definiens: shall mean the expenses associated with programs to promote Product in the Territory directly tothe prescriber or end user, including, but not limited to, expenses associated with promoting products directly to theprofessional community such as professional literature ; costs associated with patient assistance programs;promotional material costs ; patient aids and detailing aids ; sales force tools and aids ; managed care programscharged directly to the brand ( including speaker programs, distribution of promotional material, contract administration, etc . ) ; field force meetings and training ; professional agency fees ; direct field funding ; public relations ; pharmacyprograms ; coupons and voucher programs ; advocacy ; sponsorships ; scientific and medical promotion, includingexpenses associated with grants and medical education, conventions, non - certified medical expense medicalactivities, scientific publications, commercial and medical advisory boards, field medical events, evidence - basedmedicine non - research projects ; and Product samples ( which, for the avoidance of doubt, will not be double countedwith associated costs contained in Paid Price or Cumulative COGS ), including associated expenses such as per unitcosts, costs of distributing samples from the warehouse to sales representatives or fulfillment warehouses, and anyother costs related to Product samples such as sample fulfillment, sample optimization programs, and managementfees for sample voucher programs ( i.e., vouchers provided by the physicians to patients in order to obtain free tradeunits at the pharmacy )