally enfranchised in 212 AD, a great number of Roman citizens would have lacked Latin, though Latin remained a marker of "Romanness." Among other reforms, the emperor Diocletian (reigned 284–305) sought to renew the authority of Latin, and the Greek expression "hē kratousa dialektos" attests to the continuing status of Latin as "the language of power." In the early 6th century, the emperor Justinian engaged in a quixotic effort to reassert the status of Latin as the language of law, even though in his time Latin no longer held any currency as a living language in the East.


Context: During the reign of Trajan

Context: what is this empire?

Context: who was the first ruler of this empire?

Context: Caesar Augustus

Context: what languages were spoken here?

Context: Latin and koine Greek

Question: were there also some local languages spoken here?

Answer: Yes, Punic, Gaulish, and Aramaic.

Roman Empire [SEP] Local languages and linguistic legacy

References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages other than Greek and Latin, particularly in Egypt, where Coptic predominated, and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube. Roman jurists also show a concern for local languages such as Punic, Gaulish, and Aramaic in assuring the correct understanding and application of laws and oaths. In the province of Africa, Libyco-Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions and for legends on coins during the time of Tiberius (1st century AD). Libyco-Berber and Punic inscriptions appear on public buildings into the 2nd century, some bilingual with Latin. In Syria, Palmyrene soldiers even used their dialect of Aramaic for inscriptions, in a striking exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military.


Context: During the reign of Trajan

Context: what is this empire?

Context: who was the first ruler of this empire?

Context: Caesar Augustus

Context: what languages were spoken here?

Context: Latin and koine Greek

Context: were there also some local languages spoken here?

Context: Yes, Punic, Gaulish, and Aramaic.

Question: is there any myth associated with ancient rome?

Answer: According to the founding myth of Rome, the city was founded on 21 April 753 BC on the banks of the river Tiber in central Italy, by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus.

Explanation: According to the founding myth of Rome, the city was founded on 21 April 753 BC on the banks of the river Tiber in central Italy, by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, who descended from the Trojan prince Aeneas, and who were grandsons of the Latin King Numitor of Alba Longa.

Ancient Rome [SEP] Founding myth

Not long after they landed, the men wanted to take to the sea again, but the women who were traveling with them did not want to leave. One woman, named Roma, suggested that the women burn the ships out at sea to prevent their leaving. At first, the men were angry with Roma, but they soon realized that they were in the ideal place to settle. They named the settlement after the woman who torched their ships.


Context: During the reign of Trajan

Context: what is this empire?

Context: who was the first ruler of this empire?

Context: Caesar Augustus

Context: what languages were spoken here?

Context: Latin and koine Greek

Context: Yes, Punic, Gaulish, and Aramaic.

Context: is there any myth associated with ancient rome?

Context: According to the founding myth of Rome, the city was founded on 21 April 753 BC on the banks of the river Tiber in central Italy, by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus.

Question: did any war take place during this time?

Answer: Yes, Punic War

Explanation: The First Punic War began in 264 BC, when the city of Messana asked for Carthage's help in their conflicts with Hiero II of Syracuse.

Ancient Rome [SEP] Punic Wars

Rome entered this war because Syracuse and Messana were too close to the newly conquered Greek cities of Southern Italy and Carthage was now able to make an offensive through Roman territory; along with this, Rome could extend its domain over Sicily. Although the Romans had experience in land battles, defeating this new enemy required naval battles. Carthage was a maritime power, and the Roman lack of ships and naval experience made the path to the victory a long and difficult one for the Roman Republic. Despite this, after more than 20 years of war, Rome defeated Carthage and a peace treaty was signed.


Context: During the reign of Trajan

Context: what is this empire?

Context: who was the first ruler of this empire?

Context: Caesar Augustus

Context: what languages were spoken here?

Context: Latin and koine Greek

Context: Yes, Punic, Gaulish, and Aramaic.

Context: did any war take place during this time?

Context: Yes, Punic War

Question: what kind of religion was practiced?

Answer: Archaic Roman religion

Ancient Rome [SEP] Religion

Archaic Roman religion, at least concerning the gods, was made up not of written narratives, but rather of complex interrelations between gods and humans. Unlike in Greek mythology, the gods were not personified, but were vaguely defined sacred spirits called "numina". Romans also believed that every person, place or thing had its own "genius", or divine soul. During the Roman Republic, Roman religion was organized under a strict system of priestly offices, which were held by men of senatorial rank. The College of Pontifices was uppermost body in this hierarchy, and its chief priest, the "Pontifex Maximus", was the head of the state religion.


Context: During the reign of Trajan

Context: what is this empire?

Context: who was the first ruler of this empire?

Context: Caesar Augustus

Context: what languages were spoken here?

Context: Latin and koine Greek

Context: Yes, Punic, Gaulish, and Aramaic.

Context: Yes, Punic War

Context: what kind of religion was practiced?

Context: Archaic Roman religion

Question: and what kind of art was appreciated then?

Answer: It showed Greek influences and surviving examples are primarily frescoes used to adorn the walls and ceilings of country villas.

Ancient Rome [SEP] Art, music and literature

Roman painting styles show Greek influences, and surviving examples are primarily frescoes used to adorn the walls and ceilings of country villas, though Roman literature includes mentions of paintings on wood, ivory, and other materials. Several examples of Roman painting have been found at Pompeii, and from these art historians divide the history of Roman painting into four periods. The first style of Roman painting was practiced from the early 2nd century BC to the early- or mid-1st century BC. It was mainly composed of imitations of marble and masonry, though sometimes including depictions of mythological characters. The second style of Roman painting began during the early 1st century BC, and attempted to depict realistically three-dimensional architectural features and landscapes.


Question: who is the scientist after whom einsteinium is named

Answer: Albert Einstein.

Explanation: Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein.

Einsteinium [SEP] Introduction

The high radioactivity of einsteinium-253 produces a visible glow and rapidly damages its crystalline metal lattice, with released heat of about 1000 watts per gram. Difficulty in studying its properties is due to einsteinium-253's decay to berkelium-249 and then californium-249 at a rate of about 3% per day. The isotope of einsteinium with the longest half-life, einsteinium-252 (half-life 471.7 days) would be more suitable for investigation of physical properties, but it has proven far more difficult to produce and is available only in minute quantities, and not in bulk. Einsteinium is the element with the highest atomic number which has been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form, and this was the common short-lived isotope einsteinium-253.


Context: who is the scientist after whom einsteinium is named

Context: Albert Einstein.

Question: when was he born?

Answer: 14 March 1879.

Explanation: Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.

Albert Einstein [SEP] Introduction

The son of a salesman who later operated an electrochemical factory, Einstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895 and renounced his German citizenship in 1896. Specializing in physics and mathematics, he received his academic teaching diploma from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School () in Zürich in 1900. The following year, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for his entire life. After initially struggling to find work, from 1902 to 1909 he was employed as a patent examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field.


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Question: where did he study?

Answer: Catholic elementary school in Munich, Luitpold Gymnasium in Pavia.

Explanation: In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company lost a bid to supply the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital to convert their equipment from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient alternating current (AC) standard. The loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein, then 15, stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought was lost in strict rote learning. At the end of December 1894, he traveled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investi

Albert Einstein [SEP] Early life and education

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879. His parents were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded "Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie", a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current. The Einsteins were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich, from the age of 5, for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left the German Empire seven years later.


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: Catholic elementary school in Munich, Luitpold Gymnasium in Pavia.

Question: has he published any paper related to science?

Answer: He published "Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena", "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions" also on  photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy.

Explanation:
In 1900, Einstein's paper "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen" ("Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena") was published in the journal "Annalen der Physik". On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as "pro-forma" advisor. As a result, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zürich, with his dissertation "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions".

Also in 1905, which has been called Einstein's "annus mirabilis" (amazing year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.

Albert Einstein [SEP] First scientific papers


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: has he published any paper related to science?

Context: He published "Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena", "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions" also on  photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy.

Question: did he like music?

Answer: Yes, He discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart and studied music.

Explanation: When he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart, whereupon he became enamored of Mozart's compositions and studied music more willingly. Einstein taught himself to play without "ever practicing systematically". He said that "love is a better teacher than a sense of duty." At age 17, he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau while playing Beethoven's violin sonatas. The examiner stated afterward that his playing was "remarkable and revealing of 'great insight'". What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein "displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student."

Albert Einstein [SEP] Love of music

Einstein developed an appreciation for music at an early age. In his late journals he wrote: "If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music... I get most joy in life out of music." His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into German culture. According to conductor Leon Botstein, Einstein began playing when he was 5.


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: Yes, He discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart and studied music.

Question: did he win any award?

Answer: Yes, Nobel Prize in Physics, Alfred Nobel to name a few.

Albert Einstein [SEP] Awards and honors

Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel, so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: did he win any award?

Context: Yes, Nobel Prize in Physics, Alfred Nobel to name a few.

Question: which of his works earned him this?

Answer: For his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

Explanation: Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel, so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.

Albert Einstein [SEP] Awards and honors


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: did he win any award?

Context: which of his works earned him this?

Context: For his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

Question: what does the last mentioned  term mean?

Answer: The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material.

Photoelectric effect [SEP] Introduction

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, and solid state and quantum chemistry to draw inferences about the properties of atoms, molecules and solids. The effect has found use in electronic devices specialized for light detection and precisely timed electron emission. In classical electromagnetic theory, the photoelectric effect would be attributed to the transfer of energy from the continuous light waves to an electron. An alteration in the intensity of light would change the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, and sufficiently dim light would result in the emission delayed by the time it would take the electrons to accumulate enough energy to leave the material.


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: did he win any award?

Context: which of his works earned him this?

Context: what does the last mentioned  term mean?

Context: The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material.

Question: does it have any application?

Answer: The effect has found use in electronic devices specialized for light detection and precisely timed electron emission.

Explanation:
 The effect has found use in electronic devices specialized for light detection and precisely timed electron emission.

In classical electromagnetic theory, the photoelectric effect would be attributed to the transfer of energy from the continuous light waves to an electron. An alteration in the intensity of light would change the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, and sufficiently dim light would result in the emission delayed by the time it would take the electrons to accumulate enough energy to leave the material. The experimental results, however, disagree with both predictions. Instead, they show that electrons are dislodged only when the light exceeds a threshold frequency. Below that threshold, no electrons are emitted from the material, regardless of the light intensity or the length of time of exposure to the light. Because a low-frequency beam at a high intensity could not build up the energy required to produce photoelectrons like it would have if light's energy was co

Photoelectric effect [SEP] Introduction


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: did he win any award?

Context: which of his works earned him this?

Context: does it have any application?

Context: The effect has found use in electronic devices specialized for light detection and precisely timed electron emission.

Question: did he collaborate with any other scientist?

Answer: Yes,  Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann to name a few.

Explanation: In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.

Albert Einstein [SEP] Collaboration with other scientists


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: did he win any award?

Context: which of his works earned him this?

Context: does it have any application?

Context: did he collaborate with any other scientist?

Context: Yes,  Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann to name a few.

Question: who was the first one?

Answer: He was a Polish physicist.

Explanation: Leopold Infeld (20 August 1898 – 15 January 1968) was a Polish physicist who worked mainly in Poland and Canada (1938–1950). He was a Rockefeller fellow at Cambridge University (1933–1934) and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Leopold Infeld [SEP] Introduction


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: did he win any award?

Context: which of his works earned him this?

Context: does it have any application?

Context: who was the first one?

Context: He was a Polish physicist.

Question: what were his famous works?

Answer: He was interested in the theory of relativity. He wrote the book The Evolution of Physics.

Explanation:
Infeld was interested in the theory of relativity. He was awarded a doctorate at the Jagiellonian University(1921), worked as an assistant and a docent at the University of Lwów(1930–1933) and then as a professor at the University of Toronto between 1939 and 1950. He collaborated with Albert Einstein at Princeton University(1936–1938). The two scientists jointly formulated the equation describing star movements as well as concurrently writing the book The Evolution of Physics.

After the first use of nuclear weapons in 1945, Infeld, like Einstein, became a peace activist. Because of his activities, he was unjustly accused of having communist sympathies. In 1950 he left Canada and returned to communist Poland. He felt he had an obligation to help science in Poland recover from the ravages of the Second World War. He served as President of the Polish Physical Society between 1955 and 1957. In the staunchly anti-communist climate of the time, many in the Canadian government and media fear

Leopold Infeld [SEP] Work


Context: Albert Einstein.

Context: when was he born?

Context: 14 March 1879.

Context: where did he study?

Context: did he like music?

Context: did he win any award?

Context: which of his works earned him this?

Context: does it have any application?

Context: who was the first one?

Context: He was a Polish physicist.

Context: what were his famous works?

Context: He was interested in the theory of relativity. He wrote the book The Evolution of Physics.

Question: what does this book discuss?

Answer: Its the text to defend the utility of field theories amid the advances of quantum mechanics.

The Evolution of Physics [SEP] Book's point of view

In the book, Albert Einstein pushed his realist approach to physics in defiance of much of quantum mechanics. Belief in an “objective reality,” the book argued, had led to great scientific advances throughout the ages, thus proving that it was a useful concept even if not provable. “Without the belief that it is possible to grasp reality with our theoretical constructions, without the belief in the inner harmony of our world, there could be no science,” the book declared. “This belief is and always will remain the fundamental motive for all scientific creation.” In addition, Einstein used the text to defend the utility of field theories amid the advances of quantum mechanics.


Question: what action was taken on the 13th of january, 1797.

Answer: A minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany

Action of 13 January 1797 [SEP] Introduction

The Action of 13 January 1797 was a minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany during the French Revolutionary Wars. During the action the frigates outmanoeuvred the much larger French vessel and drove it onto shore in heavy seas, resulting in the deaths of between 400 and 1,000 of the 1,300 persons aboard. One of the British frigates was also lost in the engagement with six sailors drowned after running onto a sandbank while failing to escape a lee shore. The French 74-gun ship "Droits de l'Homme" had been part of the "Expédition d'Irlande", an unsuccessful attempt by a French expeditionary force to invade Ireland.


Context: what action was taken on the 13th of january, 1797.

Context: A minor naval battle fought between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany

Question: who won this battle?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who won this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: was it part of a larger war?

Answer: Yes, French Revolutionary Wars.


Context: who won this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was it part of a larger war?

Context: Yes, French Revolutionary Wars.

Question: were any of the ships wrecked?

Answer: One of the British frigates drowned.

Explanation: One of the British frigates was also lost in the engagement with six sailors drowned after running onto a sandbank while failing to escape a lee shore.


Context: who won this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was it part of a larger war?

Context: Yes, French Revolutionary Wars.

Context: were any of the ships wrecked?

Context: One of the British frigates drowned.

Question: do you know the name of it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who won this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was it part of a larger war?

Context: Yes, French Revolutionary Wars.

Context: were any of the ships wrecked?

Context: One of the British frigates drowned.

Context: do you know the name of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when did the before mentioned war start?

Answer: 1792

French Revolutionary Wars [SEP] Introduction

The French Revolutionary Wars () were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had conquered a wide array of territories, from the Italian Peninsula and the Low Countries in Europe to the Louisiana Territory in North America.


Context: who won this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was it part of a larger war?

Context: Yes, French Revolutionary Wars.

Context: were any of the ships wrecked?

Context: One of the British frigates drowned.

Context: do you know the name of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the before mentioned war start?

Question: why was it fought?

Answer: It resulted from the French Revolution.

Explanation: The French Revolutionary Wars () were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution.


Context: who won this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was it part of a larger war?

Context: Yes, French Revolutionary Wars.

Context: were any of the ships wrecked?

Context: One of the British frigates drowned.

Context: do you know the name of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was it fought?

Context: It resulted from the French Revolution.

Question: why was it fought?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who won this battle?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was it part of a larger war?

Context: Yes, French Revolutionary Wars.

Context: were any of the ships wrecked?

Context: One of the British frigates drowned.

Context: do you know the name of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was it fought?

Context: It resulted from the French Revolution.

Context: why was it fought?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who were some of the prominent leaders?

Answer: King Louis XVI and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Explanation: As early as 1791, the other monarchies of Europe looked with outrage at the revolution and its upheavals; and they considered whether they should intervene, either in support of King Louis XVI,

A hitherto unknown general named Napoleon Bonaparte began his first campaign in Italy in April 1796. In less than a year, French armies under Napoleon decimated the Habsburg forces and evicted them from the Italian peninsula, winning almost every battle and capturing 150,000 prisoners. With French forces marching towards Vienna, the Austrians sued for peace and agreed to the Treaty of Campo Formio, ending the First Coalition against the Republic.


Question: which of the following is essential for a trait to be an adaptation

Answer: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Explanation: Thirdly, it is a phenotypic trait or adaptive trait, with a functional role in each individual organism, that is maintained and has evolved through natural selection.

Adaptation [SEP] Introduction

Adaptation is related to biological fitness, which governs the rate of evolution as measured by change in gene frequencies. Often, two or more species co-adapt and co-evolve as they develop adaptations that interlock with those of the other species, such as with flowering plants and pollinating insects. In mimicry, species evolve to resemble other species; in Müllerian mimicry this is a mutually beneficial co-evolution as each of a group of strongly defended species (such as wasps able to sting) come to advertise their defences in the same way. Features evolved for one purpose may be co-opted for a different one, as when the insulating feathers of dinosaurs were co-opted for bird flight.


Context: which of the following is essential for a trait to be an adaptation

Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Question: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Answer: n biology, adaptation has three related meanings; Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness, Secondly, it is a state reached by the population during that process, Thirdly, it is a phenotypic trait or adaptive trait, with a functional role in each individual organism

Adaptation [SEP] Introduction

In biology, adaptation has three related meanings. Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness. Secondly, it is a state reached by the population during that process. Thirdly, it is a phenotypic trait or adaptive trait, with a functional role in each individual organism, that is maintained and has evolved through natural selection. Historically, adaptation has been described from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Aristotle. In 18th and 19th century natural theology, adaptation was taken as evidence for the existence of a deity. Charles Darwin proposed instead that it was explained by natural selection.


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: n biology, adaptation has three related meanings; Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness, Secondly, it is a state reached by the population during that process, Thirdly, it is a phenotypic trait or adaptive trait, with a functional role in each individual organism

Question: what does the first trait mean?

Answer: A phenotypic trait is an obvious, observable, and measurable trait; it is the expression of genes in an observable way.

Phenotypic trait [SEP] Definition

A phenotypic trait is an obvious, observable, and measurable trait; it is the expression of genes in an observable way. An example of a phenotypic trait is a specific hair color. Underlying genes, which make up the genotype, determine the hair color, but the hair color observed is the phenotype. The phenotype is dependent on the genetic make-up of the organism, and also influenced by the environmental conditions to which the organism is subjected across its ontogenetic development, including various epigenetic processes. Regardless of the degree of influence of genotype versus environment, the phenotype encompasses all of the characteristics of an organism, including traits at multiple levels of biological organization, ranging from behavior and evolutionary history of life traits (e.g., litter size), through morphology (e.g., body height and composition), physiology (e.g., blood pressure), cellular characteristics (e.g., membrane lipid composition, mitochondrial densities), components of biochemical pathways, and even messenger RNA.


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: what does the first trait mean?

Context: A phenotypic trait is an obvious, observable, and measurable trait; it is the expression of genes in an observable way.

Question: what philosophical issues did it face?

Answer: Adaptation raises philosophical issues concerning how biologists speak of function and purpose, as this carries implications of evolutionary history – that a feature evolved by natural selection for a specific reason – and potentially of supernatural intervention – that features and organisms exist because of a deity's conscious intentions.

Adaptation [SEP] Philosophical issues

Adaptation raises philosophical issues concerning how biologists speak of function and purpose, as this carries implications of evolutionary history – that a feature evolved by natural selection for a specific reason – and potentially of supernatural intervention – that features and organisms exist because of a deity's conscious intentions. In his biology, Aristotle introduced teleology to describe the adaptedness of organisms, but without accepting the supernatural intention built into Plato's thinking, which Aristotle rejected. Modern biologists continue to face the same difficulty. On the one hand, adaptation is obviously purposeful: natural selection chooses what works and eliminates what does not.


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: what does the first trait mean?

Context: what philosophical issues did it face?

Context: Adaptation raises philosophical issues concerning how biologists speak of function and purpose, as this carries implications of evolutionary history – that a feature evolved by natural selection for a specific reason – and potentially of supernatural intervention – that features and organisms exist because of a deity's conscious intentions.

Question: what is its origin?

Answer: Historically, adaptation has been described from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Aristotle

Explanation: Historically, adaptation has been described from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Aristotle

Adaptation [SEP] Introduction


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: what does the first trait mean?

Context: what philosophical issues did it face?

Context: what is its origin?

Context: Historically, adaptation has been described from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Aristotle

Question: who is the philosopher latter mentioned?

Answer: A Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece.

Explanation: Aristotle (; "Aristotélēs", ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece.

Aristotle [SEP] Introduction

Little is known about his life. Aristotle was born in the city of Stagira in Northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls.


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: what does the first trait mean?

Context: what philosophical issues did it face?

Context: what is its origin?

Context: who is the philosopher latter mentioned?

Context: A Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece.

Question: what is his opinion about dreams?

Answer: He claimed that dreams are not foretelling and not sent by a divine being.

Aristotle [SEP] Dreams

This leads the person to believe the dream is real, even when the dreams are absurd in nature. In "De Anima" iii 3, Aristotle ascribes the ability to create, to store, and to recall images in the absence of perception to the faculty of imagination, "phantasia". One component of Aristotle's theory of dreams disagrees with previously held beliefs. He claimed that dreams are not foretelling and not sent by a divine being. Aristotle reasoned naturalistically that instances in which dreams do resemble future events are simply coincidences. Aristotle claimed that a dream is first established by the fact that the person is asleep when they experience it.


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: what does the first trait mean?

Context: what philosophical issues did it face?

Context: what is its origin?

Context: what is his opinion about dreams?

Context: He claimed that dreams are not foretelling and not sent by a divine being.

Question: what are his views on women?

Answer: Aristotle's analysis of procreation describes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive female element.

Aristotle [SEP] Views on women

Aristotle's analysis of procreation describes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive female element. On this ground, proponents of feminist metaphysics have accused Aristotle of misogyny and sexism. However, Aristotle gave equal weight to women's happiness as he did to men's, and commented in his "Rhetoric" that the things that lead to happiness need to be in women as well as men.


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: what does the first trait mean?

Context: what philosophical issues did it face?

Context: what is its origin?

Context: what is his opinion about dreams?

Context: what are his views on women?

Context: Aristotle's analysis of procreation describes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive female element.

Question: what 5 elements does he discuss about?

Answer: Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire

Aristotle [SEP] Five elements

In his "On Generation and Corruption", Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire, to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry. In the Empedoclean scheme, all matter was made of the four elements, in differing proportions. Aristotle's scheme added the heavenly Aether, the divine substance of the heavenly spheres, stars and planets.


Context: Phenotypic trait or adaptive trait

Context: what does the term adaptation refer to?

Context: what does the first trait mean?

Context: what philosophical issues did it face?

Context: what is its origin?

Context: what is his opinion about dreams?

Context: what are his views on women?

Context: what 5 elements does he discuss about?

Context: Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire

Question: what does this second philosopher say about love and strife?

Answer: According to Burnet: "Empedokles sometimes gave an efficient power to Love and Strife, and sometimes put them on a level with the other four. The fragments leave no room for doubt that they were thought of as spatial and corporeal. ... Love is said to be "equal in length and breadth"

Empedocles [SEP] Love and Strife

Love and Strife are attractive and repulsive forces, respectively, which are plainly observable in human behavior, but also pervade the universe. The two forces wax and wane in their dominance, but neither force ever wholly escapes the imposition of the other. According to Burnet: "Empedokles sometimes gave an efficient power to Love and Strife, and sometimes put them on a level with the other four. The fragments leave no room for doubt that they were thought of as spatial and corporeal. ... Love is said to be "equal in length and breadth" to the others, and Strife is described as equal to each of them in weight (fr.