definiens: , shall mean [ the amount of gross sales of Product invoiced by [COMPANY], its Affiliates and its Sublicensees to Third Parties ] less deductions ( which deductions shall in all cases be as consistently applied by [COMPANY] to its products ) for : [ a ) Governmental price reductions and changes to reserves for governmental price reductions, such as rebates to managed care organizations or social and welfare systems, charge backs or reserves for chargebacks, cash sales incentives ( but only to the extent ' it is a sales related deduction which is accounted for within ' [COMPANY] on a product - by - product basis ), government m ~ ndated rebates and similar types .of rebate~ ( e.g., Pharmaceutical Price Regulatio'n Scheme,, Medicaid, clawbackschemes and any other similar such ' scheme ) ; b ) Contract pricing chargebacks · and changes to reserves of contract pricing chargebacks, such as ' periodic charges of wholesalers and . chargebacks for price capping ' programs ; c ) Customer ' rebates and, changes to ' reserves of . customer rebates, such ' as . volume ( quantity ) discounts or price discounts ; d ) Returns and return reserves, Jncluding allowances actually given for spoiled, damaged, out - dated, rejected, ' returned Product sold, withdrawa, ls and recalls ; 6/35 e ) Cash . discounts ; and f ) Taxes, such as value added or sales taxes, government mandated exceptional taxes and other taxes directly linked to the gross sales amount ( but excluding income or capital gains taxes ) . ] In case of doubt, the [ on a Product ~ by - Product basis, means the same methodologyas~ [COMPANY] · uses torecognize sales in its financial reporting, . which is in accor ~ ance with the generaily·.acceptedaccounting . ' principles ' of J.FRS ( lnternati(jnal ' ' FinanCial . Reportin'g Standards ) . This is the same'methodologyas ' [COMPANY] applies to its own products