Context: where was it shot?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who gave the music for this series?

Context: Ramin Djawadi

Context: where is he originally from?

Context: Duisburg, West Germany

Context: why was that country known so?

Context: how is there weather in this city?

Context: Duisburg has an oceanic climate

Context: what genre is the series mentioned int he beginning?

Context: Fantasy

Question: are there any subgenres?

Answer: Drama

Game of Thrones [SEP] Introduction

Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for HBO. It is an adaptation of "A Song of Ice and Fire", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is "A Game of Thrones" (1996). The show was both produced and filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Filming locations also included Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, and Spain. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and concluded on May 19, 2019, with 73 episodes broadcast over eight seasons.


Context: game of thrones season 6 episode 10 entertainment weekly

Context: "The Winds of Winter" is the tenth and final episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series "Game of Thrones", and the sixtieth overall.

Context: where was it shot?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who gave the music for this series?

Context: Ramin Djawadi

Context: where is he originally from?

Context: Duisburg, West Germany

Context: why was that country known so?

Context: The first syllable of the name of the city could go back to the Proto-Indo-European root "*dʰeus-", meaning something like "wet area" or "flood plain". Duisburg therefore could mean "fortified place in the floodplain"

Context: what was the reason to name the country, west?

Context: In East Germany, the terms (West Germany) or (West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its 1968 constitution, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany. As a result, it officially considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners

Context: how is there weather in this city?

Context: Duisburg has an oceanic climate

Context: Fantasy

Context: are there any subgenres?

Context: Drama

Question: when was this genre created?

Answer: Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.

Drama [SEP] Introduction

Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or television. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory. The term "drama" comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , "drama"), which is derived from "I do" (Classical Greek: , "drao"). The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. In English (as was the analogous case in many other European languages), the word "play" or "game" (translating the Anglo-Saxon "pleġan" or Latin "ludus") was the standard term for dramas until William Shakespeare's time—just as its creator was a "play-maker" rather than a "dramatist" and the building was a "play-house" rather than a "theatre".


Context: where was it shot?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who gave the music for this series?

Context: Ramin Djawadi

Context: where is he originally from?

Context: Duisburg, West Germany

Context: why was that country known so?

Context: how is there weather in this city?

Context: Duisburg has an oceanic climate

Context: Fantasy

Context: are there any subgenres?

Context: Drama

Context: when was this genre created?

Context: Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.

Question: how did that influence the episode mentioned in the beginning in terms of location?

Answer: The main chunk of the sequence was essentially a courtroom drama and then lots of little scenes surrounding it shot in many different sets and locations and even countries so it took a long time to get all the pieces into the editing system and start actually editing.

The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones) [SEP] Filming

And so any opportunity I can get to try my hand at that I welcome. From that perspective, I really hit the jackpot this year and I'm very grateful." In another interview, Sapochnik revealed that the wildfire explosion at the Sept of Baelor was originally going to only be seen from the outside, but after storyboarding the sequence with shots of the High Sparrow also being engulfed, Sapochnik was able to convince Benioff and Weiss to make the change for the sequence. Sapochnik also stated about the sequence, "The main chunk of the sequence was essentially a courtroom drama and then lots of little scenes surrounding it shot in many different sets and locations and even countries so it took a long time to get all the pieces into the editing system and start actually editing." He also said that the main goal of the scene was to "bring all these intersecting storylines surrounding King's Landing together and end them," and that the music in the scene played an important role in reflecting how the scenes played out on screen tonally, praising Ramin Djawadi's opening score.


Question: what is suillus quiescens?

Answer: It is a pored mushroom.

Suillus quiescens [SEP] Introduction

Suillus quiescens is a pored mushroom of the genus "Suillus" in the family Suillaceae. First collected in 2002 on Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California, in association with Bishop Pine ("Pinus muricata"), the species was scientifically described and named in 2010. In addition to its distribution in coastal California, it was also found forming ectomycorrhizae with the roots of pine seedlings in the eastern Sierra Nevada, coastal Oregon, and the southern Cascade Mountains. It resembles "Suillus brevipes", but can be distinguished from that species by its paler-colored immature cap and by the tiny colored glands on the stipe that darken with age.


Context:
what is suillus quiescens?
It is a pored mushroom.

Question: where was it discovered?

Answer: Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California

Explanation: . First collected in 2002 on Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California, in association with Bishop Pine ("Pinus muricata"), the species was scientifically described and named in 2010.

Suillus quiescens [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California

Question: in which country?

Answer: United States of America

California [SEP] Introduction

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States of America. With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area, and is also the world's thirty-fourth most populous subnational entity. California is also the most populated subnational entity in North America, and has its state capital in Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second-most populous, after New York City.


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Question: which other wildlife is found in this island?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

California [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: which other wildlife is found in this island?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is the mushroom we spoke about earlier edible?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

California [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is the mushroom we spoke about earlier edible?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how big does it grow?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

California [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: are there other species that are similar to it?

Answer: Yes, S. brevipes

Suillus quiescens [SEP] Similar species

With its short stipe and sticky cap, "S. quiescens" is similar to "S. brevipes". It may be distinguished from the latter species by the color of the young (light-brown) cap, the glandular dots at the top of stipes in mature specimens, and the yellowish color at the top of the stipe.


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there other species that are similar to it?

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Question: is suillus quiescens the scientific name?

Answer: Yes

Suillus quiescens [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: is suillus quiescens the scientific name?

Context: Yes

Question: do you know what the common name is?

Answer: No

Suillus quiescens [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: Yes

Context: do you know what the common name is?

Context: No

Question: do you know what kind of environment does it require to survive?

Answer: It is seen in Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, two of the four islands that make up the northern Channel Islands, having a Mediterranean climate with cool and wet winters, and warm and dry summers.

Suillus quiescens [SEP] Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies grow together in small groups on the ground in association with Bishop Pine ("Pinus muricata"). It is the most common "Suillus" species on Santa Cruz Island, its type locality and it has also been collected at Santa Rosa Island, and Point Reyes National Seashore in California. Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, two of the four islands that make up the northern Channel Islands, have a Mediterranean climate with cool and wet winters, and warm and dry summers. Most species of "Suillus" do not have spores that survive in the soil for extended periods of time, but the spores of "S.


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: Yes

Context: do you know what the common name is?

Context: No

Context: do you know what kind of environment does it require to survive?

Context: It is seen in Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, two of the four islands that make up the northern Channel Islands, having a Mediterranean climate with cool and wet winters, and warm and dry summers.

Question: does the island these mushrooms are found on have any parks?

Answer: Yes, Channel Islands National Park

Santa Cruz Island [SEP] National Park and Nature Conservancy preserve

Protracted litigation between the Gherinis and the federal government started in 1980, when Channel Islands National Park was designated and Congress authorized the purchase of the family's remaining land, about 10% of the island on the east end. But the purchase was held up as family members pushed the federal government to pay what they believed was the appropriate amount. In the early 1990s, the government managed to buy the interests of Francis Gherini's three siblings for about $4 million apiece. But the former Oxnard attorney continued to insist that the offer was too low, keeping his 25% interest in the 6,264-acre (25.35 km2) ranch and leaving the Park Service with 75%, effectively blocking the establishment of the park.


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: Yes

Context: do you know what the common name is?

Context: No

Context: does the island these mushrooms are found on have any parks?

Context: Yes, Channel Islands National Park

Question: what kind of plants are found here?

Answer: More than 2,000 species of plants can be found within the park.

Channel Islands National Park [SEP] Flora and fauna

More than 2,000 species of plants and animals can be found within the park. However, only three mammals are endemic to the islands, one of which is the deer mouse ("Peromyscus maniculatus") which is known to carry the sin nombre hantavirus. The spotted skunk and Channel Islands fox also are endemic. The island fence lizard is also endemic to the Channel Islands. Other animals in the park include island scrub jay, harbor seal, California sea lion, island fox, spotted skunk, island night lizard, barn owl, American kestrel, horned lark and meadowlark and California brown pelican. One hundred and forty-five of these species are unique to the islands and found nowhere else in the world.


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: Yes

Context: do you know what the common name is?

Context: No

Context: Yes, Channel Islands National Park

Context: what kind of plants are found here?

Context: More than 2,000 species of plants can be found within the park.

Question: what kind of animals are found here?

Answer: island scrub jay, harbor seal, California sea lion, island fox, spotted skunk, island night lizard, barn owl, etc.

Explanation: Other animals in the park include island scrub jay, harbor seal, California sea lion, island fox, spotted skunk, island night lizard, barn owl, American kestrel, horned lark and meadowlark and California brown pelican


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: Yes

Context: do you know what the common name is?

Context: No

Context: Yes, Channel Islands National Park

Context: what kind of plants are found here?

Context: what kind of animals are found here?

Context: island scrub jay, harbor seal, California sea lion, island fox, spotted skunk, island night lizard, barn owl, etc.

Question: did an oil spill take place here?

Answer: Yes

Channel Islands National Park [SEP] Oil spill

On January 28, 1969 an oil rig belonging to Union Oil experienced a blow-out off the coast of California. The resulting spill was, at the time, the largest oil spill to occur in United States territorial waters. Crews took approximately 11 days to seal the rupture using a cement plug, during which approximately of crude oil spilled into the Pacific Ocean, creating an oil slick with an area of about . Following the spill, tides carried the oil onto the beaches of the Anacapa, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands. This spill had a large impact on native wildlife of the Channel Islands.


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: Yes

Context: do you know what the common name is?

Context: No

Context: Yes, Channel Islands National Park

Context: what kind of plants are found here?

Context: what kind of animals are found here?

Context: did an oil spill take place here?

Context: Yes

Question: when?

Answer: On January 28, 1969

Explanation: On January 28, 1969 an oil rig belonging to Union Oil experienced a blow-out off the coast of California.


Context: what is suillus quiescens?

Context: It is a pored mushroom.

Context: where was it discovered?

Context: in which country?

Context: United States of America

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how big does it grow?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, S. brevipes

Context: Yes

Context: do you know what the common name is?

Context: No

Context: Yes, Channel Islands National Park

Context: what kind of plants are found here?

Context: what kind of animals are found here?

Context: did an oil spill take place here?

Context: Yes

Context: when?

Context: On January 28, 1969

Question: what was the damage?

Answer: Much of the islands' seabird population was affected.

Much of the islands' seabird population was affected, with over an estimated 3,600 avians killed. Meanwhile, seals, dolphins and other sea life died and washed ashore on both the islands and the mainland. This spill is the third largest oil spill in the United States, only surpassed by the "Deepwater Horizon" and the "Exxon Valdez" oil spills. It resulted in a expansion of the Department of the Interior buffer zone in the channel and contributed to the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency.


Question: what role does the neurotransmitter norepinephrine have in the cardiac system

Answer: It increases heart rate and blood pressure

Norepinephrine [SEP] Introduction

The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness, and reaches much higher levels during situations of stress or danger, in the so-called fight-or-flight response. In the brain, norepinephrine increases arousal and alertness, promotes vigilance, enhances formation and retrieval of memory, and focuses attention; it also increases restlessness and anxiety. In the rest of the body, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure, triggers the release of glucose from energy stores, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, reduces blood flow to the gastrointestinal system, and inhibits voiding of the bladder and gastrointestinal motility.


Context: what role does the neurotransmitter norepinephrine have in the cardiac system

Context: It increases heart rate and blood pressure

Question: what is norepinephrine?

Answer: It is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.

Norepinephrine [SEP] Introduction

Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. The name "noradrenaline", derived from Latin roots meaning "at/alongside the kidneys", is more commonly used in the United Kingdom; in the United States, "norepinephrine", derived from Greek roots having that same meaning, is usually preferred. "Norepinephrine" is also the international nonproprietary name given to the drug. Regardless of which name is used for the substance itself, parts of the body that produce or are affected by it are referred to as noradrenergic.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: It is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.

Question: what kind of a structure does this organ have?

Answer: Its structure differs from that of epinephrine only in that epinephrine has a methyl group attached to its nitrogen, whereas the methyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom in norepinephrine.

Norepinephrine [SEP] Structure

Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine. Its structure differs from that of epinephrine only in that epinephrine has a methyl group attached to its nitrogen, whereas the methyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom in norepinephrine. The prefix "nor-" is derived as an abbreviation of the word "normal", used to indicate a demethylated compound.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: what kind of a structure does this organ have?

Context: Its structure differs from that of epinephrine only in that epinephrine has a methyl group attached to its nitrogen, whereas the methyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom in norepinephrine.

Question: does it affect our sleep?

Answer: Can cause sleeplessness

Explanation: sleeplessness

Norepinephrine [SEP] Stress

The consequences can include slowing of growth (in children), sleeplessness, loss of libido, gastrointestinal problems, impaired disease resistance, slower rates of injury healing, depression, and increased vulnerability to addiction.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Question: does that chemical have any affects on our skin?

Answer: It activates the afferent sensory neuron

Norepinephrine [SEP] Skin

Norepinephrine is also produced by Merkel cells which are part of the somatosensory system. It activates the afferent sensory neuron.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does that chemical have any affects on our skin?

Context: It activates the afferent sensory neuron

Question: does it go through degradation?

Answer: Yes, in mammals, norepinephrine is rapidly degraded to various metabolites.

Norepinephrine [SEP] Degradation

In mammals, norepinephrine is rapidly degraded to various metabolites. The initial step in the breakdown can be catalyzed by either of the enzymes monoamine oxidase (mainly monoamine oxidase A) or COMT. From there the breakdown can proceed by a variety of pathways. The principal end products are either Vanillylmandelic acid or a conjugated form of MHPG, both of which are thought to be biologically inactive and are excreted in the urine.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: Yes, in mammals, norepinephrine is rapidly degraded to various metabolites.

Question: did anyone discover this?

Answer: Ulf von Euler

Explanation: Ulf von Euler

Norepinephrine [SEP] History

Early in the twentieth century Walter Cannon, who had popularized the idea of a sympathoadrenal system preparing the body for fight and flight, and his colleague Arturo Rosenblueth developed a theory of two "sympathins", "sympathin E" (excitatory) and "sympathin I" (inhibitory), responsible for these actions. The Belgian pharmacologist Zénon Bacq as well as Canadian and US-American pharmacologists between 1934 and 1938 suggested that noradrenaline might be a sympathetic transmitter. In 1939, Hermann Blaschko and Peter Holtz independently identified the biosynthetic mechanism for norepinephrine in the vertebrate body. In 1945 Ulf von Euler published the first of a series of papers that established the role of norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: did anyone discover this?

Context: Ulf von Euler

Question: who was he?

Answer: A Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist

Ulf von Euler [SEP] Introduction

Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: did anyone discover this?

Context: Ulf von Euler

Context: who was he?

Context: A Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist

Question: can you tell me some researches that he has done?

Answer: His further researches include four other important endogenous active substances, prostaglandin, vesiglandin, piperidine and noradrenaline.

Ulf von Euler [SEP] Research

His short stay as a postdoctoral student in Dale's laboratory was very fruitful: in 1931 he discovered with John H. Gaddum an important autopharmacological principle, substance P. After returning to Stockholm, von Euler pursued further this line of research, and successively discovered four other important endogenous active substances, prostaglandin, vesiglandin (1935), piperidine (1942) and noradrenaline (1946). In 1939 von Euler was appointed Full Professor of Physiology at the Karolinska Institute, where he remained until 1971. His early collaboration with Liljestrand had led to an important discovery, which was named the Euler–Liljestrand mechanism (a physiological arterial shunt in response to the decrease in local oxygenation of the lungs).


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: did anyone discover this?

Context: Ulf von Euler

Context: who was he?

Context: can you tell me some researches that he has done?

Context: His further researches include four other important endogenous active substances, prostaglandin, vesiglandin, piperidine and noradrenaline.

Question: when did he discover norephinephrine?

Answer: 1946

Explanation: From 1946

Ulf von Euler [SEP] Research

From 1946 on, however, when noradrenaline (abbreviated NA or NAd) was discovered, von Euler devoted most of his research work to this area. He and his group studied thoroughly its distribution and fate in biological tissues and in the nervous system in physiological and pathological conditions, and found that noradrenaline was produced and stored in nerve synaptic terminals in intracellular vesicles, a key discovery which changed dramatically the course of many researches in the field. In 1970 he was distinguished with the Nobel Prize for his work, jointly with Sir Bernard Katz and Julius Axelrod. Since 1953 he was very active in the Nobel Foundation, being a member of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine and Chairman of the Board since 1965.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: did anyone discover this?

Context: Ulf von Euler

Context: who was he?

Context: when did he discover norephinephrine?

Question: has this chemical also been used as an antidepressant?

Answer: Yes, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are antidepressants that inhibit the metabolic degradation of norepinephrine as well as serotonin and dopamine.

Norepinephrine [SEP] Stimulants and antidepressants

These are drugs whose primary effects are thought to be mediated by different neurotransmitter systems (dopamine for stimulants, serotonin for antidepressants), but many also increase levels of norepinephrine in the brain. Amphetamine, for example, is a stimulant that increases release of norepinephrine as well as dopamine. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are antidepressants that inhibit the metabolic degradation of norepinephrine as well as serotonin and dopamine. In some cases it is difficult to distinguish the norepinephrine-mediated effects from the effects related to other neurotransmitters.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: did anyone discover this?

Context: Ulf von Euler

Context: who was he?

Context: when did he discover norephinephrine?

Context: has this chemical also been used as an antidepressant?

Context: Yes, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are antidepressants that inhibit the metabolic degradation of norepinephrine as well as serotonin and dopamine.

Question: what kind of medical use do antidepressants have?

Answer: Antidepressants are used to treat major depressive disorder and of other conditions, including some anxiety disorders, some chronic pain conditions, and to help manage some addictions. Antidepressants are often used in combinations with one another.

Antidepressant [SEP] Medical uses

Antidepressants are used to treat major depressive disorder and of other conditions, including some anxiety disorders, some chronic pain conditions, and to help manage some addictions. Antidepressants are often used in combinations with one another. The proponents of the monoamine hypothesis of depression recommend choosing the antidepressant with the mechanism of action impacting the most prominent symptoms—for example, they advocate that people with MDD who are also anxious or irritable should be treated with SSRIs or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and the ones with the loss of energy and enjoyment of life—with norepinephrine and dopamine enhancing drugs.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: did anyone discover this?

Context: Ulf von Euler

Context: who was he?

Context: when did he discover norephinephrine?

Context: what kind of medical use do antidepressants have?

Context: Antidepressants are used to treat major depressive disorder and of other conditions, including some anxiety disorders, some chronic pain conditions, and to help manage some addictions. Antidepressants are often used in combinations with one another.

Question: can it have any effect on pregnant women?

Answer: Increases the risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold, and is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight.

Antidepressant [SEP] Pregnancy

SSRI use in pregnancy has been associated with a variety of risks with varying degrees of proof of causation. As depression is independently associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, determining the extent to which observed associations between antidepressant use and specific adverse outcomes reflects a causative relationship has been difficult in some cases. In other cases, the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear. SSRI use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold, and is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. A systematic review of the risk of major birth defects in antidepressant-exposed pregnancies found a small increase (3% to 24%) in the risk of major malformations and a risk of cardiovascular birth defects that did not differ from non-exposed pregnancies.


Context: what is norepinephrine?

Context: does it affect our sleep?

Context: Can cause sleeplessness

Context: does it go through degradation?

Context: did anyone discover this?

Context: Ulf von Euler

Context: who was he?

Context: when did he discover norephinephrine?

Context: can it have any effect on pregnant women?

Context: Increases the risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold, and is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight.

Question: can it reduce the risk of suicidal tendencies in patients?

Answer: Use of antidepressants is correlated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior and thinking

Antidepressant [SEP] Suicide

Studies have shown that the use of antidepressants is correlated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior and thinking (suicidality) in those aged under 25. This problem has been serious enough to warrant government intervention by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to warn of the increased risk of suicidality during antidepressant treatment. According to the FDA, the heightened risk of suicidality occurs within the first one to two months of treatment. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) places the excess risk in the "early stages of treatment". A meta-analysis suggests that the relationship between antidepressant use and suicidal behavior or thoughts is age-dependent.


Question: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Answer: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Explanation:
By the end of 1989, the company once again faced deficit due to internal conflicts amongst the company's leaders as well as from lukewarm reception to their revamped tour of "Le Cirque Réinventé" in the United States. In response to this, Cirque du Soleil took their plans for their previously shelved show "Éclipse" and developed it into "Nouvelle Expérience". Franco Dragone returned as director in addition to a creative team made up of Dominique Lemieux, Michel Crête, René Dupéré, Luc Lafortune, and Debra Brown. "Nouvelle Expérience" premiered on 8 May 1990 in Montreal to critical acclaim, touring North America through the end of 1991 and later residing in Las Vegas in 1992 and 1993. Their following touring shows — "Saltimbanco", "Alegría", "Quidam", and "Dralion" — proved to be equally successful.

The success of "Nouvelle Expérience"'s contract in Las Vegas led to a deal between Cirque du Soleil and the Mirage Casino-Hotel to create a permanent show, "Mystère", residing in Treasure I

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] 1990–1999: Expansion


Context: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Context: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Question: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Answer: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] Introduction

Cirque du Soleil (, "Circus of the Sun" or "Sun Circus") is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world. Located in the inner-city area of Saint-Michel, it was founded in Baie-Saint-Paul on 16 June 1984 by former street performers Guy Laliberté and Gilles Ste-Croix. Originating as a performing troupe called "Les Échassiers" (, "The Waders"), they toured Quebec in various forms between 1979 and 1983. Their initial financial hardship was relieved in 1983 by a government grant from the Canada Council for the Arts to perform as part of the 450th anniversary celebrations of Jacques Cartier's voyage to Canada.


Context: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Context: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Question: who founded this company?

Answer: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Explanation: Located in the inner-city area of Saint-Michel, it was founded in Baie-Saint-Paul on 16 June 1984 by former street performers Guy Laliberté and Gilles Ste-Croix.

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] Introduction


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Question: and when?

Answer: 16 June 1984

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] Introduction

Their first official production "Le Grand Tour du Cirque du Soleil" was a success in 1984, and after securing a second year of funding, Laliberté hired Guy Caron from the National Circus School to recreate it as a "proper circus". Its theatrical, character-driven approach and the absence of performing animals helped define Cirque du Soleil as the contemporary circus ("nouveau cirque") that it remains today. After financial successes and failures in the late 1980s, "Nouvelle Expérience" was created—with the direction of Franco Dragone—which not only made Cirque du Soleil profitable by 1990, but allowed it to create new shows.


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Question: what was the first international venture?

Answer: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] First international ventures

"Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990. The show received a mixed reception and was not followed by another production until "Saltimbanco"'s 1995 European tour, which better solidified Cirque du Soleil's presence in the European market. Cirque du Soleil also toured Japan in the summer of 1992 at the behest of the Fuji Television Network. Combining acts from their previous shows "Nouvelle Expérience" and "Le Cirque Réinventé", they created their first arena show "Fascination" which toured Japan from May to August of that year. "Fascination"'s positive reception allowed Cirque du Soleil to play "Saltimbanco" there in 1994, thereby establishing the company's market in the Asia and Pacific region for their subsequent tours in the late 1990s and 2000s.


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: what was the first international venture?

Context: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Question: who is the first founder?

Answer: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Guy Laliberté [SEP] Introduction

Guy Laliberté, (born 2 September 1959) is a Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. Along with Gilles Ste-Croix, he is the co-founder of Cirque du Soleil. In January 2018, Laliberté was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian. Following an announcement from Cirque du Soleil in April 2015 concerning a change in ownership, Laliberté will maintain a stake in the business and will continue to provide strategic and creative input to the company. In 1984, Laliberté founded Cirque du Soleil. The Canadian circus company's shows have since been seen by more than 90 million people worldwide. Prior, he busked, performing as an accordion player, stiltwalker and fire-eater.


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Question: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Answer: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Explanation:
Guy Laliberté started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006.

In April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour Season Five event at Bellagio in Las Vegas and won $696,220. Laliberté also played on GSN's "High Stakes Poker" Season 4 show and took part in "Poker After Dark" season 4 alongside Tom Dwan and Phil Hellmuth. He was also known for frequenting the highest stakes games on Full Tilt Poker.

In 2011 Laliberté announced the Big One, a $1 million dollar buy-in tournament which was featured at the 2012 World Series of Poker. Part of the prize money was donated to Laliberté's philanthropic organization One Drop Foundation, which primary goal is to provide clean drinking water and hygiene products around the globe.

Guy Laliberté [SEP] Poker career


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Context: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Question: which are some of the award he received?

Answer: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Explanation:
In 1997, Guy Laliberté received the National Order of Quebec, the highest distinction awarded by the Government of Quebec. In 2001, he was named a Great Montrealer by the Académie des Grands Montréalais. In 2003, he was honored by the Condé Nast group as part of the Never Follow Program, a tribute to creators and innovators. In 2004, he received the Order of Canada, the highest distinction in the country, from the Governor General of Canada. The same year, he was recognized by "Time Magazine" as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

In 2006, Laliberté took the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international. Entrepreneur of the Year, then, in 2007, was named Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur Of The Year.

Université Laval (Québec) awarded an honorary doctorate to Guy Laliberté in 2008.
On 22 November 2010, he and Cirque du Soleil were honoured with the 2,424th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Guy Laliberté [SEP] Awards and honours


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: which are some of the award he received?

Context: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Question: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Answer: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Explanation: On 19 March 2020, responding to the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic, Cirque du Soleil announced that all 44 active shows worldwide would be suspended, and that 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off, effective immediately. These actions brought the company into a state of financial collapse with a debt of over $1 billion. Although it received financial support with a $50 million injection from its shareholders and a $200 million loan from the Quebec government, on 29 June 2020, the company announced that it had filed for bankruptcy protection and was terminating 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off. CEO Daniel Lamarre stated the intention of the company was to rehire "a substantial majority" of terminated employees once coronavirus-related shutdowns were lifted and operations could resume, business conditions allowing. In connection with the filing, Cirque du Soleil entered a stalking horse bid from its shareholders with

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Context: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Question: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Answer: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Explanation: In June 2017, it launched its first two productions on the MSC Meraviglia — "Viaggio" and "Sonor". This was followed by "Syma" and "Varélia" on the MSC Bellissima in March 2019 and "Cosmos" and "Exentricks" on the MSC Grandiosa in November 2019. Two more shows are expected to open with launch of the MSC Virtuosa in 2020.

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] Cirque du Soleil at Sea

On 9 November 2015, Cirque du Soleil announced that it would be re-entering the cruise ship business in collaboration with MSC Cruises. The partnership plans included a $21 million investment by MSC to create special theatre spaces in four of their Meraviglia class ships while Cirque du Soleil would create eight new shows, two on each ship in alternating performances. The partnership was later branded as Cirque du Soleil at Sea. In June 2017, it launched its first two productions on the MSC Meraviglia — "Viaggio" and "Sonor". This was followed by "Syma" and "Varélia" on the MSC Bellissima in March 2019 and "Cosmos" and "Exentricks" on the MSC Grandiosa in November 2019.


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Context: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Question: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Answer: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Explanation: In November 2003, gymnast Matthew Cusick (represented by the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund) filed a discrimination complaint against Cirque du Soleil in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, alleging a violation of the Americans With Disabilities Act. Cusick (a trainee performer who was scheduled to begin working at "Mystère") alleged that in April 2002, Cirque du Soleil fired him because he tested HIV-positive, even though company doctors had already cleared him as healthy enough to perform. Cirque du Soleil alleged that due to the nature of Cusick's disease coupled with his job's high risk of injury, there was a significant risk of his infecting other performers, crew or audience members. Cirque du Soleil said that they had several HIV-positive employees, but in the case of Cusick, the risk of him spreading his infection while performing was too high to take the risk. A boycott ensued and "Just Out" ran a story on it with the headline "Flipping off the Cirque". Cirqu

Cirque du Soleil [SEP] Firing of HIV-positive artist


Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Context: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Question: what is it which tested positive?

Answer: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Explanation: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk. Within these bodily fluids,

HIV [SEP] Introduction


Context: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Context: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Context: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Context: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: what was the first international venture?

Context: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Context: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Context: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Context: which are some of the award he received?

Context: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Context: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Context: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Context: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Context: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Context: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Context: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Context: what is it which tested positive?

Context: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Question: when was this disease discovered?

Answer: The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.

Explanation:
The first news story on "an exotic new disease" appeared May 18, 1981 in the gay newspaper "New York Native".

AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of "Pneumocystis" pneumonia (PCP or PJP, the latter term recognizing that the causative agent is now called "Pneumocystis jirovecii"), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, additional gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Many more cases of PJP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966.

HIV [SEP] Discovery


Context: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Context: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Context: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Context: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: what was the first international venture?

Context: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Context: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Context: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Context: which are some of the award he received?

Context: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Context: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Context: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Context: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Context: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Context: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Context: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Context: what is it which tested positive?

Context: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Context: when was this disease discovered?

Context: The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.

Question: is there any treatment available?

Answer: Yes - use of multiple antiretroviral drugs.

Explanation:
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare.

HIV latency, and the consequent viral reservoir in CD4 T cells, dendritic cells, as well as macrophages, is the main barrier to eradication of the virus.

HIV [SEP] Treatment and transmission

Following this, the U=U consensus statement advocating the use of "zero risk" was signed by hundreds of individuals and organisations, including the US CDC, British HIV Association and "The Lancet" medical journal. The importance of the final results of the PARTNER 2 study were described by the medical director of the Terrence Higgins Trust as "impossible to overstate," while lead author Alison Rodger declared that the message that "undetectable viral load makes HIV untransmittable ... can help end the HIV pandemic by preventing HIV transmission. The authors summarised their findings in "The Lancet" as follows:


Context: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Context: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Context: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Context: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: what was the first international venture?

Context: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Context: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Context: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Context: which are some of the award he received?

Context: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Context: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Context: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Context: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Context: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Context: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Context: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Context: what is it which tested positive?

Context: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Context: when was this disease discovered?

Context: The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.

Context: is there any treatment available?

Context: Yes - use of multiple antiretroviral drugs.

Question: what are types of this virus?

Answer: HIV-1 and HIV-2

Explanation: Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2, compared to HIV-1, implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Due to its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa.

HIV [SEP] Classification

Once integrated, the virus may become latent, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system, for an indeterminate amount of time. The HIV virus can remain dormant in the human body for up to ten years after primary infection; during this period the virus does not cause symptoms. Alternatively, the integrated viral DNA may be transcribed, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins, using host cell resources, that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that will begin the replication cycle anew. Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2.


Context: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Context: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Context: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Context: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: what was the first international venture?

Context: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Context: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Context: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Context: which are some of the award he received?

Context: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Context: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Context: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Context: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Context: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Context: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Context: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Context: what is it which tested positive?

Context: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Context: when was this disease discovered?

Context: The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.

Context: is there any treatment available?

Context: Yes - use of multiple antiretroviral drugs.

Context: what are types of this virus?

Context: HIV-1 and HIV-2

Question: what can you tell me about the first type?

Answer: It was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.

HIV [SEP] Classification


Context: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Context: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Context: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Context: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: what was the first international venture?

Context: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Context: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Context: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Context: which are some of the award he received?

Context: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Context: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Context: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Context: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Context: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Context: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Context: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Context: what is it which tested positive?

Context: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Context: when was this disease discovered?

Context: The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.

Context: is there any treatment available?

Context: Yes - use of multiple antiretroviral drugs.

Context: what are types of this virus?

Context: HIV-1 and HIV-2

Context: what can you tell me about the first type?

Context: It was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.

Question: how does this virus spread inside our body?

Answer: In cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood or extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread

Explanation: The classical process of infection of a cell by a virion can be called "cell-free spread" to distinguish it from a more recently recognized process called "cell-to-cell spread". In cell-free spread (see figure), virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood or extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread, for which two pathways have been described. Firstly, an infected T cell can transmit virus directly to a target T cell via a virological synapse. Secondly, an antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as a macrophage or dendritic cell, can transmit HIV to T cells by a process that either involves productive infection (in the case of macrophages) or capture and transfer of virions "in trans" (in the case of dendritic cells). Whichever pathway is used, infection by cell-to-cell transfer is reported to be much more efficient than cell-f

HIV [SEP] Spread within the body


Context: what are the names of the cirque du soleil shows

Context: O, La Nouba, Mystère, Saltimbanco, Alegría, Quidam, Dralion

Context: what is it whose shows you just mentioned?

Context: Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun) is a Montreal-based entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world.

Context: who founded this company?

Context: Guy Laliberté, Gilles Ste-Croix

Context: and when?

Context: 16 June 1984

Context: what was the first international venture?

Context: "Le Cirque Réinventé" marked the company's first performances outside of North America when it performed in London and Paris in 1990.

Context: who is the first founder?

Context: A Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.

Context: what can you  tell about his poker career?

Context: He started playing super high stakes online cash games and live tournaments for recreation around 2006. n April 2007, Laliberté finished fourth in the World Poker Tour in Las Vegas and won $696,220

Context: which are some of the award he received?

Context: Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for all three levels: Quebec, Canada and international;  National Order of Quebec ;  Order of Canada,

Context: has the company mentioned been effected by any pandemic?

Context: Yes - the 2019–20 worldwide coronavirus pandemic. 4,679 employees, comprising 95 percent of their staff, would be temporarily laid off and later they terminated 3,500 employees who had previously been laid off.

Context: which is the most recent tour by this company?

Context: In November 2019, it launched 'Cosmos' and 'Exentricks' on the cruise ship MSC Grandiosa

Context: which were the controversies that this company was involved in?

Context: They fired gymnast Matthew Cusick because he tested HIV-positive; They announced the cancellation of all its 2016 touring shows to North Carolina, citing the recent signing of the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as "HB2") by the North Carolina governor. Cirque du Soleil was criticized for this decision and accused of taking a double standard

Context: what is it which tested positive?

Context: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Context: when was this disease discovered?

Context: The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States.

Context: is there any treatment available?

Context: Yes - use of multiple antiretroviral drugs.

Context: what are types of this virus?

Context: HIV-1 and HIV-2

Context: what can you tell me about the first type?

Context: It was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.

Context: how does this virus spread inside our body?

Context: In cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood or extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread

Question: what is the mode of transmission of this virus?

Answer: Occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk.

Explanation: In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

HIV [SEP] Introduction

Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (specifically CD4 T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4 T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells, apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4 T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.


Question: when did yeast become primary ingredient in beer

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Beer [SEP] Introduction

Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. Beer is brewed from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops.


Context: when did yeast become primary ingredient in beer

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where does this drink brewed from?

Answer: It is brewed from water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary carbohydrate source, such as maize (corn), rice, wheat, or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used alongside malted barley

Beer [SEP] Ingredients

The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary carbohydrate source, such as maize (corn), rice, wheat, or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used alongside malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: It is brewed from water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary carbohydrate source, such as maize (corn), rice, wheat, or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used alongside malted barley

Question: when was the first time people consumed this alcohol?

Answer: The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave in the Carmel Mountains near Haifa in Israel.

Beer [SEP] History

Beer is one of the world's oldest prepared drinks. The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave in the Carmel Mountains near Haifa in Israel. There is evidence that beer was produced at Göbekli Tepe during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (around 8500 BC to 5500 BC). The earliest clear chemical evidence of beer produced from barley dates to about 3500–3100 BC, from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. It is possible, but not proven, that it dates back even further—to about 10,000 BC, when cereal was first farmed.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: when was the first time people consumed this alcohol?

Context: The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave in the Carmel Mountains near Haifa in Israel.

Question: where is the last grain mentioned found?

Answer: In Western Asia, and near the Nile river of northeast Africa among other places

Explanation: Barley was one of the first domesticated grains in the Fertile Crescent, an area of relatively abundant water in Western Asia, and near the Nile river of northeast Africa. The grain appeared in the same time as einkorn and emmer wheat. Wild barley ("H. vulgare" ssp. "spontaneum") ranges from North Africa and Crete in the west, to Tibet in the east. According to some scholars, the earliest evidence of wild barley in an archaeological context comes from the Epipaleolithic at Ohalo II at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee. The remains were dated to about 8500 BCE. Other scholars have written that the earliest evidence comes from Mesopotamia, specifically the Jarmo region of modern day Iraq.

Barley [SEP] Origin


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: where is the last grain mentioned found?

Context: In Western Asia, and near the Nile river of northeast Africa among other places

Question: does it have any implications on our health?

Answer: It can lower levels of blood cholesterol, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

Barley [SEP] Health implications

According to Health Canada and the US Food and Drug Administration, consuming at least 3 grams per day of barley beta-glucan or 0.75 grams per serving of soluble fiber can lower levels of blood cholesterol, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Eating whole-grain barley, as well as other high-fiber grains, improves regulation of blood sugar (i.e., reduces blood glucose response to a meal). Consuming breakfast cereals containing barley over weeks to months also improved cholesterol levels and glucose regulation. Like wheat, rye, and their hybrids and derivatives, barley contains gluten, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, among others.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: does it have any implications on our health?

Context: It can lower levels of blood cholesterol, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

Question: is this grain also used as food for animals?

Answer: Half of the United States' barley production is used as livestock feed

Barley [SEP] Animal feed

Half of the United States' barley production is used as livestock feed. Barley is an important feed grain in many areas of the world not typically suited for maize production, especially in northern climates—for example, northern and eastern Europe. Barley is the principal feed grain in Canada, Europe, and in the northern United States. A finishing diet of barley is one of the defining characteristics of western Canadian beef used in marketing campaigns. As of 2014, an enzymatic process can be used to make a high-protein fish feed from barley, which is suitable for carnivorous fish such as trout and salmon.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: is this grain also used as food for animals?

Context: Half of the United States' barley production is used as livestock feed

Question: does the alcohol have varieties?

Answer: Yes it has the top fermented beers are most commonly produced with "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", a top-fermenting yeast which clumps and rises to the surface

Beer [SEP] Varieties

While there are many types of beer brewed, the basics of brewing beer are shared across national and cultural boundaries. The traditional European brewing regions—Germany, Belgium, England and the Czech Republic—have local varieties of beer. English writer Michael Jackson, in his 1977 book "The World Guide To Beer", categorised beers from around the world in local style groups suggested by local customs and names. Fred Eckhardt furthered Jackson's work in "The Essentials of Beer Style" in 1989. Top-fermented beers are most commonly produced with "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", a top-fermenting yeast which clumps and rises to the surface, typically between . At these temperatures, yeast produces significant amounts of esters and other secondary flavour and aroma products, and the result is often a beer with slightly "fruity" compounds resembling apple, pear, pineapple, banana, plum, or prune, among others.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: does the alcohol have varieties?

Context: Yes it has the top fermented beers are most commonly produced with "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", a top-fermenting yeast which clumps and rises to the surface

Question: what temperature should this be stored under?

Answer: Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served.

Explanation: Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager. Chilling beer makes it more refreshing, though below 15.5 °C (60 °F) the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below . Beer served unchilled—either cool or at room temperature—reveal more of their flavours. Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served.

Beer [SEP] Temperature

The temperature of a beer has an influence on a drinker's experience; warmer temperatures reveal the range of flavours in a beer but cooler temperatures are more refreshing. Most drinkers prefer pale lager to be served chilled, a low- or medium-strength pale ale to be served cool, while a strong barley wine or imperial stout to be served at room temperature. Beer writer Michael Jackson proposed a five-level scale for serving temperatures: well chilled () for "light" beers (pale lagers); chilled () for Berliner Weisse and other wheat beers; lightly chilled () for all dark lagers, altbier and German wheat beers; cellar temperature () for regular British ale, stout and most Belgian specialities; and room temperature () for strong dark ales (especially trappist beer) and barley wine.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: does the alcohol have varieties?

Context: what temperature should this be stored under?

Context: Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12°–14 °C (53°–57 °F) for cask ales to be served.

Question: does this alcohol have any effects on our body?

Answer: Yes however different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person.

Explanation: Beer contains ethanol, an alcohol, which has short and long-term effects on the user when consumed. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan over which the consumption has taken place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face, impaired judgement and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0

Beer [SEP] Health effects


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this drink brewed from?

Context: does the alcohol have varieties?

Context: does this alcohol have any effects on our body?

Context: Yes however different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person.

Question: can you name some of its effects?

Answer: Lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision

Explanation: Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face, impaired judgement and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness

Beer [SEP] Health effects

Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States. No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine. A total of 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol. It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself.


Question: when does the beginning of everything take place

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Nobel Prize [SEP] Introduction

The Nobel Prize (, ; ; ) is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind”. Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace (Nobel called this prize "fellowship among nations"). Nobel prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields. Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist most famously known for the invention of dynamite. He died in 1896. In his will, he bequeathed all of his "remaining realisable assets" to be used to establish five prizes which became known as "Nobel Prizes".


Context: when does the beginning of everything take place

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who is the noble prize named after?

Answer: Alfred Nobel

Explanation: Alfred Nobel

Nobel Prize [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Question: when was he born?

Answer: 21 October 1833

Explanation: 21 October 1833

Alfred Nobel [SEP] Introduction

Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( , ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. He held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. He owned Bofors, which he redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Having read a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prize. His name also survives in companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers with companies that Nobel established.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Question: what was his profession?

Answer: He  was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist.

Explanation: was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist.

Alfred Nobel [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Context: what was his profession?

Context: He  was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist.

Question: what is he famous for?

Answer: For dynamite

Alfred Nobel [SEP] Inventions

Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like "kieselguhr" (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as "dynamite". Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England. In order to help reestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with the dangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance "Nobel's Safety Powder", but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the Greek word for "power" (). Nobel later combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Context: what was his profession?

Context: what is he famous for?

Context: For dynamite

Question: is it only 1 prize?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Alfred Nobel [SEP] Inventions


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Context: what was his profession?

Context: what is he famous for?

Context: For dynamite

Context: is it only 1 prize?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was it founded?

Answer: 1860s

Dynamite [SEP] History

Dynamite was invented by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel in the 1860s and was the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder. Alfred Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, was an industrialist, engineer, and inventor. He built bridges and buildings in Stockholm and founded Sweden's first rubber factory. His construction work inspired him to research new methods of blasting rock that were more effective than black powder. After some bad business deals in Sweden, in 1838 Immanuel moved his family to Saint Petersburg, where Alfred and his brothers were educated privately under Swedish and Russian tutors. At age 17, Alfred was sent abroad for two years; in the United States he met Swedish engineer John Ericsson and in France studied under famed chemist Théophile-Jules Pelouze and his pupil Ascanio Sobrero who had first synthesized nitroglycerin in 1847.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Context: what was his profession?

Context: what is he famous for?

Context: For dynamite

Context: is it only 1 prize?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it founded?

Question: is it just one prize in a single field?

Answer: It  is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind”. Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace

Explanation: is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind”. Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace (

Nobel Prize [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Context: what was his profession?

Context: what is he famous for?

Context: For dynamite

Context: is it only 1 prize?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it founded?

Context: is it just one prize in a single field?

Context: It  is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind”. Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace

Question: what is a person who has won the prize called?

Answer: "Laureate"

Nobel Prize [SEP] Introduction

Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901. In 1968, a sixth prize was established in the field of Economic Sciences; however, it is not considered a "Nobel Prize" but a "Nobel Memorial Prize". The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient (known as a "laureate") receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary award. In 2020, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 9,000,000 SEK, or , or €848,678, or £716,224. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people. Although Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it the prize is presented.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Context: what was his profession?

Context: what is he famous for?

Context: For dynamite

Context: is it only 1 prize?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it founded?

Context: is it just one prize in a single field?

Context: what is a person who has won the prize called?

Context: "Laureate"

Question: is there a new category created for economic studies?

Answer: Yes,  the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time in 1969.

Nobel Prize [SEP] Prize in Economic Sciences

In 1968, Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel. The following year, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes". The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the noble prize named after?

Context: Alfred Nobel

Context: when was he born?

Context: 21 October 1833

Context: what was his profession?

Context: what is he famous for?

Context: For dynamite

Context: is it only 1 prize?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it founded?

Context: is it just one prize in a single field?

Context: "Laureate"

Context: is there a new category created for economic studies?

Context: Yes,  the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time in 1969.

Question: when was the foundation for it established?

Answer: The Nobel Foundation was founded as a private organization on 29 June 1900.

Nobel Prize [SEP] Formation of Foundation

According to his will and testament read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896, a foundation established by Alfred Nobel would reward those who serve humanity. The Nobel Prize was funded by Alfred Nobel's personal fortune. According to the official sources, Alfred Nobel bequeathed from the shares 94% of his fortune to the Nobel Foundation that now forms the economic base of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Foundation was founded as a private organization on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. In accordance with Nobel's will, the primary task of the Foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left.