definiens: means, ( a ) with respect to [COMPANY], any business entity controlling, controlled by, or under common control with [COMPANY] . For the purpose of this Section 1.2(a ) only, means ( i ) the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct the management or policies of a business entity, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise, or ( ii ) the ownership, directly or indirectly, of at least fift y percent ( 50 % ) of the voting securities or other ownership interest of a business entity ; provided that, if local law requires a minimum percentage of local ownership, control will be established by direct or indirect beneficial ownership of one hundre d percent ( 100 % ) of the maximum ownership percentage that may, under such local law, be owned by foreign interests ; and ( b ) with respect to [COMPANY], Royal Dutch [COMPANY] plc and any company ( other than [COMPANY] ) which is from time to time directly or indirectly affiliated with Royal Dutch [COMPANY] plc . For the purpose of this Section 1.2(b ) only, a particular company is ( i ) directly affil iated with another company or companies if that latter company beneficially owns or those latter companies together beneficially own fifty per cent or more of the voting rights attached to the ownership interest of the particular company ; and ( ii ) is indir ectly affiliated with company or companies if a series of companies can be specified, beginning with that latter company or companies and ending with the first mentioned company, so related that each company of the series ( except the latter company or comp anies ) is directly affiliated with one or more of the companies earlier in the series