definiens: means activities conducted by a Party ’s medical aﬀairs department ( or, if a Party does not have amedical aﬀairs department, the equivalent thereof ), including communications with key opinion leaders and otherhealthcare providers, medical education, symposia, advisory boards ( to the extent related to medical aﬀairs or clinicalguidance ), activities performed in connection with patient registries, expanded access programs, including early accessprograms, named patient programs, and compassionate use, real world evidence generation ( excluding Clinical Trials),health economics and outcomes research, medical information, publications, advocacy, and other medical programs andcommunications, including educational grants and sponsorships, research grants ( including conducting investigator - initiated studies ), and charitable donations, in each case to the extent related to medical aﬀairs and not to other activitiesthat involve the promotion, marketing, sale, or other Commercialization of pharmaceutical products and are not conductedby a Party ’s medical aﬀairs ( or equivalent ) departments ; but excluding activities directed to Manufacturing, Development, or Commercialization ( except that sponsorships may be conducted as Commercialization activities or Medical Aﬀairsactivities )