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Context: which animals prey on them?

Context: sea spiders, wrasses and sea turtles.

Context: what is the life span of the last one?

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Question: where can you find them?

Answer: Australia, Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast of the United States, to name a few.

Sea turtle [SEP] Distribution and habitat

Sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions. The flatback sea turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia. The Kemp's ridley sea turtle is found solely in the Gulf of Mexico and along the East Coast of the United States. Sea turtles are generally found in the waters over continental shelves. During the first three to five years of life, sea turtles spend most of their time in the pelagic zone floating in seaweed mats. Green sea turtles in particular are often found in "Sargassum" mats, in which they find food, shelter and water.


Context: those who argue today that behavior is no more than the action of chemicals

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Context: what is lamarckism?

Context: It is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime.

Context: is it named after someone?

Context: It is inaccurately named after Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Context: who is he?

Context: He was a soldier, biologist, and academic.

Context: what is his view on religion?

Context: He referred to God as the "sublime author of nature".

Context: which species are named in his honour?

Context: The honeybee subspecies "Apis mellifera lamarckii" and the "Amelanchier lamarckii" (juneberry), to name a few.

Context: which ones has he named?

Context: The ark clams (Arcidae), the sea hares (Aplysiidae), and the cockles (Cardiidae), to name a few.

Context: how does the second species named in his honour, defends itself?

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Context: the second one that he named, how do they defend themselves?

Context: They spout ink when disturbed or attacked.

Context: what is its habit of mating?

Context: They can mate in pairs with one acting as a male, the other as a female, but they commonly occur in quite crowded numbers during the mating season, and this often leads to chains of three or more sea hares mating together.

Context: which animals prey on them?

Context: sea spiders, wrasses and sea turtles.

Context: what is the life span of the last one?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where can you find them?

Context: Australia, Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast of the United States, to name a few.

Question: what do they eat?

Answer: Decapods, seagrasses, seaweed, sponges, mollusks, cnidarians, Echinoderms, worms and fish.

Sea turtle [SEP] Diet

The loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley, and hawksbill sea turtles are omnivorous their entire life. Omnivorous turtles may eat a wide variety of plant and animal life including decapods, seagrasses, seaweed, sponges, mollusks, cnidarians, Echinoderms, worms and fish. However, some species specialize on certain prey. The diet of green sea turtles changes with age. Juveniles are omnivorous, but as they mature they become exclusively herbivorous. This diet shift has an effect on the green sea turtle's morphology. Green sea turtles have a serrated jaw that is used to eat sea grass and algae. Leatherback sea turtles feed almost exclusively on jellyfish and help control jellyfish populations.


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Context: which animals prey on them?

Context: sea spiders, wrasses and sea turtles.

Context: what is the life span of the last one?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where can you find them?

Context: what do they eat?

Context: Decapods, seagrasses, seaweed, sponges, mollusks, cnidarians, Echinoderms, worms and fish.

Question: are they important to the ecosystem?

Answer: Yes, they eat sea grass and use beaches and sand dunes as to lay their eggs.

Explanation:
In the oceans, sea turtles, especially green sea turtles, are among the very few creatures (manatees are another) that eat sea grass. Sea grass needs to be constantly cut short to help it grow across the sea floor. Sea turtle grazing helps maintain the health of the sea grass beds. Sea grass beds provide breeding and developmental grounds for numerous marine animals. Without them, many marine species humans harvest would be lost, as would the lower levels of the food chain. The reactions could result in many more marine species eventually becoming endangered or extinct.

Sea turtles use beaches and sand dunes as to lay their eggs. Such coastal environments are nutrient-poor and depend on vegetation to protect against erosion. Eggs, hatched or unhatched, and hatchlings that fail to make it into the ocean are nutrient sources for dune vegetation and therefore protecting these nesting habitats for sea turtles, forming a positive feedback loop.

Sea turtle [SEP] Importance to ecosystems

Sea turtles play key roles in two habitat types: oceans and beaches/dunes. In the oceans, sea turtles, especially green sea turtles, are among the very few creatures (manatees are another) that eat sea grass. Sea grass needs to be constantly cut short to help it grow across the sea floor. Sea turtle grazing helps maintain the health of the sea grass beds. Sea grass beds provide breeding and developmental grounds for numerous marine animals. Without them, many marine species humans harvest would be lost, as would the lower levels of the food chain. The reactions could result in many more marine species eventually becoming endangered or extinct.


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Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is its habit of mating?

Context: which animals prey on them?

Context: sea spiders, wrasses and sea turtles.

Context: what is the life span of the last one?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where can you find them?

Context: what do they eat?

Context: are they important to the ecosystem?

Context: Yes, they eat sea grass and use beaches and sand dunes as to lay their eggs.

Question: what danger do they have?

Answer: Most sea turtle mortality happens early in life. Large aquatic carnivores such as sharks and crocodiles are their biggest threats as well as terrestrial predators attack adults.

Explanation:
Most sea turtle mortality happens early in life. Sea turtles usually lay around 100 eggs at a time, but on average only one of the eggs from the nest will survive to adulthood. Raccoons, foxes, and seabirds may raid nests or hatchlings may be eaten within minutes of hatching as they make their initial run for the ocean. Once in the water, they are susceptible to seabirds, large fish and even other sea turtles.

Adult sea turtles have few predators. Large aquatic carnivores such as sharks and crocodiles are their biggest threats; however, reports of terrestrial predators attacking nesting females are not uncommon. Jaguars have been reported to smash into sea turtle shells with their paws, and scoop out the flesh.

Sea turtle [SEP] Predators and disease


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Context: what do they eat?

Context: are they important to the ecosystem?

Context: what danger do they have?

Context: Most sea turtle mortality happens early in life. Large aquatic carnivores such as sharks and crocodiles are their biggest threats as well as terrestrial predators attack adults.

Question: the soldier mentioned earlier, what are some of his major works?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Sea turtle [SEP] Predators and disease


Question: what is the meaning of the song love the way you lie

Answer: Songwriter Skylar Grey wrote the song because she was in an abusive romantic relationship with the music industry.

Love the Way You Lie [SEP] Introduction

"Love the Way You Lie" is a song recorded by the American rapper Eminem, featuring the Barbadian singer Rihanna, from Eminem's seventh studio album "Recovery" (2010). The singer and songwriter Skylar Grey wrote and recorded a demo of the song alongside the producer Alex da Kid when she felt she was in an abusive romantic relationship with the music industry. Eminem wrote the verses and chose Rihanna to sing the chorus, resulting in a collaboration influenced by their past experiences in difficult relationships. Recording sessions were held in Ferndale, Michigan, and Dublin, Ireland. Backed by guitar, piano and violin, the track is a midtempo hip-hop ballad with a pop refrain, sung by Rihanna, and describes two lovers who refuse to separate despite being in a dangerous love–hate relationship.


Context: what is the meaning of the song love the way you lie

Context: Songwriter Skylar Grey wrote the song because she was in an abusive romantic relationship with the music industry.

Question: who sang it?

Answer: Eminem and Rihanna

Explanation: "Love the Way You Lie" is a song recorded by the American rapper Eminem, featuring the Barbadian singer Rihanna,

Love the Way You Lie [SEP] Introduction


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Question: what is the singer's real name?

Answer: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

Eminem [SEP] Introduction

Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), known professionally as Eminem (; often stylized as EMINƎM), is an American rapper, songwriter, and record producer. Credited with popularizing hip hop in Middle America, Eminem's global success and acclaimed works are widely regarded as having broken racial barriers for the acceptance of white rappers in popular music. While much of his transgressive work during the early 2000s made him hugely controversial, he came to be a representation of popular angst and the American underclass. He has been influential for many artists of various genres. After his debut album "Infinite" (1996) and the extended play "Slim Shady EP" (1997), Eminem signed with Dr.


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Context: what is the singer's real name?

Context: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

Question: who is the aforesaid song writer?

Answer: She is an American singer, songwriter and record producer.

Skylar Grey [SEP] Introduction

Holly Brook Hafermann (born February 23, 1986), known professionally as Skylar Grey, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer from Mazomanie, Wisconsin. In 2004, at the age of 17, Grey signed a publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group and a recording contract with Machine Shop Recordings under the name Holly Brook. In 2006, she released her debut studio album, "Like Blood Like Honey", under the aforementioned labels. In 2010, Grey co-wrote Eminem and Rihanna's hit single, "Love the Way You Lie", with Eminem and British record producer Alex da Kid, who subsequently signed Grey to his Interscope Records label imprint, Kidinakorner.


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Context: what is the singer's real name?

Context: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

Context: who is the aforesaid song writer?

Context: She is an American singer, songwriter and record producer.

Question: how did she become a singer?

Answer: In 2004, at the age of 17, she signed a publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group and a recording contract with Machine Shop Recordings under the name Holly Brook.

Explanation: Holly Brook Hafermann (born February 23, 1986), known professionally as Skylar Grey, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer from Mazomanie, Wisconsin. In 2004, at the age of 17, Grey signed a publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group and a recording contract with Machine Shop Recordings under the name Holly Brook. In 2006, she released her debut studio album, "Like Blood Like Honey", under the aforementioned labels.

Skylar Grey [SEP] Introduction

Grey's second album, "Don't Look Down", was released in July 2013. The album reached the top 10 in the US and produced four singles. Grey's third studio release, "Natural Causes", was issued in September 2016. Grey has also provided guest vocals on several singles, including Fort Minor's "Where'd You Go", Diddy's "Coming Home", Dr. Dre's "I Need a Doctor", Nicki Minaj's "Bed of Lies", and Macklemore's "Glorious". Additionally, she has written songs for Kehlani, G-Eazy, Alicia Keys, Christina Aguilera, Zedd, Nick Jonas, Céline Dion, and CeeLo Green.


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Context: what is the singer's real name?

Context: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

Context: who is the aforesaid song writer?

Context: how did she become a singer?

Context: In 2004, at the age of 17, she signed a publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group and a recording contract with Machine Shop Recordings under the name Holly Brook.

Question: what are some of the songs she sang?

Answer: "I Know You", "I Will Return", "Addicted to Love" to name a few.

Explanation: Grey confirmed on her official Instagram account that her third studio album would be released in 2015. In February 2015, Grey released a song from the "Fifty Shades of Grey" soundtrack called "I Know You". Also in February, Grey confirmed she has a song on the "Furious 7" soundtrack, called "I Will Return." In March 2015, she released her version of "Addicted to Love" on iTunes, and also re-released the song "Words," which was deleted from the iTunes Store in 2013. On March 29, 2015, Grey appeared at her third WrestleMania event, performing a medley of "Rise" and "Money and the Power" at the thirty-first annual event, with Travis Barker and Kid Ink.

Skylar Grey [SEP] 2015–17: "Natural Causes" and soundtracks


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Context: what is the singer's real name?

Context: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

Context: who is the aforesaid song writer?

Context: how did she become a singer?

Context: what are some of the songs she sang?

Context: "I Know You", "I Will Return", "Addicted to Love" to name a few.

Question: who is the latter mentioned singer?

Answer: She is a Barbadian singer, actress, and businesswoman.

Rihanna [SEP] Introduction

Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( ; born 20 February 1988) is a Barbadian singer, actress, and businesswoman. Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, Barbados, Rihanna was discovered by American record producer Evan Rogers who invited her to the United States to record demo tapes. After signing with Def Jam in 2005, she soon gained recognition with the release of her first two studio albums, "Music of the Sun" (2005) and "A Girl like Me" (2006), both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US "Billboard" 200 chart. Rihanna's third album, "Good Girl Gone Bad" (2007), incorporated elements of dance-pop and established her status as a sex symbol in the music industry.


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Context: what is the singer's real name?

Context: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

Context: who is the aforesaid song writer?

Context: how did she become a singer?

Context: what are some of the songs she sang?

Context: who is the latter mentioned singer?

Context: She is a Barbadian singer, actress, and businesswoman.

Question: how was her life during her early years?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Rihanna [SEP] Introduction


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Context: what is the singer's real name?

Context: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

Context: who is the aforesaid song writer?

Context: how did she become a singer?

Context: what are some of the songs she sang?

Context: who is the latter mentioned singer?

Context: how was her life during her early years?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: how did she begin her singing career?

Answer: She was discovered in her home country of Barbados by American record producer Evan Rogers, who invited her to his hometown in the United States to record some demo tapes that could be sent to record labels.

Explanation: In 2003, Rihanna formed a musical trio with two of her classmates. She was discovered in her home country of Barbados by American record producer Evan Rogers. Without a name or any material, the girl group managed to land an audition with Rogers who commented, "The minute Rihanna walked into the room, it was like the other two girls didn't exist." Rihanna went to Rogers's hotel room, where she performed renditions of Destiny's Child's "Emotion" and Mariah Carey's "Hero". Impressed, Rogers scheduled a second meeting with Rihanna's mother present and then invited Rihanna to his hometown in the United States to record some demo tapes that could be sent to record labels. Recordings were intermittent, taking about a year, because she was only able to record during school holidays. "Pon de Replay" and "The Last Time" were two tracks recorded for the demo tape, which were eventually included on her debut album "Music of the Sun". That same year, Rihanna was signed to Rogers's and Carl Sturken

Rihanna [SEP] 1988–2003: Early life

Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on 20 February 1988 in Saint Michael, Barbados, the daughter of accountant Monica (née Braithwaite) and warehouse supervisor Ronald Fenty. Rihanna has two brothers, Rorrey and Rajad Fenty, and two half-sisters and a half-brother from her father's side, each born to different mothers from his previous relationships. She grew up in a three-bedroom bungalow in Bridgetown and sold clothes with her father in a stall on the street. Her childhood was deeply affected by her father's alcoholism and crack cocaine addiction, which contributed to her parents' strained marriage. Rihanna's father used to physically abuse her mother, and Rihanna would try to get in between them to break up fights.


Context: who sang it?

Context: Eminem and Rihanna

Context: what is the singer's real name?

Context: Marshall Bruce Mathers III

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Context: how did she become a singer?

Context: what are some of the songs she sang?

Context: who is the latter mentioned singer?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: how did she begin her singing career?

Context: She was discovered in her home country of Barbados by American record producer Evan Rogers, who invited her to his hometown in the United States to record some demo tapes that could be sent to record labels.

Question: what is her business?

Answer: She has fragrances - Reb'l Fleur and Rebelle; co-owner of the music streaming service Tidal

Explanation:
Rihanna's first fragrance, Reb'l Fleur, was released in January 2011. According to "Rolling Stone", Reb'l Fleur was a financial success and was expected to gross US$80 million at retail by the end of 2011.
Rihanna's second fragrance, Rebelle, was released in February 2012. The promotional campaign for Rebelle, was shot by director, Anthony Mandler, who also shot the promotional campaign for Reb'l Fleur.
In November 2012, Rihanna released her third fragrance, Nude.
Rihanna's fourth women's fragrance, titled Rogue was released on 14 September 2013, followed by a male version entitled Rogue Men which was released in 2014.

On 30 March 2015, it was announced that Rihanna is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, B

Rihanna [SEP] Business career


Question: what did the middle finger mean in ancient greece

Answer: It is an obscene hand gesture.

The finger [SEP] Introduction

In Western culture, "the finger" or the middle finger (as in giving someone the (middle) finger or the bird or flipping someone off) is an obscene hand gesture. The gesture communicates moderate to extreme contempt, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to "fuck me", "fuck you", "shove it up your ass/arse", "up yours" or "go fuck yourself". It is performed by showing the back of a hand that has only the middle finger extended upwards, though in some locales, the thumb is extended. Extending the finger is considered a symbol of contempt in several cultures, especially in the Western world.


Context: what did the middle finger mean in ancient greece

Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Question: and in modern era ?

Answer: In the film "Speedy" (1928), Harold Lloyd's character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park, about 25 minutes into the film.

The finger [SEP] Modern era

Linguist Jesse Sheidlower traces the gesture's development in the United States to the 1890s. According to anthropologist Desmond Morris, the gesture probably came to the United States via Italian immigrants. The first documented appearance of the finger in the United States was in 1886, when Old Hoss Radbourn, a baseball pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters, was photographed giving it to a member of their rival the New York Giants. In the film "Speedy" (1928), Harold Lloyd's character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park, about 25 minutes into the film.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: In the film "Speedy" (1928), Harold Lloyd's character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park, about 25 minutes into the film.

Question: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Answer: In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, the V sign, "two-fingered salute" or "the fingers", when given with back of the hand towards the recipient, serves a similar purpose.

The finger [SEP] Similar gestures

In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, the V sign, "two-fingered salute" or "the fingers", when given with back of the hand towards the recipient, serves a similar purpose. According to a Royal Shakespeare Company synopsis of the play "Henry V", a "two-fingered salute" appeared in the Macclesfield Psalter of (in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge), "being made by a glove in the psalter's marginalia". George H. W. Bush, former President of the United States, accidentally made the gesture while on a diplomatic trip to Australia. In countries where Spanish, Portuguese or French are spoken, and especially in Spain, Portugal, Brazil and France, the gesture involving raising a fist and slapping the biceps on the same arm as the fist used, sometimes called the "bras d'honneur" (French), "corte de mangas" (Spanish), "manguito" (Portugal), "dar uma banana" (Brazil), or Iberian slap, is equivalent to the finger.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Context: In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, the V sign, "two-fingered salute" or "the fingers", when given with back of the hand towards the recipient, serves a similar purpose.

Question: how is the climate of the second place mentioned ?

Answer: It has a mild but changeable oceanic climate.

Ireland [SEP] Climate

The island's lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet "the Emerald Isle". Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate with few extremes. The climate is typically insular and is temperate, avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes. This is a result of the moderating moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the southwestern Atlantic. Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms, especially in the late autumn and winter months.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Context: how is the climate of the second place mentioned ?

Context: It has a mild but changeable oceanic climate.

Question: what languages are spoken here ?

Answer: Irish and English.

Ireland [SEP] Languages

The two official languages of the Republic of Ireland are Irish and English. Each language has produced noteworthy literature. Irish, though now only the language of a minority, was the vernacular of the Irish people for thousands of years and was possibly introduced during the Iron Age. It began to be written down after Christianisation in the 5th century and spread to Scotland and the Isle of Man, where it evolved into the Scottish Gaelic and Manx languages respectively. The Irish language has a vast treasury of written texts from many centuries and is divided by linguists into Old Irish from the 6th to 10th century, Middle Irish from the 10th to 13th century, Early Modern Irish until the 17th century, and the Modern Irish spoken today.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Irish and English.

Question: any sports played here ?

Answer: Gaelic football

Ireland [SEP] Sports

Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island. In 2003 it represented 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland and abroad, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%. The All-Ireland Football Final is the most watched event in the sporting calendar. Soccer is the most widely played team game on the island and the most popular in Northern Ireland. Other sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation include swimming, golf, aerobics, cycling, and billiards/snooker. Many other sports are also played and followed, including boxing, cricket, fishing, greyhound racing, handball, hockey, horse racing, motor sport, show jumping and tennis.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Irish and English.

Context: any sports played here ?

Context: Gaelic football

Question: what can you tell about the music ?

Answer: Irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s.

Explanation: Irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s

Ireland [SEP] Music

This trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like Enya, The Saw Doctors, The Corrs, Sinéad O'Connor, Clannad, The Cranberries and The Pogues among others.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Irish and English.

Context: any sports played here ?

Context: Gaelic football

Context: what can you tell about the music ?

Context: Irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s.

Question: when did it get its independence ?

Answer: 1937

Ireland [SEP] Independence

During its first decade, the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war. When de Valera achieved power, he took advantage of the Statute of Westminster and political circumstances to build upon inroads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government. The oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted. This completed a process of gradual separation from the British Empire that governments had pursued since independence. However, it was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland. The state was neutral during World War II, but offered clandestine assistance to the Allies, particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Irish and English.

Context: any sports played here ?

Context: Gaelic football

Context: what can you tell about the music ?

Context: when did it get its independence ?

Question: any tourist places here ?

Answer: Skellig Michael and the Giant's Causeway.

Ireland [SEP] Tourism

There are three World Heritage Sites on the island: the , Skellig Michael and the Giant's Causeway. Several other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields and Mount Stewart. Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include Bunratty Castle, the Rock of Cashel, the Cliffs of Moher, Holy Cross Abbey and Blarney Castle. Historically important monastic sites include Glendalough and Clonmacnoise, which are maintained as national monuments in the Republic of Ireland. Dublin is the most heavily touristed region and home to several of the most popular attractions such as the Guinness Storehouse and Book of Kells.


Context: It is an obscene hand gesture.

Context: and in modern era ?

Context: what are some of its similar gestures ?

Context: what languages are spoken here ?

Context: Irish and English.

Context: any sports played here ?

Context: Gaelic football

Context: what can you tell about the music ?

Context: when did it get its independence ?

Context: any tourist places here ?

Context: Skellig Michael and the Giant's Causeway.

Question: what animals are found here ?

Answer: Irish elk, the great auk, brown bear and the wolf.

Explanation: There are no snakes in Ireland, and only one species of reptile (the common lizard) is native to the island. Extinct species include the Irish elk, the great auk, brown bear and the wolf. Some previously extinct birds, such as the golden eagle, have been reintroduced after decades of extirpation.

Ireland [SEP] Flora and fauna

Many of these are migratory, including the barn swallow. Several different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs and a variety of coastal habitats. However, agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland, limiting natural habitat preserves, particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs. With no large apex predators in Ireland other than humans and dogs, such populations of animals as semi-wild deer that cannot be controlled by smaller predators, such as the fox, are controlled by annual culling. There are no snakes in Ireland, and only one species of reptile (the common lizard) is native to the island.


Question: who went to the wall with jon snow

Answer: A scouting party

Jon Snow (character) [SEP] Introduction

In "A Clash of Kings" (1998), he joins a scouting party investigating the growing threat from the otherworldly "Others" beyond the Wall, and manages to infiltrate the wildlings. Jon learns of their plans to invade Westeros in "A Storm of Swords" (2000), and begins to fall in love with the fierce wildling woman Ygritte. He betrays them—and Ygritte—before they can attack, but the Night Watch's victory comes at a heavy price for Jon. Now the Lord Commander of the Watch, he appears briefly in 2005's "A Feast for Crows". Jon returns as a prominent character in "A Dance with Dragons" (2011), working to negotiate an alliance between the Night's Watch and the wildlings.


Context:
who went to the wall with jon snow
A scouting party

Question: is this character part of a show?

Answer: Yes, Jon Snow is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones".

Jon Snow (character) [SEP] Introduction

Jon Snow is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones", in which he is portrayed by English actor Kit Harington. In the novels, he is a prominent point of view character. He is one of the most popular characters in the series, and "The New York Times" cites him as one of the author's finest creations. Jon is a main character in the TV series, and his storyline in the season 5 finale generated a strong reaction among viewers.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: Yes, Jon Snow is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones".

Question: what is the nature of this character?

Answer: He is introduced as the 14-year-old illegitimate son of Eddard "Ned" Stark, Lord of Winterfell, and half-brother to Robb, Sansa, Arya, Bran and Rickon. Jon is described as having strong Stark features with a lean build, long face, dark brown hair and dark grey eye.

Jon Snow (character) [SEP] Description

In "A Game of Thrones", Jon Snow is introduced as the 14-year-old illegitimate son of Eddard "Ned" Stark, Lord of Winterfell, and half-brother to Robb, Sansa, Arya, Bran and Rickon. Jon is described as having strong Stark features with a lean build, long face, dark brown hair and dark grey eyes. Jon has the surname "Snow" (customarily used for illegitimate noble children in the North) and is resented by Ned's wife Catelyn, who views him as a constant reminder of Ned's infidelity. Jon is the same age as Robb and enjoys a warm relationship with his siblings, particularly the tomboy Arya (who resembles Jon and like him does not feel like she fits in).


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: He is introduced as the 14-year-old illegitimate son of Eddard "Ned" Stark, Lord of Winterfell, and half-brother to Robb, Sansa, Arya, Bran and Rickon. Jon is described as having strong Stark features with a lean build, long face, dark brown hair and dark grey eye.

Question: who is his mother?

Answer: The identity of Jon's mother has created much speculation

Jon Snow (character) [SEP] Parentage

The identity of Jon's mother has created much speculation among readers of the series, and guessing her identity was the test Martin gave Benioff and Weiss when they approached him in March 2006 about adapting his novels into a TV series. In the novels, characters believe that she could be a servant named Wylla, or the noblewoman Ashara Dayne. The popular fan theory—called R+L=J, an abbreviation of "Rhaegar + Lyanna = Jon"—proposes that Jon is not the son of Ned at all, but is actually the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Ned's younger sister Lyanna Stark, and Ned feigned dishonor and claimed the nephew to be his own child in order to protect Jon from harm.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: The identity of Jon's mother has created much speculation

Question: when was the tv show first aired?

Answer: April 17, 2011

Explanation: The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and concluded on May 19, 2019, with 73 episodes broadcast over eight seasons.

Game of Thrones [SEP] Introduction

"Game of Thrones" attracted a record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, and international fan base. Critics praised the series for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) was criticized. The final season, especially its last four episodes, received significant criticism for its condensed story and creative decisions, with many considering it a disappointing conclusion. The series received 59 Primetime Emmy Awards, the most by a drama series, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2019. Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation, a Peabody Award, and five nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Question: what is the major theme of this show?

Answer: It is the battle between good and evil

Game of Thrones [SEP] Themes

The series is praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism. George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles, political intrigue, and the characters, believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre. Martin has said that, "the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords, but from ourselves". A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil, which Martin says does not mirror the real world.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Question: which locations were the episodes filmed in?

Answer: The primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast.  Exterior scenes include Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains,  Castle Ward, Cairncastle

Game of Thrones [SEP] Filming

Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26, 2010; the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains (standing in for Vaes Dothrak); Castle Ward (Winterfell); Saintfield Estates (the Winterfell godswood); Tollymore Forest (outdoor scenes); Cairncastle (the execution site); the Magheramorne quarry (Castle Black); and Shane's Castle (the tourney grounds). Doune Castle in Stirling, Scotland, was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell. The producers initially considered filming the entire series in Scotland, but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Context: which locations were the episodes filmed in?

Context: The primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast.  Exterior scenes include Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains,  Castle Ward, Cairncastle

Question: where are the mountains mentioned here located?

Answer: Northern Ireland

Explanation: Northern Ireland.

Mourne Mountains [SEP] Introduction

The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland, the highest of which is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and it has been proposed to make the area Northern Ireland's first national park. It is partly owned by the National Trust and sees many visitors every year. The Mourne Wall crosses fifteen of the summits and was built to enclose the catchment basin of the Silent Valley and Ben Crom reservoirs.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Context: where are the mountains mentioned here located?

Context: Northern Ireland

Question: is there a wall of the same name?

Answer: Yes, The Mourne Wall crosses fifteen of the summits and was built to enclose the catchment basin of the Silent Valley and Ben Crom reservoirs.

Explanation: The Mourne Wall crosses fifteen of the summits and was built to enclose the catchment basin of the Silent Valley and Ben Crom reservoirs.

Mourne Mountains [SEP] Introduction


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Context: Northern Ireland

Context: is there a wall of the same name?

Context: Yes, The Mourne Wall crosses fifteen of the summits and was built to enclose the catchment basin of the Silent Valley and Ben Crom reservoirs.

Question: what plants are found along the mountain?

Answer: The most common plants found in the Mournes are heathers and gorse. Other plants which grow in the area are: common cottongrass, roseroot, harebell

Mourne Mountains [SEP] Flora and fauna

Aside from grasses, the most common plants found in the Mournes are heathers and gorse. Of the former, three species are found: cross-leaved heath, bell heather, and common heather. Of the latter, two species are found: common gorse and western gorse. Other plants which grow in the area are: common cottongrass, roseroot, harebell, marsh St John's-wort, wild thyme, wood sorrel and heath spotted orchid. Sheep graze high into the mountains, and the range is also home to birds, including the raven, peregrine falcon, wren, buzzard, meadow pipit, grey wagtail, stonechat and snipe. The golden eagle, a former inhabitant, has not been seen in the Mournes since 1836.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Context: Northern Ireland

Context: is there a wall of the same name?

Context: what plants are found along the mountain?

Context: The most common plants found in the Mournes are heathers and gorse. Other plants which grow in the area are: common cottongrass, roseroot, harebell

Question: what language is spoken in the country mentioned previously?

Answer: : English is spoken as a first language by almost all of the Northern Ireland population. Irish and Ulster Scots  are recognised as "part of the cultural wealth of Northern Ireland"

Explanation:
English is spoken as a first language by almost all of the Northern Ireland population. It is the "de facto" official language and the Administration of Justice (Language) Act (Ireland) 1737 prohibits the use of languages other than English in legal proceedings.

Under the Good Friday Agreement, Irish and Ulster Scots (an Ulster dialect of the Scots language, sometimes known as "Ullans"), are recognised as "part of the cultural wealth of Northern Ireland"

Northern Ireland [SEP] Languages

These operate separately under the aegis of the North/South Language Body, which reports to the North/South Ministerial Council. The British government in 2001 ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Irish (in Northern Ireland) was specified under Part III of the Charter, with a range of specific undertakings in relation to education, translation of statutes, interaction with public authorities, the use of placenames, media access, support for cultural activities and other matters. A lower level of recognition was accorded to Ulster Scots, under Part II of the Charter.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Context: Northern Ireland

Context: is there a wall of the same name?

Context: what language is spoken in the country mentioned previously?

Context: : English is spoken as a first language by almost all of the Northern Ireland population. Irish and Ulster Scots  are recognised as "part of the cultural wealth of Northern Ireland"

Question: who is the author of the books that the tv show is based on?

Answer: George R. R. Martin

Explanation: George R. R. Martin.

A Song of Ice and Fire [SEP] Introduction

A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, "A Game of Thrones," in 1991, and it was published in 1996. Martin, who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy, has published five out of a planned seven volumes. The fifth and most recent volume of the series, "A Dance with Dragons", was published in 2011 and took Martin six years to write. He is currently writing the sixth novel, "The Winds of Winter". A seventh novel "A Dream of Spring" is planned.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Context: Northern Ireland

Context: is there a wall of the same name?

Context: who is the author of the books that the tv show is based on?

Context: George R. R. Martin

Question: prior to becoming a writer, what did he do?

Answer: Martin was an English and journalism instructor

George R. R. Martin [SEP] Teaching

Martin "wasn't making enough money to stay alive" from writing and the chess tournaments, says Guthridge. From 1976 to 1978, Martin was an English and journalism instructor at Clarke, and he became Writer In Residence at the college from 1978 to 1979. While he enjoyed teaching, the sudden death of friend and fellow author Tom Reamy in late 1977 made Martin reevaluate his own life, and he eventually decided to try to become a full-time writer. When his wife graduated from Clarke in 1979, he resigned from his job, and being tired of the hard winters in Dubuque, they moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1979, which they had "fallen in love with" after a visit the year before on their way to the worldcon in Phoenix.


Context: who went to the wall with jon snow

Context: A scouting party

Context: is this character part of a show?

Context: what is the nature of this character?

Context: who is his mother?

Context: when was the tv show first aired?

Context: April 17, 2011

Context: what is the major theme of this show?

Context: It is the battle between good and evil

Context: Northern Ireland

Context: is there a wall of the same name?

Context: George R. R. Martin

Context: prior to becoming a writer, what did he do?

Context: Martin was an English and journalism instructor

Question: is he involved in any political activities?

Answer: No, but endorsed politicians like  Barack Obama, Democratic Senator Tom Udall through his writing.

George R. R. Martin [SEP] Politics

Growing up, Martin avoided the draft to the Vietnam War by being a conscientious objector and did two years of alternative service. He generally opposes war and thought the Vietnam War was a "terrible mistake for America". He has also written against the glory of war and tries to realistically describe war in his books. While he did not endorse Barack Obama in 2008, Martin endorsed him for re-election in 2012 calling Obama the most intelligent president since Jimmy Carter. In 2014, Martin endorsed Democratic Senator Tom Udall of New Mexico. In the midst of pressure to pull the 2014 feature film "The Interview" from theatres, the Jean Cocteau Theatre in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which has been owned by Martin since 2013, decided to show the film.


Question: who did miley cyrus play in hannah montana

Answer: Miley Stewart

Explanation: Miley Stewart

Hannah Montana [SEP] Introduction

Hannah Montana, also known as Hannah Montana Forever in its fourth and final season, is an American teen sitcom created by Michael Poryes, Rich Correll, and Barry O'Brien. It focuses on Miley Stewart (portrayed by Miley Cyrus), a teenage girl living a double life as an average schoolgirl by day and as the famous pop singer Hannah Montana by night, which she keeps secret with only a few people knowing of her alter ego. The story follows the daily life of Stewart, her best friends Lily and Oliver, her brother Jackson, Jackson's arch-enemy Rico and her father Robby (Cyrus' real-life country singer father, Billy Ray Cyrus).


Context: who did miley cyrus play in hannah montana

Context: Miley Stewart

Question: is it a drama?

Answer: It is a teen sitcom

Explanation: teen sitcom

Hannah Montana [SEP] Introduction


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Question: when was it released?

Answer: March 24, 2006

Explanation: March 24, 2006,

Hannah Montana [SEP] Introduction

The series, produced by It's a Laugh Productions and Michael Poryes Productions, premiered on Disney Channel on March 24, 2006, with the premiere episode garnering 5.4 million views, giving Disney Channel the highest ratings in its history at the time, and concluded on January 16, 2011 after having aired four seasons and ninety-eight episodes. The soundtrack albums "Hannah Montana" (2006), "" (2007), "Hannah Montana 3" (2009), and "Hannah Montana Forever" (2010) were released to coincide with their respective seasons. In 2007, the success of the series led to the Best of Both Worlds Tour, which visited North America. The following year, it was adapted into the 3D film "" and its accompanying soundtrack.


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Question: how many episodes did it have?

Answer: The first season broadcasted 26 episodes. The second season had 29 episodes and the third season had 30 episodes.

Explanation: The second season had 29 episodes

Hannah Montana [SEP] Episodes

The first season of "Hannah Montana" commenced airing on March 24, 2006 and concluded on March 30, 2007 after broadcasting 26 episodes. An additional episode, titled "That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana", served as a crossover episode with "That's So Raven" and "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", and was broadcast on July 28, 2006. The second season had 29 episodes, and aired from April 23, 2007 until October 12, 2008. An additional episode, titled "No Sugar, Sugar", was filmed but was not broadcast in the United States after parental complaints alleged that the episode provided inaccurate information regarding diabetes.


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: The first season broadcasted 26 episodes. The second season had 29 episodes and the third season had 30 episodes.

Question: which channel did broadcast it?

Answer: Disney Channel

Explanation: Disney Channel

Hannah Montana [SEP] Introduction


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Question: when was the channel founded?

Answer: Early 1983

Explanation: early 1983

Disney Channel [SEP] History

Walt Disney Productions continued on with the channel's development with help from the channel's founding president Alan Wagner, and formally announced the launch of its family-oriented cable channel in early 1983. The Disney Channel launched nationally as a premium channel at 7:00 a.m. Eastern Time on April 18, 1983. The channel – which initially maintained a 16-hour-per-day programming schedule from 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time – would become available on cable providers in all 50 U.S. states by September 1983, and accrue a base of more than 611,000 subscribers by December of that year.; In October 1983, the channel debuted its first made-for-cable movie, "Tiger Town", which earned the channel a CableACE Award.


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Question: does it have a channel for kids?

Answer: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Explanation: Disney Junior

Disney Channel [SEP] Disney Junior

On May 26, 2010, Disney-ABC Television Group announced the launch of a new digital cable and satellite channel targeted for young children called Disney Junior, which debuted on March 23, 2012. The Disney Junior channel – which like Disney Channel (though unlike Disney XD or the channel Disney Junior replaced, Soapnet), is commercial-free – competes with other preschooler-skewing cable channels such as Nick Jr., Qubo and Universal Kids. The channel features programs from Disney Channel's existing preschool programming library and movies from the Walt Disney Pictures film library. Disney Junior took over the channel space held by Soapnet – a Disney-owned cable channel featuring soap operas – due to that genre's decline in popularity on broadcast television, and the growth of video on demand, online streaming and digital video recorders, negating the need for a linear channel devoted to the soap opera genre.


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Context: does it have a channel for kids?

Context: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Question: what kind of programmes does it offer?

Answer: The channel features programs from Disney Channel's existing preschool programming library and movies from the Walt Disney Pictures film library.

Explanation: The channel features programs from Disney Channel's existing preschool programming library and movies from the Walt Disney Pictures film library.

Disney Channel [SEP] Disney Junior


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Context: does it have a channel for kids?

Context: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Context: what kind of programmes does it offer?

Context: The channel features programs from Disney Channel's existing preschool programming library and movies from the Walt Disney Pictures film library.

Question: has it produced any video games?

Answer: Yes, "Disney Channel All Star Party"

Explanation: "Disney Channel All Star Party"

Disney Channel [SEP] Video games

In 2010, "Disney Channel All Star Party" was released for the Nintendo Wii. The four-player mascot party game, in which the stages resemble board games, features characters from Disney Channel programs such as "Sonny with a Chance", "Wizards of Waverly Place", and "JONAS L.A." Several video games based on the Disney Channel animated series "Phineas and Ferb" were released by Disney Interactive Studios. The Disney Channel website also features various Flash games incorporating characters from the channel's various program franchises. There have also been games based on "Kim Possible" and "Hannah Montana".


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Context: does it have a channel for kids?

Context: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Context: what kind of programmes does it offer?

Context: has it produced any video games?

Context: Yes, "Disney Channel All Star Party"

Question: what is it about?

Answer: It is a party game based on several Disney Channel franchises, exclusively for Wii.

Disney Channel All Star Party [SEP] Introduction

Disney Channel All Star Party is a party game based on several Disney Channel franchises, exclusively for Wii. This game uses characters, games, and stages from "Phineas and Ferb", "Jonas", "Sonny with a Chance", "Wizards of Waverly Place", "Hannah Montana", "The Suite Life on Deck", and "". It was released in North America on October 26, 2010, and in Europe on November 5, 2010. It is published by Disney Interactive Studios and developed by Page 44 Studios. The game would have been released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with options for support with Kinect and PlayStation Move, respectively, but it was cancelled for undisclosed reasons.


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Context: does it have a channel for kids?

Context: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Context: what kind of programmes does it offer?

Context: has it produced any video games?

Context: Yes, "Disney Channel All Star Party"

Context: what is it about?

Context: It is a party game based on several Disney Channel franchises, exclusively for Wii.

Question: was there any movie made on the sitcom?

Answer: Yes, "Hannah Montana: The Movie"

Explanation: musical film adaptation

Hannah Montana [SEP] "Hannah Montana: The Movie"

"" is the musical film adaptation of the American teen sitcom "Hannah Montana". Filming began in April 2008, much of it occurring in Columbia, Tennessee, and Los Angeles, California, and was completed in July 2008. The film was released on April 10, 2009 in the United States and Canada.


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Context: does it have a channel for kids?

Context: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Context: what kind of programmes does it offer?

Context: has it produced any video games?

Context: Yes, "Disney Channel All Star Party"

Context: what is it about?

Context: was there any movie made on the sitcom?

Context: Yes, "Hannah Montana: The Movie"

Question: who directed it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Context: does it have a channel for kids?

Context: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Context: what kind of programmes does it offer?

Context: has it produced any video games?

Context: Yes, "Disney Channel All Star Party"

Context: what is it about?

Context: was there any movie made on the sitcom?

Context: Yes, "Hannah Montana: The Movie"

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what other movies has she acted in?

Answer: "Bolt"

Explanation: "Bolt"

Miley Cyrus [SEP] 2006–2009: "Hannah Montana" and early musical releases

Further controversy arose when it was reported that Cyrus, then fifteen, had posed topless during a photo shoot with Annie Leibovitz for "Vanity Fair". "The New York Times" later clarified that although the pictures left the impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bed sheet and was not topless. Cyrus went on to release her second studio album, "Breakout" (2008), in June of that year. The album earned the highest first-week sales of her career thus far and became her third to top the "Billboard" 200. Cyrus later starred with John Travolta in the animated film "Bolt" (2008), her debut as a film actress; she also co-wrote the song "I Thought I Lost You" (2008) for this film, which she sings as a duet with Travolta.


Context: Miley Stewart

Context: is it a drama?

Context: It is a teen sitcom

Context: when was it released?

Context: March 24, 2006

Context: how many episodes did it have?

Context: which channel did broadcast it?

Context: Disney Channel

Context: when was the channel founded?

Context: Early 1983

Context: does it have a channel for kids?

Context: Yes, Disney Junior for young children

Context: what kind of programmes does it offer?

Context: has it produced any video games?

Context: Yes, "Disney Channel All Star Party"

Context: what is it about?

Context: was there any movie made on the sitcom?

Context: Yes, "Hannah Montana: The Movie"

Context: who directed it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what other movies has she acted in?

Context: "Bolt"

Question: what are her hobbies?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Cyrus auditioned for the Disney Channel television series "Hannah Montana" when she was eleven years old. She auditioned for the role of the title character's best friend, but was called to audition for the lead role instead. Despite being denied the part at first because she was too "young and small" for the role, she was selected later as the lead because of her singing and acting abilities. The series premiered in March 2006 to the largest audience for a Disney Channel program and quickly ranked among the highest-rated series on basic cable. The success of the series led to Cyrus being labeled a "teen idol".


Question: when did dawn of the apes come out

Answer: July 2014

Planet of the Apes [SEP] "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014)

Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into violent clashes with nearby human survivors. Weta Digital again provided special effects work, which combined practical sets, digitally manipulated backgrounds and performance capture ape characters. The lead human characters were played by Jason Clarke, as Malcolm; Keri Russell, as Ellie; and Gary Oldman, as Dreyfus. Released on July 11, 2014, the film was very well received by critics, who found it a strong follow-up to "Rise" and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects. It also performed very strongly at the box office, taking in $707 million in worldwide grosses.


Context:
when did dawn of the apes come out
July 2014

Question: name a few sequels to the original 1968 film?

Answer: "Beneath the Planet of the Apes", "Escape from the Planet of the Apes", "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes" and "Battle for the Planet of the Apes".

Planet of the Apes [SEP] Introduction

Four sequels followed the original film from 1970 to 1973: "Beneath the Planet of the Apes", "Escape from the Planet of the Apes", "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes" and "Battle for the Planet of the Apes". They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original, but were commercially successful, spawning two television series in 1974 and 1975. Plans for a film remake stalled in "development hell" for over ten years before Tim Burton's "Planet of the Apes" was released in 2001. A reboot film series commenced in 2011 with "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", which was followed by "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" in 2014 and "War for the Planet of the Apes" in 2017.


Context: when did dawn of the apes come out

Context: July 2014

Context: name a few sequels to the original 1968 film?

Context: "Beneath the Planet of the Apes", "Escape from the Planet of the Apes", "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes" and "Battle for the Planet of the Apes".

Question: did the franchise ever get itself into an animal rights issue?

Answer: Animal rights issues, like human abuse of apes and the idea of primate rights are portrayed in the films.

Explanation: Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series; Greene considers this related to the racial themes. The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal; in later films, humans abuse apes for the same reason. The idea of primate rights is much more dominant in the reboot films, which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his followers struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons.

Planet of the Apes [SEP] Animal rights


Context: when did dawn of the apes come out

Context: July 2014

Context: did the franchise ever get itself into an animal rights issue?

Context: Animal rights issues, like human abuse of apes and the idea of primate rights are portrayed in the films.

Question: what is "la planète des singes"?

Answer: The name of the novel by Pierre Boulle which inspired the movie series.

Planet of the Apes [SEP] "La Planète des singes"

The series began with French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel "La Planète des singes". Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the "humanlike expressions" of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape. "La Planète des singes" was heavily influenced by 18th- and 19th-century fantastical travel narratives, especially Jonathan Swift's satirical "Gulliver's Travels". It is one of several of Boulle's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind's overreliance on technology, though Boulle rejected the science fiction label, instead terming his genre "social fantasy".


Context: when did dawn of the apes come out

Context: July 2014

Context: what is "la planète des singes"?

Context: The name of the novel by Pierre Boulle which inspired the movie series.

Question: is it a french novel?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: The series began with French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel "La Planète des singes". Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the "humanlike expressions" of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape


Context: when did dawn of the apes come out

Context: July 2014

Context: what is "la planète des singes"?

Context: is it a french novel?

Context: Yes

Question: mention a few of his works that have been adapted in some form or other?

Answer: "Bridge on the River Kwai", "Le Point de mire" are two movies adapted from his novels.

Pierre Boulle [SEP] Other adaptations

The French film "Le Point de mire", based on Boulle's novel "Le Photographe", was released in 1977. There have also been TV films based on Boulle's novels "William Conrad" in 1958 (US) and 1973 (France), "La Face" in 1959 (US) and 1966 (West Germany), and "Un Métier de Seigneur" in 1986 (France), as well as the short story ""Le Miracle"" (from "E=mc") in 1985 (US). Another film adaptation is in production for Boulle's "A Noble Profession" ("Un Métier de Seigneur"), a spy thriller partly based on Boulle's real-life experience working as a secret agent during the Second World War. The movie is being produced by Tessa Bell and Andrea Chung.


Context: when did dawn of the apes come out

Context: July 2014

Context: what is "la planète des singes"?

Context: is it a french novel?

Context: Yes

Context: mention a few of his works that have been adapted in some form or other?

Context: "Bridge on the River Kwai", "Le Point de mire" are two movies adapted from his novels.

Question: when did he die?

Answer: Paris, France

Explanation: Pierre Boulle died in Paris, France, on 30 January 1994, at age 81, three weeks before his 82nd birthday.

Pierre Boulle [SEP] Death


Question: why would a roman put a little clay foot by a statue at a temple

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Egyptian temple [SEP] Introduction

Egyptian temples were built for the official worship of the gods and in commemoration of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt and regions under Egyptian control. Temples were seen as houses for the gods or kings to whom they were dedicated. Within them, the Egyptians performed a variety of rituals, the central functions of Egyptian religion: giving offerings to the gods, reenacting their mythological interactions through festivals, and warding off the forces of chaos. These rituals were seen as necessary for the gods to continue to uphold "maat", the divine order of the universe. Housing and caring for the gods were the obligations of pharaohs, who therefore dedicated prodigious resources to temple construction and maintenance.


Context: why would a roman put a little clay foot by a statue at a temple

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Answer: Late fourth millennium BC

Explanation: so that temples evolved from small shrines in late Prehistoric Egypt (late fourth millennium BC) to large stone edifices in the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC) and later.

Egyptian temple [SEP] Introduction

1550–1070 BC) and later. These edifices are among the largest and most enduring examples of ancient Egyptian architecture, with their elements arranged and decorated according to complex patterns of religious symbolism. Their typical design consisted of a series of enclosed halls, open courts, and entrance pylons aligned along the path used for festival processions. Beyond the temple proper was an outer wall enclosing a wide variety of secondary buildings. A large temple also owned sizable tracts of land and employed thousands of laymen to supply its needs. Temples were therefore key economic as well as religious centers. The priests who managed these powerful institutions wielded considerable influence, and despite their ostensible subordination to the king, they may have posed significant challenges to his authority.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Question: how are they designed?

Answer: Egyptian temple designs emphasized order, symmetry, and monumentality and combined geometric shapes with stylized organic motifs. Cavetto cornices at the tops of walls, for instance, were made to imitate rows of palm fronds placed atop archaic walls, and the batter of exterior walls, while partly meant to ensure stability, was also a holdover from archaic building methods.

Egyptian temple [SEP] Design and decoration

Like all ancient Egyptian architecture, Egyptian temple designs emphasized order, symmetry, and monumentality and combined geometric shapes with stylized organic motifs. Elements of temple design also alluded to the form of the earliest Egyptian buildings. Cavetto cornices at the tops of walls, for instance, were made to imitate rows of palm fronds placed atop archaic walls, and the batter of exterior walls, while partly meant to ensure stability, was also a holdover from archaic building methods. Temple ground plans usually centered on an axis running on a slight incline from the sanctuary down to the temple entrance. In the fully developed pattern used in the New Kingdom and later, the path used for festival processions—a broad avenue punctuated with large doors—served as this central axis.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Egyptian temple designs emphasized order, symmetry, and monumentality and combined geometric shapes with stylized organic motifs. Cavetto cornices at the tops of walls, for instance, were made to imitate rows of palm fronds placed atop archaic walls, and the batter of exterior walls, while partly meant to ensure stability, was also a holdover from archaic building methods.

Question: what are some of the daily customs followed in it?

Answer: The daily rituals in most temples included two sequences of offering rites: one to clean and dress the god for the day, and one to present it with a meal.

Egyptian temple [SEP] Daily rituals

The daily rituals in most temples included two sequences of offering rites: one to clean and dress the god for the day, and one to present it with a meal. The exact order of events in these rituals is uncertain and may have varied somewhat each time they were performed. In addition, the two sequences probably overlapped with each other. At sunrise, the officiating priest entered the sanctuary, carrying a candle to light the room. He opened the doors of the shrine and prostrated himself before the god's image, reciting hymns in its praise. He removed the god from the shrine, clothed it (replacing the clothes of the previous day), and anointed it with oil and paint.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: what are some of the daily customs followed in it?

Context: The daily rituals in most temples included two sequences of offering rites: one to clean and dress the god for the day, and one to present it with a meal.

Question: can you name some of the gods worshipped?

Answer: Min

Explanation: god Min

Egyptian temple [SEP] Festivals

In those festivals that involved a procession outside the temple, the local population also gathered to watch and to celebrate. These were the most elaborate temple ceremonies, accompanied by the recitation of hymns and the performance of musicians. Festival ceremonies entailed reenactment of mythological events or the performance of other symbolic acts, like the cutting of a sheaf of wheat during the harvest-related festival dedicated to the god Min. Many of these ceremonies took place only within the temple building, such as the "union with the sun disk" festival practiced in the Late Period and afterward, when cult statues were carried to the temple roof at the start of the New Year to be enlivened by the rays of the sun.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: can you name some of the gods worshipped?

Context: Min

Question: did they also worship animals?

Answer: Yes, the Apis, a sacred bull worshipped as a manifestation of the Memphite god Ptah, and the falcon at Edfu who represented the falcon god Horus.

Explanation: Among the most prominent of these animals were the Apis, a sacred bull worshipped as a manifestation of the Memphite god Ptah, and the falcon at Edfu who represented the falcon god Horus.

Egyptian temple [SEP] Sacred animals

During the Late Period, a different form of worship involving animals developed. In this case, laymen paid the priests to kill, mummify, and bury an animal of a particular species as an offering to a god. These animals were not regarded as especially sacred, but as a species, they were associated with the god because it was depicted in the form of that animal. The god Thoth, for instance, could be depicted as an ibis and as a baboon, and both ibises and baboons were given to him. Although this practice was distinct from the worship of single divine representatives, some temples kept stocks of animals that could be selected for either purpose.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: Yes, the Apis, a sacred bull worshipped as a manifestation of the Memphite god Ptah, and the falcon at Edfu who represented the falcon god Horus.

Question: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Answer: Opet Festival is an important ceremony during the New Kingdom, the image of Amun from Karnak visited the form of Amun worshipped at Luxor Temple, and both acted to reaffirm the king's divine rule.

Egyptian temple [SEP] Festivals

In festivals that involved a procession, priests carried the divine image out from the sanctuary, usually in its model barque, to visit another site. The barque might travel entirely on land or be loaded onto a real boat to travel on the river. The purpose of the god's visit varied. Some were tied to the ideology of kingship. In the Opet Festival, an extremely important ceremony during the New Kingdom, the image of Amun from Karnak visited the form of Amun worshipped at Luxor Temple, and both acted to reaffirm the king's divine rule. Still other celebrations had a funerary character, as in the Beautiful Festival of the Valley, when Amun of Karnak visited the mortuary temples of the Theban Necropolis to visit the kings commemorated there, while ordinary people visited the funerary chapels of their own deceased relatives.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: Opet Festival is an important ceremony during the New Kingdom, the image of Amun from Karnak visited the form of Amun worshipped at Luxor Temple, and both acted to reaffirm the king's divine rule.

Question: what was the origin of the "memphite god" mentioned above?

Answer: Ptah is an Egyptian creator god who existed before all other things and, by his will, "thought" the world into existence.

Ptah [SEP] Origin and symbolism

Ptah is an Egyptian creator god who existed before all other things and, by his will, "thought" the world into existence. It was first conceived by Thought, and realized by the Word: "Ptah conceives the world by the thought of his heart and gives life through the magic of his Word". That which Ptah commanded was created, with which the constituents of nature, fauna, and flora, are contained. He also plays a role in the preservation of the world and the permanence of the royal function. In the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, the Nubian pharaoh Shabaka would transcribe on a stela known as the Shabaka Stone, an old theological document found in the archives of the library of the temple of the god at Memphis.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: what was the origin of the "memphite god" mentioned above?

Context: Ptah is an Egyptian creator god who existed before all other things and, by his will, "thought" the world into existence.

Question: how is it depicted?

Answer: Ptah is generally represented in the guise of a man with green skin, contained in a shroud sticking to the skin, wearing the divine beard, and holding a sceptre combining three powerful symbols of ancient Egyptian religion

Ptah [SEP] Representations and hypostases

Like many deities of ancient Egypt he takes many forms, through one of his particular aspects or through syncretism of ancient deities of the Memphite region. Sometimes represented as a dwarf, naked and deformed, his popularity would continue to grow during the Late Period. Frequently associated with the god Bes, his worship then moved beyond the borders of Egypt and was exported throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Through dissemination by the Phoenicians, we find figures of Ptah in Carthage. Ptah is generally represented in the guise of a man with green skin, contained in a shroud sticking to the skin, wearing the divine beard, and holding a sceptre combining three powerful symbols of ancient Egyptian religion: These three combined symbols indicate the three creative powers of the god: power (was), life (ankh) and stability (djed).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: how is it depicted?

Context: Ptah is generally represented in the guise of a man with green skin, contained in a shroud sticking to the skin, wearing the divine beard, and holding a sceptre combining three powerful symbols of ancient Egyptian religion

Question: when is the above mentioned festival celebrated?

Answer: It was an annual Ancient Egyptian Festival celebrated in Thebes (Luxor), especially in the New Kingdom and later periods, during the second month of the season of Akhet, the flooding of the Nile.

Opet Festival [SEP] Introduction

The Opet Festival (the Beautiful Feast of Opet/"heb nefer en Ipet") was an annual Ancient Egyptian Festival celebrated in Thebes (Luxor), especially in the New Kingdom and later periods, during the second month of the season of Akhet, the flooding of the Nile. The festival was celebrated to promote the Fertility of Amun-Re and the Pharaoh, who was also believed to be the spiritual offspring of Amun-Re; the Son/Daughter of Amun-Re. John Darnell argues that “Opet began on II Akhet 15 under Thutmose III and lasted 11 days (Sethe 1907: 824, line 10); by the beginning of the reign of Ramesses III, the festival stretched over 24 days” (Darnell, 2010).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: how is it depicted?

Context: when is the above mentioned festival celebrated?

Context: It was an annual Ancient Egyptian Festival celebrated in Thebes (Luxor), especially in the New Kingdom and later periods, during the second month of the season of Akhet, the flooding of the Nile.

Question: why is it an important festival?

Answer: These celebrations of the divinity of the gods provided assurance to a historically suspicious society, allowing them to live their lives without fear of divine intervention.  The Opet Festival also reinforced the fertility of the harvest

Opet Festival [SEP] Importance of the Festival to society

The Opet Festival re-established essential communication between the gods and Egyptian society through the re-birth ceremony in the Temple of Luxor's birth room, which initiated the pharaoh as an intermediary for the gods by being re-born as the son of Amun-Re, “the rebirth of the son god” (Creasman, 2013). This rebirth promoted the fertility of the pharaoh, ensuring their right to rule was divine and consolidating their lineage. The Opet Festival also reinforced the fertility of the harvest, which fluctuated depending on the inundation of the Nile, and was therefore celebrated in the “second month of the Akhet season” (Darnell, 2010).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: how is it depicted?

Context: why is it an important festival?

Context: These celebrations of the divinity of the gods provided assurance to a historically suspicious society, allowing them to live their lives without fear of divine intervention.  The Opet Festival also reinforced the fertility of the harvest

Question: who constructed the temples mentioned above?

Answer: Egyptian rulers

Egyptian temple [SEP] Construction

Temples were built throughout Upper and Lower Egypt, as well as at Egyptian-controlled oases in the Libyan Desert as far west as Siwa, and at outposts in the Sinai Peninsula such as Timna. In periods when Egypt dominated Nubia, Egyptian rulers also built temples there, as far south as Jebel Barkal. Most Egyptian towns had a temple, but in some cases, as with mortuary temples or the temples in Nubia, the temple was a new foundation on previously empty land. The exact site of a temple was often chosen for religious reasons; it might, for example, be the mythical birthplace or burial place of a god.


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Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: how is it depicted?

Context: why is it an important festival?

Context: who constructed the temples mentioned above?

Context: Egyptian rulers

Question: what material was used for building them?

Answer: Early temples were built of brick and other perishable materials, and most of the outlying buildings in temple enclosures remained brick-built throughout Egyptian history. The main stones used in temple construction were limestone and sandstone.

Explanation: Early temples were built of brick and other perishable materials, and most of the outlying buildings in temple enclosures remained brick-built throughout Egyptian history. The main stones used in temple construction were limestone and sandstone, which are common in Egypt; stones that are harder and more difficult to carve, such as granite, were used in smaller amounts for individual elements like obelisks. The stone might be quarried nearby or shipped on the Nile from quarries elsewhere.

Egyptian temple [SEP] Construction

In reality, it was the work of hundreds of his subjects, conscripted in the corvée system. The construction process for a new temple, or a major addition to an existing one, could last years or decades. The use of stone in Egyptian temples emphasized their purpose as eternal houses for the gods and set them apart from buildings for the use of mortals, which were built of mudbrick. Early temples were built of brick and other perishable materials, and most of the outlying buildings in temple enclosures remained brick-built throughout Egyptian history. The main stones used in temple construction were limestone and sandstone, which are common in Egypt; stones that are harder and more difficult to carve, such as granite, were used in smaller amounts for individual elements like obelisks.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: how is it depicted?

Context: why is it an important festival?

Context: Egyptian rulers

Context: what material was used for building them?

Context: Early temples were built of brick and other perishable materials, and most of the outlying buildings in temple enclosures remained brick-built throughout Egyptian history. The main stones used in temple construction were limestone and sandstone.

Question: does the last mentioned material have different types?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Egyptian temple [SEP] Construction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: when were "egyptian temples" built?

Context: Late fourth millennium BC

Context: how are they designed?

Context: Min

Context: did they also worship animals?

Context: what were the feasts celebrated here?

Context: how is it depicted?

Context: why is it an important festival?

Context: Egyptian rulers

Context: does the last mentioned material have different types?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: apart from construction, what else is it used for?

Answer: Decorative art works and housewares

Explanation: decorative art works and housewares,

Sandstone [SEP] Uses

Sandstone has been used since prehistoric times for construction, decorative art works and housewares, and continues to be used. It has been widely employed around the world in constructing temples, homes, and other buildings. Although its resistance to weathering varies, sandstone is easy to work. That makes it a common building and paving material, including in asphalt concrete. However, some types that have been used in the past, such as the Collyhurst sandstone used in North West England, have had poor long-term weather resistance, necessitating repair and replacement in older buildings. Because of the hardness of individual grains, uniformity of grain size and friability of their structure, some types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make grindstones, for sharpening blades and other implements.


Question: where did battle of winterthur take place?

Answer: Winterthur

Explanation: Winterthur

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Introduction

The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army, commanded by Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze, during the War of the Second Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars. The small town of Winterthur lies northeast of Zürich, in Switzerland. Because of its position at the junction of seven roads, the army that held the town controlled access to most of Switzerland and points crossing the Rhine into southern Germany. Although the forces involved were small, the ability of the Austrians to sustain their 11-hour assault on the French line resulted in the consolidation of three Austrian forces on the plateau north of Zürich, leading to the French defeat a few days later.


Context: where did battle of winterthur take place?

Context: Winterthur

Question: when did the war break out?

Answer: 1799

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Outbreak of war in 1799

The French Directory's military strategy in 1799 called for offensive campaigns on all fronts: central Italy, northern Italy, the Swiss cantons, the upper Rhineland, and The Netherlands. Theoretically, the French had a combined force of 250,000 troops, but this was on paper, not in the field. As winter broke in 1799, General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and the Army of the Danube, at a paper strength of 50,000 and an actual strength of 25,000, crossed the Rhine between Basel and Kehl on 1 March. This crossing officially violated the Treaty of Campo Formio. The Army of the Danube advanced through the Black Forest and, by mid-March, established an offensive position at the western and northern edge of the Swiss Plateau by the village of Ostrach.


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Question: who took part in it?

Answer: Army of the Danube and the Habsburg army

Explanation: between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Introduction


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: Army of the Danube and the Habsburg army

Question: can you name any leader of this war?

Answer: André Masséna

Explanation: André Masséna

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Leadership

After the defeats at the battles at Ostrach and Stockach, and the Army of the Danube's retreat into the Black Forest, the French Directory had sacked Jean-Baptiste Jourdan in April 1799 and given command of both the Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube to André Masséna. Protecting the northern access to Zürich, Masséna gathered some of the best commanders he had available; eventually, three of them would become Marshals of France, and Tharreau, a dependable General of Division. The situation for the French was dire. Not only had they been trounced in southwestern Germany, the legendary Alexander Suvorov was on his way to northern Italy with 60,000 Russians to take command of Coalition forces there.


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: can you name any leader of this war?

Context: André Masséna

Question: from where does he belong?

Answer: Nice

Explanation: Nice

André Masséna [SEP] Early life

Masséna was born in Nice, which was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia at the time, on 16 May 1758. He was the son of shopkeeper Jules Masséna (Giulio Massena), who became a wine merchant, and his wife Marguerite Fabre. His father died in 1764, and after his mother remarried, he was sent to live with his father's relatives. At the age of thirteen, Masséna became a cabin boy aboard a merchant ship. While aboard, he sailed in the Mediterranean Sea and on two extended voyages to French Guiana. In 1775, after four years at sea, he returned to Nice and enlisted in the French Army as a private in the Royal Italian Regiment.


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: can you name any leader of this war?

Context: André Masséna

Context: from where does he belong?

Context: Nice

Question: what was his role in the mentioned war?

Answer: He commanded of both the Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube.

Explanation: given command of both the Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube

Battle of Winterthur [SEP] Leadership


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: can you name any leader of this war?

Context: André Masséna

Context: from where does he belong?

Context: Nice

Context: what was his role in the mentioned war?

Context: He commanded of both the Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube.

Question: who is behind the formation of this second group of army?

Answer: The French Directory

Explanation: the French Directory

Army of the Danube [SEP] Introduction

The Army of the Danube () was a field army of the French Directory in the 1799 southwestern campaign in the Upper Danube valley. It was formed on 2 March 1799 by the simple expedient of renaming the Army of Observation, which had been observing Austrian movements on the border between French First Republic and the Holy Roman Empire. It was commanded by General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Comte Jourdan (1762–1833). The formation of the army was part of the French Directory's long term strategy to undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the First Coalition and the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: can you name any leader of this war?

Context: André Masséna

Context: from where does he belong?

Context: Nice

Context: what was his role in the mentioned war?

Context: who is behind the formation of this second group of army?

Context: The French Directory

Question: any particular reason behind its formation?

Answer: To undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the First Coalition and the Treaty of Campo Formio.

Explanation: to undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the First Coalition and the Treaty of Campo Formio

Army of the Danube [SEP] Introduction


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: can you name any leader of this war?

Context: André Masséna

Context: from where does he belong?

Context: Nice

Context: what was his role in the mentioned war?

Context: The French Directory

Context: any particular reason behind its formation?

Context: To undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the First Coalition and the Treaty of Campo Formio.

Question: which battle did it take part in other than the former one?

Answer: The Battle of Ostrach

Explanation: The Battle of Ostrach

Army of the Danube [SEP] Battle of Ostrach

The Battle of Ostrach, also called the "Battle by Ostrach", occurred 20–23 March 1799. In early March, the Army of the Danube pressed forward toward Pfullendorf and Ostrach, the former an imperial city in Upper Swabia and the latter a nearby village of 300 belonging to the Imperial Abbey of Salem. Their goal was to cut the Austrian line at Switzerland, preventing the Coalition use of Switzerland as an overland route between central and southern Europe. This would ostensibly isolate the armies of the Coalition in northern Italy and Germany, and prevent them from assisting one another; furthermore, if the French held the interior passes in Switzerland, they could use the routes to move their own forces between the two theaters.


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: can you name any leader of this war?

Context: André Masséna

Context: from where does he belong?

Context: Nice

Context: what was his role in the mentioned war?

Context: The French Directory

Context: which battle did it take part in other than the former one?

Context: The Battle of Ostrach

Question: when was it fought?

Answer: 20–23 March 1799

Explanation: 20–23 March 1799

The French were forced back to Stockach, where on 25 March the armies engaged again, this time with greater losses on both sides, and a decisive Austrian victory.


Context: Winterthur

Context: when did the war break out?

Context: who took part in it?

Context: can you name any leader of this war?

Context: André Masséna

Context: from where does he belong?

Context: Nice

Context: what was his role in the mentioned war?

Context: The French Directory

Context: The Battle of Ostrach

Context: when was it fought?

Context: 20–23 March 1799

Question: who was it fought against?

Answer: Pfullendorf and Ostrach

Explanation: the Army of the Danube pressed forward toward Pfullendorf and Ostrach,