definiens: means technical information, know - how and data, including research anddevelopment data, information, reports, studies, validation methods and procedures, unpatentedinventions, discoveries, knowledge, trade secrets, technical or other data or information, specifications, instructions, formulae, materials, methods, procedures, processes, flow diagrams, developments, expertise or other technology, including all biological, chemical, pharmacological, biochemical, toxicological, pharmaceutical, preclinical, clinical, Manufacturing, physical, analytical, safety, quality assurance, quality control and other data, instructions, processes, formulae, expertise, information, reports or studies, including any of the foregoing applicable tocompounds, formulations, compositions, or products or to their Manufacture, Development, registration, use, studying, production, formulation, synthesis, assaying, testing orCommercialization, including study data, but excluding any of the foregoing which is the subjectof an issued patent