Context: what is melodifestivalen?

Context: from where did it originate?

Context: which style is presented here?

Context: Schlager.

Context: who hosts it?

Context: can you name any of its winner?

Context: Ireland.

Context: any artist from here?

Context: Carola and Stephen Simmonds.

Context: who is the latter person?

Context: He is a Swedish recording artist.

Context: any work of his?

Context: where is she from?

Context: Tyresö.

Context: has any of it been sung in the above mentioned festival?

Context: No.

Question: who all can participate in the festival?

Answer: To be eligible, songwriters and performers must be at least sixteen years of age on the day of the first Eurovision semi-final.

Melodifestivalen [SEP] Participation

Hundreds of songs and performers have entered Melodifestivalen since its debut. Although songwriters living outside Sweden were once not allowed to enter Melodifestivalen, the 2012 contest marked the first time foreign songwriters could submit entries, provided that they collaborated with a Swedish songwriter. To be eligible, songwriters and performers must be at least sixteen years of age on the day of the first Eurovision semi-final. Until 2001, participation in the festival was limited to a single night. The number of contestants ranged from five to twelve. A two-round system was used intermittently between 1981 and 1998, in which all but five of the contestants were eliminated in the first round of voting.


Context: what is melodifestivalen?

Context: It is an annual song competition organised by Swedish public broadcasters.

Context: from where did it originate?

Context: The first Melodifestival, incorporated into the "Säg det med musik" radio series, took place on 29 January 1959 at Cirkus in Stockholm.

Context: which style is presented here?

Context: Schlager.

Context: who hosts it?

Context: The venues for each year's Melodifestival are announced in September of the preceding year.

Context: can you name any of its winner?

Context: Ireland.

Context: any artist from here?

Context: Carola and Stephen Simmonds.

Context: who is the latter person?

Context: He is a Swedish recording artist.

Context: any work of his?

Context: Simmonds had his breakthrough with the hit "Tears Never Dry" a duet with Lisa Nilsson that proved his biggest single hit.

Context: where is she from?

Context: Tyresö.

Context: any work of her other than this single hit?

Context: "Lean On Love" in 1989 and "Indestructible".

Context: No.

Context: who all can participate in the festival?

Context: To be eligible, songwriters and performers must be at least sixteen years of age on the day of the first Eurovision semi-final.

Question: do they get any second chance?

Answer: The Second Chance round is the fifth heat in which the remaining four entries to the final are chosen.

Melodifestivalen [SEP] Semifinals and Second Chance

Both finalists reprise their entries at the end of the broadcast. The organisation of a semi-final system for Melodifestivalen popularised televised heats at national Eurovision selections. A similar system was adopted by the Eurovision itself in 2004. The Second Chance round ("Andra chansen") is the fifth heat in which the remaining four entries to the final are chosen. The third- and fourth-placed songs from each semi-final (eight songs in total) compete in the event. The first Second Chance round in 2002 had a panel of former winners decide the two finalists. Between 2003 and 2006, the semi-final performances were re-broadcast, and a round of voting narrowed the songs to three or four.


Context: what is melodifestivalen?

Context: from where did it originate?

Context: which style is presented here?

Context: Schlager.

Context: who hosts it?

Context: can you name any of its winner?

Context: Ireland.

Context: any artist from here?

Context: Carola and Stephen Simmonds.

Context: who is the latter person?

Context: He is a Swedish recording artist.

Context: any work of his?

Context: where is she from?

Context: Tyresö.

Context: No.

Context: do they get any second chance?

Context: The Second Chance round is the fifth heat in which the remaining four entries to the final are chosen.

Question: the place where the festival originated, is it a green city?

Answer: Yes.

Stockholm [SEP] Green city with a national urban park

Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world. The city was granted the 2010 European Green Capital Award by the EU Commission; this was Europe's first "green capital". Applicant cities were evaluated in several ways: climate change, local transport, public green areas, air quality, noise, waste, water consumption, waste water treatment, sustainable utilisation of land, biodiversity and environmental management. Out of 35 participant cities, eight finalists were chosen: Stockholm, Amsterdam, Bristol, Copenhagen, Freiburg, Hamburg, Münster, and Oslo. Some of the reasons why Stockholm won the 2010 European Green Capital Award were: its integrated administrative system, which ensures that environmental aspects are considered in budgets, operational planning, reporting, and monitoring; its cut in carbon dioxide emissions by 25% per capita in ten years; and its decision towards being fossil fuel free by 2050.


Context: what is melodifestivalen?

Context: from where did it originate?

Context: which style is presented here?

Context: Schlager.

Context: who hosts it?

Context: can you name any of its winner?

Context: Ireland.

Context: any artist from here?

Context: Carola and Stephen Simmonds.

Context: who is the latter person?

Context: He is a Swedish recording artist.

Context: any work of his?

Context: where is she from?

Context: Tyresö.

Context: No.

Context: do they get any second chance?

Context: the place where the festival originated, is it a green city?

Context: Yes.

Question: has it ranked anywhere?

Answer: Yes, the 2010 European Green Capital Award by the EU Commission.

Explanation: Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world. The city was granted the 2010 European Green Capital Award by the EU Commission;


Context: what is melodifestivalen?

Context: from where did it originate?

Context: which style is presented here?

Context: Schlager.

Context: who hosts it?

Context: can you name any of its winner?

Context: Ireland.

Context: any artist from here?

Context: Carola and Stephen Simmonds.

Context: who is the latter person?

Context: He is a Swedish recording artist.

Context: any work of his?

Context: where is she from?

Context: Tyresö.

Context: No.

Context: do they get any second chance?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it ranked anywhere?

Context: Yes, the 2010 European Green Capital Award by the EU Commission.

Question: when did this award start?

Answer: 22 May 2008.

European Green Capital Award [SEP] Introduction

The European Green Capital Award is an award for a European city based on its environmental record. The award was launched on 22 May 2008 and the first award was given to Stockholm for the year 2010. The European Commission has long recognised the important role that local authorities play in improving the environment, and their high level of commitment to genuine progress. The European Green Capital Award has been conceived as an initiative to promote and reward these efforts.


Context: what is melodifestivalen?

Context: from where did it originate?

Context: which style is presented here?

Context: Schlager.

Context: who hosts it?

Context: can you name any of its winner?

Context: Ireland.

Context: any artist from here?

Context: Carola and Stephen Simmonds.

Context: who is the latter person?

Context: He is a Swedish recording artist.

Context: any work of his?

Context: where is she from?

Context: Tyresö.

Context: No.

Context: do they get any second chance?

Context: Yes.

Context: has it ranked anywhere?

Context: when did this award start?

Context: 22 May 2008.

Question: what is it for?

Answer: It is an award for a European city based on its environmental record.

Explanation: The European Green Capital Award is an award for a European city based on its environmental record.


Question: two scuba divers are 50 m below the surface of the water

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Decompression sickness [SEP] Introduction

Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation. DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression (i.e., during ascent), but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson, flying in an unpressurised aircraft at high altitude, and extravehicular activity from spacecraft. DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness. Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body, DCS can produce many symptoms, and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death.


Context: two scuba divers are 50 m below the surface of the water

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is this sickness about?

Answer: It is a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation

Explanation: Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: It is a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation

Question: what are some of the causes this sickness?

Answer: Reduction in ambient pressure and when leaving a high-pressure environment, ascending from depth, or ascending to altitude.

Explanation: DCS is caused by a reduction in ambient pressure that results in the formation of bubbles of inert gases within tissues of the body. It may happen when leaving a high-pressure environment, ascending from depth, or ascending to altitude.

Decompression sickness [SEP] Causes


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: what are some of the causes this sickness?

Context: Reduction in ambient pressure and when leaving a high-pressure environment, ascending from depth, or ascending to altitude.

Question: how does this pressure react to the atmosphere?

Answer: Within the atmosphere, the ambient pressure decreases as height increases.

Ambient pressure [SEP] Atmosphere

Within the atmosphere, the ambient pressure decreases as height increases. By measuring ambient atmospheric pressure, a pilot may determine altitude (see pitot-static system). Near sea level, a change of ambient pressure of 1 millibar is taken to represent a change of height of .


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how does this pressure react to the atmosphere?

Context: Within the atmosphere, the ambient pressure decreases as height increases.

Question: how can one calculate this pressure?

Answer: In fields such as meteorology and underwater diving, it is common to see ambient pressure expressed in bar or millibar. One bar is 100 kPa or approximately ambient pressure at sea level

Ambient pressure [SEP] Units of pressure

The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), which is a very small unit relative to atmospheric pressure on Earth, so kilopascals (kPa) are more commonly used in this context. The ambient atmospheric pressure at sea level is not constant: it varies with the weather, but averages around 100 kPa. In fields such as meteorology and underwater diving, it is common to see ambient pressure expressed in bar or millibar. One bar is 100 kPa or approximately ambient pressure at sea level. Ambient pressure may in other circumstances be measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or in standard atmospheres (atm).


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: In fields such as meteorology and underwater diving, it is common to see ambient pressure expressed in bar or millibar. One bar is 100 kPa or approximately ambient pressure at sea level

Question: what are some of the signs of the sickness?

Answer: Joint pain accounts for about 60% to 70% of all altitude DCS cases, with the shoulder being the most common site for altitude and bounce diving, and the knees and hip joints for saturation and compressed air work.

Decompression sickness [SEP] Signs and symptoms

While bubbles can form anywhere in the body, DCS is most frequently observed in the shoulders, elbows, knees, and ankles. Joint pain ("the bends") accounts for about 60% to 70% of all altitude DCS cases, with the shoulder being the most common site for altitude and bounce diving, and the knees and hip joints for saturation and compressed air work. Neurological symptoms are present in 10% to 15% of DCS cases with headache and visual disturbances being the most common symptom. Skin manifestations are present in about 10% to 15% of cases. Pulmonary DCS ("the chokes") is very rare in divers and has been observed much less frequently in aviators since the introduction of oxygen pre-breathing protocols.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: what are some of the signs of the sickness?

Context: Joint pain accounts for about 60% to 70% of all altitude DCS cases, with the shoulder being the most common site for altitude and bounce diving, and the knees and hip joints for saturation and compressed air work.

Question: how often do people suffer from it?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: how often do people suffer from it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: where does this sickness mostly arise from?

Answer: DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression, but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson, flying in an unpressurised aircraft at high altitude, and extravehicular activity from spacecraft.

Explanation: DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression (i.e., during ascent), but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson, flying in an unpressurised aircraft at high altitude, and extravehicular activity from spacecraft.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: how often do people suffer from it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: where does this sickness mostly arise from?

Context: DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression, but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson, flying in an unpressurised aircraft at high altitude, and extravehicular activity from spacecraft.

Question: are there any limitations for breathing in such kind of diving?

Answer: Yes, Breath-hold diving by an air-breathing animal is limited to the physiological capacity to perform the dive on the oxygen available until it returns to a source of fresh breathing gas, usually the air at the surface

Underwater diving [SEP] Breath-hold limitations

Breath-hold diving by an air-breathing animal is limited to the physiological capacity to perform the dive on the oxygen available until it returns to a source of fresh breathing gas, usually the air at the surface. As this internal oxygen supply reduces, the animal experiences an increasing urge to breathe caused by buildup of carbon dioxide and lactate in the blood, followed by loss of consciousness due to central nervous system hypoxia. If this occurs underwater, it will drown. Blackouts in freediving can occur when the breath is held long enough for metabolic activity to reduce the oxygen partial pressure sufficiently to cause loss of consciousness.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: how often do people suffer from it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there any limitations for breathing in such kind of diving?

Context: Yes, Breath-hold diving by an air-breathing animal is limited to the physiological capacity to perform the dive on the oxygen available until it returns to a source of fresh breathing gas, usually the air at the surface

Question: what are some of the materials that one needs to use in such kind of diving?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: how often do people suffer from it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what are some of the materials that one needs to use in such kind of diving?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: are there classes for such diving?

Answer: Yes, underwater diver training is normally given by a qualified instructor who is a member of one of many diver training agencies or is registered with a government agency.

Underwater diving [SEP] Diver training

Underwater diver training is normally given by a qualified instructor who is a member of one of many diver training agencies or is registered with a government agency. Basic diver training entails the learning of skills required for the safe conduct of activities in an underwater environment, and includes procedures and skills for the use of diving equipment, safety, emergency self-help and rescue procedures, dive planning, and use of dive tables. Diving hand signals are used to communicate underwater. Professional divers will also learn other methods of communication. An entry level diver must learn the techniques of breathing underwater through a demand regulator, including clearing it of water and recovering it if dislodged from the mouth, and clearing the mask if it is flooded.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: how often do people suffer from it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there classes for such diving?

Context: Yes, underwater diver training is normally given by a qualified instructor who is a member of one of many diver training agencies or is registered with a government agency.

Question: can the sickness be diagnosed?

Answer: Yes, decompression sickness should be suspected if any of the symptoms associated with the condition occurs following a drop in pressure, in particular, within 24 hours of diving.

Decompression sickness [SEP] Diagnosis

Decompression sickness should be suspected if any of the symptoms associated with the condition occurs following a drop in pressure, in particular, within 24 hours of diving. In 1995, 95% of all cases reported to Divers Alert Network had shown symptoms within 24 hours. This window can be extended to 36 hours for ascent to altitude and 48 hours for prolonged exposure to altitude following diving. An alternative diagnosis should be suspected if severe symptoms begin more than six hours following decompression without an altitude exposure or if any symptom occurs more than 24 hours after surfacing. The diagnosis is confirmed if the symptoms are relieved by recompression.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: how often do people suffer from it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there classes for such diving?

Context: can the sickness be diagnosed?

Context: Yes, decompression sickness should be suspected if any of the symptoms associated with the condition occurs following a drop in pressure, in particular, within 24 hours of diving.

Question: do animals also suffer from such sickness?

Answer: Yes, Animals may also contract DCS, especially those caught in nets and rapidly brought to the surface.

Decompression sickness [SEP] Other animals

Animals may also contract DCS, especially those caught in nets and rapidly brought to the surface. It has been documented in loggerhead turtles and likely in prehistoric marine animals as well. Modern reptiles are susceptible to DCS, and there is some evidence that marine mammals such as cetaceans and seals may also be affected. AW Carlsen has suggested that the presence of a right-left shunt in the reptilian heart may account for the predisposition in the same way as a patent foramen ovale does in humans.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is this sickness about?

Context: how can one calculate this pressure?

Context: how often do people suffer from it?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are there classes for such diving?

Context: can the sickness be diagnosed?

Context: do animals also suffer from such sickness?

Context: Yes, Animals may also contract DCS, especially those caught in nets and rapidly brought to the surface.

Question: any treatment for this sickness?

Answer: All cases of decompression sickness should be treated initially with 100% oxygen until hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be provided.

Decompression sickness [SEP] Treatment

All cases of decompression sickness should be treated initially with 100% oxygen until hyperbaric oxygen therapy (100% oxygen delivered in a high-pressure chamber) can be provided. Mild cases of the "bends" and some skin symptoms may disappear during descent from high altitude; however, it is recommended that these cases still be evaluated. Neurological symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, and mottled or marbled skin lesions should be treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy if seen within 10 to 14 days of development. Recompression on air was shown to be an effective treatment for minor DCS symptoms by Keays in 1909. Evidence of the effectiveness of recompression therapy utilizing oxygen was first shown by Yarbrough and Behnke, and has since become the standard of care for treatment of DCS.


Question: when did the colorado river stop reaching the ocean

Answer: since the 1960s.

Colorado River [SEP] Introduction

Known for its dramatic canyons, whitewater rapids, and eleven U.S. National Parks, the Colorado River and its tributaries are a vital source of water for 40 million people. The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts, which in most years divert its entire flow for agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply. Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power, and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West. Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower of the river, which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s.


Context: when did the colorado river stop reaching the ocean

Context: since the 1960s.

Question: where is it located?

Answer: In the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Colorado River [SEP] Introduction

The Colorado River () is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The river drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. states and two Mexican states. Starting in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado, the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona–Nevada border, where it turns south toward the international border. After entering Mexico, the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: In the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Question: does the above mentioned water body have any impact on environment?

Answer: Yes, reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality.

Colorado River [SEP] Environmental impacts

Since 1963, the only times when the Colorado River has reached the ocean have been during El Niño events in the 1980s and 1990s. Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality. Salinity is one of the major issues and also leads to the corrosion of pipelines in agricultural and urban areas. The lower Colorado's salt content was about 50 parts per million (ppm) in its natural state, but by the 1960s, it had increased to well over 2000 ppm. By the early 1970s, there was also serious concern about salinity caused by salts leached from local soils by irrigation drainage water, which were estimated to add of excess salt to the river per year.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: does the above mentioned water body have any impact on environment?

Context: Yes, reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality.

Question: is there any controversies related to it?

Answer: Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an "abomination".

Colorado River [SEP] Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy

Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an "abomination". On July 25, the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress, over the objections of representatives from Wyoming, Utah, and the USGS, which noted that the Green River was much longer and had a larger drainage basin above its confluence with the Grand River, although the Grand contributed a greater flow of water.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: is there any controversies related to it?

Context: Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an "abomination".

Question: who was the person mentioned above?

Answer: Edward Thomas Taylor was a lawyer and educator who served as a U.S. Representative from Colorado. A member of the Democratic Party, he served 17 terms in the U.S. House, from 1909 to 1941.

Explanation: Edward Thomas Taylor (June 19, 1858 – September 3, 1941) was a lawyer and educator who served as a U.S. Representative from Colorado. A member of the Democratic Party, he served 17 terms in the U.S. House, from 1909 to 1941.

Edward T. Taylor [SEP] Introduction


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: Edward Thomas Taylor was a lawyer and educator who served as a U.S. Representative from Colorado. A member of the Democratic Party, he served 17 terms in the U.S. House, from 1909 to 1941.

Question: where was he born?

Answer: Metamora, Illinois.

Edward T. Taylor [SEP] Early life and career

Taylor was born on a farm near Metamora, Illinois. He attended the common schools of Illinois and Kansas, and graduated from the high school at Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1881. Taylor moved to Leadville, Colorado and was principal of Leadville High School from 1881 to 1882. He graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1884. admitted to the bar the same year, he returned to Leadville and commenced the practice of law. Taylor served as superintendent of schools of Lake County in 1884, and as deputy district attorney in 1885. He moved to Glenwood Springs, Colorado in 1887 and resumed private practice.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Question: it falls under which country?

Answer: United States.

Metamora, Illinois [SEP] Introduction

Metamora is a village in Metamora Township, Woodford County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,636 at the 2010 census. Metamora is a growing suburb of Peoria and is part of the Peoria, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Context: it falls under which country?

Context: United States.

Question: how many states the country consists of?

Answer: It consists of 50 states.

United States [SEP] Introduction

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in central North America, between Canada and Mexico. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five self-governing territories, and several other island possessions. At , it is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area. With a population of over , it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City. Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago, and European colonization began in the 16th century.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Context: it falls under which country?

Context: United States.

Context: how many states the country consists of?

Context: It consists of 50 states.

Question: which ethnicity contribute to the country's population?

Answer: White Americans of European ancestry, mostly German, Irish, English, Italian, Polish and French, including white Hispanics and Latinos from Latin America

Explanation: The United States has a very diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members. White Americans of European ancestry, mostly German, Irish, English, Italian, Polish and French, including white Hispanics and Latinos from Latin America, form the largest racial group, at 73.1% of the population.

United States [SEP] Population

White Americans of European ancestry, mostly German, Irish, English, Italian, Polish and French, including white Hispanics and Latinos from Latin America, form the largest racial group, at 73.1% of the population. African Americans constitute the nation's largest racial minority and third-largest ancestry group, and are around 13% of the total U.S. population. Asian Americans are the country's second-largest racial minority (the three largest Asian ethnic groups are Chinese, Filipino, and Indian). In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some were naturalized citizens, were lawful permanent residents, were temporary lawful residents, and were unauthorized immigrants. Among current living immigrants to the U.S., the top five countries of birth are Mexico, China, India, the Philippines and El Salvador.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Context: it falls under which country?

Context: United States.

Context: It consists of 50 states.

Context: which ethnicity contribute to the country's population?

Context: White Americans of European ancestry, mostly German, Irish, English, Italian, Polish and French, including white Hispanics and Latinos from Latin America

Question: what are the initiatives that were taken by the government to protect endangered species?

Answer: The most prominent environmental agency is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.

United States [SEP] Wildlife and conservation

Environmental issues include debates on oil and nuclear energy, dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and deforestation, and international responses to global warming. The most prominent environmental agency is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970. The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Context: it falls under which country?

Context: United States.

Context: It consists of 50 states.

Context: what are the initiatives that were taken by the government to protect endangered species?

Context: The most prominent environmental agency is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.

Question: what is the most common sport played by the place?

Answer: American football

United States [SEP] Sports

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport; the National Football League (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally. Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century, with Major League Baseball (MLB) being the top league. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Hockey League (NHL). College football and basketball attract large audiences. In soccer (a sport that has gained a footing in the United States since the mid-1990's), the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the men's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women's team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup four times; Major League Soccer is the sport's highest league in the United States (featuring 23 American and three Canadian teams).


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Context: it falls under which country?

Context: United States.

Context: It consists of 50 states.

Context: what is the most common sport played by the place?

Context: American football

Question: does they have any professional team?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

United States [SEP] Sports


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Context: it falls under which country?

Context: United States.

Context: It consists of 50 states.

Context: American football

Context: does they have any professional team?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: which are the major broadcasters in the country mentioned?

Answer: National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX).

United States [SEP] Mass media

The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches. Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day. In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions, and corporate underwriting.


Context: since the 1960s.

Context: where is it located?

Context: who was the person mentioned above?

Context: where was he born?

Context: Metamora, Illinois.

Context: it falls under which country?

Context: United States.

Context: It consists of 50 states.

Context: American football

Context: does they have any professional team?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: which are the major broadcasters in the country mentioned?

Context: National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX).

Question: when was this last company founded?

Answer: October 9, 1986

Fox Broadcasting Company [SEP] Introduction

The Fox Broadcasting Company (often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX) is an American commercial broadcast over-the-air television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation. The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City, with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center (also in New York) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles. Launched on October 9, 1986, as a competitor to the Big Three television networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC), Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network. It was the highest-rated free-to-air network in the 18–49 demographic from 2004 to 2012, and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007–08 season.


Question: what is the catlins?

Answer: An area in the southeastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand.

The Catlins [SEP] Introduction

The Catlins (sometimes referred to as The Catlins Coast) comprises an area in the southeastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand. The area lies between Balclutha and Invercargill, straddling the boundary between the Otago and Southland regions. It includes the South Island's southernmost point, Slope Point. A rugged, sparsely populated area, the Catlins features a scenic coastal landscape and dense temperate rainforest, both of which harbour many endangered species of birds, most notably the rare yellow-eyed penguin. The coast attracts numerous marine mammals, among them New Zealand fur seals and Hooker's sea lions. In general terms the area enjoys a maritime temperate climate.


Context: what is the catlins?

Context: An area in the southeastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand.

Question: how unique is the wildlife there?

Answer: New Zealand fur seals and Hooker's sea lions, and occasionally southern elephant seals can be seen here.

The Catlins [SEP] Wildlife

The Catlins coast often hosts New Zealand fur seals and Hooker's sea lions, and occasionally southern elephant seals can be seen. Several species of penguin also nest along the coast, notably the rare yellow-eyed penguin ("hoiho"), as do other seabirds including mollymawks and Australasian gannets, and the estuaries of the rivers are home to herons, stilts, godwits and oystercatchers. Bitterns and the threatened fernbird ("matata") can also occasionally be seen along the reedy riverbanks. In the forests, endangered birds such as the yellowhead ("mohua") and kakariki (New Zealand parakeet) occur, as do other birds such as the tui, fantail ("piwakawaka"), and kereru (New Zealand pigeon).


Context: what is the catlins?

Context: how unique is the wildlife there?

Context: New Zealand fur seals and Hooker's sea lions, and occasionally southern elephant seals can be seen here.

Question: what type is the third one?

Answer: It is the largest member of the clade Pinnipedia and the order Carnivora.

Southern elephant seal [SEP] Introduction

The southern elephant seal ("Mirounga leonina") is one of the two species of elephant seals. It is the largest member of the clade Pinnipedia and the order Carnivora, as well as the largest extant marine mammal that is not a cetacean. It gets its name from its massive size and the large proboscis of the adult male, which is used to produce very loud roars, especially during the breeding season. A bull southern elephant seal is about 40% heavier than a male northern elephant seal ("Mirounga angustirostris"), more than twice as heavy as a male walrus ("Odobenus rosmarus"), and 6–7 times heavier than the largest living terrestrial carnivorans, the polar bear ("Ursus maritimus") and the Kodiak bear ("Ursus arctos middendorffi").


Context: what is the catlins?

Context: how unique is the wildlife there?

Context: what type is the third one?

Context: It is the largest member of the clade Pinnipedia and the order Carnivora.

Question: how does it look like?

Answer: The eyes are large, round, and black. The width of the eyes, and a high concentration of low-light pigments, suggest sight plays an important role in the capture of prey.

Southern elephant seal [SEP] Description

Southern elephant seal size also varies regionally. Studies have indicated elephant seals from South Georgia are around 30% heavier and 10% longer on average than those from Macquarie Island. The record-sized bull, shot in Possession Bay, South Georgia, on 28 February 1913, measured long and was estimated to weigh , although it was only partially weighed piecemeal. The maximum size of a female is and . The eyes are large, round, and black. The width of the eyes, and a high concentration of low-light pigments, suggest sight plays an important role in the capture of prey. Like all seals, elephant seals have hind limbs whose ends form the tail and tail fin.


Context: what is the catlins?

Context: how unique is the wildlife there?

Context: what type is the third one?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: The eyes are large, round, and black. The width of the eyes, and a high concentration of low-light pigments, suggest sight plays an important role in the capture of prey.

Question: how did it get the name?

Answer: It gets its name from its massive size and the large proboscis of the adult male

Explanation: It gets its name from its massive size and the large proboscis of the adult male, which is used to produce very loud roars, especially during the breeding season.


Context: what is the catlins?

Context: how unique is the wildlife there?

Context: what type is the third one?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: how did it get the name?

Context: It gets its name from its massive size and the large proboscis of the adult male

Question: what do they eat?

Answer: squid and fish.

Southern elephant seal [SEP] Feeding and diving

Satellite tracking revealed the seals spend very little time on the surface, usually a few minutes for breathing. They dive repeatedly, each time for more than 20 minutes, to hunt their prey—squid and fish—at depths of . They are the deepest diving air-breathing non-cetaceans and have been recorded at a maximum of in depth. As for the duration, depth and sequence of dives, the southern elephant seal is the best performing seal. In many regards, they exceed even most cetaceans. These capabilities result from nonstandard physiological adaptations, common to marine mammals, but particularly developed in elephant seals. The coping strategy is based on increased oxygen storage and reduced oxygen consumption.


Context: what is the catlins?

Context: how unique is the wildlife there?

Context: what type is the third one?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: how did it get the name?

Context: what do they eat?

Context: squid and fish.

Question: can the first one be eaten by humans?

Answer: Yes, a major food resource and are used in cuisines around the world.

Squid [SEP] As food

Squid form a major food resource and are used in cuisines around the world, notably in Japan where it is eaten as ika sōmen, sliced into vermicelli-like strips; as sashimi; and as tempura. Three species of "Loligo" are used in large quantities, "L. vulgaris" in the Mediterranean (known as "Calamar" in Spanish, "Calamaro" in Italian); "L. forbesii" in the Northeast Atlantic; and "L. pealei" on the American East Coast. Among the Ommastrephidae, "Todarodes pacificus" is the main commercial species, harvested in large quantities across the North Pacific in Canada, Japan and China. In English-speaking countries, squid as food is often called "calamari", adopted from Italian into English in the 17th century.


Context: what is the catlins?

Context: how unique is the wildlife there?

Context: what type is the third one?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: how did it get the name?

Context: what do they eat?

Context: squid and fish.

Context: can the first one be eaten by humans?

Context: Yes, a major food resource and are used in cuisines around the world.

Question: can you name some recipes made with it?

Answer: "Calamari" and ika sōmen.

Explanation: In English-speaking countries, squid as food is often called "calamari", adopted from Italian into English in the 17th century.

Squid [SEP] As food

Squid are found abundantly in certain areas, and provide large catches for fisheries. The body can be stuffed whole, cut into flat pieces, or sliced into rings. The arms, tentacles, and ink are also edible; the only parts not eaten are the beak and gladius (pen). Squid is a good food source for zinc and manganese, and high in copper, selenium, vitamin B, and riboflavin.


Question: what are afrobeats?

Answer: It  is an umbrella term to describe popular music from West Africa and the diaspora that initially developed in Nigeria, Ghana, and the UK in the 2000s and 2010s.

Afrobeats [SEP] Introduction

Afrobeats (not to be confused with Afrobeat or Afroswing), also known as Afro-pop, Afro-fusion (also styled as Afropop and Afrofusion), is an umbrella term to describe popular music from West Africa and the diaspora that initially developed in Nigeria, Ghana, and the UK in the 2000s and 2010s. Afrobeats is less of a style per se, and more of a descriptor for the fusion of sounds flowing out of Ghana and Nigeria. Genres such as hiplife, jùjú music, highlife and naija beats, among others, were amalgamated under the 'afrobeats' umbrella. Afrobeats is primarily produced in Lagos, Accra, and London. Paul Gilroy, of "The Black Atlantic", reflects on the changing London music scene as a result of shifting demographics: "We are moving towards an African majority which is diverse both in its cultural habits and in its relationship to colonial and postcolonial governance, so the shift away from Caribbean dominance needs to be placed in that setting.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: It  is an umbrella term to describe popular music from West Africa and the diaspora that initially developed in Nigeria, Ghana, and the UK in the 2000s and 2010s.

Question: what are its characteristics?

Answer: big bands, long instrumental solos, and complex jazzy rhythms

Afrobeats [SEP] Characteristics

Afrobeats (with the s) is commonly conflated with and referred to as Afrobeat (without the s), however, these are two distinct and different sounds and are not the same. Afrobeat is a genre that developed in the 1960s and 1970s, taking influences from Fuji music and Highlife, mixed in with American jazz and funk. Characteristics of Afrobeat include big bands, long instrumental solos, and complex jazzy rhythms. The name was coined by Nigerian afrobeat pioneer Fela Kuti. Fela Kuti and his longtime partner, drummer Tony Allen, are credited for laying the groundwork for what would become afrobeats. This is in contrast to the afrobeats sound, pioneered in the 2000s and 2010s.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: big bands, long instrumental solos, and complex jazzy rhythms

Question: what instruments are used in the first one?

Answer: Big bands have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. The division in early big bands was likely to be two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three saxophones, and a rhythm section

Big band [SEP] Instruments

Big bands have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. The division in early big bands was likely to be two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three saxophones, and a rhythm section. In 1930, big bands usually consisted of three trumpets, three trombones, three saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. Guitar replaced the banjo, and double bass replaced the tuba. In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band and Woody Herman's band used up to five trumpets, four trombones (three tenor, one bass trombone), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: what instruments are used in the first one?

Context: Big bands have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. The division in early big bands was likely to be two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three saxophones, and a rhythm section

Question: is it used in movies?

Answer: Yes

Big band [SEP] Movies

Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot. Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Question: do you know which ones?

Answer: In  three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection.

Explanation: , in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection.

Big band [SEP] Movies


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: In  three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection.

Question: what kind of arrangements need to be made for these bands?

Answer: Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses

Big band [SEP] Arrangements

Typical big band arrangements are written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to chorus of its own. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: what kind of arrangements need to be made for these bands?

Context: Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses

Question: in which era were they famous?

Answer: The swing era

Explanation: Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal  of early jazz. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass, though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's "Washington Wabble" from 1927.

Big band [SEP] The swing era

The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown, and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: in which era were they famous?

Context: The swing era

Question: when was this?

Answer: early 1930s

Big band [SEP] The swing era


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: in which era were they famous?

Context: The swing era

Context: when was this?

Context: early 1930s

Question: can you please name a few modern bands?

Answer: Basie and Ellington bands

Big band [SEP] Modern big bands

Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. Ra's eclectic music was played by a roster of musicians from ten to thirty and was presented as theater, with costumes, dancers, and special effects. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: in which era were they famous?

Context: The swing era

Context: when was this?

Context: early 1930s

Context: can you please name a few modern bands?

Context: Basie and Ellington bands

Question: what are the characteristics of the beats that we were originally talking about?

Answer: The beat in this music is not just a base for the melody, but acts as a major character of the song, taking a lead role that is sometimes equal to or of greater importance than the lyrics and almost always more central than the other instrumentals

Afrobeats [SEP] Characteristics

These beats harken to the stylings of a variety of traditional African drum beats across West Africa as well as the precursory genre Afrobeat. The beat in Afrobeats music is not just a base for the melody, but acts as a major character of the song, taking a lead role that is sometimes equal to or of greater importance than the lyrics and almost always more central than the other instrumentals. Afrobeats shares a similar momentum and tempo to house music. Rather than only featuring a 4/4 time signature of Western music, afrobeats commonly features a 3–2 or 2–3 time signature called a "clave".


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: in which era were they famous?

Context: The swing era

Context: when was this?

Context: early 1930s

Context: can you please name a few modern bands?

Context: Basie and Ellington bands

Context: what are the characteristics of the beats that we were originally talking about?

Context: The beat in this music is not just a base for the melody, but acts as a major character of the song, taking a lead role that is sometimes equal to or of greater importance than the lyrics and almost always more central than the other instrumentals

Question: what were its origin?

Answer: Styles of music that make up afrobeats largely began sometime in the late 90s and early-mid-2000s.

Afrobeats [SEP] Beginnings

Styles of music that make up afrobeats largely began sometime in the late 90s and early-mid-2000s. With the launching of MTV Base Africa in 2005, West Africa was given a large platform through which artists could grow. Artists such as MI Abaga, Naeto C and Sarkodie were among the first to take advantage of this, however most of the artists were merely making interpretations of hip hop and R&B. Prior to this, groups such as Trybesmen, Plantashun Boiz, and The Remedies were early pioneers that fused modern western influences from hip-hop and R&B with local melodies. While this allowed them to build local audiences, it blocked them from a wider platform due to the language barriers in-place.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: in which era were they famous?

Context: The swing era

Context: when was this?

Context: early 1930s

Context: can you please name a few modern bands?

Context: Basie and Ellington bands

Context: what were its origin?

Context: Styles of music that make up afrobeats largely began sometime in the late 90s and early-mid-2000s.

Question: are there dances related to it?

Answer: Yes

Afrobeats [SEP] Azonto and dance crazes

Ghanaian British artist Fuse ODG helped popularise afrobeats in the UK. He was also the first to top the iTunes World Chart and received the Best African Act award at the 2013 MOBO Awards. In 2009, Fuse ODG described his sound as "hip hop with an African vibe". In 2011, Fuse ODG traveled to Ghana where he discovered the Azonto dance, and became inspired by hip hop-influenced Afro-pop and Naija beats. Once he returned to London, he fused the sounds he had found in Ghana into what he described as "Afrobeats, but with my U.K. thing added to it", fusing the sound with influences from UK funky and grime.


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: in which era were they famous?

Context: The swing era

Context: when was this?

Context: early 1930s

Context: can you please name a few modern bands?

Context: Basie and Ellington bands

Context: what were its origin?

Context: are there dances related to it?

Context: Yes

Question: do you know the names?

Answer: Azonto dance

Afrobeats [SEP] Azonto and dance crazes


Context: what are afrobeats?

Context: what are its characteristics?

Context: is it used in movies?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know which ones?

Context: in which era were they famous?

Context: The swing era

Context: when was this?

Context: early 1930s

Context: can you please name a few modern bands?

Context: Basie and Ellington bands

Context: what were its origin?

Context: are there dances related to it?

Context: Yes

Context: do you know the names?

Context: Azonto dance

Question: when did it begin?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Afrobeats [SEP] Azonto and dance crazes


Question: when was linkin park's first album released

Answer: 2000

Linkin Park [SEP] Introduction

Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. The band's current lineup comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda, lead guitarist Brad Delson, bassist Dave Farrell, DJ/turntablist Joe Hahn and drummer Rob Bourdon, all of whom are founding members. Vocalists Mark Wakefield and Chester Bennington are former members of the band. Categorized as alternative rock, Linkin Park's earlier music spanned a fusion of heavy metal and hip hop, while they later transitioned into more electronica and pop influenced music. Formed in 1996, Linkin Park rose to international fame with their debut studio album, "Hybrid Theory" (2000), which became certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


Context: when was linkin park's first album released

Question: what was the name of the album released in the above year?

Answer: "Hybrid Theory"

Explanation: Formed in 1996, Linkin Park rose to international fame with their debut studio album, "Hybrid Theory" (2000), which became certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Linkin Park [SEP] Introduction


Context: what was the name of the album released in the above year?

Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Question: name some songs from the above collection.

Answer: "One Step Closer", "In the End", "Crawling" and "Papercut"

Hybrid Theory [SEP] Introduction

Hybrid Theory is the debut studio album by American rock band Linkin Park, released on October 24, 2000, through Warner Bros. Records. Recorded at NRG Recordings in North Hollywood, California, and produced by Don Gilmore, the album's lyrical themes deal with problems lead vocalist Chester Bennington experienced during his adolescence, including drug abuse and the constant fighting and divorce of his parents. "Hybrid Theory" takes its title from the previous name of the band as well as the concept of music theory and combining different styles. Four singles were released from "Hybrid Theory": "One Step Closer", "In the End", "Crawling" and "Papercut", all of them being responsible for launching Linkin Park into mainstream popularity.


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: name some songs from the above collection.

Context: "One Step Closer", "In the End", "Crawling" and "Papercut"

Question: name some of the band members - former or current.

Answer: Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson, Dave Farrell, Joe Hahn and Rob Bourdon

Explanation: The band's current lineup comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda, lead guitarist Brad Delson, bassist Dave Farrell, DJ/turntablist Joe Hahn and drummer Rob Bourdon, all of whom are founding members.

Linkin Park [SEP] Introduction


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: name some of the band members - former or current.

Context: Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson, Dave Farrell, Joe Hahn and Rob Bourdon

Question: was there a member's death in this band?

Answer: Yes, Chester Bennington

Linkin Park [SEP] 2015–2017: "One More Light" and Bennington's death

The lyrics for the song were co-written by Linkin Park with Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter. The single was released for download on February 16. As they have done in the past, Linkin Park had cryptic messages online in relation to the new album. The album cover was revealed through digital puzzles across social media; the cover features six kids playing in the ocean. The band's seventh album, "One More Light", was released on May 19, 2017. Bennington died on July 20, 2017; his death was ruled a suicide by hanging. Shinoda confirmed Bennington's death on Twitter, writing, "Shocked and heartbroken, but it's true.


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: was there a member's death in this band?

Context: Yes, Chester Bennington

Question: when did he die?

Answer: July 20, 2017

Explanation: Chester Charles Bennington (March 20, 1976 – July 20, 2017) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor.

Chester Bennington [SEP] Introduction

Linkin Park's following studio albums, from "Meteora" (2003) to "One More Light" (2017), continued the band's success. Bennington formed his own band, Dead by Sunrise, as a side project in 2005. The band's debut album, "Out of Ashes", was released on October 13, 2009. He became the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the extended play record "High Rise" on October 8, 2013, via their own record label, Play Pen, but left in 2015 to focus solely on Linkin Park. As an actor, he appeared in films such as "Crank" (2006), "" (2009), and "Saw 3D" (2010).


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: Yes, Chester Bennington

Context: when did he die?

Context: July 20, 2017

Question: what was the cause for his death?

Answer: His death was ruled a suicide by hanging.

Chester Bennington [SEP] Death

Shortly before 9:00 a.m. PDT on July 20, 2017, Bennington was found dead by his housekeeper at his home in Palos Verdes Estates, California. His death was ruled a suicide by hanging. Bandmate and close friend Mike Shinoda confirmed his death on Twitter, writing, "Shocked and heartbroken, but it's true. An official statement will come out as soon as we have one." On July 21, Brian Elias, the chief of operations for the office of the medical examiner-coroner, confirmed that a half-empty bottle of alcohol was found at the scene, but no other drugs were present. A toxicology report released in December reported "a trace amount" of alcohol in Bennington's system at the time of death.


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: Yes, Chester Bennington

Context: when did he die?

Context: July 20, 2017

Context: what was the cause for his death?

Context: His death was ruled a suicide by hanging.

Question: who is the bassist for this band (former or current)?

Answer: Dave Farrell

Explanation: The band's current lineup comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda, lead guitarist Brad Delson, bassist Dave Farrell, DJ/turntablist Joe Hahn and drummer Rob Bourdon, all of whom are founding members

Linkin Park [SEP] Introduction


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: Yes, Chester Bennington

Context: when did he die?

Context: July 20, 2017

Context: what was the cause for his death?

Context: who is the bassist for this band (former or current)?

Context: Dave Farrell

Question: who is the guitarist?

Answer: Mike Shinoda

Linkin Park [SEP] Introduction


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: Yes, Chester Bennington

Context: when did he die?

Context: July 20, 2017

Context: what was the cause for his death?

Context: Dave Farrell

Context: who is the guitarist?

Context: Mike Shinoda

Question: can you name a few solo works from the above-mentioned person?

Answer: "Post Traumatic"

Mike Shinoda [SEP] Solo work

On January 25, 2018, Shinoda released the "Post Traumatic" EP, featuring three songs about his own feelings in the aftermath of Chester Bennington's death on July 20, 2017. Shinoda released the EP under his own name instead of under his side-project, Fort Minor. On March 8, 2018, Shinoda announced through social media that he was working on a new solo album. He also added that he was in Los Angeles filming a music video and also invited fans to appear in the video, including a map of the old Tower Records in Hollywood, California. Shinoda performed in Los Angeles on May 12 as part of Identity LA, marking one of his first performances since Bennington's death.


Context: "Hybrid Theory"

Context: Yes, Chester Bennington

Context: when did he die?

Context: July 20, 2017

Context: what was the cause for his death?

Context: Dave Farrell

Context: who is the guitarist?

Context: Mike Shinoda

Context: can you name a few solo works from the above-mentioned person?

Context: "Post Traumatic"

Question: was he an artist?

Answer: Yes

Explanation: Outside of music, Shinoda is an artist and graphic designer. He has painted several pieces of artwork, some of which have been featured in the Japanese American National Museum.

Mike Shinoda [SEP] Introduction

On January 25, 2018, Shinoda released the "Post Traumatic EP", which contained three songs about his own feelings at the aftermath of Chester Bennington's death on July 20, 2017. In March 2018, Shinoda announced through social media that he was working on a new solo album under the same name; the record was released on June 15, 2018.


Question: where do we find deserts and what causes them to occur

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Desert [SEP] Introduction

A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions, where little precipitation occurs, and which are sometimes called polar deserts or "cold deserts". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location. Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks, which consequently break in pieces.


Context: where do we find deserts and what causes them to occur

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Question: what is a desert?

Answer: A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

Explanation: A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

Desert [SEP] Introduction


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is a desert?

Context: A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

Question: can we find water there?

Answer: Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or meltwater from glaciers above.

Desert [SEP] Water

Kharga Oasis in Egypt is long and is the largest oasis in the Libyan Desert. A lake occupied this depression in ancient times and thick deposits of sandy-clay resulted. Wells are dug to extract water from the porous sandstone that lies underneath. Seepages may occur in the walls of canyons and pools may survive in deep shade near the dried up watercourse below. Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or meltwater from glaciers above. They are usually shallow and saline, and wind blowing over their surface can cause stress, moving the water over nearby low-lying areas.


Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is a desert?

Context: can we find water there?

Context: Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or meltwater from glaciers above.

Question: is farming possible there?

Answer: Yes, traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa, irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth.

Desert [SEP] Farming

Traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa, irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth. Techniques that can be used include drip irrigation, the use of organic residues or animal manures as fertilisers and other traditional agricultural management practices. Once fertility has been built up, further crop production preserves the soil from destruction by wind and other forms of erosion. It has been found that plant growth-promoting bacteria play a role in increasing the resistance of plants to stress conditions and these rhizobacterial suspensions could be inoculated into the soil in the vicinity of the plants.


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Context: what is a desert?

Context: can we find water there?

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: Yes, traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa, irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth.

Question: what crops are cultivated?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Desert [SEP] Farming


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Context: what is a desert?

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Question: what connection does human have with it?

Answer: Humans have long made use of deserts as places to live, and more recently have started to exploit them for minerals and energy capture

Desert [SEP] Human relations

Humans have long made use of deserts as places to live, and more recently have started to exploit them for minerals and energy capture. Deserts play a significant role in human culture with an extensive literature.


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Context: what is a desert?

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Context: what connection does human have with it?

Context: Humans have long made use of deserts as places to live, and more recently have started to exploit them for minerals and energy capture

Question: what natural resources are available there?

Answer: Copper, iron, uranium

Desert [SEP] Natural resource extraction

A desert especially rich in mineral salts is the Atacama Desert, Chile, where sodium nitrate has been mined for explosives and fertilizer since around 1850. Other desert minerals are copper from Chile, Peru, and Iran, and iron and uranium in Australia. Many other metals, salts and commercially valuable types of rock such as pumice are extracted from deserts around the world. Oil and gas form on the bottom of shallow seas when micro-organisms decompose under anoxic conditions and later become covered with sediment. Many deserts were at one time the sites of shallow seas and others have had underlying hydrocarbon deposits transported to them by the movement of tectonic plates.


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Context: what natural resources are available there?

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Question: is the first element used in architecture?

Answer: Yes, copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops.

Copper [SEP] Architecture

Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and recyclability The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers.


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Context: what is a desert?

Context: can we find water there?

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: is the first element used in architecture?

Context: Yes, copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops.

Question: what are its other applications?

Answer: The major applications of copper are electrical wire, roofing and plumbing, and industrial machinery

Copper [SEP] Applications

The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as brass and bronze (5% of total use). For more than two centuries, copper paint has been used on boat hulls to control the growth of plants and shellfish. A small part of the copper supply is used for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although alloys are preferred for good machinability in creating intricate parts.


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Context: what is a desert?

Context: can we find water there?

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: what are its other applications?

Context: The major applications of copper are electrical wire, roofing and plumbing, and industrial machinery

Question: is this element prescribed for any diet?

Answer: The U.S. Institute of Medicine updated the estimated average requirements and recommended dietary allowances for copper in 2001.

Copper [SEP] Dietary recommendations

The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated the estimated average requirements (EARs) and recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for copper in 2001. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) is used instead. The AIs for copper are: 200 μg of copper for 0–6-month-old males and females, and 220 μg of copper for 7–12-month-old males and females. For both sexes, the RDAs for copper are: 340 μg of copper for 1–3 years old, 440 μg of copper for 4–8 years old, 700 μg of copper for 9–13 years old, 890 μg of copper for 14–18 years old and 900 μg of copper for ages 19 years and older.


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Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: what are its other applications?

Context: is this element prescribed for any diet?

Context: The U.S. Institute of Medicine updated the estimated average requirements and recommended dietary allowances for copper in 2001.

Question: what nutrition does it provide?

Answer: UNANSWERABLE

Copper [SEP] Dietary recommendations


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Context: Copper, iron, uranium

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Question: are the barren areas discussed above present in other planets?

Answer: Yes, Mars is the only other planet in the Solar System besides Earth on which deserts have been identified

Desert [SEP] Deserts on other planets

Mars is the only other planet in the Solar System besides Earth on which deserts have been identified. Despite its low surface atmospheric pressure (only 1/100 of that of the Earth), the patterns of atmospheric circulation on Mars have formed a sea of circumpolar sand more than 5 million km (1.9 million sq mi) in the area, larger than most deserts on Earth. The Martian deserts principally consist of dunes in the form of half-moons in flat areas near the permanent polar ice caps in the north of the planet. The smaller dune fields occupy the bottom of many of the craters situated in the Martian polar regions.


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Context: what is a desert?

Context: can we find water there?

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: what are its other applications?

Context: what nutrition does it provide?

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Context: are the barren areas discussed above present in other planets?

Context: Yes, Mars is the only other planet in the Solar System besides Earth on which deserts have been identified

Question: what kinds of animals can we see there?

Answer: Addax antelope, dik-dik, Grant's gazelle, camel

Explanation: t. Herbivorous mammals obtain moisture from the plants they eat. Species such as the addax antelope, dik-dik, Grant's gazelle and oryx are so efficient at doing this that they apparently never need to drink. The camel is a superb example of a mammal adapted to desert life. It minimizes its water loss by producing concentrated urine and dry dung, and is able to lose 40% of its body weight through water loss without dying of dehydration.

Desert [SEP] Fauna

The Desert rain frog of Namibia is nocturnal and survives because of the damp sea fogs that roll in from the Atlantic. Invertebrates, particularly arthropods, have successfully made their homes in the desert. Flies, beetles, ants, termites, locusts, millipedes, scorpions and spiders have hard cuticles which are impervious to water and many of them lay their eggs underground and their young develop away from the temperature extremes at the surface. The Saharan silver ant ("Cataglyphis bombycina") uses a heat shock protein in a novel way and forages in the open during brief forays in the heat of the day. The long-legged darkling beetle in Namibia stands on its front legs and raises its carapace to catch the morning mist as condensate, funnelling the water into its mouth.


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Context: Copper, iron, uranium

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Context: what nutrition does it provide?

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Context: what kinds of animals can we see there?

Context: Addax antelope, dik-dik, Grant's gazelle, camel

Question: what is the second mentioned animal?

Answer: A dik-dik is the name for any of four species of small antelope

Dik-dik [SEP] Introduction

A dik-dik is the name for any of four species of small antelope in the genus "Madoqua" that live in the bushlands of eastern and southern Africa. Dik-diks stand about at the shoulder, are long, weigh and can live for up to 10 years. Dik-diks are named for the alarm calls of the females. In addition to the females' alarm call, both the male and female make a shrill, whistling sound. These calls may alert other animals to predators.


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Context: what is a desert?

Context: can we find water there?

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: what are its other applications?

Context: what nutrition does it provide?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kinds of animals can we see there?

Context: what is the second mentioned animal?

Context: A dik-dik is the name for any of four species of small antelope

Question: how does it look like?

Answer: Female dik-diks are somewhat larger than males. The males have horns, which are small , slanted backwards and longitudinally grooved. The hair on the crown forms an upright tuft that sometimes partially conceals the short, ribbed horns of the male.

Dik-dik [SEP] Physical characteristics

Female dik-diks are somewhat larger than males. The males have horns, which are small (about ), slanted backwards and longitudinally grooved. The hair on the crown forms an upright tuft that sometimes partially conceals the short, ribbed horns of the male. The upper body is gray-brown, while the lower parts of the body, including the legs, belly, crest, and flanks, are tan. A bare black spot below the inside corner of each eye contains a preorbital gland that produces a dark, sticky secretion. Dik-diks insert grass stems and twigs into the gland to scent-mark their territories. Apparently to prevent overheating, dik-diks have elongated snouts with bellows-like muscles through which blood is pumped.


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Context: what is a desert?

Context: can we find water there?

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: what are its other applications?

Context: what nutrition does it provide?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what kinds of animals can we see there?

Context: what is the second mentioned animal?

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Female dik-diks are somewhat larger than males. The males have horns, which are small , slanted backwards and longitudinally grooved. The hair on the crown forms an upright tuft that sometimes partially conceals the short, ribbed horns of the male.

Question: how it got its name?

Answer: The name "dik-dik" comes from an onomatopoeia of the repetitive "dik" sound female dik-diks whistle through their long, tubular snouts when they feel threatened.

Explanation: The name "dik-dik" comes from an onomatopoeia of the repetitive "dik" sound female dik-diks whistle through their long, tubular snouts when they feel threatened.

Dik-dik [SEP] Name


Context: where do we find deserts and what causes them to occur

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is a desert?

Context: A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

Context: can we find water there?

Context: Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or meltwater from glaciers above.

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: Yes, traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa, irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth.

Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what connection does human have with it?

Context: Humans have long made use of deserts as places to live, and more recently have started to exploit them for minerals and energy capture

Context: what natural resources are available there?

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: is the first element used in architecture?

Context: Yes, copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops.

Context: what are its other applications?

Context: The major applications of copper are electrical wire, roofing and plumbing, and industrial machinery

Context: is this element prescribed for any diet?

Context: The U.S. Institute of Medicine updated the estimated average requirements and recommended dietary allowances for copper in 2001.

Context: what nutrition does it provide?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are the barren areas discussed above present in other planets?

Context: Yes, Mars is the only other planet in the Solar System besides Earth on which deserts have been identified

Context: what kinds of animals can we see there?

Context: Addax antelope, dik-dik, Grant's gazelle, camel

Context: what is the second mentioned animal?

Context: A dik-dik is the name for any of four species of small antelope

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Female dik-diks are somewhat larger than males. The males have horns, which are small , slanted backwards and longitudinally grooved. The hair on the crown forms an upright tuft that sometimes partially conceals the short, ribbed horns of the male.

Context: how it got its name?

Context: The name "dik-dik" comes from an onomatopoeia of the repetitive "dik" sound female dik-diks whistle through their long, tubular snouts when they feel threatened.

Question: can you name some regions where they can be found?

Answer: Bushlands of eastern and southern Africa

Dik-dik [SEP] Introduction


Context: where do we find deserts and what causes them to occur

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what is a desert?

Context: A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

Context: can we find water there?

Context: Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or meltwater from glaciers above.

Context: is farming possible there?

Context: Yes, traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa, irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth.

Context: what crops are cultivated?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: what connection does human have with it?

Context: Humans have long made use of deserts as places to live, and more recently have started to exploit them for minerals and energy capture

Context: what natural resources are available there?

Context: Copper, iron, uranium

Context: is the first element used in architecture?

Context: Yes, copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops.

Context: what are its other applications?

Context: The major applications of copper are electrical wire, roofing and plumbing, and industrial machinery

Context: is this element prescribed for any diet?

Context: The U.S. Institute of Medicine updated the estimated average requirements and recommended dietary allowances for copper in 2001.

Context: what nutrition does it provide?

Context: UNANSWERABLE

Context: are the barren areas discussed above present in other planets?

Context: Yes, Mars is the only other planet in the Solar System besides Earth on which deserts have been identified

Context: what kinds of animals can we see there?

Context: Addax antelope, dik-dik, Grant's gazelle, camel

Context: what is the second mentioned animal?

Context: A dik-dik is the name for any of four species of small antelope

Context: how does it look like?

Context: Female dik-diks are somewhat larger than males. The males have horns, which are small , slanted backwards and longitudinally grooved. The hair on the crown forms an upright tuft that sometimes partially conceals the short, ribbed horns of the male.

Context: how it got its name?

Context: The name "dik-dik" comes from an onomatopoeia of the repetitive "dik" sound female dik-diks whistle through their long, tubular snouts when they feel threatened.

Context: can you name some regions where they can be found?

Context: Bushlands of eastern and southern Africa

Question: who are its predators?

Answer: Leopards, caracals, lions

Dik-dik [SEP] Predators

Dik-diks are hunted primarily by leopards, caracals, lions, hyenas, wild dogs and humans. Other predators include monitor lizards, cheetahs, jackals, baboons, eagles, hawks and pythons. Dik-diks' adaptations to predation include excellent eyesight and the ability to reach speeds up to .


Question: which layer of meninges is affected in meningitis

Answer: The three membranes - pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater

Explanation: The meninges comprise three membranes that, together with the cerebrospinal fluid, enclose and protect the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system). The pia mater is a delicate impermeable membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain, following all the minor contours. The arachnoid mater (so named because of its spider-web-like appearance) is a loosely fitting sac on top of the pia mater. The subarachnoid space separates the arachnoid and pia mater membranes and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The outermost membrane, the dura mater, is a thick durable membrane, which is attached to both the arachnoid membrane and the skull.

Meningitis [SEP] Mechanism

The blood–brain barrier becomes more permeable, leading to "vasogenic" cerebral edema (swelling of the brain due to fluid leakage from blood vessels). Large numbers of white blood cells enter the CSF, causing inflammation of the meninges and leading to "interstitial" edema (swelling due to fluid between the cells). In addition, the walls of the blood vessels themselves become inflamed (cerebral vasculitis), which leads to decreased blood flow and a third type of edema, "cytotoxic" edema. The three forms of cerebral edema all lead to increased intracranial pressure; together with the lowered blood pressure often encountered in acute infection, this means that it is harder for blood to enter the brain, consequently brain cells are deprived of oxygen and undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).


Context: which layer of meninges is affected in meningitis

Context: The three membranes - pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater

Question: can you tell me something about the first one mentioned above?

Answer: It is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Pia mater [SEP] Introduction

Pia mater ( or ), often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. "Pia mater" is medieval Latin meaning "tender mother". The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. Both the pia and arachnoid mater are derivatives of the neural crest while the dura is derived from embryonic mesoderm. The pia mater is a thin fibrous tissue that is permeable to water and small solutes. The pia mater allows blood vessels to pass through and nourish the brain. The perivascular space between blood vessels and pia mater is proposed to be part of a pseudolymphatic system for the brain (glymphatic system).


Context: can you tell me something about the first one mentioned above?

Context: It is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Question: can you tell me something about the second layer mentioned?

Answer: It is a derivative of the neural crest mesectoderm in the embryo.

Arachnoid mater [SEP] Introduction

The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater is a derivative of the neural crest mesectoderm in the embryo.


Context: can you tell me something about the second layer mentioned?

Context: It is a derivative of the neural crest mesectoderm in the embryo.

Question: and the last layer?

Answer: It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system.

Dura mater [SEP] Introduction

Dura mater is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system. The other two meningeal layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. It envelops the arachnoid mater, which is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is derived primarily from the neural crest cell population, with postnatal contributions of the paraxial mesoderm.


Context: and the last layer?

Context: It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system.

Question: what are the causes for this disease?

Answer: It is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms.

Meningitis [SEP] Causes

Meningitis is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms. Most infections are due to viruses, with bacteria, fungi, and protozoa being the next most common causes. It may also result from various non-infectious causes. The term "aseptic meningitis" refers to cases of meningitis in which no bacterial infection can be demonstrated. This type of meningitis is usually caused by viruses but it may be due to bacterial infection that has already been partially treated, when bacteria disappear from the meninges, or pathogens infect a space adjacent to the meninges (e.g. sinusitis). Endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves which spreads small clusters of bacteria through the bloodstream) may cause aseptic meningitis.


Context: and the last layer?

Context: what are the causes for this disease?

Context: It is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms.

Question: what are the symptoms?

Answer: Fever, headache, and neck stiffness.

Meningitis [SEP] Introduction

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs.


Context: and the last layer?

Context: what are the causes for this disease?

Context: what are the symptoms?

Context: Fever, headache, and neck stiffness.

Question: name some bacterial pathogens which cause this disease.

Answer: Viral, fungal and parasitic

Meningitis [SEP] Viral

Viruses that cause meningitis include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus (generally type 2, which produces most genital sores; less commonly type 1), varicella zoster virus (known for causing chickenpox and shingles), mumps virus, HIV, LCMV, Arboviruses (acquired from a mosquito or other insect), and the Influenza virus. Mollaret's meningitis is a chronic recurrent form of herpes meningitis; it is thought to be caused by herpes simplex virus type 2.


Context: and the last layer?

Context: what are the causes for this disease?

Context: what are the symptoms?

Context: Fever, headache, and neck stiffness.

Context: name some bacterial pathogens which cause this disease.

Context: Viral, fungal and parasitic

Question: name a few viral pathogens which causes this disease.

Answer: Enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus and  varicella zoster virus.

Meningitis [SEP] Viral


Context: and the last layer?

Context: what are the causes for this disease?

Context: what are the symptoms?

Context: Fever, headache, and neck stiffness.

Context: Viral, fungal and parasitic

Context: name a few viral pathogens which causes this disease.

Context: Enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus and  varicella zoster virus.

Question: what parasitic agents can be responsible for this disease?

Answer: "Angiostrongylus cantonensis", "Gnathostoma spinigerum", "Schistosoma"

Meningitis [SEP] Parasitic

A parasitic cause is often assumed when there is a predominance of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the CSF. The most common parasites implicated are "Angiostrongylus cantonensis", "Gnathostoma spinigerum", "Schistosoma", as well as the conditions cysticercosis, toxocariasis, baylisascariasis, paragonimiasis, and a number of rarer infections and noninfective conditions.


Context: and the last layer?

Context: what are the causes for this disease?

Context: what are the symptoms?

Context: Fever, headache, and neck stiffness.

Context: Viral, fungal and parasitic

Context: what parasitic agents can be responsible for this disease?

Context: "Angiostrongylus cantonensis", "Gnathostoma spinigerum", "Schistosoma"

Question: what tests are conducted to diagnose the disease?

Answer: Blood tests like C-reactive protein, complete blood count.

Meningitis [SEP] Diagnosis

This applies in 45% of all adult cases. If someone is suspected of having meningitis, blood tests are performed for markers of inflammation (e.g. C-reactive protein, complete blood count), as well as blood cultures. If a CT or MRI is required before LP, or if LP proves difficult, professional guidelines suggest that antibiotics should be administered first to prevent delay in treatment, especially if this may be longer than 30 minutes. Often, CT or MRI scans are performed at a later stage to assess for complications of meningitis. In severe forms of meningitis, monitoring of blood electrolytes may be important; for example, hyponatremia is common in bacterial meningitis.