Context: what is it composed of?

Context: 'He'

Context: when was it initially discovered?

Context: what is it used for?

Context: where is it abundantly found?

Context: does it cause any hazards?

Context: how is it extracted?

Context: For large-scale use, it is extracted by fractional distillation from natural gas, which can contain as much as 7% helium.

Question: who introduced the table mentioned above?

Answer: Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction

Numerous synthetic radioisotopes of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories. The organization of the periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the various element properties, and also to predict chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869, developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then-known elements. He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within the table. Most of his forecasts soon proved to be correct, culminating with the discovery of gallium and germanium in 1875 and 1886 respectively, which corroborated his predictions.


Context: what do the alternating bands of jupiter suggest the presence of

Context: The zones' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice; what gives the belts their darker colors is uncertain.

Context: what is it composed of?

Context: It is mostly made of molecular hydrogen and helium in roughly solar proportions.

Context: what can you tell me about its structure?

Context: The atmosphere is classified into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere; the planet does not have a solid surface, and the lowest atmospheric layer, the troposphere, smoothly transitions into the planet's fluid interior.

Context: what is the symbol of the second chemical component mentioned above?

Context: 'He'

Context: when was it initially discovered?

Context: where is it placed in the periodic table?

Context: It is  the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table.

Context: what is it used for?

Context: It is used as a breathing gas - helium mixtures such as trimix, heliox and heliair are used for deep diving to reduce the effects of narcosis, which worsen with increasing depth.

Context: where is it abundantly found?

Context: It is the second most abundant element in the known Universe, constituting 23% of its baryonic mass.

Context: does it cause any hazards?

Context: Inhaling helium can be dangerous if done to excess, since helium is a simple asphyxiant and so displaces oxygen needed for normal respiration.

Context: how is it extracted?

Context: who introduced the table mentioned above?

Context: Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

Question: what does the table contain?

Answer: It is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction

The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have metals on the left and nonmetals on the right. The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours. Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers: for example, group 17 elements are the halogens; and group 18 are the noble gases. Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals.


Context: what is it composed of?

Context: 'He'

Context: when was it initially discovered?

Context: what is it used for?

Context: where is it abundantly found?

Context: does it cause any hazards?

Context: how is it extracted?

Context: Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: what does the table contain?

Context: It is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Question: how many elements are there in it?

Answer: 118

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction

The elements from atomic numbers 1 (hydrogen) through 118 (oganesson) have all been discovered or synthesized, completing seven full rows of the periodic table. The first 94 elements, hydrogen through plutonium, all occur naturally, though some are found only in trace amounts and a few were discovered in nature only after having first been synthesized. Elements 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories, nuclear reactors, or nuclear explosions. The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued: these elements would begin an eighth row, and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible candidates for this extension.


Context: what is it composed of?

Context: 'He'

Context: when was it initially discovered?

Context: what is it used for?

Context: where is it abundantly found?

Context: does it cause any hazards?

Context: how is it extracted?

Context: Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

Context: what does the table contain?

Context: how many elements are there in it?

Question: are they categorized?

Answer: Yes, it is divided into nine categories; six for the metals, and two for nonmetals, and a metalloid category.

Periodic table [SEP] Categories

The elements of the periodic table shown here are divided into nine categories; six for the metals, and two for nonmetals, and a metalloid category. The nine categories (or sets) correspond to those found in the literature for the applicable part of the periodic table. Different authors may use different categorisation schema depending on the properties of interest. An individual category is not necessarily exclusive according to its name, boundary, or shared properties. For example, while beryllium in Group 2 is colored as an alkaline earth metal, it is amphoteric rather than alkaline in nature. The heavier members of group 3 are shown as a lanthanide and an actinide, yet both are also transition metals.


Question: who is the first person went to mount everest

Answer: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Edmund Hillary [SEP] Introduction

Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. From 1985 to 1988 he served as New Zealand's High Commissioner to India and Bangladesh and concurrently as Ambassador to Nepal. Hillary became interested in mountaineering while in secondary school. He made his first major climb in 1939, reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier.


Context: who is the first person went to mount everest

Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Question: who is this person?

Answer: He was  a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist.

Explanation: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist.

Edmund Hillary [SEP] Introduction


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: He was  a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist.

Question: was climbing the aforementioned summit is his first climb?

Answer: No, his first major climb was reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier.

Explanation: Hillary became interested in mountaineering while in secondary school. He made his first major climb in 1939, reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier.

Edmund Hillary [SEP] Introduction


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: was climbing the aforementioned summit is his first climb?

Context: No, his first major climb was reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier.

Question: when did he first start mountaineering?

Answer: 1939

Edmund Hillary [SEP] Introduction


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Question: where is this summit he first climbed mentioned above?

Answer: In the Canterbury region of New Zealand.

Mount Ollivier [SEP] Introduction

Mount Ollivier is a mountain in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. It is a peak in the Sealy Range, about west of Mount Cook Village. The peak is named after mountaineer Arthur Ollivier, who died in 1897. Mount Ollivier was Sir Edmund Hillary's first major climb, in 1939. After his death in 2008, there was a proposal to rename the peak Mount Hillary as a memorial, a suggestion opposed by Arthur Ollivier's family. Since the establishment of a tramping track to Mueller Hut, not far below the summit, the peak is now one of the easiest accessible mountains in the park.


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Context: where is this summit he first climbed mentioned above?

Context: In the Canterbury region of New Zealand.

Question: was he part of military services in the world war 2?

Answer: Yes, he served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II.

Edmund Hillary [SEP] Introduction

He served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II and was wounded in an accident. Prior to the Everest expedition, Hillary had been part of the British reconnaissance expedition to the mountain in 1951 as well as an unsuccessful attempt to climb Cho Oyu in 1952. As part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition he reached the South Pole overland in 1958. He subsequently reached the North Pole, making him the first person to reach both poles and summit Everest. Following his ascent of Everest, Hillary devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust, which he established.


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Context: was he part of military services in the world war 2?

Context: Yes, he served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II.

Question: who organized the first expedition to the summit mentioned in the beginning?

Answer: The Joint Himalayan Committee

Edmund Hillary [SEP] 1953 Everest expedition

In 1949, the long-standing climbing route to the summit of Everest was closed by Chinese-controlled Tibet. For the next several years, Nepal allowed only one or two expeditions per year. A Swiss expedition (in which Tenzing took part) attempted to reach the summit in 1952, but was forced back by bad weather and problems with oxygen sets below the summit. In 1952, Hillary learned that he and Lowe had been invited by the Joint Himalayan Committee for the 1953 British attempt and immediately accepted. Shipton had been named as leader but was replaced by Hunt. Hillary objected but was immediately impressed by Hunt's energy and determination.


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Context: who organized the first expedition to the summit mentioned in the beginning?

Context: The Joint Himalayan Committee

Question: what is the objective of this committee?

Answer: To co-ordinate and finance the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition to Mount Everest and all subsequent British expeditions to climb the mountain until 1947.

Joint Himalayan Committee [SEP] Introduction

The Mount Everest Committee was a body formed by the Alpine Club and the Royal Geographical Society to co-ordinate and finance the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition to Mount Everest and all subsequent British expeditions to climb the mountain until 1947. It was then renamed the Joint Himalayan Committee; this latter committee organised and financed the successful first ascent of Mount Everest in 1953.


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Context: The Joint Himalayan Committee

Context: what is the objective of this committee?

Context: To co-ordinate and finance the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition to Mount Everest and all subsequent British expeditions to climb the mountain until 1947.

Question: what are the challanges faced by the person mentioned at the beginning during his climb to the worlds highest mountain?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Context: The Joint Himalayan Committee

Context: what are the challanges faced by the person mentioned at the beginning during his climb to the worlds highest mountain?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are his other expeditions?

Answer: He and others ascended the south ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook, New Zealand's highest peak; also took part in an arduous rescue on La Perouse in 1948.

Explanation:
In January 1948, Hillary and others ascended the south ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook, New Zealand's highest peak. He took part in an arduous rescue on La Perouse in 1948, befriending fellow climber Norman Hardie.

In 1951 he was part of a British reconnaissance expedition to Everest led by Eric Shipton, before joining the successful British attempt of 1953. In 1952, Hillary and George Lowe were part of the British team led by Shipton, that attempted Cho Oyu. After that attempt failed due to the lack of a route from the Nepal side, Hillary and Lowe crossed the Nup La pass into Tibet and reached the old Camp II, on the northern side, where all the previous expeditions had camped.

Edmund Hillary [SEP] Expeditions


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Context: The Joint Himalayan Committee

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are his other expeditions?

Context: He and others ascended the south ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook, New Zealand's highest peak; also took part in an arduous rescue on La Perouse in 1948.

Question: where is the mountain mentioned in the answer located?

Answer: It lies in the Southern Alps.

Aoraki / Mount Cook [SEP] Introduction

Aoraki / Mount Cook is the highest mountain in New Zealand. Its height, as of 2014, is listed as . It lies in the Southern Alps, the mountain range which runs the length of the South Island. A popular tourist destination, it is also a favourite challenge for mountain climbers. Aoraki / Mount Cook consists of three summits, from South to North the Low Peak (), Middle Peak () and High Peak. The summits lie slightly south and east of the main divide of the Southern Alps, with the Tasman Glacier to the east and the Hooker Glacier to the southwest.


Context: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary

Context: who is this person?

Context: when did he first start mountaineering?

Context: The Joint Himalayan Committee

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are his other expeditions?

Context: where is the mountain mentioned in the answer located?

Context: It lies in the Southern Alps.

Question: what are the mountaineer's (mentioned at the start) charitable acts?

Answer: He devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust, which he established in 1960.

Edmund Hillary [SEP] Philanthropy

Following his ascent of Everest he devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust, which he established in 1960 and led until his death in 2008. His efforts are credited with the construction of many schools and hospitals in this remote region of the Himalayas. He was the Honorary President of the American Himalayan Foundation, a United States non-profit body that helps improve the ecology and living conditions in the Himalayas. He was also the Honorary President of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the worldwide protection of mountains.


Question: what was the scale of 2005 qeshm earthquake?

Answer: 5.8

2005 Qeshm earthquake [SEP] Introduction

The 2005 Qeshm earthquake occurred on November 27 at 13:52 IRST (10:22 UTC) on the sparsely populated Qeshm Island off Southern Iran, killing 13 people and devastating 13 villages. It was Iran's second major earthquake of 2005, following that at Zarand in February. The epicenter was about south of Tehran, close to Iran's southern borders. Initial measurements showed that the earthquake registered about 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale, although that was reduced to 5.8 after further analysis. More than 400 minor aftershocks followed the main quake, 36 of which were greater than magnitude 2.5. The earthquake occurred in a remote area during the middle of the day, limiting the number of fatalities.


Context: what was the scale of 2005 qeshm earthquake?

Question: where did it occur?

Answer: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Explanation: The 2005 Qeshm earthquake occurred on November 27 at 13:52 IRST (10:22 UTC) on the sparsely populated Qeshm Island off Southern Iran,


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Question: any casualties because of it?

Answer: 13 People were killed

Explanation: The 2005 Qeshm earthquake occurred on November 27 at 13:52 IRST (10:22 UTC) on the sparsely populated Qeshm Island off Southern Iran, killing 13 people and devastating 13 villages


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Question: describe in few words the damage it caused?

Answer: In Zirang, a village on Qeshm, 80 percent of the buildings were demolished. Seven villages experienced extensive damage, and 13 villages were destroyed

Explanation: In Zirang (Ziranag), a village on Qeshm, 80 percent of the buildings were demolished. Seven villages experienced extensive damage, and 13 villages were destroyed:

2005 Qeshm earthquake [SEP] Damage and casualties

Buildings in Dubai, including the Emirates Towers, were evacuated because of concerns that the structures might collapse, but no such incidents occurred. One woman described the locals as "panicked". Television stations throughout Iran released footage of quake damage and of injured residents being taken to hospitals. A landslide and 36 major aftershocks of more than magnitude 2.5 (in total, 400 aftershocks) followed the earthquake. A former Portuguese fortress, built by Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, sustained heavy damage to its eastern wall but otherwise remained intact.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: describe in few words the damage it caused?

Context: In Zirang, a village on Qeshm, 80 percent of the buildings were demolished. Seven villages experienced extensive damage, and 13 villages were destroyed

Question: what is the terminology for the scale which measures the intensity of an earthquake?

Answer: Moment magnitude scale

Explanation: Initial measurements showed that the earthquake registered about 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale, although that was reduced to 5.8 after further analysis.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: what is the terminology for the scale which measures the intensity of an earthquake?

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Question: is there any short definition for it?

Answer: It is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment (a measure of the work done by the earthquake)

Moment magnitude scale [SEP] Introduction

The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted explicitly with or Mw, and generally implied with use of a single M for magnitude) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude ("size" or strength) based on its seismic moment (a measure of the work done by the earthquake). It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale () defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales. Moment magnitude () is considered the authoritative magnitude scale for ranking earthquakes by size.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: It is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment (a measure of the work done by the earthquake)

Question: is there any theory on it?

Answer: Yes. Dislocation theory is used to determine part of an earthquake's focal mechanism and to show that a dislocation was indeed equivalent to a double couple

Moment magnitude scale [SEP] Dislocation theory

H. Love in 1927. More generally applied to problems of stress in materials, an extension by F. Nabarro in 1951 was recognized by the Russian geophysicist A. V. Vvedenskaya as applicable to earthquake faulting. In a series of papers starting in 1956 she and other colleagues used dislocation theory to determine part of an earthquake's focal mechanism, and to show that a dislocation – a rupture accompanied by slipping — was indeed equivalent to a double couple, In a pair of papers in 1958, J. A. Steketee worked out how to relate dislocation theory to geophysical features. Numerous other researchers worked out other details, culminating in a general solution in 1964 by Burridge and Knopoff, which established the relationship between double couples and the theory of elastic rebound, and provided the basis for relating an earthquake's physical features to seismic moment.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: Yes. Dislocation theory is used to determine part of an earthquake's focal mechanism and to show that a dislocation was indeed equivalent to a double couple

Question: who proposed such a theory?

Answer: Vito Volterra

A double couple model suffices to explain an earthquake's far-field pattern of seismic radiation, but tells us very little about the nature of an earthquake's source mechanism or its physical features. While slippage along a fault was theorized as the cause of earthquakes (other theories included movement of magma, or sudden changes of volume due to phase changes), observing this at depth was not possible, and understanding what could be learned about the source mechanism from the seismic waves requires an understanding of the source mechanism. Modeling the physical process by which an earthquake generates seismic waves required much theoretical development of dislocation theory, first formulated by the Italian Vito Volterra in 1907, with further developments by E.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: who proposed such a theory?

Context: Vito Volterra

Question: who is he?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: who proposed such a theory?

Context: Vito Volterra

Context: who is he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are some of the parameters in relation to the moment magnitude scale?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: who proposed such a theory?

Context: Vito Volterra

Context: who is he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are some of the parameters in relation to the moment magnitude scale?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the location of the region where the earthquake happened?

Answer: The Strait of Hormuz, Iran

Qeshm Island [SEP] Introduction

Qeshm (, ) is an arrow-shaped Iranian island in the Strait of Hormuz, separated from the mainland by the Clarence Strait/Khuran in the Persian Gulf (). It is the largest island in Iran.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: who proposed such a theory?

Context: Vito Volterra

Context: who is he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the location of the region where the earthquake happened?

Context: The Strait of Hormuz, Iran

Question: is there any kind of trade at the strait of hormuz?

Answer: Yes. 40% of all world-traded oil

Explanation: but that oil flows through the Strait accounted for roughly 40% of all world-traded oil.

Strait of Hormuz [SEP] Oil trade flow

In 2018 alone, 21 million barrels a day were passing through the strait - this means $1.17 billion worth of oil a day, at September 2019 prices.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: who proposed such a theory?

Context: Vito Volterra

Context: who is he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: The Strait of Hormuz, Iran

Context: is there any kind of trade at the strait of hormuz?

Context: Yes. 40% of all world-traded oil

Question: where did it get its name?

Answer: From Kingdom of Ormus and the name "Ormuz" derives from the local Persian word "Hur-mogh" meaning date palm

Strait of Hormuz [SEP] Etymology

The opening to the Persian Gulf was described, but not given a name, in the "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", a 1st-century mariner's guide: In the 10th17th centuries AD, the Kingdom of Ormus, which seems to have given the strait its name, was located here. Scholars, historians and linguists derive the name "Ormuz" from the local Persian word "Hur-mogh" meaning date palm. In the local dialects of Hurmoz and Minab this strait is still called Hurmogh and has the aforementioned meaning. The resemblance of this word with the name of the Zoroastrian god "Hormoz" (a variant of "Ahura Mazda") has resulted in the popular belief that these words are related.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: who proposed such a theory?

Context: Vito Volterra

Context: who is he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: The Strait of Hormuz, Iran

Context: Yes. 40% of all world-traded oil

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: From Kingdom of Ormus and the name "Ormuz" derives from the local Persian word "Hur-mogh" meaning date palm

Question: which two seas or water bodies does the strait connect?

Answer: Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

Strait of Hormuz [SEP] Introduction

The Strait of Hormuz ( "Tangeh-ye Hormoz" "Maḍīq Hurmuz" ) is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategically important choke points. On the north coast lies Iran, and on the south coast the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman. The strait is about long, with a width varying from about to . A third of the world's liquefied natural gas and almost 25% of total global oil consumption passes through the strait, making it a highly important strategic location for international trade.


Context: where did it occur?

Context: Qeshm Island off Southern Iran

Context: any casualties because of it?

Context: 13 People were killed

Context: Moment magnitude scale

Context: is there any short definition for it?

Context: is there any theory on it?

Context: who proposed such a theory?

Context: Vito Volterra

Context: who is he?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: The Strait of Hormuz, Iran

Context: Yes. 40% of all world-traded oil

Context: where did it get its name?

Context: which two seas or water bodies does the strait connect?

Context: Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

Question: who controls the strait?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Strait of Hormuz [SEP] Navigation

To reduce the risk of collision, ships moving through the Strait follow a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS): inbound ships use one lane, outbound ships another, each lane being two miles wide. The lanes are separated by a two-mile-wide "median". To traverse the Strait, ships pass through the territorial waters of Iran and Oman under the transit passage provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Although not all countries have ratified the convention, most countries, including the U.S., accept these customary navigation rules as codified in the Convention. In April 1959 Iran altered the legal status of the strait by expanding its territorial sea to and declaring that it would recognize only transit by innocent passage through the newly expanded area.


Question: what does noble gas mean?

Answer: Odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.

Noble gas [SEP] Introduction

The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens) make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is variously predicted to be a noble gas as well or to break the trend due to relativistic effects; its chemistry has not yet been investigated. For the first six periods of the periodic table, the noble gases are exactly the members of group 18.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: Odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.

Question: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Answer: Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer

Noble gas [SEP] History

"Noble gas" is translated from the German noun , first used in 1898 by Hugo Erdmann to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity. The name makes an analogy to the term "noble metals", which also have low reactivity. The noble gases have also been referred to as "inert gases", but this label is deprecated as many noble gas compounds are now known. "Rare gases" is another term that was used, but this is also inaccurate because argon forms a fairly considerable part (0.94% by volume, 1.3% by mass) of the Earth's atmosphere due to decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer had discovered a new element on August 18, 1868 while looking at the chromosphere of the Sun, and named it helium after the Greek word for the Sun, ().


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer

Question: and which was it?

Answer: Helium

Noble gas [SEP] History


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Question: who is the former by profession?

Answer: A French astronomer

Explanation: a French astronomer

Pierre Janssen [SEP] Introduction

Pierre Jules César Janssen (22 February 1824 – 23 December 1907), also known as Jules Janssen, was a French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Norman Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, and with some justification the element helium.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Question: what kind of work does the astronomers do?

Answer: They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies

Astronomer [SEP] Introduction

An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. Related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what kind of work does the astronomers do?

Context: They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies

Question: who are the amateurs in this profession?

Answer: Some devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research, others assist professional astronomers in research.

Astronomer [SEP] Amateur astronomers

While there is a relatively low number of professional astronomers, the field is popular among amateurs. Most cities have amateur astronomy clubs that meet on a regular basis and often host star parties. The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is the largest general astronomical society in the world, comprising both professional and amateur astronomers as well as educators from 70 different nations. Like any hobby, most people who think of themselves as amateur astronomers may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called "armchair astronomers" to the very ambitious, who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make their own discoveries and assist professional astronomers in research.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: who are the amateurs in this profession?

Context: Some devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research, others assist professional astronomers in research.

Question: what academic background does it need?

Answer: PhD in physics or astronomy

Explanation: PhD in physics or astronomy

Astronomer [SEP] Academic

Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a PhD in physics or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities. They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory. The number of professional astronomers in the United States is actually quite small.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Question: from where did the latter term derive?

Answer: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Astronomy [SEP] Etymology

"Astronomy" (from the Greek ἀστρονομία from ἄστρον "astron", "star" and -νομία "-nomia" from νόμος "nomos", "law" or "culture") means "law of the stars" (or "culture of the stars" depending on the translation). Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two fields share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Question: mention some instances when such studies were done in ancient times?

Answer: The Antikythera mechanism (c. 150–80 BC) was an early analog computer designed to calculate the location of the Sun, Moon, and planets for a given date.

Astronomy [SEP] Ancient times

Hipparchus also created a comprehensive catalog of 1020 stars, and most of the constellations of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy. The Antikythera mechanism (c. 150–80 BC) was an early analog computer designed to calculate the location of the Sun, Moon, and planets for a given date. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: mention some instances when such studies were done in ancient times?

Context: The Antikythera mechanism (c. 150–80 BC) was an early analog computer designed to calculate the location of the Sun, Moon, and planets for a given date.

Question: what is that mechanism?

Answer: an ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, used to predict astronomical positions and also track the four-year cycle of athletic games which was similar to an Olympiad

Antikythera mechanism [SEP] Introduction

The Antikythera mechanism ( ) is an ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, described as the first analogue computer, the oldest known example of such a device used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes decades in advance. It could also be used to track the four-year cycle of athletic games which was similar to an Olympiad, the cycle of the ancient Olympic Games. This artefact was retrieved from the sea in 1901, and identified on 17 May 1902 as containing a gear by archaeologist Valerios Stais, among wreckage retrieved from a shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island Antikythera.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: what is that mechanism?

Context: an ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, used to predict astronomical positions and also track the four-year cycle of athletic games which was similar to an Olympiad

Question: who made it?

Answer: Greek astronomers during the second century BC

Antikythera mechanism [SEP] Origin

The Antikythera mechanism is generally referred to as the first known analogue computer. The quality and complexity of the mechanism's manufacture suggests that it must have had undiscovered predecessors made during the Hellenistic period. Its construction relied on theories of astronomy and mathematics developed by Greek astronomers during the second century BC, and it is estimated to have been built in the late second century BC or the early first century BC. In 1974, Derek de Solla Price concluded from gear settings and inscriptions on the mechanism's faces that it was made about 87 BC and lost only a few years later.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: what is that mechanism?

Context: who made it?

Context: Greek astronomers during the second century BC

Question: what is an olympiad?

Answer: A period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks.

Olympiad [SEP] Introduction

An Olympiad (, "Olympiás") is a period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks. Although the Ancient Olympic Games were established during Archaic Greece, it was not until the Hellenistic period, beginning with Ephorus, that the Olympiad was used as a calendar epoch. Converting to the modern BC/AD dating system, the first Olympiad began in the summer of 776 BC and lasted until the summer of 772 BC, when the second Olympiad would begin with the commencement of the next games. By extrapolation to the Julian calendar, the 4th year of the ((2020+779)/4 -.5)round 0th Olympiad began in (Northern-Hemisphere) mid-summer 2020.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: what is that mechanism?

Context: who made it?

Context: what is an olympiad?

Context: A period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks.

Question: when did it start?

Answer: The first Olympiad began in the summer of 776 BC

Explanation: the first Olympiad began in the summer of 776 BC

Olympiad [SEP] Introduction


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: what is that mechanism?

Context: who made it?

Context: what is an olympiad?

Context: when did it start?

Context: The first Olympiad began in the summer of 776 BC

Question: are there any other versions of it?

Answer: A modern Olympiad refers to a four-year period beginning January 1 of the year the Olympic Summer Games

Olympiad [SEP] Introduction

A modern Olympiad refers to a four-year period beginning January 1 of the year the Olympic Summer Games are normally held. The first modern Olympiad began January 1, 1896, the second January 1, 1900, and so on (the 32nd began January 1, 2020: see the Olympic Charter). The ancient and modern Olympiads would have synchronised had there been a year zero between the Olympiad of 4 BC and the one of 4 AD. But as the Julian calendar goes directly from 1 BC to 1 AD, the ancient Olympic cycle now lags the modern cycle by one year.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: what is that mechanism?

Context: who made it?

Context: what is an olympiad?

Context: when did it start?

Context: are there any other versions of it?

Context: A modern Olympiad refers to a four-year period beginning January 1 of the year the Olympic Summer Games

Question: name a few historians who studied such a sports event?

Answer: The sophist Hippias, Phlegon of Tralles,  Julius Africanus

Explanation: The sophist Hippias was the first writer to publish a list of victors of the Olympic Games, and by the time of Eratosthenes, it was generally agreed that the first Olympic games had happened during the summer of 776 BC. The combination of victor lists and calculations from 776 BC onwards enabled Greek historians to use the Olympiads as a way of reckoning time that did not depend on the time reckonings of one of the city-states. ("See Attic calendar".) The first to do so consistently was Timaeus of Tauromenium in the third century BC. Nevertheless, since for events of the early history of the games the reckoning was used in retrospect, some of the dates given by later historian for events before the 5th century BC are very unreliable. In the 2nd century AD, Phlegon of Tralles summarised the events of each Olympiad in a book called "Olympiads", and an extract from this has been preserved by the Byzantine writer Photius. Christian chroniclers continued to use this Greek system of dating a

Olympiad [SEP] Historians


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: what is that mechanism?

Context: who made it?

Context: what is an olympiad?

Context: when did it start?

Context: are there any other versions of it?

Context: name a few historians who studied such a sports event?

Context: The sophist Hippias, Phlegon of Tralles,  Julius Africanus

Question: what is the latter's full name?

Answer: Sextus Julius Africanus

Explanation: Sextus Julius Africanus

Sextus Julius Africanus [SEP] Introduction

Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160 – c. 240; Greek: Σέξτος Ἰούλιος ὁ Ἀφρικανός or ὁ Λίβυς) was a Christian traveler and historian of the late second and early third centuries. He is important chiefly because of his influence on Eusebius, on all the later writers of Church history among the Church Fathers, and on the whole Greek school of chroniclers.


Context: what does noble gas mean?

Context: who discovered the first nobel gas?

Context: and which was it?

Context: Helium

Context: who is the former by profession?

Context: A French astronomer

Context: what academic background does it need?

Context: PhD in physics or astronomy

Context: from where did the latter term derive?

Context: Astron means star and nomia means law,

Context: what is that mechanism?

Context: who made it?

Context: what is an olympiad?

Context: when did it start?

Context: are there any other versions of it?

Context: what is the latter's full name?

Context: Sextus Julius Africanus

Question: who is he?

Answer: A Christian traveler and historian of the late second and early third centuries.

Explanation: a Christian traveler and historian of the late second and early third centuries.


Question: when was charles darwin's book the origin of species published

Answer: 24 November 1859

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Introduction

On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the "Beagle" expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.


Context: when was charles darwin's book the origin of species published

Context: 24 November 1859

Question: who was the publisher?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where was it published outside great britain?

Answer: United States, France, Germany

Explanation:
n the United States, botanist Asa Gray, an American colleague of Darwin, negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print "Origin". Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid-January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.

The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were ex

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Publication outside Great Britain

In the United States, botanist Asa Gray, an American colleague of Darwin, negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print "Origin". Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid-January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was it published outside great britain?

Context: United States, France, Germany

Question: what was its effect on scientific community?

Answer: Evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant.

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Impact on the scientific community

Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of "Vestiges" had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's "A System of Logic", while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's "Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences", in which investigation could begin with the intuitive idea that species were fixed objects created by design.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: what was its effect on scientific community?

Context: Evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant.

Question: how did it affect political arguments?

Answer: These ideas were being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Impact on economic and political debates

Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: These ideas were being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices

Question: did darwin publish any papers jointly with anyone else?

Answer: Yes, with Wallace

On the Origin of Species [SEP] Joint publication of papers by Wallace and Darwin

Darwin was hard at work on the manuscript for his "big book" on "Natural Selection", when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed".


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: did darwin publish any papers jointly with anyone else?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Question: which places did he visit during his survey voyage?

Answer: The coastline of South America

Charles Darwin [SEP] Survey voyage on HMS "Beagle"

After leaving Sedgwick in Wales, Darwin spent a week with student friends at Barmouth, then returned home on 29 August to find a letter from Henslow proposing him as a suitable (if unfinished) naturalist for a self-funded supernumerary place on with captain Robert FitzRoy, emphasising that this was a position for a gentleman rather than "a mere collector". The ship was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America. Robert Darwin objected to his son's planned two-year voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood II, to agree to (and fund) his son's participation.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: which places did he visit during his survey voyage?

Context: The coastline of South America

Question: which ship was used for it?

Answer: HMS "Beagle"

Darwin took care to remain in a private capacity to retain control over his collection, intending it for a major scientific institution. After delays, the voyage began on 27 December 1831; it lasted almost five years. As FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS "Beagle" surveyed and charted coasts. He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family. He had some expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates, but in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Question: what were his religious views?

Answer: Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver.

Charles Darwin [SEP] Religious views

Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver. He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil. Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church, but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church. He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist" and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver.

Question: did he write any books about geology?

Answer: Yes, "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs"

Charles Darwin [SEP] Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research

Early in 1842, Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles Lyell, who noted that his ally "denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species". Darwin's book "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs" on his theory of atoll formation was published in May 1842 after more than three years of work, and he then wrote his first "pencil sketch" of his theory of natural selection. To escape the pressures of London, the family moved to rural Down House in September. On 11 January 1844, Darwin mentioned his theorising to the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, writing with melodramatic humour "it is like confessing a murder".


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: Yes, "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs"

Question: how did he test his theory?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection "by which to work", as his "prime hobby". His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory. For fifteen years this work was in the background to his main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on the "Beagle" collections, and in particular, the barnacles. When FitzRoy's "Narrative" was published in May 1839, Darwin's "Journal and Remarks" was such a success as the third volume that later that year it was published on its own.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: how did he test his theory?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the structure of this book?

Answer: he first three chapters describe the various types of coral reef, the fourth chapter on the distribution and growth of coral reefs examines the conditions in which they flourish, the fifth chapter he sets out his theory as a unified explanation for the findings of the previous chapters, in the sixth chapter he examines the geographical distribution of types of reef and its geological implications

Explanation: The first three chapters describe the various types of coral reef, each chapter starting with a section giving a detailed description of the reef Darwin had most information about, which he presents as a typical example of the type. Subsequent sections in each chapter then describe other reefs in comparison with the typical example. In the first chapter, Darwin describes atolls and lagoon islands, taking as his typical example his own detailed findings and the "Beagle" survey findings on the Keeling Islands. The second chapter similarly describes a typical barrier reef then compares it to others, and the third chapter gives a similar description of what Darwin called fringing or shore reefs. Having described the principal kinds of reef in detail, his finding was that the actual surface of the reef did not differ much. An atoll differs from an encircling barrier reef only in lacking the central island, and a barrier reef differs from a fringing reef only in its distance from the land an

The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs [SEP] Structure of book

The book has a tightly logical structure, and presents a bold argument. Illustrations are used as an integral part of the argument, with numerous detailed charts and one large world map marked in colour showing all reefs known at that time. A brief introduction sets out the aims of the book. The first three chapters describe the various types of coral reef, each chapter starting with a section giving a detailed description of the reef Darwin had most information about, which he presents as a typical example of the type. Subsequent sections in each chapter then describe other reefs in comparison with the typical example.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: how did he test his theory?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the structure of this book?

Context: he first three chapters describe the various types of coral reef, the fourth chapter on the distribution and growth of coral reefs examines the conditions in which they flourish, the fifth chapter he sets out his theory as a unified explanation for the findings of the previous chapters, in the sixth chapter he examines the geographical distribution of types of reef and its geological implications

Question: which controversy did it trigger?

Answer: A major scientific controversy over the origin of coral reefs took place in the late 19th century, between supporters of Darwin's theory , and those who supported a rival theory put forward by the Scottish oceanographer John Murray

The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs [SEP] Late 19th-century controversy and tests of the theory

A major scientific controversy over the origin of coral reefs took place in the late 19th century, between supporters of Darwin's theory (such as the American geologist James Dwight Dana, who early in his career had seen coral reefs in Hawaii and Fiji during the 1838–42 United States Exploring Expedition), and those who supported a rival theory put forward by the Scottish oceanographer John Murray, who participated in the 1872–76 Challenger expedition. Murray's theory challenged Darwin's notion of subsidence, proposing instead that coral reefs formed when accumulating mounds of calcareous marine sediments reached the shallow depths that could support the growth of corals.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: how did he test his theory?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the structure of this book?

Context: which controversy did it trigger?

Context: A major scientific controversy over the origin of coral reefs took place in the late 19th century, between supporters of Darwin's theory , and those who supported a rival theory put forward by the Scottish oceanographer John Murray

Question: how was the book received?

Answer: The Royal Society had awarded him the Royal Medal for Natural Science

The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs [SEP] Reception

Having successfully completed and published the other books on the geology and zoology of the voyage, Darwin spent eight years on a major study of barnacles. Two volumes on "Lepadidae" (goose barnacles) were published in 1851. While he was still working on two volumes on the remaining barnacles, Darwin learnt to his delight in 1853 that the Royal Society had awarded him the Royal Medal for Natural Science. Joseph Dalton Hooker wrote telling him that "Pordock proposed you for the Coral Islands & Lepadidae, Bell followed seconding on the Lepadidae alone, & then followed such a shout of paeans for the Barnacles that you would have [smiled] to hear."


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: how did he test his theory?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the structure of this book?

Context: which controversy did it trigger?

Context: how was the book received?

Context: The Royal Society had awarded him the Royal Medal for Natural Science

Question: what is the purpose of this society?

Answer: Promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global co-operation, education and public engagement.

Explanation: The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global co-operation, education and public engagement.

Royal Society [SEP] Introduction

The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2016, there are about 1,600 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members, the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, who took up the post on 30 November 2015.


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: how did he test his theory?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the structure of this book?

Context: which controversy did it trigger?

Context: how was the book received?

Context: what is the purpose of this society?

Context: Promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global co-operation, education and public engagement.

Question: does it award any other honors as well?

Answer: Yes, the Croonian Lecture and the Copley Medal

Explanation: The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures, and medals to recognise scientific achievement. The oldest is the Croonian Lecture, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone, one of the founding members of the Royal Society. The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences. Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the Copley Medal. The Copley Medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science".

Royal Society [SEP] Honours


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: how did he test his theory?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the structure of this book?

Context: which controversy did it trigger?

Context: how was the book received?

Context: what is the purpose of this society?

Context: does it award any other honors as well?

Context: Yes, the Croonian Lecture and the Copley Medal

Question: why is the medal given?

Answer: The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society, for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science"

Copley Medal [SEP] Introduction

The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society, for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science". It alternates between the physical and the biological sciences. Given every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world, having first been given in 1731 to Stephen Gray, for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".


Context: 24 November 1859

Context: who was the publisher?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: United States, France, Germany

Context: how did it affect political arguments?

Context: Yes, with Wallace

Context: The coastline of South America

Context: which ship was used for it?

Context: HMS "Beagle"

Context: what were his religious views?

Context: did he write any books about geology?

Context: how did he test his theory?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the structure of this book?

Context: which controversy did it trigger?

Context: how was the book received?

Context: what is the purpose of this society?

Context: does it award any other honors as well?

Context: why is the medal given?

Context: The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society, for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science"

Question: when was it started?

Answer: 1731

Explanation: Given every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world, having first been given in 1731 to Stephen Gray, for "his new Electrical Experiments:

Copley Medal [SEP] Introduction


Question: where was season 4 episode 4 of black mirror filmed

Answer: Some exterior filming took place at Painshill, an eighteenth-century landscape park in Surrey.

Hang the DJ [SEP] Casting and filming

The geometric design of the world was Collins' idea, intended to resemble the inside of a mobile phone—where various copper and brass lines are arranged on a green plate. Hexagonal patterns and repeated design motifs are used in the scenery as the setting is an algorithmic simulated world. The interface for the Coach app was first designed by Erica McEwan, a member of the graphics department of the production. Further development and animation was undertaken by Painting Practice. Some exterior filming took place at Painshill, an eighteenth-century landscape park in Surrey. One of the original remaining structures, a folly in the form of a ruined abbey, served as the backdrop for the Pairing Day ceremony scene.


Context: where was season 4 episode 4 of black mirror filmed

Context: Some exterior filming took place at Painshill, an eighteenth-century landscape park in Surrey.

Question: what is the genre of this series?

Answer: Black Mirror is a British dystopian science fiction anthology television series

Black Mirror [SEP] Introduction

Black Mirror is a British dystopian science fiction anthology television series created by Charlie Brooker. He and Annabel Jones are the programme's showrunners. It examines modern society, particularly with regard to the unanticipated consequences of new technologies. Episodes are standalone, usually set in an alternative present or the near future, often with a dark and satirical tone, although some are more experimental and lighter. "Black Mirror" was inspired by older anthology series, such as "The Twilight Zone", which Brooker felt were able to deal with controversial, contemporary topics with less fear of censorship than other more realistic programmes. Brooker developed "Black Mirror" to highlight topics related to humanity's relationship with technology, creating stories that feature "the way we live now – and the way we might be living in 10 minutes' time if we're clumsy." The series premiered for two series on Channel 4 in December 2011 and February 2013.


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: Black Mirror is a British dystopian science fiction anthology television series

Question: who directed it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Black Mirror [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which actors starred in this show?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Black Mirror [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which actors starred in this show?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the storyline?

Answer: It examines modern society, particularly with regard to the unanticipated consequences of new technologies.

Explanation: It examines modern society, particularly with regard to the unanticipated consequences of new technologies. Episodes are standalone, usually set in an alternative present or the near future, often with a dark and satirical tone, although some are more experimental and lighter.

Black Mirror [SEP] Introduction

After its addition to the catalogue in December 2014, Netflix purchased the programme in September 2015. It commissioned a series of 12 episodes later divided into the third and fourth series, each comprising six episodes; the former was released on 21 October 2016 and the latter on 29 December 2017. A standalone interactive film titled "" was released on 28 December 2018. A fifth series, comprising three episodes, was released on 5 June 2019.


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which actors starred in this show?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: It examines modern society, particularly with regard to the unanticipated consequences of new technologies.

Question: is crocodile an episode in this series?

Answer: Yes, it is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series "Black Mirror".

Crocodile (Black Mirror) [SEP] Introduction

"Crocodile" is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series "Black Mirror". It was written by Charlie Brooker and directed by John Hillcoat. The episode first aired on Netflix, along with the rest of series four, on 29 December 2017. Filmed in Iceland, the episode centres on Mia (Andrea Riseborough) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob (Andrew Gower) cover up a hit-and-run death. Fifteen years later, Rob wants to confess their crime, leading Mia to kill him and dispose of his body. Shortly after, Mia witnesses a non-fatal collision between a pedestrian and self-driving vehicle.


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which actors starred in this show?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: is crocodile an episode in this series?

Context: Yes, it is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series "Black Mirror".

Question: who wrote it?

Answer: Charlie Brooker

Explanation: It was written by Charlie Brooker


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which actors starred in this show?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: is crocodile an episode in this series?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Charlie Brooker

Question: who all acted in this episode?

Answer: Andrea Riseborough, Andrew Gower, Kiran Sonia Sawar

Explanation: Filmed in Iceland, the episode centres on Mia (Andrea Riseborough) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob (Andrew Gower)


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which actors starred in this show?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: is crocodile an episode in this series?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Charlie Brooker

Context: who all acted in this episode?

Context: Andrea Riseborough, Andrew Gower, Kiran Sonia Sawar

Question: what other series have been done by the mentioned writer?

Answer: "Brass Eye", "The 11 O'Clock Show" and "Nathan Barley".

Charlie Brooker [SEP] Introduction

Charlton Brooker (born 3 March 1971) is an English television presenter, author, screenwriter, producer, satirist and social critic. He is the creator and co-showrunner of the sci-fi drama anthology series "Black Mirror", and has written for comedy series such as "Brass Eye", "The 11 O'Clock Show" and "Nathan Barley". He has presented a number of television shows, mostly consisting of satirical and biting criticism of modern society and the media, such as "Screenwipe", "Gameswipe", "Newswipe", "Weekly Wipe", and "10 O'Clock Live". He also wrote the five-part horror drama series "Dead Set". He has written social criticism pieces for "The Guardian" and is one of four creative directors of the production company Zeppotron.


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which actors starred in this show?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: is crocodile an episode in this series?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Charlie Brooker

Context: who all acted in this episode?

Context: what other series have been done by the mentioned writer?

Context: "Brass Eye", "The 11 O'Clock Show" and "Nathan Barley".

Question: what kind of series is the second one?

Answer: The 11 O'Clock Show was a satirical late-night British television comedy series on Channel 4

The 11 O'Clock Show [SEP] Introduction

The 11 O'Clock Show was a satirical late-night British television comedy series on Channel 4, which featured topical sketches and commentary on news items. It ran from 30 September 1998 to 8 December 2000, most notably, while hosted by Iain Lee and Daisy Donovan. The show boosted the careers of the previously little-known Ricky Gervais, Sacha Baron Cohen and Mackenzie Crook.


Context: what is the genre of this series?

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which actors starred in this show?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the storyline?

Context: is crocodile an episode in this series?

Context: who wrote it?

Context: Charlie Brooker

Context: who all acted in this episode?

Context: what kind of series is the second one?

Context: The 11 O'Clock Show was a satirical late-night British television comedy series on Channel 4

Question: who launched this mentioned channel?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The 11 O'Clock Show [SEP] Introduction


Question: in meet the parents what is pam's middle name

Answer: Byrnes

Meet the Parents [SEP] Plot

Gaylord "Greg" Focker is a nurse living in Chicago. He intends to propose to his girlfriend, Pam Byrnes, but his plan is disrupted when they are invited to the wedding of Pam's sister, Debbie, at their parents' house on Long Island. Greg decides to impress Pam's parents first, and propose to her in front of her family, but this plan is put on hold when the airline company loses his luggage which contains the engagement ring. At the Byrnes's house, Greg meets Pam's father, Jack, mother, Dina, and their beloved cat, Jinx. Jack becomes immediately suspicious towards Greg and openly criticizes him for his choice of career as a male nurse and anything else he sees as a difference between Greg and the Byrnes family.


Context: in meet the parents what is pam's middle name

Context: Byrnes

Question: what is the main entity?

Answer: It is an American comedy film.

Meet the Parents [SEP] Introduction

Meet the Parents is a 2000 American comedy film written by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg and directed by Jay Roach. Starring Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller, it chronicles a series of unfortunate events that befall a good-hearted but hapless male nurse while visiting his girlfriend's parents. Teri Polo, Blythe Danner, and Owen Wilson also star. The film is a remake of a 1992 film of the same name directed by Greg Glienna and produced by Jim Vincent. Glienna- who also played the original one's main protagonist- and Mary Ruth Clarke cowrote the screenplay. Universal Pictures purchased the rights to Glienna's film with the intent of creating a new version.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Question: name few actors ?

Answer: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Meet the Parents [SEP] Introduction


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Question: who is the former ?

Answer: An American actor, producer, and director.

Robert De Niro [SEP] Introduction

Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. (, ; born August 17, 1943) is an American actor, producer, and director who holds both American and Italian citizenship. He is particularly known for his collaborations with filmmaker Martin Scorsese. He is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. In 2009, he received the Kennedy Center Honor and in 2016, he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Barack Obama. Born in Manhattan in New York City, De Niro studied acting at HB Studio, Stella Adler Conservatory, and Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: An American actor, producer, and director.

Question: name few awards he won?

Answer: Two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award.

Explanation: He is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. In 2009, he received the Kennedy Center Honor and in 2016, he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Barack Obama.

Robert De Niro [SEP] Introduction

In 1980, De Niro portrayed Jake LaMotta in Scorsese's biographical drama "Raging Bull" which won him an Academy Award for Best Actor, his first in this category. He diversified into comic roles, such as by playing a stand-up comedian in "The King of Comedy" (1982), and gained further recognition for his performances in Sergio Leone's crime epic "Once Upon a Time in America" (1984), science fiction dystopian satire "Brazil" (1985), the religious epic "The Mission" (1986), and the comedy "Midnight Run" (1988)"." De Niro entered the 1990s playing gangster Jimmy Conway in the crime film "Goodfellas", a catatonic patient in the drama "Awakenings" (both 1990), and as a criminal in the psychological thriller "Cape Fear" (1991).


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: Two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award.

Question: name few comic roles he acted in?

Answer: "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle."

Explanation: In 2000, De Niro produced and starred in his first live-action animation comedy, "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle."

Robert De Niro [SEP] 1998–2006: Comic roles, thrillers, and slump

The next year, he played an LAPD detective opposite Eddie Murphy in the action-comedy "Showtime". The reviewer from "LA Weekly" remarked "De Niro isn't actually playing a part but riffing on his own legend", and thought the references to "Taxi Driver" were "cheap".


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle."

Question: where was the second actor born?

Answer: New York City

Ben Stiller [SEP] Early life

Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller was born on November 30, 1965 in New York City and raised on the Upper West Side. His father, comedian and actor Jerry Stiller, was from a Jewish family that emigrated from Poland and Galicia in Central Europe. His mother, actress and comedian Anne Meara, who was from an Irish Catholic background, converted to Reform Judaism after marrying his father. While they "were never a very religious family", they celebrated both Hanukkah and Christmas, and Stiller had a Bar Mitzvah. His parents frequently took him on the sets of their appearances, including "The Mike Douglas Show" when he was 6.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Question: mention few movies that he directed?

Answer: "Reality Bites"

Ben Stiller [SEP] Directorial debut

In the early 1990s Stiller had minor roles in films such as "Stella" and "Highway to Hell" as well as a cameo in "The Nutt House". In 1992 Stiller was approached to direct "Reality Bites", based on a script by Helen Childress. Stiller devoted the next year and a half to rewriting the script with Childress, fundraising, and recruiting cast members for the film. It was eventually released in early 1994, directed by Stiller and featuring him as a co-star. The film was produced by Danny DeVito, who would later direct Stiller's 2003 film "Duplex" and produce his 2004 film "Along Came Polly".


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Question: when was this movie out in theaters?

Answer: 1994

Reality Bites [SEP] Introduction

Reality Bites is a 1994 American romantic comedy-drama film written by Helen Childress and directed by Ben Stiller. It stars Winona Ryder, Ethan Hawke and Stiller, with supporting roles by Janeane Garofalo and Steve Zahn. The plot follows Lelaina (Ryder), an aspiring videographer working on a documentary called "Reality Bites" about the disenfranchised lives of her friends and roommates. Their challenges exemplify some of the career and lifestyle choices faced by Generation X. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, and was a mild box office success, grossing $33.4 million worldwide against an $11.5 million budget. Critics highlighted the performances of Ryder, Hawke and Garofalo in particular.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Context: when was this movie out in theaters?

Question: what is the genre of this ?

Answer: Romantic comedy-drama.

Explanation: Reality Bites is a 1994 American romantic comedy-drama film written by Helen Childress and directed by Ben Stiller.

Reality Bites [SEP] Introduction


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Context: when was this movie out in theaters?

Context: what is the genre of this ?

Context: Romantic comedy-drama.

Question: mention few actors who acted in it?

Answer: Winona Ryder, Ethan Hawke and Steve Zahn.

Explanation: It stars Winona Ryder, Ethan Hawke and Stiller, with supporting roles by Janeane Garofalo and Steve Zahn.

Reality Bites [SEP] Introduction


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Context: when was this movie out in theaters?

Context: what is the genre of this ?

Context: Romantic comedy-drama.

Context: mention few actors who acted in it?

Context: Winona Ryder, Ethan Hawke and Steve Zahn.

Question: where was the second from?

Answer: Austin, Texas.

Ethan Hawke [SEP] Early life

Hawke was born in 1970 in Austin, Texas, to Leslie (née Green), a charity worker, and James Hawke, an insurance actuary. Hawke's parents were high school sweethearts in Fort Worth, Texas, and married young, when Hawke's mother was 17. Hawke was born a year later. Hawke's parents were both students at the University of Texas at Austin at the time of his birth. They separated and later divorced in 1974, when he was four years old. After the separation, Hawke was raised by his mother. The two relocated several times, before settling in New York City, where Hawke attended the Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn Heights.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Context: when was this movie out in theaters?

Context: what is the genre of this ?

Context: Romantic comedy-drama.

Context: mention few actors who acted in it?

Context: where was the second from?

Context: Austin, Texas.

Question: which political group does he belong too?

Answer: He supports the United States Democratic Party.

Ethan Hawke [SEP] Politics

Hawke supports the United States Democratic Party, and supported Bill Bradley, John Kerry, Barack Obama, and Hillary Clinton for President of the United States in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2016, respectively. He is also an activist for gay rights; in March 2011, he and his wife released a video supporting same-sex marriage in New York. In an October 2012 interview, Hawke said that he prefers great art to politics, explaining that his preference shows "how little" he cares about the latter; "I think about the first people of our generation to do great art. I see Michael Chabon write a great book; when I see Philip Seymour Hoffman do "Death of a Salesman" last year—I see people of my generation being fully realized in their work, and I find that really kind of exciting.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Context: when was this movie out in theaters?

Context: what is the genre of this ?

Context: Romantic comedy-drama.

Context: mention few actors who acted in it?

Context: where was the second from?

Context: Austin, Texas.

Context: which political group does he belong too?

Context: He supports the United States Democratic Party.

Question: with what he started his career on stage?

Answer: "The Seagull"

Ethan Hawke [SEP] Stage career

Hawke has described theater as his "first love", a place where he is "free to be more creative". Hawke made his Broadway debut in 1992, portraying the playwright Konstantin Treplev in Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull" at the Lyceum Theater in Manhattan. The following year Hawke was a co-founder and the artistic director of Malaparte, a Manhattan theater company, which survived until 2000. Outside the New York stage, Hawke made an appearance in a 1995 production of Sam Shepard's "Buried Child", directed by Gary Sinise at the Steppenwolf Theater in Chicago. In 1999, he starred as Kilroy in the Tennessee Williams play "Camino Real" at the Williamstown Theater Festival in Massachusetts.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Context: when was this movie out in theaters?

Context: what is the genre of this ?

Context: Romantic comedy-drama.

Context: mention few actors who acted in it?

Context: where was the second from?

Context: Austin, Texas.

Context: with what he started his career on stage?

Context: "The Seagull"

Question: what is the above?

Answer: It is a play.

The Seagull [SEP] Introduction

The Seagull () is a play by Russian dramatist Anton Chekhov, written in 1895 and first produced in 1896. "The Seagull" is generally considered to be the first of his four major plays. It dramatises the romantic and artistic conflicts between four characters: the famous middlebrow story writer Boris Trigorin, the ingenue Nina, the fading actress Irina Arkadina, and her son the symbolist playwright Konstantin Treplyov. Though the character of Trigorin is considered Chekhov's greatest male role, like Chekhov's other full-length plays, "The Seagull" relies upon an ensemble cast of diverse, fully developed characters. In contrast to the melodrama of mainstream 19th-century theatre, lurid actions (such as Konstantin's suicide attempts) are not shown onstage.


Context: Byrnes

Context: what is the main entity?

Context: It is an American comedy film.

Context: name few actors ?

Context: Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller.

Context: who is the former ?

Context: name few awards he won?

Context: name few comic roles he acted in?

Context: where was the second actor born?

Context: New York City

Context: mention few movies that he directed?

Context: "Reality Bites"

Context: when was this movie out in theaters?

Context: what is the genre of this ?

Context: Romantic comedy-drama.

Context: mention few actors who acted in it?

Context: where was the second from?

Context: Austin, Texas.

Context: "The Seagull"

Context: what is the above?

Context: It is a play.

Question: who directed it?

Answer: Anton Chekhov

The Seagull [SEP] Introduction