Context: who were the ludingtons?

Context: what were their origins?

Context: can you mention any members?

Context: Britain and France.

Context: why was this fought?

Context: The British sought to expand into territory claimed by the French in North America.

Question: how was india involved in it?

Answer: The French allied themselves with the Mughal Empire to resist British expansion in India.

Seven Years' War [SEP] India

In India, the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe renewed the long running conflict between the French and the British trading companies for influence on the subcontinent. The French allied themselves with the Mughal Empire to resist British expansion. The war began in Southern India but spread into Bengal, where British forces under Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta from the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured Chandernagar, the French settlement in Bengal. In the south, although the French captured Cuddalore, their siege of Madras failed, while the British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and overran the French territory of the Northern Circars.


Context: who were the ludingtons?

Context: An American family active in the fields of business, banking, and politics.

Context: what were their origins?

Context: It is of English origin from "Luddington" from the name "Leodingtun" which signifies "estate of the compatriot's family".

Context: can you mention any members?

Context: Henry, Sybil, Lewis, James, Nelson, and Harrison Ludington.

Context: can you mention any particular contribution of this family?

Context: They were involved in the establishment and development of cities in various states.

Context: can you please tell me more about the first member that you mentioned?

Context: He fought in the Seven Years' War and, as captain, commanded a volunteer regiment at the Battle of Ridgefield during the American Revolutionary War.

Context: which parties were involved in the first?

Context: Britain and France.

Context: why was this fought?

Context: how was india involved in it?

Context: The French allied themselves with the Mughal Empire to resist British expansion in India.

Question: why was the battle that henry took part in fought?

Answer: A struggle for global primacy between Britain and France.

Seven Years' War [SEP] Introduction

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict, "a struggle for global primacy between Britain and France," which also had a major impact on the Spanish Empire. In Europe, the conflict arose from issues left unresolved by the War of the Austrian Succession, with Prussia seeking greater dominance. Long standing colonial rivalries between Britain against France and Spain in North America and the Caribbean islands valuable for sugar were fought on a grand scale with consequential results. In Europe, the war broke out over territorial disputes between Prussia and Austria, which wanted to regain Silesia after it was captured by the former in the previous war.


Context: who were the ludingtons?

Context: what were their origins?

Context: can you mention any members?

Context: Britain and France.

Context: why was this fought?

Context: how was india involved in it?

Context: why was the battle that henry took part in fought?

Context: A struggle for global primacy between Britain and France.

Question: where was this fought?

Answer: North America, the Caribbean islands and India, to name a few places.

Explanation: ong standing colonial rivalries between Britain against France and Spain in North America and the Caribbean islands valuable for sugar were fought on a grand scale with conse

Seven Years' War [SEP] Introduction


Context: who were the ludingtons?

Context: what were their origins?

Context: can you mention any members?

Context: Britain and France.

Context: why was this fought?

Context: how was india involved in it?

Context: where was this fought?

Context: North America, the Caribbean islands and India, to name a few places.

Question: what was the outcome?

Answer: It involved a complex series of land exchanges.

Seven Years' War [SEP] Outcomes

The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of regaining either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Menorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River.


Question: who sang someone that i used to know

Answer: Kimbra

Somebody That I Used to Know [SEP] Composition and recording

It felt weak." The track was recorded between January and May 2011 with Gotye struggling to find a suitable female vocalist, as a "'high profile' female vocalist" cancelled the collaboration at the last minute, and Kimbra "lucked out as the replacement". He tested his girlfriend, Tash Parker, but "somehow their happiness meant that it didn't work out" so he followed the recommendation of the song's mixer and used Kimbra's vocals. Martin Davies from Click Music considered the song "instantly captivating", and named Kimbra's voice "clean and sugar-soaked", further commenting that it bears an "uncanny resemblance" to singer Katy Perry. Gotye stated that the song was "definitely drawn from various experiences I've had in relationships breaking up, and in the parts of the more reflective parts of the song, in the aftermath and the memory of those different relationships and what they were and how they broke up and what's going on in everyone's minds.


Context:
who sang someone that i used to know
Kimbra

Question: when was it released?

Answer: 5 July, 2011

Somebody That I Used to Know [SEP] Introduction

"Somebody That I Used to Know" is a song written by Belgian-Australian singer-songwriter Gotye, featuring New Zealand singer Kimbra. The song was released in Australia and New Zealand by on 5 July 2011 as the second single from Gotye's third studio album, "Making Mirrors" (2011). It was later released by Universal Music in December 2011 in the United Kingdom, and in January 2012 in the United States and Ireland. "Somebody That I Used to Know" was written and recorded by Gotye at his parents' house on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, Australia, and is lyrically related to the experiences he has had with relationships.


Context:
who sang someone that i used to know
Kimbra
when was it released?
5 July, 2011

Question: is it a part of an album?

Answer: Yes, Gotye's third studio album


Context:
who sang someone that i used to know
Kimbra
when was it released?
5 July, 2011
is it a part of an album?
Yes, Gotye's third studio album

Question: what is the name of the album?

Answer: "Making Mirrors"


Context:
who sang someone that i used to know
Kimbra
when was it released?
5 July, 2011
is it a part of an album?
Yes, Gotye's third studio album
what is the name of the album?
"Making Mirrors"

Question: what is the concept of the album?

Answer: "It's more about reflection - the look at yourself that a mirror offers and also the way it gives you a different perspective on things around you"

Explanation: Shortly before its release, Gotye spoke to the ABC about the significance of the artwork, the title, and how it symbolises the creative and introspective process of recording the album; "It's more about reflection - the look at yourself that a mirror offers and also the way it gives you a different perspective on things around you. So I guess I feel a bit analogous to what these songs become to me—you know little ways for me to explore my record collection, explore the world of sound that I'm fascinated by, and also sometimes get a different perspective on memories and emotions I've been mulling over that they find voice in these songs".

Making Mirrors [SEP] Concept and themes


Context: who sang someone that i used to know

Context: Kimbra

Context: when was it released?

Context: 5 July, 2011

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: Yes, Gotye's third studio album

Context: what is the name of the album?

Context: "Making Mirrors"

Context: what is the concept of the album?

Context: "It's more about reflection - the look at yourself that a mirror offers and also the way it gives you a different perspective on things around you"

Question: how was it received by the audience?

Answer: It received generally positive reviews from music critics

Making Mirrors [SEP] Critical reception

"Making Mirrors" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 69, based on 19 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Caitlin Welsh of "The Music Network" gave the album a favourable review, saying that it was "just as rich, cheeky and steeped in pop history and musicality as its predecessor and as constructed and addictive as its breakout track ('Somebody That I Used to Know'), it will cement Wally de Backer as the oddball, everyman genius of Australian pop." "The Herald Sun" gave it four out of five stars, adding that ""Bronte" and "Giving Me a Chance" are the latest in a long line of beautiful, visual songs begging to soundtrack the pivotal scene in a movie that's yet to be made." Radar Radio also gave "Making Mirrors" four out of five stars and regarding the track "Eyes Wide Open" said, "with lyrics like 'Some people offered up answers / We made out like we heard / but they were only words / They didn't add up to a change in the way we were living'.


Context: who sang someone that i used to know

Context: Kimbra

Context: when was it released?

Context: 5 July, 2011

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: Yes, Gotye's third studio album

Context: what is the name of the album?

Context: "Making Mirrors"

Context: what is the concept of the album?

Context: how was it received by the audience?

Context: It received generally positive reviews from music critics

Question: which film did the singer of the aforementioned song debut in?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Making Mirrors [SEP] Critical reception


Context: who sang someone that i used to know

Context: Kimbra

Context: when was it released?

Context: 5 July, 2011

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: Yes, Gotye's third studio album

Context: what is the name of the album?

Context: "Making Mirrors"

Context: what is the concept of the album?

Context: how was it received by the audience?

Context: which film did the singer of the aforementioned song debut in?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where was he/she from?

Answer: New Zealand

Kimbra [SEP] Early years

Kimbra Lee Johnson was born on 27 March 1990 and grew up in Hamilton, New Zealand. Her father, Ken Johnson, was the head doctor at the University of Waikato's student health centre, and her mother was an orthopaedic nurse. At the age of 10, Kimbra began writing songs. When she was 12, her father bought her a guitar and after a few years of lessons, she was on stage, performing with her guitar tutors. Kimbra attended Hillcrest High School, competing in the national schools' musical competition Rockquest for three years running, where she was awarded second place in 2004 at the age of 14.


Context: who sang someone that i used to know

Context: Kimbra

Context: when was it released?

Context: 5 July, 2011

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: Yes, Gotye's third studio album

Context: what is the name of the album?

Context: "Making Mirrors"

Context: what is the concept of the album?

Context: how was it received by the audience?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he/she from?

Context: New Zealand

Question: what is the musical style?

Answer: Eclectic

Explanation: Her musical style is eclectic.

Kimbra [SEP] Musical style and performance

Muzic.net.nz states that Kimbra's music delves beyond the "four chord cliché but still maintains strong hooks and catchy melodies that are sometimes unpredictable but satisfying". In an interview with "American Songwriter", she listed Daniel Johns, Prince, Rufus Wainwright, Guided by Voices, Imogen Heap, Mike Patton, Michael Jackson, Minnie Riperton and Stevie Wonder as her influences. Her musical style is eclectic.


Context: who sang someone that i used to know

Context: Kimbra

Context: when was it released?

Context: 5 July, 2011

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: Yes, Gotye's third studio album

Context: what is the name of the album?

Context: "Making Mirrors"

Context: what is the concept of the album?

Context: how was it received by the audience?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he/she from?

Context: New Zealand

Context: what is the musical style?

Context: Eclectic

Question: has she collaborated with anyone for a song or album?

Answer: Yes, with Mark Foster and DJ A-Trak for the track "Warrior"

Kimbra [SEP] 2012–2013: Grammy Awards and collaborations

On 19 January 2012, "Good Intent" was played on an episode of ABC's drama "Grey's Anatomy". The track also appears in the video game, "", which Kimbra recorded in Simlish for the soundtrack. Also in January, Kimbra won the "One to Watch" award at the 2012 "Rolling Stone" Awards. Kimbra has collaborated with Mark Foster (of Foster the People) and DJ A-Trak on the track "Warrior", which was released on 2 April. On 14 April, she performed "Somebody That I Used to Know" with Gotye on "Saturday Night Live". On 15 July 2012, she performed in Santralistanbul, Istanbul, Turkey. On 25 September, her song "With My Hands" was featured in Tim Burton's movie, "Frankenweenie".


Context: who sang someone that i used to know

Context: Kimbra

Context: when was it released?

Context: 5 July, 2011

Context: is it a part of an album?

Context: Yes, Gotye's third studio album

Context: what is the name of the album?

Context: "Making Mirrors"

Context: what is the concept of the album?

Context: how was it received by the audience?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where was he/she from?

Context: New Zealand

Context: what is the musical style?

Context: Eclectic

Context: has she collaborated with anyone for a song or album?

Context: Yes, with Mark Foster and DJ A-Trak for the track "Warrior"

Question: what is the profession of the latter person?

Answer: He is a DJ, turntablist, record producer, and record label executive

A-Trak [SEP] Introduction

Alain Macklovitch (born March 30, 1982), known by his stage name A-Trak, is a Canadian DJ, turntablist, record producer, and record label executive. He is the owner and President of the record label Fool's Gold which was founded in 2007 and is credited for developing the careers of artists such as Kid Cudi, Danny Brown, and Flosstradamus. A-Trak's career has spanned just over two decades, leading "Rolling Stone" to name him one of the 50 Most Important People in EDM. A-Trak is also part of the DJ duo Duck Sauce with Armand Van Helden, which was nominated for a Grammy in 2012 for their song "Barbra Streisand".


Question: how did the magna carta advance the cause of liberty

Answer: Magna Carta still forms an important symbol of liberty today, often cited by politicians and campaigners, and is held in great respect by the British and American legal communities, Lord Denning describing it as "the greatest constitutional document of all times – the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot".

Explanation: Magna Carta still forms an important symbol of liberty today, often cited by politicians and campaigners, and is held in great respect by the British and American legal communities, Lord Denning describing it as "the greatest constitutional document of all times – the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot".

Magna Carta [SEP] Introduction

Although scholars refer to the 63 numbered "clauses" of Magna Carta, this is a modern system of numbering, introduced by Sir William Blackstone in 1759; the original charter formed a single, long unbroken text. The four original 1215 charters were displayed together at the British Library for one day, 3 February 2015, to mark the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta.


Context: how did the magna carta advance the cause of liberty

Context: Magna Carta still forms an important symbol of liberty today, often cited by politicians and campaigners, and is held in great respect by the British and American legal communities, Lord Denning describing it as "the greatest constitutional document of all times – the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot".

Question: what is it?

Answer: A Constitutional document

Magna Carta [SEP] Introduction

In the 21st century, four exemplifications of the original 1215 charter remain in existence, two at the British Library, one at Lincoln Castle and one at Salisbury Cathedral. There are also a handful of the subsequent charters in public and private ownership, including copies of the 1297 charter in both the United States and Australia. The original charters were written on parchment sheets using quill pens, in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin, which was the convention for legal documents at that time. Each was sealed with the royal great seal (made of beeswax and resin sealing wax): very few of the seals have survived.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Question: it was first drafted by whom?

Answer: King John

Magna Carta [SEP] Background

John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms, and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. Both sides appealed to Pope Innocent III for assistance in the dispute. During the negotiations, the rebellious barons produced an initial document, which historians have termed "the Unknown Charter of Liberties", which drew on Henry I's Charter of Liberties for much of its language; seven articles from that document later appeared in the "Articles of the Barons" and the subsequent charter.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Question: what is the purpose of this constitutional document?

Answer: To preserve liberties and rights

Magna Carta [SEP] Use in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States

The development of parliamentary supremacy in the British Isles did not constitutionally affect the Thirteen Colonies, which retained an adherence to English common law, but it directly affected the relationship between Britain and the colonies. When American colonists fought against Britain, they were fighting not so much for new freedom, but to preserve liberties and rights that they believed to be enshrined in Magna Carta.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Context: what is the purpose of this constitutional document?

Context: To preserve liberties and rights

Question: who were the participants of the 1215 charter?

Answer: Archbishop Stephen Langton, and some of John's loyal supporters, such as William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke.

Magna Carta [SEP] Lists of participants in 1215

The preamble to Magna Carta includes the names of the following 27 ecclesiastical and secular magnates who had counselled John to accept its terms. The names include some of the moderate reformers, notably Archbishop Stephen Langton, and some of John's loyal supporters, such as William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke. They are listed here in the order in which they appear in the charter itself: The names of the Twenty-Five Barons appointed under clause 61 to monitor John's future conduct are not given in the charter itself, but do appear in four early sources, all seemingly based on a contemporary listing: a late 13th-century collection of law tracts and statutes, a Reading Abbey manuscript now in Lambeth Palace Library, and the "Chronica Majora" and "Liber Additamentorum" of Matthew Paris.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Context: To preserve liberties and rights

Context: who were the participants of the 1215 charter?

Context: Archbishop Stephen Langton, and some of John's loyal supporters, such as William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke.

Question: who was the first one?

Answer: He was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228.

Stephen Langton [SEP] Introduction

Stephen Langton (c. 1150 – 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228. The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his election was a major factor in the crisis which produced Magna Carta in 1215. Cardinal Langton is also credited with having divided the Bible into the standard modern arrangement of chapters used today.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Context: To preserve liberties and rights

Context: who was the first one?

Context: He was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228.

Question: where was he from?

Answer: Lincolnshire

Explanation: Lincolnshire

Stephen Langton [SEP] Early life and career

His father was Henry Langton, a landowner in Langton by Wragby, Lincolnshire. Stephen Langton may have been born in a moated farmhouse in the village, and was probably educated in his local cathedral school. Stephen studied at the University of Paris and lectured there on theology until 1206, when Pope Innocent III, with whom he had formed a friendship in Paris, called him to Rome and made him cardinal-priest of San Crisogono, Rome. His piety and learning had already won him prebends in Paris and York and he was recognised as the foremost English churchman. His brother Simon Langton was elected Archbishop of York in 1215, but that election was quashed by Pope Innocent III.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Context: To preserve liberties and rights

Context: who was the first one?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lincolnshire

Question: how can you describe the geographical features of this place?

Answer: The area around Woodhall Spa and Kirkby on Bain is dominated by gravel and sand. For much of prehistory, Lincolnshire was under tropical seas, and most fossils found in the county are marine invertebrates.

Lincolnshire [SEP] Geography and ecology

Bedrock in Lincolnshire features Jurassic limestone (near Lincoln) and Cretaceous chalk (north-east). The area around Woodhall Spa and Kirkby on Bain is dominated by gravel and sand. For much of prehistory, Lincolnshire was under tropical seas, and most fossils found in the county are marine invertebrates. Marine vertebrates have also been found including ichthyosaurus and plesiosaur. The highest point in Lincolnshire is Wolds Top (), at Normanby le Wold. Some parts of the Fens may be below sea level. The nearest mountains are in Derbyshire. The biggest rivers in Lincolnshire are the Trent, running northwards from Staffordshire up the western edge of the county to the Humber estuary, and the Witham, which begins in Lincolnshire at South Witham and runs for through the middle of the county, eventually emptying into the North Sea at The Wash.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Context: To preserve liberties and rights

Context: who was the first one?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lincolnshire

Context: how can you describe the geographical features of this place?

Context: The area around Woodhall Spa and Kirkby on Bain is dominated by gravel and sand. For much of prehistory, Lincolnshire was under tropical seas, and most fossils found in the county are marine invertebrates.

Question: what is the local language of this place?

Answer: Old English

Lincolnshire [SEP] History

During pre-Roman times, most of Lincolnshire was inhabited by the Corieltauvi people. The language of the area at that time would have been Common Brittonic, the precursor to modern Welsh. The name "Lincoln" was derived from Lindum Colonia. Large numbers of Germanic speakers from continental Europe settled in the region following the withdrawal of the Romans. Though these were later identified as Angles, it is unlikely that they migrated as part of an organized tribal group. Thus, the main language of the region quickly became Old English. However, it is possible that Brittonic continued to be spoken in some communities as late as the eighth century.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Context: To preserve liberties and rights

Context: who was the first one?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lincolnshire

Context: what is the local language of this place?

Context: Old English

Question: has any other languages influenced this old dialect?

Answer: Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain.

Explanation: Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain.

Old English [SEP] Influence of other languages

Many place-names in eastern and northern England are of Scandinavian origin. Norse borrowings are relatively rare in Old English literature, being mostly terms relating to government and administration. The literary standard, however, was based on the West Saxon dialect, away from the main area of Scandinavian influence; the impact of Norse may have been greater in the eastern and northern dialects. Certainly in Middle English texts, which are more often based on eastern dialects, a strong Norse influence becomes apparent. Modern English contains a great many, often everyday, words that were borrowed from Old Norse, and the grammatical simplification that occurred after the Old English period is also often attributed to Norse influence.


Context: what is it?

Context: A Constitutional document

Context: it was first drafted by whom?

Context: King John

Context: To preserve liberties and rights

Context: who was the first one?

Context: where was he from?

Context: Lincolnshire

Context: Old English

Context: has any other languages influenced this old dialect?

Context: Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain.

Question: does any other country speak this language?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

The language of the Anglo-Saxon settlers appears not to have been significantly affected by the native British Celtic languages which it largely displaced. The number of Celtic loanwords introduced into the language is very small, although dialect and toponymic terms are more often retained in western language contact zones (Cumbria, Devon, Welsh Marches and Borders and so on) than in the east. However, various suggestions have been made concerning possible influence that Celtic may have had on developments in English syntax in the post-Old English period, such as the regular progressive construction and analytic word order, as well as the eventual development of the periphrastic auxiliary verb "do".


Question: where was the western chalukya empire located?

Answer: South India

Explanation: South India

Western Chalukya Empire [SEP] Introduction

The Western Chalukya Empire ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This Kannadiga dynasty is sometimes called the "Kalyani Chalukya" after its regal capital at Kalyani, today's Basavakalyan in the modern Bidar District of Karnataka state, and alternatively the "Later Chalukya" from its theoretical relationship to the 6th-century Chalukya dynasty of Badami. The dynasty is called Western Chalukyas to differentiate from the contemporaneous Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, a separate dynasty. Prior to the rise of these Chalukyas, the Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta controlled most of Deccan and Central India for over two centuries.


Context: where was the western chalukya empire located?

Context: South India

Question: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Answer: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Western Chalukya Empire [SEP] Administration

For example, an official named Bammanayya administered Banavasi-12000 under King Someshvara III but was later transferred to Halasige-12000. Women from the royal family also administered "Nadus" and "Kampanas". Army commanders were titled "Mahamandaleshwaras" and those who headed a "Nadu" were entitled "Nadugouvnda". The Western Chalukyas minted punch-marked gold pagodas with Kannada and Nagari legends which were large, thin gold coins with several varying punch marks on the obverse side. They usually carried multiple punches of symbols such as a stylised lion, "Sri" in Kannada, a spearhead, the king's title, a lotus and others. Jayasimha II used the legend "Sri Jaya", Someshvara I issued coins with "Sri Tre lo ka malla", Someshvara II used "Bhuvaneka malla", Lakshmideva's coin carried "Sri Lasha", and Jagadhekamalla II coinage had the legend "Sri Jagade".


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Question: what was the economy dependent on?

Answer: Agriculture

Explanation: Agriculture

Western Chalukya Empire [SEP] Economy

Agriculture was the empire's main source of income through taxes on land and produce. The majority of the people lived in villages and worked farming the staple crops of rice, pulses, and cotton in the dry areas and sugarcane in areas having sufficient rainfall, with areca and betel being the chief cash crops. The living conditions of the labourers who farmed the land must have been bearable as there are no records of revolts by the landless against wealthy landlords. If peasants were disgruntled the common practice was to migrate in large numbers out of the jurisdiction of the ruler who was mistreating them, thereby depriving him of revenue from their labor.


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Question: what religion was followed there?

Answer: Jainism

Explanation: Jainism.

Western Chalukya Empire [SEP] Religion

The fall of the Rashtrakuta empire to the Western Chalukyas in the 10th century, coinciding with the defeat of the Western Ganga Dynasty by the Cholas in Gangavadi, was a setback to Jainism. The growth of Virashaivism in the Chalukya territory and Vaishnava Hinduism in the Hoysala region paralleled a general decreased interest in Jainism, although the succeeding kingdoms continued to be religiously tolerant. Two locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory continued to be patronaged, Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli. The decline of Buddhism in South India had begun in the 8th century with the spread of Adi Shankara's Advaita philosophy.


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Context: what religion was followed there?

Context: Jainism

Question: which festivals are a part of this religion?

Answer: "Paryushana" and "Dasa lakshana parva"

Explanation: "Dasa lakshana parva"

Jainism [SEP] Festivals

The most important annual Jain festival is called the "Paryushana" by Svetambaras and "Dasa lakshana parva" by the Digambaras. It is celebrated from the 12th day of the waning moon in the traditional lunisolar month of Bhadrapada in the Indian calendar. This typically falls in August or September of the Gregorian calendar. It lasts eight days for Svetambaras, and ten days among the Digambaras. It is a time when lay people fast and pray. The five vows are emphasized during this time. Svetambaras recite the "Kalpasūtras", while Digambaras read their own texts. The festival is an occasion where Jains make active effort to stop cruelty towards other life forms, freeing animals in captivity and preventing the slaughter of animals.


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Context: what religion was followed there?

Context: Jainism

Context: which festivals are a part of this religion?

Context: "Paryushana" and "Dasa lakshana parva"

Question: name a few scriptures of this religion.

Answer: "Agamas", Kalpa Sūtras

Explanation: Kalpa Sūtras

Jainism [SEP] Scriptures and texts

According to them, Digambara "Āchāryas" recreated the oldest-known Digambara Jain texts, including the four "anuyoga". The Digambara texts partially agree with older Śvētāmbara texts, but there are also gross differences between the texts of the two major Jain traditions. The Digambaras created a secondary canon between 600 and 900 CE, compiling it into four groups or "Vedas": history, cosmography, philosophy and ethics. The most popular and influential texts of Jainism have been its non-canonical literature. Of these, the "Kalpa Sūtras" are particularly popular among Śvētāmbaras, which they attribute to Bhadrabahu (c. 300 BCE). This ancient scholar is revered in the Digambara tradition, and they believe he led their migration into the ancient south Karnataka region and created their tradition.


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Context: what religion was followed there?

Context: Jainism

Context: "Paryushana" and "Dasa lakshana parva"

Context: name a few scriptures of this religion.

Context: "Agamas", Kalpa Sūtras

Question: what symbolisms are part of it?

Answer: swastika, "Om", and the "Ashtamangala".

Jainism [SEP] Symbols

Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as the swastika, "Om", and the "Ashtamangala". In Jainism, "Om" is a condensed reference to the initials "A-A-A-U-M" of the five parameshthis: ""Arihant", "Ashiri", "Acharya", "Upajjhaya", "Muni"", or the five lines of the "Ṇamōkāra" Mantra. The "Ashtamangala" is a set of eight auspicious symbols: in the Digambara tradition, these are Chatra, "Dhvaja", "Kalasha", Fly-whisk, Mirror, Chair, Hand fan and Vessel. In the Śvētāmbar tradition, they are Swastika, "Srivatsa", "Nandavarta", "Vardhmanaka" (food vessel), "Bhadrasana" (seat), "Kalasha" (pot), "Darpan" (mirror) and pair of fish. The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes "ahimsā". The wheel represents the "dharmachakra", which stands for the resolve to halt the "saṃsāra" (wandering) through the relentless pursuit of "ahimsā".


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Context: what religion was followed there?

Context: Jainism

Context: "Paryushana" and "Dasa lakshana parva"

Context: name a few scriptures of this religion.

Context: "Agamas", Kalpa Sūtras

Context: what symbolisms are part of it?

Context: swastika, "Om", and the "Ashtamangala".

Question: which other religion is the last one related to?

Answer: Hinduism

Explanation: Hinduism,

Ashtamangala [SEP] Introduction

The Ashtamangala is a sacred suite of "Eight Auspicious Signs" endemic to a number of religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. The symbols or "symbolic attributes" () are yidam and teaching tools. Not only do these attributes (or energetic signatures) point to qualities of enlightened mindstream, but they are the investiture that ornaments these enlightened "qualities" (Sanskrit: "guṇa"; ). Many cultural enumerations and variations of the Ashtamangala are extant.


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Context: what religion was followed there?

Context: Jainism

Context: "Paryushana" and "Dasa lakshana parva"

Context: name a few scriptures of this religion.

Context: "Agamas", Kalpa Sūtras

Context: what symbolisms are part of it?

Context: swastika, "Om", and the "Ashtamangala".

Context: which other religion is the last one related to?

Context: Hinduism

Question: what is the origin of this word?

Answer: Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root "Sindhu"

Explanation: Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root "Sindhu".

Hinduism [SEP] Etymology

The word "Hindū" is derived from Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root "Sindhu". The Proto-Iranian sound change "*s" > "h" occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola. The use of the English term "Hinduism" to describe a collection of practices and beliefs is a fairly recent construction: it was first used by Raja Ram Mohun Roy in 1816–17. The term "Hinduism" was coined in around 1830 by those Indians who opposed British colonialism, and who wanted to distinguish themselves from other religious groups. Before the British began to categorise communities strictly by religion, Indians generally did not define themselves exclusively through their religious beliefs; instead identities were largely segmented on the basis of locality, language, varna, jāti, occupation and sect.


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Context: what religion was followed there?

Context: Jainism

Context: "Paryushana" and "Dasa lakshana parva"

Context: name a few scriptures of this religion.

Context: "Agamas", Kalpa Sūtras

Context: what symbolisms are part of it?

Context: swastika, "Om", and the "Ashtamangala".

Context: Hinduism

Context: what is the origin of this word?

Context: Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root "Sindhu"

Question: name a few scripts used for writing the language.

Answer: Shruti and Smriti

Explanation: Shruti and Smriti.

Hinduism [SEP] Scriptures

The ancient scriptures of Hinduism are in Sanskrit. These texts are classified into two: Shruti and Smriti. Shruti is "apauruṣeyā", "not made of a man" but revealed to the "rishis" (seers), and regarded as having the highest authority, while the smriti are manmade and have secondary authority. They are the two highest sources of dharma, the other two being "Śiṣṭa Āchāra/Sadāchara" (conduct of noble people) and finally "Ātma tuṣṭi" ("what is pleasing to oneself") Hindu scriptures were composed, memorized and transmitted verbally, across generations, for many centuries before they were written down. Over many centuries, sages refined the teachings and expanded the Shruti and Smriti, as well as developed Shastras with epistemological and metaphysical theories of six classical schools of Hinduism.


Context: South India

Context: name a few rulers of this kingdom.

Context: Bammanayya, King Someshvara III

Context: what was the economy dependent on?

Context: Agriculture

Context: what religion was followed there?

Context: Jainism

Context: "Paryushana" and "Dasa lakshana parva"

Context: name a few scriptures of this religion.

Context: "Agamas", Kalpa Sūtras

Context: what symbolisms are part of it?

Context: swastika, "Om", and the "Ashtamangala".

Context: Hinduism

Context: what is the origin of this word?

Context: Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root "Sindhu"

Context: name a few scripts used for writing the language.

Context: Shruti and Smriti

Question: what are a few popular literary works in this language?

Answer: Rig Veda, Mahabharata and the Ramayana

Sanskrit [SEP] Introduction

"Sanskrit" can also more narrowly refer to Classical Sanskrit, a refined and standardized grammatical form that emerged in the mid-1st millennium BCE and was codified in the most comprehensive of ancient grammars, the "Aṣṭādhyāyī" ("Eight chapters") of Pāṇini. The greatest dramatist in Sanskrit Kalidasa wrote in classical Sanskrit, and the foundations of modern arithmetic were first described in classical Sanskrit. The two major Sanskrit epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, however, were composed in a range of oral storytelling registers called Epic Sanskrit which was used in northern India between 400 BCE and 300 CE, and roughly contemporary with classical Sanskrit.


Question: what is rampart dam?

Answer: A project to dam the Yukon River in Alaska for hydroelectric power.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Introduction

The Rampart Dam or Rampart Canyon Dam was a project proposed in 1954 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to dam the Yukon River in Alaska for hydroelectric power. The project was planned for Rampart Canyon (also known as Rampart Gorge) just southwest of the village of Rampart, Alaska and about west-northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. The resulting dam would have created a lake roughly the size of Lake Erie, making it the largest man-made reservoir in the world. The plan for the dam itself called for a concrete structure high with a top length of about . The proposed power facilities would have consistently generated between 3.5 and 5 gigawatts of electricity, based on the flow of the river as it differs between winter and summer.


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: A project to dam the Yukon River in Alaska for hydroelectric power.

Question: who or what was responsible for its design?

Answer: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Explanation: The Rampart Dam or Rampart Canyon Dam was a project proposed in 1954 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Rampart Dam [SEP] Introduction


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: who or what was responsible for its design?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Question: where is the site of this project located?

Answer: Northwestern North America

Yukon River [SEP] Introduction

The Yukon River (Gwich'in: "Ųųg Han" or "Yuk Han," Yup'ik: "Kuigpak," Inupiaq: Kuukpak, Southern Tutchone: Chu Nìikwän) is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The river's source is in British Columbia, Canada, from which it flows through the Canadian Yukon Territory (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,430 m/s (227,000 ft/s). The total drainage area is 832,700 km (321,500 mi), of which 323,800 km (126,300 mi) is in Canada.


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Context: where is the site of this project located?

Context: Northwestern North America

Question: what are the human objections regarding this?

Answer: Objected to the potential loss of the region's history.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Human objections

In planning the dam project, engineers anticipated that building the dam would flood nine Alaska Native villages, forcing the relocation of an estimated 1,500 people. Although some of the affected villagers felt the increased job opportunities would outweigh the forced move, most objected to the potential loss of the region's history. Among the affected villages was Fort Yukon, which is the oldest English-speaking settlement in Alaska. In 1964, several groups of Native dam opponents in the Yukon Flats came together to form an organization called Gwitchya Gwitchin Ginkhye, which lobbied against the project. The "Tundra Times", an Alaska newspaper devoted to Native issues, also came out strongly in opposition to the project, saying that all but one village from the head of the proposed reservoir to the mouth of the Yukon River were against the dam.


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Context: Northwestern North America

Context: what are the human objections regarding this?

Context: Objected to the potential loss of the region's history.

Question: what is the anticipated cost?

Answer: $1.39 billion in total.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Anticipated costs

The Rampart Dam's large size had a correspondingly large price tag. The Corps of Engineers anticipated spending $618.4 million (1970 dollars) on construction of the physical dam alone, another $492 million for power-generating equipment, and $1.39 billion in total. That total included $15.59 million for relocating Alaskans from the area to be flooded, $56 million for fish and wildlife facilities to mitigate the anticipated losses, and $39.7 million for roads and bridges to access the area. After completion of the dam, the Corps of Engineers estimated that operation and maintenance of the project would cost $6.5 million annually, including $570,000 for replacement power equipment and $2 million for the maintenance of fish and wildlife facilities.


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Context: Northwestern North America

Context: what is the anticipated cost?

Context: $1.39 billion in total.

Question: what are electrical argument regarding this?

Answer: The dam would provide cheap electricity which will be the economic basis of the region.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Electrical argument

As planned, the dam would have produced roughly 34 terawatt hours annually, nearly 50 times the total energy use for the entire state of Alaska in 1960 (700 gigawatt hours). Gruening, in particular, believed that the dam would have an effect similar to that of the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s, with cheap electricity providing the economic basis of the region. Dam proponents also suggested that the electricity might be transmitted to the rest of the United States, lowering utility prices in those states by increasing the amount of available power. Anthony Netboy, a salmon biologist employed by Yukon Power for America, claimed that one day, "a housewife in Phoenix or L.A.


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Context: Northwestern North America

Context: what is the anticipated cost?

Context: $1.39 billion in total.

Context: what are electrical argument regarding this?

Context: The dam would provide cheap electricity which will be the economic basis of the region.

Question: what are its opposition?

Answer: It was based on three separate objections: ecological, human, and financial.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Opposition

Opposition to the project was based on three separate objections to its construction: ecological, human, and financial. Conservation groups opposed the dam's construction because it would flood the Yukon Flats, a large wetland area that provides breeding ground for millions of waterfowl and habitat for game and fur-bearing animals. Alaska Native groups objected to the project's human cost—the need to relocate more than 1,500 people and 9 villages—and Native groups outside the reservoir area objected to the potential devastation of the Yukon River salmon population. The third objection to construction of the dam stemmed from its high cost and the belief that cheap electricity would not be enough to attract industry to Alaska.


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Context: Northwestern North America

Context: what is the anticipated cost?

Context: $1.39 billion in total.

Context: what are its opposition?

Context: It was based on three separate objections: ecological, human, and financial.

Question: what is the latter mentioned objection?

Answer: Cheap electricity would not be enough to attract industry to Alaska.

Explanation: The third objection to construction of the dam stemmed from its high cost and the belief that cheap electricity would not be enough to attract industry to Alaska.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Opposition


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Context: Northwestern North America

Context: what is the anticipated cost?

Context: $1.39 billion in total.

Context: what are its opposition?

Context: what is the latter mentioned objection?

Context: Cheap electricity would not be enough to attract industry to Alaska.

Question: what is the former mentioned objection?

Answer: It would flood the Yukon Flats, a large wetland area.

Explanation: Conservation groups opposed the dam's construction because it would flood the Yukon Flats, a large wetland area that provides breeding ground for millions of waterfowl and habitat for game and fur-bearing animals.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Opposition


Context: what is rampart dam?

Context: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Context: Northwestern North America

Context: what is the anticipated cost?

Context: $1.39 billion in total.

Context: what are its opposition?

Context: what is the latter mentioned objection?

Context: what is the former mentioned objection?

Context: It would flood the Yukon Flats, a large wetland area.

Question: who are its supporters?

Answer: Various sources; Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy being few.

Rampart Dam [SEP] Supporters

Support for the dam project came from a variety of sources, but supporters tended to use three primary arguments in favor of its construction: the electricity generated by the project would be cheap and plentiful, industries would be attracted to Alaska by the cheap electricity, and the dam's construction would have minimal impact on the environment and human populations. During the campaign that preceded the 1960 U.S. Presidential election, both candidates—Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy—made campaign stops in Alaska. Both men gave their support to the Rampart Dam project, with Kennedy saying, "I see the greatest dam in the free world at Rampart Canyon, producing twice the power of the Tennessee Valley Authority to light homes and mills and cities and farms all over Alaska." Nixon, arriving three months after Kennedy, said, "As far as Rampart Canyon Dam is concerned, certainly you can expect progress, more progress, I believe, in our administration than his".


Question: how does an athlete get to participate in the olympic games

Answer: All professional athletes are eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFs.

Olympic Games [SEP] Amateurism and professionalism

The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. Beginning in the 1970s, amateurism requirements were gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter. After the 1988 Games, the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFs.


Context: how does an athlete get to participate in the olympic games

Context: All professional athletes are eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFs.

Question: what are these games?

Answer: he modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions.

Olympic Games [SEP] Introduction

The modern Olympic Games or Olympics () are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are normally held every four years, alternating between the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years in the four-year period. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games (), held in Olympia, Greece from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896.


Context: what are these games?

Context: he modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions.

Question: how different is it from the ancient games?

Answer: In the ancient games, the competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. Whereas the modern games are international nature.

Olympic Games [SEP] Ancient Olympics

The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration, horse and chariot racing events. It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce. This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars.


Context: what are these games?

Context: how different is it from the ancient games?

Context: In the ancient games, the competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. Whereas the modern games are international nature.

Question: do they have any symbol or logo?

Answer: Yes, the Olympic rings which consists of five intertwined rings .

Olympic Games [SEP] Symbols

The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (Africa, the Americas (when considered one continent), Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The coloured version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colours were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, the Olympic rings which consists of five intertwined rings .

Question: was there any scandal occurred in any of the games in relation with russia?

Answer: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Olympic Games [SEP] Russian doping scandal

Doping in Russian sports has a systemic nature. Russia has had 44 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations – the most of any country, more than three times the number of the runner-up, and more than a quarter of the global total. From 2011 to 2015, more than a thousand Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from a cover-up. Russia was partially banned from the 2016 Summer Olympics and was banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics (while being allowed to participate as the Olympic Athletes from Russia) due to the state-sponsored doping programme. In December 2019, Russia was banned for four years from all major sporting events for systematic doping and lying to WADA.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: was there any scandal occurred in any of the games in relation with russia?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Question: how did the country get its name?

Answer: It is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs.

Russia [SEP] Etymology

The name "Russia" is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this proper name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская Земля" ("russkaja zemlja"), which can be translated as "Russian Land" or "Land of Rus'". In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as "Kievan Rus'" by modern historiography. The name "Rus" itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, Swedish merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centered on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: It is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs.

Question: what crops are cultivated there?

Answer: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Explanation:
Russia exceeded Soviet grain production levels, and became the world's largest exporter of wheat.

This restoration of agriculture was supported by a credit policy of the government, helping both individual farmers and large privatised corporate farms that once were Soviet kolkhozes and which still own the significant share of agricultural land. While large farms concentrate mainly on grain production and husbandry products, small private household plots produce most of the country's potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Russia [SEP] Agriculture

Russia's total area of cultivated land is estimated at , the fourth largest in the world. From 1999 to 2009, Russia's agriculture grew steadily, and the country turned from a grain importer to the third largest grain exporter after the EU and the United States. The production of meat has grown from 6,813,000 tonnes in 1999 to 9,331,000 tonnes in 2008, and continues to grow. The 2014 devaluation of the rouble and imposition of sanctions spurred domestic production, and in 2016 Russia exceeded Soviet grain production levels, and became the world's largest exporter of wheat. This restoration of agriculture was supported by a credit policy of the government, helping both individual farmers and large privatised corporate farms that once were Soviet kolkhozes and which still own the significant share of agricultural land.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Question: do they have holidays specific to their country?

Answer: Yes, Russian New Year, Orthodox Christmas, Kurban Bayram and others.

Russia [SEP] National holidays and symbols

There are seven public holidays in Russia, except those always celebrated on Sunday. Russian New Year traditions resemble those of the Western Christmas, with New Year Trees and gifts, and Ded Moroz (Father Frost) playing the same role as Santa Claus. Orthodox Christmas falls on 7 January, because the Russian Orthodox Church still follows the Julian calendar, and all Orthodox holidays are 13 days after Western ones. Two other major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. Kurban Bayram and Uraza Bayram are celebrated by Russian Muslims. Further Russian public holidays include Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; International Women's Day (8 March), which combines the traditions of Mother's Day and Valentine's Day; Spring and Labor Day (1 May); Victory Day (9 May); Russia Day (12 June); and Unity Day (4 November), commemorating the popular uprising which expelled the Polish occupation force from Moscow in 1612.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: do they have holidays specific to their country?

Context: Yes, Russian New Year, Orthodox Christmas, Kurban Bayram and others.

Question: why is the third one celebrated?

Answer: To commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.

Public holidays in Russia [SEP] Orthodox Christmas day

Christmas in Russia (Рождество Христово "Rozhdestvo Khristovo") is celebrated on 25 December Julian calendar which falls on January 7th Gregorian calendar and commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ. The public holiday was re-established in 1991, following the decades of suppression of religion and state atheism of the Soviet Union.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: To commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.

Question: which language is the term from?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: which language is the term from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do they promote tourism?

Answer: Yes, it has been a popular tourist destination since the late Soviet period.

Russia [SEP] Tourism

Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet period, first domestic tourism and then international tourism, fueled by the rich cultural heritage and great natural variety of the country. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring theme route of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the Volga, and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. In 2013, Russia was visited by 28.4 million tourists; it is the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe. The number of Western visitors dropped in 2014. The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: which language is the term from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they promote tourism?

Context: Yes, it has been a popular tourist destination since the late Soviet period.

Question: what are some of the famous spots to visit?

Answer: Moscow, St. Petersburg, the resorts on the  Black Sea coast and others.

Explanation: Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country. Recognised as World Cities, they feature such world-renowned museums as the Tretyakov Gallery and the Hermitage, famous theaters like Bolshoi and Mariinsky, ornate churches like Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Saint Isaac's Cathedral and Church of the Savior on Blood, impressive fortifications like the Kremlin and Peter and Paul Fortress, beautiful squares and streets like Red Square, Palace Square, Tverskaya Street, Nevsky Prospect, and Arbat Street. Rich palaces and parks are found in the former imperial residences in suburbs of Moscow (Kolomenskoye, Tsaritsyno) and St Petersburg (Peterhof, Strelna, Oranienbaum, Gatchina, Pavlovsk and Tsarskoye Selo). Moscow displays Soviet architecture at its best, along with modern skyscrapers, while St Petersburg, nicknamed "Venice of the North", boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, canals and bridges.

Russia [SEP] Tourism


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: which language is the term from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they promote tourism?

Context: what are some of the famous spots to visit?

Context: Moscow, St. Petersburg, the resorts on the  Black Sea coast and others.

Question: how is the climate at the first mentioned place?

Answer: Moscow has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers.

Moscow [SEP] Climate

Moscow has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude- such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia- have much colder winters, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean. Weather can fluctuate widely with temperatures ranging from in the city and in suburbs to above in the winter, and from in the summer. Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around a comfortable , but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed , sometimes for a week or two at a time.


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: which language is the term from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they promote tourism?

Context: how is the climate at the first mentioned place?

Context: Moscow has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers.

Question: what does the rings signify in relation to this place?

Answer: These are circular roads emerging out of Kremlin .

Moscow [SEP] Moscow rings

Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings"). The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town). The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River. The second primary ring, located outside the bell end of the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring).


Context: what are these games?

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: which language is the term from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they promote tourism?

Context: what does the rings signify in relation to this place?

Context: These are circular roads emerging out of Kremlin .

Question: how is the opening ceremony of the games under discussion conducted?

Answer: The ceremony typically starts with the entrance of the president of the host country followed by the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theatre representative of its culture.The athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier, who lights the Olympic flame in thestadium's cauldron.

Explanation: The ceremony typically starts with the entrance of the president of the host country followed by the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theatre representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memorability. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Games reportedly cost $100 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.

Olympic Games [SEP] Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the Beijing Games reportedly cost $100 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment. After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honour the origins of the Olympics. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's chosen language, with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. During the 2004 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in Athens, Greece, the Greek flag entered the stadium first, while the Greek delegation entered last.


Context: how does an athlete get to participate in the olympic games

Context: All professional athletes are eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFs.

Context: what are these games?

Context: he modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions.

Context: how different is it from the ancient games?

Context: In the ancient games, the competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. Whereas the modern games are international nature.

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, the Olympic rings which consists of five intertwined rings .

Context: was there any scandal occurred in any of the games in relation with russia?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: It is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs.

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: do they have holidays specific to their country?

Context: Yes, Russian New Year, Orthodox Christmas, Kurban Bayram and others.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: To commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.

Context: which language is the term from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they promote tourism?

Context: Yes, it has been a popular tourist destination since the late Soviet period.

Context: what are some of the famous spots to visit?

Context: Moscow, St. Petersburg, the resorts on the  Black Sea coast and others.

Context: how is the climate at the first mentioned place?

Context: Moscow has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers.

Context: what does the rings signify in relation to this place?

Context: These are circular roads emerging out of Kremlin .

Context: how is the opening ceremony of the games under discussion conducted?

Context: The ceremony typically starts with the entrance of the president of the host country followed by the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theatre representative of its culture.The athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier, who lights the Olympic flame in thestadium's cauldron.

Question: what is the name of the country's space exploration agency?

Answer: The Soviet Space Program.

Soviet space program [SEP] Introduction

The Soviet space program () was the national space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from the 1950s until the state's collapse in 1991. The Soviet space program was mainly based on the human spaceflight program and the development of the expendable launch vehicles, which had been split between many design bureaux competing against each other. Over its 60 years of history, the Soviet space program was responsible for a number of major firsts in human spaceflight, including the first intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7), first satellite (Sputnik 1), first animal in Earth orbit (the dog Laika on Sputnik 2), first human in space and Earth orbit (Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1), first woman in space and Earth orbit (Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6), first spacewalk (Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2), first Moon impact ("Luna 2"), first image of the far side of the Moon ("Luna 3") and uncrewed lunar soft landing ("Luna 9"), first space rover ("Lunokhod 1"), first sample of lunar soil automatically extracted and brought to Earth ("Luna 16"), and first space station (Salyut 1).


Context: how does an athlete get to participate in the olympic games

Context: All professional athletes are eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFs.

Context: what are these games?

Context: he modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions.

Context: how different is it from the ancient games?

Context: In the ancient games, the competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. Whereas the modern games are international nature.

Context: do they have any symbol or logo?

Context: Yes, the Olympic rings which consists of five intertwined rings .

Context: was there any scandal occurred in any of the games in relation with russia?

Context: Yes, many times between 2011 to 2015.

Context: how did the country get its name?

Context: It is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs.

Context: what crops are cultivated there?

Context: Wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits.

Context: do they have holidays specific to their country?

Context: Yes, Russian New Year, Orthodox Christmas, Kurban Bayram and others.

Context: why is the third one celebrated?

Context: To commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.

Context: which language is the term from?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do they promote tourism?

Context: Yes, it has been a popular tourist destination since the late Soviet period.

Context: what are some of the famous spots to visit?

Context: Moscow, St. Petersburg, the resorts on the  Black Sea coast and others.

Context: how is the climate at the first mentioned place?

Context: Moscow has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers.

Context: what does the rings signify in relation to this place?

Context: These are circular roads emerging out of Kremlin .

Context: how is the opening ceremony of the games under discussion conducted?

Context: The ceremony typically starts with the entrance of the president of the host country followed by the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theatre representative of its culture.The athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier, who lights the Olympic flame in thestadium's cauldron.

Context: what is the name of the country's space exploration agency?

Context: The Soviet Space Program.

Question: what are some of the notable missions carried out by them?

Answer: Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, Vostok 6 and others.

Explanation: Over its 60 years of history, the Soviet space program was responsible for a number of major firsts in human spaceflight, including the first intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7), first satellite (Sputnik 1), first animal in Earth orbit (the dog Laika on Sputnik 2), first human in space and Earth orbit (Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1), first woman in space and Earth orbit (Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6), first spacewalk (Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2), first Moon impact ("Luna 2"), first image of the far side of the Moon ("Luna 3") and uncrewed lunar soft landing ("Luna 9"), first space rover ("Lunokhod 1"), first sample of lunar soil automatically extracted and brought to Earth ("Luna 16"), and first space station (Salyut 1). Further notable records included the first interplanetary probes: Venera 1 and Mars 1 to fly by Venus and Mars, respectively, Venera 3 and Mars 2 to impact the respective planet surface, and Venera 7 and Mars 3 to make soft landings on these planets.

Soviet space program [SEP] Introduction


Question: who held a live performance on the roof top of three savil road of mayfair in 1969

Answer: The Beatles

Savile Row [SEP] Introduction

Savile Row (pronounced ) is a street in Mayfair, central London. Known principally for its traditional bespoke tailoring for men, the street has had a varied history that has included accommodating the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society at 1 Savile Row, where significant British explorations to Africa and the South Pole were planned; and more recently, the Apple office of the Beatles at 3 Savile Row, where the band's final live performance was held on the roof of the building. Originally named Savile Street, it was built between 1731 and 1735 as part of the development of the Burlington Estate.


Context: who held a live performance on the roof top of three savil road of mayfair in 1969

Context: The Beatles

Question: where is this place located?

Answer: Mayfair, central London

Explanation: Savile Row (pronounced ) is a street in Mayfair, central London.

Savile Row [SEP] Introduction


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Question: what is it famous for?

Answer: Traditional bespoke tailoring for men, accommodating the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society, and Beatles' roof top live performance

Explanation: Known principally for its traditional bespoke tailoring for men, the street has had a varied history that has included accommodating the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society at 1 Savile Row, where significant British explorations to Africa and the South Pole were planned; and more recently, the Apple office of the Beatles at 3 Savile Row, where the band's final live performance was held on the roof of the building.

Savile Row [SEP] Introduction

Founded in 1849 by Henry Huntsman, H. Huntsman & Sons moved to No. 11 Savile Row with the ending of the war in 1919. During the First World War, Huntsman's was a tailor to the military, producing dress uniforms for British officers throughout the conflict. In 1969, Nutters of Savile Row modernised the style and approach of traditional Savile Row tailoring; a modernisation that continued in the 1990s with the "New Bespoke Movement", involving the designers Richard James, Ozwald Boateng, and Timothy Everest. The term "bespoke" as applied to fine tailoring is understood to have originated in Savile Row, and came to mean a suit cut and made by hand.


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: Traditional bespoke tailoring for men, accommodating the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society, and Beatles' roof top live performance

Question: what is this society that you just mentioned?

Answer: UK's learned society and professional body for geography

Royal Geographical Society [SEP] Introduction

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) is the United Kingdom's learned society and professional body for geography, founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences. Today, it is the leading centre for geographers and geographical learning. The Society has over 16,500 members, with its work reaching the public through publications, research groups and lectures.


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: what is this society that you just mentioned?

Context: UK's learned society and professional body for geography

Question: when was this established?

Answer: 1830


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Question: how can one become a member?

Answer: Anyone with an interest in geography is eligible to apply

Explanation: Anyone with an interest in geography is eligible to apply to become a member of the RGS-IBG.

Royal Geographical Society [SEP] Ordinary membership


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: Anyone with an interest in geography is eligible to apply

Question: can you name any of its founding members?

Answer: Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin and Sir Francis Beaufort

Royal Geographical Society [SEP] History

The Society was founded in 1830 under the name "Geographical Society of London" as an institution to promote the 'advancement of geographical science'. It later absorbed the older African Association, which had been founded by Sir Joseph Banks in 1788, as well as the Raleigh Club and the Palestine Association. Like many learned societies, it had started as a dining club in London, where select members held informal dinner debates on current scientific issues and ideas. Founding members of the Society included Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin and Sir Francis Beaufort. Under the patronage of King William IV it later became known as The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and was granted its Royal Charter under Queen Victoria in 1859.


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: can you name any of its founding members?

Context: Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin and Sir Francis Beaufort

Question: does this place house different objects of interest?

Answer: Yes, two million documents, maps, photographs, paintings, periodicals, artefacts and books,

Royal Geographical Society [SEP] Collections

The Society's Collections consist of over two million documents, maps, photographs, paintings, periodicals, artefacts and books, and span 500 years of geography, travel and exploration. The Society preserves the Collections for the benefit of future generations, while providing public access and promoting Collections-related educational programmes for schools and lifelong learners. The Foyle Reading Room acts as a consultation space for using the Society's collections, and hosts showcases and workshops as well as the "Be Inspired" series of talks.


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: does this place house different objects of interest?

Context: Yes, two million documents, maps, photographs, paintings, periodicals, artefacts and books,

Question: are scholarships offered to the students?

Answer: Yes, grants are available

Explanation: Each year, the Society supports over 50 student fieldwork projects, from PhD students collecting data for their dissertation to groups of undergraduates looking to get out into the field for the first time. Grants are available for both human and physical geography projects, in any area of the world.

Royal Geographical Society [SEP] Student grants


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: are scholarships offered to the students?

Context: Yes, grants are available

Question: can you mention a few of its publications?

Answer: Geographical, the official monthly magazine

Royal Geographical Society [SEP] "Geographical" magazine

Geographical is the official monthly magazine of the Society, and has been published continuously since 1935. The magazine contains illustrated articles on people, places, adventure, travel, and environmental issues, as well as summarising the latest academic research and discoveries in geography. "Geographical" also reports news of the Society's latest work and activities to members and the public.


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: Yes, grants are available

Context: can you mention a few of its publications?

Context: Geographical, the official monthly magazine

Question: can you tell me something more about the first founding member that you mentioned?

Answer: He was an English civil servant, geographer, linguist and writer

Explanation: Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet, (19 June 1764 – 23 November 1848) was an English civil servant, geographer, linguist and writer.

Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet [SEP] Introduction


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: Yes, grants are available

Context: can you tell me something more about the first founding member that you mentioned?

Context: He was an English civil servant, geographer, linguist and writer

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Village of Dragley Beck, in the parish of Ulverston, Lancashire

Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet [SEP] Early life

Barrow was born the only child of Roger Barrow, a tanner in the village of Dragley Beck, in the parish of Ulverston, Lancashire. He was schooled at Town Bank grammar school, Ulverston, but left at age 13 to found a Sunday school for the poor. Barrow was employed as superintending clerk of an iron foundry at Liverpool. At only 16, he went on a whaling expedition to Greenland. By his twenties, he was teaching mathematics, in which he had always excelled, at a private school in Greenwich.


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: Yes, grants are available

Context: where was he born?

Context: Village of Dragley Beck, in the parish of Ulverston, Lancashire

Question: did he visit any other countries?

Answer: Yes, South Africa

Explanation: In 1797, Barrow accompanied Lord Macartney as private secretary in his important and delicate mission to settle the government of the newly acquired colony of the Cape of Good Hope. Barrow was entrusted with the task of reconciling the Boer settlers and the native Black population and of reporting on the country in the interior. In the course of the trip, he visited all parts of the colony; when he returned, he was appointed auditor-general of public accounts. He then decided to settle in South Africa, married, and bought a house in 1800 in Cape Town. However, the surrender of the colony at the peace of Amiens (1802) upset this plan.

Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet [SEP] South Africa


Context: The Beatles

Context: where is this place located?

Context: Mayfair, central London

Context: what is it famous for?

Context: when was this established?

Context: how can one become a member?

Context: Yes, grants are available

Context: where was he born?

Context: did he visit any other countries?

Context: Yes, South Africa

Question: and what was the purpose behind this?

Answer: He was entrusted with the task of reconciling the Boer settlers and the native Black population and of reporting on the country in the interior

Explanation: Barrow was entrusted with the task of reconciling the Boer settlers and the native Black population and of reporting on the country in the interior.


Question: who is the founder of the league of nations

Answer: Peace activists William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy

League of Nations [SEP] Background

This period also saw the development of international law, with the first Geneva Conventions establishing laws dealing with humanitarian relief during wartime, and the international Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 governing rules of war and the peaceful settlement of international disputes. As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out, Theodore Roosevelt was the first American President to call for an international league. At the acceptance for his Nobel Prize, Roosevelt said: "it would be a masterstroke if those great powers honestly bent on peace would form a League of Peace." The forerunner of the League of Nations, the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), was formed by the peace activists William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy in 1889 (and is currently still in existence as an international body with a focus on the various elected legislative bodies of the world.) The IPU was founded with an international scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members of the IPU by 1914.


Context: who is the founder of the league of nations

Context: Peace activists William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy

Question: what were the initial proposals?

Answer: The first schemes for an international organisation to prevent future wars began to gain considerable public support, particularly in Great Britain and the United States.

League of Nations [SEP] Initial proposals

At the start of the First World War, the first schemes for an international organisation to prevent future wars began to gain considerable public support, particularly in Great Britain and the United States. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, a British political scientist, coined the term "League of Nations" in 1914 and drafted a scheme for its organisation. Together with Lord Bryce, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group, later the League of Nations Union. The group became steadily more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then governing Liberal Party.


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: The first schemes for an international organisation to prevent future wars began to gain considerable public support, particularly in Great Britain and the United States.

Question: can you please name some of the members?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: can you please name some of the members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when was it established?

Answer: 10 January 1920

Explanation: It was founded on 10 January 1920

League of Nations [SEP] Introduction

The League of Nations, abbreviated as LON ( , abbreviated as SDN or SdN), was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War, and ceased operations on 20 April 1946. The organisation's primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe.


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Question: what were its origins?

Answer: The IPU was founded with an international scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its foundational aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means.

Explanation: The IPU was founded with an international scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its foundational aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means.

League of Nations [SEP] Background

Its foundational aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were established to help governments refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure was designed as a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League.


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: The IPU was founded with an international scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its foundational aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means.

Question: what is ipu?

Answer: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Explanation: Inter-Parliamentary Union

League of Nations [SEP] Background


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Question: who are its members?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Inter-Parliamentary Union [SEP] Members

It is the duty of the Members of the IPU to submit the resolutions of the IPU within their respective Parliament, in the most appropriate form; to communicate them to the Government; to stimulate their implementation and to inform the IPU Secretariat, as often and fully as possible, particularly in its annual reports, as to the steps taken and the results obtained. The participating parliamentary assemblies other than national parliaments are the following:


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how it is related to the league?

Answer: The IPU has played a leading role in the development of international law and institutions, including the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the League of Nations, and the United Nations.

Inter-Parliamentary Union [SEP] Introduction

The IPU has played a leading role in the development of international law and institutions, including the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the League of Nations, and the United Nations. It also sponsors and takes part in international conferences and forums, and has permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly. Consequently, eight individuals associated with the organization are Nobel Peace Prize laureates.


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: The IPU has played a leading role in the development of international law and institutions, including the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the League of Nations, and the United Nations.

Question: where was its last conference held?

Answer: In 1919 and 1920

Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) [SEP] Introduction

The Paris Peace Conference was the formal meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allies after the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Dominated by the leaders of Britain, France, the United States and Italy, it resulted in five controversial treaties that rearranged the map of Europe and imposed financial penalties. Germany and the other losing nations had no voice which gave rise to political resentments that lasted for decades. The conference involved diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities, and its major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations and the five peace treaties with the defeated states; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates," chiefly to Britain and France, the imposition of reparations upon Germany, and the drawing of new national boundaries, sometimes with plebiscites, to reflect ethnic boundaries more closely.


Context: what were the initial proposals?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when was it established?

Context: 10 January 1920

Context: what were its origins?

Context: what is ipu?

Context: Inter-Parliamentary Union

Context: who are its members?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how it is related to the league?

Context: where was its last conference held?

Context: In 1919 and 1920

Question: which powers does it have?

Answer: The territories were governed by mandatory powers, such as the United Kingdom in the case of the Mandate of Palestine, and the Union of South Africa in the case of South-West Africa, until the territories were deemed capable of self-government.

League of Nations [SEP] Mandatory powers

The territories were governed by mandatory powers, such as the United Kingdom in the case of the Mandate of Palestine, and the Union of South Africa in the case of South-West Africa, until the territories were deemed capable of self-government. Fourteen mandate territories were divided up among seven mandatory powers: the United Kingdom, the Union of South Africa, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Australia and Japan. With the exception of the Kingdom of Iraq, which joined the League on 3 October 1932, these territories did not begin to gain their independence until after the Second World War, in a process that did not end until 1990.