Context: It  coalesced around 3100BC

Context: who ruled ancient egypt?

Context: what was the title given to them?

Context: Pharaoh

Context: what were their laws?

Context: what kind of crops did they grow?

Context: name a few of their natural resources

Context: how was their society administered?

Context: did they practice trade?

Context: Yes - they established trade with Nubia to obtain gold and incense. They also established trade with Palestine, as evidenced by Palestinian-style oil jugs found in the burials of the First Dynasty pharaohs.

Question: describe in brief their daily lives

Answer: Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members. They valued hygiene and appearance.

Explanation:
Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members, and were constructed of mudbrick designed to remain cool in the heat of the day. Each home had a kitchen with an open roof, which contained a grindstone for milling grain and a small oven for baking the bread. Ceramics served as household wares for the storage, preparation, transport, and consumption of food, drink, and raw materials. Walls were painted white and could be covered with dyed linen wall hangings. Floors were covered with reed mats, while wooden stools, beds raised from the floor and individual tables comprised the furniture.

The ancient Egyptians placed a great value on hygiene and appearance. Most bathed in the Nile and used a pasty soap made from animal fat and chalk. Men shaved their entire bodies for cleanliness; perfumes and aromatic ointments covered bad odors and soothed skin. Clothing was made from simple linen sheets that were bleached white, and b

Ancient Egypt [SEP] Daily life


Context: when did the ancient egyptian civilization start and end

Context: It  coalesced around 3100BC

Context: who ruled ancient egypt?

Context: Menpehtyre Ramesses I, Merneptah, Seti I and Ramesses II are some of them

Context: what was the title given to them?

Context: Pharaoh

Context: what relation does this place have to ptolemy?

Context: The Ptolemaic Kingdom was an ancient Hellenistic state based in Egypt. It was founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter

Context: what kind of social system did they have?

Context: Egyptian society was highly stratified, and social status was expressly displayed. Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers. Scribes and officials formed the upper class. The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women equal under the law.

Context: what were their laws?

Context: Punishment for minor crimes involved either imposition of fines, beatings, facial mutilation, or exile. Murder and tomb robbery were punished by execution, carried out by decapitation, drowning, or impaling the criminal on a stake

Context: what kind of crops did they grow?

Context: Emmer, barley, Flax plants, leeks, garlic etc

Context: name a few of their natural resources

Context: Copper, lead ores, gold, semiprecious stones.

Context: how was their society administered?

Context: By the Pharaoh, the king, vizier, nomarchs

Context: did they practice trade?

Context: describe in brief their daily lives

Context: Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members. They valued hygiene and appearance.

Question: what kind of armies did they have?

Answer: The ancient Egyptian military was responsible for defending Egypt against foreign invasion, and for maintaining Egypt's domination in the ancient Near East. The military protected mining expeditions to the Sinai during the Old Kingdom and fought civil wars during the First and Second Intermediate Periods.

Explanation: The ancient Egyptian military was responsible for defending Egypt against foreign invasion, and for maintaining Egypt's domination in the ancient Near East. The military protected mining expeditions to the Sinai during the Old Kingdom and fought civil wars during the First and Second Intermediate Periods. The military was responsible for maintaining fortifications along important trade routes, such as those found at the city of Buhen on the way to Nubia. Forts also were constructed to serve as military bases, such as the fortress at Sile, which was a base of operations for expeditions to the Levant. In the New Kingdom, a series of pharaohs used the standing Egyptian army to attack and conquer Kush and parts of the Levant.

Ancient Egypt [SEP] Military


Context: It  coalesced around 3100BC

Context: who ruled ancient egypt?

Context: what was the title given to them?

Context: Pharaoh

Context: what were their laws?

Context: what kind of crops did they grow?

Context: name a few of their natural resources

Context: how was their society administered?

Context: did they practice trade?

Context: describe in brief their daily lives

Context: what kind of armies did they have?

Context: The ancient Egyptian military was responsible for defending Egypt against foreign invasion, and for maintaining Egypt's domination in the ancient Near East. The military protected mining expeditions to the Sinai during the Old Kingdom and fought civil wars during the First and Second Intermediate Periods.

Question: what was their population strength like?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Ancient Egypt [SEP] Military


Context: It  coalesced around 3100BC

Context: who ruled ancient egypt?

Context: what was the title given to them?

Context: Pharaoh

Context: what were their laws?

Context: what kind of crops did they grow?

Context: name a few of their natural resources

Context: how was their society administered?

Context: did they practice trade?

Context: describe in brief their daily lives

Context: what kind of armies did they have?

Context: what was their population strength like?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what were their achievements in mathematics?

Answer: A fully developed numeral system, the could perform the four basic mathematical operations, could solve simultaneous equations, Fractions, the Pythagorean theorem

Explanation: The earliest attested examples of mathematical calculations date to the predynastic Naqada period, and show a fully developed numeral system. The importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian is suggested by a New Kingdom fictional letter in which the writer proposes a scholarly competition between himself and another scribe regarding everyday calculation tasks such as accounting of land, labor, and grain. Texts such as the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus show that the ancient Egyptians could perform the four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division—use fractions, calculate the areas of rectangles, triangles, and circles and compute the volumes of boxes, columns and pyramids. They understood basic concepts of algebra and geometry, and could solve simple sets of simultaneous equations.

Ancient Egypt [SEP] Mathematics


Context: It  coalesced around 3100BC

Context: who ruled ancient egypt?

Context: what was the title given to them?

Context: Pharaoh

Context: what were their laws?

Context: what kind of crops did they grow?

Context: name a few of their natural resources

Context: how was their society administered?

Context: did they practice trade?

Context: describe in brief their daily lives

Context: what kind of armies did they have?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were their achievements in mathematics?

Context: A fully developed numeral system, the could perform the four basic mathematical operations, could solve simultaneous equations, Fractions, the Pythagorean theorem

Question: and what about medicine?

Answer: Wounds were treated by bandaging with raw meat, white linen, sutures, nets, pads, and swabs soaked with honey to prevent infection, while opium, thyme, and belladona were used to relieve pain. Garlic and onions were used regularly to promote good health and were thought to relieve asthma symptoms. Ancient Egyptian surgeons stitched wounds, set broken bones, and amputated diseased limbs

Explanation: Wounds were treated by bandaging with raw meat, white linen, sutures, nets, pads, and swabs soaked with honey to prevent infection, while opium, thyme, and belladona were used to relieve pain. The earliest records of burn treatment describe burn dressings that use the milk from mothers of male babies. Prayers were made to the goddess Isis. Moldy bread, honey, and copper salts were also used to prevent infection from dirt in burns. Garlic and onions were used regularly to promote good health and were thought to relieve asthma symptoms. Ancient Egyptian surgeons stitched wounds, set broken bones, and amputated diseased limbs, but they recognized that some injuries were so serious that they could only make the patient comfortable until death occurred.

Ancient Egypt [SEP] Medicine

The medical problems of the ancient Egyptians stemmed directly from their environment. Living and working close to the Nile brought hazards from malaria and debilitating schistosomiasis parasites, which caused liver and intestinal damage. Dangerous wildlife such as crocodiles and hippos were also a common threat. The lifelong labors of farming and building put stress on the spine and joints, and traumatic injuries from construction and warfare all took a significant toll on the body. The grit and sand from stone-ground flour abraded teeth, leaving them susceptible to abscesses (though caries were rare). The diets of the wealthy were rich in sugars, which promoted periodontal disease.


Context: It  coalesced around 3100BC

Context: who ruled ancient egypt?

Context: what was the title given to them?

Context: Pharaoh

Context: what were their laws?

Context: what kind of crops did they grow?

Context: name a few of their natural resources

Context: how was their society administered?

Context: did they practice trade?

Context: describe in brief their daily lives

Context: what kind of armies did they have?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: and what about medicine?

Context: Wounds were treated by bandaging with raw meat, white linen, sutures, nets, pads, and swabs soaked with honey to prevent infection, while opium, thyme, and belladona were used to relieve pain. Garlic and onions were used regularly to promote good health and were thought to relieve asthma symptoms. Ancient Egyptian surgeons stitched wounds, set broken bones, and amputated diseased limbs

Question: what different types of technology did they develop?

Answer: They had developed a glassy material known as faience; they had technical expertise to add trace elements to control the color of the finished glass; they knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull and had mastered advanced forms of shipbuilding

Explanation:
Early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull and had mastered advanced forms of shipbuilding as early as 3000BC. The Archaeological Institute of America reports that the oldest planked ships known are the Abydos boats. A group of 14 discovered ships in Abydos were constructed of wooden planks "sewn" together. Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor of New York University, woven straps were found to have been used to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to Pharaoh Khasekhemwy, originally they were all thought to have belonged to him, but one of the 14 ships dates to 3000BC, and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating. The ship dating to 3000BC was long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh, perhaps one as early as Hor-Aha.

Early Egyptians also knew how to assembl

Ancient Egypt [SEP] Maritime technology


Context: It  coalesced around 3100BC

Context: who ruled ancient egypt?

Context: what was the title given to them?

Context: Pharaoh

Context: what were their laws?

Context: what kind of crops did they grow?

Context: name a few of their natural resources

Context: how was their society administered?

Context: did they practice trade?

Context: Yes - they established trade with Nubia to obtain gold and incense. They also established trade with Palestine, as evidenced by Palestinian-style oil jugs found in the burials of the First Dynasty pharaohs.

Context: describe in brief their daily lives

Context: what kind of armies did they have?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: and what about medicine?

Context: what different types of technology did they develop?

Context: They had developed a glassy material known as faience; they had technical expertise to add trace elements to control the color of the finished glass; they knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull and had mastered advanced forms of shipbuilding

Question: what religion did they follow?

Answer: The Egyptian pantheon was populated by gods who had supernatural powers and were called on for help or protection.

Explanation:
Beliefs in the divine and in the afterlife were ingrained in ancient Egyptian civilization from its inception; pharaonic rule was based on the divine right of kings. The Egyptian pantheon was populated by gods who had supernatural powers and were called on for help or protection. However, the gods were not always viewed as benevolent, and Egyptians believed they had to be appeased with offerings and prayers. The structure of this pantheon changed continually as new deities were promoted in the hierarchy, but priests made no effort to organize the diverse and sometimes conflicting myths and stories into a coherent system. These various conceptions of divinity were not considered contradictory but rather layers in the multiple facets of reality.
Gods were worshiped in cult temples administered by priests acting on the king's behalf. At the center of the temple was the cult statue in a shrine. Temples were not places of public worship or congregation, and only on select feast days and cel

Ancient Egypt [SEP] Religious beliefs


Question: what is rhodotus?

Answer: Genus in the fungus family Physalacriaceae.

Rhodotus [SEP] Introduction

Rhodotus is a genus in the fungus family Physalacriaceae. It is a monotypic genus and consists of the single mushroom species Rhodotus palmatus, known in the vernacular as the netted rhodotus, the rosy veincap, or the wrinkled peach. This uncommon species has a circumboreal distribution, and has been collected in eastern North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia; declining populations in Europe have led to its appearance in over half of the European fungal Red Lists of threatened species. Typically found growing on the stumps and logs of rotting hardwoods, mature specimens may usually be identified by the pinkish color and the distinctive ridged and veined surface of their rubbery caps; variations in the color and quantity of light received during development lead to variations in the size, shape, and cap color of fruit bodies.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: Genus in the fungus family Physalacriaceae.

Question: is it edible?

Answer: No

Rhodotus [SEP] Edibility

Depending on the source consulted, the edibility of "Rhodotus palmatus" is typically listed as unknown or inedible. The species has no distinguishable odor, and a "bitter" taste, although one early description referred to the taste as "sweet".


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Question: where is it found?

Answer: Eastern North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia.

Explanation: This uncommon species has a circumboreal distribution, and has been collected in eastern North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia; declining populations in Europe have led to its appearance in over half of the European fungal Red Lists of threatened species.

Rhodotus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: Eastern North America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia.

Question: is it endangered in any way?

Answer: Yes, critically endangered.

Rhodotus [SEP] Conservation status

In the 1980s in Europe, increases in the levels of air pollution, as well as changing land use practices coincided with reports of declines in the populations of certain mushrooms. Consequently, a number of fungal conservation initiatives were started to better understand fungal biodiversity; as of October 2007, 31 European countries have produced fungal Red Lists of threatened species. "Rhodotus palmatus" is a candidate species in over half of the European fungal Red Lists, and is listed as critically endangered, endangered, or near threatened (or the equivalent) in 12 countries. In the Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, it is considered by the Environmental Protection Ministries (a branch of government charged with implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity) to be regionally extinct, reported as "extinct or probably extinct".


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Question: what is the criteria for this status?

Answer: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Explanation: In the 1980s in Europe, increases in the levels of air pollution, as well as changing land use practices coincided with reports of declines in the populations of certain mushrooms.

Rhodotus [SEP] Conservation status


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Question: which are the common contributors to this type of pollution?

Answer: Gases, particulates, and biological molecules.

Air pollution [SEP] Introduction

Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are different types of air pollutants, such as gases (such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: which are the common contributors to this type of pollution?

Context: Gases, particulates, and biological molecules.

Question: what are the sources of the second one?

Answer: Volcanoes, dust storms, and burning of fossil fuels in vehicles.

Particulates [SEP] Sources of atmospheric particulate matter

Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, stubble burning, power plants, road dust, wet cooling towers in cooling systems and various industrial processes, also generate significant amounts of particulates. Coal combustion in developing countries is the primary method for heating homes and supplying energy. Because salt spray over the oceans is the overwhelmingly most common form of particulate in the atmosphere, "anthropogenic" aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total mass of aerosols in our atmosphere.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: what are the sources of the second one?

Context: Volcanoes, dust storms, and burning of fossil fuels in vehicles.

Question: is there any warning system for the first source mentioned above?

Answer: Yes, USGS has adopted such a system.

Volcano [SEP] Volcano warning schemes of the United States

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has adopted a common system nationwide for characterizing the level of unrest and eruptive activity at volcanoes. The new volcano alert-level system classifies volcanoes now as being in a normal, advisory, watch or warning stage. Additionally, colors are used to denote the amount of ash produced.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: what are the sources of the second one?

Context: is there any warning system for the first source mentioned above?

Context: Yes, USGS has adopted such a system.

Question: which gases are released during the eruption?

Answer: Water vapour, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

Volcano [SEP] Volcanic gases

The concentrations of different volcanic gases can vary considerably from one volcano to the next. Water vapor is typically the most abundant volcanic gas, followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Other principal volcanic gases include hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. A large number of minor and trace gases are also found in volcanic emissions, for example hydrogen, carbon monoxide, halocarbons, organic compounds, and volatile metal chlorides. Large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject water vapor (HO), carbon dioxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ash (pulverized rock and pumice) into the stratosphere to heights of 16–32 kilometres (10–20 mi) above the Earth's surface.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: what are the sources of the second one?

Context: Yes, USGS has adopted such a system.

Context: which gases are released during the eruption?

Context: Water vapour, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

Question: how is the second gas used in beverages?

Answer: Recycled form of it is used.

Carbon dioxide [SEP] Beverages

Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation of beer and sparkling wine came about through natural fermentation, but many manufacturers carbonate these drinks with carbon dioxide recovered from the fermentation process. In the case of bottled and kegged beer, the most common method used is carbonation with recycled carbon dioxide. With the exception of British real ale, draught beer is usually transferred from kegs in a cold room or cellar to dispensing taps on the bar using pressurized carbon dioxide, sometimes mixed with nitrogen. The taste of soda water (and related taste sensations in other carbonated beverages) is an effect of the dissolved carbon dioxide rather than the bursting bubbles of the gas.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: what are the sources of the second one?

Context: Yes, USGS has adopted such a system.

Context: how is the second gas used in beverages?

Context: Recycled form of it is used.

Question: what are its other uses?

Answer: Inert gas in fire extinguishers, pressurizing gas in air guns, etc.

Explanation: It is a versatile industrial material, used, for example, as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers, as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery, as a chemical feedstock and as a supercritical fluid solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying. It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence. The frozen solid form of , known as "dry ice" is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting. It is a feedstock for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals.

Carbon dioxide [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: what are the sources of the second one?

Context: Yes, USGS has adopted such a system.

Context: Recycled form of it is used.

Context: what are its other uses?

Context: Inert gas in fire extinguishers, pressurizing gas in air guns, etc.

Question: how is it used in wine making?

Answer: Form of dry ice is used in cold soak phase.

Carbon dioxide [SEP] Winemaking

Carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice is often used during the cold soak phase in winemaking to cool clusters of grapes quickly after picking to help prevent spontaneous fermentation by wild yeast. The main advantage of using dry ice over water ice is that it cools the grapes without adding any additional water that might decrease the sugar concentration in the grape must, and thus the alcohol concentration in the finished wine. Carbon dioxide is also used to create a hypoxic environment for carbonic maceration, the process used to produce Beaujolais wine. Carbon dioxide is sometimes used to top up wine bottles or other storage vessels such as barrels to prevent oxidation, though it has the problem that it can dissolve into the wine, making a previously still wine slightly fizzy.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: what are the sources of the second one?

Context: Yes, USGS has adopted such a system.

Context: Recycled form of it is used.

Context: what are its other uses?

Context: how is it used in wine making?

Context: Form of dry ice is used in cold soak phase.

Question: is this type of ice found on any other planet?

Answer: Yes, Mars' polar caps.

Dry ice [SEP] Extraterrestrial occurrence

Following the Mars flyby of the Mariner 4 spacecraft in 1966, scientists concluded that Mars' polar caps consist entirely of dry ice. However, findings made in 2003 by researchers at the California Institute of Technology have shown that Mars' polar caps are almost completely made of water ice, and that dry ice only forms a thin surface layer that thickens and thins seasonally. A phenomenon named dry ice storms was proposed to occur over the polar regions of Mars. They are comparable to Earth's thunderstorms, with crystalline CO taking the place of water in the clouds. Dry ice is also proposed as a mechanism for Geysers on Mars.


Context: what is rhodotus?

Context: is it edible?

Context: No

Context: where is it found?

Context: is it endangered in any way?

Context: Yes, critically endangered.

Context: what is the criteria for this status?

Context: Increase in levels of air pollution.

Context: what are the sources of the second one?

Context: Yes, USGS has adopted such a system.

Context: Recycled form of it is used.

Context: what are its other uses?

Context: how is it used in wine making?

Context: is this type of ice found on any other planet?

Context: Yes, Mars' polar caps.

Question: what are its uses in field of science?

Answer: Useful freezing mixture for cold chemical reactions.

Dry ice [SEP] Scientific

In laboratories, a slurry of dry ice in an organic solvent is a useful freezing mixture for cold chemical reactions and for condensing solvents in rotary evaporators. Dry ice and acetone forms a cold bath of , which can be used for instance to prevent thermal runaway in a Swern oxidation. The process of altering cloud precipitation can be done with the use of dry ice. It was widely used in experiments in the US in the 1950s and early 1960s before it was replaced by silver iodide. Dry ice has the advantage of being relatively cheap and completely non-toxic.


Question: what is kang and kodos?

Answer: They are a duo of fictional recurring characters in the animated television series "The Simpsons"

Kang and Kodos [SEP] Introduction

Kang and Kodos Johnson are a duo of fictional recurring characters in the animated television series "The Simpsons". Kang is voiced by Harry Shearer and Kodos by Dan Castellaneta. They are green, octopus-like aliens from the fictional planet Rigel VII and appear almost exclusively in the "Treehouse of Horror" episodes. The duo has appeared in at least one segment of all thirty Treehouse of Horror episodes. Sometimes their appearance is the focus of a plot, other times a brief cameo. Kang and Kodos are often bent on the conquest of Earth and are usually seen working on sinister plans to invade and subjugate humanity.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: They are a duo of fictional recurring characters in the animated television series "The Simpsons"

Question: who created them?

Answer: The idea came from Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky.

Kang and Kodos [SEP] Creation

Kang and Kodos first appeared in the second season in "Treehouse of Horror". The idea of Kang and Kodos came from Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky, writers of "Hungry are the Damned". In the script, Kang and Kodos were shown as "an octopus in a space helmet with a trail of goo". The finished design was based on "EC Comics" cover issue. Although originally designed to constantly drool, Matt Groening suggested that they not drool all the time to make the animation process easier. However, the animators did not mind the work, leading to the drooling staying in the script.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: The idea came from Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky.

Question: what reviews did they receive?

Answer: Several of the "Treehouse of Horror" episodes featuring the duo have been well received.

Kang and Kodos [SEP] Reception

Several of the "Treehouse of Horror" episodes featuring the duo have been well received. In 2006, James Earl Jones, voice of Serak the Preparer in "Treehouse of Horror", was named seventh on IGN's "Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances" list. Jones also appeared on AOL's list of their favorite 25 "Simpsons" guest stars. "Treehouse of Horror VII" is "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening's seventh favorite episode. Groening's favorite line from the episode is from Kodos; "We have reached the limits of what rectal probing can teach us." In 2006, IGN.com published a list of the top ten "Treehouse of Horror" segments, and several segments that feature Kang and Kodos were placed, including "Hungry Are The Damned", "Citizen Kang" and "Starship Poopers".


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: Several of the "Treehouse of Horror" episodes featuring the duo have been well received.

Question: did they also appear anywhere else?

Answer: They have appeared in several different "The Simpsons" video games

Kang and Kodos [SEP] Other appearances

Kang and Kodos have appeared in several different "The Simpsons" video games. The duo appear in "" ending, and Kang appears as the final boss character in "The Simpsons Wrestling" game. Kang and Kodos appear in cut scenes as the main villains 2003's "". In an attempt to collect new material for their failing reality TV show, "Foolish Earthlings", Kang and Kodos plan to drug Springfield with a mind-control serum distributed through their "New and Improved Buzz Cola" product. After drinking the cola, the brainwashed people performed stupid stunts under the watchful view of wasp-like surveillance cameras, all for the sake of better ratings.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: They have appeared in several different "The Simpsons" video games

Question: was the original series featuring these characters banned ever?

Answer: The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries.

The Simpsons [SEP] Ban

The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, "in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios." In 2008, Venezuela barred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed "unsuitable for children". The same year, several Russian Pentecostal churches demanded that "The Simpsons", "South Park" and some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules "for propaganda of various vices" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, the court decision later dismissed this request.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: was the original series featuring these characters banned ever?

Context: The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries.

Question: which controversies was the series embroiled in?

Answer: In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a "threat to learning" because of his "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.

The Simpsons [SEP] Controversy

Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poor role model for children. In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a "threat to learning" because of his "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education. Others described him as "egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited". In a 1991 interview, Bill Cosby described Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him "angry, confused, frustrated". In response, Matt Groening said, "That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal [and] he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do." On January 27, 1992, then-President George H.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: which controversies was the series embroiled in?

Context: In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a "threat to learning" because of his "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.

Question: is there anything noteworthy about their halloween episodes?

Answer: These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres

The Simpsons [SEP] Halloween episodes

The special Halloween episode has become an annual tradition. "Treehouse of Horror" first broadcast in 1990 as part of season two and established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode. These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres. They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show. Although the "Treehouse" series is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s, when new installments have premiered after Halloween due to Fox's current contract with Major League Baseball's World Series, however, since 2011, every "Treehouse of Horror" episode has aired in October.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: is there anything noteworthy about their halloween episodes?

Context: These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres

Question: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Answer: Yes, they foreshadowed Trump being the  President of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.

The Simpsons [SEP] Foreshadowing of actual events

"The Simpsons" has gained notoriety for jokes that eventually became reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode "Bart to the Future", which mentions billionaire Donald Trump having been President of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke. The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump was elected. Another episode, "When You Dish Upon a Star", lampooned 20th Century Fox as a division of The Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later, Disney purchased Fox. Other examples of "The Simpsons" predicting the future include the introduction of the Smartwatch, video chat services, autocorrection technology, and Lady Gaga's acrobatic performance at the Super Bowl LI halftime show.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: Yes, they foreshadowed Trump being the  President of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.

Question: what are the business interests of the aforementioned president?

Answer: He owned the Miss Universe brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, and produced and hosted the reality television series "The Apprentice" from 2003 to 2015.

Explanation: He became president of his father's real estate business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, and expanded its operations to building or renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump later started various side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. Trump and his businesses have been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six bankruptcies. He owned the Miss Universe brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, and produced and hosted the reality television series "The Apprentice" from 2003 to 2015.

Donald Trump [SEP] Introduction

He owned the Miss Universe brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, and produced and hosted the reality television series "The Apprentice" from 2003 to 2015. Trump's political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. He entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and was elected in a surprise electoral college victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote. He became the oldest first-term U.S. president and the first without prior military or government service. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests. Trump has made many false or misleading statements during his campaign and presidency.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: what are the business interests of the aforementioned president?

Context: He owned the Miss Universe brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, and produced and hosted the reality television series "The Apprentice" from 2003 to 2015.

Question: what was his role in wwf/wwe?

Answer: He has had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE since the late 1980s.

Donald Trump [SEP] WWF/WWE

Trump has had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) since the late 1980s. He was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: what was his role in wwf/wwe?

Context: He has had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE since the late 1980s.

Question: did he ever try acting?

Answer: He has made cameo appearances in eight films and television shows

Donald Trump [SEP] Acting

Trump has made cameo appearances in eight films and television shows.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: what was his role in wwf/wwe?

Context: did he ever try acting?

Context: He has made cameo appearances in eight films and television shows

Question: when did the beauty pageant owned by him start?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Donald Trump [SEP] Acting


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: what was his role in wwf/wwe?

Context: did he ever try acting?

Context: when did the beauty pageant owned by him start?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who designed the crown for the winners?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Donald Trump [SEP] Acting


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: what was his role in wwf/wwe?

Context: did he ever try acting?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed the crown for the winners?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: did the president write any books?

Answer: He has written up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics.

Donald Trump [SEP] Books

Trump has written up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics, though he has employed ghostwriters to actually write them. Trump's first book, "The Art of the Deal" (1987), was on the "New York Times" Best Seller list for 48 weeks. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was ghostwritten by Tony Schwartz. According to "The New Yorker", "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, promoting an image of himself as a successful dealmaker and tycoon." Trump has called the book his second favorite after the Bible.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: who created them?

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: what was his role in wwf/wwe?

Context: did he ever try acting?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed the crown for the winners?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did the president write any books?

Context: He has written up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics.

Question: is there any university which shares his name?

Answer: He co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate training courses

Donald Trump [SEP] Trump University

In 2004, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000. After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010. In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University; the suit alleged that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers. In addition, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.


Context: what is kang and kodos?

Context: They are a duo of fictional recurring characters in the animated television series "The Simpsons"

Context: who created them?

Context: The idea came from Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky.

Context: what reviews did they receive?

Context: Several of the "Treehouse of Horror" episodes featuring the duo have been well received.

Context: did they also appear anywhere else?

Context: They have appeared in several different "The Simpsons" video games

Context: was the original series featuring these characters banned ever?

Context: The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries.

Context: which controversies was the series embroiled in?

Context: In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a "threat to learning" because of his "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.

Context: is there anything noteworthy about their halloween episodes?

Context: These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres

Context: did they ever foreshadow any events?

Context: Yes, they foreshadowed Trump being the  President of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke.

Context: what are the business interests of the aforementioned president?

Context: He owned the Miss Universe brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, and produced and hosted the reality television series "The Apprentice" from 2003 to 2015.

Context: what was his role in wwf/wwe?

Context: He has had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE since the late 1980s.

Context: did he ever try acting?

Context: He has made cameo appearances in eight films and television shows

Context: when did the beauty pageant owned by him start?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who designed the crown for the winners?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did the president write any books?

Context: He has written up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics.

Context: is there any university which shares his name?

Context: He co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate training courses

Question: has it featured in any popular culture?

Answer: He was the subject of a week-long series in the comic strip "Doonesbury" in June 2005.

Trump University [SEP] In popular culture

Trump University was the subject of a week-long series in the comic strip "Doonesbury" in June 2005. Trump University was also the butt of jokes in a "Will and Grace" mini-episode released in September 2016, created to get out the vote for the 2016 presidential election. In it, Karen says she sent her Latina maid, Rosario, to Trump University for a course on "dusting".


Question: when was the last time a hurricane hit tampa bay area

Answer: 1921.

1921 Tampa Bay hurricane [SEP] Introduction

The Tampa Bay hurricane of 1921 (also known as the 1921 Tarpon Springs hurricane) is the most recent major hurricane to strike the Tampa Bay Area. The eleventh tropical cyclone, sixth tropical storm, and fifth hurricane of the season, the storm developed from a trough in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 20. Initially a tropical storm, the system moved northwestward and intensified into a hurricane on October 22 and a major hurricane by October 23. Later that day, the cyclone peaked as a Category 4 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).


Context: when was the last time a hurricane hit tampa bay area

Question: what kind of storm is it?

Answer: A tropical storm.

Explanation: The Tampa Bay hurricane of 1921 (also known as the 1921 Tarpon Springs hurricane) is the most recent major hurricane to strike the Tampa Bay Area. The eleventh tropical cyclone, sixth tropical storm, and fifth hurricane of the season, the storm developed from a trough in the sout


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Question: which area did it hit?

Answer: Cuba and Florida.

The storm brought strong winds to the Swan Islands, including hurricane-force winds on the main island. Heavy rains fell in Cuba, particularly in Pinar del Río Province, but only minor damage occurred. In Florida, storm surge and abnormally high tides caused damage along much of the state's west coast from Pasco County southward. Several neighborhoods and sections of Tampa were inundated, especially in Ballast Point, DeSoto Park, Edgewater Park, Hyde Park, Palmetto Beach, and other areas in the vicinity of Bayshore Boulevard. Strong winds also damaged hundreds of trees, signs, buildings, and homes. Four deaths occurred in Tampa, three from drownings and another after a man touched a live wire.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Question: what damage did it cause?

Answer: About $10 million in damage.

Explanation: Overall, the hurricane left at least eight deaths and about $10 million (equivalent to $ million in ) in damage.

The storm left two additional fatalities in St. Petersburg. A number of streets in Tarpon Springs were littered with masses of debris, with many structures and trees suffering extensive damage. Southward in Manatee County and Sarasota County, many waterfront communities along Sarasota Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, such as Cortez and Sarasota, suffered heavy structural losses. Strong winds occurred as far east as the Atlantic coast of the state, though wind damage east of the Tampa Bay area was generally limited to downed trees and power lines, resulting in power outages, particularly in Orlando. Agriculture throughout the state experienced significant impact as well, including over $2 million (equivalent to $ million in ) in damage and the loss of at least 800,000 boxes of citrus crops alone.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Question: what was its speed?

Answer: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Explanation: Later that day, the cyclone peaked as a Category 4 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane gradually curved northeastward and weakened to a


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Question: was this measured on any instrument?

Answer: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Explanation: ntensified into a hurricane on October 22 and a major hurricane by October 23. Later that day, the cyclone peaked as a Category 4 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). After enterin


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Question: who developed this scale?

Answer: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Saffir–Simpson scale [SEP] History

The scale was developed in 1971 by civil engineer Herbert Saffir and meteorologist Robert Simpson, who at the time was director of the U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC). The scale was introduced to the general public in 1973, and saw widespread use after Neil Frank replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974. The initial scale was developed by Herbert Saffir, a structural engineer, who in 1969 went on commission for the United Nations to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas. While conducting the study, Saffir realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Question: is it divided into any category?

Answer: Yes, 5 categories.

Saffir–Simpson scale [SEP] Categories

The scale is roughly logarithmic in wind speed. The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity. Intensity of example hurricanes is from both the time of landfall and the maximum intensity.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Question: what is the first one?

Answer: Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural damage to most well-constructed permanent structures.

Saffir–Simpson scale [SEP] Category 1

Very dangerous winds will produce some damage Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural damage to most well-constructed permanent structures; however, they can topple unanchored mobile homes, as well as uproot or snap weak trees. Poorly attached roof shingles or tiles can blow off. Coastal flooding and pier damage are often associated with Category 1 storms. Power outages are typically widespread to extensive, sometimes lasting several days. Even though it is the least intense type of hurricane, they can still produce widespread damage and can be life-threatening storms. Hurricanes that peaked at Category 1 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include: Agnes (1972), Juan (1985), Ismael (1995), Danny (1997), Claudette (2003), Gaston (2004), Stan (2005), Humberto (2007), Isaac (2012), Manuel (2013), Earl (2016), Hermine (2016), Nate (2017), Barry (2019), Lorena (2019), Hanna (2020), Isaias (2020), and Nana (2020).


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural damage to most well-constructed permanent structures.

Question: and the fifth one?

Answer: This category of storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away.

Saffir–Simpson scale [SEP] Category 5

Catastrophic damage will occur Category 5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Collapse of many wide-span roofs and walls, especially those with no interior supports, is common. Very heavy and irreparable damage to many wood frame structures and total destruction to mobile/manufactured homes is prevalent. Only a few types of structures are capable of surviving intact, and only if located at least inland. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of solid concrete or steel frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either reinforced brick or concrete/cement block and have hipped roofs with slopes of no less than 35 degrees from horizontal and no overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shutters.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: This category of storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away.

Question: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Answer: Yes, there is a proposition of introducing Category 6.

Explanation: After the series of powerful storm systems of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, as well as after Hurricane Patricia, a few newspaper columnists and scientists brought up the suggestion of introducing Category 6,

Saffir–Simpson scale [SEP] Proposed extensions beyond Category 5

Occasionally, suggestions of using even higher wind speeds as the cutoff have been made. In a newspaper article published in November 2018, NOAA research scientist Jim Kossin said that the potential for more intense hurricanes was increasing as the climate warmed, and suggested that Category 6 would begin at , with a further hypothetical Category 7 beginning at . According to Robert Simpson, there are no reasons for a Category 6 on the Saffir–Simpson Scale because it is designed to measure the potential damage of a hurricane to human-made structures. Simpson stated that "... when you get up into winds in excess of you have enough damage if that extreme wind sustains itself for as much as six seconds on a building it's going to cause rupturing damages that are serious no matter how well it's engineered." Nonetheless, the counties of Broward and Miami-Dade in Florida have building codes that require that critical infrastructure buildings be able to withstand Category 5 winds.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Context: Yes, there is a proposition of introducing Category 6.

Question: who was the former developer that you have mentioned above?

Answer: He was an American civil engineer.

Herbert Saffir [SEP] Introduction

Herbert Seymour Saffir (29 March 1917 – 21 November 2007) () was an American civil engineer who co-developed (with meteorologist Robert Simpson) the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale for measuring the intensity of hurricanes. As recently as 2005 Saffir was the principal of Saffir Engineering in Coral Gables, Florida. He also published articles on designing buildings for high wind resistance.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Context: who was the former developer that you have mentioned above?

Context: He was an American civil engineer.

Question: and the latter person?

Answer: He was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project and a former director of the National Hurricane Center.

Robert Simpson (meteorologist) [SEP] Introduction

Robert Homer Simpson (November 19, 1912 – December 18, 2014) was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) from 1955–1959, and a former director (1967–1974) of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He was the co-developer of the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir. His wife was Joanne Simpson.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Context: He was an American civil engineer.

Context: and the latter person?

Context: He was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project and a former director of the National Hurricane Center.

Question: where is this center located?

Answer: First based in Jamaica in 1898 and Cuba in 1899 before shifting to Washington, D.C. in 1902.

Explanation: The first hurricane warning service was set up in the 1870s from Cuba with the work of Father Benito Viñes. After his death, hurricane warning services were assumed by the United States Signal Corps and United States Weather Bureau over the next decade, first based in Jamaica in 1898 and Cuba in 1899 before shifting to Washington, D.C. in 1902.

National Hurricane Center [SEP] Early history

On July 1, 1956, a National Hurricane Information Center was established in Miami, Florida, which became a warehouse for all hurricane-related information from one United States Weather Bureau office. The Miami Hurricane Warning Office (HWO) moved from Lindsey Hopkins Hotel to the Aviation Building to the northwest on July 1, 1958. Forecasts within the hurricane advisories were issued one day into the future in 1954 before being extended to two days into the future in 1961, three days into the future in 1964, and five days into the future in 2001. The Miami HWO moved to the campus of the University of Miami in 1964, and was referred to as the NHC in 1965.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Context: He was an American civil engineer.

Context: and the latter person?

Context: where is this center located?

Context: First based in Jamaica in 1898 and Cuba in 1899 before shifting to Washington, D.C. in 1902.

Question: and who organized it?

Answer: The United States Weather Bureau.

The first hurricane warning service was set up in the 1870s from Cuba with the work of Father Benito Viñes. After his death, hurricane warning services were assumed by the United States Signal Corps and United States Weather Bureau over the next decade, first based in Jamaica in 1898 and Cuba in 1899 before shifting to Washington, D.C. in 1902. The central office in Washington, which evolved into the National Meteorological Center and Weather Prediction Center (formerly known as the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center), assumed hurricane warning/advisory responsibility at that time. This responsibility passed to regional hurricane offices in 1935, and the concept of the Atlantic hurricane season was established to keep a vigilant lookout for tropical cyclones during certain times of the year.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Context: He was an American civil engineer.

Context: and the latter person?

Context: where is this center located?

Context: and who organized it?

Context: The United States Weather Bureau.

Question: when was the mentioned project launched?

Answer: 1955.

National Hurricane Research Project [SEP] Introduction

The National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) was initiated in 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in response to the devastating 1954 hurricane season, which saw Hurricane Carol, Hurricane Edna, and Hurricane Hazel bring destruction and flooding to New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. Robert Simpson, a Weather Bureau meteorologist who had participated in Air Force hurricane reconnaissance flights as an observer, was appointed as the first director of NHRP and organized the Research Operations Base at Morrison Air Force Base (now Palm Beach International Airport) in West Palm Beach, FL in 1956. During the first three years of the Project, scientists used three specially instrumented Air Force Hurricane Hunters aircraft with crews on bailment from the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Context: He was an American civil engineer.

Context: and the latter person?

Context: where is this center located?

Context: and who organized it?

Context: The United States Weather Bureau.

Context: when was the mentioned project launched?

Question: and it is about?

Answer: To monitor hurricanes.

Explanation: The National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) was initiated in 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in response to the devastating 1954 hurricane season, which saw Hurricane Carol, Hurricane Edna, and Hurricane Hazel bring destruction and flooding to New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. Robert Simpson, a Weather Bureau meteorologist who had participated in Air Force hurricane reconnaissance flights as an observer, was appointed as the first director of NHRP and organized the Research Operations Base at Morrison Air Force Base (now Palm Beach International Airport) in West Palm Beach, FL in 1956.


Context: what kind of storm is it?

Context: A tropical storm.

Context: which area did it hit?

Context: Cuba and Florida.

Context: what damage did it cause?

Context: About $10 million in damage.

Context: what was its speed?

Context: Winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).

Context: was this measured on any instrument?

Context: Yes, the Saffir–Simpson scale.

Context: who developed this scale?

Context: Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson.

Context: is it divided into any category?

Context: Yes, 5 categories.

Context: what is the first one?

Context: and the fifth one?

Context: is there anything beyond the fifth one?

Context: He was an American civil engineer.

Context: and the latter person?

Context: where is this center located?

Context: and who organized it?

Context: The United States Weather Bureau.

Context: and it is about?

Context: To monitor hurricanes.

Question: can you name any one storm among them?

Answer: Hurricane Greta.

Explanation:
During the first three years of the Project, scientists used three specially
instrumented Air Force Hurricane Hunters aircraft with crews on bailment from the 55th
Weather Reconnaissance Squadron. They flew missions into Hurricane Greta (1956),
Hurricane Audrey (1957),
Hurricane Daisy (1958),
and Hurricane Helene (1958) in this initial period, collecting data which delineated the
structure and energy budget of hurricanes for the first time.

They flew missions into Hurricane Greta (1956), Hurricane Audrey (1957), Hurricane Daisy (1958), and Hurricane Helene (1958) in this initial period, collecting data which delineated the structure and energy budget of hurricanes for the first time. In 1959, the Project was moved to Miami and collocated with the Miami hurricane forecast office. Simpson left the Project to complete his doctoral degree and Robert Cecil Gentry was appointed NHRP director. The Department of Commerce leased two DC-6 aircraft and received a B-57 jet from the Air Force so that NHRP could continue to carry out airborne experiments on hurricanes. The combination of research project, forecast center, and aircraft facility was dubbed the "National Hurricane Center" (NHC).


Question: who was charles domery?

Answer: Polish soldier

Explanation: Charles Domery ( 1778 – after 1800), later also known as Charles Domerz, was a Polish soldier serving in the Prussian and French armies, noted for his unusually large appetite.

Charles Domery [SEP] Introduction

During service on the French ship "Hoche", he attempted to eat the severed leg of a crew member hit by cannon fire, before other members of the crew wrestled it from him. In February 1799, the "Hoche" was captured by British forces and the crew, including Domery, were interned in Liverpool, where he shocked his captors with his voracious appetite: despite being put on ten times the usual rations, he ate the prison cat and at least 20 rats, and would often eat the prison candles. In one experiment, over the course of a day he ate of raw cow's udder, raw beef and tallow candles and four bottles of porter, all of which he ate and drank without defecating, urinating, or vomiting.


Context:
who was charles domery?
Polish soldier

Question: what is he known for?

Answer: Known for his unusually large appetite

Charles Domery [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who was charles domery?
Polish soldier
what is he known for?
Known for his unusually large appetite

Question: was he a captive ?

Answer: Yes, by the Royal Navy

Charles Domery [SEP] Capture

In October 1798 a Royal Navy squadron under the command of Sir John Borlase Warren captured the "Hoche" off the coast of Ireland, and those on board, including Domery, were interned in a prison camp near Liverpool. The British guards were shocked by Domery's appetite, and agreed to place him on double rations. These were insufficient, and his rations were increased until eventually he was granted the rations of ten men each day. Rations for prisoners of war in this period were paid for by the country in whose army the prisoners had served. The standard daily ration for a French prisoner of war was of bread, half a pound (230 g) of vegetables and of butter or of cheese.


Context:
who was charles domery?
Polish soldier
what is he known for?
Known for his unusually large appetite
was he a captive ?
Yes, by the Royal Navy

Question: what is the role of this organization?

Answer: United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Royal Navy [SEP] Introduction

The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against the Kingdom of France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is known as the Senior Service. From the middle decades of the 17th century, and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century, it was the world's most powerful navy until the Second World War.


Context:
who was charles domery?
Polish soldier
what is he known for?
Known for his unusually large appetite
was he a captive ?
Yes, by the Royal Navy
what is the role of this organization?
United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Question: do they have bases outside the nation as well?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Royal Navy [SEP] Bases abroad

The current role of the Royal Navy is to protect British interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of Her Majesty's Government through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives. The Royal Navy is also a key element of the British contribution to NATO, with a number of assets allocated to NATO tasks at any time. These objectives are delivered via a number of core capabilities:


Context: who was charles domery?

Context: Polish soldier

Context: what is he known for?

Context: Known for his unusually large appetite

Context: was he a captive ?

Context: Yes, by the Royal Navy

Context: what is the role of this organization?

Context: United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Context: do they have bases outside the nation as well?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is their symbol?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Royal Navy [SEP] Bases abroad


Context: who was charles domery?

Context: Polish soldier

Context: what is he known for?

Context: Known for his unusually large appetite

Context: was he a captive ?

Context: Yes, by the Royal Navy

Context: what is the role of this organization?

Context: United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their symbol?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: by whom was it founded?

Answer: Henry VIII

Explanation: The Royal Navy was formally founded in 1546 by Henry VIII though the Kingdom of England and its predecessor states had possessed less organised naval forces for centuries prior to this.

Royal Navy [SEP] History


Context: who was charles domery?

Context: Polish soldier

Context: what is he known for?

Context: Known for his unusually large appetite

Context: was he a captive ?

Context: Yes, by the Royal Navy

Context: what is the role of this organization?

Context: United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their symbol?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: by whom was it founded?

Context: Henry VIII

Question: whom did he marry?

Answer: He first married to Catherine of Aragon.

Henry VIII [SEP] Introduction

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII on the question of such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy," as he invested heavily in the navy, increasing its size from a few to more than 50 ships, and established the Navy Board.


Context: who was charles domery?

Context: Polish soldier

Context: what is he known for?

Context: Known for his unusually large appetite

Context: was he a captive ?

Context: Yes, by the Royal Navy

Context: what is the role of this organization?

Context: United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their symbol?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: by whom was it founded?

Context: Henry VIII

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: He first married to Catherine of Aragon.

Question: why was she banished?

Answer: Because Henry refused her the right to any title and never accept her as his wife.

Explanation: Until the end of her life, Catherine would refer to herself as Henry's only lawful wedded wife and England's only rightful queen, and her servants continued to address her by that title. Henry refused her the right to any title but "Dowager Princess of Wales" in recognition of her position as his brother's widow.

Catherine of Aragon [SEP] Banishment and death

Catherine went to live at The More castle late in 1531. After that she was successively moved to the Royal Palace of Hatfield, (May to September, 1532), Elsyng Palace, Enfield (September 1532 to February 1533), Ampthill Castle (February to July, 1533) and Buckden Towers (July 1533 to May 1534). She was then finally transferred to Kimbolton Castle where, she confined herself to one room (which she left only to attend Mass), dressed only in the hair shirt of the Order of St. Francis, and fasted continuously. While she was permitted to receive occasional visitors, she was forbidden to see her daughter Mary.


Context: who was charles domery?

Context: Polish soldier

Context: what is he known for?

Context: Known for his unusually large appetite

Context: was he a captive ?

Context: Yes, by the Royal Navy

Context: what is the role of this organization?

Context: United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their symbol?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: by whom was it founded?

Context: Henry VIII

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: why was she banished?

Context: Because Henry refused her the right to any title and never accept her as his wife.

Question: did she marry anybody else other than the king mentioned before?

Answer: Yes, Arthur, Prince of Wales

Catherine of Aragon [SEP] Early life

Scholar Erasmus later said that Catherine "loved good literature which she had studied with success since childhood". At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother. By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and Constance of Castile. In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt's third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine.


Context: who was charles domery?

Context: Polish soldier

Context: what is he known for?

Context: Known for his unusually large appetite

Context: was he a captive ?

Context: Yes, by the Royal Navy

Context: what is the role of this organization?

Context: United Kingdom's naval warfare force

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is their symbol?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: by whom was it founded?

Context: Henry VIII

Context: whom did he marry?

Context: why was she banished?

Context: did she marry anybody else other than the king mentioned before?

Context: Yes, Arthur, Prince of Wales

Question: how did he die?

Answer: He got afflicted by an unknown illness.

Arthur, Prince of Wales [SEP] Death

After residing at Tickenhill Manor for a month, Arthur and Catherine headed for the Welsh Marches, where they established their household at Ludlow Castle. Arthur had been growing weaker since his wedding, and although Catherine was reluctant to follow him, she was ordered by Henry VII to join her husband. Arthur found it easy to govern Wales, as the border had become quiet after many centuries of warfare. In March 1502, Arthur and Catherine were afflicted by an unknown illness, "a malign vapour which proceeded from the air." While Catherine recovered, Arthur died on 2 April 1502 at Ludlow, six months short of his sixteenth birthday.


Question: where is the thymus gland located in the human body

Answer: The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart.

Thymus [SEP] Introduction

The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, Thymus cell lymphocytes or "T cells" mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart. It is made up of two lobes, each consisting of a central medulla and an outer cortex, surrounded by a capsule. The thymus is made up of immature T cells called thymocytes, as well as lining cells called epithelial cells which help the thymocytes develop.


Context: where is the thymus gland located in the human body

Context: The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart.

Question: what is this gland ?

Answer: The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

Explanation: The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

Thymus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

Question: can it be removed ?

Answer: Yes, The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

Thymus [SEP] Surgical removal

Thymectomy is the surgical removal of the thymus. The usual reason for removal is to gain access to the heart for surgery to correct congenital heart defects in the neonatal period. Other indications for thymectomy include the removal of thymomas and the treatment of myasthenia gravis. In neonates the relative size of the thymus obstructs surgical access to the heart and its surrounding vessels. Removal of the thymus in infancy results in often fatal immunodeficiency, because functional T cells have not developed. In older children and adults, which have a functioning lymphatic system with mature T cells also situated in other lymphoid organs, the effect is lesser, and limited to failure to mount immune responses against new antigens.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: Yes, The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

Question: what is its structure ?

Answer: In children, the thymus is pinkish-gray, soft, and lobulated on its surfaces. At birth it is about 4–6 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, and about 1 cm thick. It increases in size until puberty, where it may have a size of about 40–50 g, following which it decreases in size in a process known as involution.

Explanation: In children, the thymus is pinkish-gray, soft, and lobulated on its surfaces. At birth it is about 4–6 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, and about 1 cm thick. It increases in size until puberty, where it may have a size of about 40–50 g, following which it decreases in size in a process known as involution.

Thymus [SEP] Structure

The lobes are covered by a capsule. The thymus lies beneath the sternum, rests on the pericardium, and is separated from the aortic arch and great vessels by a layer of fascia. The left brachiocephalic vein may even be embedded within the thymus. In the neck, it lies on the front and sides of the trachea, behind the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: In children, the thymus is pinkish-gray, soft, and lobulated on its surfaces. At birth it is about 4–6 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, and about 1 cm thick. It increases in size until puberty, where it may have a size of about 40–50 g, following which it decreases in size in a process known as involution.

Question: is it present in any other animal ?

Answer: Yes, The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates

Thymus [SEP] Other animals

The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates, where it undergoes the same shrinkage with age and plays the same immunological function as in other vertebrates. Recently, a discrete thymus-like lympho-epithelial structure, termed the "thymoid", was discovered in the gills of larval lampreys. Hagfish possess a protothymus associated with the pharyngeal velar muscles, which is responsible for a variety of immune responses. The thymus is also present in most other vertebrates with similar structure and function as the human thymus. A second thymus in the neck has been reported sometimes to occur in the mouse As in humans, the guinea pig's thymus naturally atrophies as the animal reaches adulthood, but the athymic hairless guinea pig (which arose from a spontaneous laboratory mutation) possesses no thymic tissue whatsoever, and the organ cavity is replaced with cystic spaces.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: Yes, The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates

Question: what is the system you mentioned above ?

Answer: The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

Immune system [SEP] Introduction

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, there are two major subsystems of the immune system: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Both subsystems use humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity to perform their functions. In humans, the blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system, which protects the brain.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is the system you mentioned above ?

Context: The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

Question: what is its layered defense ?

Answer: Physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.

Immune system [SEP] Layered defense

The immune system protects its host from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: Physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.

Question: is it adaptive ?

Answer: Yes, It evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory

Immune system [SEP] Adaptive immune system

The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: Yes, It evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory

Question: what are granulocytes?

Answer: They are leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm.

Immune system [SEP] Granulocytes

Granulocytes are leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm. In this category are neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Mast cells reside in connective tissues and mucous membranes, and regulate the inflammatory response. They are most often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis. Basophils and eosinophils are related to neutrophils. They secrete chemical mediators that are involved in defending against parasites and play a role in allergic reactions, such as asthma.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: They are leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm.

Question: what are phagocytes ?

Answer: Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens.

Immune system [SEP] Phagocytes

Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes, and consisting of neutrophil-killer and neutrophil-cager subpopulations. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection. Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes, complement proteins, and cytokines, while they can also act as scavengers that rid the body of worn-out cells and other debris, and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens.

Question: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Immune system [SEP] Phagocytes


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is autoimmunity ?

Answer: Overactive immune responses form the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders.

Immune system [SEP] Autoimmunity

Overactive immune responses form the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the functions of specialized cells (located in the thymus and bone marrow) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is autoimmunity ?

Context: Overactive immune responses form the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders.

Question: what is immunodeficiencies ?

Answer: Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive.

Immune system [SEP] Immunodeficiencies

Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, obesity, alcoholism, and drug use are common causes of poor immune function, while malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries. Diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte function, IgA antibody concentrations, and cytokine production. Additionally, the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is autoimmunity ?

Context: what is immunodeficiencies ?

Context: Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive.

Question: what are alternative adaptive immune system. ?

Answer: A distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish.

Immune system [SEP] Alternative adaptive immune system

Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is autoimmunity ?

Context: what is immunodeficiencies ?

Context: what are alternative adaptive immune system. ?

Context: A distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish.

Question: what are different types of t cells ?

Answer: The killer T cell and the helper T cell.

Immune system [SEP] Cell mediated immunity

There are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating immune response.


Context: what is this gland ?

Context: can it be removed ?

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: is it present in any other animal ?

Context: what is its layered defense ?

Context: is it adaptive ?

Context: what are granulocytes?

Context: what are phagocytes ?

Context: how does it effect our sleep and rest ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is autoimmunity ?

Context: what is immunodeficiencies ?

Context: what are different types of t cells ?

Context: The killer T cell and the helper T cell.

Question: what is the first one ?

Answer: Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional.

Immune system [SEP] Killer T cells

Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T-cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor of another cell. Recognition of this MHC:antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8. The T cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the MHC I receptors bear this antigen.