definiens: : means the gross amount billed or invoiced for a Pro duct by ( a ) by Buyer ; ( b ) by any Buyer ’s assignee ( including such assigne e ’s affiliates or licensees ), ( c ) by Buyer ’s Affiliates, or ( d ) by Licensees ( each of the Persons referred to in ( b ), ( c ) and ( d ), a ), in each case, for the sale of a Product to Third Pa rt ies ( excluding a sale of a Product to Affiliates or licensees for re sale ), subject to the following deductions, as allocable to such Product ( if not previously deducted in calculating the amount invoiced and to the extent included in the gross invoice pric e ): ( i ) reasonable trade, quantity, prompt settlement and o ther cash discounts and rebates ( including wholesale inventor y management fees and fees or allowances to other distributors, buying groups, health care insurance carriers or other pharmacy be n efit managers ( or equivalents thereof ), federal, state / provincial, lo cal or other Governmental Authority or other institution, or the ir agencies or purchasers, reimbursers, or trade customers ), charg ebacks, and price reductions or allowances actually allow ed or granted from the billed amount, and discounts to customers, including cash coupons, vouchers and loyalty cards ( and their redemption ) a nd co- pay assistance ; 9 ( ii ) credits or allowances actually granted upon claims, rejections or returns of such sales of Products, including recalls ; ( iii ) taxes imposed on the production, sale, delivery, i m port, export, distribution or use of the Product ( including sales, use, excise or value added taxes, but excluding income taxes ), dut ies or other governmental charges levied on or measured by the b illing a mount when included in billing, as adjusted for tax refun ds and tax rebates ; ( iv ) any discounts, rebates or similar payments in respe ct of sales paid for by any Governmental Authority, including Federal or state Medicaid, Medicare or similar sta te program, or any other similar program, or any other government imposed rebates or discounts f rom invoiced prices ( to the extent not covered under clause ( i ) above ) ; and ( v ) transport, freight, postage and insurance costs rel ating to the transp ortation or delivery of Products