Context: increased u.s. territory in present-day arizona and new mexico

Context: This event is called the Gadsden Purchase

Question: what is this event?

Answer: Also known as "The Sale of La Mesilla" - United States acquired a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla - the region is also called Gadsden Purchase.

Explanation:
The Gadsden Purchase ( "The Sale of La Mesilla"), is a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla, which took effect on June 8, 1854. The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande where the U.S. wanted to build a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route, which the Southern Pacific Railroad later completed in 1881–1883. The purchase also aimed to resolve other border issues.

The first draft was signed on December 30, 1853, by James Gadsden, U.S. ambassador to Mexico, and by Antonio López de Santa Anna, president of Mexico. The U.S. Senate voted in favor of ratifying it with amendments on April 25, 1854, and then transmitted it to President Franklin Pierce. Mexico's government and its General Congress or Congress of the Union took final approval action on June 8, 1854, when the treaty took effect. The purchase was the last substantial territorial acq

Gadsden Purchase [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is this event?

Context: Also known as "The Sale of La Mesilla" - United States acquired a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla - the region is also called Gadsden Purchase.

Question: is it associated with any war?

Answer: Yes, during the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America formed the Confederate Territory of Arizona, including in the new territory mainly areas acquired by the Gadsden Purchase.

Gadsden Purchase [SEP] Civil War

In 1861, during the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America formed the Confederate Territory of Arizona, including in the new territory mainly areas acquired by the Gadsden Purchase. In 1863, using a north-to-south dividing line, the Union created its own Arizona Territory out of the western half of the New Mexico Territory. The new American Arizona Territory also included most of the lands acquired in the Gadsden Purchase. This territory would be admitted into the Union as the State of Arizona on February 14, 1912, the last area of the Lower 48 States to receive statehood.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: Yes, during the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America formed the Confederate Territory of Arizona, including in the new territory mainly areas acquired by the Gadsden Purchase.

Question: when did this war take place?

Answer: From 1861 to 1865

American Civil War [SEP] Introduction

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina just over a month after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Question: what was the crisis happened due to this?

Answer: The Secession crisis - the election of Lincoln provoked the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession.

American Civil War [SEP] Secession crisis

The election of Lincoln provoked the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession. Before the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws, and even to secede from the United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union". It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: what was the crisis happened due to this?

Context: The Secession crisis - the election of Lincoln provoked the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession.

Question: how is slavery related to it?

Answer: Slavery was a major cause of disunion - although there were opposing views even in the Union States, Confederates fought the war mainly to protect a Southern society of which slavery was an integral part.

American Civil War [SEP] Slavery

Slavery was a major cause of disunion. Although there were opposing views even in the Union States, most Northern soldiers were mostly indifferent on the subject of slavery, while Confederates fought the war mainly to protect a Southern society of which slavery was an integral part. From the anti-slavery perspective, the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism. The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment—to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction. The slave-holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: Slavery was a major cause of disunion - although there were opposing views even in the Union States, Confederates fought the war mainly to protect a Southern society of which slavery was an integral part.

Question: was women a part of this?

Answer: Yes, the number women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men.

American Civil War [SEP] Women

The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men. Women also served on the Union hospital ship "Red Rover" and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals. Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. Her name was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 (along with over 900 other, male MOH recipients); however, it was restored in 1977.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: Yes, the number women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men.

Question: how did it impact the economy?

Answer: The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war - caused by severe deterioration of food supplies, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies.

American Civil War [SEP] Economic impact

The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war. There were multiple reasons for this: the severe deterioration of food supplies, especially in cities, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies. Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: how did it impact the economy?

Context: The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war - caused by severe deterioration of food supplies, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies.

Question: where did some of its battles take place?

Answer: Battle of Fort Sumter took place in Fort Sumter - in the middle of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

American Civil War [SEP] Battle of Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter is located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Its garrison had recently moved there to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city. Lincoln told its commander, Maj. Anderson to hold on until fired upon. Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort. Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected, and Davis ordered General P. G. T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive. He bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13, forcing its capitulation. The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: how did it impact the economy?

Context: where did some of its battles take place?

Context: Battle of Fort Sumter took place in Fort Sumter - in the middle of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

Question: where is this last mentioned state located?

Answer: In the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South.

South Carolina [SEP] Introduction

South Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River. South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23, 1788. It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20, 1860. After the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25, 1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: how did it impact the economy?

Context: where is this last mentioned state located?

Context: In the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South.

Question: what happened here before colonization?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

South Carolina [SEP] Exploration

The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area. From June 24 to July 14, 1521, they explored the land around Winyah Bay. On October 8, 1526, they founded San Miguel de Gualdape, near present-day Georgetown, South Carolina. It was the first European settlement in what is now mainland USA. Established with five hundred settlers, it was abandoned eight months later by one hundred and fifty survivors. In 1540, Hernando de Soto explored the region and the main town of Cofitachequi, where he captured the queen of the Maskoki (Muscogee) and the Chelaque (Cherokee) who had welcomed him. In 1562 French Huguenots established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: how did it impact the economy?

Context: what happened here before colonization?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: did any earthquake take place here?

Answer: Yes, the Charleston earthquake of 1886 was the largest quake ever to hit the eastern United States.

Explanation: The Charleston area, along the central coastline of the state, demonstrates the greatest frequency of earthquakes in South Carolina. South Carolina averages 10–15 earthquakes a year below magnitude3 (FEMA). The Charleston earthquake of 1886 was the largest quake ever to hit the eastern United States. The 7.0–7.3 magnitude earthquake killed 60 people and destroyed much of the city. Faults in this region are difficult to study at the surface due to thick sedimentation on top of them. Many of the ancient faults are within plates rather than along plate boundaries.

South Carolina [SEP] Earthquakes


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: how did it impact the economy?

Context: what happened here before colonization?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did any earthquake take place here?

Context: Yes, the Charleston earthquake of 1886 was the largest quake ever to hit the eastern United States.

Question: what is the main religion followed here?

Answer: Christianity

South Carolina [SEP] Religion

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010, the largest religion is Christianity, of which the largest denominations were the Southern Baptist Convention with 913,763 adherents, the United Methodist Church with 274,111 adherents, and the Roman Catholic Church with 181,743 adherents. Fourth-largest is the African Methodist Episcopal Church with 564 congregations and 121,000 members and fifth-largest is the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 320 congregations and almost 100,000 members. As of 2010, South Carolina is the American state with the highest per capita proportion of citizens who follow the Baháʼí Faith, with 17,559 adherents, making Baháʼí the second-largest religion in the state.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: how did it impact the economy?

Context: what happened here before colonization?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did any earthquake take place here?

Context: what is the main religion followed here?

Context: Christianity

Question: what is this religion's belief system?

Answer: It is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

Christianity [SEP] Introduction

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Its adherents, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the Christ, whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, called the Old Testament in Christianity, and chronicled in the New Testament. It is the world's largest religion, with about 2.4 billion followers as of 2020. Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches, as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation, ecclesiology, ordination, and Christology. Their creeds generally hold in common Jesus as the Son of God—the logos incarnated—who ministered, suffered, and died on a cross, but rose from the dead for the salvation of mankind; as referred to as the gospel, meaning the "good news", in the Bible.


Context: what is this event?

Context: is it associated with any war?

Context: when did this war take place?

Context: From 1861 to 1865

Context: how is slavery related to it?

Context: was women a part of this?

Context: how did it impact the economy?

Context: what happened here before colonization?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did any earthquake take place here?

Context: Christianity

Context: what is this religion's belief system?

Context: It is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

Question: who is he?

Answer: He was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader - most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah (the Christ) in the Old Testament.

Jesus [SEP] Introduction

Jesus (), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the central figure of Christianity, the world's largest religion. Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah (the Christ) in the Old Testament. Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically, although the quest for the historical Jesus has yielded some uncertainty on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the Jesus portrayed in the Bible reflects the historical Jesus, as the only records of Jesus' life are contained in the four Gospels.


Question: who is olga constantinovna?

Answer: She was Queen consort of the Hellenes as the wife of King George I.

Olga Constantinovna of Russia [SEP] Introduction

Olga Constantinovna of Russia (; 18 June 1926) was Queen consort of the Hellenes as the wife of King George I. She was briefly the regent of Greece in 1920. A member of the Romanov dynasty, she was the daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg. She spent her childhood in Saint Petersburg, Poland and the Crimea, and married King George I of Greece in 1867 at the age of sixteen. At first, she felt ill at ease in the Kingdom of Greece, but she quickly became involved in social and charitable work. She founded hospitals and schools, but her attempt to promote a new, more accessible, Greek translation of the Gospels sparked riots by religious conservatives.


Context: who is olga constantinovna?

Context: She was Queen consort of the Hellenes as the wife of King George I.

Question: where was she born?

Answer: At Pavlovsk Palace near Saint Petersburg

Olga Constantinovna of Russia [SEP] Family and early life

Olga was born at Pavlovsk Palace near Saint Petersburg on . She was the second child and elder daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Grand Duchess Alexandra, a former princess of Saxe-Altenburg. Through her father, Olga was a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I, a niece of Tsar Alexander II and first cousin of Tsar Alexander III. Her childhood was spent at her father's homes, including Pavlovsk Palace and estates in the Crimea. Her father was a younger brother of Alexander II, and her mother was considered one of the most intelligent and elegant women of the court.


Context: who is olga constantinovna?

Context: where was she born?

Context: At Pavlovsk Palace near Saint Petersburg

Question: when?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: who is olga constantinovna?

Context: where was she born?

Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do you know who her parents are?

Answer: Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Grand Duchess Alexandra

Explanation: She was the second child and elder daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Grand Duchess Alexandra, a former princess of Saxe-Altenburg.


Context: who is olga constantinovna?

Context: where was she born?

Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do you know who her parents are?

Context: Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Grand Duchess Alexandra

Question: did she do any social work?

Answer: She supported the Amalieion orphanage and the Arsakeion school for girls located on University Boulevard.

Olga Constantinovna of Russia [SEP] Social work

Olga was genuinely popular and was extensively involved in charity work. On arrival in Athens, her immediate patronages included the Amalieion orphanage founded by the previous queen consort Amalia of Oldenburg, and the Arsakeion school for girls located on University Boulevard. With her personal support and the support of wealthy donors, she built asylums for the terminally ill and for the elderly disabled, and a sanatorium for patients with consumption. She founded a society to help the poor, a kindergarten for the children of the poor, and a soup kitchen in Piraeus that doubled as a cooking school for poor girls that was later expanded into a weaving school for girls and elderly women in financial difficulty.


Context: who is olga constantinovna?

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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do you know who her parents are?

Context: did she do any social work?

Context: She supported the Amalieion orphanage and the Arsakeion school for girls located on University Boulevard.

Question: did she participate in any war?

Answer: No, but she was in Russia at the outbreak of World War I.

Olga Constantinovna of Russia [SEP] World War I

In August 1914, Olga was in Russia at the outbreak of World War I, in which the Allied or Entente Powers including Russia, Britain and France fought against the Central Powers including Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. She decided to stay in Saint Petersburg and establish a military hospital to support the Russian war effort. Olga created a clinic at Pavlovsk Palace where she cared for wounded soldiers with her sister-in-law, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mavrikievna. Other members of the imperial family, such as Princess Helen and Olga's granddaughter Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna founded field hospitals at the front. As the war continued, Olga became aware of the growing crisis in Russia, and attempted to warn Tsarina Alexandra in 1916 of the danger of revolution but the Russian empress refused to listen.


Context: who is olga constantinovna?

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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do you know who her parents are?

Context: did she do any social work?

Context: did she participate in any war?

Context: No, but she was in Russia at the outbreak of World War I.

Question: when did her husband die?

Answer: 18 March 1913

George I of Greece [SEP] Introduction

George I (Greek: Γεώργιος Α΄, "Geórgios I"; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) was King of Greece from 30 March 1863 until his assassination in 1913. Originally a Danish prince, he was born in Copenhagen, and seemed destined for a career in the Royal Danish Navy. He was only 17 years old when he was elected king by the Greek National Assembly, which had deposed the unpopular Otto. His nomination was both suggested and supported by the Great Powers: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire and the Russian Empire. He married Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia in 1867, and became the first monarch of a new Greek dynasty.


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Context: when?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do you know who her parents are?

Context: did she do any social work?

Context: did she participate in any war?

Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Question: was she exiled?

Answer: Yes, twice.

Olga Constantinovna of Russia [SEP] First exile

After several months of appeals for help, the Danish legation in Russia issued Olga a passport, which she used to enter Germany on the eve of its defeat, eventually joining her eldest son and his family in Switzerland in early 1919. Other members of the Russian imperial family did not escape. Among those killed were the Tsar, Tsarina and their five children; Olga's brothers Grand Dukes Nicholas and Dmitri Constantinovich; three of her nephews Princes John, Constantine and Igor Constantinovich; and the Tsarina's sister Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna. In Switzerland, Constantine I and his family found themselves isolated and without an income.


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Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Context: was she exiled?

Context: Yes, twice.

Question: what was the reason?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


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Context: UNANSWERABLE

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Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Context: was she exiled?

Context: Yes, twice.

Context: what was the reason?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do you know who built the palace she was born in?

Answer: Catherine the Great

Pavlovsk Palace [SEP] Introduction

Pavlovsk Palace () is an 18th-century Russian Imperial residence built by the order of Catherine the Great for her son Grand Duke Paul, in Pavlovsk, within Saint Petersburg. After his death, it became the home of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. The palace and the large English garden surrounding it are now a Russian state museum and public park.


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Context: UNANSWERABLE

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Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Context: was she exiled?

Context: Yes, twice.

Context: what was the reason?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do you know who built the palace she was born in?

Context: Catherine the Great

Question: who was this lady that you just mentioned?

Answer: She was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796.

Catherine the Great [SEP] Introduction

Catherine II (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796—the country's longest-ruling female leader. She came to power following a coup d'état that overthrew her husband and second cousin, Peter III. Under her reign, Russia grew larger, its culture was revitalised, and it was recognized as one of the great powers worldwide. In her accession to power and her rule of the empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Count Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Samuel Greig and Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy.


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Context: UNANSWERABLE

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Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Context: was she exiled?

Context: Yes, twice.

Context: what was the reason?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Catherine the Great

Context: who was this lady that you just mentioned?

Context: She was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796.

Question: when was she crowned?

Answer: 22 September 1762

Catherine the Great [SEP] Coronation (1762)

Catherine was crowned at the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow on 22 September 1762. Her coronation marks the creation of one of the main treasures of the Romanov dynasty, the Imperial Crown of Russia, designed by Swiss-French court diamond jeweller Jérémie Pauzié. Inspired by the Byzantine Empire design, the crown was constructed of two half spheres, one gold and one silver, representing the eastern and western Roman empires, divided by a foliate garland and fastened with a low hoop. The crown contains 75 pearls and 4,936 Indian diamonds forming laurel and oak leaves, the symbols of power and strength, and is surmounted by a 398.62-carat ruby spinel that previously belonged to the Empress Elizabeth, and a diamond cross.


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Context: UNANSWERABLE

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Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Context: was she exiled?

Context: Yes, twice.

Context: what was the reason?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Catherine the Great

Context: when was she crowned?

Context: 22 September 1762

Question: what religion did she follow?

Answer: Christianity

Catherine the Great [SEP] Religious affairs

Catherine's apparent embrace of all things Russian (including Orthodoxy) may have prompted her personal indifference to religion. She nationalised all of the church lands to help pay for her wars, largely emptied the monasteries, and forced most of the remaining clergymen to survive as farmers or from fees for baptisms and other services. Very few members of the nobility entered the church, which became even less important than it had been. She did not allow dissenters to build chapels, and she suppressed religious dissent after the onset of the French Revolution. However, Catherine promoted Christianity in her anti-Ottoman policy, promoting the protection and fostering of Christians under Turkish rule.


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Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Context: was she exiled?

Context: Yes, twice.

Context: what was the reason?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Catherine the Great

Context: when was she crowned?

Context: 22 September 1762

Context: what religion did she follow?

Context: Christianity

Question: who did she marry?

Answer: Peter III

Explanation: She came to power following a coup d'état that overthrew her husband and second cousin, Peter III.

Catherine the Great [SEP] Introduction


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Context: UNANSWERABLE

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Context: when did her husband die?

Context: 18 March 1913

Context: was she exiled?

Context: Yes, twice.

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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Catherine the Great

Context: when was she crowned?

Context: 22 September 1762

Context: what religion did she follow?

Context: Christianity

Context: who did she marry?

Context: Peter III

Question: where was she educated?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Catherine the Great [SEP] Introduction


Question: when do liquor stores close in new jersey

Answer: During 1919–1933.

Alcohol laws of New Jersey [SEP] History

New Jersey's history of taverns and alcohol production dates to its early colonial period. Colonial winemakers received recognition by the Royal Society of Arts for producing high-quality wine, and a local distillery owner was asked by George Washington for his recipe for "cyder spirits" (applejack). Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the industry developed with the influx of European immigrants, specifically Germans and Italians, who presented a sizable market for alcoholic drinks and brought with them old world winemaking, brewing, and distilling techniques. With the rise of the temperance movement culminating in Prohibition (1919–1933), New Jersey's alcohol industry suffered; many breweries, wineries, and distilleries either closed or relocated to other states.


Context: when do liquor stores close in new jersey

Context: During 1919–1933.

Question: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Answer: Under home rule, New Jersey law grants individual municipalities substantial discretion in passing ordinances regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks within their limits.

Alcohol laws of New Jersey [SEP] Introduction

The state laws governing alcoholic drinks in New Jersey are among the most complex in the United States, with many peculiarities not found in other states' laws. They provide for 29 distinct liquor licenses granted to manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and for the public warehousing and transport of alcoholic drinks. General authority for the statutory and regulatory control of alcoholic drinks rests with the state government, particularly the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control overseen by the state's Attorney General. Under home rule, New Jersey law grants individual municipalities substantial discretion in passing ordinances regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks within their limits.


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: Under home rule, New Jersey law grants individual municipalities substantial discretion in passing ordinances regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks within their limits.

Question: who manages such enforcements?

Answer: Department of Law and Public Safety's Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC).

Alcohol laws of New Jersey [SEP] Statewide statutes and enforcement

New Jersey's laws and regulations regarding alcohol are overseen by the Department of Law and Public Safety's Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC), which is managed by the state's Attorney General. The current director of the Alcohol Beverage Control division is Dave Rible. State and municipal laws, including those that regulate alcoholic drinks, apply in all territorial waters which includes inland rivers, lakes, and bays, and tidal waters up to three nautical miles from the New Jersey shoreline. Starting in 1738, towns in New Jersey began issuing liquor licenses to tavern keepers. Before federal Prohibition in 1919, despite many state liquor statutes, the regulation of alcoholic drinks in New Jersey was almost exclusively local, with wide variations among municipalities.


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: who manages such enforcements?

Context: Department of Law and Public Safety's Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC).

Question: what is the capital of the region where such law is passed?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: who manages such enforcements?

Context: what is the capital of the region where such law is passed?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what natural resources are available there?

Answer: Pine Barrens, zinc and manganese.

New Jersey [SEP] Natural resources

Forests cover 45%, or approximately 2.1 million acres, of New Jersey's land area. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. The Pine Barrens, consisting of pine forests, is in the southern part of the state. Some mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace. New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: who manages such enforcements?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what natural resources are available there?

Context: Pine Barrens, zinc and manganese.

Question: what kind of the resource is the second one?

Answer: A chemical element with the symbol Zn.

Zinc [SEP] Introduction

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects, zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn and Mg ions are of similar size. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States.


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: who manages such enforcements?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Pine Barrens, zinc and manganese.

Context: what kind of the resource is the second one?

Context: A chemical element with the symbol Zn.

Question: what is its atomic number?

Answer: 30

Zinc [SEP] Introduction


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: who manages such enforcements?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Pine Barrens, zinc and manganese.

Context: A chemical element with the symbol Zn.

Context: what is its atomic number?

Question: what are its applications?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Zinc [SEP] Introduction


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: who manages such enforcements?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Pine Barrens, zinc and manganese.

Context: A chemical element with the symbol Zn.

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: what are its applications?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you mention some of its industrial uses?

Answer: Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber to disperse heat.

Zinc [SEP] Other industrial uses

Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States in 2009 was consumed in zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber to disperse heat. Zinc oxide is used to protect rubber polymers and plastics from ultraviolet radiation (UV). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production. Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and sometimes as a wood preservative.


Context: During 1919–1933.

Context: what were the laws of the new jersey?

Context: who manages such enforcements?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Pine Barrens, zinc and manganese.

Context: A chemical element with the symbol Zn.

Context: what is its atomic number?

Context: what are its applications?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: can you mention some of its industrial uses?

Context: Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber to disperse heat.

Question: is it recommended as diet?

Answer: Yes, animal products such as meat, fish, shellfish, fowl, eggs, and dairy contain zinc.

Zinc [SEP] Dietary intake

Animal products such as meat, fish, shellfish, fowl, eggs, and dairy contain zinc. The concentration of zinc in plants varies with the level in the soil. With adequate zinc in the soil, the food plants that contain the most zinc are wheat (germ and bran) and various seeds, including sesame, poppy, alfalfa, celery, and mustard. Zinc is also found in beans, nuts, almonds, whole grains, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, and blackcurrant. Plant phytates are particularly found in pulses and cereals and interfere with zinc absorption. Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body.


Question: how many years ago did the allosaurus exist?

Answer: 155 to 145 million years ago

Explanation: Allosaurus () is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur that lived 155 to 145 million years ago during the late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to late Tithonian).

Allosaurus [SEP] Introduction

As the most abundant large predator in the Morrison Formation, "Allosaurus" was at the top of the food chain, probably preying on contemporaneous large herbivorous dinosaurs, and perhaps other predators. Potential prey included ornithopods, stegosaurids, and sauropods. Some paleontologists interpret "Allosaurus" as having had cooperative social behavior, and hunting in packs, while others believe individuals may have been aggressive toward each other, and that congregations of this genus are the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcasses.


Context: how many years ago did the allosaurus exist?

Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Question: which period was that?

Answer: The late Jurassic period

Allosaurus [SEP] Introduction


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Question: describe this creature's physical features

Answer: It was a typical large theropod, having a massive skull on a short neck, a long, slightly sloping tail and reduced forelimbs.

Allosaurus [SEP] Description

"Allosaurus" was a typical large theropod, having a massive skull on a short neck, a long, slightly sloping tail and reduced forelimbs. "Allosaurus fragilis", the best-known species, had an average length of , with the largest definitive "Allosaurus" specimen (AMNH 680) estimated at long, and an estimated weight of . In his 1976 monograph on "Allosaurus", James H. Madsen mentioned a range of bone sizes which he interpreted to show a maximum length of . As with dinosaurs in general, weight estimates are debatable, and since 1980 have ranged between , , and for modal adult weight (not maximum). John Foster, a specialist on the Morrison Formation, suggests that is reasonable for large adults of "A.


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: describe this creature's physical features

Context: It was a typical large theropod, having a massive skull on a short neck, a long, slightly sloping tail and reduced forelimbs.

Question: was it a herbivore, carnivore or omnivore?

Answer: Carnivore

Allosaurus [SEP] Introduction

Allosaurus () is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur that lived 155 to 145 million years ago during the late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to late Tithonian). The name ""Allosaurus"" means "different lizard" alluding to its unique concave vertebrae (at the time of its discovery). It is derived from the Greek (') ("different, other") and (') ("lizard / generic reptile"). The first fossil remains that could definitively be ascribed to this genus were described in 1877 by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh. As one of the first well-known theropod dinosaurs, it has long attracted attention outside of paleontological circles. "Allosaurus" was a large bipedal predator.


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: was it a herbivore, carnivore or omnivore?

Context: Carnivore

Question: did it give birth to the young one or did it lay eggs?

Answer: Lay eggs

Allosaurus [SEP] Social behavior

Such head-biting may have been a way to establish dominance in a pack or to settle territorial disputes. Although "Allosaurus" may have hunted in packs, it has been argued that "Allosaurus" and other theropods had largely aggressive interactions instead of cooperative interactions with other members of their own species. The study in question noted that cooperative hunting of prey much larger than an individual predator, as is commonly inferred for theropod dinosaurs, is rare among vertebrates in general, and modern diapsid carnivores (including lizards, crocodiles, and birds) rarely cooperate to hunt in such a way. Instead, they are typically territorial and will kill and cannibalize intruders of the same species, and will also do the same to smaller individuals that attempt to eat before they do when aggregated at feeding sites.


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: Carnivore

Context: did it give birth to the young one or did it lay eggs?

Context: Lay eggs

Question: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Answer: The Morrison Formation of Garden Park, north of Cañon City

Allosaurus [SEP] Early discoveries and research

The bones were collected from the Morrison Formation of Garden Park, north of Cañon City. Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope, who were in scientific competition with each other, went on to coin several other genera based on similarly sparse material that would later figure in the taxonomy of "Allosaurus". These include Marsh's "Creosaurus" and "Labrosaurus", and Cope's "Epanterias". In their haste, Cope and Marsh did not always follow up on their discoveries (or, more commonly, those made by their subordinates). For example, after the discovery by Benjamin Mudge of the type specimen of "Allosaurus" in Colorado, Marsh elected to concentrate work in Wyoming; when work resumed at Garden Park in 1883, M.


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: Carnivore

Context: Lay eggs

Context: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Context: The Morrison Formation of Garden Park, north of Cañon City

Question: who discovered it?

Answer: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden

The discovery and early study of "Allosaurus" is complicated by the multiplicity of names coined during the Bone Wars of the late 19th century. The first described fossil in this history was a bone obtained secondhand by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden in 1869. It came from Middle Park, near Granby, Colorado, probably from Morrison Formation rocks. The locals had identified such bones as "petrified horse hoofs". Hayden sent his specimen to Joseph Leidy, who identified it as half of a tail vertebra, and tentatively assigned it to the European dinosaur genus "Poekilopleuron" as "Poicilopleuron" "valens". He later decided it deserved its own genus, "Antrodemus".


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: Carnivore

Context: Lay eggs

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden

Question: what was his profession?

Answer: A Geologist and a physician

Explanation: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden (September 7, 1829 – December 22, 1887) was an American geologist noted for his pioneering surveying expeditions of the Rocky Mountains in the late 19th century. He was also a physician who served with the Union Army during the Civil War.

Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden [SEP] Introduction


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: Carnivore

Context: Lay eggs

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden

Context: what was his profession?

Context: A Geologist and a physician

Question: what was his role in the yellowstone?

Answer: He led America's first federally funded geological survey into the Yellowstone region of northwestern Wyoming

Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden [SEP] Yellowstone

In 1871, Hayden led America's first federally funded geological survey into the Yellowstone region of northwestern Wyoming, given directions by President Ulysses S. Grant's Secretary of Interior Columbus Delano. The survey consisted of some 50 men which included notables such as Thomas Moran, painter and famous frontier/Civil War photographer William Henry Jackson. The following year, Hayden and his work, "Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories; Being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress" was instrumental in convincing Congress to establish Yellowstone as the first U.S. National Park, aided by Jackson's stunning large-format photographs and Moran's dramatic paintings.


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: Carnivore

Context: Lay eggs

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden

Context: what was his profession?

Context: A Geologist and a physician

Context: what was his role in the yellowstone?

Context: He led America's first federally funded geological survey into the Yellowstone region of northwestern Wyoming

Question: name some of the honors he has been conferred.

Answer: The town of Hayden, Colorado, located in the Yampa River valley, is named for him, the sedge "Carex haydeniana" was named for him, a subspecies of garter snake, "Thamnophis radix haydenii", was named for him

Explanation: The town of Hayden, Colorado, located in the Yampa River valley, is named for him. Many mountain peaks bear his name as well. The sedge "Carex haydeniana" was named for him by Stephen Thayer Olney, in 1871. A subspecies of garter snake, "Thamnophis radix haydenii", was named for him by Robert Kennicott in 1860. A land snail, "Oreohelix haydeni", was named for him by William Gabb in 1869. Hayden Hall at the University of Pennsylvania which formerly housed the dental school now houses the bioengineering and earth sciences departments.

Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden [SEP] Honors

Hayden Valley in Yellowstone is named after him. In 2018, Native American leaders have called for it to be renamed, because he "advocated for the extermination of tribal people who refused to comply with federal dictates". The town of Hayden, Colorado, located in the Yampa River valley, is named for him. Many mountain peaks bear his name as well. The sedge "Carex haydeniana" was named for him by Stephen Thayer Olney, in 1871. A subspecies of garter snake, "Thamnophis radix haydenii", was named for him by Robert Kennicott in 1860. A land snail, "Oreohelix haydeni", was named for him by William Gabb in 1869.


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: Carnivore

Context: Lay eggs

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden

Context: what was his profession?

Context: A Geologist and a physician

Context: what was his role in the yellowstone?

Context: name some of the honors he has been conferred.

Context: The town of Hayden, Colorado, located in the Yampa River valley, is named for him, the sedge "Carex haydeniana" was named for him, a subspecies of garter snake, "Thamnophis radix haydenii", was named for him

Question: did he publish any article or book?

Answer: Yes, with FB Meek, he wrote "Palaeontology of the Upper Missouri, Pt. 1, Invertebrate.", and with ARC Selwyn he wrote North America (1883) for Stanford's "Compendium".

Explanation: With FB Meek, he wrote ("Smithsonian Institution Contributions", v. 14. Art. 4) "Palaeontology of the Upper Missouri, Pt. 1, Invertebrate." His valuable notes on Native American dialects are in "The Transactions of the American Philosophical Society" (1862) in "The American Journal of Science" (1862) and in The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1869). With ARC Selwyn he wrote North America (1883) for Stanford's "Compendium".

Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden [SEP] Other publications


Context: 155 to 145 million years ago

Context: which period was that?

Context: The late Jurassic period

Context: Carnivore

Context: Lay eggs

Context: who discovered it?

Context: Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden

Context: what was his profession?

Context: A Geologist and a physician

Context: what was his role in the yellowstone?

Context: did he publish any article or book?

Context: Yes, with FB Meek, he wrote "Palaeontology of the Upper Missouri, Pt. 1, Invertebrate.", and with ARC Selwyn he wrote North America (1883) for Stanford's "Compendium".

Question: where will you find that creature's remains today in which ferdinand discovered?

Answer: Portugal

Allosaurus [SEP] Recent work: 1980s–present

The period since Madsen's monograph has been marked by a great expansion in studies dealing with topics concerning "Allosaurus" in life (paleobiological and paleoecological topics). Such studies have covered topics including skeletal variation, growth, skull construction, hunting methods, the brain, and the possibility of gregarious living and parental care. Reanalysis of old material (particularly of large 'allosaur' specimens), new discoveries in Portugal, and several very complete new specimens have also contributed to the growing knowledge base.


Question: who got rings in lord of the rings

Answer: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction

He successfully seized sixteen of them, Seven of which were subsequently sent to the Dwarf-lords and Nine to several leaders of Men, hoping to bring them under his sway. The Three, which Celebrimbor had already sent to the Elf leaders in Middle-earth, remained hidden from Sauron. Though the Seven only fueled the greed of the Dwarves, the Nine corrupted the Men, turning them into the Nazgûl, Sauron's chief servants. The One Ring was wrested from Sauron at the end of the Second Age and subsequently lost. It was found by the hobbit Smeagol, who centuries later lost it in the Misty Mountains.


Context:
who got rings in lord of the rings
Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Question: why were they called the 'rings of power'?

Answer: When worn, each Ring of Power gives its bearer "the prevention and slowing of "decay" of time", by granting its wearer an unnaturally long life and rendering things invisible or visible, though it can confer power only according to the measure of each possessor.

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction

When worn, each Ring of Power gives its bearer "the prevention and slowing of "decay" of time", by granting its wearer an unnaturally long life and rendering things invisible or visible, though it can confer power only according to the measure of each possessor. The Dark Lord had originally intended these rings to subject the Elves to his will and to use their power to gain dominion over the earth. After the rings were forged, Sauron secretly forged the One Ring, a master ring to control the wearers of all the other Rings, at Mount Doom. The Elves hid their rings upon discovering Sauron's motive, and Sauron in turn demanded all the Rings for himself, waging war against the Elves to recover them.


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: why were they called the 'rings of power'?

Context: When worn, each Ring of Power gives its bearer "the prevention and slowing of "decay" of time", by granting its wearer an unnaturally long life and rendering things invisible or visible, though it can confer power only according to the measure of each possessor.

Question: how many rings were created?

Answer: Ninteen

Explanation: The Dark Lord had originally intended these rings to subject the Elves to his will and to use their power to gain dominion over the earth. After the rings were forged, Sauron secretly forged the One Ring, a master ring to control the wearers of all the other Rings, at Mount Doom.

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Question: who created them?

Answer: All but one of the twenty rings were created by the Noldorin Elven-smiths of Eregion

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction

The Rings of Power (also known as the Great Rings) are fictional magical artefacts appearing in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. Primarily featured in his epic high fantasy novel "The Lord of the Rings" (1954) but also in many of Tolkien's other writings, these magic rings are depicted as the objects essential in the Dark Lord Sauron's plan to rule over Middle-earth as the "Lord of the Rings". All but one of the twenty rings were created by the Noldorin Elven-smiths of Eregion in the Second Age, led by their ruler Celebrimbor under the deception of Sauron, who guided them in their craft under the guise of a fair-looking emissary named Annatar.


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: All but one of the twenty rings were created by the Noldorin Elven-smiths of Eregion

Question: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Answer: Seven

Explanation: seized sixteen of them, Seven of which were subsequently sent to the Dwarf-lords and Nine to several leaders of

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Question: name a few of the dwarfs who received them

Answer: Durin's Folk, Firebeards, Broadbeams, Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, and Stonefoots

Rings of Power [SEP] The Seven

Sauron tortured Celebrimbor for the location of the Seven Rings, which allowed him to recover them. He gave them to the leaders of the seven kindreds of the Dwarves: Durin's Folk, Firebeards, Broadbeams, Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, and Stonefoots, though a tradition of Durin's Folk claimed that Durin received his ring from the Elven-smiths. The Dwarves used their rings to increase their treasure hoards, but Sauron failed to bend them to his will, nor did their rings make them invisible. Instead, Sauron was only able to influence their sense of greed and anger. Over the years, Sauron was able to recover only three of the Seven rings from the Dwarves.


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: name a few of the dwarfs who received them

Context: Durin's Folk, Firebeards, Broadbeams, Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, and Stonefoots

Question: how many were given to men?

Answer: Nine

Explanation: Nine to several leaders of Men,

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Question: name a few of the men who received them

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Rings of Power [SEP] The Seven


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how many were given to the elves?

Answer: Three

Explanation: Three, which Celebrimbor

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Question: name a few of the elves who received them

Answer: Elrond, Cirdan

Explanation: Elven-smiths of Eregion in the Second Age, led by their ruler Celebri

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Context: name a few of the elves who received them

Context: Elrond, Cirdan

Question: which ring was not created by the noldorin elven-smiths of eregion?

Answer: One Ring

Explanation: One Ring

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Context: Elrond, Cirdan

Context: which ring was not created by the noldorin elven-smiths of eregion?

Context: One Ring

Question: who created it?

Answer: Dark Lord Sauron

Explanation: Dark Lord Sauron

One Ring [SEP] Purpose

The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle-earth. In disguise as "Annatar", or "Lord of Gifts", he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power. He then forged the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom. Sauron intended it to be the most powerful of all Rings, able to rule and control those who wore the others. Since the other Rings were powerful on their own, Sauron was obliged to place much of his own power into the One to achieve his purpose.


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Context: Elrond, Cirdan

Context: One Ring

Context: who created it?

Context: Dark Lord Sauron

Question: is this based on a book?

Answer: Yes, novel "The Lord of the Rings"

Explanation: novel "The Lord of the Rings"

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Context: Elrond, Cirdan

Context: One Ring

Context: who created it?

Context: Dark Lord Sauron

Context: is this based on a book?

Context: Yes, novel "The Lord of the Rings"

Question: who is the author?

Answer: J. R. R. Tolkien

Explanation: J. R. R. Tolkien

Rings of Power [SEP] Introduction


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Context: Elrond, Cirdan

Context: One Ring

Context: who created it?

Context: Dark Lord Sauron

Context: is this based on a book?

Context: Yes, novel "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Question: when was it published?

Answer: "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Introduction

From homely beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the quest mainly through the eyes of the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin. Although generally known to readers as a trilogy, the work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with "The Silmarillion", but this idea was dismissed by his publisher. For economic reasons, "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were titled "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King".


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Context: Elrond, Cirdan

Context: One Ring

Context: who created it?

Context: Dark Lord Sauron

Context: is this based on a book?

Context: Yes, novel "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: when was it published?

Context: "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955.

Question: who was the publisher?

Answer: George Allen & Unwin

Explanation: George Allen & Unwin

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Publication history

A dispute with his publisher, George Allen & Unwin, led to his offering the work to William Collins in 1950. Tolkien intended "The Silmarillion" (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with "The Lord of the Rings," but Allen & Unwin were unwilling to do this. After Milton Waldman, his contact at Collins, expressed the belief that "The Lord of the Rings" itself "urgently wanted cutting", Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952. Collins did not; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying, "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff", fearing his work would never see the light of day.


Context: who got rings in lord of the rings

Context: Dwarf-lords, Men and Elf leaders

Context: how many rings were created?

Context: Ninteen

Context: who created them?

Context: how many were given to the dwarfs?

Context: Seven

Context: how many were given to men?

Context: Nine

Context: name a few of the men who received them

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how many were given to the elves?

Context: Three

Context: Elrond, Cirdan

Context: One Ring

Context: who created it?

Context: Dark Lord Sauron

Context: is this based on a book?

Context: Yes, novel "The Lord of the Rings"

Context: who is the author?

Context: J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: when was it published?

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: George Allen & Unwin

Question: what theme does the rings have?

Answer: Struggle of good and evil, death and immortality, fate and free will, the addictive danger of power, and various aspects of Christianity

The Lord of the Rings [SEP] Themes

Scholars and critics have identified many themes in the book, including a reversed quest, the struggle of good and evil, death and immortality, fate and free will, the addictive danger of power, and various aspects of Christianity such as the presence of three Christ figures, for prophet, priest, and king, as well as elements like hope and redemptive suffering. There is a common theme throughout the work of language, its sound, and its relationship to peoples and places, along with hints of providence in descriptions of weather and landscape. Out of these, Tolkien stated that the central theme is death and immortality.


Question: when were burnley promoted to the premier league

Answer: 2017–18

Explanation: Burnley finished seventh in 2017–18, which meant qualification for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League and a return to European football after 51 years. The team failed to reach the group stage, as they were eliminated in the play-off round by Greek club Olympiacos.

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Premier League football and back in Europe (2009–present)

The team went down after one season but won the Championship title on their return in 2015–16, when they equaled their 2013–14 club record of 93 points, and ended the season with a run of 23 league games undefeated. The side stayed up this time; the 2016–17 season ended with them in 16th place. The club completed construction of Barnfield Training Centre that season, which replaced Gawthorpe. Dyche was involved in the training ground's design and had willingly tailored his transfer budget as both he and the board focused on the club's infrastructure and future. Burnley finished seventh in 2017–18, which meant qualification for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League and a return to European football after 51 years.


Context: when were burnley promoted to the premier league

Question: how many league titles have they won?

Answer: They have been champions of England twice,  have won the FA Cup once, and have won the FA Charity Shield twice.

Explanation: Burnley have been champions of England twice, in 1920–21 and 1959–60, have won the FA Cup once, in 1913–14, and have won the FA Charity Shield twice, in 1960 and 1973.

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Introduction

The club is nicknamed "the Clarets", because of the dominant colour of its home shirts. Burnley's current emblem is based on the town's coat of arms. The team have a long-standing rivalry with nearby club Blackburn Rovers, with whom they contest the East Lancashire Derby.


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: They have been champions of England twice,  have won the FA Cup once, and have won the FA Charity Shield twice.

Question: are they known colloquially by any other name?

Answer: "The Clarets"

Explanation: The club is nicknamed "the Clarets"

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Introduction


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: are they known colloquially by any other name?

Context: "The Clarets"

Question: what is their home ground called?

Answer: Turf Moor

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Stadium

The team have played their home games at Turf Moor since February 1883, which replaced their original premises at Calder Vale. The Turf Moor site was first used for sport in 1833, when Burnley Cricket Club was established. In 1883, they invited Burnley to a pitch adjacent to the cricket ground. Both clubs have remained there since, and only Lancashire rivals Preston North End have continuously occupied their stadium (Deepdale) for longer. The ground originally consisted of just a pitch and the initial grandstand was not built until 1885. In 1888, the first league match at Turf Moor saw Burnley emerge as 4–1 winners over Bolton Wanderers, Fred Poland netting the first league goal at the stadium.


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: "The Clarets"

Context: what is their home ground called?

Context: Turf Moor

Question: when did they play their first league match there?

Answer: February 1883

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Stadium


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: "The Clarets"

Context: what is their home ground called?

Context: Turf Moor

Context: when did they play their first league match there?

Context: February 1883

Question: what is the stadium's seating capacity at present?

Answer: 50,000

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Stadium

Turf Moor's capacity was increased from 20,000 to 50,000 under chairman Harry Windle during the 1910s, partly funded by the club's 1914 FA Cup win. The ground hosted its only FA Cup semi-final in 1922, between Huddersfield Town and Notts County, and five years later it hosted its only full international match, between England and Wales for the British Home Championship. From the end of the Second World War until the mid-1960s, crowds in the stadium averaged in the 20,000–35,000 range, and Burnley averaged a club-record attendance of 33,621 in the 1947–48 First Division. The attendance record for a single match was already set in 1924 against Huddersfield Town in an FA Cup third round tie, when 54,755 spectators attended.


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: "The Clarets"

Context: what is their home ground called?

Context: Turf Moor

Context: February 1883

Context: what is the stadium's seating capacity at present?

Question: is it located close to any highways?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Stadium


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: "The Clarets"

Context: what is their home ground called?

Context: Turf Moor

Context: February 1883

Context: is it located close to any highways?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: who is the current manager of the aforesaid football club?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Burnley F.C. [SEP] Stadium


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: "The Clarets"

Context: what is their home ground called?

Context: Turf Moor

Context: February 1883

Context: is it located close to any highways?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is the current manager of the aforesaid football club?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: have they played in any european tournaments?

Answer: UEFA Europa League

Premier League football and back in Europe (2009–present)

Explanation: Burnley finished seventh in 2017–18, which meant qualification for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League and a return to European football after 51 years


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: "The Clarets"

Context: what is their home ground called?

Context: Turf Moor

Context: February 1883

Context: is it located close to any highways?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have they played in any european tournaments?

Context: UEFA Europa League

Question: how far did they proceed in the competition?

Answer: They were eliminated in the play-off round.

Premier League football and back in Europe (2009–present)

Explanation: The team failed to reach the group stage, as they were eliminated in the play-off round by Greek club Olympiacos.


Context: how many league titles have they won?

Context: "The Clarets"

Context: what is their home ground called?

Context: Turf Moor

Context: February 1883

Context: is it located close to any highways?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UEFA Europa League

Context: how far did they proceed in the competition?

Context: They were eliminated in the play-off round.

Question: who beat them?

Answer: The Greek club Olympiacos

Premier League football and back in Europe (2009–present)


Question: who is mariah carey singing about in we belong together

Answer: It is about a woman's desperation for her former lover to return.

We Belong Together [SEP] Introduction

The lyrics chronicle a woman's desperation for her former lover to return. Following her decline in popularity between 2001 and 2005, critics dubbed the song her musical comeback, as many had considered her career over. "We Belong Together" earned her several music industry awards and nominations throughout 2005–06. The song broke chart records in the United States and became Carey's sixteenth topper on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. After staying at number one for fourteen consecutive weeks, it joined four other songs in a tie as the third longest running number one song in US chart history, behind Carey's own 1995 collaboration with Boyz II Men titled "One Sweet Day".


Context: who is mariah carey singing about in we belong together

Context: It is about a woman's desperation for her former lover to return.

Question: when was it released ?

Answer: March 29, 2005

We Belong Together [SEP] Introduction

"We Belong Together" is a song by American singer Mariah Carey from her tenth studio album, "The Emancipation of Mimi" (2005). The song was released on March 29, 2005, through Island Records, as the second single from the album. "We Belong Together" was written by Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal, and Johntá Austin, and produced by the former three. Since the song interpolates lyrics from Bobby Womack's "If You Think You're Lonely Now" (1981) and the Deele's "Two Occasions" (1987), the songwriters of those respective songs are credited. "We Belong Together" is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat.


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Question: where was the singer born ?

Answer: Huntington, New York

Mariah Carey [SEP] Early life

Mariah Carey was born in Huntington, New York, on March 27, 1969 or 1970. Her name was derived from the song "They Call the Wind Maria," originally from the 1951 Broadway musical "Paint Your Wagon." She is the third and youngest child of Patricia (née Hickey), a former opera singer and vocal coach of Irish descent, and Alfred Roy Carey, an aeronautical engineer of African-American and Afro-Venezuelan lineage. The last name Carey was adopted by her Venezuelan grandfather, Francisco Núñez, after he emigrated to New York. Patricia's family disowned her for marrying a black man. Racial tensions prevented the Carey family from integrating into their community.


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Context: where was the singer born ?

Context: Huntington, New York

Question: who was she married to ?

Answer: She has been in two marriages, with Tommy Mottola and Nick Cannon.

Explanation:
Carey began dating Tommy Mottola while recording "Music Box", and married him on June 5, 1993. After the release of "Daydream" and the success that followed, Carey began focusing on her personal life, which was a constant struggle at the time. Carey's relationship with Mottola began to deteriorate, due to their growing creative differences in terms of her albums, as well as his controlling nature. On May 30, 1997, the couple announced their separation, with their divorce finalized by the time Mottola remarried on December 2, 2000. Carey was in a three-year relationship with singer Luis Miguel from 1998 to 2001.

Carey met actor and comedian Nick Cannon while they shot her music video for her song "Bye Bye" on an island off the coast of Antigua. On April 30, 2008, Carey married Cannon in The Bahamas.

Mariah Carey [SEP] Personal life


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Context: where was the singer born ?

Context: Huntington, New York

Context: who was she married to ?

Context: She has been in two marriages, with Tommy Mottola and Nick Cannon.

Question: which was her first album ?

Answer: "Mariah Carey"

Explanation: Columbia spent upwards of $1 million promoting Carey's debut studio album, "Mariah Carey".

Mariah Carey [SEP] 1988–1992: Career beginnings, "Mariah Carey" and "Emotions"

In hopes of putting to rest any speculation of her being a manufactured artist, Carey booked an appearance on MTV Unplugged. The show presented artists "unplugged" or in a stripped setting and devoid of studio equipment. Days prior to the show's taping, Carey and Afanasieff chose to add a cover version of The Jackson 5's 1970 song "I'll Be There" to the set-list. On March 16, 1992, Carey played and recorded an intimate seven-song show at Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York. The acclaimed revue was aired more than three times as often as the average episode. It established Carey as a viable live act, with critics heralding it as a "vocal Tour de force".


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Context: where was the singer born ?

Context: Huntington, New York

Context: who was she married to ?

Context: which was her first album ?

Context: "Mariah Carey"

Question: when was it released ?

Answer: 1991

1988–1992: Career beginnings, "Mariah Carey" and "Emotions"

Columbia spent upwards of $1 million promoting Carey's debut studio album, "Mariah Carey". After a slow start, the album eventually topped the "Billboard" 200 for eleven consecutive weeks, after Carey's exposure at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards, where she won the award for Best New Artist, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her single "Vision of Love." The album's singles "Vision of Love", "Love Takes Time", "Someday", and "I Don't Wanna Cry" all topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "Mariah Carey" was the best-selling album in the United States in 1991, and achieved worldwide sales of 15 million copies.


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Context: where was the singer born ?

Context: Huntington, New York

Context: who was she married to ?

Context: which was her first album ?

Context: "Mariah Carey"

Context: when was it released ?

Question: an awards won by the album?

Answer: Yes, it was certified nine-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Explanation: It nonetheless became a commercial success, topping the "Billboard" 200 album chart for 11 consecutive weeks. "Mariah Carey" was certified nine-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of nine million copies in the United States.

Mariah Carey (album) [SEP] Introduction

"Mariah Carey" fared well in other worldwide territories, reaching the top ten in the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom. Worldwide, the album has sold more than 15 million copies. Five singles were released from the album, four of which became number-one hits on the Hot 100. "Vision of Love" was chosen as the album's lead single, topping the charts in Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. The song was critically lauded, and is regarded as one of the strongest debut singles by a female artist. The album's second single, "Love Takes Time" was also well received and topped the charts in Canada and the US.


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Context: where was the singer born ?

Context: Huntington, New York

Context: who was she married to ?

Context: which was her first album ?

Context: "Mariah Carey"

Context: when was it released ?

Context: an awards won by the album?

Context: Yes, it was certified nine-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Question: when was this association established ?

Answer: 1952

Explanation: The RIAA was formed in 1952.

Recording Industry Association of America [SEP] Introduction

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is a trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says "create, manufacture, and/or distribute approximately 85% of all legally sold recorded music in the United States". The RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D.C. The RIAA was formed in 1952. Its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the stereophonic record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3, 45, and 78 rpm records.


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Context: where was the singer born ?

Context: Huntington, New York

Context: who was she married to ?

Context: which was her first album ?

Context: "Mariah Carey"

Context: when was it released ?

Context: an awards won by the album?

Context: when was this association established ?

Question: any controversies associated with it ?

Answer: Yes, a clause mentioned in the contract that led to stripping artists of their copyright interests and transferring those interests to their record labels.

Recording Industry Association of America [SEP] The "work made for hire" controversy

In 1999, Mitch Glazier, a Congressional staff attorney, inserted, without public notice or comment, substantive language into the final markup of a "technical corrections" section of copyright legislation, classifying many music recordings as "works made for hire", thereby stripping artists of their copyright interests and transferring those interests to their record labels. Shortly afterwards, Glazier was hired as Senior Vice President of Government Relations and Legislative Counsel for the RIAA, which vigorously defended the change when it came to light. The battle over the disputed provision led to the formation of the Recording Artists' Coalition, which successfully lobbied for repeal of the change.


Context: when was it released ?

Context: March 29, 2005

Context: where was the singer born ?

Context: Huntington, New York

Context: who was she married to ?

Context: which was her first album ?

Context: "Mariah Carey"

Context: when was it released ?

Context: an awards won by the album?

Context: when was this association established ?

Context: any controversies associated with it ?

Context: Yes, a clause mentioned in the contract that led to stripping artists of their copyright interests and transferring those interests to their record labels.

Question: does the artist have any children ?

Answer: Yes, twins.

Mariah Carey [SEP] Personal life

Carey met actor and comedian Nick Cannon while they shot her music video for her song "Bye Bye" on an island off the coast of Antigua. On April 30, 2008, Carey married Cannon in The Bahamas. At 35 weeks into her pregnancy, she gave birth to their fraternal twins, Moroccan and Monroe, on April 30, 2011, via Cesarean section. Monroe is named after Marilyn Monroe; Moroccan is named after the Moroccan-decor room in Carey's apartment where Cannon proposed to her. In August 2014, Cannon confirmed he and Carey had separated. He filed for divorce on December 12, 2014. It was finalized in 2016.


Question: the type of consciousness we experience when we are conscious of external sensations

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Consciousness [SEP] Introduction

Consciousness at its simplest is "sentience or awareness of internal or external existence". Despite centuries of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial, being "at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives". Perhaps the only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness. Sometimes, it is synonymous with 'the mind', other times, an aspect of it. In the past it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition.


Context: the type of consciousness we experience when we are conscious of external sensations

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the definition of consciousness?

Answer: The Cambridge Dictionary defines consciousness as ""the state of understanding and realizing something."

Consciousness [SEP] Dictionary definitions

The dictionary meanings of the word "consciousness" extend through several centuries and several associated related meanings. These have ranged from formal definitions to definitions attempting to capture the less easily captured and more debated meanings and usage of the word. One formal definition indicating the range of these related meanings is given in "Webster's Third New International Dictionary" stating that "consciousness" is: The Cambridge Dictionary defines consciousness as ""the state of understanding and realizing something."" The Oxford Living Dictionary defines consciousness as ""The state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings."", ""A person's awareness or perception of something."" and ""The fact of awareness by the mind of itself and the world.""


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the definition of consciousness?

Context: The Cambridge Dictionary defines consciousness as ""the state of understanding and realizing something."

Question: what are the different types of it?

Answer: Ned Block proposed a distinction between two types of consciousness that he called "phenomenal" (P-consciousness) and "access" (A-consciousness).

Consciousness [SEP] Types of consciousness

Ned Block proposed a distinction between two types of consciousness that he called "phenomenal" (P-consciousness) and "access" (A-consciousness). P-consciousness, according to Block, is simply raw experience: it is moving, colored forms, sounds, sensations, emotions and feelings with our bodies and responses at the center. These experiences, considered independently of any impact on behavior, are called qualia. A-consciousness, on the other hand, is the phenomenon whereby information in our minds is accessible for verbal report, reasoning, and the control of behavior. So, when we perceive, information about what we perceive is access conscious; when we introspect, information about our thoughts is access conscious; when we remember, information about the past is access conscious, and so on.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: Ned Block proposed a distinction between two types of consciousness that he called "phenomenal" (P-consciousness) and "access" (A-consciousness).

Question: besides humans, are there any animals which have developed this state of understanding?

Answer: Most people have a strong intuition that some animals, such as cats and dogs.

Consciousness [SEP] Animal consciousness

Most people have a strong intuition that some animals, such as cats and dogs, are conscious, while others, such as insects, are not; but the sources of this intuition are not obvious, and are often based on personal interactions with pets and other animals they have observed. Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known. Thomas Nagel spelled out this point of view in an influential essay titled "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?". He said that an organism is conscious "if and only if there is something that it is like to be that organism—something it is like "for" the organism"; and he argued that no matter how much we know about an animal's brain and behavior, we can never really put ourselves into the mind of the animal and experience its world in the way it does itself.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: besides humans, are there any animals which have developed this state of understanding?

Context: Most people have a strong intuition that some animals, such as cats and dogs.

Question: are there any researchers who have conducted a study on this state of hunderstanding?

Answer: Yes, George Mandler is one of them.

Consciousness [SEP] Scientific study

For many decades, consciousness as a research topic was avoided by the majority of mainstream scientists, because of a general feeling that a phenomenon defined in subjective terms could not properly be studied using objective experimental methods. In 1975 George Mandler published an influential psychological study which distinguished between slow, serial, and limited conscious processes and fast, parallel and extensive unconscious ones. Starting in the 1980s, an expanding community of neuroscientists and psychologists have associated themselves with a field called "Consciousness Studies", giving rise to a stream of experimental work published in books, journals such as "Consciousness and Cognition", "Frontiers in Consciousness Research", "Psyche", and the "Journal of Consciousness Studies", along with regular conferences organized by groups such as the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness and the Society for Consciousness Studies.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: are there any researchers who have conducted a study on this state of hunderstanding?

Context: Yes, George Mandler is one of them.

Question: what is this person's profession?

Answer: He was a psychologist.

Explanation: George Mandler (June 11, 1924 – May 6, 2016) was an Austrian-born American psychologist, who became a distinguished professor of psychology at the University of California, San Diego.

George Mandler [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: Yes, George Mandler is one of them.

Context: what is this person's profession?

Context: He was a psychologist.

Question: which educational institutions did he attend?

Answer: Yale University

George Mandler [SEP] Career

Mandler was born in Vienna, Austria in 1924. He received his B.S. from New York University, and his Ph.D. degree from Yale University in 1953 after serving in the U.S. Army Military Intelligence Service and Counter Intelligence Corps in World War II. Later he studied at the University of Basel and taught at Harvard University and the University of Toronto. In 1965 he became the founding chair of the Department of Psychology at the University of California at San Diego and the founding Director of the Center for Human Information Processing (CHIP) the home of scientists such as Geoffrey Hinton, Donald A.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: Yes, George Mandler is one of them.

Context: what is this person's profession?

Context: He was a psychologist.

Context: which educational institutions did he attend?

Context: Yale University

Question: did he publish his research work?

Answer: Yes, he published an influential psychological study which distinguished between slow, serial, and limited conscious processes and fast, parallel and extensive unconscious ones.

Consciousness [SEP] Scientific study


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: Yes, George Mandler is one of them.

Context: what is this person's profession?

Context: He was a psychologist.

Context: Yale University

Context: did he publish his research work?

Context: Yes, he published an influential psychological study which distinguished between slow, serial, and limited conscious processes and fast, parallel and extensive unconscious ones.

Question: are there any substances which can alter this state of understanding?

Answer: Physicians may perform consciousness-related interventions such as instructing the patient to sleep, administering general anesthesia, or inducing medical coma.

Consciousness [SEP] Medical aspects

Consciousness is of concern to patients and physicians, especially neurologists and anesthesiologists. Patients may suffer from disorders of consciousness or may need to be anesthetized for a surgical procedure. Physicians may perform consciousness-related interventions such as instructing the patient to sleep, administering general anesthesia, or inducing medical coma. Also, bioethicists may be concerned with the ethical implications of consciousness in medical cases of patients such as the Karen Ann Quinlan case, while neuroscientists may study patients with impaired consciousness in hopes of gaining information about how the brain works.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are the different types of it?

Context: Yes, George Mandler is one of them.

Context: what is this person's profession?

Context: He was a psychologist.

Context: Yale University

Context: did he publish his research work?

Context: are there any substances which can alter this state of understanding?

Context: Physicians may perform consciousness-related interventions such as instructing the patient to sleep, administering general anesthesia, or inducing medical coma.

Question: how can this state of understanding be absent in a human?

Answer: There are a variety of circumstances that can change the relationship between the mind and the world in less drastic ways, producing what are known as altered states of consciousness.

Consciousness [SEP] States of consciousness

There are some brain states in which consciousness seems to be absent, including dreamless sleep, coma, and death. There are also a variety of circumstances that can change the relationship between the mind and the world in less drastic ways, producing what are known as altered states of consciousness. Some altered states occur naturally; others can be produced by drugs or brain damage. Altered states can be accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feelings of loss of control, changes in emotional expression, alternations in body image and changes in meaning or significance. The two most widely accepted altered states are sleep and dreaming.


Question: air flow in the eye of a hurricane

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Eye (cyclone) [SEP] Introduction

The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area, typically in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm. In strong tropical cyclones, the eye is characterized by light winds and clear skies, surrounded on all sides by a towering, symmetric eyewall. In weaker tropical cyclones, the eye is less well defined and can be covered by the central dense overcast, an area of high, thick clouds that show up brightly on satellite imagery.


Context:
air flow in the eye of a hurricane
UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is eye of a cyclone?

Answer: It is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones

Explanation: The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones

Eye (cyclone) [SEP] Introduction


Context: air flow in the eye of a hurricane

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is eye of a cyclone?

Context: It is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones

Question: how is it form?

Answer: It typically form from large, disorganized areas of disturbed weather in tropical regions.

Eye (cyclone) [SEP] Formation and detection

Tropical cyclones typically form from large, disorganized areas of disturbed weather in tropical regions. As more thunderstorms form and gather, the storm develops rainbands which start rotating around a common center. As the storm gains strength, a ring of stronger convection forms at a certain distance from the rotational center of the developing storm. Since stronger thunderstorms and heavier rain mark areas of stronger updrafts, the barometric pressure at the surface begins to drop, and air begins to build up in the upper levels of the cyclone. This results in the formation of an upper level anticyclone, or an area of high atmospheric pressure above the central dense overcast.