Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Context: is she an angel?

Context: what is her musical contribution?

Context: where is this author from?

Context: England

Question: did he take part in any war?

Answer: Yes - He was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers on 15 July 1915.

Explanation: Instead, Tolkien, "endured the obloquy", and entered a programme by which he delayed enlistment until completing his degree. By the time he passed his finals in July 1915, Tolkien recalled that the hints were "becoming outspoken from relatives". He was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers on 15 July 1915. He trained with the 13th (Reserve) Battalion on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, for 11 months. In a letter to Edith, Tolkien complained: "Gentlemen are rare among the superiors, and even human beings rare indeed." Following their wedding, Lieutenant and Mrs. Tolkien took up lodgings near the training camp.

J. R. R. Tolkien [SEP] First World War

In August 1914, Britain entered the First World War. Tolkien's relatives were shocked when he elected not to volunteer immediately for the British Army. In a 1941 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien recalled: "In those days chaps joined up, or were scorned publicly. It was a nasty cleft to be in for a young man with too much imagination and little physical courage." Instead, Tolkien, "endured the obloquy", and entered a programme by which he delayed enlistment until completing his degree. By the time he passed his finals in July 1915, Tolkien recalled that the hints were "becoming outspoken from relatives".


Context: who plays the elf lady in lord of the rings

Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: She is a character created by J.R.R. Tolkien. She appears in 'The Lord of the Rings', 'The Silmarillion', and 'Unfinished Tales'. She was a royal Elf of both the Noldor and the Teleri, being a grandchild of both King Finwë and King Olwë.

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: She is described as being 'the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in Middle-earth' and the 'greatest of elven women'.

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Context: is she an angel?

Context: Not exactly - The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that Galadriel is not a fallen angel. Galadriel has been expelled from a kind of Heaven, the Deathless land of Valinor, and has been forbidden to return.

Context: what is her musical contribution?

Context: Tolkien wrote a poem "Namárië" that Galadriel sings in farewell to the departing Fellowship, and to Frodo in particular. The song is in Quenya, and "spoke of things little-known in Middle-earth,

Context: is the aforementioned movie adapted from a book?

Context: The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien.

Context: where is this author from?

Context: England

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: Yes - He was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers on 15 July 1915.

Question: what is the duty of this aforesaid rank?

Answer: Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces

Explanation: Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces, comparable to NATO OF-1a rank.

Second lieutenant [SEP] Introduction


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Context: is she an angel?

Context: what is her musical contribution?

Context: where is this author from?

Context: England

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: what is the duty of this aforesaid rank?

Context: Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces

Question: how is it in france?

Answer: A second-lieutenant is equivalent to a junior commissioned officer

Second lieutenant [SEP] France

A second-lieutenant is equivalent to a junior commissioned officer (the French army does not use the terms commissioned or non-commissioned). During classes at officer training schools such as Saint Cyr the cadets rise quickly through the non-commissioned ranks of private, corporal, sergeant and reach the rank of "aspirant" which is the first officer rank. After additional training at specialised schools they get the bar of second-lieutenant. The insignia consists of a metal-colored bar in accordance with the color of the ceremonial uniform buttons and hat symbol. For example, for the infantry, gold being the metal of the ceremonial dress buttons, the symbol on the béret being a golden grenade with two crossed rifles, and the symbol on the képi being a single golden grenade, therefore the insignia of a "sous-lieutenant" is a gold-colored bar.


Context: Galadriel

Context: who is this?

Context: what type of character she has?

Context: what is she in the second age?

Context: and the "greatest of elven women".

Context: is she an angel?

Context: what is her musical contribution?

Context: where is this author from?

Context: England

Context: did he take part in any war?

Context: how is it in france?

Context: A second-lieutenant is equivalent to a junior commissioned officer

Question: how about in the uk?

Answer: New British Army officers are normally commissioned as second lieutenants at the end of their commissioning course at RMA Sandhurst

Second lieutenant [SEP] United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries

The rank of second lieutenant (2Lt) was introduced throughout the British Army in 1877 to replace the short-lived rank of sub-lieutenant, although it had long been used in the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, Fusilier and Rifle regiments. At first the rank bore no distinct insignia. In 1902, a single Bath star was introduced; the ranks of lieutenant and captain had their number of stars increased by one to (respectively) two and three. The rank is also used by the Royal Marines. New British Army officers are normally commissioned as second lieutenants at the end of their commissioning course at RMA Sandhurst, and continue with specific training with their units.


Question: what is the meaning of .= in php

Answer: It  is a general-purpose scripting language especially suited to web development.

PHP [SEP] Introduction

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language especially suited to web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994; the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group. PHP originally stood for "Personal Home Page", but it now stands for the recursive initialism "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor". PHP code is usually processed on a web server by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module, a daemon or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. On a web server, the result of the interpreted and executed PHP code which may be any type of data, such as generated HTML or binary image data would form the whole or part of a HTTP response.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: It  is a general-purpose scripting language especially suited to web development.

Question: what is the full form of this abbreviated word?

Answer: Personal Home Page

Explanation: Personal Home Page

PHP [SEP] Early history

PHP development began in 1994 when Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs in C, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. He extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases, and called this implementation "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI. PHP/FI could be used to build simple, dynamic web applications. To accelerate bug reporting and improve the code, Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP/FI as "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0" on the Usenet discussion group "comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi" on June 8, 1995. This release already had the basic functionality that PHP has today.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: what is the full form of this abbreviated word?

Context: Personal Home Page

Question: what is this above term all about?

Answer: Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs in C, which he used to maintain his personal homepage and then extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases.

Explanation: Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs in C, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. He extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases,

PHP [SEP] Early history


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs in C, which he used to maintain his personal homepage and then extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases.

Question: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Answer: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Explanation: is a Danish-Canadian programmer

Rasmus Lerdorf [SEP] Introduction

Rasmus Lerdorf (born 22 November 1968) is a Danish-Canadian programmer. He co-authored and inspired the PHP scripting language, authoring the first two versions of the language and participating in the development of later versions led by a group of developers including Jim Winstead (who later created blo.gs), Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo, Andi Gutmans, and Zeev Suraski. He continues to contribute to the project.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: what is the profession of this person mentioned?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Question: which companies did he work with?

Answer: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Rasmus Lerdorf [SEP] Career

From September 2002 to November 2009 Lerdorf was employed by Yahoo! Inc. as an Infrastructure Architecture Engineer. In 2010, he joined WePay in order to develop their application programming interface. Throughout 2011 he was a roving consultant for startups. On 22 February 2012 he announced on Twitter that he had joined Etsy. In July 2013 Rasmus joined Jelastic as a senior advisor to help them with the creation of new technology. Lerdorf is a frequent speaker at Open Source conferences around the world. During his keynote presentation at OSCMS 2007, he presented a security vulnerability in each of the projects represented at the conference that year.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Question: what is the second company dealing with?

Answer: It is an online payment service provider.

Explanation: is an online payment service provider

WePay [SEP] Introduction

WePay is an online payment service provider based in the United States that provides an integrated and customizable payment solution through its APIs to platform businesses such as crowdfunding sites, marketplaces and small business software companies. It offers partners fraud and risk protection.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: what is the second company dealing with?

Context: It is an online payment service provider.

Question: when was it founded?

Answer: 2008

WePay [SEP] History

WePay was founded by Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico in 2008 in Boston, Massachusetts, and is now headquartered in Redwood City, California. The original inspiration for WePay occurred to Aberman when he had difficulty raising money for his brother's bachelor party. Aberman had to collect $4,200 from 14 friends spread across the United States to pay for bottle service at a club, rent at a Florida beach house, and food. Through a series of cash, checks, and PayPal money transfers, Aberman was eventually able to collect the money he needed. Aberman found the process very burdensome and believed that there should be an easier way to collect money from people.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: when was it founded?

Question: who was the founder?

Answer: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

Explanation: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

WePay [SEP] History


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who was the founder?

Context: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

Question: where is the firm headquartered?

Answer: Redwood City, California

Explanation: Redwood City, California

WePay [SEP] History


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who was the founder?

Context: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

Context: where is the firm headquartered?

Context: Redwood City, California

Question: does this firm have any partnerships?

Answer: Yes, with Apple Pay and Android Pay

Explanation: Apple Pay and Android Pay

WePay [SEP] Partnerships

As of 2015, WePay was used by over 1,000 businesses and nonprofits. The company has worked with Apple Pay and Android Pay to enable customers to transact those forms of payment.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who was the founder?

Context: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

Context: where is the firm headquartered?

Context: Redwood City, California

Context: does this firm have any partnerships?

Context: Yes, with Apple Pay and Android Pay

Question: what was that programmer's role in this firm established in 2008?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

WePay [SEP] Partnerships


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who was the founder?

Context: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

Context: where is the firm headquartered?

Context: Redwood City, California

Context: does this firm have any partnerships?

Context: Yes, with Apple Pay and Android Pay

Context: what was that programmer's role in this firm established in 2008?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are some of the recognitions he earned?

Answer: He  was named in the "MIT Technology Review" TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world.

Rasmus Lerdorf [SEP] Awards

In 2003, Lerdorf was named in the "MIT Technology Review" TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who was the founder?

Context: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

Context: where is the firm headquartered?

Context: Redwood City, California

Context: does this firm have any partnerships?

Context: Yes, with Apple Pay and Android Pay

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are some of the recognitions he earned?

Context: He  was named in the "MIT Technology Review" TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world.

Question: what all subjects did he study during his university days to attain his professional goals?

Answer: Bachelor of Applied Science in Systems Design Engineering

Rasmus Lerdorf [SEP] Early life and education

Lerdorf was born on Disko Island in Greenland and moved to Denmark in his early years. Lerdorf's family moved to Canada from Denmark in 1980, and later moved to King City, Ontario in 1983. He graduated from King City Secondary School in 1988, and in 1993 he graduated from the University of Waterloo with a Bachelor of Applied Science in Systems Design Engineering. He contributed to the Apache HTTP Server and he added the LIMIT clause to the mSQL DBMS. A variant of this LIMIT clause had already been around for a decade in mainframe relational database management systems (like Oracle Rdb running on VAX/VMS, formerly from Digital Equipment Corporation), but apparently it had not yet been picked up by the emerging PC-based databases.


Context: what is the meaning of .= in php

Context: Personal Home Page

Context: what is this above term all about?

Context: He is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

Context: which companies did he work with?

Context: Yahoo! Inc., WePay, Etsy, Jelastic etc

Context: when was it founded?

Context: who was the founder?

Context: Rich Aberman and Bill Clerico

Context: where is the firm headquartered?

Context: Redwood City, California

Context: does this firm have any partnerships?

Context: Yes, with Apple Pay and Android Pay

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what all subjects did he study during his university days to attain his professional goals?

Context: Bachelor of Applied Science in Systems Design Engineering

Question: what are the different types of that particular language which you mentioned earlier?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: what episode does arizona come on grey's

Answer: In three episodes of it.

Arizona Robbins [SEP] Introduction

Arizona Robbins, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series "Grey's Anatomy", portrayed by Jessica Capshaw. She was introduced in the show's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new chief of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season. Robbins has been characterized as "quirky", "perky" and is well known for wearing wheely sneakers and a Holly Hobbie pink scrub cap, intended to appeal to her young patients. She was established as a love-interest for orthopedic resident Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) after the Torres' storyline with Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith) was cut short due to what series creator Shonda Rhimes called "a lack of chemistry".


Context: what episode does arizona come on grey's

Context: In three episodes of it.

Question: who portrayed the above mentioned fictional character?

Answer: Jessica Capshaw

Explanation: Arizona Robbins, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series "Grey's Anatomy", portrayed by Jessica Capshaw

Arizona Robbins [SEP] Introduction


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: who portrayed the above mentioned fictional character?

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Question: where was she born?

Answer: Columbia, Missouri.

Jessica Capshaw [SEP] Early life

Capshaw was born August 9, 1976 in Columbia, Missouri, the daughter of actress and producer Kate Capshaw, and Robert Capshaw, a sales manager, marketing director, business executive, and high school principal. She is the stepdaughter of director Steven Spielberg, whom her mother married when Capshaw was fifteen years old. Her father is from a Jewish family, whereas her mother converted to Judaism. Capshaw graduated from Harvard-Westlake School in Los Angeles in 1994. She then enrolled at Brown University, where she appeared in productions of "Arcadia" and "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". She graduated in 1998 with a B.A. in English.


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Context: where was she born?

Context: Columbia, Missouri.

Question: any other role for which she is known for?

Answer: Her role as Jamie Stringer in "The Practice".

Jessica Capshaw [SEP] Introduction

Jessica Brooke Capshaw (born August 9, 1976) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in "The Practice" and Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama "Grey's Anatomy". She was introduced in "Grey's Anatomy"s fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season.


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Context: where was she born?

Context: Columbia, Missouri.

Context: any other role for which she is known for?

Context: Her role as Jamie Stringer in "The Practice".

Question: who created the drama mentioned above?

Answer: David E. Kelley

The Practice [SEP] Introduction

The Practice is an American legal drama created by David E. Kelley centering on partners and associates at a Boston law firm. Running for eight seasons on ABC from March 4, 1997 to May 16, 2004, the show won the Emmy in 1998 and 1999 for Best Drama Series, and spawned the spin-off series "Boston Legal", which ran for five more seasons, from 2004 to 2008. Conflict between legal ethics and personal morality was a recurring theme with light comedy being occasionally present. Kelley claimed that he conceived the show as something of a rebuttal to "L.A. Law" and its romanticized treatment of the American legal system and legal proceedings.


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Context: where was she born?

Context: Columbia, Missouri.

Context: who created the drama mentioned above?

Context: David E. Kelley

Question: any film created by him?

Answer: Yes, "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday".

David E. Kelley [SEP] Feature films

Besides his first film, "From the Hip", which received poor reviews, Kelley wrote and produced three other films. 1996's "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday", a romance, co-starring his wife, Michelle Pfeiffer, received tepid critical and box office reception. In 1999, came two films: "Lake Placid", a combination of suspense, horror and comedy, and "Mystery, Alaska", about a fictional small-town ice hockey team that plays a game against the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. Neither movie did well with either the critics or the audience.


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Context: where was she born?

Context: Columbia, Missouri.

Context: who created the drama mentioned above?

Context: David E. Kelley

Context: any film created by him?

Context: Yes, "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday".

Question: any awards received for his work?

Answer: A Young Artist Award for Best Performance.

Explanation: Claire Danes won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress.

To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday [SEP] Awards and nominations


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Context: where was she born?

Context: Columbia, Missouri.

Context: who created the drama mentioned above?

Context: David E. Kelley

Context: any film created by him?

Context: Yes, "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday".

Context: any awards received for his work?

Context: A Young Artist Award for Best Performance.

Question: is he married?

Answer: Yes, to Michelle Pfeiffer.

David E. Kelley [SEP] Personal life

Although he is sometimes assumed to be a Catholic because his programs address Catholic issues, Kelley was raised a Protestant. In January 1993, actress Michelle Pfeiffer was set up on a blind date with Kelley. He took her to the movies to see "Bram Stoker's Dracula" the following week, and they began dating seriously. Pfeiffer had entered into private adoption proceedings before she met Kelley. In March 1993, she adopted a newborn daughter Claudia Rose. They married on November 13, 1993, and christened Claudia the same day. In August 1994, Pfeiffer gave birth to a son, John Henry.


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Context: where was she born?

Context: Columbia, Missouri.

Context: who created the drama mentioned above?

Context: David E. Kelley

Context: any film created by him?

Context: Yes, "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday".

Context: any awards received for his work?

Context: is he married?

Context: Yes, to Michelle Pfeiffer.

Question: what is her profession?

Answer: She is an American actress, producer and businesswoman.

Michelle Pfeiffer [SEP] Introduction

Michelle Marie Pfeiffer (; born April 29, 1958) is an American actress, producer and businesswoman. Pfeiffer's performances in a variety of film genres have consistently earned acclaim and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, three Academy Award nominations and an Emmy Award nomination. One of the most popular actresses of the 1980s and 1990s, Pfeiffer is considered to be among the most gifted actresses of her generation, and has remained one of Hollywood's most in-demand actresses for four decades. Pfeiffer began to pursue an acting career in 1978 and had her first leading role in the musical film "Grease 2" (1982).


Context: In three episodes of it.

Context: Jessica Capshaw

Context: where was she born?

Context: Columbia, Missouri.

Context: who created the drama mentioned above?

Context: David E. Kelley

Context: any film created by him?

Context: Yes, "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday".

Context: any awards received for his work?

Context: is he married?

Context: Yes, to Michelle Pfeiffer.

Context: what is her profession?

Context: She is an American actress, producer and businesswoman.

Question: any popular movie that she has acted?

Answer: "Scarface"

Explanation: Frustrated with being typecast as the token pretty girl, she actively pursued more serious material and had her breakthrough role as gangster moll Elvira Hancock in the crime film "Scarface" (1983).

Michelle Pfeiffer [SEP] Introduction

She received her first Emmy Award nomination for portraying Ruth Madoff in the HBO television film "The Wizard of Lies" (2017), she went on to feature in the ensemble film "Murder on the Orient Express" (2017) and debuted to the Marvel Cinematic Universe as the original Wasp in "Ant-Man and the Wasp" (2018).


Question: how far back can we trace the mayan culture

Answer: As far as circa 2000 BC

Maya civilization [SEP] Introduction

The overarching term "Maya" is a modern collective term that refers to the peoples of the region, however, the term was not used by the indigenous populations themselves since there never was a common sense of identity or political unity among the distinct populations. Today, the Maya peoples number well over 6 million people, speaking over twenty-eight surviving Mayan languages and residing in nearly the same area as their ancestors. The Archaic period, prior to 2000 BC, saw the first developments in agriculture and the earliest villages. The Preclassic period () saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers.


Context: how far back can we trace the mayan culture

Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Question: what period of history is that?

Answer: The Archaic period

Maya civilization [SEP] Introduction


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Question: where were they located?

Answer: The civilization encompassed areas of south-eastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

Explanation: The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain.

Maya civilization [SEP] Introduction

Classic period rule was centred on the concept of the "divine king", who acted as a mediator between mortals and the supernatural realm. Kingship was patrilineal, and power would normally pass to the eldest son. A prospective king was also expected to be a successful war leader. Maya politics was dominated by a closed system of patronage, although the exact political make-up of a kingdom varied from city-state to city-state. By the Late Classic, the aristocracy had greatly increased, resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king. The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated artforms, and the Maya created art using both perishable and non-perishable materials, including wood, jade, obsidian, ceramics, sculpted stone monuments, stucco, and finely painted murals.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: The civilization encompassed areas of south-eastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

Question: did they practice politics?

Answer: Yes, there were states and chiefdoms which had fluctuating policies towards one another.

Maya civilization [SEP] Politics

Unlike the Aztecs and the Inca, the Maya political system never integrated the entire Maya cultural area into a single state or empire. Rather, throughout its history, the Maya area contained a varying mix of political complexity that included both states and chiefdoms. These polities fluctuated greatly in their relationships with each other and were engaged in a complex web of rivalries, periods of dominance or submission, vassalage, and alliances. At times, different polities achieved regional dominance, such as Calakmul, Caracol, Mayapan, and Tikal. The first reliably evidenced polities formed in the Maya lowlands in the 9th century BC. During the Late Preclassic, the Maya political system coalesced into a theopolitical form, where elite ideology justified the ruler's authority, and was reinforced by public display, ritual, and religion.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: Yes, there were states and chiefdoms which had fluctuating policies towards one another.

Question: did they have societies?

Answer: The society was hierarchical with a sharp difference between the elite and the commoners.

Maya civilization [SEP] Society

From the Early Preclassic, Maya society was sharply divided between the elite and commoners. As population increased over time, various sectors of society became increasingly specialised, and political organization became increasingly complex. By the Late Classic, when populations had grown enormously and hundreds of cities were connected in a complex web of political hierarchies, the wealthy segment of society multiplied. A middle class may have developed that included artisans, low ranking priests and officials, merchants, and soldiers. Commoners included farmers, servants, labourers, and slaves. According to indigenous histories, land was held communally by noble houses or clans. Such clans held that the land was the property of the clan ancestors, and such ties between the land and the ancestors were reinforced by the burial of the dead within residential compounds.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: The society was hierarchical with a sharp difference between the elite and the commoners.

Question: did they fight with each other?

Answer: Yes, clashes were common between states and chiefdoms.

Maya civilization [SEP] Warfare

Warfare was prevalent in the Maya world. Military campaigns were launched for a variety of reasons, including the control of trade routes and tribute, raids to take captives, scaling up to the complete destruction of an enemy state. Little is known about Maya military organization, logistics, or training. Warfare is depicted in Maya art from the Classic period, and wars and victories are mentioned in hieroglyphic inscriptions. Unfortunately, the inscriptions do not provide information upon the causes of war, or the form it took. In the 8th–9th centuries, intensive warfare resulted in the collapse of the kingdoms of the Petexbatún region of western Petén.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: Yes, clashes were common between states and chiefdoms.

Question: what kind of warriors were they?

Answer: Well trained, and in the Contact period, their armies were highly disciplined where warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills.

Maya civilization [SEP] Warriors

During the Contact period, it is known that certain military positions were held by members of the aristocracy, and were passed on by patrilineal succession. It is likely that the specialised knowledge inherent in the particular military role was taught to the successor, including strategy, ritual, and war dances. Maya armies of the Contact period were highly disciplined, and warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills; every able-bodied adult male was available for military service. Maya states did not maintain standing armies; warriors were mustered by local officials who reported back to appointed warleaders. There were also units of full-time mercenaries who followed permanent leaders.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: Well trained, and in the Contact period, their armies were highly disciplined where warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills.

Question: did they practice trade as well?

Answer: Yes, and control of trade routes or access to important trade goods contributed to the growth of cities.

Maya civilization [SEP] Trade

Trade was a key component of Maya society, and in the development of the Maya civilization. The cities that grew to become the most important usually controlled access to vital trade goods, or portage routes. Cities such as Kaminaljuyu and Qʼumarkaj in the Guatemalan Highlands, and Chalchuapa in El Salvador, variously controlled access to the sources of obsidian at different points in Maya history. The Maya were major producers of cotton, which was used to make the textiles to be traded throughout Mesoamerica. The most important cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula controlled access to the sources of salt. In the Postclassic, the Maya engaged in a flourishing slave trade with wider Mesoamerica.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: Yes, and control of trade routes or access to important trade goods contributed to the growth of cities.

Question: describe their merchants?

Answer: Not much is known about them, but it seems that at least some were members of the elite who engaged in long distance trade, while the majority belonged to the middle class largely involved in local or regional trade.

Maya civilization [SEP] Merchants

Little is known of Maya merchants, although they are depicted on Maya ceramics in elaborate noble dress. From this, it is known that at least some traders were members of the elite. During the Contact period, it is known that Maya nobility took part in long distance trading expeditions. The majority of traders were middle class, but were largely engaged in local and regional trade rather than the prestigious long distance trading that was the preserve of the elite. The travelling of merchants into dangerous foreign territory was likened to a passage through the underworld; the patron deities of merchants were two underworld gods carrying backpacks.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: Not much is known about them, but it seems that at least some were members of the elite who engaged in long distance trade, while the majority belonged to the middle class largely involved in local or regional trade.

Question: did they have market places?

Answer: Archaeologists have found traces what could have been formal arcade style masonry architectures and foundations of market stalls; and the Spanish colonialists have written about encountering a thriving market economy.

Maya civilization [SEP] Marketplaces

Marketplaces are difficult to identify archaeologically. However, the Spanish reported a thriving market economy when they arrived in the region. At some Classic period cities, archaeologists have tentatively identified formal arcade-style masonry architecture and parallel alignments of scattered stones as the permanent foundations of market stalls. A 2007 study analysed soils from a modern Guatemalan market and compared the results with those obtained from analysis at a proposed ancient market at Chunchucmil. Unusually high levels of zinc and phosphorus at both sites indicated similar food production and vegetable sales activity. The calculated density of market stalls at Chunchucmil strongly suggests that a thriving market economy already existed in the Early Classic.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: did they have market places?

Context: Archaeologists have found traces what could have been formal arcade style masonry architectures and foundations of market stalls; and the Spanish colonialists have written about encountering a thriving market economy.

Question: can you please describe their buildings

Answer: Mayan buildings included pyramids and temples, along with large elite residences which took time and heavy manpower to construct, as well as more modest commoner's huts.

Explanation: Maya architecture also incorporates various art forms and hieroglyphic texts. Masonry architecture built by the Maya evidences craft specialization in Maya society, centralised organization and the political means to mobilize a large workforce. It is estimated that a large elite residence at Copán required an estimated 10,686 man-days to build, which compares to 67-man-days for a commoner's hut. It is further estimated that 65% of the labour required to build the noble residence was used in the quarrying, transporting, and finishing of the stone used in construction, and 24% of the labour was required for the manufacture and application of limestone-based plaster. Altogether, it is estimated that two to three months were required for the construction of the residence for this single noble at Copán, using between 80 and 130 full-time labourers.

Maya civilization [SEP] Architecture

The Maya produced a vast array of structures, and have left an extensive architectural legacy. Maya architecture also incorporates various art forms and hieroglyphic texts. Masonry architecture built by the Maya evidences craft specialization in Maya society, centralised organization and the political means to mobilize a large workforce. It is estimated that a large elite residence at Copán required an estimated 10,686 man-days to build, which compares to 67-man-days for a commoner's hut. It is further estimated that 65% of the labour required to build the noble residence was used in the quarrying, transporting, and finishing of the stone used in construction, and 24% of the labour was required for the manufacture and application of limestone-based plaster.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: did they have market places?

Context: can you please describe their buildings

Context: Mayan buildings included pyramids and temples, along with large elite residences which took time and heavy manpower to construct, as well as more modest commoner's huts.

Question: what materials did they use to build them?

Answer: The earliest cities were built using stone and some perishable materials, but in later periods, they used limestone, sandstone, lime based cement or fired bricks depending on availability.

Explanation: The Maya built their cities with Neolithic technology; they built their structures from both perishable materials and from stone. The exact type of stone used in masonry construction varied according to locally available resources, and this also affected the building style. Across a broad swathe of the Maya area, limestone was immediately available. The local limestone is relatively soft when freshly cut, but hardens with exposure. There was great variety in the quality of limestone, with good-quality stone available in the Usumacinta region; in the northern Yucatán, the limestone used in construction was of relatively poor quality. Volcanic tuff was used at Copán, and nearby Quiriguá employed sandstone. In Comalcalco, where suitable stone was not available locally, fired bricks were employed. Limestone was burned at high temperatures in order to manufacture cement, plaster, and stucco. Lime-based cement was used to seal stonework in place, and stone blocks were fashioned using rope-an

Maya civilization [SEP] Building materials and methods


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: did they have market places?

Context: can you please describe their buildings

Context: what materials did they use to build them?

Context: The earliest cities were built using stone and some perishable materials, but in later periods, they used limestone, sandstone, lime based cement or fired bricks depending on availability.

Question: did they have palaces?

Answer: Yes, some of them adorned with sculptures.

Maya civilization [SEP] Palaces and acropoleis

During the Early Classic, rulers were sometimes buried underneath the acropolis complex. Some rooms in palaces were true throne rooms; in the royal palace of Palenque there were a number of throne rooms that were used for important events, including the inauguration of new kings. Palaces are usually arranged around one or more courtyards, with their façades facing inwards; some examples are adorned with sculpture. Some palaces possess associated hieroglyphic descriptions that identify them as the royal residences of named rulers. There is abundant evidence that palaces were far more than simple elite residences, and that a range of courtly activities took place in them, including audiences, formal receptions, and important rituals.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: did they have market places?

Context: can you please describe their buildings

Context: did they have palaces?

Context: Yes, some of them adorned with sculptures.

Question: which languages did they speak?

Answer: From the Preclassic period onwards, some of the language groups included Huastecan, Tzʼeltalan-Chʼolan, and Yucatecan among others.

Maya civilization [SEP] Language

Before 2000 BC, the Maya spoke a single language, dubbed proto-Mayan by linguists. Linguistic analysis of reconstructed Proto-Mayan vocabulary suggests that the original Proto-Mayan homeland was in the western or northern Guatemalan Highlands, although the evidence is not conclusive. Proto-Mayan diverged during the Preclassic period to form the major Mayan language groups that make up the family, including Huastecan, Greater Kʼicheʼan, Greater Qʼanjobalan, Mamean, Tzʼeltalan-Chʼolan, and Yucatecan. These groups diverged further during the pre-Columbian era to form over 30 languages that have survived into modern times. The language of almost all Classic Maya texts over the entire Maya area has been identified as Chʼolan; Late Preclassic text from Kaminaljuyu, in the highlands, also appears to be in, or related to, Chʼolan.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: did they have market places?

Context: can you please describe their buildings

Context: did they have palaces?

Context: which languages did they speak?

Context: From the Preclassic period onwards, some of the language groups included Huastecan, Tzʼeltalan-Chʼolan, and Yucatecan among others.

Question: which script did they use?

Answer: Logosyllabic script

Maya civilization [SEP] Logosyllabic script

The basic unit of Maya logosyllabic text is the glyph block, which transcribes a word or phrase. The block is composed of one or more individual glyphs attached to each other to form the glyph block, with individual glyph blocks generally being separated by a space. Glyph blocks are usually arranged in a grid pattern. For ease of reference, epigraphers refer to glyph blocks from left to right alphabetically, and top to bottom numerically. Thus, any glyph block in a piece of text can be identified. C4 would be third block counting from the left, and the fourth block counting downwards.


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: did they have market places?

Context: can you please describe their buildings

Context: did they have palaces?

Context: which languages did they speak?

Context: which script did they use?

Context: Logosyllabic script

Question: did they use tools to write with?

Answer: Evidence from the Postclassic codices suggests that writing was done with a brush with a tip fashioned from pliable hair.

Explanation: Although the archaeological record does not provide examples of brushes or pens, analysis of ink strokes on the Postclassic codices suggests that it was applied with a brush with a tip fashioned from pliable hair. A Classic period sculpture from Copán, Honduras, depicts a scribe with an inkpot fashioned from a conch shell. Excavations at Aguateca uncovered a number of scribal artefacts from the residences of elite status scribes, including palettes and mortars and pestles.

Maya civilization [SEP] Writing tools


Context: As far as circa 2000 BC

Context: what period of history is that?

Context: The Archaic period

Context: where were they located?

Context: did they practice politics?

Context: did they have societies?

Context: did they fight with each other?

Context: what kind of warriors were they?

Context: did they practice trade as well?

Context: describe their merchants?

Context: did they have market places?

Context: can you please describe their buildings

Context: did they have palaces?

Context: which languages did they speak?

Context: which script did they use?

Context: Logosyllabic script

Context: did they use tools to write with?

Context: Evidence from the Postclassic codices suggests that writing was done with a brush with a tip fashioned from pliable hair.

Question: is it true they practiced human sacrifice?

Answer: Yes, it was considered as the ultimate offering of blood to the gods.

Maya civilization [SEP] Human sacrifice

Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering. By extension, the sacrifice of a human life was the ultimate offering of blood to the gods, and the most important Maya rituals culminated in human sacrifice. Generally only high status prisoners of war were sacrificed, with lower status captives being used for labour. Important rituals such as the dedication of major building projects or the enthronement of a new ruler required a human offering. The sacrifice of an enemy king was the most prized, and such a sacrifice involved decapitation of the captive ruler in a ritual reenactment of the decapitation of the Maya maize god by the death gods.


Question: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Gateway of India [SEP] Introduction

The Gateway of India is an arch-monument built in the early twentieth century in the city of Mumbai, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was erected to commemorate the landing in December 1911 at Apollo Bunder, Mumbai (then Bombay) of King-Emperor George V and Queen-Empress Mary, the first British monarch to visit India. At the time of the royal visit, the gateway was not yet built, and a cardboard structure greeted the monarch. The foundation stone was laid in March 1913 for a monument built in the Indo-Saracenic style, incorporating elements of 16th-century Marathi architecture. The final design of the monument by architect George Wittet was sanctioned only in 1914, and construction was completed in 1924.


Context:
few lines on gateway of india in hindi
UNANSWERABLE

Question: where is it located?

Answer: City of Mumbai, in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

Explanation: The Gateway of India is an arch-monument built in the early twentieth century in the city of Mumbai, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was erected to commemorate the landing in December 1911 at Apollo Bunder, Mumbai (then Bombay) of King-Emperor George V and Queen-Empress Mary, the first British monarch to visit India. At the time of the royal visit, the gateway was not yet built, and a cardboard structure greeted the monarch. The foundation stone was laid in March 1913 for a monument built in the Indo-Saracenic style, incorporating elements of 16th-century Marathi architecture. The final design of the monument by architect George Wittet was sanctioned only in 1914, and construction was completed in 1924. The structure is a triumphal arch made of basalt, which is high.

Gateway of India [SEP] Introduction


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: City of Mumbai, in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

Question: what is the historical story of this monument?

Answer: The gateway was built to commemorate the arrival of George V, Emperor of India and Mary of Teck, Empress consort, in India at Apollo Bunder, Mumbai. It has been the location for the local Jewish community to light the menorah for Hanukkah celebrations.

Explanation: The gateway was built to commemorate the arrival of George V, Emperor of India and Mary of Teck, Empress consort, in India at Apollo Bunder, Mumbai (then Bombay) on 2 December 1911 prior to the Delhi Durbar of 1911; it was the first visit of a British monarch to India. However, they only got to see a cardboard model of the monument, as construction did not begin until 1915. The foundation stone for the gateway was laid on 31 March 1913 by then governor of Bombay, Sir George Sydenham Clarke with the final design of George Wittet for the gateway sanctioned in August 1914. Before the gateway's construction, Apollo Bunder used to serve a native fishing ground. Between 1915 and 1919 work continued at the Apollo Bunder to reclaim the land on which the gateway was to be built, along with the construction of a sea wall. Gammon India had undertaken construction work for the gateway. Its foundations were completed in 1920 while construction was finished in 1924. The gateway was opened to the pub

Gateway of India [SEP] History and significance


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: what is the historical story of this monument?

Context: The gateway was built to commemorate the arrival of George V, Emperor of India and Mary of Teck, Empress consort, in India at Apollo Bunder, Mumbai. It has been the location for the local Jewish community to light the menorah for Hanukkah celebrations.

Question: what kind of architectural style does it have?

Answer: The monument is built of yellow basalt and reinforced concrete and faces the Mumbai Harbour, arch has a height of with its central dome being in diameter.

Explanation: The gateway's arch has a height of with its central dome being in diameter. The monument is built of yellow basalt and reinforced concrete. The stones were sourced locally while the perforated screens were brought in from Gwalior. The monument faces towards the Mumbai Harbour. There are four turrets on the structure of the gateway, and there are steps constructed behind the arch of the gateway which lead to the Arabian Sea. The monument features intricate stone latticework (also known as the "jali" work). The Scottish architect, George Wittet combined elements of the Roman triumphal arch and 16th-century architecture of Gujarat. The architecture also combines indigenous architectural elements with elements of Islamic architecture, known as the Indo-Saracenic. The harbour front was realigned in order to make an esplanade, which would sweep down to the centre of the town. On each side of the arch, there are large halls with the capacity to hold 600 people. The cost of the construction wa

Gateway of India [SEP] Design and architecture


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: what kind of architectural style does it have?

Context: The monument is built of yellow basalt and reinforced concrete and faces the Mumbai Harbour, arch has a height of with its central dome being in diameter.

Question: who were ruling during that time?

Answer: British Raj under the governor of Bombay, Sir George Sydenham Clarke.


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: who were ruling during that time?

Context: British Raj under the governor of Bombay, Sir George Sydenham Clarke.

Question: how far and wide did they rule, georaphically?

Answer: It extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, except for small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry.

Explanation: The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, except for small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar Desert. In addition, at various times, it included Aden (from 1858 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf and the states under the Persian Gulf Residency were theoretically princely states as well as presidencies and provinces of British India until 1947 and used the rupee as their unit of currency.

British Raj [SEP] Geographical extent


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: who were ruling during that time?

Context: how far and wide did they rule, georaphically?

Context: It extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, except for small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry.

Question: for how long did they rule in india?

Answer: Till 1947.

British Raj [SEP] 1947: Violence, partition, independence

On 15 August 1947, the new Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the Governor-General; and the Dominion of India, (later Republic of India) with Jawaharlal Nehru as the prime minister, and the viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, staying on as its first Governor General came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in Karachi on 14 August and New Delhi on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies. The great majority of Indians remained in place with independence, but in border areas millions of people (Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu) relocated across the newly drawn borders.


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: who were ruling during that time?

Context: for how long did they rule in india?

Context: Till 1947.

Question: were they linked with any religious works?

Answer: Yes, They promoted Christianity.

Explanation:
In 1889, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury stated, "It is not only our duty but is in our interest to promote the diffusion of Christianity as far as possible throughout the length and breadth of India."

The growth of the British Indian Army led to the arrival of many Anglican chaplains in India. Following the arrival of the Church of England's Church Mission Society in 1814, the Diocese of Calcutta of the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon (CIBC) was erected, with its St. Paul's Cathedral being built in 1847. By 1930, the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon had fourteen dioceses across the Indian Empire.

British Raj [SEP] Missionary work


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: who were ruling during that time?

Context: for how long did they rule in india?

Context: Till 1947.

Context: were they linked with any religious works?

Context: Yes, They promoted Christianity.

Question: what are the climatic conditions of the city mentioned earlier?

Answer: It has a tropical climate, a tropical wet and dry climate, monsoons.

Explanation:
Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the Köppen climate classification. It varies between a dry period extending from October to May and a wet period peaking in June. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.

Flooding during monsoon is a major problem for Mumbai. Between June and September, the south west monsoon rains lash the city. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was for 1954. The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was on 26 July 2005. The average total annual rainfall is for the Island City, and for the suburbs.

Mumbai [SEP] Climate


Context: few lines on gateway of india in hindi

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is it located?

Context: who were ruling during that time?

Context: for how long did they rule in india?

Context: Till 1947.

Context: Yes, They promoted Christianity.

Context: what are the climatic conditions of the city mentioned earlier?

Context: It has a tropical climate, a tropical wet and dry climate, monsoons.

Question: any notable mention about people from this city?

Answer: Residents of Mumbai is called "Mumbaikar", "Bombayite".

Explanation: A resident of Mumbai is called "Mumbaikar" in Marathi, in which the suffix "kar" means a "resident of". The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Older terms such as "Bombayite" are also in use.

Mumbai [SEP] People from Mumbai


Question: who plays in the girl with the dragon tattoo

Answer: Daniel Craig as journalist Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander.

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film) [SEP] Introduction

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2011 psychological crime thriller film based on the 2005 novel by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson. It was directed by David Fincher with a screenplay by Steven Zaillian. Starring Daniel Craig as journalist Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander, it tells the story of Blomkvist's investigation to find out what happened to a woman from a wealthy family who disappeared 40 years prior. He recruits the help of Salander, a computer hacker. A co-production of the United States, United Kingdom and Sweden, Sony Pictures Entertainment began development on the film in 2009.


Context: who plays in the girl with the dragon tattoo

Context: Daniel Craig as journalist Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander.

Question: when was it released?

Answer: 2011.

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)

Explanation: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2011 psychological crime thriller film based on the 2005 novel by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson.


Context: when was it released?

Question: did it win any awards or was nominated for any?

Answer: The film was chosen as one of the top ten films of 2011 and was a candidate for numerous awards, winning, among others, the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, while Mara's performance earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)

Explanation: The film was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2011 and was a candidate for numerous awards, winning, among others, the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, while Mara's performance earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.


Context: when was it released?

Context: did it win any awards or was nominated for any?

Context: The film was chosen as one of the top ten films of 2011 and was a candidate for numerous awards, winning, among others, the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, while Mara's performance earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.

Question: what is the storyline?

Answer: In Stockholm, disgraced journalist Mikael Blomkvist is recovering from the legal and professional fallout of a libel suit brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström, straining Blomkvist's relationship with his business partner and married lover, Erika Berger. Lisbeth Salander, a young, brilliant but antisocial investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for the wealthy Henrik Vanger, who offers Blomkvist evidence against Wennerström in exchange for an unusual task: investigate the 40-year-old disappearance and presumed murder of Henrik's grandniece, Harriet. Blomkvist agrees, and moves into a cottage on the Vanger family estate on Hedestad Island.

Explanation: In Stockholm, disgraced journalist Mikael Blomkvist is recovering from the legal and professional fallout of a libel suit brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström, straining Blomkvist's relationship with his business partner and married lover, Erika Berger. Lisbeth Salander, a young, brilliant but antisocial investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for the wealthy Henrik Vanger, who offers Blomkvist evidence against Wennerström in exchange for an unusual task: investigate the 40-year-old disappearance and presumed murder of Henrik's grandniece, Harriet. Blomkvist agrees, and moves into a cottage on the Vanger family estate on Hedestad Island.

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film) [SEP] Plot

She uncovers a connection between the list and numerous young women brutally murdered from 1947 to 1967, indicating a serial killer; she also notes that many of the victims have Jewish names, theorizing that the murders could have been motivated by antisemitism. One morning, Blomkvist finds the mutilated corpse of his adopted cat on the doorstep. Another night, while walking outdoors, a bullet grazes his forehead; after Salander tends his wounds, they have sex. Blomkvist begins to suspect Martin, Harriet's brother and operational head of the Vanger empire. Salander also uncovers evidence that Harriet's late father, Gottfried, and later Martin, committed the murders.


Context: when was it released?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: In Stockholm, disgraced journalist Mikael Blomkvist is recovering from the legal and professional fallout of a libel suit brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström, straining Blomkvist's relationship with his business partner and married lover, Erika Berger. Lisbeth Salander, a young, brilliant but antisocial investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for the wealthy Henrik Vanger, who offers Blomkvist evidence against Wennerström in exchange for an unusual task: investigate the 40-year-old disappearance and presumed murder of Henrik's grandniece, Harriet. Blomkvist agrees, and moves into a cottage on the Vanger family estate on Hedestad Island.

Question: who worked on the music?

Answer: Reznor and Ross.

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film) [SEP] Soundtrack

Fincher recruited Reznor and Ross to produce the score; aside from their successful collaboration on "The Social Network", the duo had worked together on albums from Nine Inch Nails' later discography. They dedicated much of the year to work on the film, as they felt it would appeal to a broad audience. Akin to his efforts in "The Social Network", Reznor experiments with acoustics and blends them with elements of electronic music, resulting in a forbidding atmosphere. "We wanted to create the sound of coldness—emotionally and also physically," he asserted, "We wanted to take lots of acoustic instruments [...] and transplant them into a very inorganic setting, and dress the set around them with electronics." Even before viewing the script, Reznor and Ross opted to use a redolent approach to creating the film's score.


Context: when was it released?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who worked on the music?

Context: Reznor and Ross.

Question: how did the critics respond to it?

Answer: "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" received positive reviews from critics, with particular note to the cast, tone, score and cinematography.

Explanation: "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" received positive reviews from critics, with particular note to the cast, tone, score and cinematography. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 86%, based on 249 reviews, with an average rating of 7.59/10. The site's consensus states, "Brutal yet captivating, "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" is the result of David Fincher working at his lurid best with total role commitment from star Rooney Mara." At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score, the film received an average score of 71 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film) [SEP] Critical response


Context: when was it released?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who worked on the music?

Context: Reznor and Ross.

Context: how did the critics respond to it?

Context: "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" received positive reviews from critics, with particular note to the cast, tone, score and cinematography.

Question: any particular critic worth mentioning?

Answer: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" said the film was given a more assured quality than the original because of Fincher's direction and the lead performances, although he believed this did not always work to the film's advantage, preferring the original version's "less confident surface" where "emotions were closer to the surface."

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)

This was supported by Morgenstern, who avouched that Craig "nonetheless finds welcome humor in Mikael's impassive affect". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" said the film was given a more assured quality than the original because of Fincher's direction and the lead performances, although he believed this did not always work to the film's advantage, preferring the original version's "less confident surface" where "emotions were closer to the surface."


Context: when was it released?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who worked on the music?

Context: Reznor and Ross.

Context: how did the critics respond to it?

Context: any particular critic worth mentioning?

Context: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" said the film was given a more assured quality than the original because of Fincher's direction and the lead performances, although he believed this did not always work to the film's advantage, preferring the original version's "less confident surface" where "emotions were closer to the surface."

Question: who is this critic?

Answer: He was an American film critic, film historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author.

Roger Ebert [SEP] Introduction

Roger Joseph Ebert (; June 18, 1942 – April 4, 2013) was an American film critic, film historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a film critic for the "Chicago Sun-Times" from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. Neil Steinberg of the "Chicago Sun-Times" said Ebert "was without question the nation's most prominent and influential film critic," Tom Van Riper of "Forbes" described him as "the most powerful pundit in America," and Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" called him "the best-known film critic in America." Ebert was known for his intimate, Midwestern writing voice and critical views informed by values of populism and humanism.


Context: when was it released?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who worked on the music?

Context: Reznor and Ross.

Context: how did the critics respond to it?

Context: any particular critic worth mentioning?

Context: who is this critic?

Context: He was an American film critic, film historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author.

Question: what are some of his published works?

Answer: A history of the University of Illinois titled "Illini Century: One Hundred Years of Campus Life", was published by the University's press. In 1969, his review of "Night of the Living Dead" was published in "Reader's Digest". In addition to film, Ebert would occasionally write about other topics for the "Sun-Times", such as music; In 1970, Ebert wrote the first published concert review of singer-songwriter John Prine, who at the time was working as a mailman and performing at Chicago folk clubs.

Explanation: Ebert began his career as a film critic in 1967, writing for the "Chicago Sun-Times". That same year, he met film critic Pauline Kael for the first time at the New York Film Festival. After he sent her some of his columns, she told him they were "the best film criticism being done in American newspapers today." That same year, Ebert's first book, a history of the University of Illinois titled "Illini Century: One Hundred Years of Campus Life", was published by the University's press. In 1969, his review of "Night of the Living Dead" was published in "Reader's Digest". In addition to film, Ebert would occasionally write about other topics for the "Sun-Times", such as music; In 1970, Ebert wrote the first published concert review of singer-songwriter John Prine, who at the time was working as a mailman and performing at Chicago folk clubs.

Roger Ebert [SEP] Writing

In addition to film, Ebert would occasionally write about other topics for the "Sun-Times", such as music; In 1970, Ebert wrote the first published concert review of singer-songwriter John Prine, who at the time was working as a mailman and performing at Chicago folk clubs. Ebert co-wrote the screenplay for the Russ Meyer film "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls" (1970) and sometimes joked about being responsible for the film, which was poorly received on its release yet has become a cult film. Ebert and Meyer also made "Up!" (1976), "Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens" (1979), and other films, and were involved in the ill-fated Sex Pistols movie "Who Killed Bambi?" (In April 2010, Ebert posted his screenplay of "Who Killed Bambi?", aka "Anarchy in the UK", on his blog.) Beginning in 1968, Ebert worked for the University of Chicago as an adjunct lecturer, teaching a night class on film at the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies.


Context: when was it released?

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who worked on the music?

Context: Reznor and Ross.

Context: how did the critics respond to it?

Context: any particular critic worth mentioning?

Context: who is this critic?

Context: what are some of his published works?

Context: A history of the University of Illinois titled "Illini Century: One Hundred Years of Campus Life", was published by the University's press. In 1969, his review of "Night of the Living Dead" was published in "Reader's Digest". In addition to film, Ebert would occasionally write about other topics for the "Sun-Times", such as music; In 1970, Ebert wrote the first published concert review of singer-songwriter John Prine, who at the time was working as a mailman and performing at Chicago folk clubs.

Question: did he suffer from any ailments?

Answer: Yes, in early 2002, Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer which was successfully removed in February. In 2003, he underwent surgery for cancer in his salivary gland, which was followed up by radiation therapy. He was again afflicted with cancer in 2006.

Roger Ebert [SEP] Health

In early 2002, Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer which was successfully removed in February. In 2003, he underwent surgery for cancer in his salivary gland, which was followed up by radiation therapy. He was again afflicted with cancer in 2006. In June of that year, he had surgery to remove cancerous tissue near his right jaw. A week later he had a life-threatening complication when his carotid artery burst near the surgery site. He was confined to bed rest and was unable to speak, eat, or drink for a time, necessitating the use of a feeding tube. The complications kept Ebert off the air for an extended period.


Question: where is black mirror season 4 crocodile filmed

Answer: Iceland

Crocodile (Black Mirror) [SEP] Introduction

"Crocodile" is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series "Black Mirror". It was written by Charlie Brooker and directed by John Hillcoat. The episode first aired on Netflix, along with the rest of series four, on 29 December 2017. Filmed in Iceland, the episode centres on Mia (Andrea Riseborough) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob (Andrew Gower) cover up a hit-and-run death. Fifteen years later, Rob wants to confess their crime, leading Mia to kill him and dispose of his body. Shortly after, Mia witnesses a non-fatal collision between a pedestrian and self-driving vehicle.


Context: where is black mirror season 4 crocodile filmed

Context: Iceland

Question: who all starred in this episode?

Answer: Andrea Riseborough, Andrew Gower, Kiran Sonia Sawar, to name a few.

Explanation: Filmed in Iceland, the episode centres on Mia (Andrea Riseborough) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob (Andrew Gower) cover up a hit-and-run death. Fifteen years later, Rob wants to confess their crime, leading Mia to kill him and dispose of his body. Shortly after, Mia witnesses a non-fatal collision between a pedestrian and self-driving vehicle. Shazia (Kiran Sonia Sawar) meanwhile is hired to investigate the crash, and uses a Recaller device that allows her to see the recent memories of those she interviews.


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: Andrea Riseborough, Andrew Gower, Kiran Sonia Sawar, to name a few.

Question: which characters were they portraying?

Answer: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Question: which genre does the episode fall under?

Answer: Anthology

Explanation: "Crocodile" is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series "Black Mirror".


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Context: which genre does the episode fall under?

Context: Anthology

Question: what is the capital of the aforementioned country?

Answer: Reykjavík

Iceland [SEP] Introduction

Iceland (; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 364,134 and an area of , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Context: Anthology

Context: what is the capital of the aforementioned country?

Context: Reykjavík

Question: can you name some famous authors hailing from this country?

Answer: Jónas Hallgrímsson and Halldór Laxness

Iceland [SEP] Literature

Originating in the 14th century, "rímur" were popular into the 19th century, when the development of new literary forms was provoked by the influential, National-Romantic writer Jónas Hallgrímsson. In recent times, Iceland has produced many great writers, the best-known of whom is arguably Halldór Laxness, who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1955 (the only Icelander to win a Nobel Prize thus far). Steinn Steinarr was an influential modernist poet during the early 20th century who remains popular. Icelanders are avid consumers of literature, with the highest number of bookstores per capita in the world. For its size, Iceland imports and translates more international literature than any other nation.


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Context: Anthology

Context: Reykjavík

Context: can you name some famous authors hailing from this country?

Context: Jónas Hallgrímsson and Halldór Laxness

Question: what is the latter writer best known for?

Answer: He was the winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Halldór Laxness [SEP] Introduction

Halldór Kiljan Laxness (; born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 February 1998) was an Icelandic writer and winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature. He wrote novels, poetry, newspaper articles, essays, plays, travelogues and short stories. Major influences included August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Knut Hamsun, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway.


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Context: Anthology

Context: Reykjavík

Context: Jónas Hallgrímsson and Halldór Laxness

Context: what is the latter writer best known for?

Context: He was the winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Question: what are some of his famous works?

Answer: "Undir Helgahnúk", "Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír", "Salka Valka" to name some.

Explanation: Laxness wrote of his experiences in the books "Undir Helgahnúk" (1924) and, more importantly, in "Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír" ("The Great Weaver from Kashmir").

Halldór Laxness [SEP] 1920s

The two elements are entwined together in characteristic fashion and in their very union give the work its individual character." In 1929 Laxness published an article critical of America in Heimskringla, a Canadian newspaper. This resulted in charges being filed against him, his detention and the forfeiture of his passport. With the aid of Upton Sinclair and the ACLU, the charges were dropped and Laxness returned to Iceland.


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Context: Anthology

Context: Reykjavík

Context: Jónas Hallgrímsson and Halldór Laxness

Context: what are some of his famous works?

Context: "Undir Helgahnúk", "Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír", "Salka Valka" to name some.

Question: who is the above mentioned prize named after?

Answer: Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel

Nobel Prize in Literature [SEP] Introduction

The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: "den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning"). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October.


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Context: Anthology

Context: Reykjavík

Context: Jónas Hallgrímsson and Halldór Laxness

Context: what are some of his famous works?

Context: who is the above mentioned prize named after?

Context: Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel

Question: what does this prize comprise?

Answer: A gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.

Nobel Prize in Literature [SEP] Prizes

A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters. If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them. The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but it stood at (about ), previously it was .


Context: Iceland

Context: who all starred in this episode?

Context: which characters were they portraying?

Context: Mia, Rob and Shazia respectively.

Context: Anthology

Context: Reykjavík

Context: Jónas Hallgrímsson and Halldór Laxness

Context: what are some of his famous works?

Context: Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel

Context: what does this prize comprise?

Context: A gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.

Question: can you name some authors whose works have been overlooked by the award committee?

Answer: Tolstoy, Ibsen, and Henry James

Nobel Prize in Literature [SEP] Overlooked literary achievements

In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many literary achievements were overlooked. The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that "as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. Tolstoy, Ibsen, and Henry James should have been rewarded instead of, for instance, Sully Prudhomme, Eucken, and Heyse". There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with Marcel Proust, Italo Calvino, and Roberto Bolaño. According to Kjell Espmark "the main works of Kafka, Cavafy, and Pessoa were not published until after their deaths and the true dimensions of Mandelstam's poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile".


Question: what is the name of the moon on earth

Answer: The name Luna is used in scientific writing

Moon [SEP] Name and etymology

The usual English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is simply the Moon, with a capital M. The noun "moon" is derived from Old English "mōna", which (like all its Germanic cognates) stems from Proto-Germanic "*mēnōn", which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European "*mēnsis" "month" (from earlier "*mēnōt", genitive "*mēneses") which may be related to the verb "measure" (of time). Occasionally, the name Luna is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish the Earth's moon from others, while in poetry "Luna" has been used to denote personification of Earth's moon. Cynthia is another poetic name, though rare, for the Moon personified as a goddess, while Selene (literally "Moon") is the Greek goddess of the Moon.


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: The name Luna is used in scientific writing

Question: can you list a few characteristics of it?

Answer: It is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid due to tidal stretching, Its shape is more elongated.

Explanation: The Moon is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid due to tidal stretching, with its long axis displaced 30° from facing the Earth (due to gravitational anomalies from impact basins). Its shape is more elongated than current tidal forces can account for. This 'fossil bulge' indicates that the Moon solidified when it orbited at half its current distance to the Earth, and that it is now too cold for its shape to adjust to its orbit.

Moon [SEP] Physical characteristics


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: can you list a few characteristics of it?

Context: It is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid due to tidal stretching, Its shape is more elongated.

Question: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Answer: It has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum and it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, a product of the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions.

Explanation: The Moon has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum, with a total mass of less than . The surface pressure of this small mass is around 3 × 10 atm (0.3 nPa); it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, a product of the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions.

Moon [SEP] Atmosphere

The absence of such neutral species (atoms or molecules) as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and magnesium, which are present in the regolith, is not understood. Water vapor has been detected by "Chandrayaan-1" and found to vary with latitude, with a maximum at ~60–70 degrees; it is possibly generated from the sublimation of water ice in the regolith. These gases either return into the regolith because of the Moon's gravity or are lost to space, either through solar radiation pressure or, if they are ionized, by being swept away by the solar wind's magnetic field.


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Context: It has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum and it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, a product of the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions.

Question: how big is it?

Answer: The Moon is an exceptionally large natural satellite relative to Earth: Its diameter is more than a quarter and its mass is 1/81 of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet.

Moon [SEP] Relative size

The Moon is an exceptionally large natural satellite relative to Earth: Its diameter is more than a quarter and its mass is 1/81 of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, though Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto, at 1/9 Pluto's mass. The Earth and the Moon's barycentre, their common center of mass, is located (about a quarter of Earth's radius) beneath Earth's surface. The Earth revolves around the Earth-Moon barycentre once a sidereal month, with 1/81 the speed of the Moon, or about per second. This motion is superimposed on the much larger revolution of the Earth around the Sun at a speed of about per second.


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Context: how big is it?

Context: The Moon is an exceptionally large natural satellite relative to Earth: Its diameter is more than a quarter and its mass is 1/81 of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet.

Question: does it have seasons in it?

Answer: The Moon's solar illumination varies much less with season, the Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire lunar day, Similarly, there are places that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters, and these "craters of eternal darkness" are extremely cold

Moon [SEP] Seasons

The Moon's axial tilt with respect to the ecliptic is only 1.5424°, much less than the 23.44° of Earth. Because of this, the Moon's solar illumination varies much less with season, and topographical details play a crucial role in seasonal effects. From images taken by "Clementine" in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of the crater Peary at the Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire lunar day, creating peaks of eternal light. No such regions exist at the south pole. Similarly, there are places that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters, and these "craters of eternal darkness" are extremely cold: "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter" measured the lowest summer temperatures in craters at the southern pole at and just close to the winter solstice in the north polar crater Hermite.


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Context: how big is it?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: The Moon's solar illumination varies much less with season, the Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire lunar day, Similarly, there are places that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters, and these "craters of eternal darkness" are extremely cold

Question: were there any missions done by russia on it?

Answer: Yes, Luna 1, Luna 2, Luna 9, Luna 24 and so on

Explanation:
The Cold War-inspired Space Race between the Soviet Union and the U.S. led to an acceleration of interest in exploration of the Moon. Once launchers had the necessary capabilities, these nations sent uncrewed probes on both flyby and impact/lander missions. Spacecraft from the Soviet Union's "Luna" program were the first to accomplish a number of goals: following three unnamed, failed missions in 1958, the first human-made object to escape Earth's gravity and pass near the Moon was "Luna 1"; the first human-made object to impact the lunar surface was "Luna 2", and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by "Luna 3", all in 1959.

The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar soft landing was "Luna 9" and the first uncrewed vehicle to orbit the Moon was "Luna 10", both in 1966. Rock and soil samples were brought back to Earth by three "Luna" sample return missions ("Luna 16" in 1970, "Luna 20" in 1972, and "Luna 24" in 1976), which returned 0.3

Moon [SEP] Soviet missions


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Context: how big is it?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: were there any missions done by russia on it?

Context: Yes, Luna 1, Luna 2, Luna 9, Luna 24 and so on

Question: what was the first one about?

Answer: It was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit.

Luna 1 [SEP] Introduction

Luna 1, also known as Mechta ( , "lit.": "Dream"), E-1 No.4 and "First Lunar Rover", was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit. Intended as an impactor, "Luna 1" was launched as part of the Soviet Luna programme in 1959. However, due to an incorrectly timed upper stage burn during its launch, it missed the Moon, in the process becoming the first spacecraft to leave geocentric orbit. A malfunction in the ground-based control system caused an error in the rocket's burntime, and the spacecraft missed the target and flew by the Moon at a distance of 5900 km (more than three times the Moon's radius) at the closest point.


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Context: how big is it?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: what was the first one about?

Context: It was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit.

Question: when was it launched?

Answer: 1959

Explanation: "Luna 1" was launched as part of the Soviet Luna programme in 1959.

Luna 1 [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Context: how big is it?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: what was the first one about?

Context: when was it launched?

Question: which space agency of the country was responsible for it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Luna 1 [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the name of the moon on earth

Context: how does it's atmosphere look like?

Context: how big is it?

Context: does it have seasons in it?

Context: what was the first one about?

Context: when was it launched?

Context: which space agency of the country was responsible for it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: did any other country take part in such missions?

Answer: Yes, United states

Moon [SEP] United States missions

During the late 1950s at the height of the Cold War, the United States Army conducted a classified feasibility study that proposed the construction of a staffed military outpost on the Moon called Project Horizon with the potential to conduct a wide range of missions from scientific research to nuclear Earth bombardment. The study included the possibility of conducting a lunar-based nuclear test. The Air Force, which at the time was in competition with the Army for a leading role in the space program, developed its own similar plan called Lunex. However, both these proposals were ultimately passed over as the space program was largely transferred from the military to the civilian agency NASA.


Question: what issue does the poetry of maya angelou discuss?

Answer: Discrimination and racism, and struggle

Explanation: discrimination and racism, and struggle

Poetry of Maya Angelou [SEP] General themes

Angelou explores many of the same themes throughout all her writings, in both her autobiographies and poetry. These themes include love, painful loss, music, discrimination and racism, and struggle. According to DeGout, Angelou's poetry cannot easily be placed in categories of themes or techniques. Angelou sometimes pairs poems together in her collections to strengthen her themes, something she does, for example, throughout her second volume" Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well" (1975). Many of her poems, especially those in "Oh Pray", contain universal identifications with ordinary objects. She uses familiar and feminine metaphors, many of the same themes also found in blues songs, and the dialect of African Americans to express universal themes applicable to all races.


Context: what issue does the poetry of maya angelou discuss?

Context: Discrimination and racism, and struggle

Question: what are her famous poems?

Answer: On the Pulse of Morning

Explanation: On the Pulse of Morning"

Poetry of Maya Angelou [SEP] Poetry

In 1994, her publisher, Random House, placed this volume and her following four volumes of poetry in "The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou." Random House has also published several more volumes of Angelou's poetry, as well as stand-alone publications of single poems. Angelou recited her most famous poem, "On the Pulse of Morning", at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. In 1995, she delivered what Richard Long called her "second 'public' poem", entitled "A Brave and Startling Truth", which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. Also in 1995, she was chosen to recite one of her poems at the Million Man March.