Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what was the need for an amendment?

Context: how does the second clause deal with?

Context: has anyone objected to this clause?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did any war take place during this time?

Context: Yes, World War I

Question: when did this war begin?

Answer: 28 July 1914

Explanation: World War I (or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1) was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

World War I [SEP] Introduction

On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on 23August, Japan sided with Britain, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of Austria-Hungary and Germany, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in (and drew upon) each power's colonial empire also, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe. The Entente and its allies eventually became known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies became known as the Central Powers.


Context: what freedoms do we have in the united states

Context: Free exercise of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly

Context: when was the first amendment adopted in the united states constitution?

Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what was the need for an amendment?

Context: To prevent the government from making laws which regulate an establishment of religion, or that would prohibit the freedoms of US constitution

Context: were there any clauses for religious liberty?

Context: Yes, Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause

Context: how does the second clause deal with?

Context: Free exercise is the liberty of persons to reach, hold, practice and change beliefs freely and prohibits government interference with religious belief and, within limits, religious practice.

Context: has anyone objected to this clause?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, World War I

Context: when did this war begin?

Context: 28 July 1914

Question: who was the war fought between?

Answer: Triple Entente, consisting of France, Russia, and Britain; and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Explanation: By July 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente, consisting of France, Russia, and Britain; and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915, when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated.

World War I [SEP] Introduction


Context: December 15, 1791

Context: what was the need for an amendment?

Context: how does the second clause deal with?

Context: has anyone objected to this clause?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Yes, World War I

Context: when did this war begin?

Context: 28 July 1914

Context: who was the war fought between?

Context: Triple Entente, consisting of France, Russia, and Britain; and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Question: how did the war impact the first amendment?

Answer: During the patriotic fervor of the war, the Espionage Act of 1917 punished anyone who caused "insubordination in the military or naval forces of the United States"; but Charles Schenck argued that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment.

Explanation:
In 1919, the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases: "Schenck v. United States", "Debs v. United States", "Frohwerk v. United States", and "Abrams v. United States".
In the first of these cases, Socialist Party of America official Charles Schenck had been convicted under the Espionage Act for publishing leaflets urging resistance to the draft. Schenck appealed, arguing that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment.

First Amendment to the United States Constitution [SEP] World War I

In upholding his conviction, the Court reasoned that although he had not spoken any words that posed a "clear and present danger", taken in context, the speech had a "natural tendency and a probable effect to obstruct the recruiting services". In "Abrams v. United States", four Russian refugees appealed their conviction for throwing leaflets from a building in New York; the leaflets argued against President Woodrow Wilson's intervention in Russia against the October Revolution. The majority upheld their conviction, but Holmes and Justice Louis Brandeis dissented, holding that the government had demonstrated no "clear and present danger" in the four's political advocacy.


Question: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Answer: He was a New Zealand rugby union player and one of the first Māori admitted to the bar practicing as a solicitor and later as a barrister

Thomas Ellison [SEP] Introduction

Ellison was the author of a coaching manual, "The Art of Rugby Football", published in 1902. As well as being one of the first Māori admitted to the bar, practising as a solicitor, and later as a barrister, Ellison also stood unsuccessfully for the Southern Maori parliamentary seat several times. After contracting tuberculosis in 1904, he was briefly institutionalised before dying later that year.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: He was a New Zealand rugby union player and one of the first Māori admitted to the bar practicing as a solicitor and later as a barrister

Question: what is maori?

Answer: Indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand

Māori people [SEP] Introduction

The Māori (; ) are the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand. Māori originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of (canoe) voyages between roughly 1320 and 1350. Over several centuries in isolation, these settlers developed their own distinctive culture, whose language, mythology, crafts and performing arts evolved independently from those of other eastern Polynesian cultures. Some early Māori moved to the Chatham Islands where their descendants became New Zealand's other indigenous Polynesian ethnic group, the Moriori. The arrival of Europeans in New Zealand, starting in the 17th century, brought enormous changes to the Māori way of life.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand

Question: in what ways are these people represented in politics?

Answer: There are seven designated Māori seats in the New Zealand Parliament and consultation with Māori have become routine requirements for councils and government organizations

Māori people [SEP] Political representation

The Māori King Movement originated in the 1860s as an attempt by several to unify under one leader: in modern times, it serves a largely ceremonial role. Another attempt at political unity was the Kotahitanga Movement, which established a separate Māori Parliament that held annual sessions from 1892 until its last sitting in 1902. There are seven designated Māori seats in the New Zealand Parliament (and Māori can and do stand in and win general roll seats), and consideration of and consultation with Māori have become routine requirements for councils and government organisations.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: in what ways are these people represented in politics?

Context: There are seven designated Māori seats in the New Zealand Parliament and consultation with Māori have become routine requirements for councils and government organizations

Question: when did these people first meet the europeans?

Answer: 1642

Māori people [SEP] Contact with Europeans

The first European explorers to New Zealand were Abel Tasman, who arrived in 1642; Captain James Cook, in 1769; and Marion du Fresne in 1772. Initial contact between Māori and Europeans proved problematic and sometimes fatal, with Tasman having four of his men killed and probably killing at least one Māori - without ever landing. Cook's men shot at least eight Māori within three days of his first landing, although he later had good relations with Māori. Three years later, after a promising start, du Fresne and 26 men of his crew were killed. From the 1780s, Māori also increasingly encountered European and American sealers, whalers and Christian missionaries.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: when did these people first meet the europeans?

Question: who was the first european that made contact with them?

Answer: Abel Tasman


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: who was the first european that made contact with them?

Context: Abel Tasman

Question: from which european empire did he come?

Answer: Dutch

Abel Tasman [SEP] Introduction

Abel Janszoon Tasman (; 1603 – 10 October 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and merchant, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). He was the first known European explorer to reach the islands of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), Fiji and New Zealand.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Question: is there any map name after him?

Answer: Yes. Tasman map

Abel Tasman [SEP] Tasman Map

Held within the collection of the State Library of New South Wales is the Tasman Map, thought to have been drawn by Isaac Gilsemans, or completed under the supervision of Franz Jacobszoon Visscher. The map is also known as the Bonaparte map, as it was once owned by Prince Roland Bonaparte, the great-nephew of Napoleon. The map was completed sometime after 1644 and is based on the original charts drawn during Tasman's first and second voyages. As none of the journals or logs composed during Tasman's second voyage have survived, the Bonaparte map remains as an important contemporary artefact of Tasman's voyage to the northern coast of the Australian continent.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Question: is there any place named after him?

Answer: Yes. Tasmania

Tasmania [SEP] Toponymy

Tasmania is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who made the first reported European sighting of the island on 24 November 1642. Tasman named the island Anthony van Diemen's Land after his sponsor Anthony van Diemen, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to Van Diemen's Land by the British. It was officially renamed Tasmania in honour of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856. Tasmania was sometimes referred to as "Dervon", as mentioned in the Jerilderie Letter written by the notorious Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in 1879. The colloquial expression for the state is "Tassie".


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Context: is there any place named after him?

Context: Yes. Tasmania

Question: how is the climate of that place?

Answer: It has a relatively cool temperate climate compared to the rest of Australia with four distinct seasons

Tasmania [SEP] Climate

Tasmania has a relatively cool temperate climate compared to the rest of Australia with four distinct seasons. Summer is from December to February when the average maximum sea temperature is and inland areas around Launceston reach . Other inland areas are much cooler, with Liawenee, located on the Central Plateau, one of the coldest places in Australia, ranging between and in February. Autumn is from March to May, with mostly settled weather, as summer patterns gradually take on the shape of winter patterns. The winter months are from June to August, and are generally the wettest and coldest months in the state, with most high lying areas receiving considerable snowfall.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Context: is there any place named after him?

Context: Yes. Tasmania

Context: how is the climate of that place?

Context: It has a relatively cool temperate climate compared to the rest of Australia with four distinct seasons

Question: were the aboriginal people removed from that place?

Answer: Yes. They were moved to Flinders Island.

Tasmania [SEP] Removal of Aboriginal people

After hostilities between settlers and Aboriginals ceased in 1832, almost all of the remnants of the indigenous population were persuaded or forced by government agent George Augustus Robinson to move to Flinders Island. Many quickly succumbed to infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, reducing the population further. Of those removed from Tasmania, the last to die was Truganini, in 1876. The near-destruction of Tasmania's Aboriginal population has been described as an act of genocide by historians including Robert Hughes, James Boyce, Lyndall Ryan and Tom Lawson. Boyce has claimed that the April 1828 "Proclamation Separating the Aborigines from the White Inhabitants" sanctioned force against Aboriginals "for no other reason than that they were Aboriginal" and described the decision to remove all Tasmanian Aborigines after 1832—by which time they had given up their fight against white colonists—as an extreme policy position.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Context: is there any place named after him?

Context: Yes. Tasmania

Context: how is the climate of that place?

Context: were the aboriginal people removed from that place?

Context: Yes. They were moved to Flinders Island.

Question: who discovered the island?

Answer: Matthew Flinders

Flinders Island [SEP] European discovery

Some of the south-eastern islands of the Furneaux Group were first recorded in 1773 by British navigator Tobias Furneaux, commander of , the support vessel with James Cook on Cook's second voyage. In February 1798, British navigator Matthew Flinders charted some of the southern islands, using one of the schooner "Francis"' open boats. Later that year, Flinders returned and finished charting the islands in the "Norfolk"; he then went on to complete the first circumnavigation of Tasmania (1798–99), accompanied by George Bass, proving Tasmania to be an island separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait, later named in honor of George Bass.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Context: is there any place named after him?

Context: Yes. Tasmania

Context: how is the climate of that place?

Context: who discovered the island?

Context: Matthew Flinders

Question: who is he?

Answer: An English navigator and cartographer

Matthew Flinders [SEP] Introduction

Captain Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was an English navigator and cartographer who led the first inshore circumnavigation of the landmass that is now known as Australia. He is also credited as being the first person to utilise the name Australia to describe the entirety of that continent including Van Diemen's Land, a title he regarded as being "more agreeable to the ear" than previous names such as "Terra Australis". Flinders was involved in several voyages of discovery between 1791 and 1803, the most famous of which are the circumnavigation around Australia and an earlier expedition where he and George Bass confirmed that Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was an island.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Context: is there any place named after him?

Context: Yes. Tasmania

Context: how is the climate of that place?

Context: who discovered the island?

Context: Matthew Flinders

Context: who is he?

Context: An English navigator and cartographer

Question: was he a captain of a ship?

Answer: Yes. Captain of ship 'Investigator'

Matthew Flinders [SEP] Introduction


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Context: is there any place named after him?

Context: Yes. Tasmania

Context: how is the climate of that place?

Context: who discovered the island?

Context: Matthew Flinders

Context: who is he?

Context: An English navigator and cartographer

Context: was he a captain of a ship?

Context: Yes. Captain of ship 'Investigator'

Question: what was his first expedition?

Answer: Transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica

Matthew Flinders [SEP] Midshipman to Captain Bligh

In May 1791, on Pasley's recommendation, Flinders joined Captain William Bligh's expedition on transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica. This was Bligh's second "Breadfruit Voyage" following on from the ill-fated voyage of HMS "Bounty". The expedition sailed via the Cape of Good Hope and in February 1792, they arrived at Adventure Bay in the south of what is now called Tasmania. The officers and crew spent over a week in the region obtaining water and lumber, and interacting with local Aboriginal people. This was Flinders' first direct association with the Australian continent. After the expedition arrived in Tahiti in April 1792, obtaining the many breadfruit plants to take to Jamaica, they sailed back west.


Context: for what is thomas ellison famous?

Context: what is maori?

Context: Abel Tasman

Context: from which european empire did he come?

Context: Dutch

Context: is there any map name after him?

Context: Yes. Tasman map

Context: is there any place named after him?

Context: Yes. Tasmania

Context: how is the climate of that place?

Context: who discovered the island?

Context: Matthew Flinders

Context: who is he?

Context: An English navigator and cartographer

Context: was he a captain of a ship?

Context: Yes. Captain of ship 'Investigator'

Context: what was his first expedition?

Context: Transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica

Question: from where did the latter get its name?

Answer: The indigenous people, the Yamaye, called the island "Xaymaca" in an Arawakan language, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs"

Jamaica [SEP] Etymology

The indigenous people, the Yamaye (also known as the Taíno), called the island "Xaymaca" in an Arawakan language, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs". Colloquially, Jamaicans refer to their home island as the "Rock". Slang names such as "Jamrock", "Jamdown" ("Jamdung" in Jamaican Patois), or briefly "Ja", have derived from this.


Question: chris brown and rihanna turn up the music

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Turn Up the Music (Chris Brown song) [SEP] Introduction

"Turn Up the Music" is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown. It was written by Alexander "Fuego" Palmer, Brown, Damon Thomas, Harvey Mason, Jr., Michael "Mike J" Jimenez, Terence Coles and Agent X, while production was handled by Fuego and The Underdogs. "Turn Up the Music" was sent to contemporary hit radio playlists in the United States on February 7, 2012, as the lead single from Brown's fifth studio album "Fortune" (2012). It was released for digital download on February 10, 2012. "Turn Up the Music" is an uptempo song which draws from the genres of electronic dance and house.


Context: chris brown and rihanna turn up the music

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: have the two artist performed on stage?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: has the song received any rewards?

Answer: Yes, The video earned Brown and Yes, It won Best Male Video and Best Choreography at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards.

Explanation: The video earned Brown and Taberez a nomination for Video Director of the Year at the 2012 BET Awards. It won Best Male Video and Best Choreography at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards. On September 19, 2012, the video received a nomination at the 2012 Soul Train Music Awards for Best Dance Performance.

Turn Up the Music (Chris Brown song) [SEP] Reception


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: Yes, The video earned Brown and Yes, It won Best Male Video and Best Choreography at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards.

Question: where was this event held?

Answer: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Explanation: Staples Center arena at L.A.

2012 MTV Video Music Awards [SEP] Introduction

The 2012 MTV Video Music Awards, hosted by Kevin Hart, took place on Thursday, September 6, 2012, honoring the best music videos from the previous year. The awards were broadcast from the Staples Center arena at L.A. Live in Downtown Los Angeles. Nominations were announced on July 31, 2012. Rihanna and Drake were the most nominated artists that year with five nominations apiece, followed by Katy Perry and Beyoncé, who received four. One Direction was the biggest winner of the night winning their three nominations, including Best New Artist, and Rihanna went on to win Video of the Year. Both M.I.A.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: where was this event held?

Context: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Question: what kind of events are held at this place?

Answer: The arena is home venue to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Staples Center [SEP] Introduction

Staples Center (officially stylized as STAPLES Center) is a multi-purpose arena in Downtown Los Angeles. Adjacent to the L.A. Live development, it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street. The arena opened on October 17, 1999. It is owned and operated by the Arturo L.A. Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group. The arena is home venue to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: where was this event held?

Context: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Context: what kind of events are held at this place?

Context: The arena is home venue to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Question: name few famous songs of the female singer?

Answer: "Rude Boy", "Only Girl (In the World)", "What's My Name?"

Rihanna [SEP] Introduction

Its chart-topping single "Umbrella" earned Rihanna her first Grammy Award and catapulted her to global stardom. She continued to mix pop, dance, and R&B genres on her next back-to-back studio albums, "Rated R" (2009), "Loud" (2010), "Talk That Talk" (2011), and "Unapologetic" (2012), which became her first "Billboard" 200 number one. The albums spawned a string of chart-topping singles, including "Rude Boy", "Only Girl (In the World)", "What's My Name?", "S&M", "We Found Love", "Diamonds", and "Stay". Her eighth album, "Anti" (2016), showcased a new creative control following her departure from Def Jam. It became her second US number-one album and featured the chart-topping single "Work".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: where was this event held?

Context: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Context: name few famous songs of the female singer?

Context: "Rude Boy", "Only Girl (In the World)", "What's My Name?"

Question: have these songs made to the top of the charts?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: The albums spawned a string of chart-topping singles,

Rihanna [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: where was this event held?

Context: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Context: have these songs made to the top of the charts?

Context: Yes

Question: name few famous songs of the male singer?

Answer: "Run It!", "No Air"

Explanation: "Run It!" peaking atop the "Billboard" Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist since 1997 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album "Exclusive" (2007) spawned his second "Billboard" Hot 100 number one "Kiss Kiss". In addition to his solo commercial success, Brown has been featured on several successful singles such as "No Air",

Chris Brown [SEP] Introduction

Brown has pursued an acting career, and his personal life has been publicized. In 2007, he made his on-screen feature film debut in "Stomp the Yard", and appeared as a guest on the television series "The O.C." Other films Brown has appeared in include "This Christmas" (2007), "Takers" (2010), "Think Like a Man" (2012), and "Battle of the Year" (2013).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: where was this event held?

Context: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Context: Yes

Context: name few famous songs of the male singer?

Context: "Run It!", "No Air"

Question: which charts did these songs top at ?

Answer: "Billboard"

Explanation: "Billboard"

Chris Brown [SEP] Introduction

Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. Born in Tappahannock, Virginia, he was involved in his church choir and several local talent shows from a young age. Having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year, which became certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). With his first single "Run It!" peaking atop the "Billboard" Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist since 1997 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album "Exclusive" (2007) spawned his second "Billboard" Hot 100 number one "Kiss Kiss".


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: where was this event held?

Context: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Context: Yes

Context: "Run It!", "No Air"

Context: which charts did these songs top at ?

Context: "Billboard"

Question: what is the marketing strategy of this chart?

Answer: They present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically showing witty slogans and distinctive visuals, billboards are highly visible in the top designated market areas.

Billboard [SEP] Introduction

A billboard (also called a hoarding in the UK and many other parts of the world) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically showing witty slogans and distinctive visuals, billboards are highly visible in the top designated market areas. The largest ordinary-sized billboards are located primarily on major highways, expressways or principal arterials, and command high-density consumer exposure (mostly to vehicular traffic). These afford greatest visibility due not only to their size, but because they allow creative "customizing" through extensions and embellishments.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: have the two artist performed on stage?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has the song received any rewards?

Context: where was this event held?

Context: Staples Center arena at L.A.

Context: Yes

Context: "Run It!", "No Air"

Context: which charts did these songs top at ?

Context: "Billboard"

Context: what is the marketing strategy of this chart?

Context: They present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically showing witty slogans and distinctive visuals, billboards are highly visible in the top designated market areas.

Question: does this chart have any tag line?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Billboard [SEP] Introduction


Question: two provisions of the voting rights act of 1965

Answer: "General provisions", which apply nationwide, and "special provisions", which apply to only certain states and local governments.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 [SEP] Provisions

The act contains two types of provisions: "general provisions", which apply nationwide, and "special provisions", which apply to only certain states and local governments. Most provisions are designed to protect the voting rights of racial and language minorities. The term "language minority" means "persons who are American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives or of Spanish heritage." The act's provisions have been colored by numerous judicial interpretations and congressional amendments.


Context: two provisions of the voting rights act of 1965

Context: "General provisions", which apply nationwide, and "special provisions", which apply to only certain states and local governments.

Question: what was the act about?

Answer: It prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 [SEP] Introduction

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country.


Context: what was the act about?

Context: It prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

Question: who was responsible for bringing about this act?

Answer: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Explanation: It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the civil rights movement on August 6, 1965,


Context: what was the act about?

Context: who was responsible for bringing about this act?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: where is he from?

Answer: Stonewall, Texas

Explanation: Stonewall, Texas,

Lyndon B. Johnson [SEP] Early life

Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River. He was the eldest of five children born to Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. and Rebekah Baines. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia. The nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJ's father's cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Georgia. Johnson had English, Irish, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry. He was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana.


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Question: did he hold any campaigns?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Lyndon B. Johnson [SEP] Early life


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Context: did he hold any campaigns?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: has he ever sponsored any educational institutions?

Answer: He launched a legislative effort that took the name of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. The bill sought to double federal spending on education.  Johnson signed the Public Broadcasting Act to create educational television programs to supplement the broadcast networks.

Lyndon B. Johnson [SEP] Federal funding for education

Johnson, whose own ticket out of poverty was a public education in Texas, fervently believed that education was a cure for ignorance and poverty, and was an essential component of the American dream, especially for minorities who endured poor facilities and tight-fisted budgets from local taxes. He made education the top priority of the Great Society agenda, with an emphasis on helping poor children. After the 1964 landslide brought in many new liberal Congressmen, LBJ launched a legislative effort that took the name of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. The bill sought to double federal spending on education from $4 billion to $8 billion; with considerable facilitating by the White House, it passed the House by a vote of 263 to 153 on March 26, and then it remarkably passed without a change in the Senate, by 73 to 8, without going through the usual conference committee.


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Context: did he hold any campaigns?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: has he ever sponsored any educational institutions?

Context: He launched a legislative effort that took the name of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. The bill sought to double federal spending on education.  Johnson signed the Public Broadcasting Act to create educational television programs to supplement the broadcast networks.

Question: did anyone make any amendments in the act?

Answer: Congress enacted major amendments to the act in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 [SEP] Amendments

Congress enacted major amendments to the act in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006. Each amendment coincided with an impending expiration of some or all of the act's special provisions. Originally set to expire by 1970, Congress repeatedly reauthorized the special provisions in recognition of continuing voting discrimination. Congress extended the coverage formula and special provisions tied to it, such as the Section 5 preclearance requirement, for five years in 1970, seven years in 1975, and 25 years in both 1982 and 2006. In 1970 and 1975, Congress also expanded the reach of the coverage formula by supplementing it with new 1968 and 1972 trigger dates.


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Context: did he hold any campaigns?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did anyone make any amendments in the act?

Context: Congress enacted major amendments to the act in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006.

Question: what did the act generally prohibit based on discrimination?

Answer: The act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country

Explanation: the act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Context: did he hold any campaigns?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what did the act generally prohibit based on discrimination?

Context: The act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country

Question: what kind of racial discrimination did the people face during voting?

Answer: From 1868 to 1888, electoral fraud and violence throughout the South suppressed the African-American vote.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 [SEP] Background

To enforce the Reconstruction Amendments, Congress passed the Enforcement Acts in the 1870s. The acts criminalized the obstruction of a citizen's voting rights and provided for federal supervision of the electoral process, including voter registration. However, in 1875 the Supreme Court struck down parts of the legislation as unconstitutional in "United States v. Cruikshank" and "United States v. Reese". After the Reconstruction Era ended in 1877, enforcement of these laws became erratic, and in 1894, Congress repealed most of their provisions. Southern states generally sought to disenfranchise racial minorities during and after Reconstruction. From 1868 to 1888, electoral fraud and violence throughout the South suppressed the African-American vote.


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Context: did he hold any campaigns?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kind of racial discrimination did the people face during voting?

Context: From 1868 to 1888, electoral fraud and violence throughout the South suppressed the African-American vote.

Question: did the act also have any specific prohibitions?

Answer: The act contains several specific prohibitions on conduct that may interfere with a person's ability to cast an effective vote. One of these prohibitions is prescribed in Section 201, which prohibits any jurisdiction from requiring a person to comply with any "test or device" to register to vote or cast a ballot.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 [SEP] Specific prohibitions

The act contains several specific prohibitions on conduct that may interfere with a person's ability to cast an effective vote. One of these prohibitions is prescribed in Section 201, which prohibits any jurisdiction from requiring a person to comply with any "test or device" to register to vote or cast a ballot. The term "test or device" is defined as literacy tests, educational or knowledge requirements, proof of good moral character, and requirements that a person be vouched for when voting. Before the act's enactment, these devices were the primary tools used by jurisdictions to prevent racial minorities from voting.


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Context: did he hold any campaigns?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: did the act also have any specific prohibitions?

Context: The act contains several specific prohibitions on conduct that may interfere with a person's ability to cast an effective vote. One of these prohibitions is prescribed in Section 201, which prohibits any jurisdiction from requiring a person to comply with any "test or device" to register to vote or cast a ballot.

Question: what requirement was needed based on language for voting?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what was the act about?

Context: President Lyndon B. Johnson

Context: where is he from?

Context: Stonewall, Texas

Context: did he hold any campaigns?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what requirement was needed based on language for voting?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: can you tell me one impact that this act has had?

Answer: After its enactment in 1965, the law immediately decreased racial discrimination in voting. The suspension of literacy tests and the assignments of federal examiners and observers allowed for high numbers of racial minorities to register to vote.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 [SEP] Impact

After its enactment in 1965, the law immediately decreased racial discrimination in voting. The suspension of literacy tests and the assignments of federal examiners and observers allowed for high numbers of racial minorities to register to vote. Nearly 250,000 African Americans registered in 1965, one-third of whom were registered by federal examiners. In covered jurisdictions, less than one-third (29.3 percent) of the African American population was registered in 1965; by 1967, this number increased to more than half (52.1 percent), and a majority of African American residents became registered to vote in 9 of the 13 Southern states. Similar increases were seen in the number of African Americans elected to office: between 1965 and 1985, African Americans elected as state legislators in the 11 former Confederate states increased from 3 to 176.


Question: what is xixiasaurus?

Answer: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Xixiasaurus [SEP] Introduction

Xixiasaurus () is a genus of troodontid dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous Period in what is now China. The only known specimen was discovered in Xixia County, Henan Province, in central China, and became the holotype of the new genus and species Xixiasaurus henanensis in 2010. The names refer to the areas of discovery, and can be translated as "Henan Xixia lizard". The specimen consists of an almost complete skull (except for the hindmost portion), part of the lower jaw, and teeth, as well as a partial right forelimb. "Xixiasaurus" is estimated to have been long and to have weighed .


Context:
what is xixiasaurus?
A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Question: when did it exist?

Answer: During the late Cretaceous Period

Xixiasaurus [SEP] Introduction


Context:
what is xixiasaurus?
A genus of troodontid dinosaur
when did it exist?
During the late Cretaceous Period

Question: how many years ago did that creature exist?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Xixiasaurus [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: how many years ago did that creature exist?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Answer: Northeast region of Xixia County

Xixiasaurus [SEP] Discovery

The holotype specimen (catalogued as HGM 41HIII−0201 in Henan Geological Museum, Zhengzhou) was discovered near Songgou Village, which is in the northeast region of Xixia County, in Henan Province of central China. This area of the Xixia Basin exposes the Majiacun Formation. In 2010, the specimen was described as the new genus and species "Xixiasaurus henanensis" by the palaeontologist Lü Junchang and colleagues. The generic name refers to Xixia County coupled with "saurus", meaning "lizard", while the specific name refers to Henan Province. The full name can be translated as "Henan Xixia lizard". Remains of troodontids are very rare compared to those of other small theropod dinosaurs (only thirteen troodontid taxa were known at the time "Xixiasaurus" was named), and have mainly been found in Asia.


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: in which region were their fossils discovered?

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Question: who discovered it?

Answer: By palaeontologist Lü Junchang and colleagues

Explanation: In 2010, the specimen was described as the new genus and species "Xixiasaurus henanensis" by the palaeontologist Lü Junchang and colleagues.

Xixiasaurus [SEP] Discovery


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: By palaeontologist Lü Junchang and colleagues

Question: which year did they discover it?

Answer: 2010

Xixiasaurus [SEP] Discovery


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Question: are those fossils preserved in a museum or in a safe place?

Answer: In Henan Geological Museum

Xixiasaurus [SEP] Discovery


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Context: are those fossils preserved in a museum or in a safe place?

Context: In Henan Geological Museum

Question: what are the other major discoveries of that paleontologist?

Answer: He identified and named a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur, "Heyuannia", described a second species of "Yunnanosaurus" and named it "Yunnanosaurus youngi".

Lü Junchang [SEP] Major discoveries

In 2002, Lü Junchang identified and named a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur, "Heyuannia". For his contributions to dinosaur research in Heyuan, Guangdong, he was named the honorary director of Heyuan Museum and an honorary citizen of Heyuan. In 2007, he described a second species of "Yunnanosaurus", and named it "Yunnanosaurus youngi", after Yang Zhongjian (C. C. Young), the discoverer of the genus. In 2009, Lü, and his colleagues first described the new pterosaur genus "Darwinopterus", and identified a nearly complete fossil of a pregnant "Darwinopterus" with an egg, which they named "Mrs. T".


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Context: In Henan Geological Museum

Context: what are the other major discoveries of that paleontologist?

Context: He identified and named a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur, "Heyuannia", described a second species of "Yunnanosaurus" and named it "Yunnanosaurus youngi".

Question: which year was he born?

Answer: 1965

Lü Junchang [SEP] Introduction

Lü Junchang (; 1965 – 9 October 2018) was a Chinese palaeontologist and professor at the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. An expert on Mesozoic reptiles, he described and named dozens of dinosaur and pterosaur taxa including "Tongtianlong", "Qianzhousaurus", "Heyuannia", "Gannansaurus", "Yunnanosaurus youngi", and "Darwinopterus."


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Context: In Henan Geological Museum

Context: which year was he born?

Question: which institute does he work for?

Answer: The Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.

Lü Junchang [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Context: In Henan Geological Museum

Context: which year was he born?

Context: which institute does he work for?

Context: The Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.

Question: what was that second institute mentioned above established?

Answer: 1956

Explanation: The Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS; ) is an institution that engages in geoscience research in the People's Republic of China. The academy was established in 1956 and reorganized in 1999. Administratively it is under the PRC Ministry of Land and Resources.

Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Context: In Henan Geological Museum

Context: which year was he born?

Context: which institute does he work for?

Context: what was that second institute mentioned above established?

Question: who is the head of that?

Answer: Administratively it is under the PRC Ministry of Land and Resources.

Explanation: Administratively it is under the PRC Ministry of Land and Resources.


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Context: In Henan Geological Museum

Context: which year was he born?

Context: which institute does he work for?

Context: who is the head of that?

Context: Administratively it is under the PRC Ministry of Land and Resources.

Question: which place is that educational institute that we are talking about located?

Answer: China

Explanation: The Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS; ) is an institution that engages in geoscience research in the People's Republic of China.


Context: what is xixiasaurus?

Context: A genus of troodontid dinosaur

Context: when did it exist?

Context: During the late Cretaceous Period

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Northeast region of Xixia County

Context: who discovered it?

Context: which year did they discover it?

Context: In Henan Geological Museum

Context: which year was he born?

Context: which institute does he work for?

Context: who is the head of that?

Context: which place is that educational institute that we are talking about located?

Context: China

Question: what are some of the research work they do?

Answer: Aspects of geology and geophysics, such as hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geology.

Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences [SEP] Research

The academy conducts scientific research on various aspects of geology and geophysics, such as the analytic and exploration techniques of mineral deposit, hydrogeology, engineering geology, environmental geology, karst geology, exploration geophysics and geochemistry. It is also active in research on paleontology, and was involved in identification of new dinosaurs, including "Zhenyuanlong", "Xixiasaurus", and a new type of Tyrannosaur "Qianzhousaurus". as well as other animals such as "Castorocauda" and "Rugosodon".


Question: who plays philip in shaun of the dead

Answer: Bill Nighy

Explanation: haun of the Dead is a 2004 horror comedy drama film directed by Edgar Wright. The film was written by Wright and Simon Pegg, who stars in it as Shaun. Along with friend Ed, played by Nick Frost, Shaun is caught unaware by the zombie apocalypse; they attempt to take refuge in a local pub with their loved ones. The film co-stars Kate Ashfield, Lucy Davis, Dylan Moran, Bill Nighy, and Penelope Wilton. It is the first installment in the "Three Flavours Cornetto" trilogy, followed by "Hot Fuzz" (2007) and "The World's End" (2013).

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Introduction

The title and plot also refer to the "Dead" films directed by George A. Romero. Principal photography took place across London and at Ealing Studios between May and June 2003. It premiered in London on 29 March 2004 and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 9 April 2004 and in the United States on 24 September of that same year. It was met with universal critical and commercial acclaim, grossing $30 million worldwide against a budget of $6.1 million and receiving two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards. It was ranked third on the Channel 4 list of the 50 Greatest Comedy Films and quickly acquired a cult following.


Context:
who plays philip in shaun of the dead
Bill Nighy

Question: is this a movie or a tv series?

Answer: It is a horror comedy drama  film

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Introduction

Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 horror comedy drama film directed by Edgar Wright. The film was written by Wright and Simon Pegg, who stars in it as Shaun. Along with friend Ed, played by Nick Frost, Shaun is caught unaware by the zombie apocalypse; they attempt to take refuge in a local pub with their loved ones. The film co-stars Kate Ashfield, Lucy Davis, Dylan Moran, Bill Nighy, and Penelope Wilton. It is the first installment in the "Three Flavours Cornetto" trilogy, followed by "Hot Fuzz" (2007) and "The World's End" (2013). The film drew inspiration from the television series "Spaced", created by Pegg and directed by Wright, particularly an episode where Pegg's slacker character hallucinates a zombie invasion.


Context:
who plays philip in shaun of the dead
Bill Nighy
is this a movie or a tv series?
It is a horror comedy drama  film

Question: by whom was it produced?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who plays philip in shaun of the dead
Bill Nighy
is this a movie or a tv series?
It is a horror comedy drama  film
by whom was it produced?
UNANSWERABLE

Question: who composed the sound track?

Answer: Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Music

The film's score by Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford is a pastiche of Italian zombie film soundtracks by artists like Goblin and Fabio Frizzi. It also uses many musical cues from the original "Dawn of the Dead" that were originally taken by George A. Romero from the De Wolfe production music library. A friend of the assistant editor on the film had been compiling music library tracks from zombie films, making finding some music for the film much easier. Before production began on the film, Wright and Pegg had created a mixtape of songs they wanted to use. The Goblin music, though, was used as a temp track by Wright in editing; he liked the feel of it so much they decided to get the clearance to use it.


Context:
who plays philip in shaun of the dead
Bill Nighy
is this a movie or a tv series?
It is a horror comedy drama  film
by whom was it produced?
UNANSWERABLE
who composed the sound track?
Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford

Question: who is the former?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Music


Context:
who plays philip in shaun of the dead
Bill Nighy
is this a movie or a tv series?
It is a horror comedy drama  film
by whom was it produced?
UNANSWERABLE
who composed the sound track?
Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford
who is the former?
UNANSWERABLE

Question: how did the movie perform commercially?

Answer: In the UK, "Shaun of the Dead" took £1.6 million at 367 cinemas on its opening weekend (9–11 April 2004) and netted £6.4 million by mid-May. It was second at the box office, following "50 First Dates" with £1.65 million. In its opening weekend in the US, "Shaun of the Dead" earned US$3.3 million, taking seventh place at the box office despite a limited release to 607 theatres. As of June 2020, the film has earned US$30,076,102 worldwide in box office receipts since its release.

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Box office

In the UK, "Shaun of the Dead" took £1.6 million at 367 cinemas on its opening weekend (9–11 April 2004) and netted £6.4 million by mid-May. It was second at the box office, following "50 First Dates" with £1.65 million. In its opening weekend in the US, "Shaun of the Dead" earned US$3.3 million, taking seventh place at the box office despite a limited release to 607 theatres. As of June 2020, the film has earned US$30,076,102 worldwide in box office receipts since its release. The film was released only two weeks after Zack Snyder's 2004 remake "Dawn of the Dead".


Context: who plays philip in shaun of the dead

Context: Bill Nighy

Context: is this a movie or a tv series?

Context: It is a horror comedy drama  film

Context: by whom was it produced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who composed the sound track?

Context: Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford

Context: who is the former?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did the movie perform commercially?

Context: In the UK, "Shaun of the Dead" took £1.6 million at 367 cinemas on its opening weekend (9–11 April 2004) and netted £6.4 million by mid-May. It was second at the box office, following "50 First Dates" with £1.65 million. In its opening weekend in the US, "Shaun of the Dead" earned US$3.3 million, taking seventh place at the box office despite a limited release to 607 theatres. As of June 2020, the film has earned US$30,076,102 worldwide in box office receipts since its release.

Question: which actors have worked on this?

Answer: Kate Ashfield, Lucy Davis, Dylan Moran, Bill Nighy, and Penelope Wilton

Explanation: Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 horror comedy drama film directed by Edgar Wright. The film was written by Wright and Simon Pegg, who stars in it as Shaun. Along with friend Ed, played by Nick Frost, Shaun is caught unaware by the zombie apocalypse; they attempt to take refuge in a local pub with their loved ones. The film co-stars Kate Ashfield, Lucy Davis, Dylan Moran, Bill Nighy, and Penelope Wilton. It is the first installment in the "Three Flavours Cornetto" trilogy, fol

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Introduction


Context: who plays philip in shaun of the dead

Context: Bill Nighy

Context: is this a movie or a tv series?

Context: It is a horror comedy drama  film

Context: by whom was it produced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who composed the sound track?

Context: Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford

Context: who is the former?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did the movie perform commercially?

Context: which actors have worked on this?

Context: Kate Ashfield, Lucy Davis, Dylan Moran, Bill Nighy, and Penelope Wilton

Question: who is the first actress?

Answer: She is an English actress, who has appeared in stage, TV, and film roles

Explanation: Kate Ashfield is an English actress, who has appeared in stage, TV, and film roles, most famously in her role as Liz in the 2004 zombie comedy Shaun of the Dead. She is the co-writer of the 2017 TV series Born to Kill.

Kate Ashfield [SEP] Introduction


Context: who plays philip in shaun of the dead

Context: Bill Nighy

Context: is this a movie or a tv series?

Context: It is a horror comedy drama  film

Context: by whom was it produced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who composed the sound track?

Context: Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford

Context: who is the former?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did the movie perform commercially?

Context: which actors have worked on this?

Context: who is the first actress?

Context: She is an English actress, who has appeared in stage, TV, and film roles

Question: has she won any awards or was nominated for any?

Answer: She has won three awards out of seven nominations

Explanation: She has won three awards out of seven nominations:

Kate Ashfield [SEP] Awards and nominations


Context: who plays philip in shaun of the dead

Context: Bill Nighy

Context: is this a movie or a tv series?

Context: It is a horror comedy drama  film

Context: by whom was it produced?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who composed the sound track?

Context: Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford

Context: who is the former?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did the movie perform commercially?

Context: which actors have worked on this?

Context: who is the first actress?

Context: has she won any awards or was nominated for any?

Context: She has won three awards out of seven nominations

Question: what is the storyline of the movie?

Answer: Shaun is caught unaware by the zombie apocalypse; they attempt to take refuge in a local pub with their loved ones.

Explanation: Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 horror comedy drama film directed by Edgar Wright. The film was written by Wright and Simon Pegg, who stars in it as Shaun. Along with friend Ed, played by Nick Frost, Shaun is caught unaware by the zombie apocalypse; they attempt to take refuge in a local pub with their loved ones. The film co-stars Kate Ashfield, Lucy Davis, Dylan Moran, Bill Nighy, and Penelope Wilton. It is the first installment in the "Three Flavours Cornetto" trilogy, followed by "Hot Fuzz" (2007) and "The World's End" (2013).

Shaun of the Dead [SEP] Introduction


Question: where is the pancreas situated in the human body

Answer: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Pancreas [SEP] Introduction

The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach and functions as a gland. The pancreas has both an endocrine and a digestive exocrine function. As an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from the stomach; and digestive enzymes, which break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food entering the duodenum from the stomach.


Context: where is the pancreas situated in the human body

Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Question: what is its role?

Answer: As a part of the digestive mechanism, it secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, and as an endocrine gland, it secretes insulin, glucagon somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, thereby maintaining blood sugar levels.

Explanation: As an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

Pancreas [SEP] Introduction


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: As a part of the digestive mechanism, it secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, and as an endocrine gland, it secretes insulin, glucagon somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, thereby maintaining blood sugar levels.

Question: can you describe its structure?

Answer: It is a long salmon coloured organ that stretches from the inner curvature of the duodenum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels. It's longest part, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and its tail ends adjacent to the spleen.

Explanation:
The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the abdomen, stretching from behind the stomach to the left upper abdomen near the spleen. In adults, it is about long, , and salmon-coloured in appearance.

Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a "head", "neck", "body", and "tail". The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the duodenum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels: the superior mesenteric artery, and vein. The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the spleen.

Two ducts, the main pancreatic duct and a smaller accessory pancreatic duct, run through the body of the pancreas, joining with the common bile duct near a small ballooning called the ampulla of Vater. Surrounded by a muscle, the sphincter of Oddi, this opens into the descending part of the duodenum.

Pancreas [SEP] Structure


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: can you describe its structure?

Context: It is a long salmon coloured organ that stretches from the inner curvature of the duodenum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels. It's longest part, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and its tail ends adjacent to the spleen.

Question: what are the physiological effects of the aforesaid initial secretion?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Pancreas [SEP] Structure


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: can you describe its structure?

Context: what are the physiological effects of the aforesaid initial secretion?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what are its medical uses?

Answer: Since it has bicarbonates which are alkaline in nature, it helps in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes.

Pancreatic juice [SEP] Introduction

Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. The pancreas is located in the visceral region, and is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion and subsequent assimilation of macronutrient substances required for living. Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes. Pancreatic juice secretion is principally regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced by the walls of the duodenum, and by the action of autonomic innervation.


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: can you describe its structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are its medical uses?

Context: Since it has bicarbonates which are alkaline in nature, it helps in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes.

Question: how is digestion associated with the organ?

Answer: As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice which neutralizes acids from the stomach and has digestive enzymes which break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

Explanation: As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from the stomach; and digestive enzymes, which break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food entering the duodenum from the stomach.

Pancreas [SEP] Introduction

Inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis, with common causes including chronic alcohol use and gallstones. Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic cancer can arise following chronic pancreatitis or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, as it is often identified when it has spread to other areas of the body. The word pancreas comes from the Greek πᾶν (pân, “all”) & κρέας (kréas, “flesh”). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since at least 1889, with its role in insulin production identified in 1921.


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: can you describe its structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are its medical uses?

Context: how is digestion associated with the organ?

Context: As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice which neutralizes acids from the stomach and has digestive enzymes which break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

Question: can you tell me more about the gland you just mentioned above?

Answer: They secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct, as opposed to endocrine glands which secrete their juices directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine gland [SEP] Introduction

Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands include sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate and mucous. Exocrine glands are one of two types of glands in the human body, the other being endocrine glands, which secrete their products directly into the bloodstream. The liver and pancreas are both exocrine and endocrine glands; they are exocrine glands because they secrete products—bile and pancreatic juice—into the gastrointestinal tract through a series of ducts, and endocrine because they secrete other substances directly into the bloodstream.


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: can you describe its structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are its medical uses?

Context: can you tell me more about the gland you just mentioned above?

Context: They secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct, as opposed to endocrine glands which secrete their juices directly into the bloodstream

Question: can you explain the method of secretion?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Exocrine gland [SEP] Introduction


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: can you describe its structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are its medical uses?

Context: can you explain the method of secretion?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what can you tell me about glucagon?

Answer: It is a peptide hormone that helps in raising the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream.

Glucagon [SEP] Introduction

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication to treat a number of health conditions. Its effect is opposite to that of insulin, which lowers extracellular glucose. It is produced from proglucagon, encoded by the "GCG" gene. The pancreas releases glucagon when the amount of glucose in the bloodstream is too low. Glucagon causes the liver to engage in glycogenolysis: converting stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.


Context: In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Context: what is its role?

Context: can you describe its structure?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are its medical uses?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what can you tell me about glucagon?

Context: It is a peptide hormone that helps in raising the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream.

Question: where did it get its name from?

Answer: Kimball and Murlin named the substance the "gluc"ose "agon"ist.

Explanation: Kimball and Murlin coined the term glucagon in 1923 when they initially named the substance the "gluc"ose "agon"ist.

Glucagon [SEP] Etymology


Question: when do birds start flying south for the winter

Answer: It a regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather.  The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south.

Explanation:
Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.

Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south.

Bird migration [SEP] General patterns of migration


Context: when do birds start flying south for the winter

Context: It a regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather.  The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south.

Question: can you name some of these migratory species?

Answer: Swallows, wildfowl, the pink-footed goose and finch are some of them.

Bird migration [SEP] Long-distance migration

The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For example, the pink-footed goose migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries, whilst the dark-eyed junco migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon. Some ducks, such as the garganey "Anas querquedula", move completely or partially into the tropics.


Context: can you name some of these migratory species?

Context: Swallows, wildfowl, the pink-footed goose and finch are some of them.

Question: how do these species navigate to a certain area?

Answer: Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Some also use a combination of skills like, the ability to detect magnetic fields or use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues.

Bird migration [SEP] Orientation and navigation

Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetoreception), use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues. Long-distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year.


Context: how do these species navigate to a certain area?

Context: Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Some also use a combination of skills like, the ability to detect magnetic fields or use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues.

Question: can you give me an example of how the studies were carried out for their migration?

Answer: Some of the techniques include, marking the specie, radar and satellite tracking.

Bird migration [SEP] Study techniques

Early studies on the timing of migration began in 1749 in Finland, with Johannes Leche of Turku collecting the dates of arrivals of spring migrants. Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking. The rate of bird migration over the Alps (up to a height of 150 m) was found to be highly comparable between fixed-beam radar measurements and visual bird counts, highlighting the potential use of this technique as an objective way of quantifying bird migration.


Context: can you give me an example of how the studies were carried out for their migration?

Context: Some of the techniques include, marking the specie, radar and satellite tracking.

Question: what are the threats these species face during migration?

Answer: Since their travel involves crossing political boundaries of countries, it can put species at risk if any convservation measure is not put in place. Many spectacular migrants have already gone extinct due to this.

Explanation:
Human activities have threatened many migratory bird species. The distances involved in bird migration mean that they often cross political boundaries of countries and conservation measures require international cooperation. Several international treaties have been signed to protect migratory species including the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 of the US. and the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement

The concentration of birds during migration can put species at risk. Some spectacular migrants have already gone extinct; during the passenger pigeon's ("Ectopistes migratorius") migration the enormous flocks were a mile (1.6 km) wide, darkening the sky and long, taking several days to pass.

Bird migration [SEP] Threats and conservation


Context: what are the threats these species face during migration?

Context: Since their travel involves crossing political boundaries of countries, it can put species at risk if any convservation measure is not put in place. Many spectacular migrants have already gone extinct due to this.

Question: can you name a few birds who migrate in the night?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: can you name a few birds who migrate in the night?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: earlier you had mentioned some migratory species, in which country/region is the first species commonly found?

Answer: Europe, Africa and Northern America region.

Explanation: The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine birds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The term "swallow" is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the barn swallow. Around 90 species of Hirundinidae are known, divided into 19 genera, with the greatest diversity found in Africa, which is also thought to be where they evolved as hole-nesters. They also occur on a number of oceanic islands. A number of European and North American species are long-distance migrants; by contrast, the West and South African swallows are nonmigratory.

Swallow [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: earlier you had mentioned some migratory species, in which country/region is the first species commonly found?

Context: Europe, Africa and Northern America region.

Question: which family do they belong to as per the scientific classification?

Answer: Passerine birds.

Explanation: The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine birds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica.

Swallow [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which family do they belong to as per the scientific classification?

Context: Passerine birds.

Question: can you name some specific species of that first migratory bird which you mentioned earlier?

Answer: Barn Swallow

Barn swallow [SEP] Introduction

The barn swallow ("Hirundo rustica") is the most widespread species of swallow in the world. It is a distinctive passerine bird with blue upperparts and a long, deeply forked tail. It is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. In Anglophone Europe it is just called the swallow; in Northern Europe it is the only common species called a "swallow" rather than a "martin". There are six subspecies of barn swallow, which breed across the Northern Hemisphere. Four are strongly migratory, and their wintering grounds cover much of the Southern Hemisphere as far south as central Argentina, the Cape Province of South Africa, and northern Australia.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Passerine birds.

Context: can you name some specific species of that first migratory bird which you mentioned earlier?

Context: Barn Swallow

Question: what does the above species feed on?

Answer: Large flies make up 70% of their diet. The normally pick their prey from the water surface, walls and plants.

Barn swallow [SEP] Feeding

The barn swallow is similar in its habits to other aerial insectivores, including other swallow species and the unrelated swifts. It is not a particularly fast flier, with a speed estimated at about , up to and a wing beat rate of approximately 5, up to 7–9 times each second. The barn swallow typically feeds in open areas above shallow water or the ground often following animals, humans or farm machinery to catch disturbed insects, but it will occasionally pick prey items from the water surface, walls and plants. In the breeding areas, large flies make up around 70% of the diet, with aphids also a significant component.


Question: how do some chemicals in plants protect them from their enemies

Answer: Through allelochemicals  that influence the behavior, growth, or survival of herbivores.

Explanation: Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence the behavior, growth, or survival of herbivores. These chemical defenses can act as repellents or toxins to herbivores, or reduce plant digestibility.

Plant defense against herbivory [SEP] Introduction

Another approach diverts herbivores toward eating non-essential parts, or enhances the ability of a plant to recover from the damage caused by herbivory. Some plants encourage the presence of natural enemies of herbivores, which in turn protect the plant. Each type of defense can be either "constitutive" (always present in the plant), or "induced" (produced in reaction to damage or stress caused by herbivores). Historically, insects have been the most significant herbivores, and the evolution of land plants is closely associated with the evolution of insects. While most plant defenses are directed against insects, other defenses have evolved that are aimed at vertebrate herbivores, such as birds and mammals.


Context: how do some chemicals in plants protect them from their enemies

Context: Through allelochemicals  that influence the behavior, growth, or survival of herbivores.

Question: name some animals/species that fall under the last-mentioned category.

Answer: White-tailed deer , elephants, zebras, and giraffes.

Explanation:
Herbivory can have impacts on both economics and ecology. For example, environmental degradation from white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus") in the US alone has the potential to both change vegetative communities through over-browsing and cost forest restoration projects upwards of $750 million annually. Agricultural crop damage by the same species totals approximately $100 million every year. Insect crop damages also contribute largely to annual crop losses in the U.S.
Herbivores affect economics through the revenue generated by hunting and ecotourism. For example, the hunting of herbivorous game species such as white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, antelope, and elk in the U.S. contributes greatly to the billion-dollar annually, hunting industry. Ecotourism is a major source of revenue, particularly in Africa, where many large mammalian herbivores such as elephants, zebras, and giraffes help to bring in the equivalent of millions of US dollars to various nations annually.

Herbivore [SEP] Impacts

Herbivorous fish and marine animals are indispensable parts of the coral reef ecosystem. Since algae and seaweeds grow much faster than corals, they can occupy spaces where corals could have settled. They can outgrow and thus outcompete corals on bare surfaces. In the absence of plant-eating fish, seaweeds deprive corals of sunlight. Herbivory can have impacts on both economics and ecology. For example, environmental degradation from white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus") in the US alone has the potential to both change vegetative communities through over-browsing and cost forest restoration projects upwards of $750 million annually. Agricultural crop damage by the same species totals approximately $100 million every year.


Context: name some animals/species that fall under the last-mentioned category.

Context: White-tailed deer , elephants, zebras, and giraffes.

Question: how would this category be defined?

Answer: A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.

Herbivore [SEP] Introduction

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material. A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.

Question: where does the term come from?

Answer: Herbivore is the anglicized form of a modern Latin coinage, "herbivora," cited in Charles Lyell's 1830 "Principles of Geology."

Herbivore [SEP] Etymology

Herbivore is the anglicized form of a modern Latin coinage, "herbivora," cited in Charles Lyell's 1830 "Principles of Geology." Richard Owen employed the anglicized term in an 1854 work on fossil teeth and skeletons. "Herbivora" is derived from the Latin "herba" meaning a small plant or herb, and "vora," from "vorare," to eat or devour.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: Herbivore is the anglicized form of a modern Latin coinage, "herbivora," cited in Charles Lyell's 1830 "Principles of Geology."

Question: who is this person mentioned here?

Answer: Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining Earth's history.

Explanation: Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining Earth's history.

Charles Lyell [SEP] Introduction

Building on the innovative work of James Hutton and his follower John Playfair, Lyell favoured an indefinitely long age for the Earth, despite evidence suggesting an old but finite age. He was a close friend of Charles Darwin, and contributed significantly to Darwin's thinking on the processes involved in evolution. As Darwin wrote in "On the Origin of Species", "He who can read Sir Charles Lyell's grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume." Lyell helped to arrange the simultaneous publication in 1858 of papers by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection, despite his personal religious qualms about the theory.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining Earth's history.

Question: what are some of his most renowned books?

Answer: "Principles of Geology" .

Charles Lyell [SEP] Introduction

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining Earth's history. He is best known as the author of "Principles of Geology" (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that Earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view "uniformitarianism" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was better accepted in Europe. The combination of evidence and eloquence in "Principles" convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "deep time" for understanding the Earth and environment.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: what are some of his most renowned books?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Question: what did he conclude from studying volcanoes?

Answer: His conclusions supported gradual building of volcanoes, so-called "backed up-building", as opposed to the upheaval argument supported by other geologists.

Charles Lyell [SEP] Volcanoes and geological dynamics

Before the work of Lyell, phenomena such as earthquakes were understood by the destruction that they brought. One of the contributions that Lyell made in "Principles" was to explain the cause of earthquakes. Lyell, in contrast focused on recent earthquakes (150 yrs), evidenced by surface irregularities such as faults, fissures, stratigraphic displacements and depressions. Lyell's work on volcanoes focused largely on Vesuvius and Etna, both of which he had earlier studied. His conclusions supported gradual building of volcanoes, so-called "backed up-building", as opposed to the upheaval argument supported by other geologists.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Context: what did he conclude from studying volcanoes?

Context: His conclusions supported gradual building of volcanoes, so-called "backed up-building", as opposed to the upheaval argument supported by other geologists.

Question: what were his contributions to the study of glacial features?

Answer: Lyell proposed that icebergs could be the means of transport for erratics. During periods of global warming, ice breaks off the poles and floats across submerged continents, carrying debris with it, he conjectured. When the iceberg melts, it rains down sediments upon the land.

Charles Lyell [SEP] Glaciers

In "Principles of Geology" (first edition, vol. 3, ch. 2, 1833) Lyell proposed that icebergs could be the means of transport for erratics. During periods of global warming, ice breaks off the poles and floats across submerged continents, carrying debris with it, he conjectured. When the iceberg melts, it rains down sediments upon the land. Because this theory could account for the presence of diluvium, the word "drift" became the preferred term for the loose, unsorted material, today called "till". Furthermore, Lyell believed that the accumulation of fine angular particles covering much of the world (today called loess) was a deposit settled from mountain flood water.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Context: what were his contributions to the study of glacial features?

Context: Lyell proposed that icebergs could be the means of transport for erratics. During periods of global warming, ice breaks off the poles and floats across submerged continents, carrying debris with it, he conjectured. When the iceberg melts, it rains down sediments upon the land.

Question: when was his book mentioned above published?

Answer: From 1830-1833.

Principles of Geology [SEP] Introduction

Principles of Geology: being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation is a book by the Scottish geologist Charles Lyell that was first published in 3 volumes from 1830–1833. Lyell used the theory of uniformitarianism to describe how the Earth's surface was changing over time. This theory was in direct contrast to the geological theory of catastrophism. Many individuals believed in catastrophism to allow room for religious beliefs. For example, the Genesis flood narrative could be described as a real geological event as catastrophism describes the changing of the Earth surface as one-time, violent events.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Context: when was his book mentioned above published?

Context: From 1830-1833.

Question: was it criticized for any reason?

Answer: Yes, the  main argument against Lyell is that he took an "a priori" approach in his work.

Principles of Geology [SEP] Criticism

Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology" was met with a lot of criticism when it was first published. The main argument against Lyell is that he took an "a priori" approach in his work. This means that Lyell was pulling from a theoretical idea instead of pulling from empirical evidence to explain what was occurring in the geological world. One opponent of "Principles of Geology" that agreed with this point was Adam Sedgwick. This opposition from Sedgwick comes from his thinking that evidence is all that is needed to support an idea, and that the evidence of geologic events points to a catastrophic event.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Context: From 1830-1833.

Context: was it criticized for any reason?

Context: Yes, the  main argument against Lyell is that he took an "a priori" approach in his work.

Question: of the plant-eating species mentioned above, what is the first one?

Answer: It is a medium sized deer.

White-tailed deer [SEP] Introduction

The white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus"), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to North America, Central America, Ecuador, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. It has also been introduced to New Zealand, all the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico), and some countries in Europe, such as Czechia, Finland, Romania, Serbia, Germany, and France. In the Americas, it is the most widely distributed wild ungulate. In North America, the species is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains as well as in southwestern Arizona and most of Mexico, aside from Lower California.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Context: From 1830-1833.

Context: was it criticized for any reason?

Context: of the plant-eating species mentioned above, what is the first one?

Context: It is a medium sized deer.

Question: where is it commonly found?

Answer: North America, Central America, Ecuador, and South America , New Zealand, Caribbean,  Czechia, Finland, Romania, Serbia, Germany, and France.

Explanation: The white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus"), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to North America, Central America, Ecuador, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. It has also been introduced to New Zealand, all the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico), and some countries in Europe, such as Czechia, Finland, Romania, Serbia, Germany, and France. In the Americas, it is the most widely distributed wild ungulate.

White-tailed deer [SEP] Introduction


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Context: From 1830-1833.

Context: was it criticized for any reason?

Context: It is a medium sized deer.

Context: where is it commonly found?

Context: North America, Central America, Ecuador, and South America , New Zealand, Caribbean,  Czechia, Finland, Romania, Serbia, Germany, and France.

Question: anything significant about the antler?

Answer: Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism.

White-tailed deer [SEP] Antlers

Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism. Bucks without branching antlers are often termed "spikehorn", "spiked bucks", "spike bucks", or simply "spikes/spikers". The spikes can be quite long or very short. Length and branching of antlers are determined by nutrition, age, and genetics. Rack growth tends to be very important from late spring until about a month before velvet sheds. Healthy deer in some areas that are well-fed can have eight-point branching antlers as yearlings (1.5 years old). Although antler size typically increases with age, antler characteristics (e.g., number of points, length, or thickness of the antlers) are not good indicators of buck age, in general, because antler development is influenced by the local environment.


Context: how would this category be defined?

Context: where does the term come from?

Context: who is this person mentioned here?

Context: "Principles of Geology" .

Context: From 1830-1833.

Context: was it criticized for any reason?

Context: It is a medium sized deer.

Context: where is it commonly found?

Context: anything significant about the antler?

Context: Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism.

Question: does it usually get into accidents with vehicles?

Answer: Motor vehicle collisions with deer are a serious problem in many parts of the animal's range, especially at night and during rutting season, causing injuries and fatalities among both deer and humans.

White-tailed deer [SEP] Deer–vehicle collisions

Motor vehicle collisions with deer are a serious problem in many parts of the animal's range, especially at night and during rutting season, causing injuries and fatalities among both deer and humans. Vehicular damage can be substantial in some cases. In the United States, such collisions increased from 200,000 in 1980 to 500,000 in 1991. By 2009, the insurance industry estimated 2.4 million deer–vehicle collisions had occurred over the past two years, estimating damage cost to be over 7 billion dollars and 300 human deaths. Despite the alarming high rate of these accidents, the effect on deer density is still quite low.