Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: Charles Dennis, Eureka, Red Cross and Theodore H. Allen

Question: what is the last ship?

Answer: Full-rigged ship

Explanation: Some of the largest vessels built at the Southard yard, constructed between 1875 and 1879, were the full-rigged ships "Charles Dennis"—"a good-looking and loftily-spired ship" of 1,710 tons; "Eureka" (2,101 tons); "Red Cross" (1,300 tons) and "Theodore H. Allen" (1,537 tons)

T. J. Southard [SEP] Notable ships


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: No. But the lifeboat men who attempted to save her crew received Gold Lifesaving Medals

Context: describe in few words about its appearance?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: Yes. He retained a majority share in many of the ships he built, thus building and controlling his own merchant fleet

Context: who is he?

Context: American shipbuilder, ship owner, entrepreneur, politician and philanthropist, who is considered one of the founding fathers of Richmond, Maine

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Question: what is the purpose of this type of ship?

Answer: A sailing vessel's sail plan with three or more masts, all of them square-rigged

Full-rigged ship [SEP] Introduction

A full-rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel's sail plan with three or more masts, all of them square-rigged. A full-rigged ship is said to have a ship rig or be ship-rigged. Sometimes such a vessel will merely be called a "ship" in 18th- to early-19th-century and earlier usage, to distinguish it from other large three-masted blue-water working vessels such as barques, barquentines, fluyts etc. This full or ship-rig sail plan thus is a term of art that differentiates such vessels as well from other working or cargo vessels with widely diverse alternative sail-plans such as galleons, cogs, sloops, caravels, schooners, brigs and carracks; some of which also have three masted variants (brigs, schooners, sloops, and galleons).


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: what is the purpose of this type of ship?

Context: A sailing vessel's sail plan with three or more masts, all of them square-rigged

Question: from which place does t.j. belong?

Answer: Boothbay, Maine

Explanation: Southard was born in Boothbay, Maine

T. J. Southard [SEP] Early life

Southard was born in Boothbay, Maine on May 18, 1808. In 1819, at the age of eleven, intent on becoming a sailor, Southard hiked across to Richmond, Maine (then known as White's Landing), where he was hired by Captain Solomon Blanchard. For the next year, Southard worked aboard coastal vessels as a ship's boy and cook, but finding this line of work disagreeable, he secured instead a position as a blacksmith's apprentice at Richmond. After completing his apprenticeship, Southard set up his own forge on the Kennebec River, where he did a lucrative trade as a shipsmith, often taking payment in shares of the ships he serviced.


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Question: is he alive?

Answer: No

T. J. Southard [SEP] Introduction

Thomas Jefferson Southard (June 18, 1808 – September 20, 1896) was an American shipbuilder, ship owner, entrepreneur, politician and philanthropist, who is considered one of the founding fathers of Richmond, Maine. Southard rose from humble origins to found T. J. Southard & Co., later known as T. J. Southard & Son, the largest shipyard in Richmond in its day and one of the most productive in the state, turning out between 75 and 100 wooden-hulled sailing ships over the course of about 44 years, including some of the largest and best known Maine-built ships of the era. Southard retained a majority share in many of the ships he built, thus building and controlling his own merchant fleet.


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Context: is he alive?

Context: No

Question: did he own any company?

Answer: Yes. T. J. Southard & Co., later known as T. J. Southard & Son

Explanation: Southard rose from humble origins to found T. J. Southard & Co., later known as T. J. Southard & Son,

T. J. Southard [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Context: is he alive?

Context: No

Context: did he own any company?

Context: Yes. T. J. Southard & Co., later known as T. J. Southard & Son

Question: when was the company founded?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

T. J. Southard [SEP] Introduction


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Context: is he alive?

Context: No

Context: did he own any company?

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what other activities did he do?

Answer: He founded the Southard Cotton Mill, as well as a mineral spring business that sold its product nationally

T. J. Southard [SEP] Other activities

In addition to his shipbuilding company and merchant fleet, T. J. Southard was a major contributor in numerous other ways to the economic and social development of his home town of Richmond and the surrounding locale. He founded the Southard Cotton Mill, as well as a mineral spring business that sold its product nationally. He owned numerous businesses collectively employing hundreds of people, including four shipyards, a brass foundry, grist mill, saw and planing mill, furniture factory, sail loft, bakery, edged tool store, drugstore and dry goods and West Indies goods store, the latter alone turning over $50,000 annually in 1840s dollars.


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Context: is he alive?

Context: No

Context: did he own any company?

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other activities did he do?

Context: He founded the Southard Cotton Mill, as well as a mineral spring business that sold its product nationally

Question: is boothbay a county?

Answer: No. It is a town in Lincoln County

Explanation: Boothbay is a town in Lincoln County

Boothbay, Maine [SEP] Introduction

Boothbay is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,120 at the 2010 census. It includes the villages of East Boothbay and Trevett. The Boothbay region is a center of summer tourist activity, and a significant part of its population does not live there year-round. Five shipyards are located in the town, the largest of which is Washburn & Doughty.


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Context: is he alive?

Context: No

Context: did he own any company?

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other activities did he do?

Context: is boothbay a county?

Context: No. It is a town in Lincoln County

Question: what was in the census of 2010 of the town?

Answer: 34,457 people, 15,149 households and 9,749 families living in the county

Explanation: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 34,457 people, 15,149 households, and 9,749 families living in the county.

Lincoln County, Maine [SEP] 2010 census

The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age was 48.1 years. The median income for a household in the county was $47,678 and the median income for a family was $58,028. Males had a median income of $40,816 versus $31,473 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,003. About 7.7% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Context: is he alive?

Context: No

Context: did he own any company?

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other activities did he do?

Context: is boothbay a county?

Context: No. It is a town in Lincoln County

Context: what was in the census of 2010 of the town?

Context: 34,457 people, 15,149 households and 9,749 families living in the county

Question: how is its climate?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Lincoln County, Maine [SEP] 2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 34,457 people, 15,149 households, and 9,749 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 23,493 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 97.6% white, 0.5% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.1% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 30.4% were English, 17.7% were Irish, 13.4% were German, 8.6% were Scottish, and 8.5% were American. Of the 15,149 households, 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.6% were non-families, and 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals.


Context: who is ellen southard?

Context: American full-rigged merchant ship

Context: did it receive any medals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who owned the ship?

Context: T.J. Southard

Context: did he own more than one ships?

Context: who is he?

Context: name a few famous ships he owned?

Context: what is the last ship?

Context: Full-rigged ship

Context: from which place does t.j. belong?

Context: Boothbay, Maine

Context: is he alive?

Context: No

Context: did he own any company?

Context: when was the company founded?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other activities did he do?

Context: is boothbay a county?

Context: No. It is a town in Lincoln County

Context: how is its climate?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: describe in few words the geographical features of it?

Answer: It is the third-smallest county in Maine by area and 35% of total area is water

Explanation: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (35%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Maine by area.

Lincoln County, Maine [SEP] Geography


Question: when did texas become the lone star state

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Texas [SEP] Introduction

Texas (, ; or "Tejas", ) is a state in the South Central Region of the United States. It is the second largest U.S. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California). Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S.


Context: when did texas become the lone star state

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where is this state located?

Answer: It is in the South Central Region of the United States.

Explanation: is a state in the South Central Region of the United States.

Texas [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: It is in the South Central Region of the United States.

Question: what type of climate does it have?

Answer: The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters.

Texas [SEP] Climate

The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages of annual rainfall, while parts of southeast Texas average as much as per year. Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate per year. Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: what type of climate does it have?

Context: The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters.

Question: can you name a few educational institutions from here?

Answer: The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University

Texas [SEP] Higher education

The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, ranked as the 21st and 41st best universities in the nation according to 2020's latest Center for World University Rankings report, respectively. Some observers also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&M. The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) ranks the state's public universities into three distinct tiers: Texas's controversial alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: what type of climate does it have?

Context: can you name a few educational institutions from here?

Context: The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University

Question: what courses are offered by the latter?

Answer: Students could attain degrees in scientific agriculture, civil and mechanical engineering, and language and literature.

Explanation: . After four years, students could attain degrees in scientific agriculture, civil and mechanical engineering, and language and literature.

Texas A&M University [SEP] Introduction

About one-fifth of the student body lives on campus. Texas A&M has more than 1,000 officially recognized student organizations. Many students also observe the traditions, which govern daily life, as well as special occasions, including sports events. Working with various A&M-related agencies, the school has a direct presence in each of the 254 counties in Texas. The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through ten colleges and houses 18 research institutes.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: what type of climate does it have?

Context: what courses are offered by the latter?

Context: Students could attain degrees in scientific agriculture, civil and mechanical engineering, and language and literature.

Question: does it have a research wing?

Answer: Yes, it is a research university. Among the school's research entities are the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine, the Texas Transportation Institute, the Cyclotron Institute, the Institute of Biosciences and Technology, and the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology.

Texas A&M University [SEP] Research

An additional , with of research space, is located in Research Park. Among the school's research entities are the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine, the Texas Transportation Institute, the Cyclotron Institute, the Institute of Biosciences and Technology, and the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology. Texas A&M University is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. In 2017 Texas A&M ranked 19th nationally in R&D spending with total expenditure of $905.5 million. In 2004, Texas A&M System faculty and research submitted 121 new inventions and established 78 new royalty-bearing licensing agreements; the innovations resulted in income of $8 million. The Texas A&M Technology Licensing Office filed for 88 patents for protection of intellectual property in 2004.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: what type of climate does it have?

Context: what courses are offered by the latter?

Context: does it have a research wing?

Context: Yes, it is a research university. Among the school's research entities are the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine, the Texas Transportation Institute, the Cyclotron Institute, the Institute of Biosciences and Technology, and the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology.

Question: how big is it's campus?

Answer: Texas A&M's College Station campus, one of the largest in America, spans plus for Research Park. The university is part of the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area located within Brazos County in the Brazos Valley (Southeast Central Texas) region, an area often referred to as "Aggieland".

Texas A&M University [SEP] Campus

Texas A&M's College Station campus, one of the largest in America, spans plus for Research Park. The university is part of the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area located within Brazos County in the Brazos Valley (Southeast Central Texas) region, an area often referred to as "Aggieland". According to the U.S. Census Bureau, , the population of Brazos County is estimated at 175,122. "Money Magazine", in 2006, named College Station the most educated city in Texas, and the 11th most educated American city, due largely to the presence of the university and the size and scope of its research. Aggieland is centrally located within of 3 of the 10 largest cities in the US and 75% of the Texas and Louisiana populations (approximately 13 million people).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: what type of climate does it have?

Context: what courses are offered by the latter?

Context: does it have a research wing?

Context: how big is it's campus?

Context: Texas A&M's College Station campus, one of the largest in America, spans plus for Research Park. The university is part of the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area located within Brazos County in the Brazos Valley (Southeast Central Texas) region, an area often referred to as "Aggieland".

Question: which sports are encouraged here?

Answer: Football, basketball

Explanation: football

Texas A&M University [SEP] Football

Founded in 1894, the football team has won 18 Southwest Conference championships, 3 Big 12 South Division championships, and 1 Big 12 championship. The university also claims 3 national championships. The team has appeared in 30 bowl games, winning 13, and has produced 41 first Team All-Americans, 5 Academic All-Americans, and 2 Heisman Trophy winners, John David Crow in 1957 and Johnny Manziel in 2012. Twenty-one Aggies play in the NFL, including the Super Bowl MVP for Super Bowl 50, Von Miller, a player for the Denver Broncos. Former Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak also played college football at Texas A&M.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: what type of climate does it have?

Context: what courses are offered by the latter?

Context: does it have a research wing?

Context: how big is it's campus?

Context: which sports are encouraged here?

Context: Football, basketball

Question: what rank does it hold?

Answer: Texas A&M is ranked 51st nationally and 96th internationally in its 2014 rankings.

Texas A&M University [SEP] Rankings

In a comparison of educational quality, faculty quality, and research output, Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked Texas A&M 51st nationally and 96th internationally in its 2014 rankings. In its 2014–2015 rankings, "The Times Higher Education Supplement" listed Texas A&M 61st among North America's universities, and 141st among world universities. The 2012/2013 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 165th overall in the world. In its 2013 edition, the Center for World University Rankings ranked Texas A&M as the 80th university globally and 50th university nationally. In the 2021 edition of the "U.S. News and World Report" ranking of "national universities", the school is tied for 66th.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where is this state located?

Context: what type of climate does it have?

Context: what courses are offered by the latter?

Context: does it have a research wing?

Context: how big is it's campus?

Context: which sports are encouraged here?

Context: Football, basketball

Context: what rank does it hold?

Context: Texas A&M is ranked 51st nationally and 96th internationally in its 2014 rankings.

Question: where did the former sport originated from?

Answer: In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions.

Football [SEP] Introduction

Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the 19th century. The expansion and cultural influence of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire. By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage. In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the 20th century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.


Question: when did king and i open in london

Answer: March 29, 1951

Explanation: March 29, 1951

The King and I [SEP] Original productions

"The King and I" opened on Broadway on March 29, 1951, with a wide expectation of a hit by the press and public. Both Hammerstein and Rodgers professed to be worried. The composer complained that most people were not concerned about whether the show was good, but whether it was better than "South Pacific". Even the weather cooperated: heavy rain in New York stopped in time to allow the mostly wealthy or connected opening night audience to arrive dry at the St. James Theatre. Margaret Landon, author of the book on which the musical was based, was not invited to opening night.


Context:
when did king and i open in london
March 29, 1951

Question: when were the auditions held?

Answer: January 1951

Explanation: January 1951

The King and I [SEP] Casting and auditions

Shortly before rehearsals began in January 1951, Rodgers had the first Tuptim, Doretta Morrow, sing the entire score to Lawrence, including Lawrence's own songs. Lawrence listened calmly, but when she met Rodgers and Hammerstein the following day, she treated Rodgers coldly, apparently seeing the composer's actions as flaunting her vocal deficiencies. Hammerstein and Rodgers' doubts about whether Lawrence could handle the part were assuaged by the sheer force of her acting. James Poling, a writer for "Collier's" who was allowed to attend the rehearsals, wrote of Lawrence preparing "Shall I Tell You What I Think of You?": At his first meeting with Sharaff, Brynner, who had only a fringe of hair, asked what he was to do about it.


Context:
when did king and i open in london
March 29, 1951
when were the auditions held?
January 1951

Question: who were the cast members?

Answer: Yul Brynner

Explanation: Yul Brynner:

Rodgers recounted the audition of the Russian-American performer, Yul Brynner: Brynner termed Rodgers' account "very picturesque, but totally inaccurate". He recalled that as an established television director (in CBS's "Starlight Theatre", for example), he was reluctant to go back on the stage. His wife, his agent and Martin finally convinced him to read Hammerstein's working script, and once he did, he was fascinated by the character of the King and was eager to do the project. In any case, Brynner's fierce, mercurial, dangerous, yet surprisingly sensitive King was an ideal foil for Lawrence's strong-willed, yet vulnerable Anna, and when the two finally came together in "Shall We Dance?", where the King hesitantly touches Anna's waist, the chemistry was palpable.


Context:
when did king and i open in london
March 29, 1951
when were the auditions held?
January 1951
who were the cast members?
Yul Brynner

Question: how was it received by the critics?

Answer: Opening night reviews of the musical were strongly positive.

The King and I [SEP] Critical reception

Opening night reviews of the musical were strongly positive. Richard Watts in the "New York Post" termed it "[a]nother triumph for the masters". Critic John Mason Brown stated, "They have done it again." "The New York Times" drama critic Brooks Atkinson wrote: "This time Messrs. Rodgers and Hammerstein are not breaking any fresh trails, but they are accomplished artists of song and words in the theater; and "The King and I" is a beautiful and lovable musical play." Barely less enthusiastic was John Lardner in "The New Yorker", who wrote, "Even those of us who find [the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals] a little too unremittingly wholesome are bound to take pleasure in the high spirits and technical skill that their authors, and producers, have put into them." Otis Guernsey wrote for the "New York Herald Tribune", "Musicals and leading men will never be the same after last night ...


Context: when did king and i open in london

Context: March 29, 1951

Context: when were the auditions held?

Context: January 1951

Context: who were the cast members?

Context: Yul Brynner

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: Opening night reviews of the musical were strongly positive.

Question: which other interests did the cast member mentioned above had apart from acting?

Answer: He was an active photographer and wrote two books.

Yul Brynner [SEP] Photographer, author and musician

In addition to his work as a director and performer, Brynner was an active photographer and wrote two books. His daughter Victoria put together "Yul Brynner: Photographer" (), a collection of his photographs of family, friends, and fellow actors, as well as those he took while serving as a UN special consultant on refugees. Brynner wrote "Bring Forth the Children: A Journey to the Forgotten People of Europe and the Middle East" (1960), with photographs by himself and Magnum photographer Inge Morath, and "The Yul Brynner Cookbook: Food Fit for the King and You" (1983 ). He was also an accomplished guitarist and singer.


Context: when did king and i open in london

Context: March 29, 1951

Context: when were the auditions held?

Context: January 1951

Context: who were the cast members?

Context: Yul Brynner

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: which other interests did the cast member mentioned above had apart from acting?

Context: He was an active photographer and wrote two books.

Question: did he face any issues regarding citizenship?

Answer: He renounced his US citizenship at the U.S. Embassy in Bern, Switzerland, for tax reasons.

Yul Brynner [SEP] Citizenship

Brynner, a Swiss citizen, was naturalized as a U.S. citizen after applying in 1943, at the age of 22, while living in New York as an actor and radio announcer. However, in June 1965, he renounced his US citizenship at the U.S. Embassy in Bern, Switzerland, for tax reasons. He had lost his tax exemption as an American resident abroad by working too long in the United States and would have been bankrupted by his tax and penalty debts.


Context: when did king and i open in london

Context: March 29, 1951

Context: when were the auditions held?

Context: January 1951

Context: who were the cast members?

Context: Yul Brynner

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: did he face any issues regarding citizenship?

Context: He renounced his US citizenship at the U.S. Embassy in Bern, Switzerland, for tax reasons.

Question: which films did he work in?

Answer: "Escape from Zahrain", "Taras Bulba"

Explanation: "Taras Bulba"

Yul Brynner [SEP] Films 1962–1969

Brynner focused on action films. He did "Escape from Zahrain" (1962) with Ronald Neame as director and "Taras Bulba" (1962) with Tony Curtis for J. Lee Thompson. Both films were commercial disappointments; "Taras Bulba" was popular but failed to recoup its large cost. The first film under his three-picture deal with Mirisch was "Flight from Ashiya" (1963) with George Chakiris. It was followed by "Kings of the Sun" (1963), also with Chakiris, directed by Thompson. Neither film was particularly popular; nor was "Invitation to a Gunfighter" (1964), a Western. "Morituri" (1965), opposite Marlon Brando, failed to reverse the series of unsuccessful movies.


Context: when did king and i open in london

Context: March 29, 1951

Context: when were the auditions held?

Context: January 1951

Context: who were the cast members?

Context: Yul Brynner

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: which films did he work in?

Context: "Escape from Zahrain", "Taras Bulba"

Question: what inspired the second one?

Answer: It might be based on the real family history of an ancestor of Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. Another possible inspiration was the hero of the folk song "The deeds of Sava Chaly."

Taras Bulba [SEP] Inspiration

The character of Taras Bulba, the main hero of this novel, is a composite of several historical personalities. It might be based on the real family history of an ancestor of Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay, Cossack Ataman Okhrim Makukha from Starodub, who killed his son Nazar for switching to the Polish side during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay's uncle, Grigory Illich Miklouho-Maclay, studied together with Gogol in Nizhyn Gymnasium and probably told the family legend to Gogol. Another possible inspiration was the hero of the folk song "The deeds of Sava Chaly", published by Mykhaylo Maksymovych, about Cossack captain Sava Chaly (executed in 1741 after serving as a colonel in the private army of a Polish noble), whose killing was ordered by his own father for betraying the Ukrainian cause.


Context: when did king and i open in london

Context: March 29, 1951

Context: when were the auditions held?

Context: January 1951

Context: who were the cast members?

Context: Yul Brynner

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: which films did he work in?

Context: "Escape from Zahrain", "Taras Bulba"

Context: what inspired the second one?

Context: It might be based on the real family history of an ancestor of Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. Another possible inspiration was the hero of the folk song "The deeds of Sava Chaly."

Question: did he receive any accolades?

Answer: His statue was inaugurated at Yul Brynner Park, in front of the home where he was born at Aleutskaya St. No. 15 in Vladivostok, Russia.

Yul Brynner [SEP] Honors

On September 28, 2012, a 2.4-m-tall statue was inaugurated at Yul Brynner Park, in front of the home where he was born at Aleutskaya St. No. 15 in Vladivostok, Russia. Created by local sculptor Alexei Bokiy, the monument was carved in granite from China. The grounds for the park were donated by the city of Vladivostok, which also paid additional costs. Vladivostok Mayor Igor Pushkariov, US Consul General Sylvia Curran, and Yul's son, Rock Brynner, participated in the ceremony, along with hundreds of local residents.


Context: when did king and i open in london

Context: March 29, 1951

Context: when were the auditions held?

Context: January 1951

Context: who were the cast members?

Context: Yul Brynner

Context: how was it received by the critics?

Context: which films did he work in?

Context: "Escape from Zahrain", "Taras Bulba"

Context: what inspired the second one?

Context: did he receive any accolades?

Context: His statue was inaugurated at Yul Brynner Park, in front of the home where he was born at Aleutskaya St. No. 15 in Vladivostok, Russia.

Question: when did he die?

Answer: October 10, 1985

Explanation: October 10, 1985

Yul Brynner [SEP] Death

Brynner died of lung cancer on October 10, 1985 at New York Hospital at the age of 65. A few days after his death, the recorded anti-cigarette public service announcement was shown on all the major US television networks and in many other countries. In it, he expressed his desire to make an anti-smoking commercial after discovering how sick he was, and that his death was imminent. He then looked directly into the camera for 30 seconds and said, "Now that I'm gone, I tell you: "Don't" smoke. Whatever you do, just don't smoke. If I could take back that smoking, we wouldn't be talking about any cancer.


Question: who was alexander of greece?

Answer: King of Greece

Explanation: King of Greece from 11 June 191

Alexander of Greece [SEP] Introduction

Alexander (, "Aléxandros"; 1 August 189325 October 1920) was King of Greece from 11 June 1917 until his death three years later, at the age of 27, from the effects of a monkey bite. The second son of King Constantine I, Alexander was born in the summer palace of Tatoi on the outskirts of Athens. He succeeded his father in 1917, during World War I, after the Entente Powers and the followers of Eleftherios Venizelos pushed Constantine I, and his eldest son Crown Prince George, into exile. Having no real political experience, the new king was stripped of his powers by the Venizelists and effectively imprisoned in his own palace.


Context:
who was alexander of greece?
King of Greece

Question: where was he born?

Answer: In the summer palace of Tatoi on the outskirts of Athens

Explanation: summer palace of Tatoi on the outskirts of Athens

Alexander of Greece [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: In the summer palace of Tatoi on the outskirts of Athens

Question: did he get married?

Answer: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Explanation: commoner Aspasia Manos

Alexander of Greece [SEP] Introduction

Venizelos, as prime minister, was the effective ruler with the support of the Entente. Though reduced to the status of a puppet king, Alexander supported Greek troops during their war against the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Under his reign, the territorial extent of Greece considerably increased, following the victory of the Entente and their Allies in the First World War and the early stages of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922. Alexander controversially married the commoner Aspasia Manos in 1919, provoking a major scandal that forced the couple to leave Greece for several months. Soon after returning to Greece with his wife, Alexander was bitten by a domestic Barbary macaque and died of sepsis.


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Question: what can you tell me about the battles or wars that he fought?

Answer: Balkan Wars

Explanation: Balkan Wars

Alexander of Greece [SEP] Military career

As his father's second son, Alexander was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George. His education was expensive and carefully planned, but while George spent part of his military training in Germany, Alexander was educated in Greece. He joined the prestigious Hellenic Military Academy, where several of his uncles had previously studied and where he made himself known more for his mechanical skills than for his intellectual capacity. He was passionate about cars and motors, and was one of the first Greeks to acquire an automobile. He distinguished himself in combat during the Balkan Wars of 1912–13.


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Context: what can you tell me about the battles or wars that he fought?

Context: Balkan Wars

Question: who fought in this war?

Answer: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia against the Ottoman Empire

Explanation: the Ottoman Empire,

Balkan Wars [SEP] Introduction

The Balkan Wars consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913. Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War. In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought against all four original combatants of the first war along with facing a surprise attack from Romania from the north. The conflicts ended catastrophically for the Ottoman Empire, which lost the bulk of its territory in Europe. Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus served as a "prelude to the First World War".


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Context: Balkan Wars

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia against the Ottoman Empire

Question: who won the war?

Answer: Balkan states

Explanation: Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire

Balkan Wars [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Context: Balkan Wars

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won the war?

Context: Balkan states

Question: can you please tell me where this place is

Answer: Balkan Peninsula

Explanation: Balkan Peninsula

Balkan Wars [SEP] Introduction


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Context: Balkan Wars

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won the war?

Context: Balkan states

Context: can you please tell me where this place is

Context: Balkan Peninsula

Question: i'd like to visit the city alexander was born in, can you please suggest tourist places

Answer: Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport,  Athens Metro and Attiki Odos Motorway.

Explanation: Attiki Odos Motorway.

Athens [SEP] Tourism

Athens has been a destination for travellers since antiquity. Over the past decade, the city's infrastructure and social amenities have improved, in part because of its successful bid to stage the 2004 Olympic Games. The Greek Government, aided by the EU, has funded major infrastructure projects such as the state-of-the-art Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport, the expansion of the Athens Metro system, and the new Attiki Odos Motorway. Athens was voted as the third best European city to visit in 2015 by European Best Destination. More than 240,000 people voted.


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Context: Balkan Wars

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won the war?

Context: Balkan states

Context: Balkan Peninsula

Context: i'd like to visit the city alexander was born in, can you please suggest tourist places

Context: Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport,  Athens Metro and Attiki Odos Motorway.

Question: are there zoos or parks to visit?

Answer: Yes, Parnitha National Park, National Garden of Athens etc

Explanation: National Garden of Athens

Athens [SEP] Parks and zoos

Parnitha National Park is punctuated by well-marked paths, gorges, springs, torrents and caves dotting the protected area. Hiking and mountain-biking in all four mountains are popular outdoor activities for residents of the city. The National Garden of Athens was completed in 1840 and is a green refuge of 15.5 hectares in the centre of the Greek capital. It is to be found between the Parliament and Zappeion buildings, the latter of which maintains its own garden of seven hectares. Parts of the City Centre have been redeveloped under a masterplan called the "Unification of Archeological Sites of Athens", which has also gathered funding from the EU to help enhance the project.


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Context: Balkan Wars

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won the war?

Context: Balkan states

Context: Balkan Peninsula

Context: are there zoos or parks to visit?

Context: Yes, Parnitha National Park, National Garden of Athens etc

Question: you mentioned a motorway before, which places does it connect?

Answer: Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport

Attiki Odos [SEP] History

Construction of the A6 motorway began in 1996. Part of it was opened, along with the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport to which it connects, in March 2001. In early 2003, the A6 was opened from Kifisias Avenue Interchange to Eleftherios Venizelos Airport; the Ymittos Ring was almost paved by this time, and tunnels were already complete. On 3 September 2003, the Ymittos Ring opened. This part of the motorway runs in the northern part of the Hymettus hills and bypassed Mesogeion Avenue and linked to Kifissou Avenue and its suburbs, and the Airport along with the eastern suburbs of Athens.


Context: who was alexander of greece?

Context: King of Greece

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he get married?

Context: Yes, to a commoner Aspasia Manos

Context: Balkan Wars

Context: who fought in this war?

Context: who won the war?

Context: Balkan states

Context: Balkan Peninsula

Context: are there zoos or parks to visit?

Context: you mentioned a motorway before, which places does it connect?

Context: Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport

Question: will i have to pay tolls if i use it?

Answer: Yes, toll is paid when entering the motorway

Explanation: toll is paid when entering the motorway

Attiki Odos [SEP] Tolls

Toll stations are located at the interchanges leading to the Attiki Odos motorway; the toll is paid when entering the motorway. The toll is the same regardless of the length of journey, but depends on vehicle category. Drivers can pay by either cash, e-pass or a special account card. Recently credit card payments have also been introduced.


Question: where are the most massive elements on the periodic table

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Island of stability [SEP] Introduction

In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements. It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides, separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides. Its theoretical existence is attributed to stabilizing effects of predicted "magic numbers" of protons and neutrons in the superheavy mass region. Several predictions have been made regarding the exact location of the island of stability, though it is generally thought to center near copernicium and flerovium isotopes in the vicinity of the predicted closed neutron shell at "N" = 184.


Context: where are the most massive elements on the periodic table

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the island of stability ?

Answer: In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements.

Explanation: In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements.

Island of stability [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements.

Question: who discovered it ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Island of stability [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: who discovered it ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are super heavy elements you mentioned above ?

Answer: Superheavy elements, also known as transactinide elements, transactinides, or super-heavy elements, are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 103.

Superheavy element [SEP] Introduction

Superheavy elements, also known as transactinide elements, transactinides, or super-heavy elements, are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 103. The superheavy elements are immediately beyond the actinides in the periodic table; the heaviest actinide is lawrencium (atomic number 103). By definition, superheavy elements are also transuranic elements, i.e. having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium (92). Glenn T. Seaborg first proposed the actinide concept, which led to the acceptance of the actinide series. He also proposed a transactinide series ranging from element 104 to 121 and the superactinide series approximately spanning elements 122 to 153 (although more recent work suggests the end of the superactinide series to occur at element 157 instead).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: who discovered it ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are super heavy elements you mentioned above ?

Context: Superheavy elements, also known as transactinide elements, transactinides, or super-heavy elements, are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 103.

Question: who discovered them ?

Answer: Glenn T. Seaborg first proposed the actinide concept, which led to the acceptance of the actinide series.

Explanation: Glenn T. Seaborg first proposed the actinide concept, which led to the acceptance of the actinide series.

Superheavy element [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: who discovered it ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who discovered them ?

Context: Glenn T. Seaborg first proposed the actinide concept, which led to the acceptance of the actinide series.

Question: what are their characteristics ?

Answer: Due to their short half-lives (for example, the most stable known isotope of seaborgium has a half-life of 14 minutes, and half-lives decrease gradually going to the right of the group) and the low yield of the nuclear reactions that produce them

Superheavy element [SEP] Characteristics

Due to their short half-lives (for example, the most stable known isotope of seaborgium has a half-life of 14 minutes, and half-lives decrease gradually going to the right of the group) and the low yield of the nuclear reactions that produce them, new methods have had to be created to determine their gas-phase and solution chemistry based on very small samples of a few atoms each. Relativistic effects become very important in this region of the periodic table, causing the filled 7s orbitals, empty 7p orbitals, and filling 6d orbitals to all contract inwards toward the atomic nucleus. This causes a relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons and makes the 7p orbitals accessible in low excitation states.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: who discovered it ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who discovered them ?

Context: what are their characteristics ?

Context: Due to their short half-lives (for example, the most stable known isotope of seaborgium has a half-life of 14 minutes, and half-lives decrease gradually going to the right of the group) and the low yield of the nuclear reactions that produce them

Question: what are their early predictions ?

Answer: In 1914, German physicist Richard Swinne proposed that elements heavier than uranium, such as those around "Z" = 108, could be found in cosmic rays

Explanation: In 1914, German physicist Richard Swinne proposed that elements heavier than uranium, such as those around "Z" = 108, could be found in cosmic rays.

Superheavy element [SEP] Early predictions

Swinne published these predictions in 1926, believing that such elements might exist in the Earth's core, in iron meteorites, or in the ice caps of Greenland where they had been locked up from their supposed cosmic origin.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: who discovered it ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who discovered them ?

Context: what are their characteristics ?

Context: what are their early predictions ?

Context: In 1914, German physicist Richard Swinne proposed that elements heavier than uranium, such as those around "Z" = 108, could be found in cosmic rays

Question: who is the above scientist ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The heaviest element known at the end of the 19th century was uranium, with an atomic mass of approximately 240 (now known to be 238) amu. Accordingly, it was placed in the last row of the periodic table; this fueled speculation about the possible existence of elements heavier than uranium and why "A" = 240 seemed to be the limit. Following the discovery of the noble gases, beginning with that of argon in 1895, the possibility of heavier members of the group was considered. Danish chemist Julius Thomsen proposed in 1895 the existence of a sixth noble gas with "Z" = 86, "A" = 212 and a seventh with "Z" = 118, "A" = 292, the last closing a 32-element period containing thorium and uranium.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: who discovered it ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who discovered them ?

Context: what are their characteristics ?

Context: what are their early predictions ?

Context: who is the above scientist ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: any awards won by him  ?

Answer: Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Glenn T. Seaborg [SEP] Introduction

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (; April 19, 1912February 25, 1999) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, discovery and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a share of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His work in this area also led to his development of the actinide concept and the arrangement of the actinide series in the periodic table of the elements. Seaborg spent most of his career as an educator and research scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, serving as a professor, and, between 1958 and 1961, as the university's second chancellor. He advised ten US Presidents—from Harry S.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the island of stability ?

Context: who discovered it ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who discovered them ?

Context: what are their characteristics ?

Context: what are their early predictions ?

Context: who is the above scientist ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: any awards won by him  ?

Context: Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Question: was he a chairman of any commission ?

Answer: Yes, Seaborg was chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission

Glenn T. Seaborg [SEP] Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission

After appointment by President John F. Kennedy and confirmation by the United States Senate, Seaborg was chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1961 to 1971. His pending appointment by President-elect Kennedy was nearly derailed in late 1960 when members of the Kennedy transition team learned that Seaborg had been listed in a "U.S. News & World Report" article as a member of "Nixon's Idea Men". Seaborg said that as a lifetime Democrat he was baffled when the article appeared associating him with outgoing Vice President Richard Nixon, a Republican whom Seaborg considered a casual acquaintance. During the early 1960s, Seaborg became concerned with the ecological and biological effects of nuclear weapons, especially those that would impact human life significantly.


Question: when was the australian journal of herpetology published?

Answer: 1981

Australian Journal of Herpetology [SEP] Publication

In 1981, the Australian Herpetologists League released the first and second issues the first volume of the "Australian Journal of Herpetology". It "contained a broad spectrum of conventional herpetology papers from both amateur and professional authors." The journal gained individual and institutional subscribers in Australia and abroad. At the same time, Wells did not complete his first year at UNE and moved to Sydney. For two years, the journal did not release any further issues. During this time, the editorial board continued to forward accepted manuscripts to Wells who maintained his UNE address despite having moved. Then, without warning, a 56-page double issue consisting of a single article, "A Synopsis of the Class Reptilia in Australia" by Wells and C.


Context: when was the australian journal of herpetology published?

Question: what is it about?

Answer: A scientific journal specialising in herpetology

Australian Journal of Herpetology [SEP] Introduction

The Australian Journal of Herpetology was a scientific journal specialising in herpetology published from 1981 until 1983 with an additional supplemental series released in 1985. The Australian Herpetologists League established the journal as a peer-reviewed periodical and published its first two issues in 1981. Richard W. Wells, a first-year biology student, served as the journal's editor-in-chief, supporting an editorial board of three Australian researchers. In what became known as the "Wells and Wellington affair", Wells took control of the "Australian Journal of Herpetology" and between 1983 and 1985 published three papers without peer review. Co-authored by himself and high school teacher C.


Context: what is it about?

Context: A scientific journal specialising in herpetology

Question: what does this word mean?

Answer: Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles

Herpetology [SEP] Introduction

Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν "herpetón", meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology. Thus, the definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of ectothermic (cold-blooded) tetrapods. Under this definition "herps" (or sometimes "herptiles" or "herpetofauna") exclude fish, but it is not uncommon for herpetological and ichthyological scientific societies to "team up", publishing joint journals and holding conferences in order to foster the exchange of ideas between the fields, as the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists does.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles

Question: do you know who was the publisher for the journal?

Answer: The Australian Herpetologists League

Explanation: In 1981, the Australian Herpetologists League released the first and second issues the first volume of the "Australian Journal of Herpetology".


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: do you know who was the publisher for the journal?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Question: can you please name any of the authors?

Answer: Wells and Wellington

Australian Journal of Herpetology [SEP] Wells and Wellington's justifications

Wells and Wellington, the latter a teacher at Blaxland High School, said that they did "years of research" before publishing their first paper. Wellington claimed in 1984 that their work was self-published due to a dispute with the Australian Museum, to which the pair had donated several specimens. Nonetheless, he said that the museum had prevented him and Wells from using its reptile collections for their research, further saying that, Relative to other continents, Australia's herpetofauna had been subject to less in-depth research, primarily due to the continent's low population density, uneven population distribution, and high biodiversity. G. B. Monteith described the duo's justification for their papers as "a radical conservation ethic" and wrote that their intent appeared to be based on the belief that describing individual populations as distinct species would hasten their conservation.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Question: the branch of science that the journal refers to, how is it structured?

Answer: The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs, snakes, lizards or turtles

Herpetology [SEP] Subfields

The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs (batrachology), snakes (ophiology or ophidiology), lizards (saurology) or turtles (cheloniology, chelonology or testudinology). More generally, herpetologists work on functional problems in ecology, evolution, physiology, behavior etc. of amphibians and reptiles. That is, they chose to use amphibians or reptiles as model organisms for specific questions in these fields, such as the role of frogs in the ecology of a wetland. All of these areas are related through their evolutionary history, e.g. the evolution of viviparity (including behavior and reproduction).


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: the branch of science that the journal refers to, how is it structured?

Context: The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs, snakes, lizards or turtles

Question: is there any reference to charles darwin?

Answer: No

Explanation: Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν "herpetón", meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians

Herpetology [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: is there any reference to charles darwin?

Context: No

Question: you mentioned that the book is concerned with the study of two species, can you please give me examples of the first one.

Answer: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Explanation: Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν "herpetón", meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona))

Herpetology [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: you mentioned that the book is concerned with the study of two species, can you please give me examples of the first one.

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Question: what do they eat?

Answer: With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.

Amphibian [SEP] Feeding and diet

With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow. The diet mostly consists of small prey that do not move too fast such as beetles, caterpillars, earthworms and spiders. The sirens ("Siren spp.") often ingest aquatic plant material with the invertebrates on which they feed and a Brazilian tree frog ("Xenohyla truncata") includes a large quantity of fruit in its diet. The Mexican burrowing toad ("Rhinophrynus dorsalis") has a specially adapted tongue for picking up ants and termites. It projects it with the tip foremost whereas other frogs flick out the rear part first, their tongues being hinged at the front.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.

Question: can you please tell me some of their characteristics?

Answer: Amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage

Amphibian [SEP] Characteristics

The superclass Tetrapoda is divided into four classes of vertebrate animals with four limbs. Reptiles, birds and mammals are amniotes, the eggs of which are either laid or carried by the female and are surrounded by several membranes, some of which are impervious. Lacking these membranes, amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage. They are not found in the sea with the exception of one or two frogs that live in brackish water in mangrove swamps; the Anderson's salamander meanwhile occurs in brackish or salt water lakes.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: can you please tell me some of their characteristics?

Context: Amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage

Question: please describe their life cycles to me

Answer: Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.

Amphibian [SEP] Life cycle

Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.

Question: how do they reproduce?

Answer: Most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

Amphibian [SEP] Reproduction

For the purpose of reproduction most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist. A few (e.g. "Fejervarya raja") can inhabit brackish water, but there are no true marine amphibians. There are reports, however, of particular amphibian populations unexpectedly invading marine waters. Such was the case with the Black Sea invasion of the natural hybrid "Pelophylax esculentus" reported in 2010. Several hundred frog species in adaptive radiations (e.g., "Eleutherodactylus", the Pacific "Platymantis", the Australo-Papuan microhylids, and many other tropical frogs), however, do not need any water for breeding in the wild.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

Question: are there any efforts made to conserve them?

Answer: Yes, a global strategy to stem the decline in amphibian populations was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan

Explanation: A global strategy to stem the crisis was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan.

Amphibian [SEP] Conservation

Developed by over eighty leading experts in the field, this call to action details what would be required to curtail amphibian declines and extinctions over the following five years and how much this would cost. The Amphibian Specialist Group of the IUCN is spearheading efforts to implement a comprehensive global strategy for amphibian conservation. Amphibian Ark is an organization that was formed to implement the ex-situ conservation recommendations of this plan, and they have been working with zoos and aquaria around the world, encouraging them to create assurance colonies of threatened amphibians. One such project is the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project that built on existing conservation efforts in Panama to create a country-wide response to the threat of chytridiomycosis.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: are there any efforts made to conserve them?

Context: Yes, a global strategy to stem the decline in amphibian populations was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan

Question: please give me examples of the second species you mentioned that is in this journal.

Answer: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Explanation: Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν "herpetón", meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology.

Herpetology [SEP] Introduction

Many herpetological societies have been formed to promote interest in reptiles and amphibians, both captive and wild. Herpetology offers benefits to humanity in the study of the role of amphibians and reptiles in global ecology, especially because amphibians are often very sensitive to environmental changes, offering a visible warning to humans that significant changes are taking place. Some toxins and venoms produced by reptiles and amphibians are useful in human medicine. Currently, some snake venom has been used to create anti-coagulants that work to treat strokes and heart attacks.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: please give me examples of the second species you mentioned that is in this journal.

Context: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Question: can you please tell me about their origins.

Answer: The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs.

Reptile [SEP] Origin of the reptiles

The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs. The oldest known animal that may have been an amniote is "Casineria" (though it may have been a temnospondyl). A series of footprints from the fossil strata of Nova Scotia dated to show typical reptilian toes and imprints of scales. These tracks are attributed to "Hylonomus", the oldest unquestionable reptile known. It was a small, lizard-like animal, about long, with numerous sharp teeth indicating an insectivorous diet. Other examples include "Westlothiana" (for the moment considered a reptiliomorph rather than a true amniote) and "Paleothyris", both of similar build and presumably similar habit.


Context: what is it about?

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: No

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Context: can you please tell me about their origins.

Context: The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs.

Question: what can you tell me about their behaviour?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Reptile [SEP] Origin of the reptiles


Context: when was the australian journal of herpetology published?

Context: what is it about?

Context: A scientific journal specialising in herpetology

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles

Context: do you know who was the publisher for the journal?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: the branch of science that the journal refers to, how is it structured?

Context: The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs, snakes, lizards or turtles

Context: is there any reference to charles darwin?

Context: No

Context: you mentioned that the book is concerned with the study of two species, can you please give me examples of the first one.

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.

Context: can you please tell me some of their characteristics?

Context: Amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

Context: are there any efforts made to conserve them?

Context: Yes, a global strategy to stem the decline in amphibian populations was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan

Context: please give me examples of the second species you mentioned that is in this journal.

Context: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Context: can you please tell me about their origins.

Context: The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs.

Context: what can you tell me about their behaviour?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do they have any defense mechanisms?

Answer: Yes, many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals

Reptile [SEP] Defense mechanisms

Many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals. Thus avoidance is the most common form of defense in reptiles. At the first sign of danger, most snakes and lizards crawl away into the undergrowth, and turtles and crocodiles will plunge into water and sink out of sight.


Context: when was the australian journal of herpetology published?

Context: what is it about?

Context: A scientific journal specialising in herpetology

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles

Context: do you know who was the publisher for the journal?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: the branch of science that the journal refers to, how is it structured?

Context: The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs, snakes, lizards or turtles

Context: is there any reference to charles darwin?

Context: No

Context: you mentioned that the book is concerned with the study of two species, can you please give me examples of the first one.

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.

Context: can you please tell me some of their characteristics?

Context: Amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

Context: are there any efforts made to conserve them?

Context: Yes, a global strategy to stem the decline in amphibian populations was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan

Context: please give me examples of the second species you mentioned that is in this journal.

Context: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Context: can you please tell me about their origins.

Context: The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs.

Context: what can you tell me about their behaviour?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have any defense mechanisms?

Context: Yes, many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals

Question: do they have good vision?

Answer: Yes, reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances.

Reptile [SEP] Vision

Most reptiles are diurnal animals. The vision is typically adapted to daylight conditions, with color vision and more advanced visual depth perception than in amphibians and most mammals. Reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances. They often have only a few Rod cells and have poor vision in low-light conditions. At the same time they have cells called “double cones” which give them sharp color vision and enable them to see ultraviolet wavelengths. In some species, such as blind snakes, vision is reduced. Many lepidosaurs have a photosensory organ on the top of their heads called the parietal eye, which are also called third eye, pineal eye or pineal gland.


Context: when was the australian journal of herpetology published?

Context: what is it about?

Context: A scientific journal specialising in herpetology

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles

Context: do you know who was the publisher for the journal?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: the branch of science that the journal refers to, how is it structured?

Context: The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs, snakes, lizards or turtles

Context: is there any reference to charles darwin?

Context: No

Context: you mentioned that the book is concerned with the study of two species, can you please give me examples of the first one.

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.

Context: can you please tell me some of their characteristics?

Context: Amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

Context: are there any efforts made to conserve them?

Context: Yes, a global strategy to stem the decline in amphibian populations was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan

Context: please give me examples of the second species you mentioned that is in this journal.

Context: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Context: can you please tell me about their origins.

Context: The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs.

Context: what can you tell me about their behaviour?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have any defense mechanisms?

Context: Yes, many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals

Context: do they have good vision?

Context: Yes, reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances.

Question: how intelligent are they?

Answer: Reptiles are generally considered less intelligent than mammals and birds

Reptile [SEP] Intelligence

Reptiles are generally considered less intelligent than mammals and birds. The size of their brain relative to their body is much less than that of mammals, the encephalization quotient being about one tenth of that of mammals, though larger reptiles can show more complex brain development. Larger lizards, like the monitors, are known to exhibit complex behavior, including cooperation and cognitive abilities allowing them to optimize their foraging and territoriality over time. Crocodiles have relatively larger brains and show a fairly complex social structure. The Komodo dragon is even known to engage in play, as are turtles, which are also considered to be social creatures, and sometimes switch between monogamy and promiscuity in their sexual behavior.


Context: when was the australian journal of herpetology published?

Context: what is it about?

Context: A scientific journal specialising in herpetology

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles

Context: do you know who was the publisher for the journal?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: the branch of science that the journal refers to, how is it structured?

Context: The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs, snakes, lizards or turtles

Context: is there any reference to charles darwin?

Context: No

Context: you mentioned that the book is concerned with the study of two species, can you please give me examples of the first one.

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.

Context: can you please tell me some of their characteristics?

Context: Amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

Context: are there any efforts made to conserve them?

Context: Yes, a global strategy to stem the decline in amphibian populations was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan

Context: please give me examples of the second species you mentioned that is in this journal.

Context: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Context: can you please tell me about their origins.

Context: The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs.

Context: what can you tell me about their behaviour?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have any defense mechanisms?

Context: Yes, many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals

Context: do they have good vision?

Context: Yes, reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances.

Context: how intelligent are they?

Context: Reptiles are generally considered less intelligent than mammals and birds

Question: how do they reproduce?

Answer: Reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction.

Reptile [SEP] Reproduction

Reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction. All reproductive activity occurs through the cloaca, the single exit/entrance at the base of the tail where waste is also eliminated. Most reptiles have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median penis, while squamates, including snakes and lizards, possess a pair of hemipenes, only one of which is typically used in each session. Tuatara, however, lack copulatory organs, and so the male and female simply press their cloacas together as the male discharges sperm.


Context: when was the australian journal of herpetology published?

Context: what is it about?

Context: A scientific journal specialising in herpetology

Context: what does this word mean?

Context: Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles

Context: do you know who was the publisher for the journal?

Context: The Australian Herpetologists League

Context: can you please name any of the authors?

Context: Wells and Wellington

Context: the branch of science that the journal refers to, how is it structured?

Context: The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs, snakes, lizards or turtles

Context: is there any reference to charles darwin?

Context: No

Context: you mentioned that the book is concerned with the study of two species, can you please give me examples of the first one.

Context: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Context: what do they eat?

Context: With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are predators, feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow.

Context: can you please tell me some of their characteristics?

Context: Amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage

Context: please describe their life cycles to me

Context: Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

Context: are there any efforts made to conserve them?

Context: Yes, a global strategy to stem the decline in amphibian populations was released in 2005 in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan

Context: please give me examples of the second species you mentioned that is in this journal.

Context: Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Context: can you please tell me about their origins.

Context: The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs.

Context: what can you tell me about their behaviour?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they have any defense mechanisms?

Context: Yes, many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals

Context: do they have good vision?

Context: Yes, reptiles usually have excellent vision, allowing them to detect shapes and motions at long distances.

Context: how intelligent are they?

Context: Reptiles are generally considered less intelligent than mammals and birds

Context: how do they reproduce?

Context: Reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction.

Question: is there any medicinal value to them?

Answer: Yes, the cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being researched as a potential treatment for cancers

Explanation: The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being researched as a potential treatment for cancers.

Reptile [SEP] Medicine

Gila toxin reduces plasma glucose; the substance is now synthesised for use in the anti-diabetes drug exenatide (Byetta). Another toxin from Gila monster saliva has been studied for use as an anti-Alzheimer's drug. Geckos have also been used as medicine, especially in China. Turtles have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for thousands of years, with every part of the turtle believed to have medical benefits. There is a lack of scientific evidence that would correlate claimed medical benefits to turtle consumption. Growing demand for turtle meat has placed pressure on vulnerable wild populations of turtles.


Question: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Answer: Two engagements between forces during the Guadalcanal campaign.

Actions along the Matanikau [SEP] Introduction

The Actions along the Matanikau—sometimes referred to as the Second and Third Battles of the Matanikau—were two separate but related engagements, which took place in the months of September and October 1942, among a series of engagements between the United States and Imperial Japanese naval and ground forces around the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal Island in the southwestern Pacific northeast of Australia, during the Guadalcanal campaign. These particular engagements—the first taking place between 23 and 27 September, and the second between 6 and 9 October—were two of the largest and most significant of the Matanikau actions. The Matanikau River area included a peninsula called Point Cruz, the village of Kokumbona, and a series of ridges and ravines stretching inland from the coast.


Context: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Context: Two engagements between forces during the Guadalcanal campaign.

Question: who were the two forces?

Answer: United State and forces of Imperial Japan.

Explanation: The Actions along the Matanikau—sometimes referred to as the Second and Third Battles of the Matanikau—were two separate but related engagements, which took place in the months of September and October 1942, among a series of engagements between the United States and Imperial Japanese naval and ground forces around the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal Island


Context: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Context: who were the two forces?

Context: United State and forces of Imperial Japan.

Question: what was the campaign about?

Answer: The United States wanted to neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign.

Actions along the Matanikau [SEP] Background

On 7 August 1942, Allied forces (primarily American) landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands. The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of neutralizing the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign. The landings initiated the six-month-long Guadalcanal Campaign. Taking the Japanese by surprise, by nightfall on 8 August the Allied landing forces had secured Tulagi and nearby small islands, as well as an airfield, later called Henderson Field by Allied forces, under construction at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal.


Context: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Context: who were the two forces?

Context: what was the campaign about?

Context: The United States wanted to neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign.

Question: where did the engagement between the forces take place?

Answer: Around the Matanikau river.

Explanation: Japanese troop concentrations at several points around the Matanikau River.

The Marine attacks were intended to "mop-up" Japanese stragglers retreating towards the Matanikau from the recent Battle of Edson's Ridge, to disrupt Japanese attempts to use the Matanikau area as a base for attacks on the Marine Lunga defenses, and to destroy any Japanese forces in the area. The Japanese—under the overall command of Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi—repulsed the Marine attacks. During the action, three U.S. Marine companies were surrounded by Japanese forces, took heavy losses, and barely escaped with assistance from a U.S. Navy destroyer and landing craft manned by U.S. Coast Guard personnel.


Context: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Context: who were the two forces?

Context: what was the campaign about?

Context: where did the engagement between the forces take place?

Context: Around the Matanikau river.

Question: where is this river located?

Answer: In Solomon Islands.

Matanikau River [SEP] Introduction

The Matanikau River of Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, is located in the northwest part of the island. During the World War II Guadalcanal campaign, several significant engagements occurred between United States and Japanese forces near the river.


Context: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Context: who were the two forces?

Context: what was the campaign about?

Context: Around the Matanikau river.

Context: where is this river located?

Context: In Solomon Islands.

Question: did any major war take place on this island?

Answer: It was a scene of several major battles of the world War II.

Solomon Islands [SEP] World War II

From 1942 until the end of 1943, the Solomon Islands were the scene of several major land, sea and air battles between the Allies and the Japanese Empire's armed forces. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941 war was declared between Japan and the Allied Powers, and the Japanese, seeking to protect their southern flank, invaded South-East Asia and New Guinea. In May 1942 the Japanese launched Operation Mo, occupying Tulagi and most of the western Solomon Islands, including Guadalcanal where they began work on an airstrip. The British administration had already relocated to Auki, Malaita and most of the European population had been evacuated to Australia.


Context: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Context: who were the two forces?

Context: what was the campaign about?

Context: Around the Matanikau river.

Context: where is this river located?

Context: In Solomon Islands.

Context: did any major war take place on this island?

Context: It was a scene of several major battles of the world War II.

Question: what is the climate like there?

Answer: An extremely humid ocean-equatorial climate.

Solomon Islands [SEP] Climate

The islands' ocean-equatorial climate is extremely humid throughout the year, with a mean temperature of and few extremes of temperature or weather. June through August is the cooler period. Though seasons are not pronounced, the northwesterly winds of November through April bring more frequent rainfall and occasional squalls or cyclones. The annual rainfall is about .


Context: what is 'actions along the matanikau'?

Context: who were the two forces?

Context: what was the campaign about?

Context: Around the Matanikau river.

Context: where is this river located?

Context: In Solomon Islands.

Context: what is the climate like there?

Context: An extremely humid ocean-equatorial climate.

Question: what language is spoken on this island?

Answer: English and Solomons Pijin.

Solomon Islands [SEP] Languages

While English is the official language, only 1–2% of the population are able to communicate fluently in English. However, an English creole, Solomons Pijin, is a "de facto" lingua franca of the country spoken by the majority of the population, along with local tribal languages. Pijin is closely related to Tok Pisin spoken in Papua New Guinea. The number of local languages listed for Solomon Islands is 74, of which 70 are living languages and 4 are extinct, according to "Ethnologue, Languages of the World". Western Oceanic languages (predominantly of the Southeast Solomonic group) are spoken on the central islands.