definiens: means [ * * * ] 1.12 means, for each applicable period, theCommercial Sales for that period, less reasonable and customary deductions fromsuch gross amounts, including : ( a ) normal and customary trade, cash and quantitydiscounts, allowances and credits ; ( b ) credits or allowances actually grantedfor damaged goods, returns or rejections of Product and retroactive pricereductions ; ( c ) sales or similar taxes when included in billing ( includingduties or other governmental charges levied on, absorbed or otherwise imposed onthe sale of Product including, without limitation, value added taxes or othergovernmental charges otherwise measured by the billing amount ) ; ( d ) charge backpayments and rebates granted to managed health care organizations or theiragencies, and purchasers and reimbursers or to trade customers, including butnot limited to, wholesalers and chain and pharmacy buying groups ; ( e ) -2-<PAGE > commissions paid to third parties other than sales personnel and salesrepresentatives, sales agents or distributors ; and ( f ) rebates ( or equivalentsthereof ) granted to or charged by national, state or local governmentalauthorities in a country in the Territory, to the extent specifically associatedwith Commercial Sales of the Product