Context: what other kingdom claimed ownership of the northern islands of scotland

Context: Kingdom of Scotland and Kingdom of Great Britain.

Question: can you name the islands that form the above mentioned group?

Answer: Orkney and Shetland.

Explanation: The Northern Isles (; ; ) are a pair of archipelagos off the north coast of mainland Scotland, comprising Orkney and Shetland.

Northern Isles [SEP] Introduction


Context: can you name the islands that form the above mentioned group?

Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Question: who were the earliest settlers here?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Northern Isles [SEP] Introduction

The Northern Isles (; ; ) are a pair of archipelagos off the north coast of mainland Scotland, comprising Orkney and Shetland. The climate is cool and temperate and much influenced by the surrounding seas. There are a total of 26 inhabited islands with landscapes of the fertile agricultural islands of Orkney contrasting with the more rugged Shetland islands to the north, where the economy is more dependent on fishing and the oil wealth of the surrounding seas. Both have a developing renewable energy industry. They also share a common Pictish and Norse history. Both island groups were absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland in the 15th century and remained part of the country following the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, and later the United Kingdom after 1801.


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the economy of the latter dependent on?

Answer: Agriculture, aquaculture, fishing and renewable energy.

Explanation: Today, the main revenue producers in Shetland are agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, renewable energy, the petroleum industry (crude oil and natural gas production), the creative industries and tourism.

Shetland [SEP] Economy


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is the economy of the latter dependent on?

Context: Agriculture, aquaculture, fishing and renewable energy.

Question: was it ever colonised by the scandinavians?

Answer: Yes, during the late 8th and 9th centuries.

Explanation: Shetland was colonised during the late 8th and 9th centuries, the fate of the existing indigenous population being uncertain, though it is now seen that Modern Shetlanders have overwhelmingly Scottish DNA according to a major research project, which shows that that only 20 per cent of isles DNA is traceable to Norwegian ancestors.

Shetland [SEP] Scandinavian colonisation

In response, Norwegian king Harald Hårfagre ("Harald Fair Hair") annexed the Northern Isles (comprising Orkney and Shetland) in 875. Rognvald Eysteinsson received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty. The islands converted to Christianity in the late 10th century. King Olav Tryggvasson summoned the "jarl" Sigurd the Stout during a visit to Orkney and said, "I order you and all your subjects to be baptised. If you refuse, I'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel." Unsurprisingly, Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke.


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was it ever colonised by the scandinavians?

Context: Yes, during the late 8th and 9th centuries.

Question: and when did it come under scottish occupation?

Answer: In the 15th century.

Explanation: Both island groups were absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland in the 15th century and remained part of the country following the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707

Northern Isles [SEP] Introduction


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: and when did it come under scottish occupation?

Context: In the 15th century.

Question: can you name some of the major towns here?

Answer: Lerwick

Lerwick [SEP] Introduction

Lerwick (; Norwegian and ) is the main town and port of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. Shetland's only burgh, Lerwick had a population of about 7,000 residents in 2010. Centred off the north coast of the Scottish mainland and on the east coast of the Shetland Mainland, Lerwick lies north-by-northeast of Aberdeen; west of the similarly sheltered port of Bergen in Norway; and south east of Tórshavn in the Faroe Islands. It is both the most northerly and the most easterly town in Scotland. One of the UK's coastal weather stations is situated there.


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In the 15th century.

Context: can you name some of the major towns here?

Context: Lerwick

Question: what is the population of this town?

Answer: It had a population of about 7,000 residents in 2010.

Explanation: Lerwick (; Norwegian and ) is the main town and port of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. Shetland's only burgh, Lerwick had a population of about 7,000 residents in 2010.

Lerwick [SEP] Introduction


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In the 15th century.

Context: Lerwick

Context: what is the population of this town?

Context: It had a population of about 7,000 residents in 2010.

Question: how do people commute to and from here?

Answer: Northlink Ferries operate a daily overnight ferry service between Lerwick and Aberdeen.

Lerwick [SEP] Transportation

Lerwick is served by the Tingwall Airport located a few miles away and Sumburgh Airport that is further south and flies all year to some Scotland destinations. Northlink Ferries operate a daily overnight ferry service between Lerwick and Aberdeen, regularly calling in to Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands. The Shetland Islands Council operate a ro-ro ferry service to Out Skerries and Bressay from a terminal in the centre of the town.


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In the 15th century.

Context: Lerwick

Context: what is the population of this town?

Context: how do people commute to and from here?

Context: Northlink Ferries operate a daily overnight ferry service between Lerwick and Aberdeen.

Question: where is the second place you just mentioned located?

Answer: It is a city in northeast Scotland.

Aberdeen [SEP] Introduction

Aberdeen (; , ; ; ) is a city in northeast Scotland. It is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City) and the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area, with an official 2018 population estimate of 198,880 for the city of Aberdeen and for the local council area. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe.


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In the 15th century.

Context: Lerwick

Context: what is the population of this town?

Context: how do people commute to and from here?

Context: where is the second place you just mentioned located?

Context: It is a city in northeast Scotland.

Question: does it have any football club?

Answer: Yes, Aberdeen F.C.

Explanation:
The men's game started in Aberdeen, the women's game was started by Helen Matthews from nearby Montrose.
There are two Aberdeen-based football clubs in the SPFL, the senior branch of Scottish football. Aberdeen F.C. ( The Dons) play in the Scottish Premiership at Pittodrie Stadium.

Aberdeen [SEP] Football

At the point at which the 2019/20 League Two season was curtailed due to the Covid-19 pandemic Cove were sitting top of the League Two table and thus were promoted as Champions. This means that the city of Aberdeen has two clubs in Scottish football's senior leagues for the first time in history.


Context: Orkney and Shetland.

Context: who were the earliest settlers here?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: In the 15th century.

Context: Lerwick

Context: what is the population of this town?

Context: how do people commute to and from here?

Context: It is a city in northeast Scotland.

Context: does it have any football club?

Context: Yes, Aberdeen F.C.

Question: have they won any major titles?

Answer: Yes, the European Cup Winners Cup and the European Super Cup.

Aberdeen [SEP] Football

The first ever recorded game of football, was outlined by teacher David Wedderburn in his book "Vocabula" The men's game started in Aberdeen, the women's game was started by Helen Matthews from nearby Montrose. There are two Aberdeen-based football clubs in the SPFL, the senior branch of Scottish football. Aberdeen F.C. ( The Dons) play in the Scottish Premiership at Pittodrie Stadium. The club won the European Cup Winners Cup and the European Super Cup in 1983, the Scottish Premier League Championship four times (1955, 1980, 1984 and 1985), and the Scottish Cup seven times (1947, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 and 1990).


Question: where are the heaviest metals located in a periodic table

Answer: Columns 3 to 16

Heavy metals [SEP] Definitions

On the basis of the metals he had seen referred to as heavy metals, he suggested it would useful to define them as (in general) all the metals in periodic table columns 3 to 16 that are in row 4 or greater, in other words, the transition metals and post-transition metals. The lanthanides satisfy Hawkes' three-part description; the status of the actinides is not completely settled.


Context: where are the heaviest metals located in a periodic table

Context: Columns 3 to 16

Question: which are some of these found in the environment?

Answer: Iron, copper, tin, silver, gold, and platinum.

Heavy metals [SEP] Introduction

Despite this lack of agreement, the term (plural or singular) is widely used in science. A density of more than 5 g/cm is sometimes quoted as a commonly used criterion and is used in the body of this article. The earliest known metals—common metals such as iron, copper, and tin, and precious metals such as silver, gold, and platinum—are heavy metals. From 1809 onward, light metals, such as magnesium, aluminium, and titanium, were discovered, as well as less well-known heavy metals including gallium, thallium, and hafnium. Some heavy metals are either essential nutrients (typically iron, cobalt, and zinc), or relatively harmless (such as ruthenium, silver, and indium), but can be toxic in larger amounts or certain forms.


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: which are some of these found in the environment?

Context: Iron, copper, tin, silver, gold, and platinum.

Question: what are the physical properties of the last element?

Answer: It has excellent resistance to corrosion, is stable at high temperatures and has stable electrical properties.

Platinum [SEP] Physical

Pure platinum is a lustrous, ductile, and malleable, silver-white metal. Platinum is more ductile than gold, silver or copper, thus being the most ductile of pure metals, but it is less malleable than gold. The metal has excellent resistance to corrosion, is stable at high temperatures and has stable electrical properties. Platinum does oxidize, forming PtO, at 500 °C; this oxide can be easily removed thermally. It reacts vigorously with fluorine at to form platinum tetrafluoride. It is also attacked by chlorine, bromine, iodine, and sulfur. Platinum is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves in hot "aqua regia" (A mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids), to form chloroplatinic acid, HPtCl.


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: what are the physical properties of the last element?

Context: It has excellent resistance to corrosion, is stable at high temperatures and has stable electrical properties.

Question: which country was the first to discover it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Platinum [SEP] European discovery

The first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger as a description of an unknown noble metal found between Darién and Mexico, "which no fire nor any Spanish artifice has yet been able to liquefy". From their first encounters with platinum, the Spanish generally saw the metal as a kind of impurity in gold, and it was treated as such. It was often simply thrown away, and there was an official decree forbidding the adulteration of gold with platinum impurities. In 1735, Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilia saw Native Americans mining platinum while the Spaniards were travelling through Colombia and Peru for eight years.


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: which country was the first to discover it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: do people invest in it?

Answer: Yes, as it finds use in jewellery, usually as a 90–95% alloy, due to its inertness.

Platinum [SEP] As an investment

Platinum is a precious metal commodity; its bullion has the ISO currency code of XPT. Coins, bars, and ingots are traded or collected. Platinum finds use in jewellery, usually as a 90–95% alloy, due to its inertness. It is used for this purpose for its prestige and inherent bullion value. Jewellery trade publications advise jewellers to present minute surface scratches (which they term patina) as a desirable feature in attempt to enhance value of platinum products. In watchmaking, Vacheron Constantin, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Breitling, and other companies use platinum for producing their limited edition watch series. Watchmakers appreciate the unique properties of platinum, as it neither tarnishes nor wears out (the latter quality relative to gold).


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do people invest in it?

Context: Yes, as it finds use in jewellery, usually as a 90–95% alloy, due to its inertness.

Question: what makes it more malleable?

Answer: By alloying it with gold, dissolving the alloy in hot "aqua regia", precipitating the platinum with ammonium chloride, igniting the ammonium chloroplatinate, and hammering the resulting finely divided platinum to make it cohere.

Platinum [SEP] Means of malleability

Carl von Sickingen researched platinum extensively in 1772. He succeeded in making malleable platinum by alloying it with gold, dissolving the alloy in hot "aqua regia", precipitating the platinum with ammonium chloride, igniting the ammonium chloroplatinate, and hammering the resulting finely divided platinum to make it cohere. Franz Karl Achard made the first platinum crucible in 1784. He worked with the platinum by fusing it with arsenic, then later volatilizing the arsenic. Because the other platinum-family members were not discovered yet (platinum was the first in the list), Scheffer and Sickingen made the false assumption that due to its hardness—which is slightly more than for pure iron—platinum would be a relatively non-pliable material, even brittle at times, when in fact its ductility and malleability are close to that of gold.


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do people invest in it?

Context: what makes it more malleable?

Context: By alloying it with gold, dissolving the alloy in hot "aqua regia", precipitating the platinum with ammonium chloride, igniting the ammonium chloroplatinate, and hammering the resulting finely divided platinum to make it cohere.

Question: does it affect the health of humans in any way?

Answer: Short-term exposure to platinum salts may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and long-term exposure may cause both respiratory and skin allergies.

Platinum [SEP] Health problems

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, short-term exposure to platinum salts may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and long-term exposure may cause both respiratory and skin allergies. The current OSHA standard is 2 micrograms per cubic meter of air averaged over an 8-hour work shift. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for platinum as 1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. As platinum is a catalyst in the manufacture of the silicone rubber and gel components of several types of medical implants (breast implants, joint replacement prosthetics, artificial lumbar discs, vascular access ports, etc.), the possibility that platinum could enter the body and cause adverse effects has merited study.


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do people invest in it?

Context: what makes it more malleable?

Context: does it affect the health of humans in any way?

Context: Short-term exposure to platinum salts may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and long-term exposure may cause both respiratory and skin allergies.

Question: what is the property of the element mentioned above that it is alloyed with?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Platinum [SEP] Health problems


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do people invest in it?

Context: what makes it more malleable?

Context: what is the property of the element mentioned above that it is alloyed with?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: of those elements found in the environment, what are the uses of the second one?

Answer: It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity.

Copper [SEP] Introduction

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement. Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals).


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do people invest in it?

Context: what makes it more malleable?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: of those elements found in the environment, what are the uses of the second one?

Context: It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity.

Question: why was a certain age named after this element?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Copper [SEP] Copper Age

Copper occurs naturally as native metallic copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. The history of copper use dates to 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. Evidence suggests that gold and meteoric iron (but not smelted iron) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to follow this sequence: First, cold working of native copper, then annealing, smelting, and, finally, lost-wax casting. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these techniques appear more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c.


Context: Columns 3 to 16

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: do people invest in it?

Context: what makes it more malleable?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: why was a certain age named after this element?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: is it used to make clothing of any kind?

Answer: Yes, compression clothing.

Copper [SEP] Compression clothing

Recently, some compression clothing with inter-woven copper has been marketed with health claims similar to the folk medicine claims. Because compression clothing is a valid treatment for some ailments, the clothing may have that benefit, but the added copper may have no benefit beyond a placebo effect.


Question: who made the song we are the world

Answer: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

We Are the World [SEP] Introduction

"We Are the World" is a charity single originally recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa in 1985. It was written by Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones and Michael Omartian for the album "We Are the World". With sales in excess of 20 million copies, it is the eighth best-selling physical single of all time. Following Band Aid's 1984 "Do They Know It's Christmas?" project in the UK, an idea for the creation of an American benefit single for African famine relief came from activist Harry Belafonte, who, along with fundraiser Ken Kragen, was instrumental in bringing the vision to reality.


Context:
who made the song we are the world
Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Question: when was this track released?

Answer: March 7, 1985

Explanation: The song was released on March 7, 1985

We Are the World [SEP] Introduction

Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Richie were assigned the task of writing the song. The duo completed the writing of "We Are the World" seven weeks after the release of "Do They Know It's Christmas?", and one night before the song's first recording session, on January 21, 1985. The historic event brought together some of the most well-known artists in the music industry at the time. The song was released on March 7, 1985, as the first single from the album. A worldwide commercial success, topping music charts throughout the world and becoming the fastest-selling U.S.


Context:
who made the song we are the world
Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson
when was this track released?
March 7, 1985

Question: what is the genre of this track?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

We Are the World [SEP] Introduction


Context:
who made the song we are the world
Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson
when was this track released?
March 7, 1985
what is the genre of this track?
UNANSWERABLE

Question: is this track sung by a band or by a solo singer?

Answer: By supergroup USA

Explanation: "We Are the World" is a charity single originally recorded by the supergroup USA

We Are the World [SEP] Introduction


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: is this track sung by a band or by a solo singer?

Context: By supergroup USA

Question: can you name some singers whose voices are featured in this track?

Answer: Lionel Richie, Kenny Rogers, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson

We Are the World [SEP] Background and writing

He also planned money to be set aside to help eliminate hunger in the United States of America. Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor. Kragen and the two musicians agreed to help with Belafonte's mission, and in turn, enlisted the cooperation of Stevie Wonder, to add more "name value" to their project. Quincy Jones was drafted to co-produce the song, taking time out from his work on the film "The Color Purple". Jones also telephoned Michael Jackson, who had just released the commercially successful "Thriller" album and had concluded a tour with his brothers.


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: can you name some singers whose voices are featured in this track?

Context: Lionel Richie, Kenny Rogers, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson

Question: can you name some venues where this track was performed live?

Answer: Rock music concert Live Aid and inaugural celebration for US President-elect Bill Clinton in January 1993

Explanation:
One of the earliest such performances came in 1985, during the rock music concert Live Aid, which ended with more than 100 musicians singing the song on stage. Harry Belafonte and Lionel Richie made surprise appearances for the live rendition of the song. Michael Jackson would have joined the artists, but was "working around the clock in the studio on a project that he's made a major commitment to", according to his press agent, Norman Winter.

An inaugural celebration was held for US President-elect Bill Clinton in January 1993. The event was staged by Clinton's Hollywood friends at the Lincoln Memorial and drew hundreds of thousands of people. Aretha Franklin, LL Cool J, Michael Bolton and Tony Bennett were among some of the musicians in attendance. Said Jones, "I've never seen so many great performers come together with so much love and selflessness." The celebration included a performance of "We Are the World",

We Are the World [SEP] Notable live performances

"We Are the World" has been performed live by members of USA for Africa on several occasions both together and individually. One of the earliest such performances came in 1985, during the rock music concert Live Aid, which ended with more than 100 musicians singing the song on stage. Harry Belafonte and Lionel Richie made surprise appearances for the live rendition of the song. Michael Jackson would have joined the artists, but was "working around the clock in the studio on a project that he's made a major commitment to", according to his press agent, Norman Winter. An inaugural celebration was held for US President-elect Bill Clinton in January 1993.


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: can you name some venues where this track was performed live?

Context: Rock music concert Live Aid and inaugural celebration for US President-elect Bill Clinton in January 1993

Question: is the first concert a charitable one?

Answer: Yes. It was a benefit concert as well as an ongoing music-based fundraising initiative

Live Aid [SEP] Introduction

Live Aid was a benefit concert held on Saturday 13 July 1985, as well as an ongoing music-based fundraising initiative. The original event was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for relief of the Ethiopian famine. Billed as the "global jukebox", the event was held simultaneously at Wembley Stadium in London, UK, attended by about 72,000 people, and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, US, attended by exactly 89,484 people. On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative were held in other countries, such as the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan, Yugoslavia, Austria, Australia and West Germany.


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: Yes. It was a benefit concert as well as an ongoing music-based fundraising initiative

Question: can you name some events for which this concert had fundraised?

Answer: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Explanation: The original event was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for relief of the Ethiopian famine

Live Aid [SEP] Introduction


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: can you name some events for which this concert had fundraised?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Question: you had mentioned some singers whose voices were featured in that earlier track, what was that first singer's debut album?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Live Aid [SEP] Introduction


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: you had mentioned some singers whose voices were featured in that earlier track, what was that first singer's debut album?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: was that first singer part of a band?

Answer: Yes. Commodores

Lionel Richie [SEP] Introduction

Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, actor, and television judge. His recordings with the funk and soul band Commodores and during his solo career made him one of the most successful balladeers of the 1980s. Beginning in 1968, Richie was a member of the Commodores. The Commodores became established as a popular soul group; their first several albums had a danceable, funky sound, as in such tracks as "Machine Gun" and "Brick House". Over time, Richie wrote and sang more romantic, easy-listening ballads such as "Easy", "Three Times a Lady", "Still", and the breakup ballad "Sail On".


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Question: who were the other members in that group?

Answer: Lionel Richie, Thomas McClary, William King, Andre Callahan, Michael Gilbert and Milan Williams

Commodores [SEP] History

Commodores formed from two former student groups, the Mystics and the Jays. Richie described some members of the Mystics as "jazz buffs." The new six-man band featured Lionel Richie, Thomas McClary, and William King from the Mystics, and Andre Callahan, Michael Gilbert, and Milan Williams from the Jays. To choose their name, William King opened a dictionary and randomly picked a word. "We lucked out," he remarked with a laugh when telling this story to "People" magazine. "We almost became 'The Commodes.'" The bandmembers attended Tuskegee University in Alabama. After winning the university's annual freshman talent contest, they played at fraternity parties as well as a weekend gig at the Black Forest Inn, one of a few clubs in Tuskegee that catered to college students.


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Context: who were the other members in that group?

Context: Lionel Richie, Thomas McClary, William King, Andre Callahan, Michael Gilbert and Milan Williams

Question: what type of music did this band create?

Answer: Funk and soul

Commodores [SEP] Introduction

Commodores is an American funk and soul band, which was at its peak in the late 1970s through the mid 1980s. The members of the group met as mostly freshmen at Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) in 1968, and signed with Motown in November 1972, having first caught the public eye opening for the Jackson 5 while on tour. The group's most successful period was in the late 1970s and early 1980s when Lionel Richie was the co-lead singer. The band's biggest hit singles are ballads such as "Easy", "Three Times a Lady", and "Nightshift"; and funky dance hits which include "Brick House", "Fancy Dancer", "Lady (You Bring Me Up)", and "Too Hot ta Trot".


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Context: what type of music did this band create?

Context: Funk and soul

Question: can you name some songs or albums from them?

Answer: "Easy", "Three Times a Lady" and "Nightshift"

Explanation: The band's biggest hit singles are ballads such as "Easy", "Three Times a Lady", and "Nightshift";

Commodores [SEP] Introduction


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Context: Funk and soul

Context: can you name some songs or albums from them?

Context: "Easy", "Three Times a Lady" and "Nightshift"

Question: did they win any award?

Answer: Yes. Grammy Award

Explanation: The Commodores have won one Grammy Award out of nine nominations.

Commodores [SEP] Grammy awards


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Context: Funk and soul

Context: did they win any award?

Context: Yes. Grammy Award

Question: when was this type of award first presented?

Answer: May 4, 1959

Grammy Award [SEP] Introduction

The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4, 1959, to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. Following the 2011 ceremony, the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012.


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Context: Funk and soul

Context: did they win any award?

Context: Yes. Grammy Award

Context: when was this type of award first presented?

Context: May 4, 1959

Question: can you name some singers or bands who won that award in that mentioned year?

Answer: Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Domenico Modugno, Ross Bagdasarian, and Henry Mancini

1st Annual Grammy Awards [SEP] Introduction

The 1st Annual Grammy Awards were held on May 4, 1959. They recognized musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. Two separate ceremonies were held simultaneously on the same day; the first in The Beverly Hilton hotel in Beverly Hills, California, and the second in the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City. Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Domenico Modugno, Ross Bagdasarian, and Henry Mancini, each won 2 awards.


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Context: Funk and soul

Context: did they win any award?

Context: Yes. Grammy Award

Context: May 4, 1959

Context: can you name some singers or bands who won that award in that mentioned year?

Context: Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Domenico Modugno, Ross Bagdasarian, and Henry Mancini

Question: introduce me to this first person you mentioned.

Answer: She was an American jazz singer, sometimes referred to as the First Lady of Song, Queen of Jazz, and Lady Ella

Ella Fitzgerald [SEP] Introduction

Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 – June 15, 1996) was an American jazz singer, sometimes referred to as the First Lady of Song, Queen of Jazz, and Lady Ella. She was noted for her purity of tone, impeccable diction, phrasing, timing, intonation, and a "horn-like" improvisational ability, particularly in her scat singing. After a tumultuous adolescence, Fitzgerald found stability in musical success with the Chick Webb Orchestra, performing across the country but most often associated with the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem. Her rendition of the nursery rhyme "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" helped boost both her and Webb to national fame. After taking over the band when Webb died, Fitzgerald left it behind in 1942 to start her solo career.


Context: who made the song we are the world

Context: Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson

Context: when was this track released?

Context: March 7, 1985

Context: what is the genre of this track?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: By supergroup USA

Context: is the first concert a charitable one?

Context: For relief of the Ethiopian famine

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: was that first singer part of a band?

Context: Yes. Commodores

Context: Funk and soul

Context: did they win any award?

Context: Yes. Grammy Award

Context: May 4, 1959

Context: introduce me to this first person you mentioned.

Context: She was an American jazz singer, sometimes referred to as the First Lady of Song, Queen of Jazz, and Lady Ella

Question: name a few of her songs.

Answer: Flying Home and Oh, Lady Be Good!

Ella Fitzgerald [SEP] Decca years

The advent of bebop led to new developments in Fitzgerald's vocal style, influenced by her work with Dizzy Gillespie's big band. It was in this period that Fitzgerald started including scat singing as a major part of her performance repertoire. While singing with Gillespie, Fitzgerald recalled, "I just tried to do [with my voice] what I heard the horns in the band doing." Her 1945 scat recording of "Flying Home" arranged by Vic Schoen would later be described by "The New York Times" as "one of the most influential vocal jazz records of the decade...Where other singers, most notably Louis Armstrong, had tried similar improvisation, no one before Miss Fitzgerald employed the technique with such dazzling inventiveness." Her bebop recording of "Oh, Lady Be Good!" (1947) was similarly popular and increased her reputation as one of the leading jazz vocalists.


Question: ch switzerland's official name stands for celtic heritage

Answer: Confoederatio Helvetica

Explanation: Confoederatio Helvetica

Switzerland [SEP] Etymology

The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin "Confoederatio Helvetica" (). The toponym "Schwyz" itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German ', ultimately perhaps related to ' ‘to burn' (cf. Old Norse "svíða" ‘to singe, burn'), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, ', is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (' for the Confederation, but simply "" for the canton and the town).


Context: ch switzerland's official name stands for celtic heritage

Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Question: where is this country located ?

Answer: On the confluence of Western, Central, and Southern Europe.

Switzerland [SEP] Introduction

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a country situated at the confluence of Western, Central, and Southern Europe. It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps, and the Jura, spanning a total area of , and land area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities and economic centres are located, among them Zürich, Geneva and Basel.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: On the confluence of Western, Central, and Southern Europe.

Question: which languages are spoken here ?

Answer: German, French , Italian and Romansh etc

Switzerland [SEP] Languages

Switzerland has four national languages: mainly German (spoken by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) in the west; and Italian (8.2%) in the south. The fourth national language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Grisons, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh. In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%).


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: German, French , Italian and Romansh etc

Question: name some archaeological findings here ?

Answer: A female who died in about 200 BC was found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in Aussersihl and a sheepskin coat, a belt chain, a fancy wool dress etc were discovered with her.

Switzerland [SEP] Archaeological findings

A female who died in about 200 BC was found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in Aussersihl. Archaeologists revealed that she was approximately 40 years old when she died and likely carried out little physical labor when she was alive. A sheepskin coat, a belt chain, a fancy wool dress, a scarf and a pendant made of glass and amber beads were also discovered with the woman.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: name some archaeological findings here ?

Context: A female who died in about 200 BC was found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in Aussersihl and a sheepskin coat, a belt chain, a fancy wool dress etc were discovered with her.

Question: how are the environment conditions here ?

Answer: Its ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies.

Switzerland [SEP] Environment

Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: how are the environment conditions here ?

Context: Its ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies.

Question: does this country have its military ?

Answer: Yes, the Swiss Armed Forces, include the Land Forces and the Air Force.

Switzerland [SEP] Military

The Swiss Armed Forces, including the Land Forces and the Air Force, are composed mostly of conscripts, male citizens aged from 20 to 34 (in special cases up to 50) years. Being a landlocked country, Switzerland has no navy; however, on lakes bordering neighbouring countries, armed military patrol boats are used. Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies, except for the Swiss Guards of the Vatican, or if they are dual citizens of a foreign country and reside there. The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: Yes, the Swiss Armed Forces, include the Land Forces and the Air Force.

Question: can you describe this armed force you mentioned above ?

Answer: It operates on land and in the air.

Explanation: operates on land and in the air.

Swiss Armed Forces [SEP] Introduction

The Swiss Armed Forces (German: "Schweizer Armee," French: "Armée suisse," Italian: "Esercito svizzero," Romansh: "Armada svizra)" operates on land and in the air. Under the country's militia system, regular soldiers constitute a small part of the military and the rest are conscripts or volunteers aged 19 to 34 (in some cases up to 50). Because of Switzerland's long history of neutrality, the Swiss Armed Forces do not take part in conflicts in other countries, but do participate in international peacekeeping missions. Switzerland is part of the NATO Partnership for Peace programme. The regulations of the Swiss militia system stipulate that the soldiers keep their own personal equipment, including all personally assigned weapons, at home (until 2007 this also included ammunition), or in an armory.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: can you describe this armed force you mentioned above ?

Context: It operates on land and in the air.

Question: what is its structure ?

Answer: In peacetime, the Swiss Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Armed Forces, who reports to the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport and to the Swiss Federal Council as a whole.

Swiss Armed Forces [SEP] Structure since 2018

In peacetime, the Swiss Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Armed Forces ("Chef der Armee"), who reports to the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport and to the Swiss Federal Council as a whole. The current Chief of the Armed Forces is Lieutenant-General ("Korpskommandant") Thomas Süssli. Lt-Gen Süssli replaced Lieutenant-General ("Korpskommandant") Philippe Rebord on 1 January 2020. In times of crisis or war, the Federal Assembly elects a full General (OF-9) as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces ("Oberbefehlshaber der Armee"). The rank is distinct and particular, as it is associated exclusively with wartime fighting or a national crisis due to war among Switzerland's neighbouring countries.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: It operates on land and in the air.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: In peacetime, the Swiss Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Armed Forces, who reports to the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport and to the Swiss Federal Council as a whole.

Question: name some popular sports played in this country ?

Answer: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering, football etc

Explanation: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering

Switzerland [SEP] Sports

Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities. Winter sports are practised by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz. The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche. The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football, ice hockey, Alpine skiing, "Schwingen", and tennis.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: It operates on land and in the air.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: name some popular sports played in this country ?

Context: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering, football etc

Question: talk a little more about the first sport ?

Answer: It is a means of transport using skis to glide on snow.

Skiing [SEP] Introduction

Skiing is a means of transport using skis to glide on snow. Variations of purpose include basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS).


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: It operates on land and in the air.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: talk a little more about the first sport ?

Context: It is a means of transport using skis to glide on snow.

Question: are there any competitions related to this sport ?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Skiing [SEP] Introduction


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: It operates on land and in the air.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: are there any competitions related to this sport ?

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Question: name the capital of this country ?

Answer: Bern

Explanation: Bern

Switzerland [SEP] Introduction


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: It operates on land and in the air.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: name the capital of this country ?

Context: Bern

Question: name some heritage sites located in this city ?

Answer: The cathedral,  the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, the Holy Ghost Church, Barengraben, the Gewerbeschule Bern etc

Bern [SEP] Heritage sites of national significance

Bern is home to 114 Swiss heritage sites of national significance. It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th-century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list.


Context: Confoederatio Helvetica

Context: where is this country located ?

Context: which languages are spoken here ?

Context: does this country have its military ?

Context: It operates on land and in the air.

Context: what is its structure ?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: name the capital of this country ?

Context: Bern

Context: name some heritage sites located in this city ?

Context: The cathedral,  the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, the Holy Ghost Church, Barengraben, the Gewerbeschule Bern etc

Question: what is the old swiss confederacy ?

Answer: It was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps.

Switzerland [SEP] Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy, governed by nobles and patricians of various cantons, facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on the important mountain trade routes. The Federal Charter of 1291 agreed between the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden is considered the confederacy's founding document, even though similar alliances are likely to have existed decades earlier. By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century.


Question: when did the hash slinging slasher come out

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Graveyard Shift (SpongeBob SquarePants) [SEP] Introduction

"Graveyard Shift" is the first part of the 20th episode of the second season, and the 36th episode overall, of the American animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants". The episode was written by Mr. Lawrence, Jay Lender and Dan Povenmire, and the animation was directed by Sean Dempsey. Lender and Povenmire also served as storyboard directors. It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 6, 2002, one year after "Band Geeks". The series follows the adventures and endeavours of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom. In this episode, Squidward and SpongeBob are forced to work 24 hours a day by Mr.


Context: when did the hash slinging slasher come out

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is the graveyard shift in spongebob squarepants?

Answer: It is the first part of the 20th episode of the second season

Explanation: "Graveyard Shift" is the first part of the 20th episode of the second season


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Context: what is the graveyard shift in spongebob squarepants?

Context: It is the first part of the 20th episode of the second season

Question: who is this last person?

Answer: SpongeBob SquarePants is the title character and protagonist of the American animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants"

SpongeBob SquarePants (character) [SEP] Introduction

SpongeBob SquarePants is the title character and protagonist of the American animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants". SpongeBob is a sea sponge who works as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab, a fast food restaurant known for its signature burger, the Krabby Patty. He is characterized by his optimism and childlike attitude, and is influenced by other comedic characters, including Stan Laurel and Pee-Wee Herman. He is voiced by actor and comedian Tom Kenny. SpongeBob was created and designed by Stephen Hillenburg, an artist and marine science educator. The character's name is derived from "Bob the Sponge", the host of Hillenburg's comic book "The Intertidal Zone".


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Context: who is this last person?

Context: SpongeBob SquarePants is the title character and protagonist of the American animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants"

Question: who were the critics of the episode?

Answer: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Explanation:
Emily Esteem of WeGotThisCovered.com ranked the episode 2 on her "Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants" list, saying, "It is another scary episode of "SpongeBob", and it's my favorite one." She added, "I love 'Graveyard Shift' for a myriad of reasons, but mostly because it puts the two "SpongeBob SquarePants" characters with the best chemistry together: Squidward and SpongeBob. The episode is kind of like a puzzle, and SpongeBob's relentless cheer in the midst of likely doom is inspiring."

In his review for the DVD Talk, Jason Bovberg praised the episode for its "spooky wonderfulness", stating that the episode scared his daughter. Paul Mavis of DVD Talk said, "A fun, 'scary' (for little kids) "SpongeBob" that adults will appreciate, 'Graveyard Shift' uses the old standby of the headless/handless/legless (take your pick) killer-seeking-revenge stories we all told as kids, and cleverly grafts it onto a 'SpongeBob at work' storyline." Mavis added, "I always enjoy it when Rodger Bumpa

Graveyard Shift (SpongeBob SquarePants) [SEP] Reception

"Graveyard Shift" received critical acclaim upon release and is often cited as one of the show's best episodes. Emily Esteem of WeGotThisCovered.com ranked the episode 2 on her "Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants" list, saying, "It is another scary episode of "SpongeBob", and it's my favorite one." She added, "I love 'Graveyard Shift' for a myriad of reasons, but mostly because it puts the two "SpongeBob SquarePants" characters with the best chemistry together: Squidward and SpongeBob. The episode is kind of like a puzzle, and SpongeBob's relentless cheer in the midst of likely doom is inspiring." In his review for the DVD Talk, Jason Bovberg praised the episode for its "spooky wonderfulness", stating that the episode scared his daughter.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is this last person?

Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Question: who were their views?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is this last person?

Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Context: who were their views?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what were their views?

Answer: Emily Esteem ranked the episode 2 on her "Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants" list, saying, "It is another scary episode of "SpongeBob", and it's my favorite one."

Explanation: Emily Esteem of WeGotThisCovered.com ranked the episode 2 on her "Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants" list, saying, "It is another scary episode of "SpongeBob", and it's my favorite one." She added, "I love 'Graveyard Shift' for a myriad of reasons, but mostly because it puts the two "SpongeBob SquarePants" characters with the best chemistry together: Squidward and SpongeBob. The episode is kind of like a puzzle, and SpongeBob's relentless cheer in the midst of likely doom is inspiring."


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is this last person?

Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Context: who were their views?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were their views?

Context: Emily Esteem ranked the episode 2 on her "Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants" list, saying, "It is another scary episode of "SpongeBob", and it's my favorite one."

Question: is this a cartoon?

Answer: Yes, it is an animated comedy television series

SpongeBob SquarePants [SEP] Introduction

SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated comedy television series created by marine science educator and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his aquatic friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The fifth-longest-running American animated series, its popularity has made it a media franchise. It is the highest rated series to air on Nickelodeon and ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks' most distributed property. As of late 2017, the media franchise has generated $13 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. Many of the series' ideas originated in "The Intertidal Zone", an unpublished educational book that Hillenburg created in 1989 to teach his students about undersea life.


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Context: who is this last person?

Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Context: who were their views?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were their views?

Context: is this a cartoon?

Context: Yes, it is an animated comedy television series

Question: who is the producer?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


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Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

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Context: who is the producer?

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Question: when did the show first air?

Answer: May 1, 1999

He began developing "SpongeBob SquarePants" into a television series in 1996 following the cancellation of "Rocko's Modern Life." He turned to Tom Kenny, who had worked with him on that series, to voice the title character. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series called "SpongeBoy Ahoy!"; both of these were changed as the name was already trademarked. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, after it aired the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and had gained enormous popularity by its second season.


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Context: who is this last person?

Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Context: who were their views?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were their views?

Context: is this a cartoon?

Context: who is the producer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the show first air?

Context: May 1, 1999

Question: on which channel?

Answer: Nickelodeon

Explanation: SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated comedy television series created by marine science educator and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: who is this last person?

Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Context: who were their views?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were their views?

Context: is this a cartoon?

Context: who is the producer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the show first air?

Context: May 1, 1999

Context: on which channel?

Context: Nickelodeon

Question: who is the director of the show?

Answer: Stephen Hillenburg

SpongeBob SquarePants [SEP] Conception

Murray was impressed by the style of the film and offered Hillenburg a job. Hillenburg joined the series as a director and later, during the fourth season, he took on the roles of producer and creative director. Martin Olson, one of the writers for "Rocko's Modern Life", read "The Intertidal Zone" and encouraged Hillenburg to create a television series with a similar concept. At that point, Hillenburg had not even considered creating his own series. However, he realized that if he ever did, this would be the best approach. He began to develop some of the characters from "The Intertidal Zone", including the comic's "announcer", Bob the Sponge.


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Context: who is this last person?

Context: who were the critics of the episode?

Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

Context: who were their views?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what were their views?

Context: is this a cartoon?

Context: who is the producer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when did the show first air?

Context: May 1, 1999

Context: on which channel?

Context: Nickelodeon

Context: who is the director of the show?

Context: Stephen Hillenburg

Question: name a few characters of the show

Answer: SpongeBob SquarePants, Patrick Star, Squidward Tentacles

Explanation: Living two houses away from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who resides under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick sees himself as intelligent. Squidward Tentacles, SpongeBob's next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab, is an arrogant, ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai. He enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits but hates his job as a cashier. He also dislikes living between SpongeBob and Patrick because of their childish nature. The owner of the Krusty Krab is a miserly red crab named Mr. Krabs who talks like a sailor and runs his restaurant as if it were a pirate ship. He is a single parent with one teenage daughter, a sperm whale named Pearl, to whom he wants to bequeath his riches. Pearl does not want to continue the family business and would rather spend her time listening to pop music or working at the local shopping mall. Another of SpongeBob's friends is Sandy Cheeks, a th

SpongeBob SquarePants [SEP] Characters

The series revolves around the title character and an ensemble cast of his aquatic friends. SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge who lives in a submerged pineapple with his pet snail Gary, who meows like a cat. SpongeBob has a childlike enthusiasm for life, which carries over to his job as a fry cook at a fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab. His greatest goal in life is to obtain a license to drive a boatmobile. His favorite pastimes include "jellyfishing", which involves catching jellyfish with a net in a manner similar to butterfly catching, and blowing soap bubbles into elaborate shapes.


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Context: Emily Esteem, Jason Bovberg

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Context: May 1, 1999

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Context: Nickelodeon

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Context: Stephen Hillenburg

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Context: SpongeBob SquarePants, Patrick Star, Squidward Tentacles

Question: who does their voice overs?

Answer: Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger are few of them

SpongeBob SquarePants [SEP] Voice actors

"SpongeBob SquarePants" features the voices of: Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett, and Lori Alan. Most one-off and background characters are voiced by: Dee Bradley Baker, Sirena Irwin, Bob Joles, Mark Fite and Thomas F. Wilson. Kenny voices "SpongeBob SquarePants" and a number of other characters, including SpongeBob's pet snail Gary and the French narrator. He also physically portrays Patchy the Pirate in live-action segments of most special episodes. Kenny previously worked with Stephen Hillenburg on "Rocko's Modern Life". When Hillenburg created "SpongeBob SquarePants", he approached Kenny to voice the main character.


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Context: Stephen Hillenburg

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Context: who does their voice overs?

Context: Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger are few of them

Question: how many seasons are there in total?

Answer: Thirteen seasons

A feature film, "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie", was released in theaters on November 19, 2004. A second film adaptation, "", followed on February 6, 2015. A third film and prequel to the television series, "", was released in Canadian theaters on August 14, 2020 followed by a premiere on video-on-demand and CBS All Access in 2021. In 2018, the series began airing its twelfth season; it was renewed for a thirteenth season on July 17, 2019. As of July 30, 2020, all prior seasons of the show are available on CBS All Access.


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Context: Stephen Hillenburg

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Context: Thirteen seasons

Question: has the show won any awards?

Answer: Yes

SpongeBob SquarePants [SEP] Awards and accolades

"SpongeBob SquarePants" has received many awards and nominations; among these are four Emmy Awards (Outstanding Special Class Animated Program in 2010; Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation" in 2014; Outstanding Children's Animated Series in 2018; and Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program in 2018 for Kenny); six Annie Awards; and two BAFTA Children's Awards. In 2006, IGN ranked "SpongeBob SquarePants" 15th on its list, Top 25 Animated Series of All Time, and in 2013, it ranked the series 12th on its list, The Top 25 Animated Series for Adults. In addition, the website's UK division ran a Top 100 Animated Series list, and like its US counterpart, ranked "SpongeBob SquarePants" 15th.


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Context: Thirteen seasons

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Context: Yes

Question: describe the clothes the protagonist wears?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


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Context: May 1, 1999

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Context: Nickelodeon

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Context: Stephen Hillenburg

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Context: Thirteen seasons

Context: has the show won any awards?

Context: Yes

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Question: who composed the music for the show?

Answer: The Flaming Lips, Wilco, Ween are some of them

SpongeBob SquarePants [SEP] Music

Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic, normal, Kmart, three-to-a-pack underwear is a funny drawing ... We thought it was funny to make a really lush, beautiful love song to his underwear". A soundtrack album "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie – Music from the Movie and More...", featuring the movie's score was released along with the feature-length film in November 2004. Various artists including the Flaming Lips, Wilco, Ween, Motörhead, the Shins, and Avril Lavigne contributed to the soundtrack that reached number 76 on the US "Billboard" 200.


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Context: May 1, 1999

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Context: Nickelodeon

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Context: Stephen Hillenburg

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Context: Thirteen seasons

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Context: Yes

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Context: The Flaming Lips, Wilco, Ween are some of them

Question: was there a movie made?

Answer: Yes, "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie"

SpongeBob SquarePants [SEP] Films

Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies produced "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie", an animated film adaptation of the series released on November 19, 2004. The film was directed by Hillenburg, and written by long-time series writers Derek Drymon, Tim Hill, Kent Osborne, Aaron Springer, Paul Tibbitt, and Hillenburg. He and Julia Pistor produced the film, while Gregor Narholz composed the film's score. The film is about Plankton's evil plan to steal King Neptune's crown and send it to Shell City. SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve it and save Mr. Krabs' life from Neptune's raft and their home, Bikini Bottom, from Plankton's plan.


Question: what is the basis of arranging the elements in the modern periodic table

Answer: Atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction

The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have metals on the left and nonmetals on the right. The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours. Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers: for example, group 17 elements are the halogens; and group 18 are the noble gases. Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals.


Context: what is the basis of arranging the elements in the modern periodic table

Context: Atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Question: what is the purpose of the table?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction


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Question: why is called so?

Answer: Because of the tabular display of the chemical elements.

Explanation: The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements,

Periodic table [SEP] Introduction


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Context: why is called so?

Context: Because of the tabular display of the chemical elements.

Question: what sorts of elements can we see in it?

Answer: Nonmetallic elements such as metalloids,  groups of families of elements and elements having metallic lustre.

Explanation: s of elements; groups and periods; and periodic table blocks. While the recognition of metals as solid, fusible and generally malleable substances dates from antiquity, Antoine Lavoisier may have the first to formally distinguish between metals and nonmetals "('non-métalliques')" in 1789 with the publication of his 'revolutionary' "Elementary Treatise on Chemistry". In 1811, Berzelius referred to nonmetallic elements as metalloids, in reference to their ability to form oxyanions. In 1825, in a revised German edition of his "Textbook of Chemistry," he subdivided the metalloids into three classes. These were: constantly gaseous 'gazolyta' (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen); real metalloids (sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, boron, silicon); and salt-forming 'halogenia' (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine). Only recently, since the mid-20th century, has the term metalloid been widely used to refer to elements with intermediate or borderline properties between metals and nonmetals. Mendeleev publishe

Periodic table [SEP] Sets of elements

In chronological order, this section discusses metals and nonmetals (and metalloids); categories of elements; groups and periods; and periodic table blocks. While the recognition of metals as solid, fusible and generally malleable substances dates from antiquity, Antoine Lavoisier may have the first to formally distinguish between metals and nonmetals "('non-métalliques')" in 1789 with the publication of his 'revolutionary' "Elementary Treatise on Chemistry". In 1811, Berzelius referred to nonmetallic elements as metalloids, in reference to their ability to form oxyanions. In 1825, in a revised German edition of his "Textbook of Chemistry," he subdivided the metalloids into three classes. These were: constantly gaseous 'gazolyta' (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen); real metalloids (sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, boron, silicon); and salt-forming 'halogenia' (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine).


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Context: why is called so?

Context: what sorts of elements can we see in it?

Context: Nonmetallic elements such as metalloids,  groups of families of elements and elements having metallic lustre.

Question: can you name a few of the first form?

Answer: Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium.

Metalloid [SEP] Introduction

A metalloid is a type of chemical element which has a preponderance of properties in between, or that are a mixture of, those of metals and nonmetals. There is neither a standard definition of a metalloid nor complete agreement on the elements appropriately classified as such. Despite the lack of specificity, the term remains in use in the literature of chemistry. The six commonly recognised metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. Five elements are less frequently so classified: carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine. On a standard periodic table, all eleven elements are located in a diagonal region of the p-block extending from boron at the upper left to astatine at lower right.


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Context: can you name a few of the first form?

Context: Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium.

Question: where are they commonly applied?

Answer: Alloying components, biological agents, catalysts and flame retardants.

Metalloid [SEP] Common applications

Metalloids are too brittle to have any structural uses in their pure forms. They and their compounds are used as (or in) alloying components, biological agents (toxicological, nutritional, and medicinal), catalysts, flame retardants, glasses (oxide and metallic), optical storage media and optoelectronics, pyrotechnics, semiconductors, and electronics.


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Context: Alloying components, biological agents, catalysts and flame retardants.

Question: what do they do being the second type?

Answer: They have medical applications, can be used in insecticides and herbicides, also they have antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties.

Metalloid [SEP] Biological agents

All six of the elements commonly recognised as metalloids have toxic, dietary or medicinal properties. Arsenic and antimony compounds are especially toxic; boron, silicon, and possibly arsenic, are essential trace elements. Boron, silicon, arsenic, and antimony have medical applications, and germanium and tellurium are thought to have potential. Boron is used in insecticides and herbicides. It is an essential trace element. As boric acid, it has antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Silicon is present in silatrane, a highly toxic rodenticide. Long-term inhalation of silica dust causes silicosis, a fatal disease of the lungs. Silicon is an essential trace element. Silicone gel can be applied to badly burned patients to reduce scarring.


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Context: They have medical applications, can be used in insecticides and herbicides, also they have antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties.

Question: how are they used in making glass?

Answer: As a glass fibre additive.

Metalloid [SEP] Glass formation

The oxides BO, SiO, GeO, AsO, and SbO readily form glasses. TeO forms a glass but this requires a "heroic quench rate" or the addition of an impurity; otherwise the crystalline form results. These compounds are used in chemical, domestic, and industrial glassware and optics. Boron trioxide is used as a glass fibre additive, and is also a component of borosilicate glass, widely used for laboratory glassware and domestic ovenware for its low thermal expansion. Most ordinary glassware is made from silicon dioxide. Germanium dioxide is used as a glass fibre additive, as well as in infrared optical systems. Arsenic trioxide is used in the glass industry as a decolourizing and fining agent (for the removal of bubbles), as is antimony trioxide.


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Context: how are they used in making glass?

Context: As a glass fibre additive.

Question: which metalloid is used in formation of glass?

Answer: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead.

Explanation: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead,

Metalloid [SEP] Glass formation

Tellurium dioxide finds application in laser and nonlinear optics. Amorphous metallic glasses are generally most easily prepared if one of the components is a metalloid or "near metalloid" such as boron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus or germanium. Aside from thin films deposited at very low temperatures, the first known metallic glass was an alloy of composition AuSi reported in 1960. A metallic glass having a strength and toughness not previously seen, of composition PdPSiGe, was reported in 2011. Phosphorus, selenium, and lead, which are less often recognised as metalloids, are also used in glasses. Phosphate glass has a substrate of phosphorus pentoxide (PO), rather than the silica (SiO) of conventional silicate glasses.


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Context: As a glass fibre additive.

Context: which metalloid is used in formation of glass?

Context: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead.

Question: how does it contribute to art?

Answer: Glass can be coloured by adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass art objects.

Glass [SEP] Introduction

In its most solid forms, it has also been used for paperweights and marbles. Glass can be coloured by adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass art objects. The refractive, reflective and transmission properties of glass make glass suitable for manufacturing optical lenses, prisms, and optoelectronics materials. Extruded glass fibres have application as optical fibres in communications networks, thermal insulating material when matted as glass wool so as to trap air, or in glass-fibre reinforced plastic (fibreglass).


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Context: As a glass fibre additive.

Context: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead.

Context: how does it contribute to art?

Context: Glass can be coloured by adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass art objects.

Question: is it worn as a jewelry?

Answer: Yes, beads.

Glass art [SEP] Jewelry

The first uses of glass were in beads and other small pieces of jewelry and decoration. Beads and jewelry are still among the most common uses of glass in art and can be worked without a furnace. It later became fashionable to wear functional jewelry with glass elements, such as pocket watches and monocles.


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Context: As a glass fibre additive.

Context: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead.

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Context: is it worn as a jewelry?

Context: Yes, beads.

Question: what is studio glass movement?

Answer: By the 1970s, there were good designs for smaller furnaces, this gave rise to the "studio glass" movement of glassblowers who blew their glass outside of factories, often in their own studios

Glass art [SEP] Art glass and the studio glass movement

In the early 20th century, most glass production happened in factories. Even individual glassblowers making their own personalized designs would do their work in those large shared buildings. The idea of "art glass", small decorative works made of art, often with designs or objects inside, flourished. Pieces produced in small production runs, such as the lampwork figures of Stanislav Brychta, are generally called art glass. By the 1970s, there were good designs for smaller furnaces, and in the United States, this gave rise to the "studio glass" movement of glassblowers who blew their glass outside of factories, often in their own studios.


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Context: As a glass fibre additive.

Context: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead.

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Context: is it worn as a jewelry?

Context: Yes, beads.

Context: what is studio glass movement?

Context: By the 1970s, there were good designs for smaller furnaces, this gave rise to the "studio glass" movement of glassblowers who blew their glass outside of factories, often in their own studios

Question: are there museums to promote this kind of arts?

Answer: Yes.

Glass art [SEP] Museums

Historical collections of glass art can be found in general museums. Modern works of glass art can be seen in dedicated glass museums and museums of contemporary art. These include the Chrysler Museum in Norfolk, Virginia, the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, and Corning Museum of Glass, in Corning, NY, which houses the world's largest collection of glass art and history, with more than 45,000 objects in its collection. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston features a tall glass sculpture, "Lime Green Icicle Tower", by Dale Chihuly. In February 2000 the Smith Museum of Stained Glass Windows, located in Chicago's Navy Pier, opened as the first museum in America dedicated solely to stained glass windows.


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Context: As a glass fibre additive.

Context: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead.

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Context: is it worn as a jewelry?

Context: Yes, beads.

Context: what is studio glass movement?

Context: are there museums to promote this kind of arts?

Context: Yes.

Question: can you name a few?

Answer: Chrysler Museum, Museum of Glass, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, and Corning Museum of Glass

Explanation: These include the Chrysler Museum in Norfolk, Virginia, the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, and Corning Museum of Glass, in Corning, NY, which houses the world's largest collection of glass art and history

Glass art [SEP] Museums


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Context: As a glass fibre additive.

Context: Phosphorus, selenium, and lead.

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Context: is it worn as a jewelry?

Context: Yes, beads.

Context: what is studio glass movement?

Context: Yes.

Context: can you name a few?

Context: Chrysler Museum, Museum of Glass, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, and Corning Museum of Glass

Question: what remarkable display can we see at the penultimate museum?

Answer: The painting of "The Crowning of Saint Catherine".

Toledo Museum of Art [SEP] "The Crowning of Saint Catherine"

The museum bought the Rubens painting, "The Crowning of Saint Catherine", from Albert Koppel in 1950. Rubens had originally painted it for the church of the Augustinians in Mechelen (Malines) where it was installed in 1631. In the eighteenth century, the church authorities sold it to a dealer; in 1779, it was purchased by the 5th Duke of Rutland. It remained as part of the Rutland estate until 1911 when the 8th Duke of Rutland sold it to the German-Jewish banker and science entrepreneur Leopold Koppel. On Koppel's death in 1933, it was stolen by senior Nazi Hermann Göring for his private collection.


Question: when did mt st helens erupt before 1980

Answer: On April 17, 1857, the "Republican", reported that "Mount St. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen to be in a state of eruption".

Explanation: On April 17, 1857, the "Republican", a Steilacoom, Washington, newspaper, reported that "Mount St. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen ... to be in a state of eruption".

Mount St. Helens [SEP] European colonization and use of the area

The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption. This was the first reported volcanic activity since 1854. Before the 1980 eruption, Spirit Lake offered year-round recreational activities. In the summer there was boating, swimming, and camping, while in the winter there was skiing.


Context: when did mt st helens erupt before 1980

Context: On April 17, 1857, the "Republican", reported that "Mount St. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen to be in a state of eruption".

Question: where is this mountain located?

Answer: Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

Explanation: Mount St. Helens (known as Lawetlat'la to the Indigenous Cowlitz people, and Loowit or Louwala-Clough to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is northeast of Portland, Oregon and south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its Eng

Mount St. Helens [SEP] Introduction

As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice, and other deposits. The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit, and off its northern flank sat the smaller Goat Rocks dome. Both were destroyed in the 1980 eruption.


Context: when did mt st helens erupt before 1980

Context: where is this mountain located?

Context: Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

Question: is it valuable for the indigenous people?

Answer: Native American lore contains numerous stories to explain the eruptions of Mount St. Helens.

Explanation: Native American lore contains numerous stories to explain the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and other Cascade volcanoes.

Mount St. Helens [SEP] Importance to Indigenous Tribes

Pahto followed the arrow to the north and settled there while Wy'east did the same for the arrow to the south. The chief of the gods then built the Bridge of the Gods, so his family could meet periodically. When the two sons of the chief of the gods fell in love with a beautiful maiden named Loowit, she could not choose between them. The two young chiefs fought over her, burying villages and forests in the process. The area was devastated and the earth shook so violently that the huge bridge fell into the river, creating the cascades of the Columbia River Gorge.


Context: when did mt st helens erupt before 1980

Context: where is this mountain located?

Context: is it valuable for the indigenous people?

Context: Native American lore contains numerous stories to explain the eruptions of Mount St. Helens.

Question: which european explored this area?

Answer: George Vancouver.

Explanation: Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS "Discovery" made the Europeans' first recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens on 19 May 1792, while surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast.

Mount St. Helens [SEP] Exploration by Europeans

Alarmed by the "dry snow," the Nespelem tribe of northeastern Washington supposedly danced and prayed rather than collecting food and suffered during that winter from starvation. In late 1805 and early 1806, members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition spotted Mount St. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report either an ongoing eruption or recent evidence of one. They did however report the presence of quicksand and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the Sandy River near Portland, suggesting an eruption by Mount Hood sometime in the previous decades.


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Context: where is this mountain located?

Context: which european explored this area?

Context: George Vancouver.

Question: who was this person?

Answer: Captain George Vancouver was a British officer of the Royal Navy.

George Vancouver [SEP] Introduction

Captain George Vancouver (22 June 1757 – 10 May 1798) was a British officer of the Royal Navy best known for his 1791–95 expedition, which explored and charted North America's northwestern Pacific Coast regions, including the coasts of what are now the American states of Alaska, Washington, and Oregon, as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia. He also explored the Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia. Vancouver Island and the city of Vancouver, both in British Columbia, are named for him, as is Vancouver, Washington, in the United States. Mount Vancouver, on the Canadian–American border between Yukon and Alaska, and New Zealand's sixth-highest mountain, also Mount Vancouver, are also named for him.


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Context: where is this mountain located?

Context: which european explored this area?

Context: George Vancouver.

Context: who was this person?

Context: Captain George Vancouver was a British officer of the Royal Navy.

Question: what is the origin of his surname?

Answer: Its derived from the expression van Coevorden, meaning "(originating) from Coevorden", a city in the northeast of the Netherlands.

George Vancouver [SEP] Origins of the family name

There has been some debate about the origins of the Vancouver name. It is now commonly accepted that the name Vancouver derives from the expression van Coevorden, meaning "(originating) from Coevorden", a city in the northeast of the Netherlands. This city is apparently named after the "Coeverden" family of the 13th–15th century. In the 16th century, a number of businessmen from the Coevorden area (and the rest of the Netherlands) moved to England. Some of them were known as "Van Coeverden". Others adopted the surname Oxford, as in oxen fording (a river), which is approximately the English translation of "Coevorden".


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Context: which european explored this area?

Context: George Vancouver.

Context: who was this person?

Context: what is the origin of his surname?

Context: Its derived from the expression van Coevorden, meaning "(originating) from Coevorden", a city in the northeast of the Netherlands.

Question: is any expedition named after him?

Answer: Yes, an expedition charged with exploring the Pacific region.

George Vancouver [SEP] Vancouver Expedition

Departing England with two ships, HMS "Discovery" and , on 1 April 1791, Vancouver commanded an expedition charged with exploring the Pacific region. In its first year the expedition travelled to Cape Town, Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, and Hawaii, collecting botanical samples and surveying coastlines along the way. He formally claimed at Possession Point, King George Sound Western Australia, now the town of Albany, Western Australia for the British. Proceeding to North America, Vancouver followed the coasts of present-day Oregon and Washington northward. In April 1792 he encountered American Captain Robert Gray off the coast of Oregon just prior to Gray's sailing up the Columbia River.