definiens: means the Costs incurred by a Party after the Effective Date that are attributable toPreclinical Development activities performed in accordance with the Preclinical Development Plan and Budget pertaining toany Compounds, including the Costs of ( a ) processes and activities, whether in vitro or in vivo, conducted to discover, screen, optimize, clone, express, purify, formulate, characterize or enhance any Compound, including synthesis or Shuffling of anyCompound, conjugation thereof, or similar activities ; ( b ) the conduct of IND Enabling Studies with respect to a Compound;(c ) processes and activities conducted to discover, develop, optimize, characterize or enhance technologies and toolsincluding assays, screens, biological models, software and databases reasonably necessary for the support of any of theactivities described in clauses ( a ) and ( b ) above, or Development or Manufacture of Compounds, and ( d ) Manufacture ofCompounds or Products for such activities