Patient case (clinical description): A 67-year-old woman comes to the clinic due to recent episode of choking, dysphagia, and cough.  Her other medical problems include hypertension, dyslipidemia, and osteoarthritis.  She does not smoke or use alcohol. She lives with her husband and she is able to do her own daily activities. She used to teach elementary school. Blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg.  The patient's breath smells bad. Other physical examinations are normal.  A barium swallow study reveals an abnormality in the upper esophagus with an outpouching at the junction of the lower part of the throat and the upper portion of the esophagus.

Patient's own account: I'm a 67-year-old lady, and I went to the clinic due to nonstop choking, difficulty swallowing, and coughing. I also suffer from hypertension, cholesterol, and osteoarthritis. I do not smoke or drink alcohol. I live with my husband, and we are independent retired elementary school teachers. During the exam, my blood pressure was 135/80 mm Hg. The doctor told me I had a smelly breath. How embarrassing! The rest of my physical exam was normal. I did a barium swallow test, which is an X-ray of my throat, which revealed a problem in the upper part of my esophagus, where there's a small pouch or bulge at the spot where my throat meets the esophagus.

Clinical trial: Clinical Trial to Assess the Effects of Low-fat Dairy on Systolic Blood Pressure

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Subject is a female or male, 20-69 years of age, inclusive.

          -  Subject has a BMI of 18.5 to 39.9 kg/m2, inclusive.

          -  Subject has resting blood pressure measurements meeting the criteria for
             pre-hypertension (SBP = 120 to 139 mm Hg and/or DBP = 80 to 89 mm Hg) or stage 1
             hypertension (SBP = 140 to 159 mm Hg or DBP = 90 to 99 mm Hg)

          -  Subject reports history of consuming, on average, ≤2 servings/d of dairy foods as part
             of their normal diet

          -  Subject is willing to consume ≤1 serving/d of dairy foods (other than the study
             products provided) during each treatment phase.

          -  Subject is willing to maintain a stable body weight and habitual diet and physical
             activity patterns throughout the trial, with the exception of specific study
             instructions related to study product intake, alcohol intake, and physical activity.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Subject has known coronary heart disease (CHD) or a CHD risk equivalent

          -  Subject has a history of any major trauma or major surgical event

          -  Subject has digital deformities that would prevent EndoPAT measurements.

          -  Subject has used medications known to alter body weight

          -  Subject has used medications or dietary supplements that, in the opinion of the
             Investigator, have strong potential to influence blood pressure or endothelial
             function

          -  Subject has extreme dietary habits (e.g., Atkins diet, very high protein/low
             carbohydrate).
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 20 Years old.
Subject must be at most 69 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment