Context: U.S.

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Hot summer humid continental climate

Context: what is the population of this place?

Context: Members of the Hopewell tradition

Context: who did their members include?

Context: was there a cultural decline?

Context: Yes

Question: what was the main reason for their decline?

Answer: War, colder climate, introduction of bow and arrow, are few among them.

Around 500 CE, the Hopewell exchange ceased, mound building stopped, and art forms were no longer produced. War is a possible cause, as villages dating to the Late Woodland period shifted to larger communities; they built defensive fortifications of palisade walls and ditches. Colder climatic conditions could have also driven game animals north or west, as weather would have a detrimental effect on plant life, drastically cutting the subsistence base for these foods. The introduction of the bow and arrow, by improving hunts, may have caused stress on already depleted food populations. It may have led people to live in larger, more permanent communities for protection as warfare became more deadly.


Context: in which country does saint paul, minnesota fall under?

Context: U.S.

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Hot summer humid continental climate

Context: what is the population of this place?

Context: Acc to 2010 census, there are 285,068 people.

Context: who were the first settlers in this place?

Context: Members of the Hopewell tradition

Context: who did their members include?

Context: It was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations

Context: can you name some cultures that exists in this tradition?

Context: Ohio Hopewell and a number of other Middle Woodland period cultures

Context: was there a cultural decline?

Context: Yes

Context: what was the main reason for their decline?

Context: War, colder climate, introduction of bow and arrow, are few among them.

Question: can you name some sports played in minnesota?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Hopewell tradition [SEP] Cultural decline


Context: U.S.

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Hot summer humid continental climate

Context: what is the population of this place?

Context: Members of the Hopewell tradition

Context: who did their members include?

Context: was there a cultural decline?

Context: Yes

Context: can you name some sports played in minnesota?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: are there any educational institutions in the city?

Answer: Yes, Saint Catherine University, Concordia University, etc.

Saint Paul, Minnesota [SEP] Education

Saint Paul is second in the United States in the number of higher education institutions per capita, behind Boston. Higher education institutions that call Saint Paul home include three public and eight private colleges and universities and five post-secondary institutions. Well-known colleges and universities include the Saint Catherine University, Concordia University, Hamline University, Macalester College, and the University of St. Thomas. Metropolitan State University and Saint Paul College, which focus on non-traditional students, are based in Saint Paul, as well as a law school, Mitchell Hamline School of Law. The Saint Paul Public Schools district is the state's largest school district and serves approximately 39,000 students.


Context: U.S.

Context: how is the climate there?

Context: Hot summer humid continental climate

Context: what is the population of this place?

Context: Members of the Hopewell tradition

Context: who did their members include?

Context: was there a cultural decline?

Context: Yes

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there any educational institutions in the city?

Context: Yes, Saint Catherine University, Concordia University, etc.

Question: does this city also have airports?

Answer: Holman Airfield and Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP)

Explanation:
Holman Airfield is across the river from downtown St. Paul. Lamprey Lake was there until the Army Corps of Engineers filled it with dredgings starting in the early 1920s. Northwest Airlines began initial operations from Holman in 1926. During WWII Northwest had a contract to install upgraded radar systems in B-24s, employing 5,000 at the airfield. After WWII, Holman Airfield competed with the Speedway Field for the Twin Cities' growing aviation industry and lost out in the end. Today Holman is a reliever airport run by the Metropolitan Airports Commission. It is home to Minnesota's Air National Guard and a flight training school and is tailored to local corporate aviation. There are three runways, with the Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar on the National Register of Historic Places. The historical importance of the original Northwest Airlines building was realized only after demolition commenced.

For the most part Saint Paul's aviation needs are served by the

Saint Paul, Minnesota [SEP] Airports


Question: what kind of bowling ball does the dude use

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Introduction

The Big Lebowski () is a 1998 crime comedy film written, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. It stars Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a Los Angeles slacker and avid bowler. He is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity, then learns that a millionaire (also named Jeffrey Lebowski) was the intended victim. The millionaire Lebowski's trophy wife is kidnapped, and he commissions The Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release; the plan goes awry when the Dude's friend Walter Sobchak (John Goodman) schemes to keep the ransom money. Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, David Huddleston, John Turturro and Philip Seymour Hoffman also appear, in supporting roles.


Context: what kind of bowling ball does the dude use

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is "the big lebowski"?

Answer: It is a crime comedy film

Explanation: The Big Lebowski () is a 1998 crime comedy film

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Question: what is the storyline?

Answer: In 1991 Los Angeles, Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a middle-aged bachelor with a penchant for cannabis and bowling, is assaulted by two goons hired by pornographer Jackie Treehorn, demanding money owed by the wife of another Jeffrey Lebowski (the eponymous "Big Lebowski"). One urinates on the Dude's rug. Eventually, realizing they have the wrong man, they leave.

Explanation: In 1991 Los Angeles, Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a middle-aged bachelor with a penchant for cannabis and bowling, is assaulted by two goons hired by pornographer Jackie Treehorn, demanding money owed by the wife of another Jeffrey Lebowski (the eponymous "Big Lebowski"). One urinates on the Dude's rug. Eventually, realizing they have the wrong man, they leave.

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Plot

Days later, the Dude is told that Bunny has been kidnapped, and Lebowski wants the Dude to deliver the ransom money to find out if the kidnappers are the same people who soiled his rug. The Dude informs Walter and Donny about the kidnapping and suggests that Bunny "may" have staged her own kidnapping to use the ransom money to pay off her debts; Walter is immediately convinced of this and becomes incredulous at her greed. That night, another pair of thugs knock the Dude unconscious and take his new rug.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: In 1991 Los Angeles, Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a middle-aged bachelor with a penchant for cannabis and bowling, is assaulted by two goons hired by pornographer Jackie Treehorn, demanding money owed by the wife of another Jeffrey Lebowski (the eponymous "Big Lebowski"). One urinates on the Dude's rug. Eventually, realizing they have the wrong man, they leave.

Question: who were the actors ?

Answer: Jeff Bridges, Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi are a few of them

Explanation: It stars Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a Los Angeles slacker and avid bowler. He is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity, then learns that a millionaire (also named Jeffrey Lebowski) was the intended victim. The millionaire Lebowski's trophy wife is kidnapped, and he commissions The Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release; the plan goes awry when the Dude's friend Walter Sobchak (John Goodman) schemes to keep the ransom money. Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, David Huddleston, John Turturro and Philip Seymour Hoffman also appear, in supporting roles.

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Introduction

The film is loosely inspired by the work of Raymond Chandler. Joel Coen stated, "We wanted to do a Chandler kind of story – how it moves episodically, and deals with the characters trying to unravel a mystery, as well as having a hopelessly complex plot that's ultimately unimportant." The original score was composed by Carter Burwell, a longtime collaborator of the Coen brothers. "The Big Lebowski" received mixed reviews at the time of its release. Over time, reviews have become largely positive, and the film has become a cult favorite, noted for its eccentric characters, comedic dream sequences, idiosyncratic dialogue, and eclectic soundtrack.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: Jeff Bridges, Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi are a few of them

Question: where was the photography done?

Answer: Around Los Angeles

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Principal photography

Actual filming took place over an eleven-week period with location shooting in and around Los Angeles, including all of the bowling sequences at the Hollywood Star Lanes (for three weeks) and the Dude's Busby Berkeley dream sequences in a converted airplane hangar. According to Joel, the only time they ever directed Bridges "was when he would come over at the beginning of each scene and ask, 'Do you think the Dude burned one on the way over?' I'd reply 'Yes' usually, so Jeff would go over in the corner and start rubbing his eyes to get them bloodshot." Julianne Moore was sent the script while working on "".


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Question: how was it received by the critics?

Answer: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 83% based on 105 reviews, with an average score of 7.53/10.

The Big Lebowski [SEP] Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 83% based on 105 reviews, with an average score of 7.53/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Typically stunning visuals and sharp dialogue from the Coen Brothers, brought to life with strong performances from Goodman and Bridges." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 71 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Many critics and audiences have likened the film to a modern Western, while many others dispute this, or liken it to a crime novel that revolves around mistaken identity plot devices.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 83% based on 105 reviews, with an average score of 7.53/10.

Question: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Answer: The website keeps track of all the reviews counted for each film and calculates the percentage of positive reviews.

Rotten Tomatoes [SEP] Critic aggregate score

The website keeps track of all the reviews counted for each film and calculates the percentage of positive reviews. Major recently released films can attract more than 400 reviews. If the positive reviews make up 60% or more, the film is considered "fresh", in that a supermajority of the reviewers approve of the film. If the positive reviews are less than 60%, the film is considered "rotten". An average score on a 0 to 10 scale is also calculated. With each review, a short excerpt of the review is quoted that also serves a hyperlink to the complete review essay for anyone interested to read the critic's full thoughts on the subject.


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: The website keeps track of all the reviews counted for each film and calculates the percentage of positive reviews.

Question: when was this founded?

Answer: August 12, 1998

Rotten Tomatoes [SEP] History

Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12, 1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His objective in creating Rotten Tomatoes was "to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U.S." As a fan of Jackie Chan, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chan's Hong Kong action movies as they were being released in the United States. The catalyst for the creation of the website was "Rush Hour" (1998), Chan's first major Hollywood crossover, which was originally planned to release in August 1998.


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Question: by whom?

Answer: Senh Duong

Explanation: Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12, 1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong

Rotten Tomatoes [SEP] History


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Question: is it influential?

Answer: Yes, Major Hollywood studios have come to see Rotten Tomatoes as a threat to their marketing.

Rotten Tomatoes [SEP] Influence

Major Hollywood studios have come to see Rotten Tomatoes as a threat to their marketing. In 2017 several blockbuster films like "", "Baywatch" and "The Mummy" were projected to open with gross receipts of $90 million, $50 million and $45 million respectively, but ended up debuting with $62.6 million, $23.1 million and $31.6 million. Rotten Tomatoes, which scored the films at 30%, 19% and 16%, respectively, was blamed for undermining them. That same summer, films like "Wonder Woman" and "" (both 92%) received high scores and opened at or exceeded expectations with their $100+ million trackings. As result of this concern, 20th Century Fox commissioned a 2015 study, titled "Rotten Tomatoes and Box Office", that stated the website combined with social media was going to be an increasingly serious complication for the film business: "The power of Rotten Tomatoes and fast-breaking word of mouth will only get stronger.


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: Yes, Major Hollywood studios have come to see Rotten Tomatoes as a threat to their marketing.

Question: has it been criticised?

Answer: yes, American director Martin Scorsese wrote a column in "The Hollywood Reporter" criticizing both Rotten Tomatoes and CinemaScore for promoting the idea that films like "Mother!" had to be "instantly liked" to be successful.

Explanation: American director Martin Scorsese wrote a column in "The Hollywood Reporter" criticizing both Rotten Tomatoes and CinemaScore for promoting the idea that films like "Mother!" had to be "instantly liked" to be successful.

Rotten Tomatoes [SEP] Criticism

If the Tomatometer is slighted so completely to one set of tastes that drives box office in the United States, absolutely." Critics took issue with the sentiment that someone's gender or ethnic background would dictate their response to art. Rotten Tomatoes deliberately withheld the critic score for "Justice League" based on early reviews until the premiere of its "See It/Skip It" episode on the Thursday before its release. Some critics viewed the move as a ploy to promote the web series, but some argued that the move was a deliberate conflict of interest on account of Warner Bros.' ownership of the film and Rotten Tomatoes, and the tepid critical reception to the DC Extended Universe films at the time.


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: has it been criticised?

Context: yes, American director Martin Scorsese wrote a column in "The Hollywood Reporter" criticizing both Rotten Tomatoes and CinemaScore for promoting the idea that films like "Mother!" had to be "instantly liked" to be successful.

Question: what was the debut project of this director?

Answer: "Who's That Knocking at My Door"

Martin Scorsese [SEP] Introduction

Scorsese studied at New York University, where he received a bachelor's degree in English literature in 1964, and received a master's degree in fine arts in film from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts in 1966. In 1967 Scorsese's first feature film "Who's That Knocking at My Door" was released and was accepted into the Chicago Film Festival, where critic Roger Ebert saw it and called it "a marvelous evocation of American city life, announcing the arrival of an important new director". Scorsese's mentors included John Cassavetes, whose chatty, improvisational style did much to influence Scorsese's scripts and production work, and who told him to "make films about what you know".


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: has it been criticised?

Context: what was the debut project of this director?

Context: "Who's That Knocking at My Door"

Question: what was this project?

Answer: It is an American independent drama film

Who's That Knocking at My Door [SEP] Introduction

Who's That Knocking at My Door, originally titled I Call First, is a 1967 American independent drama film written and directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Harvey Keitel and Zina Bethune. It was Scorsese's feature film directorial debut and Keitel's debut as an actor. Exploring themes of Catholic guilt similar to those in his later film "Mean Streets", the story follows Italian-American J.R. (Keitel) as he struggles to accept the secret hidden by his independent and free-spirited girlfriend (Bethune). This film was a nominee at the 1967 Chicago Film Festival.


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: has it been criticised?

Context: "Who's That Knocking at My Door"

Context: what was this project?

Context: It is an American independent drama film

Question: what was it about?

Answer: J.R. is a typical Catholic Italian-American young man on the streets of New York City. Even as an adult, he stays close to home with a core group of friends with whom he drinks and carouses around. He gets involved with a local girl he meets on the Staten Island Ferry, and decides he wants to get married and settle down. As their relationship deepens, he declines her offer to have sex because he thinks she is a virgin and he wants to wait rather than "spoil" her.

Who's That Knocking at My Door [SEP] Plot

J.R. is a typical Catholic Italian-American young man on the streets of New York City. Even as an adult, he stays close to home with a core group of friends with whom he drinks and carouses around. He gets involved with a local girl he meets on the Staten Island Ferry, and decides he wants to get married and settle down. As their relationship deepens, he declines her offer to have sex because he thinks she is a virgin and he wants to wait rather than "spoil" her. One day, his girlfriend tells him that she was once raped by a former boyfriend.


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: has it been criticised?

Context: "Who's That Knocking at My Door"

Context: what was this project?

Context: what was it about?

Context: J.R. is a typical Catholic Italian-American young man on the streets of New York City. Even as an adult, he stays close to home with a core group of friends with whom he drinks and carouses around. He gets involved with a local girl he meets on the Staten Island Ferry, and decides he wants to get married and settle down. As their relationship deepens, he declines her offer to have sex because he thinks she is a virgin and he wants to wait rather than "spoil" her.

Question: what is the style of the director?

Answer: He has established a filmmaking history which involves repeat collaborations with actors, screenwriters, film editors, and cinematographers, sometimes extending over several decades

Martin Scorsese [SEP] Filmmaking style and technique

Several recurring filmmaking techniques are identifiable in many of Scorsese's films. He has established a filmmaking history which involves repeat collaborations with actors, screenwriters, film editors, and cinematographers, sometimes extending over several decades, such as that with recurring cinematographers Michael Ballhaus, Robert Richardson, and Rodrigo Prieto.


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Context: what is "the big lebowski"?

Context: It is a crime comedy film

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: who were the actors ?

Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: has it been criticised?

Context: "Who's That Knocking at My Door"

Context: what was this project?

Context: what was it about?

Context: what is the style of the director?

Context: He has established a filmmaking history which involves repeat collaborations with actors, screenwriters, film editors, and cinematographers, sometimes extending over several decades

Question: what is the connection of his films with religion?

Answer: Guilt is a prominent theme in many of his films, as is the role of Catholicism in creating and dealing with guilt

Martin Scorsese [SEP] Religious guilt

Guilt is a prominent theme in many of his films, as is the role of Catholicism in creating and dealing with guilt ("Who's That Knocking at My Door", "Mean Streets", "Raging Bull", "Bringing Out the Dead", "The Departed", "Shutter Island", and "The Irishman"). In a similar manner, Scorsese considered "Silence" a "passion project": it had been in development since 1990, two years after the release of his film "The Last Temptation of Christ", which also contained strongly religious themes. When asked why he retained interest in a project dealing with strong theological themes for over 26 years, Scorsese said,As you get older, ideas go and come.


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Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: has it been criticised?

Context: "Who's That Knocking at My Door"

Context: what was this project?

Context: what was it about?

Context: what is the style of the director?

Context: what is the connection of his films with religion?

Context: Guilt is a prominent theme in many of his films, as is the role of Catholicism in creating and dealing with guilt

Question: are his movies related to politics as well?

Answer: Yes, his films have featured corrupt authority figures, such as policemen in "The Departed" and politicians in "Gangs of New York" and "The Aviator"

Martin Scorsese [SEP] Political corruption

More recently, his films have featured corrupt authority figures, such as policemen in "The Departed" and politicians in "Gangs of New York" and "The Aviator". He is also known for his liberal usage of profanity, dark humor, and violence. Scorsese's interest in political corruption as depicted in his films was expanded further in his 2019 film "The Irishman". Richard Brody writing for "The New Yorker" found the main interpretation of the film to be a dark allegory of a realist reading of American politics and American society stating: The real-life Hoffa... (was) a crucial player in both gangland politics and the actual practical politics of the day, and the movie's key through line is the inseparability of those two realms.


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Context: where was the photography done?

Context: Around Los Angeles

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: how does this aggregator assigns ranks?

Context: when was this founded?

Context: August 12, 1998

Context: by whom?

Context: Senh Duong

Context: is it influential?

Context: has it been criticised?

Context: "Who's That Knocking at My Door"

Context: what was this project?

Context: what was it about?

Context: what is the style of the director?

Context: are his movies related to politics as well?

Context: Yes, his films have featured corrupt authority figures, such as policemen in "The Departed" and politicians in "Gangs of New York" and "The Aviator"

Question: what is his legacy?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Question: what is fourth international?

Answer: The Fourth International (FI) is a revolutionary socialist international organization consisting of followers of Leon Trotsky, also known as Trotskyists, whose declared goal is the overthrowing of global capitalism and the establishment of world socialism via international revolution.

Fourth International [SEP] Introduction

The Fourth International (FI) is a revolutionary socialist international organization consisting of followers of Leon Trotsky, also known as Trotskyists, whose declared goal is the overthrowing of global capitalism and the establishment of world socialism via international revolution. The Fourth International was established in France in 1938, as Trotsky and his supporters, having been expelled from the Soviet Union, considered the Third International or Comintern as effectively puppets of Stalinism and thus incapable of leading the international working class to political power. Thus, Trotskyists founded their own competing Fourth International. In the present day, there is no longer a single, centralized cohesive Fourth International.


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: The Fourth International (FI) is a revolutionary socialist international organization consisting of followers of Leon Trotsky, also known as Trotskyists, whose declared goal is the overthrowing of global capitalism and the establishment of world socialism via international revolution.

Question: who was trotsky?

Answer: He was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist and politician. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism known as Trotskyism.

Leon Trotsky [SEP] Introduction

Lev Davidovich Bronstein ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky (), was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist and politician. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism known as Trotskyism. Trotsky joined the Bolshevik Party a few weeks before the October Revolution and became one of the leaders of the party. Once in government, Trotsky initially held the post of the Commissar for Foreign Affairs and was involved in the Brest-Litovsk negotiations with Germany as Russia pulled out of World War One. Trotsky became more prominent from March 1918 to January 1925 as the leader of the Red Army in the post of Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs.


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: He was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist and politician. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism known as Trotskyism.

Question: what is the role of this variant in 1917 russian revolution?

Answer: As a result of his role in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the theory of permanent revolution was embraced by the young Soviet state until 1924.

Trotskyism [SEP] Trotskyism and the 1917 Russian Revolution

During his leadership of the Russian revolution of 1905, Trotsky argued that once it became clear that the Tsar's army would not come out in support of the workers, it was necessary to retreat before the armed might of the state in as good an order as possible. In 1917, Trotsky was again elected chairman of the Petrograd soviet, but this time soon came to lead the Military Revolutionary Committee which had the allegiance of the Petrograd garrison and carried through the October 1917 insurrection. Stalin wrote: As a result of his role in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the theory of permanent revolution was embraced by the young Soviet state until 1924.


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: what is the role of this variant in 1917 russian revolution?

Context: As a result of his role in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the theory of permanent revolution was embraced by the young Soviet state until 1924.

Question: what is marxism?

Answer: Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict as well as a dialectical perspective to view social transformation.

Marxism [SEP] Introduction

Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict as well as a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, there is currently no single definitive Marxist theory. Some Marxist schools of thought place greater emphasis on certain aspects of classical Marxism while rejecting or modifying other aspects. Some schools have sought to combine Marxian concepts and non-Marxian concepts which has then led to contradictory conclusions.


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: what is marxism?

Context: Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict as well as a dialectical perspective to view social transformation.

Question: what is the meaning of this transformation mentioned above?

Answer: One definition is the process by which an individual "alters" the socially ascribed social status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves. However, another definition refers to large scale social change as in cultural reforms or transformations. The first occurs with the individual, the second with the social system.

Explanation: One definition of social transformation is the process by which an individual "alters" the socially ascribed social status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves. However, another definition refers to large scale social change as in cultural reforms or transformations. The first occurs with the individual, the second with the social system.

Social transformation [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: what is marxism?

Context: what is the meaning of this transformation mentioned above?

Context: One definition is the process by which an individual "alters" the socially ascribed social status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves. However, another definition refers to large scale social change as in cultural reforms or transformations. The first occurs with the individual, the second with the social system.

Question: what determines the status?

Answer: Ascribed status include castes, race, and beauty among others. Achieved statuses are akin to one's educational credentials or occupation. master status has been used to describe the status most important for determining a person's position in a given context.

Social status [SEP] Determination

Some perspectives on status emphasize its relatively fixed and fluid aspects. Ascribed statuses are fixed for an individual at birth, while achieved status is determined by social rewards an individual acquires during his or her lifetime as a result of the exercise of ability and/or perseverance. Examples of ascribed status include castes, race, and beauty among others. Meanwhile, achieved statuses are akin to one's educational credentials or occupation: these things require a person to exercise effort and often undergo years of training. The term master status has been used to describe the status most important for determining a person's position in a given context.


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: what is marxism?

Context: what determines the status?

Context: Ascribed status include castes, race, and beauty among others. Achieved statuses are akin to one's educational credentials or occupation. master status has been used to describe the status most important for determining a person's position in a given context.

Question: does master status affect right to vote?

Answer: Yes, it does.

Master status [SEP] Right to Vote

Until 1920, women were prohibited from voting in elections. This exemplifies the master status of sex as it overpowered other aspects of a woman's identity. Allowing women to vote limited the power of this master status.


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: what is marxism?

Context: what determines the status?

Context: does master status affect right to vote?

Context: Yes, it does.

Question: in what way does it affect?

Answer: Allowing women to vote limited the power of this master status.

Master status [SEP] Right to Vote


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: what is marxism?

Context: what determines the status?

Context: Yes, it does.

Context: in what way does it affect?

Context: Allowing women to vote limited the power of this master status.

Question: does social status also apply to non human animals?

Answer: Yes, it does.

Social status [SEP] In nonhuman animals

Social status hierarchies have been documented in a wide range of animals: apes, baboons, wolves, cows/bulls, hens, even fish, and ants. Natural selection produces status-seeking behavior because animals tend to have more surviving offspring when they raise their status in their social group. Such behaviors vary widely because they are adaptations to a wide range of environmental niches. Some social dominance behaviors tend to increase reproductive opportunity, while others tend to raise the survival rates of an individual's offspring. Neurochemicals, particularly serotonin, prompt social dominance behaviors without need for an organism to have abstract conceptualizations of status as a means to an end.


Context: what is fourth international?

Context: who was trotsky?

Context: what is marxism?

Context: what determines the status?

Context: Yes, it does.

Context: in what way does it affect?

Context: does social status also apply to non human animals?

Context: Yes, it does.

Question: in what way does it apply?

Answer: Natural selection produces status-seeking behavior because animals tend to have more surviving offspring when they raise their status in their social group.

Explanation: Natural selection produces status-seeking behavior because animals tend to have more surviving offspring when they raise their status in their social group.

Social status [SEP] In nonhuman animals


Question: give the detailed information about the uno before its foundation

Answer: The UN was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four  at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21 September 1944 to 7 October 1944 and they agreed on the aims, structure and functioning of the UN.

United Nations [SEP] Founding

The UN was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four (the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China) at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21 September 1944 to 7 October 1944 and they agreed on the aims, structure and functioning of the UN. After months of planning, the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco, 25 April 1945, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the UN Charter. "The heads of the delegations of the sponsoring countries took turns as chairman of the plenary meetings: Anthony Eden, of Britain, Edward Stettinius, of the United States, T.


Context: give the detailed information about the uno before its foundation

Context: The UN was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four  at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21 September 1944 to 7 October 1944 and they agreed on the aims, structure and functioning of the UN.

Question: what are the functions of the united nations?

Answer: To maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations

United Nations [SEP] Introduction

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, with its other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague. The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of Nations. On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations.


Context: what are the functions of the united nations?

Context: To maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations

Question: what could be the key reason for the establishment of this organization?

Answer: To maintain international peace and security

Explanation: The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

United Nations [SEP] Introduction


Context: what could be the key reason for the establishment of this organization?

Context: To maintain international peace and security

Question: where is their headquarters?

Answer: he UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, with its other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague.

Explanation: The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, with its other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague.

United Nations [SEP] Introduction


Context: where is their headquarters?

Context: he UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, with its other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague.

Question: what is the structure of this organization?

Answer: The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council , the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat

United Nations [SEP] Structure

The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat. A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended operations on 1 November 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory. Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi. Other UN institutions are located throughout the world.


Context: where is their headquarters?

Context: what is the structure of this organization?

Context: The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council , the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat

Question: from where do the finances come for this organization?

Answer: The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states.

United Nations [SEP] Funding

The UN budget for 2020 was $3.1 billion, but additional resources are donated by members, such as peacekeeping forces. The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by its gross national income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income. The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget.


Context: where is their headquarters?

Context: from where do the finances come for this organization?

Context: The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states.

Question: can you name some of their member states?

Answer: The Cook Islands, Niue, New Zealand

United Nations [SEP] Membership

With the addition of South Sudan 14 July 2011, there are UN member states, including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City. The UN Charter outlines the rules for membership: In addition, there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over Vatican City) and the State of Palestine. The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat.


Context: where is their headquarters?

Context: can you name some of their member states?

Context: The Cook Islands, Niue, New Zealand

Question: could you tell me some prominent people who belong to this organization?

Answer: António Guterres and Ban Ki-moon

United Nations [SEP] UN Secretariat

The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues. The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years. The current Secretary-General is António Guterres, who replaced Ban Ki-moon in 2017.


Context: where is their headquarters?

Context: The Cook Islands, Niue, New Zealand

Context: could you tell me some prominent people who belong to this organization?

Context: António Guterres and Ban Ki-moon

Question: introduce me to the first person you mentioned.

Answer: He is a Portuguese politician and diplomat serving as the ninth secretary-general of the United Nations.

António Guterres [SEP] Introduction

António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres (; ; born 30 April 1949) is a Portuguese politician and diplomat serving as the ninth secretary-general of the United Nations. A member of the Portuguese Socialist Party, he served as prime minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. Guterres served as secretary-general of the Socialist Party from 1992 to 2002. He was elected prime minister of Portugal in 1995 and resigned in 2002 after the Socialist Party was defeated in the 2001 Portuguese local elections. After six years governing without an absolute majority and with a bad economy, the Socialist Party did worse than expected because of losses in Lisbon and Porto, where polls showed it with a solid lead.


Context: where is their headquarters?

Context: The Cook Islands, Niue, New Zealand

Context: António Guterres and Ban Ki-moon

Context: introduce me to the first person you mentioned.

Context: He is a Portuguese politician and diplomat serving as the ninth secretary-general of the United Nations.

Question: can you give me an account of his educational background?

Answer: He attended the Camões Lyceum, where he graduated in 1965, winning the National Lyceums Award as the best student in the country and studied physics and electrical engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico – University of Lisbon in Lisbon.

António Guterres [SEP] Early life

Guterres was born and raised in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of Virgílio Dias Guterres (1913–2009) and Ilda Cândida de Oliveira (born 1923). He attended the Camões Lyceum (now Camões Secondary School), where he graduated in 1965, winning the National Lyceums Award ("Prémio Nacional dos Liceus") as the best student in the country. He studied physics and electrical engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico – University of Lisbon in Lisbon. He graduated in 1971 and started an academic career as an assistant professor teaching systems theory and telecommunications signals, before leaving academic life to start a political career.


Context: where is their headquarters?

Context: The Cook Islands, Niue, New Zealand

Context: António Guterres and Ban Ki-moon

Context: can you give me an account of his educational background?

Context: He attended the Camões Lyceum, where he graduated in 1965, winning the National Lyceums Award as the best student in the country and studied physics and electrical engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico – University of Lisbon in Lisbon.

Question: introduce me to the second person you mentioned earlier.

Answer: He is a South Korean politician and diplomat who served as the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations

Ban Ki-moon [SEP] Introduction

Ban Ki-moon (; ; born 13 June 1944) is a South Korean politician and diplomat who served as the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 2007 to December 2016. Before becoming the Secretary-General, Ban was a career diplomat in South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in the United Nations. He entered diplomatic service the year he graduated from university, accepting his first post in New Delhi, India. Ban was the foreign minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. In February 2006, he began to campaign for the office of Secretary-General. Ban was initially considered to be a long shot for the office.


Question: what is meant by the term single gene trait

Answer: A single gene encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotypical traits.

Gene [SEP] Introduction

Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or the number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, the risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life. Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotypical traits. Usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to containing a different allele of the same, shared gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection / survival of the fittest and genetic drift of the alleles.


Context: what is meant by the term single gene trait

Context: A single gene encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotypical traits.

Question: what is a gene?

Answer: It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.

Explanation:
In biology, a gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.

During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic trait. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or the number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, the risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Gene [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is a gene?

Context: It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.

Question: how was it discovered initially?

Answer: The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants.

Explanation: The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, in Brno, Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic), he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2 combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term "gene", he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured Wilhelm Johannsen's distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the observable traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Gene [SEP] Discovery of discrete inherited units


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants.

Question: what is its function?

Answer: They are the basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Explanation: . The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic trait. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or the number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, the risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Gene [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: They are the basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Question: what is mendelian inheritance with respect to it?

Answer: Each gene specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes.

Explanation:
According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes. Most eukaryotic organisms (such as the pea plants Mendel worked on) have two alleles for each trait, one inherited from each parent.

Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. If you know the genotypes of the organisms, you can determine which alleles are dominant and which are recessive. For example, if the allele specifying tall stems in pea plants is dominant over the allele specifying short stems, then pea plants that inheri

Gene [SEP] Mendelian inheritance


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: what is mendelian inheritance with respect to it?

Context: Each gene specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes.

Question: what is the profession of the scientist who discovered it?

Answer: He was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey.

Explanation: Gregor Johann Mendel (; ; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.

Gregor Mendel [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: what is the profession of the scientist who discovered it?

Context: He was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey.

Question: has he conducted any other experiments?

Answer: He experimented with hawkweed ("Hieracium") and honeybees for inheritance study, his published works were related to meteorology.

Explanation:
Mendel began his studies on heredity using mice. He was at St. Thomas's Abbey but his bishop did not like one of his friars studying animal sex, so Mendel switched to plants. Mendel also bred bees in a bee house that was built for him, using bee hives that he designed. He also studied astronomy and meteorology, founding the 'Austrian Meteorological Society' in 1865. The majority of his published works were related to meteorology.

Mendel also experimented with hawkweed ("Hieracium") and honeybees. He published a report on his work with hawkweed, a group of plants of great interest to scientists at the time because of their diversity. However, the results of Mendel's inheritance study in hawkweeds was unlike his results for peas; the first generation was very variable and many of their offspring were identical to the maternal parent. In his correspondence with Carl Nägeli he discussed his results but was unable to explain them. It was not appreciated until the end of the nineteenth cent

Gregor Mendel [SEP] Other experiments


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: has he conducted any other experiments?

Context: He experimented with hawkweed ("Hieracium") and honeybees for inheritance study, his published works were related to meteorology.

Question: what was that paradox after his name?

Answer: R.A.Fisher reconstructed Mendel's experiments and asserted that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations," Mendel's alleged observations, according to Fisher, were "abominable", "shocking", and "cooked".

Explanation:
In 1936, R.A. Fisher, a prominent statistician and population geneticist, reconstructed Mendel's experiments, analyzed results from the F2 (second filial) generation and found the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes (e.g. yellow versus green peas; round versus wrinkled peas) to be implausibly and consistently too close to the expected ratio of 3 to 1. Fisher asserted that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations," Mendel's alleged observations, according to Fisher, were "abominable", "shocking", and "cooked".

Other scholars agree with Fisher that Mendel's various observations come uncomfortably close to Mendel's expectations. Anthony W.F. Edwards, for instance, remarks: "One can applaud the lucky gambler; but when he is lucky again tomorrow, and the next day, and the following day, one is entitled to become a little suspicious". Three other lines of evidence likewise lend support to the assertion that

Gregor Mendel [SEP] Mendelian paradox


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: has he conducted any other experiments?

Context: what was that paradox after his name?

Context: R.A.Fisher reconstructed Mendel's experiments and asserted that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations," Mendel's alleged observations, according to Fisher, were "abominable", "shocking", and "cooked".

Question: what did he find out with respect to plants?

Answer: The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.

Explanation: After initial experiments with pea plants, Mendel settled on studying seven traits that seemed to be inherited independently of other traits: seed shape, flower color, seed coat tint, pod shape, unripe pod color, flower location, and plant height. He first focused on seed shape, which was either angular or round. Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, the majority of which were pea plants ("Pisum sativum"). This study showed that, when true-breeding different varieties were crossed to each other (e.g., tall plants fertilized by short plants), in the second generation, one in four pea plants had purebred recessive traits, two out of four were hybrids, and one out of four were purebred dominant. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.

Gregor Mendel [SEP] Experiments on plant hybridization

Gregor Mendel, known as the "father of modern genetics", chose to study variation in plants in his monastery's experimental garden. After initial experiments with pea plants, Mendel settled on studying seven traits that seemed to be inherited independently of other traits: seed shape, flower color, seed coat tint, pod shape, unripe pod color, flower location, and plant height. He first focused on seed shape, which was either angular or round. Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, the majority of which were pea plants ("Pisum sativum"). This study showed that, when true-breeding different varieties were crossed to each other (e.g., tall plants fertilized by short plants), in the second generation, one in four pea plants had purebred recessive traits, two out of four were hybrids, and one out of four were purebred dominant.


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: has he conducted any other experiments?

Context: what was that paradox after his name?

Context: what did he find out with respect to plants?

Context: The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.

Question: what does the term about which he published works refer to?

Answer: It is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

Explanation: Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important domain of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water.

Meteorology [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: has he conducted any other experiments?

Context: what was that paradox after his name?

Context: what does the term about which he published works refer to?

Context: It is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

Question: how is this study related to military?

Answer: It is the research and application of meteorology for military purposes.

Explanation: Military meteorology is the research and application of meteorology for military purposes. In the United States, the United States Navy's Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command oversees meteorological efforts for the Navy and Marine Corps while the United States Air Force's Air Force Weather Agency is responsible for the Air Force and Army.

Meteorology [SEP] Military meteorology


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: has he conducted any other experiments?

Context: what was that paradox after his name?

Context: how is this study related to military?

Context: It is the research and application of meteorology for military purposes.

Question: what equipment is used to study it?

Answer: Remote sensing, Radar, Lidar, and satellites.

Explanation: Sets of surface measurements are important data to meteorologists. They give a snapshot of a variety of weather conditions at one single location and are usually at a weather station, a ship or a weather buoy. The measurements taken at a weather station can include any number of atmospheric observables. Usually, temperature, pressure, wind measurements, and humidity are the variables that are measured by a thermometer, barometer, anemometer, and hygrometer, respectively. Professional stations may also include air quality sensors (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, dust, and smoke), ceilometer (cloud ceiling), falling precipitation sensor, flood sensor, lightning sensor, microphone (explosions, sonic booms, thunder), pyranometer/pyrheliometer/spectroradiometer (IR/Vis/UV photodiodes), rain gauge/snow gauge, scintillation counter (background radiation, fallout, radon), seismometer (earthquakes and tremors), transmissometer (visibility), and a GPS clock for data logging. Upp

Meteorology [SEP] Equipment

Many were faulty in some way or were simply not reliable. Even Aristotle noted this in some of his work as the difficulty to measure the air. Sets of surface measurements are important data to meteorologists. They give a snapshot of a variety of weather conditions at one single location and are usually at a weather station, a ship or a weather buoy. The measurements taken at a weather station can include any number of atmospheric observables. Usually, temperature, pressure, wind measurements, and humidity are the variables that are measured by a thermometer, barometer, anemometer, and hygrometer, respectively. Professional stations may also include air quality sensors (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, dust, and smoke), ceilometer (cloud ceiling), falling precipitation sensor, flood sensor, lightning sensor, microphone (explosions, sonic booms, thunder), pyranometer/pyrheliometer/spectroradiometer (IR/Vis/UV photodiodes), rain gauge/snow gauge, scintillation counter (background radiation, fallout, radon), seismometer (earthquakes and tremors), transmissometer (visibility), and a GPS clock for data logging.


Context: what is a gene?

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: what is its function?

Context: has he conducted any other experiments?

Context: what was that paradox after his name?

Context: how is this study related to military?

Context: what equipment is used to study it?

Context: Remote sensing, Radar, Lidar, and satellites.

Question: who carries out these researches?

Answer: Blaise Pascal rediscovered that atmospheric pressure, Joseph Black discovered that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting,  Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen, which he called "phlogisticated air" to name a few.

Explanation: In 1648, Blaise Pascal rediscovered that atmospheric pressure decreases with height, and deduced that there is a vacuum above the atmosphere. In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli published "Hydrodynamics", initiating the Kinetic theory of gases and established the basic laws for the theory of gases. In 1761, Joseph Black discovered that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting. In 1772, Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen, which he called "phlogisticated air", and together they developed the phlogiston theory. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discovered oxygen and developed an explanation for combustion. In 1783, in Lavoisier's essay "Reflexions sur le phlogistique," he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory. In 1804, Sir John Leslie observed that a matte black surface radiates heat more effectively than a polished surface, suggesting the importance of black-body radiation. In 1808, John Dalton defended caloric theory in "A New System of C

Meteorology [SEP] Atmospheric composition research


Context: what is meant by the term single gene trait

Context: A single gene encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotypical traits.

Context: what is a gene?

Context: It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein.

Context: how was it discovered initially?

Context: The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants.

Context: what is its function?

Context: They are the basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Context: what is mendelian inheritance with respect to it?

Context: Each gene specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes.

Context: what is the profession of the scientist who discovered it?

Context: He was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey.

Context: has he conducted any other experiments?

Context: He experimented with hawkweed ("Hieracium") and honeybees for inheritance study, his published works were related to meteorology.

Context: what was that paradox after his name?

Context: R.A.Fisher reconstructed Mendel's experiments and asserted that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations," Mendel's alleged observations, according to Fisher, were "abominable", "shocking", and "cooked".

Context: what did he find out with respect to plants?

Context: The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.

Context: what does the term about which he published works refer to?

Context: It is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

Context: how is this study related to military?

Context: It is the research and application of meteorology for military purposes.

Context: what equipment is used to study it?

Context: Remote sensing, Radar, Lidar, and satellites.

Context: who carries out these researches?

Context: Blaise Pascal rediscovered that atmospheric pressure, Joseph Black discovered that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting,  Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen, which he called "phlogisticated air" to name a few.

Question: what is the purpose of the first specified equipment?

Answer: It is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object .

Remote sensing [SEP] Introduction

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography, land surveying and most Earth science disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology, meteorology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications. In current usage, the term "remote sensing" generally refers to the use of satellite or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth. It includes the surface and the atmosphere and oceans, based on propagated signals (e.g.


Question: what is the first ghost that visited scrooge

Answer: Marley's.

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Stave one

"A Christmas Carol" opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an ageing miser, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred—the son of Fan, Scrooge's dead sister. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him to provide food and heating for the poor and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom. That night Scrooge is visited at home by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined by heavy chains and money boxes forged during a lifetime of greed and selfishness.


Context: what is the first ghost that visited scrooge

Context: Marley's.

Question: what are these mentioned entities a part of?

Answer: A Christmas Carol.

Explanation: "A Christmas Carol" opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an ageing miser, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred—the son of Fan, Scrooge's dead sister. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him to provide food and heating for the poor and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom.

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Stave one


Context: Marley's.

Context: what are these mentioned entities a part of?

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Question: is it a movie or a book?

Answer: A book.

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Plot

The book is divided into five chapters, which Dickens titled "staves".


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Question: what is it about?

Answer: It recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come.

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Introduction

A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. "A Christmas Carol" recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come. After their visits, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man. Dickens wrote "A Christmas Carol" during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past Christmas traditions, including carols, and newer customs such as Christmas trees.


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: It recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come.

Question: by whom was this written?

Answer: Charles Dickens,

Explanation: A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens,

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Introduction


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Question: and when was it published?

Answer: 1843.

Explanation: A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. "A Christmas Carol" recounts the story

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Introduction


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Question: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Answer: It is a novella.

Explanation: A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. "A Christmas Carol" recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former busine

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Introduction


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Question: how was it received by the people?

Answer: The reviews were - 'tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to open his hands, and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ... a dainty dish to set before a King' and "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The last two people I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!'"

Explanation: According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of "A Christmas Carol" "were almost uniformly kind". "The Illustrated London News" described how the story's "impressive eloquence ... its unfeigned lightness of heart—its playful and sparkling humour ... its gentle spirit of humanity" all put the reader "in good humour with ourselves, with each other, with the season and with the author". The critic from "The Athenaeum", the literary magazine, considered it a "tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to open his hands, and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ... a dainty dish to set before a King." William Makepeace Thackeray, writing in "Fraser's Magazine", described the book as "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The last two people I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!'"

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Reception


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: The reviews were - 'tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to open his hands, and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ... a dainty dish to set before a King' and "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The last two people I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!'"

Question: has it been used in some other forms by others?

Answer: Yes, as a stage play.

A Christmas Carol [SEP] Performances and adaptations

Swepstone ("Christmas Shadows", 1850), Horatio Alger ("Job Warner's Christmas", 1863), Louisa May Alcott ("A Christmas Dream, and How It Came True", 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man – or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected. The novella was adapted for the stage almost immediately. Three productions opened on 5 February 1844, one by Edward Stirling being sanctioned by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights. By the close of February 1844 eight rival "A Christmas Carol" theatrical productions were playing in London. The story has been adapted for film and television more than any of Dickens's other works.


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: has it been used in some other forms by others?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Question: where was the author born?

Answer: 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island.

Charles Dickens [SEP] Early years

Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace (now 393 Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth), the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens (née Barrow; 1789–1863) and John Dickens (1785–1851). His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majesty's Navy, gentleman, and head of an established firm, to act as godfather to Charles. Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickens's novel "Dombey and Son" (1848).


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island.

Question: was he philanthropic?

Answer: Yes, he helped women in need through the Coutts banking fortune.

Explanation: Angela Burdett Coutts, heir to the Coutts banking fortune, approached Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen women of the working class. Coutts envisioned a home that would replace the punitive regimes of existing institutions with a reformative environment conducive to education and proficiency in domestic household chores. After initially resisting, Dickens eventually founded the home, named "Urania Cottage", in the Lime Grove section of Shepherds Bush, which he managed for ten years, setting the house rules, reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents. Emigration and marriage were central to Dickens's agenda for the women on leaving Urania Cottage, from which it is estimated that about 100 women graduated between 1847 and 1859.

Charles Dickens [SEP] Philanthropy


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: was he philanthropic?

Context: Yes, he helped women in need through the Coutts banking fortune.

Question: was he a journalist?

Answer: Yes, a political journalist.

Charles Dickens [SEP] Journalism and early novels

In 1833, he submitted his first story, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk", to the London periodical "Monthly Magazine". William Barrow, a brother of his mother, offered him a job on "The Mirror of Parliament" and he worked in the House of Commons for the first time early in 1832. He rented rooms at Furnival's Inn and worked as a political journalist, reporting on Parliamentary debates, and he travelled across Britain to cover election campaigns for the "Morning Chronicle". His journalism, in the form of sketches in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces, published in 1836: "Sketches by Boz"—Boz being a family nickname he employed as a pseudonym for some years.


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: was he philanthropic?

Context: was he a journalist?

Context: Yes, a political journalist.

Question: what religion did he follow?

Answer: Christain.

Explanation:
As a young man Dickens expressed a distaste for certain aspects of organised religion. In 1836, in a pamphlet titled "Sunday Under Three Heads", he defended the people's right to pleasure, opposing a plan to prohibit games on Sundays. "Look into your churches- diminished congregations and scanty attendance. People have grown sullen and obstinate, and are becoming disgusted with the faith which condemns them to such a day as this, once in every seven. They display their feeling by staying away [from church]. Turn into the streets [on a Sunday] and mark the rigid gloom that reigns over everything around."

Dickens honoured the figure of . He is regarded as a professing Christian. His son, Henry Fielding Dickens, describe

Charles Dickens [SEP] Religious views

He is regarded as a professing Christian. His son, Henry Fielding Dickens, described him as someone who "possessed deep religious convictions". In the early 1840s, he had shown an interest in Unitarian Christianity and Robert Browning remarked that “Mr Dickens is an enlightened Unitarian.” Professor Gary Colledge has written that he "never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism". Dickens authored a work called "The Life of Our Lord" (1846), which is a book about the life of Jesus Christ, written with the purpose of sharing his faith with his children and family. Dickens disapproved of Roman Catholicism and 19th-century evangelicalism, seeing both as extremes of Christianity and likely to limit personal expression, and was critical of what he saw as the hypocrisy of religious institutions and philosophies like spiritualism, all of which he considered deviations from the true spirit of Christianity, as shown in the book he wrote for his family in 1846.


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: was he philanthropic?

Context: was he a journalist?

Context: Yes, a political journalist.

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: Christain.

Question: did he visit any foreign nations?

Answer: Yes, the United States of America.

Charles Dickens [SEP] Second visit to the United States

While he contemplated a second visit to the United States, the outbreak of the Civil War in America in 1861 delayed his plans. On 9 November 1867, over two years after the war, Dickens set sail from Liverpool for his second American reading tour. Landing in Boston, he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and his American publisher, James Thomas Fields. In early December, the readings began. He performed 76 readings, netting £19,000, from December 1867 to April 1868. Dickens shuttled between Boston and New York, where he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall.


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: was he philanthropic?

Context: was he a journalist?

Context: Yes, a political journalist.

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: Christain.

Context: did he visit any foreign nations?

Context: Yes, the United States of America.

Question: can you mention any other literary piece that he wrote?

Answer: Oliver Twist.

Explanation: equently omitted, as in ’ere (here), and wot (what). An example of this usage is in "Oliver Twist". The Artful Dodger uses cockney slang which is juxtaposed with Oliver’s ‘proper’ English, when the Dodger repeats Oliver saying "seven" with "sivin".

Charles Dickens [SEP] Literary style

Marcus Stone, illustrator of "Our Mutual Friend", recalled that the author was always "ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics, and ... life-history of the creations of his fancy". Dickens employs Cockney English in many of his works, denoting working class Londoners. Cockney grammar appears in terms such as ain't, and consonants in words are frequently omitted, as in 'ere (here), and wot (what). An example of this usage is in "Oliver Twist". The Artful Dodger uses cockney slang which is juxtaposed with Oliver's ‘proper' English, when the Dodger repeats Oliver saying "seven" with "sivin".


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: was he philanthropic?

Context: was he a journalist?

Context: Yes, a political journalist.

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: Christain.

Context: did he visit any foreign nations?

Context: Yes, the United States of America.

Context: can you mention any other literary piece that he wrote?

Context: Oliver Twist.

Question: where is the island that he was born in located?

Answer: Just off the southern coast of England.

Portsea Island [SEP] Introduction

Portsea Island is a flat, low-lying island measuring in area, just off the southern coast of England. The island is located within the traditional and ceremonial county of Hampshire and contains the vast majority of the city of Portsmouth. Portsea Island has the third-largest population of all the islands in the British Isles after the mainlands of Great Britain and Ireland; it also has the highest population density. To the east of Portsea Island lies Hayling Island, separated by Langstone Harbour. To the west is the peninsular mainland town of Gosport, separated by Portsmouth Harbour. To the south, it faces into the Spithead area of the wider Solent.


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: was he philanthropic?

Context: was he a journalist?

Context: Yes, a political journalist.

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: Christain.

Context: did he visit any foreign nations?

Context: Yes, the United States of America.

Context: Oliver Twist.

Context: where is the island that he was born in located?

Context: Just off the southern coast of England.

Question: does it have  park?

Answer: Anchorage Park.

Portsea Island [SEP] Anchorage Park

A modern development adjoined by one of the island's largest green buffers consisting allotments, the sports fields of a Portsmouth Academy and Great Salterns Golf Course, Anchorage Park occupies a north-eastern portion of the island. Anchorage Park was formerly the location of Portsmouth Airport, which closed in 1973.


Context: Marley's.

Context: A Christmas Carol.

Context: is it a movie or a book?

Context: A book.

Context: what is it about?

Context: by whom was this written?

Context: Charles Dickens,

Context: and when was it published?

Context: is it a short story, novel or a play?

Context: It is a novella.

Context: how was it received by the people?

Context: Yes, as a stage play.

Context: where was the author born?

Context: was he philanthropic?

Context: was he a journalist?

Context: Yes, a political journalist.

Context: what religion did he follow?

Context: Christain.

Context: did he visit any foreign nations?

Context: Yes, the United States of America.

Context: Oliver Twist.

Context: Just off the southern coast of England.

Context: does it have  park?

Context: Anchorage Park.

Question: can you name a few other places on this island?

Answer: Baffins, Buckland, Copnor and Eastney.

Explanation: Adjoining the eastern green belt, this extends into the heart of the Baffins neighbourhood which has a large pond and the grounds of Portsmouth College.

Portsea Island [SEP] Baffins


Question: where is the aztec civilization located on a map

Answer: Mesoamerica, which extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica.

Mesoamerica [SEP] Introduction

Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in North America. It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica. Within this region pre-Columbian societies flourished for more than 1000 years before the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Mesoamerica was the site of two of the most profound historical transformations in world history: primary urban generation, and the formation of New World cultures out of the long encounters among Indigenous, European, African and Asian cultures. In the 16th century, Eurasian diseases such as smallpox and measles, which were endemic among the colonists but new to North America, caused the deaths of upwards of 90% of the indigenous people, resulting in great losses to their societies and cultures.


Context: where is the aztec civilization located on a map

Context: Mesoamerica, which extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica.

Question: which era did this civilization contribute to?

Answer: The civilization reached its peak in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

Aztecs [SEP] Introduction

The Aztecs () were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states ("altepetl"), some of which joined to form alliances, political confederations, or empires. The Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427: Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco; and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco.


Context: which era did this civilization contribute to?

Context: The civilization reached its peak in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

Question: did this area face colonization?

Answer: Yes, by the Spaniards.

Explanation: After the siege and complete destruction of the Aztec capital, Cuahtémoc was captured on 13 August 1521, marking the beginning of Spanish hegemony in central Mexico.

Aztecs [SEP] Final Aztec rulers and the Spanish conquest

Spaniards held Cuauhtémoc captive until he was tortured and executed on the orders of Cortés, supposedly for treason, during an ill-fated expedition to Honduras in 1525. His death marked the end of a tumultuous era in Aztec political history.


Context: did this area face colonization?

Context: Yes, by the Spaniards.

Question: can you name the idols worshipped here?

Answer: Some of the important deities were Tlaloc, Huitzilopochtli, Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca.

Aztecs [SEP] Deities

The main deities worshipped by the Aztecs were Tlaloc, a rain and storm deity, Huitzilopochtli a solar and martial deity and the tutelary deity of the Mexica tribe, Quetzalcoatl, a wind, sky and star deity and cultural hero, Tezcatlipoca, a deity of the night, magic, prophecy and fate. The Great Temple in Tenochtitlan had two shrines on its top, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the other to Huitzilopochtli. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca each had separate temples within the religious precinct close to the Great Temple, and the high priests of the Great Temple were named ""Quetzalcoatl Tlamacazqueh"". Other major deities were Tlaltecutli or Coatlicue a female earth deity, the deity couple Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl were associated with life and sustenance, Mictlantecutli and Mictlancihuatl, a male/female couple of deities of the underworld and death, Chalchiutlicue, a female deity of lakes and springs, Xipe Totec, a deity of fertility and the natural cycle, Huehueteotl or Xiuhtecuhtli a fire god, Tlazolteotl a female deity tied to childbirth and sexuality, and a Xochipilli and Xochiquetzal gods of song, dance and games.


Context: did this area face colonization?

Context: Yes, by the Spaniards.

Context: can you name the idols worshipped here?

Context: Some of the important deities were Tlaloc, Huitzilopochtli, Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca.

Question: who is the last mentioned idol?

Answer: A deity of the night, magic, prophecy and fate.

Explanation: The main deities worshipped by the Aztecs were Tlaloc, a rain and storm deity, Huitzilopochtli a solar and martial deity and the tutelary deity of the Mexica tribe, Quetzalcoatl, a wind, sky and star deity and cultural hero, Tezcatlipoca, a deity of the night, magic, prophecy and fate.

Aztecs [SEP] Deities