Patient case (clinical description): A 9-year-old girl is brought to the office for evaluation of short stature and overweight body habitus. The patient's mother and father are 170 cm and 181 cm tall, respectively.  On physical examination, the patient's height is in the 5th percentile of her age.  Other findings include low-set ears, a high arched palate, a webbed neck, and cubitus valgus.  Chromosomal analysis reveals a 45, XO karyotype.

Patient's own account: I took my 9-year-old daughter to the doctor because my mother-in-law kept saying she seemed small and overweight. My husband and I are 170 cm and 181 cm tall, respectively. The physical health highlighted that she is in the 5th percentile of her age. The doctor said that she has low-set ears, a high-arched palate, a webbed neck, and cubitus valgus. She also did a chromosomal analysis, which revealed a 45, XO karyotype.

Clinical trial: Mobile Attention Retraining in Overweight Female Adolescents

Eligibility criteria:
-  INCLUSION CRITERIA:

        Volunteers will qualify if they meet the following criteria:

          1. Age between 12 and 17 years (at the start of the study).

          2. Female sex.

          3. BMI at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex according to the Centers for
             Disease Control US Standards (101).

          4. Right handedness.

             LOC sample only:

          5. Greater than or equal to 1 episodes of LOC eating during the past month prior to
             assessment, assessed using a clinical diagnostic interview for eating disorders.

             No-LOC sample only:

          6. No episodes of LOC eating during the past month prior to assessment, assessed using a
             clinical diagnostic interview for eating disorders.

        EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

        Individuals will be excluded (and provided treatment referrals as needed) for the following
        reasons:

          1. An obesity-related health comorbidity requiring medical treatment, such as
             hypertension (defined by age-, sex-, and height-specific standards) or fasting
             hyperglycemia consistent with diabetes.

          2. Presence of other major illnesses: renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, most
             endocrinologic (e.g., Cushing syndrome, untreated hyper- or hypothyroidism),
             hematological problems or pulmonary disorders (other than asthma not requiring
             continuous medication). Nonserious

             medical illnesses, such as seasonal allergies, will be reviewed on a case-by-case
             basis.

          3. Regular use of any medication known to affect body weight or eating behavior (e.g.,
             stimulants prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD).
             Medication use for non-serious conditions (e.g., acne) will be considered on a
             case-by-case basis.

          4. Current pregnancy or a history of pregnancy.

          5. A significant reduction in weight during the past three months, for any reason,
             exceeding 5% of body weight.

          6. Presence in the child of any significant, full-threshold psychiatric disorder based on
             DSM criteria (102), such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcohol or substance
             abuse, anorexia or bulimia nervosa, or any other disorder that, in the opinion of the
             investigators, would impede competence or compliance or possibly hinder completion of
             the study. These individuals will not be permitted to enroll in the current study and
             will be referred for treatment. Individuals who present with other psychiatric
             disorders, including subthreshold psychiatric disorders, will be permitted to enroll
             in the study. If, based on the opinion of the investigators, a participant requires
             treatment for his/her psychiatric symptoms, the individual will be referred for
             treatment. Participants who develop any psychiatric disorder or significant
             psychiatric symptoms at any follow-up assessment during the study will be excluded and
             be provided with treatment referrals.

          7. Current and regular substance use, including the use of alcohol and/or tobacco
             products (including e-cigarettes).

          8. A history of significant or recent brain injury that may considerably influence
             performance (i.e., any history of loss of consciousness greater than or equal to 30
             minutes associated with a head injury, any history of memory loss or hospitalization
             associated with a head injury, or greater than or equal to 2 concussions within last
             year).

          9. Current involvement in a weight loss program, participating in psychotherapy aimed at
             weight loss or treatment of eating behavior (e.g., binge eating).

         10. All parents/guardians will be asked to indicate if their child has any food allergies.
             To be conservative, children who report allergies to gluten, nuts, dairy, fruit, or
             any other item in the array, will be excluded from the test meal portion of the study.

         11. A condition under which MEG is contradicted (e.g., metal in the body, pregnancy,
             claustrophobia, history of significant neurological insult or injury).

         12. Non-English speaking participants will be excluded from the study as they may be
             unable to complete questionnaires and follow the instructions which are only provided
             in English.
Female
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 12 Years old.
Subject must be at most 17 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction