definiens: ) ; and 5 ( d ) a further amount equal to [ * * * ] . 2 . shall mean with respect to any substance and/or p roduct that has been developed using Sold Assets or is covered by the Sold IP and/or Sold Kno w - How or is otherwise stemming from the Sold Projects ( ) for any period, the total ( gross ) amount billed or invoiced on sales of such Produc t during such period by ( i ) the Purchaser ; ( ii ) its a ffiliates within the meaning of § § 15 et seq . of the German Stock Corporation Act ( AktG ) ( ) or ( iii ) licensees of the Purchaser and/or its Affiliates worldwide to third parties ( including wholesalers ) in bona fide arm ’s length transactions, less the following deductions, in each case related specific ally to the Product and actually allowed and taken by such third parties and not otherwise rec overed by or reimbursed to the Purchaser, its Affil iates or their respective licensees : ( i ) trade, cash and quantity discounts ( other than pri ce discounts granted at the time of invoicing which have been already included in the g ross amount invoiced ) ; ( ii ) taxes on sales ( such as sales, value added, or use taxes ) to the extent added to the sale price and set forth separately as such in the total amount invoiced ( but not including taxes assessed against the income derived from such sale ) ; ( iii ) amounts repaid or credited by reason of rejections, defects, return goods allowance, recalls or returns, or because of retroactive price reducti ons, including rebates or wholesaler charge backs ; ( iv ) freight, insurance, and other transportation charge s to the extent added to the sale price and set forth separately as such in the total amoun t invoiced, as well as any fees for services provided by wholesalers and warehousing ch ains related to the distribution of such Product ; ( v ) cost of collections or for commissions paid to ind ependent sales agencies of Purchaser, its Affiliates or their respective licensees ; ( vi ) deductions to gross invoice price of Product impose d by Regulatory Authorities or other governmental entities ( where such deductions are i m posed based on published and independently verifiable regulatory standards ) ; and ( vii ) standard inventory costs of devices or delivery sys tems sold as unit with the Product and used for dispensing or administering or delivering the Product, provided that they are directly related to the respective sold product