Context: "Dilophosaurus"

Context: when was it discovered?

Context: by whom?

Context: Navajo Jesse Williams

Context: what are it's features?

Context: how does it move?

Context: what does it feed on?

Context: what is it classified into?

Context: was it portrayed in any novel?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Michael Crichton

Context: when was it published?

Context: what is it's genre?

Context: Science fiction novel

Question: what does it deal with?

Answer: A cautionary tale about genetic engineering, it presents the collapse of an amusement park showcasing genetically re-created dinosaurs to illustrate the mathematical concept of chaos theory and its real world implications.

Explanation: A cautionary tale about genetic engineering, it presents the collapse of an amusement park showcasing genetically re-created dinosaurs to illustrate the mathematical concept of chaos theory and its real world implications.


Question: what is united kingdom's corporation tax all about?

Answer: A corporate tax levied in on the profits made by UK-resident companies.

United Kingdom corporation tax [SEP] Introduction

Corporation tax in the United Kingdom is a corporate tax levied in on the profits made by UK-resident companies and on the profits of entities registered overseas with permanent establishments in the UK. Until 1 April 1965, companies were taxed at the same income tax rates as individual taxpayers, with an additional profits tax levied on companies. Finance Act 1965 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax, which took its basic structure and rules from the income tax system. Since 1997, the UK's Tax Law Rewrite Project has been modernising the UK's tax legislation, starting with income tax, while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended, the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged.


Context: what is united kingdom's corporation tax all about?

Context: A corporate tax levied in on the profits made by UK-resident companies.

Question: which department is responsible for implementation of these taxes?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: which department is responsible for implementation of these taxes?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which year was this type of tax introduced?

Answer: 1965

United Kingdom corporation tax [SEP] Finance Act 1965

Finance Act 1965 replaced the system of income tax and profits tax from 1 April 1965 with the Corporation Tax, which re-introduced aspects of the old system. Corporation Tax was charged at a uniform rate on all profits, but additional tax was then payable if profits were distributed as a dividend to shareholders. In effect, dividends suffered double taxation. This method of corporation tax is known as the classical system and is similar to that used in the United States. The effect of the tax was to revert to the distribution tax in operation from 1949 to 1959: dividend payments were subject to higher tax than profits retained within the company.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which year was this type of tax introduced?

Question: at what rate was this type of tax charged in that year?

Answer: 40%

United Kingdom corporation tax [SEP] Rates

On its introduction in 1965, corporation tax was charged at 40%, rising to 45% in the 1969 Budget. The rate then fell to 42.5% in the second Budget of 1970 and 40% in 1971. In 1973, alongside the introduction of advance corporation tax (ACT), Conservative chancellor Anthony Barber created a main rate of 52%, together with a smaller companies' rate of 42%. This apparent increase was negated by the fact that under the ACT scheme, dividends were no longer subject to income tax. The 1979 Conservative Budget of Geoffrey Howe cut the small companies' rate to 40%, followed by a further cut in the 1982 Budget to 38%.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: at what rate was this type of tax charged in that year?

Question: what was the rate charged in the year 1969?

Answer: 45%

Explanation: On its introduction in 1965, corporation tax was charged at 40%, rising to 45% in the 1969 Budget.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the rate charged in the year 1969?

Question: what date is marks the beginning of the financial year?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what date is marks the beginning of the financial year?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what date marks the end of the financial year?

Answer: 31 March 2018.

United Kingdom corporation tax [SEP] Rates and payment

The 2007 Budget announced a main rate cut from 30% to 28%, effective from April 2008. At the same time, the small companies' rate was increased from 19% to 20% from April 2007, 21% in April 2008, to stop "individuals artificially incorporating as small companies to avoid paying their due share of tax, a practice if left unaddressed would cost the rest of the taxpaying population billions of pounds". The rate of corporation tax is determined by the financial year, which runs from 1 April to the following 31 March. Financial year FY17 started on 1 April 2017 and ends on 31 March 2018.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what date marks the end of the financial year?

Context: 31 March 2018.

Question: who administers and collects these taxes?

Answer: Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

United Kingdom corporation tax [SEP] Method of charge

Powers to collect corporation tax must be passed annually by parliament, otherwise there is no authority to collect it. The charge for the financial year (beginning 1 April each year) is imposed by successive finance acts. The tax is charged in respect of the company's accounting period, which is normally the 12-month period for which the company prepares its accounts. Corporation tax is administered by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: 31 March 2018.

Context: who administers and collects these taxes?

Context: Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

Question: which countries come under that kingdom?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: 31 March 2018.

Context: Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

Context: which countries come under that kingdom?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you mention a few of such type of tax reforms?

Answer: In December 2004, "Corporation tax reform – a technical note" was published and in August 2002, "Reform of corporation tax – A consultation document" was published.

United Kingdom corporation tax [SEP] Corporation tax reform

In August 2002, "Reform of corporation tax – A consultation document" was published, outlining initial proposals for the abolition of the Schedular system. This was followed up in August 2003 by "Corporation tax reform – A consultation document", which further discussed the possible abolition of the Schedular system, and also whether the capital allowances (tax depreciation) system should be abolished. It also made proposals that were ultimately enacted in Finance Act 2004. (The first two of these listed below were in response to threats to the UK tax base arising from recent European Court of Justice judgments.) The changes were to: In December 2004, "Corporation tax reform – a technical note" was published.


Question: how old was the last king of england when he died

Answer: 57

Explanation: George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952.

George VI [SEP] Introduction

George relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 and instead adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign and died of coronary thrombosis in 1952. He was succeeded by his daughter, Elizabeth II.


Context: how old was the last king of england when he died

Question: who is george vi?

Answer: He was King of the United Kingdom.

George VI [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Question: was he part of the military?

Answer: Yes, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell.

Explanation: In February 1918 he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell.

George VI [SEP] Military career and education

With the establishment of the Royal Air Force Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea. He completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot.


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Context: was he part of the military?

Context: Yes, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell.

Question: when was this?

Answer: 1918


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Context: was he part of the military?

Context: when was this?

Question: when was this above mentioned institute established?

Answer: 1 July 1914

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] Introduction

The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force, the world's first independent air force.


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Context: was he part of the military?

Context: when was this?

Context: when was this above mentioned institute established?

Context: 1 July 1914

Question: how is it associated with the ww i?

Answer: After the Second Battle of Gaza, RNAS aircraft attacked Tulkarm in the Judean Hills.

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] First World War

Inter-service rivalry even affected aircraft procurement. Urgently required Sopwith 1½ Strutter two-seaters had to be transferred from the planned RNAS strategic bombing force to RFC squadrons on the Western Front because the Sopwith firm were contracted to supply the RNAS exclusively. This situation continued, although most of Sopwith's post-1915 products were not designed specifically as naval aircraft. Thus RNAS fighter squadrons obtained Sopwith Pup fighters months before the RFC, and then replaced these first with Sopwith Triplanes and then Camels while the hard-pressed RFC squadrons soldiered on with their obsolescent Pups. On 23 June 1917, after the Second Battle of Gaza, RNAS aircraft attacked Tulkarm in the Judean Hills.


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Context: was he part of the military?

Context: when was this?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: how is it associated with the ww i?

Context: After the Second Battle of Gaza, RNAS aircraft attacked Tulkarm in the Judean Hills.

Question: can you mention some of their roles?

Answer: Fleet reconnaissance and patrolling coasts for enemy ships and submarines.

Royal Naval Air Service [SEP] Roles and missions

The main "naval" roles of the RNAS (ignoring for the minute the service's direct field "support" of the RFC) were fleet reconnaissance, patrolling coasts for enemy ships and submarines, and attacking enemy coastal territory. The RNAS systematically searched of the Channel, the North Sea and the vicinity of the Strait of Gibraltar for U-boats. In 1917 alone, they sighted 175 U-boats and attacked 107. Because of the technology of the time the attacks were not very successful in terms of submarines sunk, but the sightings greatly assisted the Navy's surface fleets in combatting the enemy submarines. It was the RNAS which provided much of the mobile cover using armoured cars, during the withdrawal from Antwerp to the Yser, in 1914 (see RNAS Armoured Car Section below).


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Context: was he part of the military?

Context: when was this?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: how is it associated with the ww i?

Context: can you mention some of their roles?

Context: Fleet reconnaissance and patrolling coasts for enemy ships and submarines.

Question: where did the last mode of transportation aforesaid get its name from?

Answer: It is an armed, submersible warship, the more general meaning is for any type of submersible craft.

Submarine [SEP] Etymology

Whereas the principal meaning of "submarine" is an armed, submersible warship, the more general meaning is for any type of submersible craft. The definition as of 1899 was for any type of "submarine boat". By naval tradition, submarines are still usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size. In other navies with a history of large submarine fleets they are also "boats"; in German it is an or (under-sea boat) and in Russian it is a (underwater boat). Although referred to informally as "boats", U.S. submarines employ the designation USS (United States Ship) at the beginning of their names, such as .


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Context: was he part of the military?

Context: when was this?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: how is it associated with the ww i?

Context: can you mention some of their roles?

Context: where did the last mode of transportation aforesaid get its name from?

Context: It is an armed, submersible warship, the more general meaning is for any type of submersible craft.

Question: what can you tell me about the early submersibles?

Answer: The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620.

Submarine [SEP] Early submersibles

According to a report in "Opusculum Taisnieri" published in 1562: In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book "Inventions or Devises" one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle. A few years later the Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier wrote in his "Secret Inventions" (1596) that "These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers, other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform." It's unclear whether he ever carried out his idea. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutchman in the service of James I of England.


Context: who is george vi?

Context: He was King of the United Kingdom.

Context: was he part of the military?

Context: when was this?

Context: 1 July 1914

Context: how is it associated with the ww i?

Context: can you mention some of their roles?

Context: what can you tell me about the early submersibles?

Context: The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620.

Question: what is x-stern?

Answer: The rear control surfaces can be combined into what has become known as an x-stern or an x-rudder.

Submarine [SEP] X-stern

Intuitively, the best way to configure the control surfaces at the stern of a submarine would seem to be to give them the shape of a cross when seen from the rear end of the vessel. In this configuration, which remained for long the dominant one, the horizontal planes are used to control the trim and depth and the vertical planes to control sideways maneuvers, just like the rudder of a surface ship. Alternatively, however, the rear control surfaces can be combined into what has become known as an x-stern or an x-rudder. Although less intuitive, such a configuration has turned out to have several advantages over the traditional cruciform arrangement.


Question: who played the high sparrow in game of thrones

Answer: Jonathan Pryce

Explanation: Jonathan Pryce

Jonathan Pryce [SEP] Introduction

Jonathan Pryce (born John Price; 1 June 1947) is a Welsh actor. After studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he began his career as a stage actor in the early 1970s. His work in theatre, including an award-winning performance in the title role of the Royal Court Theatre's "Hamlet", led to several supporting roles in film and television. His breakthrough screen performance was in Terry Gilliam's 1985 film "Brazil". Critically lauded for his versatility, Pryce has appeared in big-budget films including "Evita", "Tomorrow Never Dies", and "Pirates of the Caribbean", as well as independent films such as "Glengarry Glen Ross", "The Age of Innocence", "Carrington", "The New World" and "The Wife".


Context: who played the high sparrow in game of thrones

Context: Jonathan Pryce

Question: in which season did he appear first?

Answer: Season 5

Explanation: Season 5

Jonathan Pryce [SEP] 2010s

In 2015, he joined the cast of the HBO series "Game of Thrones" in Season 5 as the High Sparrow. Pryce admitted that one of the main reasons he took on the role was because of how influential the character is plot-wise. While initially being quite sceptical about "sword and sorcery" shows, Pryce later had a change of heart after his positive experiences on the "Thrones" sets. In 2015, he also appeared at The Globe Theatre as Shylock in "The Merchant of Venice". His real life daughter Phoebe played Shylock's daughter Jessica. In 2015, he joined the cast of "The Healer" starring with Oliver Jackson-Cohen, Camilla Luddington, and Jorge Garcia.


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Question: what was his role in the series?

Answer: High Sparrow

Explanation: High Sparrow

Jonathan Pryce [SEP] 2010s


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Context: what was his role in the series?

Context: High Sparrow

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Carmel, Flintshire

Explanation: Carmel, Flintshire

Jonathan Pryce [SEP] Early life

Pryce was born John Price on 1 June 1947 in Carmel, Flintshire, the son of Margaret Ellen (née Williams) and Isaac Price, a former coal miner who ran a small general grocery shop with his wife. He has two older sisters and was raised a Welsh Presbyterian. He was educated at Holywell Grammar School and, at the age of 16, went to art college before he started training to be a teacher at Edge Hill College (now Edge Hill University) in Ormskirk, Lancashire. While studying, he took part in a college theatre production. An impressed tutor suggested he should become an actor, and applied to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) for an application form on his behalf; Pryce was subsequently awarded a scholarship to RADA.


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Context: what was his role in the series?

Context: High Sparrow

Context: where was he born?

Context: Carmel, Flintshire

Question: what can you tell me about his character?

Answer: He is a small, thin, hard-eyed, grey-haired old man with a heavily lined face. He does not wear rich robes or any gold; instead, he wears a simple white wool tunic.

High Sparrow [SEP] Character profile

The High Sparrow is a prominent member of the "sparrows", a religious movement formed during the War of the Five Kings, and a septon (priest) in the Faith of the Seven. He is a small, thin, hard-eyed, grey-haired old man with a heavily lined face. He does not wear rich robes or any gold; instead, he wears a simple white wool tunic. The High Sparrow is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Cersei Lannister. The High Sparrow is mostly a background character in the novels.


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Context: what was his role in the series?

Context: High Sparrow

Context: where was he born?

Context: Carmel, Flintshire

Context: what can you tell me about his character?

Context: He is a small, thin, hard-eyed, grey-haired old man with a heavily lined face. He does not wear rich robes or any gold; instead, he wears a simple white wool tunic.

Question: when was the aforesaid season aired?

Answer: 2005

High Sparrow [SEP] Introduction

The High Sparrow is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of high fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones". The High Sparrow first appears in "A Feast for Crows" (2005) and subsequently appeared in Martin's "A Dance with Dragons" (2011). He is the de facto leader of the protest 'sparrow' movement that arises from the Faith of the Seven as a result of the carnage inflicted by the War of Five Kings. Although he appears to be humble and compassionate, his demeanor belies his shrewd and unrelenting fanaticism, which often borders on dangerous zealotry.


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Context: what was his role in the series?

Context: High Sparrow

Context: where was he born?

Context: Carmel, Flintshire

Context: when was the aforesaid season aired?

Question: what are the other works of the actor?

Answer: "Evita", "Tomorrow Never Dies", "Pirates of the Caribbean", "Glengarry Glen Ross", "The Age of Innocence", "Carrington"

Explanation: "Evita", "Tomorrow Never Dies", and "Pirates of the Caribbean", as well as independent films such as "Glengarry Glen Ross", "The Age of Innocence", "Carrington", "The New World" and "The Wife". In 2019, Pryce earned his first Academy Award nomination for

Jonathan Pryce [SEP] Introduction

In 2019, Pryce earned his first Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of Pope Francis in "The Two Popes". Additionally, Pryce is well known for television roles including the High Sparrow in the HBO series "Game of Thrones" and Sir Stuart Strange in the series "Taboo". In August 2020, it was announced that he will succeed Tobias Menzies as Prince Philip in the final two seasons of the award-winning Netflix historical drama series "The Crown". His career in theatre has been prolific, and he has won two Tony Awards—the first in 1977 for his Broadway debut in "Comedians", the second for his 1991 role as The Engineer in the musical "Miss Saigon".


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Context: what was his role in the series?

Context: High Sparrow

Context: where was he born?

Context: Carmel, Flintshire

Context: when was the aforesaid season aired?

Context: what are the other works of the actor?

Context: "Evita", "Tomorrow Never Dies", "Pirates of the Caribbean", "Glengarry Glen Ross", "The Age of Innocence", "Carrington"

Question: when was the second one aired?

Answer: 12 December 1997

Explanation: 12 December

Tomorrow Never Dies [SEP] Release and reception

The film had a World Charity Premiere at The Odeon Leicester Square, on 9 December 1997; this was followed by an after premiere party at Bedford Square, home of original Ian Fleming publisher, Jonathan Cape. The film went on general release in the UK and Iceland on 12 December and in most other countries during the following week. It opened at number 2 in the US, with $25,143,007 from 2,807 cinemas – average of $8,957 per cinema – behind "Titanic", which would become the highest-grossing film of all time up to that point. "Tomorrow Never Dies" ultimately achieved a worldwide gross of over $330 million, although it did not surpass its predecessor "GoldenEye", which grossed almost $20 million more.


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Context: what was his role in the series?

Context: High Sparrow

Context: where was he born?

Context: Carmel, Flintshire

Context: when was the aforesaid season aired?

Context: what are the other works of the actor?

Context: when was the second one aired?

Context: 12 December 1997

Question: who produced it?

Answer: Eon Productions

Explanation: Eon Productions

Tomorrow Never Dies [SEP] Introduction

Tomorrow Never Dies is a 1997 spy film and the eighteenth in the "James Bond" series to be produced by Eon Productions, and the second to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by Roger Spottiswoode, with the screenplay written by Bruce Feirstein, the film follows Bond as he attempts to stop Elliot Carver, a power-mad media mogul, from engineering world events to initiate World War III. The film was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli, and was the first "James Bond" film made after the death of producer Albert R. Broccoli, to whom the film pays tribute in the end credits.


Context: Jonathan Pryce

Context: in which season did he appear first?

Context: Season 5

Context: what was his role in the series?

Context: High Sparrow

Context: where was he born?

Context: Carmel, Flintshire

Context: when was the aforesaid season aired?

Context: what are the other works of the actor?

Context: when was the second one aired?

Context: 12 December 1997

Context: who produced it?

Context: Eon Productions

Question: who is the director?

Answer: Roger Spottiswoode

Explanation: Roger Spottiswoode

Tomorrow Never Dies [SEP] Introduction


Question: your iq score lies within a range of 129 up to 145

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

IQ classification [SEP] Introduction

IQ classification is the practice by IQ test publishers of labeling IQ score ranges with category names such as "superior" or "average". The current scoring method for all IQ tests is the "deviation IQ". In this method, an IQ score of 100 means that the test-taker's performance on the test is at the median level of performance in the sample of test-takers of about the same age used to norm the test. An IQ score of 115 means performance one standard deviation above the median, a score of 85 performance, one standard deviation below the median, and so on. Lewis Terman and other early developers of IQ tests noticed that most child IQ scores come out to approximately the same number by either procedure.


Context: your iq score lies within a range of 129 up to 145

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the full form of this mentioned abbreviation?

Answer: Intelligence quotient

Intelligence quotient [SEP] Introduction

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term "Intelligenzquotient", his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book. Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The resulting fraction (quotient) is multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the full form of this mentioned abbreviation?

Context: Intelligence quotient

Question: what are some of the tests taken to determine a person's intellect?

Answer: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities etc.

Intelligence quotient [SEP] Current tests

There are a variety of individually administered IQ tests in use in the English-speaking world. The most commonly used individual IQ test series is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for school-age test-takers. Other commonly used individual IQ tests (some of which do not label their standard scores as "IQ" scores) include the current versions of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, the Cognitive Assessment System, and the Differential Ability Scales. IQ tests that measure intelligence also include: IQ scales are ordinally scaled.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: what are some of the tests taken to determine a person's intellect?

Context: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities etc.

Question: who developed the first one?

Answer: David Wechsler

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale [SEP] Introduction

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents. The original WAIS (Form I) was published in February 1955 by David Wechsler, as a revision of the Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale, released in 1939. It is currently in its fourth edition ("WAIS-IV") released in 2008 by Pearson, and is the most widely used IQ test, for both adults and older adolescents, in the world. Data collection for the next version ("WAIS 5") began in 2016 and is expected to end in spring 2020.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Question: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Answer: He was a psychologist

David Wechsler [SEP] Introduction

David Wechsler (; January 12, 1896 – May 2, 1981) was a Romanian-American psychologist. He developed well-known intelligence scales, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Wechsler as the 51st most cited psychologist of the 20th century.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Context: He was a psychologist

Question: what was this person's intellectual score?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

David Wechsler [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: what was this person's intellectual score?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how is the low intellectual score classified?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

David Wechsler [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the low intellectual score classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the intellectual score for someone who exhibits a gifted ability?

Answer: 130 and above

IQ classification [SEP] Giftedness

A major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness. Although there is no scholarly agreement about identifying gifted learners, there is a de facto reliance on IQ scores for identifying participants in school gifted education programs. In practice, many school districts in the United States use an IQ score of 130, including about the upper 2 or 3 percent of the national population, as a cut-off score for inclusion in school gifted programs. Five levels of giftedness have been suggested to differentiate the vast difference in abilities that exists between children on varying ends of the gifted spectrum.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the intellectual score for someone who exhibits a gifted ability?

Context: 130 and above

Question: are there any characteristics of identifying someone with gifted abilities?

Answer: No, a major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness.

Explanation: A major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness.

IQ classification [SEP] Giftedness


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: 130 and above

Context: are there any characteristics of identifying someone with gifted abilities?

Context: No, a major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness.

Question: how is the intellectual score level calculated?

Answer: It is derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.

Explanation: An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: 130 and above

Context: how is the intellectual score level calculated?

Context: It is derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.

Question: can a person's biological age influence their intellectual quotient level?

Answer: IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood; practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood.

Explanation:
IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood. In one longitudinal study, the mean IQ scores of tests at ages 17 and 18 were correlated at r=0.86 with the mean scores of tests at ages five, six, and seven and at r=0.96 with the mean scores of tests at ages 11, 12, and 13.

For decades, practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood.

Intelligence quotient [SEP] Age

A variety of studies of IQ and aging have been conducted since the norming of the first Wechsler Intelligence Scale drew attention to IQ differences in different age groups of adults. Current consensus is that fluid intelligence generally declines with age after early adulthood, while crystallized intelligence remains intact. Both cohort effects (the birth year of the test-takers) and practice effects (test-takers taking the same form of IQ test more than once) must be controlled to gain accurate data. It is unclear whether any lifestyle intervention can preserve fluid intelligence into older ages. The exact peak age of fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence remains elusive.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: 130 and above

Context: can a person's biological age influence their intellectual quotient level?

Context: IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood; practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood.

Question: is there any correlation between a person's intellect with criminal behavior?

Answer: The American Psychological Association's 1996 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2; generally regarded as small and prone to disappear or be substantially reduced

Intelligence quotient [SEP] Crime

The American Psychological Association's 1996 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2. This association is generally regarded as small and prone to disappear or be substantially reduced after controlling for the proper covariates, being much smaller than typical sociological correlates. It was −0.19 between IQ scores and number of juvenile offenses in a large Danish sample; with social class controlled, the correlation dropped to −0.17. A correlation of 0.20 means that the explained variance is 4%. The causal links between psychometric ability and social outcomes may be indirect. Children with poor scholastic performance may feel alienated.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: 130 and above

Context: is there any correlation between a person's intellect with criminal behavior?

Context: The American Psychological Association's 1996 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2; generally regarded as small and prone to disappear or be substantially reduced

Question: what are some of the categories of intellectual levels?

Answer: "superior" or "average"

Intelligence quotient [SEP] Classification

IQ classification is the practice used by IQ test publishers for designating IQ score ranges into various categories with labels such as "superior" or "average." IQ classification was preceded historically by attempts to classify human beings by general ability based on other forms of behavioral observation. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based on IQ tests.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: 130 and above

Context: what are some of the categories of intellectual levels?

Context: "superior" or "average"

Question: are there any societies dedicated to people with gifted abilities?

Answer: Yes, Mensa International, Triple Nine Society

Explanation: There are social organizations, some international, which limit membership to people who have scores as high as or higher than the 98th percentile (2 standard deviations above the mean) on some IQ test or equivalent. Mensa International is perhaps the best known of these. The largest 99.9th percentile (3 standard deviations above the mean) society is the Triple Nine Society.

Intelligence quotient [SEP] High IQ societies


Context: your iq score lies within a range of 129 up to 145

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the full form of this mentioned abbreviation?

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: what are some of the tests taken to determine a person's intellect?

Context: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities etc.

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: what was this person's intellectual score?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the low intellectual score classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the intellectual score for someone who exhibits a gifted ability?

Context: 130 and above

Context: are there any characteristics of identifying someone with gifted abilities?

Context: No, a major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness.

Context: how is the intellectual score level calculated?

Context: It is derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.

Context: can a person's biological age influence their intellectual quotient level?

Context: IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood; practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood.

Context: is there any correlation between a person's intellect with criminal behavior?

Context: The American Psychological Association's 1996 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2; generally regarded as small and prone to disappear or be substantially reduced

Context: what are some of the categories of intellectual levels?

Context: "superior" or "average"

Context: are there any societies dedicated to people with gifted abilities?

Context: Yes, Mensa International, Triple Nine Society

Question: who established the first society mentioned?

Answer: Roland Berrill, and Dr. Lancelot Ware

Mensa International [SEP] History

Roland Berrill, an Australian barrister, and Dr. Lancelot Ware, a British scientist and lawyer, founded Mensa at Lincoln College, in Oxford, England, in 1946. They had the idea of forming a society for very intelligent people, the only qualification for membership being a high IQ. It was ostensibly to be non-political and free from all other social distinctions (racial, religious, etc.). However, Berrill and Ware were both disappointed with the resulting society. Berrill had intended Mensa as "an aristocracy of the intellect" and was unhappy that a majority of Mensans came from humble homes, while Ware said: "I do get disappointed that so many members spend so much time solving puzzles." American Mensa was the second major branch of Mensa.


Context: your iq score lies within a range of 129 up to 145

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the full form of this mentioned abbreviation?

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: what are some of the tests taken to determine a person's intellect?

Context: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities etc.

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: what was this person's intellectual score?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the low intellectual score classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the intellectual score for someone who exhibits a gifted ability?

Context: 130 and above

Context: are there any characteristics of identifying someone with gifted abilities?

Context: No, a major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness.

Context: how is the intellectual score level calculated?

Context: It is derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.

Context: can a person's biological age influence their intellectual quotient level?

Context: IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood; practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood.

Context: is there any correlation between a person's intellect with criminal behavior?

Context: The American Psychological Association's 1996 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2; generally regarded as small and prone to disappear or be substantially reduced

Context: what are some of the categories of intellectual levels?

Context: "superior" or "average"

Context: are there any societies dedicated to people with gifted abilities?

Context: Yes, Mensa International, Triple Nine Society

Context: who established the first society mentioned?

Context: Roland Berrill, and Dr. Lancelot Ware

Question: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Answer: Barrister

Explanation: Roland Berrill, an Australian barrister,

Mensa International [SEP] History


Context: your iq score lies within a range of 129 up to 145

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the full form of this mentioned abbreviation?

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: what are some of the tests taken to determine a person's intellect?

Context: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities etc.

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: what was this person's intellectual score?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the low intellectual score classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the intellectual score for someone who exhibits a gifted ability?

Context: 130 and above

Context: are there any characteristics of identifying someone with gifted abilities?

Context: No, a major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness.

Context: how is the intellectual score level calculated?

Context: It is derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.

Context: can a person's biological age influence their intellectual quotient level?

Context: IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood; practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood.

Context: is there any correlation between a person's intellect with criminal behavior?

Context: The American Psychological Association's 1996 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2; generally regarded as small and prone to disappear or be substantially reduced

Context: what are some of the categories of intellectual levels?

Context: "superior" or "average"

Context: are there any societies dedicated to people with gifted abilities?

Context: Yes, Mensa International, Triple Nine Society

Context: who established the first society mentioned?

Context: Roland Berrill, and Dr. Lancelot Ware

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Barrister

Question: what is the profession of the second person mentioned?

Answer: Scientist and lawyer

Explanation: Roland Berrill, an Australian barrister, and Dr. Lancelot Ware, a British scientist and lawyer

Mensa International [SEP] History


Context: your iq score lies within a range of 129 up to 145

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the full form of this mentioned abbreviation?

Context: Intelligence quotient

Context: what are some of the tests taken to determine a person's intellect?

Context: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities etc.

Context: who developed the first one?

Context: David Wechsler

Context: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Context: He was a psychologist

Context: what was this person's intellectual score?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how is the low intellectual score classified?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the intellectual score for someone who exhibits a gifted ability?

Context: 130 and above

Context: are there any characteristics of identifying someone with gifted abilities?

Context: No, a major point of consensus among all scholars of intellectual giftedness is that there is no generally agreed definition of giftedness.

Context: how is the intellectual score level calculated?

Context: It is derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.

Context: can a person's biological age influence their intellectual quotient level?

Context: IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood; practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood.

Context: is there any correlation between a person's intellect with criminal behavior?

Context: The American Psychological Association's 1996 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2; generally regarded as small and prone to disappear or be substantially reduced

Context: what are some of the categories of intellectual levels?

Context: "superior" or "average"

Context: are there any societies dedicated to people with gifted abilities?

Context: Yes, Mensa International, Triple Nine Society

Context: who established the first society mentioned?

Context: Roland Berrill, and Dr. Lancelot Ware

Context: what is the profession of the first person mentioned?

Context: Barrister

Context: what is the profession of the second person mentioned?

Context: Scientist and lawyer

Question: what are the eligibility criteria to be on this society's membership list?

Answer: A score at or above the 98th percentile on certain standardised IQ or other approved intelligence tests, such as the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales. The minimum accepted score on the Stanford–Binet is 132, while for the Cattell it is 148.

Mensa International [SEP] Membership requirement

Mensa's requirement for membership is a score at or above the 98th percentile on certain standardised IQ or other approved intelligence tests, such as the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales. The minimum accepted score on the Stanford–Binet is 132, while for the Cattell it is 148. Most IQ tests are designed to yield a mean score of 100 with a standard deviation of 15; the 98th-percentile score under these conditions is 131, assuming a normal distribution. Most national groups test using well-established IQ test batteries, but American Mensa has developed its own application exam. This exam is proctored by American Mensa and does not provide a score comparable to scores on other tests; it serves only to qualify a person for membership.


Question: where did the dewey decimal system come from

Answer: The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey.

Dewey Decimal Classification [SEP] Introduction

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. Originally described in a four-page pamphlet, it has been expanded to multiple volumes and revised through 23 major editions, the latest printed in 2011. It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. OCLC, a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries, currently maintains the system and licenses online access to WebDewey, a continuously updated version for catalogers. The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of "relative location" and "relative index" which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject.


Context: where did the dewey decimal system come from

Context: The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), colloquially the Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey.

Question: when did he do so?

Answer: 1876

Explanation: in 1876


Context: when did he do so?

Question: how is the classification done?

Answer: It is  formed  on the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses, etc.)

Dewey Decimal Classification [SEP] Influence and criticism

Dewey Decimal Classification numbers formed the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses, etc.). Adaptations of the system for specific regions outside the English-speaking world include the Korean Decimal Classification, the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries, and the Nippon Decimal Classification (Japanese). Despite its widespread usage, the classification has been criticized for its complexity and limited capability for amendment. In particular, the arrangement of subheadings has been described as archaic and biased towards an Anglo-American world view. In 2007–08, the Maricopa County Library District in Arizona abandoned the DDC in favor of the Book Industry Standards and Communications (BISAC) system commonly used by commercial bookstores, in an effort to make their libraries more accessible for patrons.


Context: when did he do so?

Context: how is the classification done?

Context: It is  formed  on the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses, etc.)

Question: where did he study?

Answer: He attended rural schools and determined early that his destiny was to reform education of the masses. He briefly attended Alfred University (1870), then Amherst College.

Melvil Dewey [SEP] Education and personal life

Dewey was born in Adams Center, New York, the fifth and last child of Joel and Eliza Greene Dewey. He attended rural schools and determined early that his destiny was to reform education of the masses. He briefly attended Alfred University (1870), then Amherst College, where he belonged to Delta Kappa Epsilon, and from which he earned a bachelor's degree in 1874 and a master's in 1877. While still a student, he founded the Library Bureau, which sold high-quality index-cards and filing-cabinets, and established the standard dimensions for catalog cards. As a young adult he advocated spelling reform; he changed his name from the usual "Melville" to "Melvil", without redundant letters, and for a time changed his surname to "Dui".


Context: when did he do so?

Context: how is the classification done?

Context: where did he study?

Context: He attended rural schools and determined early that his destiny was to reform education of the masses. He briefly attended Alfred University (1870), then Amherst College.

Question: where is the last mentioned college located?

Answer: Amherst, Massachusetts.

Amherst College [SEP] Introduction

Amherst College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts. Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore, Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts. The institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Jeffery, Lord Amherst, Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during the French and Indian War. Originally established as a men's college, Amherst became coeducational in 1975. Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution; the school enrolled 1,855 students in fall 2018. Students choose courses from 38 major programs in an open curriculum and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major.


Context: when did he do so?

Context: how is the classification done?

Context: where did he study?

Context: where is the last mentioned college located?

Context: Amherst, Massachusetts.

Question: when was it established?

Answer: 1821

Explanation: Founded in 1821

Amherst College [SEP] Introduction


Context: when did he do so?

Context: how is the classification done?

Context: where did he study?

Context: Amherst, Massachusetts.

Context: when was it established?

Question: does it have a big campus?

Answer: Amherst College has a total of 34 residence halls, Themed Houses including Arts House, Russian House, and French House, the Dickinson Homestead, operated as a museum about the life and history of poet Emily Dickinson, and the Lord Jeffery Inn (to be renamed), near to the main campus.

Amherst College [SEP] Campus

Amherst College is located in the town of Amherst in Western Massachusetts. Amherst College has a total of 34 residence halls, seven of which are strictly for first year students. Following their first year, sophomores, juniors, and seniors have the choice to live off campus and are offered options of Themed Houses including Arts House, Russian House, and French House, however this option is only available for two years of residence. The College also owns the Dickinson Homestead, operated as a museum about the life and history of poet Emily Dickinson, and the Lord Jeffery Inn (to be renamed), near to the main campus.


Context: when did he do so?

Context: how is the classification done?

Context: where did he study?

Context: Amherst, Massachusetts.

Context: when was it established?

Context: does it have a big campus?

Context: Amherst College has a total of 34 residence halls, Themed Houses including Arts House, Russian House, and French House, the Dickinson Homestead, operated as a museum about the life and history of poet Emily Dickinson, and the Lord Jeffery Inn (to be renamed), near to the main campus.

Question: can you name some of the works done by the poet mentioned?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Amherst College [SEP] Campus


Context: when did he do so?

Context: how is the classification done?

Context: where did he study?

Context: Amherst, Massachusetts.

Context: when was it established?

Context: does it have a big campus?

Context: can you name some of the works done by the poet mentioned?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what themes do her poems reflect?

Answer: She has been regarded, alongside Emerson as a Transcendentalist. Dickinson's poetry frequently uses humor, puns, irony and satire.

Explanation: She has been regarded, alongside Emerson (whose poems Dickinson admired), as a Transcendentalist. However, Farr disagrees with this analysis, saying that Dickinson's "relentlessly measuring mind ... deflates the airy elevation of the Transcendental". Apart from the major themes discussed below, Dickinson's poetry frequently uses humor, puns, irony and satire.

Emily Dickinson [SEP] Major themes

The Master poems: Dickinson left a large number of poems addressed to "Signor", "Sir" and "Master", who is characterized as Dickinson's "lover for all eternity". These confessional poems are often "searing in their self-inquiry" and "harrowing to the reader" and typically take their metaphors from texts and paintings of Dickinson's day. The Dickinson family themselves believed these poems were addressed to actual individuals but this view is frequently rejected by scholars. Farr, for example, contends that the Master is an unattainable composite figure, "human, with specific characteristics, but godlike" and speculates that Master may be a "kind of Christian muse".


Context: when did he do so?

Context: how is the classification done?

Context: where did he study?

Context: Amherst, Massachusetts.

Context: when was it established?

Context: does it have a big campus?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what themes do her poems reflect?

Context: She has been regarded, alongside Emerson as a Transcendentalist. Dickinson's poetry frequently uses humor, puns, irony and satire.

Question: is she referred in any other form of art?

Answer: The Apple TV+ show Dickinson is a comedy starring Hailee Steinfeld as Dickinson and is a comedic interpretation of Dickinson's life. The series depicts several historically accurate figures, including her siblings Austin and Lavinia, her parents, and Susan.

Explanation:
The song "Emily's Pages" on English folk singer Reg Meuross's 2013 album "Leaves & Feathers" is about Dickinson, and makes reference to "Master" and Dickinson's interest in botany.

The Apple TV+ show Dickinson is a comedy starring Hailee Steinfeld as Dickinson and is a comedic interpretation of Dickinson's life. The series depicts several historically accurate figures, including her siblings Austin and Lavinia, her parents, and Susan.

Emily Dickinson [SEP] In popular culture


Question: what is the ba congress?

Answer: It was a meeting of representatives of Draža Mihailović's Chetnik movement.

Ba Congress [SEP] Introduction

The Ba Congress, also known as the Saint Sava Congress or Great People's Congress, was a meeting of representatives of Draža Mihailović's Chetnik movement between 25 and 28 January 1944 in the village of Ba in the German-occupied territory of Serbia during World War II. The congress aimed to advance a political alternative to the November 1943 Second Session of the communist-led Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (, AVNOJ) of the Yugoslav Partisans. The Second Session of AVNOJ had resolved that post-war Yugoslavia would be a federal republic, based on six constituent republics, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, with equal rights.


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: It was a meeting of representatives of Draža Mihailović's Chetnik movement.

Question: when did it take place?

Answer: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Ba Congress [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Question: where?

Answer: In the village of Ba in the German-occupied territory of Serbia.

Ba Congress [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Context: where?

Context: In the village of Ba in the German-occupied territory of Serbia.

Question: what was discussed?

Answer: The night before the congress, Moljević and the long-term Chetnik supporters clashed with Topalović and the politicians, but Mihailović decided in favour of the latter.

Ba Congress [SEP] Discussions

The night before the congress, Moljević and the long-term Chetnik supporters clashed with Topalović and the politicians, but Mihailović decided in favour of the latter. Mihailović made a personal address to the congress, pledging his loyalty to the king, to the rule of law and to Yugoslavia, and repeatedly denied he had any tendencies towards dictatorship. He also rejected the idea of taking collective revenge against any nationality or political faction for crimes committed during the war. He forcefully refused to join the drift into collaboration affecting much of the Chetnik movement at the time of the congress, but his repeated denials about plans for a military dictatorship indicate an understandable lack of confidence from the politicians in this regard.


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Context: where?

Context: what was discussed?

Context: The night before the congress, Moljević and the long-term Chetnik supporters clashed with Topalović and the politicians, but Mihailović decided in favour of the latter.

Question: you mentioned a country where the meeting took place, what was the name again?

Answer: German-occupied territory of Serbia

Explanation: The Ba Congress, also known as the Saint Sava Congress or Great People's Congress, was a meeting of representatives of Draža Mihailović's Chetnik movement between 25 and 28 January 1944 in the village of Ba in the German-occupied territory of Serbia

Ba Congress [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Context: where?

Context: what was discussed?

Context: you mentioned a country where the meeting took place, what was the name again?

Context: German-occupied territory of Serbia

Question: what is the capital?

Answer: Belgrade

Serbia [SEP] Introduction

Serbia (, ), officially the Republic of Serbia (, ), is a landlocked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. It borders Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest. The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia's population numbers approximately seven million. Its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the largest and oldest citiеs in southeastern Europe. Continuously inhabited since the Paleolithic Age, the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century, establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms.


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Context: where?

Context: what was discussed?

Context: German-occupied territory of Serbia

Context: what is the capital?

Context: Belgrade

Question: if i visited this country as a tourist, which places would you suggest?

Answer: The mountains and spas, as well as Novi Sad.

Serbia [SEP] Tourism

Serbia is not a mass-tourism destination but nevertheless has a diverse range of touristic products. In 2019, total of over 3.6 million tourists were recorded in accommodations, of which half were foreign. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism were estimated at $1.5 billion. Tourism is mainly focused on the mountains and spas of the country, which are mostly visited by domestic tourists, as well as Belgrade and, to a lesser degree, Novi Sad, which are preferred choices of foreign tourists (almost two-thirds of all foreign visits are made to these two cities). The most famous mountain resorts are Kopaonik, Stara Planina and Zlatibor.


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Context: where?

Context: what was discussed?

Context: German-occupied territory of Serbia

Context: what is the capital?

Context: Belgrade

Context: if i visited this country as a tourist, which places would you suggest?

Context: The mountains and spas, as well as Novi Sad.

Question: what kind of food would i find in this country?

Answer: Staples include bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Serbia [SEP] Cuisine

Serbian cuisine is largely heterogeneous in a way characteristic of the Balkans and, especially, the former Yugoslavia. It features foods characteristic of lands formerly under Turkish suzerainty as well as cuisine originating from other parts of Central Europe (especially Austria and Hungary). Food is very important in Serbian social life, particularly during religious holidays such as Christmas, Easter and feast days i.e. slava. Staples of the Serbian diet include bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Bread is the basis of all Serbian meals, and it plays an important role in Serbian cuisine and can be found in religious rituals.


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Context: where?

Context: what was discussed?

Context: German-occupied territory of Serbia

Context: what is the capital?

Context: Belgrade

Context: what kind of food would i find in this country?

Context: Staples include bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Question: which sports are played?

Answer: Football, basketball, and tennis, among others.

Serbia [SEP] Sports

Sports play an important role in Serbian society, and the country has a strong sporting history. The most popular sports in Serbia are football, basketball, tennis, volleyball, water polo and handball. Professional sports in Serbia are organised by sporting federations and leagues (in case of team sports). One of particularities of Serbian professional sports is existence of many multi-sports clubs (called "sports societies"), biggest and most successful of which are Red Star, Partizan, and Beograd in Belgrade, Vojvodina in Novi Sad, Radnički in Kragujevac, Spartak in Subotica. Football is the most popular sport in Serbia, and the Football Association of Serbia with 146,845 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country.


Context: what is the ba congress?

Context: when did it take place?

Context: bBetween 25 and 28 January 1944

Context: where?

Context: what was discussed?

Context: German-occupied territory of Serbia

Context: what is the capital?

Context: Belgrade

Context: which sports are played?

Context: Football, basketball, and tennis, among others.

Question: what is the population?

Answer: 7,186,862

Serbia [SEP] Demographics

census, Serbia (excluding Kosovo) has a total population of 7,186,862 and the overall population density is medium as it stands at 92.8 inhabitants per square kilometre. The census was not conducted in Kosovo which held its own census that numbered their total population at 1,739,825, excluding Serb-inhabited North Kosovo, as Serbs from that area (about 50,000) boycotted the census. Serbia has been enduring a demographic crisis since the beginning of the 1990s, with a death rate that has continuously exceeded its birth rate. It is estimated that 300,000 people left Serbia during the 1990s, 20% of whom had a higher education.


Question: largest member of cat family in length and width

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Serval [SEP] Introduction

The serval ("Leptailurus serval") is a wild cat native to Africa. It is rare in North Africa and the Sahel, but widespread in sub-Saharan countries except rainforest regions. On the IUCN Red List it is listed as Least Concern. Across its range, it occurs in protected areas, and hunting it is either prohibited or regulated in range countries. It was first described by von Schreber in 1776. It is the sole member of the genus "Leptailurus". Three subspecies are recognised. The serval is a slender, medium-sized cat that stands at the shoulder and weighs . It is characterised by a small head, large ears, a golden-yellow to buff coat spotted and striped with black, and a short, black-tipped tail.


Context: largest member of cat family in length and width

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is serval?

Answer: A wild cat

Explanation: The serval ("Leptailurus serval") is a wild cat native to Africa.

Serval [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Question: where did it get its name from?

Answer: The name "serval" is a Portuguese name used by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1765 for a spotted cat that was kept at the time in the Royal Menagerie in Versailles.

Serval [SEP] Etymology

The name "serval" is a Portuguese name used by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1765 for a spotted cat that was kept at the time in the Royal Menagerie in Versailles. The name "Leptailurus" derives from the Greek λεπταλέος meaning "fine, delicate", and αίλουρος meaning "cat".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: The name "serval" is a Portuguese name used by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1765 for a spotted cat that was kept at the time in the Royal Menagerie in Versailles.

Question: what are some features of this animal?

Answer: Prominent characteristics include the small head, large ears, spotted and striped coat, long legs and a black-tipped tail that is around long.

Serval [SEP] Characteristics

The serval is a slender, medium-sized cat; it stands at the shoulder and weighs , but females tend to be lighter. The head-and-body length is typically between . Males tend to be sturdier than females. Prominent characteristics include the small head, large ears, spotted and striped coat, long legs and a black-tipped tail that is around long. The serval has the longest legs of any cat relative to its body size, largely due to the greatly elongated metatarsal bones in the feet. The toes are elongated as well, and unusually mobile. The coat is basically golden-yellow to buff, and extensively marked with black spots and stripes.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: Prominent characteristics include the small head, large ears, spotted and striped coat, long legs and a black-tipped tail that is around long.

Question: who is this aforesaid person who used its name?

Answer: He was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste.

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon [SEP] Introduction

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste. His works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes of his "Histoire Naturelle" during his lifetime; with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death. Ernst Mayr wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: who is this aforesaid person who used its name?

Context: He was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste.

Question: how was his early childhood like?

Answer: Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723–1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon [SEP] Early life

Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723–1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the University of Angers in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English Duke of Kingston, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy. There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723–1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service

Question: did his work get published?

Answer: Yes

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon [SEP] Publications

Buffon's "Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière" (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the "Histoire naturelle" ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Question: what are some of his works?

Answer: "Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière"

Explanation: Buffon's "Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière" (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the "Histoire naturelle" ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: "Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière"

Question: what is the former one about?

Answer: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Explanation: ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: what is the former one about?

Context: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Question: when was it written?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: what is the former one about?

Context: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Context: when was it written?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what other studies was he part of?

Answer: Monogenism

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon [SEP] Racial studies

Buffon and Johann Blumenbach were believers in monogenism, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the "degeneration theory" of racial origins. They both said that Adam and Eve were Caucasian and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race. Buffon and Blumenbach claimed that pigmentation arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the Eskimos.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: what is the former one about?

Context: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Context: when was it written?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other studies was he part of?

Context: Monogenism

Question: what is this aforesaid study?

Answer: The theory of human origins which posits a common descent for all human races

Monogenism [SEP] Introduction

Monogenism or sometimes monogenesis is the theory of human origins which posits a common descent for all human races. The negation of monogenism is polygenism. This issue was hotly debated in the Western world in the nineteenth century, as the assumptions of scientific racism came under scrutiny both from religious groups and in the light of developments in the life sciences and human science. It was integral to the early conceptions of ethnology. Modern scientific views favor this theory, with the most widely accepted model for human origins being the "Out of Africa" theory.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: what is the former one about?

Context: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Context: when was it written?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other studies was he part of?

Context: Monogenism

Context: what is this aforesaid study?

Context: The theory of human origins which posits a common descent for all human races

Question: how was it treated in france?

Answer: In France of the 1850s, monogenism was an unfashionable point of view. Polygenism was supported by physicians, anthropologists, taxonomists and zoologists; and the biblical associations of monogenism told against it in scientific circles.

Monogenism [SEP] Monogenism under attack in France

In France of the 1850s, monogenism was an unfashionable point of view. Polygenism was supported by physicians, anthropologists, taxonomists and zoologists; and the biblical associations of monogenism told against it in scientific circles. Paul Topinard, an early physical anthropologist, associated monogenism with backwardness and narrow intellectual horizons. Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau was a major French voice for monogenism of the period. The debate became entrenched with that on freethought.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: what is the former one about?

Context: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Context: when was it written?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other studies was he part of?

Context: Monogenism

Context: what is this aforesaid study?

Context: how was it treated in france?

Context: In France of the 1850s, monogenism was an unfashionable point of view. Polygenism was supported by physicians, anthropologists, taxonomists and zoologists; and the biblical associations of monogenism told against it in scientific circles.

Question: how is fertility related to this?

Answer: The interfertility of human races was debated, applying to human speciation arguments advanced already by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Monogenism [SEP] Interfertility and biological unity

The interfertility of human races was debated, applying to human speciation arguments advanced already by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. The criterion of interfertility for a single human species was not universally accepted, being rejected, for example, by Samuel George Morton. Charles Darwin regarded the evidence of interfertility as conclusive and substantiating the biological unity of humankind. He rejected claims of Paul Broca concerning the lack of fertility of unions of European settlers and Aboriginal Australians, and relied on data of John Bachman of the fertility of mulatto (mixed race) persons. On the other hand, Darwin's theory admitted the idea of "varieties of man": it was neither purely monogenist (in the sense of the term previously used), nor polygenist.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: what is the former one about?

Context: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Context: when was it written?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other studies was he part of?

Context: Monogenism

Context: what is this aforesaid study?

Context: how was it treated in france?

Context: how is fertility related to this?

Context: The interfertility of human races was debated, applying to human speciation arguments advanced already by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Question: how was this concept received in the uk?

Answer: Monogenism retained support in London's learned societies

Monogenism [SEP] Mid-century contention in the United Kingdom

Around 1850 polygenism was a rising intellectual trend. On the other hand, monogenism retained support in London's learned societies. The Ethnological Society of London had the monogenist tradition of Thomas Hodgkin and James Cowles Prichard, continuing in Robert Gordon Latham. Others on that side of the debate were William Benjamin Carpenter, Charles Darwin, Edward Forbes, Henry Holland, Charles Lyell, and Richard Owen. The direction of the Ethnological Society was challenged by James Hunt, a polygenist who became a secretary in 1859, and John Crawfurd, who was president two years later, who believed in a large number of separately created racial groups.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is serval?

Context: A wild cat

Context: where did it get its name from?

Context: what are some features of this animal?

Context: how was his early childhood like?

Context: did his work get published?

Context: Yes

Context: what are some of his works?

Context: what is the former one about?

Context: Animal and mineral kingdoms

Context: when was it written?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other studies was he part of?

Context: Monogenism

Context: what is this aforesaid study?

Context: how was it treated in france?

Context: how is fertility related to this?

Context: how was this concept received in the uk?

Context: Monogenism retained support in London's learned societies

Question: how did the environmentalists react to it?

Answer: Environmentalist monogenism describes a theory current in the first half of the nineteenth century, in particular, according to which there was a single human origin, but that subsequent migration of groups of humans had subjected them to different environmental conditions.

Explanation: Environmentalist monogenism describes a theory current in the first half of the nineteenth century, in particular, according to which there was a single human origin, but that subsequent migration of groups of humans had subjected them to different environmental conditions.

Monogenism [SEP] Environmentalist monogenism

This work was a major influence to the anti-environmentalist and polygenist case on race and origins. In "The Effect of Circumstances upon the Physical Man" (1854) Frederick Douglass argued for an environmentalist monogenism, following Prichard, Bachman, and Robert Gordon Latham, but also in the tradition of Hosea Easton and James McCune Smith. For Douglass, monogenesis was closely related to egalitarianism and his politics of black humanity.


Question: which state became part of india after independence

Answer: Territories under British rule the suzerainty of the British Crown and princely states

Political integration of India [SEP] Introduction

At the time of Indian independence in 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories, one under direct British rule, and the other under the suzerainty of the British Crown, with control over their internal affairs remaining in the hands of their hereditary rulers. The latter included 562 princely states, having different types of revenue sharing arrangements with the British, often depending on their size, population and local conditions. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The political integration of these territories into India was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress, and the Government of India pursued this over the next decade.


Context: which state became part of india after independence

Context: Territories under British rule the suzerainty of the British Crown and princely states

Question: what was the reason that it was integrated?

Answer: Because of India's independence

Explanation: At the time of Indian independence in 1947,


Context: what was the reason that it was integrated?

Context: Because of India's independence

Question: were any states merged?

Answer: Yes the princely states

Explanation: he latter included 562 princely states, having different types of revenue sharing arrangements with the British, often depending on their size, population and local conditions. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The political integration of these territories into India was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress,


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Question: what was the relationship between these states and british?

Answer: Tense, the British used  different policies to rule them Policy of annexation and Policy of indirect rule

Political integration of India [SEP] Princely states in India

The early history of British expansion in India was characterised by the co-existence of two approaches towards the existing princely states. The first was a policy of annexation, where the British sought to forcibly absorb the Indian princely states into the provinces which constituted their Empire in India. The second was a policy of indirect rule, where the British assumed suzerainty and paramountcy over princely states, but conceded to them sovereignty and varying degrees of internal self-government. During the early part of the 19th century, the policy of the British tended towards annexation, but the Indian Rebellion of 1857 forced a change in this approach, by demonstrating both the difficulty of absorbing and subduing annexed states, and the usefulness of princely states as a source of support.


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: what was the relationship between these states and british?

Context: Tense, the British used  different policies to rule them Policy of annexation and Policy of indirect rule

Question: can you name some of the titles of the princes?

Answer: Maharaja was one of them

Political integration of India [SEP] The princes' position

Many princes were also pressured by popular sentiment favouring integration with India, which meant their plans for independence had little support from their subjects. The Maharaja of Travancore, for example, definitively abandoned his plans for independence after the attempted assassination of his dewan, Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. In a few states, the chief ministers or dewans played a significant role in convincing the princes to accede to India. The key factors that led the states to accept integration into India were, however, the efforts of Lord Mountbatten, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon. The latter two were respectively the political and administrative heads of the States Department, which was in charge of relations with the princely states.


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: can you name some of the titles of the princes?

Context: Maharaja was one of them

Question: who ruled these states?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The rulers of the princely states were not uniformly enthusiastic about integrating their domains into independent India. The Jamkhandi State integrated first with Independent India. Some, such as the rulers of Bikaner and Jawhar, were motivated to join India out of ideological and patriotic considerations, but others insisted that they had the right to join either India or Pakistan, to remain independent, or form a union of their own. Bhopal, Travancore and Hyderabad announced that they did not intend to join either dominion. Hyderabad went as far as to appoint trade representatives in European countries and commencing negotiations with the Portuguese to lease or buy Goa to give it access to the sea, and Travancore pointed to the strategic importance to western countries of its thorium reserves while asking for recognition.


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: Maharaja was one of them

Context: who ruled these states?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what was the role of mountbatten in or after the political integration?

Answer: He used his influence with the princes to push them towards accession

Explanation: Mountbatten used his influence with the princes to push them towards accession. He declared that the British Government would not grant dominion status to any of the princely states, nor would it accept them into the British Commonwealth,

Political integration of India [SEP] Mountbatten's role

He engaged in a personal dialogue with reluctant princes, such as the Nawab of Bhopal, who he asked through a confidential letter to sign the Instrument of Accession making Bhopal part of India, which Mountbatten would keep locked up in his safe. It would be handed to the States Department on 15 August only if the Nawab did not change his mind before then, which he was free to do. The Nawab agreed, and did not renege over the deal.


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: Maharaja was one of them

Context: who ruled these states?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the role of mountbatten in or after the political integration?

Context: He used his influence with the princes to push them towards accession

Question: what was the process of accession?

Answer: Rulers of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters

Political integration of India [SEP] Instruments of accession

Patel and Menon backed up their diplomatic efforts by producing treaties that were designed to be attractive to rulers of princely states. Two key documents were produced. The first was the Standstill Agreement, which confirmed the continuance of the pre-existing agreements and administrative practices. The second was the Instrument of Accession, by which the ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters. The nature of the subject matters varied depending on the acceding state. The states which had internal autonomy under the British signed an Instrument of Accession which only ceded three subjects to the government of India—defence, external affairs, and communications, each defined in accordance with List 1 to Schedule VII of the Government of India Act 1935.


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: Maharaja was one of them

Context: who ruled these states?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the process of accession?

Context: Rulers of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters

Question: what event happened with the bordering states?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: Maharaja was one of them

Context: who ruled these states?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the process of accession?

Context: what event happened with the bordering states?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what was the accession instrument?

Answer: Treaty by which he ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters

Explanation: Patel and Menon backed up their diplomatic efforts by producing treaties that were designed to be attractive to rulers of princely states. Two key documents were produced. The first was the Standstill Agreement, which confirmed the continuance of the pre-existing agreements and administrative practices. The second was the Instrument of Accession, by which the ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: Maharaja was one of them

Context: who ruled these states?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the process of accession?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the accession instrument?

Context: Treaty by which he ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters

Question: when was this treaty executed?

Answer: 1947

Instrument of Accession [SEP] Introduction

The Instrument of Accession was a legal document first introduced by the Government of India Act 1935 and used in 1947 to enable each of the rulers of the princely states under British paramountcy to join one of the new dominions of India or Pakistan created by the Partition of British India. The instruments of accession executed by the rulers, provided for the accession of states to the Dominion of India (or Pakistan) on three subjects, namely, defence, external affairs and communications.


Context: Because of India's independence

Context: were any states merged?

Context: Yes the princely states

Context: Maharaja was one of them

Context: who ruled these states?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the process of accession?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the accession instrument?

Context: when was this treaty executed?

Question: who executed it?

Answer: Government of India

Explanation: The Instrument of Accession was a legal document first introduced by the Government of India Act 1935 and used in 1947


Question: where does the kansas turnpike start and end

Answer: Oklahoma border to Kansas City

Kansas Turnpike [SEP] Introduction

The Kansas Turnpike is a , freeway-standard toll road that lies entirely within the U.S. state of Kansas. It runs in a general southwest–northeast direction from the Oklahoma border to Kansas City. It passes through several major Kansas cities, including Wichita, Topeka, and Lawrence. The turnpike is owned and maintained by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), which is headquartered in Wichita. The Kansas Turnpike was built from 1954 to 1956, predating the Interstate Highway System. While not part of the system's early plans, the turnpike was eventually incorporated into the Interstate System in late 1956, and is designated today as four different Interstate Highway routes: Interstate 35 (I-35), I-335, I-470, and I-70.


Context: where does the kansas turnpike start and end

Context: Oklahoma border to Kansas City

Question: can you name any cities through which it passes?

Answer: It passes through several major Kansas cities, including Wichita, Topeka, and Lawrence

Explanation: It passes through several major Kansas cities, including Wichita, Topeka, and Lawrence.

Kansas Turnpike [SEP] Introduction