definiens: means any information that is treated as confiden tial by a Disclosing Party, whether tangible or intangible, including, without limitation, any and all specification information, techniques, discoveries, inventions, processes, know - how, paten t applications and related information, inventor ce rtificates, trade names, trade secrets, methods of production, technology, other proprietary information, other in tellectual property, information pertaining to business operat ions and strategies, and information pertaining to pricing, and marketing of Finished Product or Inventory . Confide ntial Information shall not include information tha t : ( a ) is already known to the Receiving Party without restri ction on use or disclosure prior to receipt of such information from the Disclosing Party ; ( b ) is or becomes genera lly known by the public other than by breach of thi s Agreement by, or other wrongful act of, the Receiving Party ; ( c ) is developed by the Receiving Party independent ly of, and without reference to, any Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party ; or ( d ) is received by the Receiving Party from a third party who is not under any oblig ation to the Disclosing Party to maintain the confi dentiality of such information