Context: how did this bright star gets its name?

Context: can you name a few more bright stars?

Context: Sun, Spica etc

Context: how was this bright star formed?

Context: with regards to the brightest star mentioned earlier in the conversation, how far is it from us?

Context: It is believed to have estimated the distance to Sirius at 27664 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun (about 0.437 light years, translating to a parallax of roughly 7.5 arcseconds).

Question: what is its significance across different culture?

Answer: It is often colloquially called the "Dog Star" as the brightest star of Canis Major, the "Great Dog" constellation. Canis Major was classically depicted as Orion's dog. The Ancient Greeks thought that Sirius's emanations could affect dogs adversely, making them behave abnormally during the "dog days", the hottest days of the summer.

Explanation: Many cultures have historically attached special significance to Sirius, particularly in relation to dogs. It is often colloquially called the "Dog Star" as the brightest star of Canis Major, the "Great Dog" constellation. Canis Major was classically depicted as Orion's dog. The Ancient Greeks thought that Sirius's emanations could affect dogs adversely, making them behave abnormally during the "dog days", the hottest days of the summer. The Romans knew these days as , and the star Sirius was called Canicula, "little dog". The excessive panting of dogs in hot weather was thought to place them at risk of desiccation and disease. In extreme cases, a foaming dog might have rabies, which could infect and kill humans they had bitten. Homer, in the "Iliad", describes the approach of Achilles toward Troy in these words:

Sirius [SEP] Etymology and cultural significance

The proper name "Sirius" comes from the Latin "Sīrius", from the Ancient Greek "Σείριος" ("Seirios", "glowing" or "scorcher"). The Greek word itself may have been imported from elsewhere before the Archaic period, one authority suggesting a link with the Egyptian god Osiris. The name's earliest recorded use dates from the 7th century BC in Hesiod's poetic work "Works and Days". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included "Sirius" for the star α Canis Majoris A.


Context: cma (canis majoris) is so bright it is visible near the rising sun but is better known as

Context: Canis Major is a constellation which contains Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky

Context: how did this bright star gets its name?

Context: Its name is derived from the Greek word "Seirios" "glowing" or "scorching".

Context: can you name a few more bright stars?

Context: Sun, Spica etc

Context: can the former be viewed by the naked eye?

Context: The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye; however, doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes

Context: how was this bright star formed?

Context: It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud.

Context: what are the different parts of its constitution?

Context: Core, Radiative zone, Tachocline, Convective zone, Photosphere

Context: any satellites used to study more about this body?

Context: NASA's Pioneers 6, 7, 8 and 9 ; Helios 1 and 2 probes

Context: what is its significance across different culture?

Context: It is often colloquially called the "Dog Star" as the brightest star of Canis Major, the "Great Dog" constellation. Canis Major was classically depicted as Orion's dog. The Ancient Greeks thought that Sirius's emanations could affect dogs adversely, making them behave abnormally during the "dog days", the hottest days of the summer.

Question: can it be seen by us?

Answer: Yes - Sirius is visible from almost everywhere on Earth, except latitudes north of 73° N

Sirius [SEP] Observation

With an apparent magnitude of −1.46, Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky, almost twice as bright as the second-brightest star, Canopus. From Earth, Sirius always appears dimmer than Jupiter and Venus, as well as Mercury and Mars at certain times. Sirius is visible from almost everywhere on Earth, except latitudes north of 73° N, and it does not rise very high when viewed from some northern cities (reaching only 13° above the horizon from Saint Petersburg). Due to its declination of roughly −17°, Sirius is a circumpolar star from latitudes south of 73° S. From the Southern Hemisphere in early July, Sirius can be seen in both the evening where it sets after the Sun and in the morning where it rises before the Sun.


Question: who was the pilot that crashed into the twin towers

Answer: Marwan al-Shehhi

Explanation: Marwan al-Shehhi, the hijacker pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, made a call from a pay phone in Logan Airport to Atta's cell phone.

American Airlines Flight 11 [SEP] Boarding

Wail al-Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag; Waleed al-Shehri did not check any bags. CAPPS selected all three for a detailed luggage check. As the CAPPS' screening was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint. By 07:40, all five hijackers were aboard the flight, scheduled to depart at 07:45. Mohamed Atta sat in business class seat 8D with Abdulaziz al-Omari in 8G and Suqami in 10B. Waleed al-Shehri and Wail al-Shehri sat in first class seats 2B and 2A. At 07:46, one minute behind schedule, the aircraft received clearance to push back from Gate B32, and was cleared to taxi to the runway at 07:50.


Context: who was the pilot that crashed into the twin towers

Context: Marwan al-Shehhi

Question: where did it crash ?

Answer: September11 in 2001

Explanation: American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda members on September11 in 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks

American Airlines Flight 11 [SEP] Introduction

Documentary film maker Jules Naudet captured the only known footage of the initial impact from start to finish. Before the hijacking was confirmed, news agencies began to report on the incident and speculated that the crash had been an accident. The impact and subsequent fire caused the North Tower to collapse 102minutes after the crash, resulting in hundreds of additional casualties. During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers recovered and identified dozens of remains from Flight11 victims, but many body fragments could not be identified.


Context: Marwan al-Shehhi

Context: where did it crash ?

Context: September11 in 2001

Question: what were the nationalities of the victims ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda members on September11 in 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. Mohamed Atta deliberately crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing all 92 people aboard and an unknown number in the building's impact zone. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-223ER, registration was flying American Airlines' daily scheduled morning transcontinental service from Logan International Airport in Boston to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles. Fifteen minutes into the flight, the hijackers injured at least three people (possibly killing one), forcibly breached the cockpit, and overpowered the captain and first officer.


Context: Marwan al-Shehhi

Context: where did it crash ?

Context: September11 in 2001

Context: what were the nationalities of the victims ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what was the aftermath ?

Answer: After the crash, the North Tower burned for 102minutes before collapsing at 10:28, in addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants, hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed

American Airlines Flight 11 [SEP] Aftermath

After the crash, the North Tower burned for 102minutes before collapsing at 10:28. Although the impact itself caused extensive structural damage, the long-lasting fire ignited by jet fuel was blamed for the structural failure of the tower. In addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants, hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed. Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on floors 101–105 of the World Trade Center One, lost 658employees, considerably more than any other employer. Rescue workers at the World Trade Center site began to discover body fragments from Flight11 victims within days of the attack.


Context: Marwan al-Shehhi

Context: where did it crash ?

Context: September11 in 2001

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what was the aftermath ?

Context: After the crash, the North Tower burned for 102minutes before collapsing at 10:28, in addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants, hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed

Question: who is the person you mentioned above ?

Answer: Marwan Yousef Mohamed Rashid Lekrab al-Shehhi was the hijacker-pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, crashing the Boeing 767 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks.

Marwan al-Shehhi [SEP] Introduction

Marwan Yousef Mohamed Rashid Lekrab al-Shehhi (, , also transliterated as Alshehhi; 9 May 1978 – 11 September 2001) was the hijacker-pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, crashing the Boeing 767 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks. Al-Shehhi was a student from the United Arab Emirates who moved to Germany in 1996 and soon became close friends with Mohamed Atta, Ziad Jarrah and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, forming the Hamburg cell. Together, after pledging their lives to martyrdom, they became the leaders of the September 11 attacks. In late 1999, al-Shehhi, Atta, Jarrah, and bin al-Shibh traveled to terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and met with Osama bin Laden who recruited the four Hamburg cell members for the attacks in the United States.


Question: who is the author of the novel 'the hunger games'?

Answer: Suzanne Collins.

The Hunger Games (novel) [SEP] Introduction

The Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins. It is written in the voice of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who lives in the future, post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in North America. The Capitol, a highly advanced metropolis, exercises political control over the rest of the nation. The Hunger Games is an annual event in which one boy and one girl aged 12–18 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle royale to the death. The book received critical acclaim from major reviewers and authors.


Context: who is the author of the novel 'the hunger games'?

Context: Suzanne Collins.

Question: which year was it first published?

Answer: 2008.

Explanation: he Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Question: what is the name of that publishing company who published it?

Answer: Scholastic.

It was praised for its plot and character development. In writing "The Hunger Games", Collins drew upon Greek mythology, Roman gladiatorial games, and contemporary reality television for thematic content. The novel won many awards, including the California Young Reader Medal, and was named one of "Publishers Weekly"s "Best Books of the Year" in 2008. "The Hunger Games" was first published in hardcover on September 14, 2008, by Scholastic, featuring a cover designed by Tim O'Brien. It has since been released in paperback and also as an audiobook and ebook. After an initial print of 200,000, the book had sold 800,000 copies by February 2010.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: what is the name of that publishing company who published it?

Context: Scholastic.

Question: name a few characters from that book.

Answer: Katniss Everdeen, Primrose, Peeta Mellark and Haymitch Abernathy.

The Hunger Games (novel) [SEP] Plot

The story is narrated by 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen from District 12, who volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her 12-year-old sister, Primrose. The male tribute is Peeta Mellark, a former schoolmate of Katniss who once gave her bread from his family's bakery when her family was starving. In the days leading up to the Games in the Capitol, they are given advice by their drunken mentor, Haymitch Abernathy, the sole living District 12 victor of the Hunger Games; chaperone Effie Trinket; and various stylists to enhance their public perception to get potential sponsors, who will send potentially life-saving gifts during the Games.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: Katniss Everdeen, Primrose, Peeta Mellark and Haymitch Abernathy.

Question: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Answer: Yes.

The Hunger Games (novel) [SEP] Film adaptation

In March 2009, Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement for "The Hunger Games" with Nina Jacobson's production company Color Force, which had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the novel a few weeks earlier. The studio, which had not made a profit for five years, raided the budgets of other productions and sold assets to secure a budget of $88,000,000 – one of its largest ever – for the film. Collins' agent Jason Dravis remarked that "they [Lionsgate] had everyone but the valet call us" to help secure the franchise. Intending the film to have a PG-13 rating, Collins adapted the novel for film herself, in collaboration with screenwriter Billy Ray and director Gary Ross.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Question: which year was it first released?

Answer: 2012.

Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth were later added to the cast, in the roles of Peeta and Gale, respectively. Production began in late spring 2011 and the film was released on March 23, 2012. The film's opening weekend brought in a non-sequel record $152.5 million (USD) in North America. "", based on the second novel in the series, was released the following year on November 22, 2013.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Gary Ross.

Explanation: nding the film to have a PG-13 rating, Collins adapted the novel for film herself, in collaboration with screenwriter Billy Ray and director Gary Ross.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Question: who acted in that?

Answer: Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth.

Explanation: Twenty-year-old actress Jennifer Lawrence was chosen to play Katniss Everdeen. Though Lawrence was four years older than the character when filming began, Collins felt the role demanded "a certain maturity and power" and said she would rather the actress be older than younger. She added that Lawrence was the "only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book" and that she had "every essential quality necessary to play Katniss." Lawrence, a fan of the books, took three days to accept the role, initially intimidated by the size of the production. Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth were later added to the cast, in the roles

The screenplay remains extremely faithful to the original novel, with Ross saying he "felt the only way to make the film really successful was to be totally subjective" in its presentation of events, echoing Collins' use of first person present in the novel. Twenty-year-old actress Jennifer Lawrence was chosen to play Katniss Everdeen. Though Lawrence was four years older than the character when filming began, Collins felt the role demanded "a certain maturity and power" and said she would rather the actress be older than younger. She added that Lawrence was the "only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book" and that she had "every essential quality necessary to play Katniss." Lawrence, a fan of the books, took three days to accept the role, initially intimidated by the size of the production.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth.

Question: what character did the first actor mentioned above portray?

Answer: Katniss Everdeen.

Explanation: Twenty-year-old actress Jennifer Lawrence was chosen to play Katniss Everdeen.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: what character did the first actor mentioned above portray?

Context: Katniss Everdeen.

Question: what was her first debut film?

Answer: Garden Party.

Jennifer Lawrence [SEP] Introduction

Her first major role came as a main cast member on the sitcom "The Bill Engvall Show" (2007–2009). Lawrence made her film debut in a supporting role in the drama "Garden Party" (2008), and had her breakthrough playing a poverty-stricken teenager in the independent drama "Winter's Bone" (2010). Her career progressed with her starring roles as the mutant Mystique in the "X-Men" film series (2011–2019) and Katniss Everdeen in The "Hunger Games" film series (2012–2015). The latter established her as the highest-grossing action heroine of all time. Lawrence went on to earn accolades for her collaborations with director David O.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: Katniss Everdeen.

Context: what was her first debut film?

Context: Garden Party.

Question: who were her co-stars in that?

Answer: Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland.

Garden Party (2008 film) [SEP] Introduction

Garden Party is a 2008 American drama film directed by Jason Freeland, and starring Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland. A low-budget independent film, it marked Jennifer Lawrence's film debut.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: Katniss Everdeen.

Context: what was her first debut film?

Context: Garden Party.

Context: who were her co-stars in that?

Context: Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland.

Question: did that actress win any award?

Answer: Yes, an Academy Award.

Jennifer Lawrence [SEP] Accolades

Lawrence won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Silver Linings Playbook" (2012). She has won three Golden Globe Awards; Best Actress – Comedy or Musical for "Silver Linings Playbook" (2012) and "Joy" (2015), and Best Supporting Actress for "American Hustle" (2013). She also won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for "American Hustle". Her other accolades include seven MTV Movie Awards (five for "The Hunger Games" series, two for "Silver Linings Playbook"), six People's Choice Awards (three for "The Hunger Games", three for the "X-Men" series), a Satellite Award for "Silver Linings Playbook", and a Saturn Award for "The Hunger Games".


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: Katniss Everdeen.

Context: what was her first debut film?

Context: Garden Party.

Context: who were her co-stars in that?

Context: Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland.

Context: did that actress win any award?

Context: Yes, an Academy Award.

Question: for which film?

Answer: Silver Linings Playbook.

Explanation: Lawrence won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Silver Linings Playbook" (2012).

Jennifer Lawrence [SEP] Accolades


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: Katniss Everdeen.

Context: what was her first debut film?

Context: Garden Party.

Context: who were her co-stars in that?

Context: Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland.

Context: did that actress win any award?

Context: Yes, an Academy Award.

Context: for which film?

Context: Silver Linings Playbook.

Question: who directed it?

Answer: David O. Russell.

Silver Linings Playbook [SEP] Introduction

Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell. The film was based on Matthew Quick's 2008 novel "The Silver Linings Playbook". It stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence, with Robert De Niro, Jacki Weaver, Chris Tucker, Anupam Kher, and Julia Stiles in supporting roles. Cooper plays Patrizio "Pat" Solitano Jr., a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents (De Niro and Weaver). Pat is determined to win back his estranged wife. He meets a young widow, Tiffany Maxwell (Lawrence), who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her.


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: Katniss Everdeen.

Context: what was her first debut film?

Context: Garden Party.

Context: who were her co-stars in that?

Context: Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland.

Context: did that actress win any award?

Context: Yes, an Academy Award.

Context: for which film?

Context: Silver Linings Playbook.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David O. Russell.

Question: which other films has he directed?

Answer: Spanking the Monkey, Flirting with Disaster, Three Kings and I Heart Huckabees.

David O. Russell [SEP] Introduction

David Owen Russell (born August 20, 1958) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. His early directing career includes the comedy films "Spanking the Monkey" (1994), "Flirting with Disaster" (1996), "Three Kings" (1999), and "I Heart Huckabees" (2004). Three of Russell's more recent films – the biographical sports drama "The Fighter" (2010), the romantic comedy-drama "Silver Linings Playbook" (2012), and the comedy-drama crime film "American Hustle" (2013) – were commercially successful and acclaimed by critics, having earned Russell three Academy Award nominations for Best Director, as well as a Best Adapted Screenplay nomination for "Silver Linings Playbook" and a Best Original Screenplay nomination for "American Hustle".


Context: Suzanne Collins.

Context: which year was it first published?

Context: Scholastic.

Context: name a few characters from that book.

Context: has it ever been adapted into a movie?

Context: Yes.

Context: which year was it first released?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Gary Ross.

Context: who acted in that?

Context: Katniss Everdeen.

Context: what was her first debut film?

Context: Garden Party.

Context: who were her co-stars in that?

Context: Vinessa Shaw and Willa Holland.

Context: did that actress win any award?

Context: Yes, an Academy Award.

Context: for which film?

Context: Silver Linings Playbook.

Context: who directed it?

Context: David O. Russell.

Context: which other films has he directed?

Context: Spanking the Monkey, Flirting with Disaster, Three Kings and I Heart Huckabees.

Question: when was that first film mentioned above released?

Answer: 1994.

Spanking the Monkey [SEP] Introduction

Spanking the Monkey is a 1994 American black comedy film written and directed by David O. Russell. The title is a slang phrase for masturbation and is used in the film by one of the teenage characters. It was filmed in Pawling, New York.


Question: describe how the three types of rna work together to form protein

Answer: Protein synthesis uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) then links amino acids together to form coded proteins

RNA [SEP] Introduction

Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of these active processes is protein synthesis, a universal function in which RNA molecules direct the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes. This process uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) then links amino acids together to form coded proteins.


Context: describe how the three types of rna work together to form protein

Context: Protein synthesis uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) then links amino acids together to form coded proteins

Question: what is the full form of that abbreviation?

Answer: Ribonucleic acid

RNA [SEP] Introduction

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, RNA is found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins.


Context: what is the full form of that abbreviation?

Context: Ribonucleic acid

Question: what is the definition of it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

RNA [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: what is the definition of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is it present in human cells or in some viruses?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

RNA [SEP] Introduction


Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: what is the definition of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is it present in human cells or in some viruses?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is its structure?

Answer: Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5' and a base is attached to the 1' position

RNA [SEP] Structure

Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5'. A base is attached to the 1' position, in general, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or uracil (U). Adenine and guanine are purines, cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines. A phosphate group is attached to the 3' position of one ribose and the 5' position of the next. The phosphate groups have a negative charge each, making RNA a charged molecule (polyanion). The bases form hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine, between adenine and uracil and between guanine and uracil. However, other interactions are possible, such as a group of adenine bases binding to each other in a bulge, or the GNRA tetraloop that has a guanine–adenine base-pair.


Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: what is the definition of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its structure?

Context: Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5' and a base is attached to the 1' position

Question: how is it differentiated from dna?

Answer: Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins

RNA [SEP] Comparison with DNA

Like DNA, most biologically active RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, contain self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold and pair with itself to form double helices. Analysis of these RNAs has revealed that they are highly structured. Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins. In this fashion, RNAs can achieve chemical catalysis (like enzymes). For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome—an RNA-protein complex that catalyzes peptide bond formation—revealed that its active site is composed entirely of RNA.


Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: what is the definition of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its structure?

Context: how is it differentiated from dna?

Context: Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins

Question: how is the synthesis of the ribonucleic carried out?

Answer: It is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template

RNA [SEP] Synthesis

Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Initiation of transcription begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA (usually found "upstream" of a gene). The DNA double helix is unwound by the helicase activity of the enzyme. The enzyme then progresses along the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction, synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule with elongation occurring in the 5' to 3' direction. The DNA sequence also dictates where termination of RNA synthesis will occur. Primary transcript RNAs are often modified by enzymes after transcription.


Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: what is the definition of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its structure?

Context: how is it differentiated from dna?

Context: how is the synthesis of the ribonucleic carried out?

Context: It is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template

Question: what are the different types of it?

Answer: Messenger RNA, non-coding RNAs such as transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA

Explanation:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the sites of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell. The coding sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in the protein that is produced. However, many RNAs do not code for protein (about 97% of the transcriptional output is non-protein-coding in eukaryotes).

These so-called non-coding RNAs ("ncRNA") can be encoded by their own genes (RNA genes), but can also derive from mRNA introns. The most prominent examples of non-coding RNAs are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. There are also non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation, RNA processing and other roles. Certain RNAs are able to catalyse chemical reactions such as cutting and ligating other RNA molecules, and the catalysis of peptide bond formation in the ribosome; these are known as ribozymes.

RNA [SEP] Overview


Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: what is the definition of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its structure?

Context: how is it differentiated from dna?

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: Messenger RNA, non-coding RNAs such as transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA

Question: can you give me examples of where is the last type found in?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Ribosomal RNA [SEP] Introduction

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme that contains a short (70-90 nucleotides), stable RNA with extensive intramolecular base pairing; containing an amino acid binding site and an mRNA binding site. rRNA is the physical and mechanical factor of the ribosome that forces transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and translate the latter into proteins. Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in most cells; it makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite never being translated into proteins itself.


Context: Ribonucleic acid

Context: what is the definition of it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its structure?

Context: how is it differentiated from dna?

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: can you give me examples of where is the last type found in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who was the first scientist to discover this?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Ribosomal RNA [SEP] Introduction


Question: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Answer: Its a solo album and a soundtrack to a film.

Wonderwall Music [SEP] Introduction

Wonderwall Music is the debut solo album by English musician George Harrison and the soundtrack to the 1968 film "Wonderwall", directed by Joe Massot. Released in November 1968, it was the first solo album by a member of the Beatles, and the first album issued on the band's Apple record label. The songs are all instrumental pieces, except for occasional non-English language vocals, and mostly comprise short musical vignettes. Following his Indian-styled compositions for the Beatles since 1966, he used the film score to further promote Indian classical music by introducing rock audiences to instruments that were relatively little-known in the West – including shehnai, sarod, tar shehnai and santoor.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: Its a solo album and a soundtrack to a film.

Question: whose album?

Answer: George Harrison.

Wonderwall Music [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Question: and in which film it was used?

Answer: "Wonderwall".

Wonderwall Music [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Question: when was the album released?

Answer: November 1968.

Explanation: Released in November 1968, it was the first solo album by a member of the Beatles, and the first album issued on the band's Apple record label.

Wonderwall Music [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Question: in which band did the above person work during early years?

Answer: The Beatles.

George Harrison [SEP] The Beatles: 1958–1970

Harrison became part of the Beatles with McCartney and John Lennon when the band were still a skiffle group called the Quarrymen. In March 1958, he auditioned for the Quarrymen at Rory Storm's Morgue Skiffle Club, playing Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith's "Guitar Boogie Shuffle", but Lennon felt that Harrison, having just turned 15, was too young to join the band. McCartney arranged a second meeting, on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, during which Harrison impressed Lennon by performing the lead guitar part for the instrumental "Raunchy". He began socialising with the group, filling in on guitar as needed, and then became accepted as a member.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: in which band did the above person work during early years?

Context: The Beatles.

Question: what was his role in this band?

Answer: Guitarist.

Explanation: He began socialising with the group, filling in on guitar as needed, and then became accepted as a member


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Question: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Answer: Yes, the charity event, The  Concert for Bangladesh.

George Harrison [SEP] The Concert for Bangladesh: 1971

Harrison responded to a request from Ravi Shankar by organising a charity event, the Concert for Bangladesh, which took place on 1 August 1971. The event drew over 40,000 people to two shows in New York's Madison Square Garden. The goal of the event was to raise money to aid starving refugees during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Shankar opened the show, which featured popular musicians such as Dylan, Clapton, Leon Russell, Badfinger, Preston and Starr. A triple album, "The Concert for Bangladesh", was released by Apple in December, followed by a concert film in 1972. Credited to "George Harrison and Friends", the album topped the UK chart and peaked at number 2 in the US, and went on to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: Yes, the charity event, The  Concert for Bangladesh.

Question: what charity was it for?

Answer: To raise money to aid starving refugees during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Explanation: The goal of the event was to raise money to aid starving refugees during the Bangladesh Liberation War.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: To raise money to aid starving refugees during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Question: how was he related to indian music?

Answer: He was interested in sitar and used it in a song which triggered a phenomenon called ' The Great Sitar Explosion of 1966-67'

Explanation: Harrison became fascinated with the sitar and immersed himself in Indian music. According to Lavezzoli, Harrison's introduction of the instrument on the Beatles' song "Norwegian Wood" "opened the floodgates for Indian instrumentation in rock music, triggering what Shankar would call 'The Great Sitar Explosion' of 1966–67". Lavezzoli recognises Harrison as "the man most responsible for this phenomenon".

George Harrison [SEP] Sitar and Indian music

He initially stayed in Bombay until fans learned of his arrival, then moved to a houseboat on a remote lake in Kashmir. During this visit, he also received tutelage from Shambhu Das, Shankar's protégé. Harrison studied the instrument until 1968, when, following a discussion with Shankar about the need to find his "roots", an encounter with Clapton and Jimi Hendrix at a hotel in New York convinced him to return to guitar playing. Harrison commented: "I decided ... I'm not going to be a great sitar player ... because I should have started at least fifteen years earlier." Harrison continued to use Indian instrumentation occasionally on his solo albums and remained strongly associated with the genre.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: He was interested in sitar and used it in a song which triggered a phenomenon called ' The Great Sitar Explosion of 1966-67'

Question: can you mention any of his solo work?

Answer: " Electronic Sound" and "My Sweet Lord".

Explanation:
Before the Beatles' break-up, Harrison had already recorded and released two solo albums: "Wonderwall Music" and "Electronic Sound", both of which contain mainly instrumental compositions. "Wonderwall Music", a soundtrack to the 1968 film "Wonderwall", blends Indian and Western instrumentation, while "Electronic Sound" is an experimental album that prominently features a Moog synthesizer. Released in November 1968, "Wonderwall Music" was the first solo album by a Beatle and the first LP released by Apple Records. Indian musicians Aashish Khan and Shivkumar Sharma performed on the album, which contains the experimental sound collage "Dream Scene", recorded several months before Lennon's "Revolution 9".

In December 1969, Harrison participated in a brief tour of Europe with the American group Delaney & Bonnie and Friends. During the tour that included Clapton, Bobby Whitlock, drummer Jim Gordon and band leaders Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett, Harrison began to play slide guitar, and also be

George Harrison [SEP] Early solo work: 1968–1969


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: " Electronic Sound" and "My Sweet Lord".

Question: was he also into films?

Answer: Yes, he was the founder of a film production and distribution company.

Explanation:
Harrison helped finance Ravi Shankar's documentary "Raga" and released it through Apple Films in 1971. He also produced, with Apple manager Allen Klein, the "Concert for Bangladesh" film. In 1973, he produced the feature film "Little Malcolm", but the project was lost amid the litigation surrounding the former Beatles ending their business ties with Klein.

In 1973 Peter Sellers introduced Harrison to Denis O'Brien. Soon after, the two went into business together. In 1978, in an effort to produce "Monty Python's Life of Brian", they formed the film production and distribution company HandMade Films.

George Harrison [SEP] Film production and HandMade Films

Harrison served as executive producer for 23 films with HandMade, including "A Private Function", "Mona Lisa", "Shanghai Surprise", "Withnail and I" and "How to Get Ahead in Advertising". He made cameo appearances in several of these films, including a role as a nightclub singer in "Shanghai Surprise", for which he recorded five new songs. According to Ian Inglis, Harrison's "executive role in HandMade Films helped to sustain British cinema at a time of crisis, producing some of the country's most memorable movies of the 1980s." Following a series of box office bombs in the late 1980s, and excessive debt incurred by O'Brien which was guaranteed by Harrison, HandMade's financial situation became precarious.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: was he also into films?

Context: Yes, he was the founder of a film production and distribution company.

Question: where was his former solo work recorded?

Answer: In London and Bombay.

Wonderwall Music [SEP] Introduction

The Indian pieces are contrasted by Western musical selections, in the psychedelic rock, experimental, country and ragtime styles. Harrison recorded the album between November 1967 and February 1968, with sessions taking place in London and Bombay. One of his collaborators on the project was classical pianist and orchestral arranger John Barham, while other contributors include Indian classical musicians Aashish Khan, Shivkumar Sharma, Shankar Ghosh and Mahapurush Misra. The Western music features contributions from Tony Ashton and the latter's band, the Remo Four, as well as guest appearances by Eric Clapton and Ringo Starr. Harrison recorded many other pieces that appeared in "Wonderwall" but not on the soundtrack album, and the Beatles' 1968 B-side "The Inner Light" also originated from his time in Bombay.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: was he also into films?

Context: where was his former solo work recorded?

Context: In London and Bombay.

Question: and does the latter work has any other version?

Answer: Yes, there are many cover versions as it was the most performed song of 1971.

My Sweet Lord [SEP] Cover versions and tributes

"My Sweet Lord" attracted many cover versions in the early 1970s and was the most performed song of 1971. Its coinciding with a trend for spirituality in rock music ensured it was frequently performed on religious-themed television shows. The song was also popular among supper club performers following recordings by artists such as Johnny Mathis. The song was accepted as an authentic work in the gospel tradition; in music journalist Chris Ingham's description, it became a "genuine gospel classic". Many of the Christian cover artists have omitted the mantra lyrics on religious grounds.Tom Breihan, "The Number Ones: George Harrison's 'My Sweet Lord'", "Stereogum", 18 January 2019 (retrieved 21 October 2020).


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: was he also into films?

Context: In London and Bombay.

Context: and does the latter work has any other version?

Context: Yes, there are many cover versions as it was the most performed song of 1971.

Question: did it also perform good commercially?

Answer: It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 1 million copies.

My Sweet Lord [SEP] Commercial performance

The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 14 December 1970 for sales of over 1 million copies. It reached number 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 on 26 December, remaining on top for four weeks, three of which coincided with "All Things Must Pass"s seven-week reign atop the "Billboard" albums chart. In Britain, "My Sweet Lord" entered the charts at number 7, before hitting number 1 on 30 January and staying there for five weeks. It was the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the UK and performed similarly well around the world, particularly in France and Germany, where it held the top spot for nine and ten weeks, respectively.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: was he also into films?

Context: In London and Bombay.

Context: did it also perform good commercially?

Context: It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 1 million copies.

Question: did it pay a tribute to anything/anyone?

Answer: It was used by Ninia Simore in a gospel.

Nina Simone released an 18-minute gospel reworking of "My Sweet Lord", performed live at Fort Dix before a group of African-American soldiers, on her 1972 album "Emergency Ward!", which also included an 11-minute version of Harrison's "Isn't It a Pity". Simone interspersed the song with the David Nelson poem "Today Is a Killer", giving the performance an apocalyptic ending. By the late 1970s, "My Sweet Lord" was the most covered song written and released by any of the former Beatles since the band's break-up.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: was he also into films?

Context: In London and Bombay.

Context: did it also perform good commercially?

Context: did it pay a tribute to anything/anyone?

Context: It was used by Ninia Simore in a gospel.

Question: who is this mentioned person?

Answer: Eunice Kathleen Waymon , known professionally as Nina Simone, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, arranger, and civil rights activist.

Explanation: Eunice Kathleen Waymon (February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003), known professionally as Nina Simone, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, arranger, and civil rights activist.

Nina Simone [SEP] Introduction

In 2003, just days before her death, the Institute awarded her an honorary degree. To make a living, Simone started playing piano at a nightclub in Atlantic City. She changed her name to "Nina Simone" to disguise herself from family members, having chosen to play "the devil's music" or so-called "cocktail piano". She was told in the nightclub that she would have to sing to her own accompaniment, which effectively launched her career as a jazz vocalist. She went on to record more than 40 albums between 1958 and 1974, making her debut with "Little Girl Blue". She had a hit single in the United States in 1958 with "I Loves You, Porgy".


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: was he also into films?

Context: In London and Bombay.

Context: did it also perform good commercially?

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: Eunice Kathleen Waymon , known professionally as Nina Simone, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, arranger, and civil rights activist.

Question: what made her popular during 1959 to 64?

Answer: Her live album "Nina Simone at Town Hall".

Nina Simone [SEP] 1959–1964: Becoming popular

After the success of "Little Girl Blue", Simone signed a contract with Colpix Records and recorded a multitude of studio and live albums. Colpix relinquished all creative control to her, including the choice of material that would be recorded, in exchange for her signing the contract with them. After the release of her live album "Nina Simone at Town Hall", Simone became a favorite performer in Greenwich Village. By this time, Simone performed pop music only to make money to continue her classical music studies, and was indifferent about having a recording contract. She kept this attitude toward the record industry for most of her career.


Context: what is referred as wonderwall music?

Context: whose album?

Context: George Harrison.

Context: and in which film it was used?

Context: "Wonderwall".

Context: when was the album released?

Context: November 1968.

Context: The Beatles.

Context: what was his role in this band?

Context: Guitarist.

Context: was he part of any show for bangladesh?

Context: what charity was it for?

Context: how was he related to indian music?

Context: can you mention any of his solo work?

Context: was he also into films?

Context: In London and Bombay.

Context: did it also perform good commercially?

Context: who is this mentioned person?

Context: what made her popular during 1959 to 64?

Context: Her live album "Nina Simone at Town Hall".

Question: where was it performed live?

Answer: The Town Hall, New York.

Nina Simone at Town Hall [SEP] Introduction

Nina Simone at Town Hall is a 1959 album by Nina Simone. It was recorded live at The Town Hall, New York, on 15 September 1959 and released as her second album for Colpix Records that same year. Some of the songs were featured in the concert but were re-recorded in a studio for the album. The cover photography was credited to Herb Snitzer.


Question: what is icos?

Answer: It was an American biotechnology company.

Explanation: was an American biotechnology company

Icos [SEP] Introduction

Icos Corporation (trademark ICOS) was an American biotechnology company and the largest biotechnology company in the U.S. state of Washington, before it was sold to Eli Lilly and Company in 2007. It was founded in 1989 by David Blech, Isaac Blech, Robert Nowinski, and George Rathmann, a pioneer in the industry and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and co-founder of Amgen, Icos focused on the development of drugs to treat inflammatory disorders. During its 17-year history, the company conducted clinical trials of twelve drugs, three of which reached the last phase of clinical trials. Icos also manufactured antibodies for other biotechnology companies.


Context: what is icos?

Context: It was an American biotechnology company.

Question: where exactly was it located?

Answer: U.S. state of Washington

Explanation: U.S. state of Washington

Icos [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Question: when was it founded?

Answer: 1989

Icos [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Question: who founded it?

Answer: David Blech, Isaac Blech, Robert Nowinski, and George Rathmann

Explanation: David Blech, Isaac Blech, Robert Nowinski, and George Rathmann

Icos [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who founded it?

Context: David Blech, Isaac Blech, Robert Nowinski, and George Rathmann

Question: what drugs were manufactured there?

Answer: Drugs to treat inflammatory disorders, antibodies, tadalafil, LeukArrest ect

Explanation: to treat inflammatory disorders

Icos [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who founded it?

Context: what drugs were manufactured there?

Context: Drugs to treat inflammatory disorders, antibodies, tadalafil, LeukArrest ect

Question: did some company file a lawsuit against them?

Answer: Yes, Pfizer

Explanation: Pfizer

Icos [SEP] Lawsuits with Pfizer

Pfizer and Lilly Icos have filed many lawsuits against each other in various countries over Cialis and Viagra. Pfizer was given a broad patent on PDE5 inhibitors in Britain in 1993. Lilly Icos filed a complaint in a London court in September 1999, and the patent was overturned in November 2000 on the grounds that Pfizer's patent was based on information already in the public domain when the patent was issued. In the United States, Pfizer filed suit against Lilly Icos soon after receiving a broad US patent for PDE5 inhibitors in October 2002. The United States Patent and Trademark Office ordered a reexamination of the patent, and, as in Britain, the examiner found that PDE5 inhibitors were not a new invention by Pfizer, voiding the patent.


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who founded it?

Context: what drugs were manufactured there?

Context: did some company file a lawsuit against them?

Context: Yes, Pfizer

Question: what was the reason for that?

Answer: Pfizer was given a broad patent on PDE5 inhibitors.

Explanation: Pfizer was given a broad patent on PDE5 inhibitors

Icos [SEP] Lawsuits with Pfizer


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who founded it?

Context: what drugs were manufactured there?

Context: Yes, Pfizer

Context: what was the reason for that?

Context: Pfizer was given a broad patent on PDE5 inhibitors.

Question: what clinical trials did they conduct?

Answer: They tested many other drugs that were not approved.

Icos [SEP] Other drugs tested in clinical trials

Icos tested many other drugs that were not approved. They are:


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who founded it?

Context: what drugs were manufactured there?

Context: Yes, Pfizer

Context: what was the reason for that?

Context: what clinical trials did they conduct?

Context: They tested many other drugs that were not approved.

Question: can you tell me the date of birth of that first founder mentioned?

Answer: November 25, 1955

Explanation: November 25, 1955

David Blech [SEP] Introduction

David Abraham Blech (born November 25, 1955) is an American businessman, investor, and venture capitalist. He is one of the financial pioneers of the biotech industry and was once known as the "King of Biotech".


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who founded it?

Context: what drugs were manufactured there?

Context: Yes, Pfizer

Context: what was the reason for that?

Context: what clinical trials did they conduct?

Context: can you tell me the date of birth of that first founder mentioned?

Context: November 25, 1955

Question: which educational institutions did he attend?

Answer: Baruch College and Teacher's College of Columbia University

David Blech [SEP] Early life and education

Blech grew up in Brooklyn, New York. Blech graduated from Baruch College and earned a Master's in Music Education at the Teacher's College of Columbia University.


Context: what is icos?

Context: where exactly was it located?

Context: U.S. state of Washington

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who founded it?

Context: what drugs were manufactured there?

Context: Yes, Pfizer

Context: what was the reason for that?

Context: what clinical trials did they conduct?

Context: November 25, 1955

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: Baruch College and Teacher's College of Columbia University

Question: which companies was he a part of, before he founded that company in 1989?

Answer: Genetic Systems Corporation

Explanation: Genetic Systems Corporation

David Blech [SEP] Early career

Since 1980, Mr. Blech has been a founder of companies and venture capital investor in the biotechnology sector. His initial venture investment, Genetic Systems Corporation, which he helped found with his father and his brother Isaac Blech, was built around promising scientists, including the high profile microbiologist Robert Nowinski. It developed the first inexpensive and accurate test to diagnosis sexually-transmitted diseases using monoclonal antibodies, allowing tens of thousands of babies to be born to women who otherwise would have become sterile from pelvic inflammatory disease. The company was sold to Bristol Myers in 1986 for $294 million (3%) of Bristol Myers stock.


Question: who is reginald de warenne?

Answer: He was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and royal official.

Reginald de Warenne [SEP] Introduction

Reginald de Warenne (sometimes Rainald de Warenne; between 1121 and 1126 – 1179) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and royal official. The third son of an earl, Reginald began his career as an administrator of his brother's estates and married the heiress to the feudal barony of Wormegay in Norfolk. By the reign of King Henry II in 1154, Reginald was a royal justice; he played a minor role in the Becket controversy in 1170. He died in 1179 and left a son as well as several daughters.


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: He was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and royal official.

Question: what royal service was he a part of?

Answer: He was a royal justice.

Explanation: The third son of an earl, Reginald began his career as an administrator of his brother's estates and married the heiress to the feudal barony of Wormegay in Norfolk. By the reign of King Henry II in 1154, Reginald was a royal justice;

Reginald de Warenne [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Question: can you name some of his family members?

Answer: Son of William de Warenne and Isabel de Vermandois.

Explanation: Reginald de Warenne was the third son of William de Warenne, the second earl of Surrey; and Isabel de Vermandois. Reginald was probably born between 1121 and 1126. William died in 1138. Reginald's brothers were William de Warenne, the third Earl of Surrey; and Ralph de Warenne. Reginald had two sisters: Gundrada de Warenne who married first Roger, Earl of Warwick, and then William of Lancaster; and Ada de Warenne who married Henry, Earl of Huntingdon. Ada's husband was the only son of King David I of Scotland, and she was the mother of two kings of Scotland – Malcolm IV and William I. From their mother's first marriage to Robert de Beaumont, Reginald was a half-brother of the twins Robert de Beaumont the Earl of Leicester and Waleran de Beaumont, the Count of Meulan and Earl of Worcester. There was another Reginald de Warenne alive during Reginald's lifetime – he may have been an illegitimate half-brother.

Reginald de Warenne [SEP] Origins


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: can you name some of his family members?

Context: Son of William de Warenne and Isabel de Vermandois.

Question: did any of them had royal title?

Answer: William de Warenne, the second earl of Surrey.

Explanation: William de Warenne, the second earl of Surrey

Reginald de Warenne [SEP] Origins


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: William de Warenne, the second earl of Surrey.

Question: what can you tell about this rank?

Answer: It is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created five times. It was first created for William de Warenne, a close companion of William the Conqueror.

Explanation: Earl of Surrey is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created five times. It was first created for William de Warenne, a close companion of William the Conqueror. It is currently held as a subsidiary title by the Dukes of Norfolk.

Earl of Surrey [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: It is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created five times. It was first created for William de Warenne, a close companion of William the Conqueror.

Question: can you name some of these earls?

Answer: No.

Explanation: The earldom has subsequently always been held by the Duke of Norfolk.

Earl of Surrey [SEP] Earls of Surrey (1483)


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: can you name some of these earls?

Context: No.

Question: where was the conqueror that you mentioned born?

Answer: Falaise, a Duchy of Normandy.

William the Conqueror [SEP] Early life

William was born in 1027 or 1028 at Falaise, Duchy of Normandy, most likely towards the end of 1028. He was the only son of Robert I, son of Richard II. His mother Herleva was a daughter of Fulbert of Falaise; he may have been a tanner or embalmer. She was possibly a member of the ducal household, but did not marry Robert. She later married Herluin de Conteville, with whom she had two sons – Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain – and a daughter whose name is unknown. One of Herleva's brothers, Walter, became a supporter and protector of William during his minority.


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: can you name some of these earls?

Context: No.

Context: where was the conqueror that you mentioned born?

Context: Falaise, a Duchy of Normandy.

Question: which place was he reigning?

Answer: England.

Explanation: William I (c. 1028 – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087.

William the Conqueror [SEP] Introduction

He decisively defeated and killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. After further military efforts, William was crowned king on Christmas Day, 1066, in London. He made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy. Several unsuccessful rebellions followed, but William's hold was mostly secure on England by 1075, allowing him to spend the majority of his reign in continental Europe.


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: can you name some of these earls?

Context: No.

Context: Falaise, a Duchy of Normandy.

Context: which place was he reigning?

Context: England.

Question: did any battle take place during his reign?

Answer: Yes, the Battle of Hastings.

Explanation:
After defeating Harald Hardrada and Tostig, Harold left much of his army in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion. He probably learned of William's landing while he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before marching to Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about per day, for the distance of approximately . Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy. Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about from William's castle at Hastings.

The battle began at about 9 am on 14 October and lasted all day, but while a broad outline is kno

William the Conqueror [SEP] Battle of Hastings


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: can you name some of these earls?

Context: No.

Context: Falaise, a Duchy of Normandy.

Context: which place was he reigning?

Context: England.

Context: did any battle take place during his reign?

Context: Yes, the Battle of Hastings.

Question: who won this battle?

Answer: William The Conqueror.

William of Jumièges claimed that Harold was killed by the duke. The Bayeux Tapestry has been claimed to show Harold's death by an arrow to the eye, but that may be a later reworking of the tapestry to conform to 12th-century stories in which Harold was slain by an arrow wound to the head. Harold's body was identified the day after the battle, either through his armour or marks on his body. The English dead, who included some of Harold's brothers and his housecarls, were left on the battlefield. Gytha, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but her offer was refused.


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: can you name some of these earls?

Context: No.

Context: Falaise, a Duchy of Normandy.

Context: which place was he reigning?

Context: England.

Context: Yes, the Battle of Hastings.

Context: who won this battle?

Context: William The Conqueror.

Question: can you give one example of the tactics used by either of the troops?

Answer: The English soldiers formed up as a shield wall along the ridge and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties.

Explanation: The English soldiers formed up as a shield wall along the ridge and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties.

William ordered that the body was to be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Waltham Abbey, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been secretly buried there.


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: can you name some of these earls?

Context: No.

Context: Falaise, a Duchy of Normandy.

Context: which place was he reigning?

Context: England.

Context: Yes, the Battle of Hastings.

Context: who won this battle?

Context: William The Conqueror.

Context: can you give one example of the tactics used by either of the troops?

Context: The English soldiers formed up as a shield wall along the ridge and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties.

Question: was this tactic used in the ancient history?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who is reginald de warenne?

Context: what royal service was he a part of?

Context: He was a royal justice.

Context: did any of them had royal title?

Context: what can you tell about this rank?

Context: can you name some of these earls?

Context: No.

Context: Falaise, a Duchy of Normandy.

Context: which place was he reigning?

Context: England.

Context: Yes, the Battle of Hastings.

Context: who won this battle?

Context: William The Conqueror.

Context: was this tactic used in the ancient history?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is this wall used in modern days?

Answer: Yes.

Explanation: Although obsolete as a military tactic due to firearms and explosives, a wall of riot shields remains a common formation for police worldwide for protection against large groups using improvised weapons, punches, kicks, and thrown objects such as bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails.

Shield wall [SEP] Use in modern times


Question: who does the voice of marceline on adventure time

Answer: Ava Acres, Olivia Olson, Cloris Leachman.

Marceline the Vampire Queen [SEP] Introduction

Marceline the Vampire Queen is a fictional character in the American animated Cartoon Network television series "Adventure Time", created by Pendleton Ward. She is voiced by Olivia Olson in most appearances, by Ava Acres as a child and by Cloris Leachman as an old woman. Marceline is a fun-loving 1,000-year-old vampire queen, as well as a musician who plays an electric bass that she made from her family's heirloom battle-axe. The artistic design for Marceline was created by Ward, with small changes and additions added by Phil Rynda, former lead character and prop designer for "Adventure Time". Marceline makes her debut in the first-season episode "Evicted!", in which she forces Finn and Jake from their home.


Context: who does the voice of marceline on adventure time

Context: Ava Acres, Olivia Olson, Cloris Leachman.

Question: who is this character?

Answer: She's the protagonist of the show. She is a a half-demon and half-human vampire who assumed the title "Vampire Queen" after having killed the previous Vampire King.

Marceline the Vampire Queen [SEP] Personality and traits

Marceline is a half-demon and half-human vampire. She assumed the title "Vampire Queen" after having killed the previous Vampire King prior to the start of the show. Although she is over 1,000 years old, she takes on the physical appearance of an 18- to 21-year-old. Having spent centuries traversing the Land of Ooo, she has evolved into a "fearless daredevil", and her fondness for mischief has turned her into something of a trickster. Consequently, in her first role, Marceline functions as the antagonist of the story, forcing Finn and Jake from their home. However, she eventually becomes their close friend once Finn recognizes that she is "a radical dame who likes to play games".


Context: who is this character?

Context: She's the protagonist of the show. She is a a half-demon and half-human vampire who assumed the title "Vampire Queen" after having killed the previous Vampire King.

Question: which show is this?

Answer: "Adventure Time"

Explanation: Marceline the Vampire Queen is a fictional character in the American animated Cartoon Network television series "Adventure Time", created by Pendleton Ward.


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Question: has the second voice-actor worked on any other movies?

Answer: She has lent her voice in the series "Phineas and Ferb".

Olivia Olson [SEP] Introduction

Olivia Rose Olson (born May 21, 1992) is an American actress and singer-songwriter, mostly known for her voice roles as Vanessa Doofenshmirtz in "Phineas and Ferb" and Marceline the Vampire Queen in "Adventure Time". She also played the character of Joanna in the 2003 film "Love Actually" and its 2017 short sequel "Red Nose Day Actually". Olson is also a writer, contributing a section to the best-seller "Adventure Time Encyclopedia" and an upcoming book for Cartoon Network.


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: has the second voice-actor worked on any other movies?

Context: She has lent her voice in the series "Phineas and Ferb".

Question: has she appeared on screen in any movies?

Answer: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Olivia Olson [SEP] 2003: "Love Actually"

Olson rose to fame for her role as Joanna Anderson in the 2003 holiday film "Love Actually", singing the song "All I Want for Christmas Is You". Her singing was praised, with director Richard Curtis stating in the commentary in the music section of the "Love Actually" DVD that Olson's singing was so perfect, they were afraid the audience would not believe that a ten-year-old could really sing the way she did and would assume she was lip-synching to Mariah Carey's voice. They had to train her so her singing would sound more believable, and add the sounds of inhalations to the track.


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: has she appeared on screen in any movies?

Context: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Question: who were the other actors working with her in it?

Answer: Hugh Grant, Colin Firth, Bill Nighy and many others

Love Actually [SEP] Jamie and Aurélia

Writer Jamie (Colin Firth) is pushed by his girlfriend (Sienna Guillory) to attend Juliet and Peter's wedding alone, as she feigns illness. He returns between the ceremony and the reception to check on her, and discovers that she is having an affair with his brother. Crushed, Jamie withdraws to his French cottage, where he meets Portuguese housekeeper Aurélia (Lúcia Moniz), who does not speak English. Despite their inability to communicate, they become attracted to each other. When Jamie returns to England, he realises he is in love with Aurélia and begins learning Portuguese. He returns to France to find her and ends up walking through town, gathering people as they walk to her job at a restaurant.


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Context: who were the other actors working with her in it?

Context: Hugh Grant, Colin Firth, Bill Nighy and many others

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Richard Curtis

Love Actually [SEP] Introduction

Love Actually is a 2003 Christmas-themed romantic comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis. It features an ensemble cast, composed predominantly of British actors, many of whom had worked with Curtis in previous film and television projects. Mostly filmed on location in London, the screenplay delves into different aspects of love as shown through ten separate stories involving a wide variety of individuals, many of whom are shown to be interlinked as the tales progress. The story begins five weeks before Christmas and is played out in a weekly countdown until the holiday, followed by an epilogue that takes place one month later.


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Context: who directed it?

Context: Richard Curtis

Question: what genre is this movie?

Answer: Romantic comedy

Love Actually [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Context: who directed it?

Context: Richard Curtis

Context: what genre is this movie?

Context: Romantic comedy

Question: has this genre evolved through the years in any way?

Answer: Yes, they have added subtlety and complexity to their plotlines in terms of the kinds of obstacles the protagonists face and the moral dilemmas they go through.

Romantic comedy [SEP] Evolution and subgenres

Over the years, romantic comedies have slowly been becoming more popular to both males and females. They have begun to spread out of their conventional and traditional structure into other territory. This territory explores more subgenres and more complex topics. These films still follow the typical plot of "a light and humorous movie, play, etc., whose central plot is a happy love story" but with more complexity. These are a few ways romantic comedies are adding more subtlety and complexity into the genre. Two ways they are adding to the complexity are through the general obstacles that come between the couple and the general morals that the characters feel throughout the entire film.


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Context: who directed it?

Context: Richard Curtis

Context: what genre is this movie?

Context: Romantic comedy

Context: has this genre evolved through the years in any way?

Context: Yes, they have added subtlety and complexity to their plotlines in terms of the kinds of obstacles the protagonists face and the moral dilemmas they go through.

Question: what type of scenes are used for the meeting of the protagonists?

Answer: Some critics have termed them as 'meet-cute' situations, where there is a humorous sense of awkwardness between two potential partners, or an initial clash of personalities or a funny misunderstanding or an identity crisis.

Romantic comedy [SEP] Contrived romantic encounters: the "meet cute"

One of the conventions of romantic comedy films is the entertainment factor in a contrived encounter of two potential romantic partners in unusual or comic circumstances, which film critics such as Roger Ebert or the Associated Press' Christy Lemire have called a "meet-cute" situation. During a "meet-cute", scriptwriters often create a humorous sense of awkwardness between the two potential partners by depicting an initial clash of personalities or beliefs, an embarrassing situation, or by introducing a comical misunderstanding or mistaken identity situation. Sometimes the term is used without a hyphen (a "meet cute"), or as a verb ("to meet cute").


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Context: who directed it?

Context: Richard Curtis

Context: what genre is this movie?

Context: Romantic comedy

Context: what type of scenes are used for the meeting of the protagonists?

Context: Some critics have termed them as 'meet-cute' situations, where there is a humorous sense of awkwardness between two potential partners, or an initial clash of personalities or a funny misunderstanding or an identity crisis.

Question: what effect do such movies have on society?

Answer: Some researchers have said that they affect the way romance is viewed in society and established correlation between such films and the love delusion.

Explanation: Even though researchers have only started to explore the impact of romantic comedy films on human romance, the few studies conducted have already shown correlation between romantic comedies and the love delusion. Romantic comedies are very popular. They depict relationships that some scholars think affect how people view relationships outside of this virtual world.

Romantic comedy [SEP] On society today

With the increase of romantic comedy movies, there has been an apparent change in the way society views romance. Researchers are asking whether the romances projected in romantic comedies are preventing true love in real life. The increase in use of technology has also led the society to spend a great amount of time engaging in mediated reality and less time with each other. Even though researchers have only started to explore the impact of romantic comedy films on human romance, the few studies conducted have already shown correlation between romantic comedies and the love delusion. Romantic comedies are very popular.


Context: who is this character?

Context: which show is this?

Context: "Adventure Time"

Context: Yes, in "Love Actually"

Context: who directed it?

Context: Richard Curtis

Context: what genre is this movie?

Context: Romantic comedy

Context: what effect do such movies have on society?

Context: Some researchers have said that they affect the way romance is viewed in society and established correlation between such films and the love delusion.

Question: what illusion is created by these?

Answer: Movies over emphasize the idea that love can conquer everything and ultimately bring a never ending happiness devoid of any conflict; and when this does not happen in real life, it leads to self doubt.

Romantic comedy [SEP] The illusion of love

In the past, love has not always been the real reason for people coming together. In some cultures, arranged marriages were common to adhere to and propagate caste systems or to join kingdoms. Today, love is the root of all romance, and it is over-emphasized through these films. It tells viewers that love conquers all and will ultimately bring a never-ending happiness that is rarely affected by any conflict. When people do not experience the romance portrayed in these movies, they often wonder what they are doing wrong. Although people should be able to tell between an overly romanticized love and realistic love, they are often caught up in constantly trying to echo the stories they see on screen.


Question: why does tropical cyclone originated over the seas

Answer: Because the energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation

Explanation: Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as nor'easters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. Tropical cyclones are typically between in diameter.

Tropical cyclone [SEP] Introduction

Tropical cyclones are typically between in diameter. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they rarely form within 5° of the equator. Tropical cyclones are almost unknown in the South Atlantic due to a consistently strong wind shear and a weak Intertropical Convergence Zone. Conversely, the African easterly jet and areas of atmospheric instability give rise to cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, while cyclones near Australia owe their genesis to the Asian monsoon and Western Pacific Warm Pool.


Context: why does tropical cyclone originated over the seas

Context: Because the energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation

Question: what are its sizes?

Answer: There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size, the most common includes the radius of maximum wind, the radius of 34-knot wind, the radius of outermost closed isobar (ROCI), and the radius of vanishing wind

Tropical cyclone [SEP] Size

There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size. The most common metrics include the radius of maximum wind, the radius of 34-knot wind (i.e. gale force), the radius of outermost closed isobar (ROCI), and the radius of vanishing wind. An additional metric is the radius at which the cyclone's relative vorticity field decreases to 1×10 s. On Earth, tropical cyclones span a large range of sizes, from as measured by the radius of vanishing wind. They are largest on average in the northwest Pacific Ocean basin and smallest in the northeastern Pacific Ocean basin. If the radius of outermost closed isobar is less than two degrees of latitude (), then the cyclone is "very small" or a "midget".


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size, the most common includes the radius of maximum wind, the radius of 34-knot wind, the radius of outermost closed isobar (ROCI), and the radius of vanishing wind

Question: how is it formed?

Answer: When the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest

Explanation: Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are in season.

Tropical cyclone [SEP] Formation


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: When the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest

Question: how are they named?

Answer: They are named after places or things they hit before the formal start of naming

Tropical cyclone [SEP] Naming

The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back many years, with systems named after places or things they hit before the formal start of naming. The system currently used provides positive identification of severe weather systems in a brief form, that is readily understood and recognized by the public. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific.


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: They are named after places or things they hit before the formal start of naming

Question: are there any movies or series on these cyclones?

Answer: Yes, series such as "The Simpsons", "Invasion", "Family Guy", "Seinfeld" and film like "The Day After Tomorrow" and many more

Explanation: Hurricanes have been featured in parts of the plots of series such as "The Simpsons", "Invasion", "Family Guy", "Seinfeld", "Dawson's Creek", "Burn Notice" and "". The 2004 film "The Day After Tomorrow" includes several mentions of actual tropical cyclones and features fantastical "hurricane-like", albeit non-tropical, Arctic storms.

Tropical cyclone [SEP] Popular culture

In popular culture, tropical cyclones have made several appearances in different types of media, including films, books, television, music, and electronic games. These media often portray tropical cyclones that are either entirely fictional or based on real events. For example, George Rippey Stewart's "Storm", a best-seller published in 1941, is thought to have influenced meteorologists on their decision to assign female names to Pacific tropical cyclones. Another example is the hurricane in "The Perfect Storm", which describes the sinking of the "Andrea Gail" by the 1991 Perfect Storm. Hurricanes have been featured in parts of the plots of series such as "The Simpsons", "Invasion", "Family Guy", "Seinfeld", "Dawson's Creek", "Burn Notice" and "".


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: are there any movies or series on these cyclones?

Context: Yes, series such as "The Simpsons", "Invasion", "Family Guy", "Seinfeld" and film like "The Day After Tomorrow" and many more

Question: when did this film release?

Answer: 2004

Explanation: The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004

The Day After Tomorrow [SEP] Introduction

The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004 American apocalyptic action film directed, co-produced, and co-written by Roland Emmerich. Based on the 1999 book "The Coming Global Superstorm" by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber, the film stars Dennis Quaid, Jake Gyllenhaal, Ian Holm, Emmy Rossum, and Sela Ward. It depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation in a series of extreme weather events that usher in global cooling and lead to a new ice age. Originally slated for release in the summer of 2003, "The Day After Tomorrow" premiered in Mexico City on May 17, 2004, and was released in the United States on May 28, 2004.


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: when did this film release?

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Roland Emmerich

Explanation: The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004 American apocalyptic action film directed, co-produced, and co-written by Roland Emmerich.


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: when did this film release?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Roland Emmerich

Question: which company did its vfx?

Answer: Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain

The Day After Tomorrow [SEP] Visual effects

"The Day After Tomorrow" features 416 visual effects shots, with nine effects houses, notably Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain, and over 1,000 artists working on the film for over a year. Although a miniature set was initially considered according to the behind-the-scenes documentary, for the destruction of New York sequence effects artists instead utilized a 13 block-sized 3D model of Manhattan which was then textured with over 50,000 scanned photographs; due to its overall complexity and a tight schedule, the storm surge scene required as many as three special effects vendors for certain shots.


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: when did this film release?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Roland Emmerich

Context: which company did its vfx?

Context: Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain

Question: who composed the score for the movie?

Answer: Harald Kloser

Explanation: The score soundtrack for the film was composed by Harald Kloser and released by Varèse Sarabande.

The Day After Tomorrow [SEP] Music


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: when did this film release?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Roland Emmerich

Context: which company did its vfx?

Context: who composed the score for the movie?

Context: Harald Kloser

Question: how did it receive political criticism?

Answer: Because casting of a weak president and the resemblance of vice-president Kenneth Welsh to Dick Cheney were intended to criticize the climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration

The Day After Tomorrow [SEP] Political and scientific criticism

Emmerich did not deny that his casting of a weak president and the resemblance of vice-president Kenneth Welsh to Dick Cheney were intended to criticize the climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration. Responding to claims of insensitivity in his inclusion of scenes of a devastated New York City less than three years after the September 11 attacks, Emmerich said that it was necessary to showcase the increased unity of people in the face of disaster because of the attacks. Some scientists criticized the film's scientific aspects. Paleoclimatologist and professor of earth and planetary science at Harvard University Daniel P.


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: when did this film release?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Roland Emmerich

Context: which company did its vfx?

Context: who composed the score for the movie?

Context: Harald Kloser

Context: how did it receive political criticism?

Context: Because casting of a weak president and the resemblance of vice-president Kenneth Welsh to Dick Cheney were intended to criticize the climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration

Question: how much did the film make worldwide?

Answer: $544,272,402

The Day After Tomorrow [SEP] Box office

The film ranked #2 at the box office (behind "Shrek 2") over its four-day Memorial Day opening, grossing $85,807,341. It led the per-theater average, with a four-day average of $25,053 (compared to "Shrek 2"s four-day average of $22,633). At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed $186,740,799 domestically and $544,272,402 worldwide. It was the second-highest opening-weekend film not to lead at the box office; "Inside Out" surpassed it in June 2015.


Context: what are its sizes?

Context: how is it formed?

Context: how are they named?

Context: when did this film release?

Context: who directed it?

Context: Roland Emmerich

Context: which company did its vfx?

Context: who composed the score for the movie?

Context: Harald Kloser

Context: how did it receive political criticism?

Context: how much did the film make worldwide?

Question: what is the storyline of the film?

Answer: It depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation in a series of extreme weather events that usher in global cooling and lead to a new ice age

Explanation: It depicts catastrophic climatic effects following the disruption of the North Atlantic Ocean circulation in a series of extreme weather events that usher in global cooling and lead to a new ice age.