Patient case (clinical description): A 47-year-old woman comes to the office complaining of pain in the calf and knee when she bends down. The pain limits her activity. Her medical history is significant for osteoarthritis, for which she uses nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the past two years. She is living with her husband and has 3 children. She doesn't smoke but drinks alcohol occasionally. Her vital signs are normal. On physical examination, there is a small effusion in the right knee. The effusion grew a little larger and she developed a tender swelling in the popliteal fossa and calf. Both the pain and swelling worsened as she bent and straightened her knee.

Patient's own account: I'm a 47-year-old woman, married with 3 kids. I don't smoke and I drink occasionally. I went to the doctor because of pain in my calf and knee when I was bending down. This has been limiting my daily activities. I have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis for which I have taken anti-inflammatory drugs for the past 2 years. The doctor saw a small fluid buildup in my right knee. This buildup became a bit bigger and I have a swollen calf. The pain is worse when I bend and straighten my knee.

Clinical trial: TREAD-20: Trial of Hyalgan Three Injection-Regimen for the Treatment of Knee Pain Due to Osteoarthritis

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients having given their written informed consent, prior to participating in the
             trial.

          -  Patients of either sex >= 40 years of age and of sufficient good health that they will
             be able to complete the 6-month follow-up.

          -  Patients with signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of at least one knee:

               -  Diagnosed according to ACR criteria.

               -  Based upon a knee X-ray performed within 6 months prior to Screening, the
                  radiograms must be classified as a Grade II or III for osteoarthritis of the knee
                  according to the Kellgren & Lawrence grading system based upon a radiologist's
                  written report or individual certified for reading knee radiograms. (Sharpening
                  of the tibial spine is not considered to be an osteophyte).

          -  Patients with symptoms consistent with osteoarthritis of the knee for at least 6
             months prior to Screening. These symptoms must include knee joint pain, and may
             include crepitus, swelling and/or effusion of the knee.

          -  At Screening, patients on any analgesic/anti-inflammatory medication should have a
             visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score after walking on a 50 ft flat surface of > 30
             mm but < 90 mm using a 100 mm scale. If patients are not taking any
             analgesic/anti-inflammatory medication or have not taken any pain medication
             (prescription [Rx] or over-the-counter [OTC]) in the previous 3 days from Screening
             then they should have a VAS pain score after walking on a 50 ft flat surface of > 40
             mm but < 90 mm. If bilateral knee pain is present, the investigator will select the
             more painful knee.

          -  At Screening and Baseline, if there is bilateral OA of the knee involvement, patients
             must have a VAS pain score for walking on a 50 ft flat surface of < 30 mm in the less
             painful contralateral knee at the Baseline assessment. A patient scoring an acceptable
             VAS pain score at Screening but failing to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria
             at Baseline can not be randomized and enrolled.

          -  At Baseline, after all analgesic/anti-inflammatory medications have been discontinued
             for 2 weeks (withdrawal from acetaminophen rescue medication for at least 24 hours
             prior to Baseline assessment), patients should have a VAS pain score of > 40 mm but <
             90 mm immediately after the 50-foot walk on a flat surface. Again, if bilateral knee
             pain is present, the investigator will select the more painful knee and the
             contralateral knee must have a VAS pain score of < 30 mm.

          -  Patients must have had knee pain in the signal knee on at least 50% of the days in the
             month preceding Screening.

          -  Patients who are able to complete efficacy measurement questionnaires and can
             understand and read English or Spanish (Spanish forms will be provided).

          -  Patients who can perform the 50-foot walk test without the support of crutches or
             other assistive devices, except for canes. If patient uses a cane routinely in daily
             activities, then they can use it for their assessments. However, this use must remain
             stable for all assessments.

          -  Minimum flexion of 90 degrees in both knees.

          -  Patients who are willing to discontinue all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
             (NSAIDs) or other analgesic medication taken for any condition, including their knee
             pain with the exception of acetaminophen, up to 1000 mg (2 tablets) four times a day
             (q.i.d.), as needed (p.r.n.) (maximum 8 tablets or 4 grams per day). These patients
             must be willing to use only acetaminophen as a rescue pain medication for the knee
             pain during the study period and refrain from even acetaminophen use 24 hours prior to
             any office visit. All other analgesic medications for any chronic condition must be
             stopped (see exceptions for acute treatment of transient flares of pain). Patients
             must also be willing to abstain from any intra-articular (i.a.) or peri-articular
             injections to the knee or surgery during the course of the trial, except for the
             assigned study product.

          -  Patients who, if they are currently taking low dose aspirin (325 mg/day or less), are
             willing to remain on a stable dose throughout the study and are willing to refrain
             from any aspirin dose 24 hours prior to any office visit.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Women of childbearing potential may not be entered if:

               -  their pregnancy tests (urine test) are positive,

               -  they are nursing,

               -  they do not use an effective method of contraception until all follow-up
                  procedures are complete. (Methods of contraception considered effective are an
                  oral, injectable or implanted contraceptive agent, or an intra-uterine device
                  with a failure rate of 1% per year, and abstinence).

          -  Patients participating in an experimental drug/device study or any clinical trial
             within the previous 30 days prior to Screening.

          -  Patients with a prior history of any malignancy with the exception of basal cell
             carcinoma of the skin treated more than 2 years prior to Screening, unless specific
             permission/waiver by the Sponsor is granted.

          -  Patients having significant bleeding diathesis.

          -  Patients that are currently under litigation for injuries related to the study knee or
             other injuries that might interfere with their completion of the study protocol.

        Musculoskeletal Related

          -  Patients having any major injury (including sports) to the study knee in past 12
             months.

          -  Patients having any surgery to the study joint within the previous 12 months prior to
             Screening, and surgery to the contralateral knee or other weight-bearing joint if it
             would interfere with the study assessments.

          -  Patients having significant surgery of lower limbs (hip, ankle, foot) that may
             interfere with knee assessments.

          -  Patients receiving any articular procedures, such as transplants, to the study knee.

          -  Patients having a ligament reconstruction to the study knee.

          -  Patients with inflammatory arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or
             psoriatic arthritis

          -  Patients with gout or calcium pyrophosphate (pseudogout) diseases that had flared
             within the previous 6 months prior to Screening.

          -  Patients receiving any intra-articular or local peri-articular corticosteroid
             injections to the study joint/knee within the previous 3 months prior to Screening.

          -  Patients receiving any intra-articular, intra-muscular or local peri-articular
             corticosteroid injections to any other joint (beside the study joint) or soft tissue
             area within the past 3 months.

          -  Patients receiving any oral corticosteroid within the previous month. Steroid
             inhalants are permitted if the patient has been on a stable regimen for the past month
             prior to Screening and remains on this regimen throughout the course of the trial.

          -  Patients receiving an intra-articular hyaluronan in the study joint within the
             previous 9 months prior to screening.

          -  Patients receiving an intra-articular hyaluronan in any joint within the previous 6
             months prior to screening.

          -  Patients with a history of allergic reaction to an intra-articular injection or avian
             products.

          -  Patients taking unstable doses of glucosamine- or chondroitin sulfate-containing
             compounds, or patients taking stable dose for less than 4 months prior to Screening,
             or patients taking stable dose for at least 4 months prior to and unwilling to remain
             on these stable doses throughout the course of the trial.

          -  Patients on unstable doses of bisphosphonate or patients on stable doses for the past
             month prior to Screening, and are unwilling to remain on these stable doses throughout
             the course of the trial.

          -  Patients who cannot perform the 50-foot walk test without the support of crutches or
             other assistive devices, except for canes. If patient uses a cane routinely in daily
             activities, then they can use it for their clinical assessments. If the patient uses a
             cane for their Baseline assessment then they must use the cane for ALL subsequent
             assessments.

          -  Patients with X-ray findings of acute fractures, severe loss of bone density,
             avascular necrosis and/or severe bone or joint deformity.

          -  Patients with significant axial deviation of the knee.

          -  Patients with OA that is dominantly in the lateral compartment or any significant
             valgus deformity

          -  Patients with significant anterior knee pain due to diagnosed isolated patella-femoral
             syndrome or chondromalacia.

          -  Patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of either hip, contralateral knee or spine
             that may interfere with functional assessment of the signal knee.

          -  Patients with clinically significant medio-lateral and/or anterior-posterior
             instability.

          -  Patients with osteonecrosis of either knee.

          -  Patients that are receiving or performing physical therapy regimen during the previous
             month from Screening, and/or will not or cannot maintain a stable physical therapy
             regimen throughout the course of the trial.

          -  Patients with Kellgren-Lawrence Grade IV OA (i.e., large osteophytes, marked
             narrowing, severe sclerosis, and definite deformity) and Grade I OA of the knee.

          -  Patients having any arthrogram of the signal joint within the past 3 months prior to
             Screening.

          -  Patients with a hemiparesis of the lower limbs

          -  Patients with active liver or renal disease based upon liver profile of SGOT > 2 x ULN
             (upper limit of normal), and/or conjugated bilirubin > 2 x ULN, and/or renal
             insufficiency (serum creatinine < 2.0 mg/dL, and/or any clinically significant
             laboratory value based on clinical history which the investigator feels may affect the
             evaluation of the patient.

        Concomitant conditions, diseases, medications and/or clinical history

          -  Patients requiring chronic use of analgesia for pain (including pain in the other knee
             or any other joint) that may interfere with the evaluations of the test knee (such as
             possible use of rescue medication for these other conditions).

          -  Patients with known allergies to acetaminophen, lidocaine, hyaluronans, or avian
             products.

          -  Patients with a recurrent medical history of severe allergic or immune-mediated
             reactions.

          -  Patients with active infection of the skin near the potential injection site.

          -  Patients with any dermatological disease overlying the signal joint that would
             contraindicate multiple injections or aspirations.

          -  Patients taking any agent reported to have symptom relief for arthritis or be a
             disease/structure modifying drug (e.g. doxycycline, long-term tetracycline,
             s-adenosylmethionine [SAM], dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], dietary supplements or any
             herbal remedy taken for arthritic and joint conditions within the past month.
             Exceptions are products containing glucosamine/Chondroitin/methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)
             if stable for 4 months prior to Screening and remain stable throughout study and
             fulfill the VAS pain entry criteria).

          -  Patients with peripheral neuropathy that would be severe enough to interfere with the
             evaluation of the patient.

          -  Patients with vascular insufficiency of lower limbs that is severe enough to interfere
             with the evaluation of the patient.

          -  Patients on concomitant therapy with anticoagulants (low dose aspirin, not exceeding
             325 mg per day as an anti-thrombotic agent is permitted if stable for one month prior
             to Screening and remains stable throughout the study.

          -  Patients with any inter-current disease(s) or condition(s) that may interfere with the
             free use and evaluation of the affected knee for the 6 month course of the trial
             (cancer, other rheumatic diseases, gout, severe congenital defects, etc.).

          -  Patients with any inter-current chronic disease(s) or condition(s) that may predispose
             them to a high probability of interfering with the completion of the 6 month follow-up
             of the study such as peptic ulcer, liver disease, severe coronary disease, renal
             disease, cancer, pregnancy, alcoholism, drug abuse, mental state, or other clinically
             significant condition.

          -  Patients with excessive alcohol consumption or alcoholism that would be
             contraindicated with the use of acetaminophen.

          -  Patients with any known current addiction to pain medications.

          -  Patients that have, in the opinion of the clinical investigator, a clinically
             significant diagnostic test and/or abnormal laboratory test result(s) that may place
             the patient at a health risk, impact the study, or affect the patient's ability to
             complete the study.

          -  Patients unable to or with any psychiatric illness that would prevent them to legally
             comprehend the details and nature of the study.

          -  Patients who in the judgment of the clinician are likely to violate the protocol
             regulations or unlikely to complete the study for any reason.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 40 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment