Mathilde/NLI4PR huggingface dataset:
Patient case (clinical description): A 30-year-old man who is a computer scientist came to the clinic with the lab result stating azoospermia.  The patient is sexually active with his wife and does not use any contraception methods.  They have been trying to conceive for the past year with no success.  The patient has a past medical history of recurrent pneumonia, shortness of breath, and  persistent cough that produces large amounts of thick sputum. The patient had multiple lung infections during childhood. He does not smoke, use illicit drugs or alcohol.  The patient has no history of other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery.  On physical examination, the digits show clubbing.  An ultrasound shows bilateral absence of the vas deferens, and FEV1 was 75% on the respiratory function test.

Patient's own account: I'm a 30-year-old computer scientist. I did some lab tests that came back quite alarming, stating that I have azoospermia?! I'm sexually active with my wife and we don't use contraception. We've been trying to have a child for the past year. I have a medical history of pneumonia and shortness of breath and regular wet cough. I had several lung infections when I was a kid. That's why I'm very careful and don't smoke, do drugs, or drink. I don't have other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery. The doctor did the clubbing test on my fingers, which was positive. I also did an ultrasound and it showed that I'm missing the tubes that carry sperm around. I also had a 75% for my respiratory function test.

Clinical trial: Risk Factors of Psychiatric Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction in Infertile Men

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  men who seek treatment for infertility (infertility is defined as the inability to
             conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse)

          -  age ≥ 18 years

          -  in a heterosexual, stable relationship for at least 1 year

          -  able to read and speak Chinese

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  inability to read and understand the questionnaire because of language difficulties

          -  already evaluated during an earlier survey

          -  men on medication that could have affected their ejaculatory and erectile function
             and/or psychological status
Male
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 60 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 55-year-old white woman comes for a routine checkup.  She has no significant medical history and does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs.  The patient's only medication is an over-the-counter multivitamin.  Family history is notable for a hip fracture in her mother.  Blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg and pulse is 112/min. She has occasional back pain and lives a sedentary lifestyle with the BMI of 24 Kg/m2. Plain X-ray of the spine shows mild compression fracture at the level of T10. X-ray absorptiometry studies demonstrate abnormally low bone density in the lumbar vertebrae and T-score values below -2.5, which confirms the diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Patient's own account: I'm a 55-year-old white woman and I recently visited my family doctor. I don't smoke anything or drink. I don't have any remarkable medical history. I only use over-the-counter multivitamins to keep myself fresh and energized. My mom had a hip fracture. The doctor took my blood pressure and it was 130/80 and my pulse was 112/min. I have annoying back pain from time to time and to be honest I don't exercise much or move much. My BMI is 24. I did a spine X-ray a while ago and my doctor showed me that I have a fracture on one of my vertebrae. I also have a low bone density in my lumbar vertebrae and T-score values below -2.5. The doctor diagnosed me with osteoporosis.

Clinical trial: Fracture Prediction by Opportunistic Screening for Osteoporosis

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Men and women 60 years and older (i.e. those at a priori higher risk of fragility
             fractures):

          -  Having an abdominal computed tomography (CT) (Axial or Sagittal slices / Slice
             thickness of 4mm or better / Presence of the L1 to L4 vertebrae), performed between
             2007 and 2013 and stored in the PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System)
             which is the database of all images of patients performed at AP-HP, whatever the
             medical indication

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Abdominal scan not legible (including patients with spine implants, screws and other
             spinal devices).

          -  Impossibility to match the CT scan data with the French Hospital National Database
             (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information : PMSI)*, which includes all
             hospitalizations occurring in public and private acute care settings in France,
             between 2007 and 2016. Probabilistic matching will give incident fracture data during
             follow-up.

          -  Abdominal scan (i.e. any scan including L1 to L4 vertebrae) performed as outpatient
             care (i.e. not related to an hospital stay)

          -  Foreign residents
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 60 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 50-year-old woman comes to the clinic with intermittent ear discharge and sense of hearing loss on her left ear.  Past medical history is significant for obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus.  Her medications include Metformin, Atorvastatin and Vit D supplement. Vital signs are normal. BMI is 37. Otoscopy shows a small perforation in the left tympanic membrane and a pearly mass behind the membrane.  Conduction hearing loss is noted in the left ear.  The remainder of the ear, nose, and throat examination is normal.

Patient's own account: I went to the clinic the other day because I had some fluid in my ear and I felt like I could not hear as well as I used to in my left ear. I'm a 50-year-old woman, and I have been obese for a while now. I have diabetes and cholesterol. I take some medication. I take metformin, atorvastatin, and vitamin D supplements. When I was admitted, my vitals were normal. My BMI is 37. When they looked into my ears, they said that my left tympanic membrane was broken and there was some fluid behind the membrane. During the hearing test, they could assess that my left ear suffers from hearing loss. They also performed ear, nose, and throat examinations that turned out to be normal.

Clinical trial: The Beneficial Effects of Pomegranate on Hearing of Patients Without Hemodialysis

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          1. Age 50 to 80 years old.

          2. non-renal dialysis patients.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Life can not take care of themselves or the bed of a patient.

          2. dialysis patients.

          3. Patients who can not understand the details of this study or are unable to cooperate
             with the examination.

          4. history of alcohol or drug abuse.

          5. history of high environmental noise exposure.

          6. The pure tone hearing threshold is greater than 10 decibel (dB), and the audiogram 4
             kilohertz (kHz) air conduction threshold is greater than 8 kilohertz (kHz) air
             threshold value of 20 decibel (dB).
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 50 Years old.
Subject must be at most 80 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 50-year-old woman comes to the clinic with intermittent ear discharge and sense of hearing loss on her left ear.  Past medical history is significant for obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus.  Her medications include Metformin, Atorvastatin and Vit D supplement. Vital signs are normal. BMI is 37. Otoscopy shows a small perforation in the left tympanic membrane and a pearly mass behind the membrane.  Conduction hearing loss is noted in the left ear.  The remainder of the ear, nose, and throat examination is normal.

Patient's own account: I went to the clinic the other day because I had some fluid in my ear and I felt like I could not hear as well as I used to in my left ear. I'm a 50-year-old woman, and I have been obese for a while now. I have diabetes and cholesterol. I take some medication. I take metformin, atorvastatin, and vitamin D supplements. When I was admitted, my vitals were normal. My BMI is 37. When they looked into my ears, they said that my left tympanic membrane was broken and there was some fluid behind the membrane. During the hearing test, they could assess that my left ear suffers from hearing loss. They also performed ear, nose, and throat examinations that turned out to be normal.

Clinical trial: Eustachian Tube Testing in a Pressure Chamber -- Validation Study

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  >18 years old

          -  Normal middle-ear status

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Chronic illness including asthma, pulmonary, or cardiac problems

          -  Pregnancy

          -  >10 dB hearing loss in any of the speech frequencies

          -  Past history of sensitivity or allergic reaction to lidocaine or related compounds
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 61-year-old man comes to the clinic due to nonproductive cough and progressive dyspnea.  The patient's medical conditions include hypertension, hypercholesteremia and peptic ulcer disease.  He smokes 2 packs of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years.  On examination, there are decreased breath sounds and percussive dullness at the base of the left lung.  Other vital signs are normal. Abdomen is soft without tenderness. CT scan shows a left-sided pleural effusion and nodular thickening of the pleura. The plural fluid was bloody on thoracentesis. Biopsy shows proliferation of epithelioid-type cells with very long microvilli.

Patient's own account: I am 61 and I had to go to the clinic because I couldn't stop coughing and I experienced some breath shortness. I suffer from hypertension and cholesterol and I also have a stomach ulcer. I should admit that I've been smoking 2 packs of cigarettes every day for the past 30 years. My doctor told me that my breath in my left lung sounds bad. But he told me that my blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate and temperature are normal. My belly is also normal. However my X-Rays show some liquid on the left side and a mass where the liquid got hard. The scary thing is that the liquid was bloody when they got it out. They did a biopsy and it showed that I have an increase of epithelioid-type cells with very long microvilli.

Clinical trial: Role of Chest Sonography in Evaluation of Pleurodesis in Patients With Malignant Pleural Effusion

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Any patient with malignant pleural effusion who will undergo palliative treatment with
             insertion of intercostal tube.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Patients <18 years old, unable to provide informed consent.

          2. Had an allergy or other contraindication to intrapleural pleurodesis.

          3. Had evidence of unexpandable lung believed by the responsible clinician to represent
             insufficient.

          4. pleural apposition that would preclude pleurodesis, and/or had an expected survival
             of<1 month.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 40 Years old.
Subject must be at most 90 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 49-year-old man comes to the office because of the bulging in his groin.  Physical examination shows a swelling above the inguinal ligament. When the patient is asked to cough, the size of the bulge increases.  His medical history is significant for mild dyslipidemia, which is under control by lifestyle modifications. He does not smoke, but drinks alcohol occasionally. His vital signs and other physical examinations are unremarkable. He is referred to a surgeon and scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic hernia repair.

Patient's own account: I'm a 49-year-old man and I went to my doctor the other day because I could not stand that sharp pain in my upper thigh, it was so swollen! The doctor told me that it was swollen right next to my ligament. It's even bigger when I'm coughing. I'm suffering from high cholesterol and I already had to adapt my lifestyle to keep the disease under control. I do not smoke but to be honest I still drink from time to time. The doctor found my vitals normal. She gave me a note to see a surgeon to get my mass removed and get a hernia repair.

Clinical trial: Glubran Mesh Fixation in Lichtenstein Hernioplasty

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  inguinal hernia

          -  adult patient

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  patient not willing

          -  multiple recurrences

          -  inguinal pain without evidence of hernia

          -  femoral hernia

          -  large scrotal hernia
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 66-year-old woman comes to the office due to joint pain in the hands and periodic morning stiffness that lasts less than 15 minutes.  The pain is moderately severe and worsens with daily activity. The patient used Tylenol with minimal relief.  Past medical history is notable for hypertension and hypercholesteremia.  Physical examination shows firm nodules over the distal interphalangeal joints, bilaterally. The patient has pain in her knees as well. The knees are stiff in the morning for less than 30 minutes and become worse with climbing stairs. She has some sensation of bone friction during activity. X-ray shows narrowing of the joint space, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation along the joints.

Patient's own account: I'm a 66-year-old woman and I went to my doctor's office because of a bloody joint pain in my hands that has been lasting for a while. The pain comes and go in the morning usually. I feel like a stiffness that last less than 15 minutes. The pain is moderately severe but it gets worse when I'm using my hands. I used Tylenol which helped a little. Apart from that, I suffer from hypertension and high cholesterol. The doctor made me notice that I have bumps around both of my hand joints. I also suffer from my knees and they are also stiff in the morning for around 30 min. It's even worse when I climb up the stairs! I also feel like my bones are rubbing against each other when I'm moving. The X-ray showed that I have narrow joint space, I have sclerosis, and abnormal growths of bone along my joints.

Clinical trial: Intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid in Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  History of mild to moderate OA

          -  OA grade II

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Intraarticular injections in the affected knee

          -  Oral application of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate during the last 6 months
             prior to the beginning of the study

          -  Clinically significant knee joint effusion

          -  Neoplasm

          -  Diabetes mellitus

          -  Osteonecrosis

          -  Rheumatoid arthritis or any other inflammatory arthritis diagnosed by American College
             of Rheumatology criteria.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 95 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 49-year-old man comes to the office because of the bulging in his groin.  Physical examination shows a swelling above the inguinal ligament. When the patient is asked to cough, the size of the bulge increases.  His medical history is significant for mild dyslipidemia, which is under control by lifestyle modifications. He does not smoke, but drinks alcohol occasionally. His vital signs and other physical examinations are unremarkable. He is referred to a surgeon and scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic hernia repair.

Patient's own account: I'm a 49-year-old man and I went to my doctor the other day because I could not stand that sharp pain in my upper thigh, it was so swollen! The doctor told me that it was swollen right next to my ligament. It's even bigger when I'm coughing. I'm suffering from high cholesterol and I already had to adapt my lifestyle to keep the disease under control. I do not smoke but to be honest I still drink from time to time. The doctor found my vitals normal. She gave me a note to see a surgeon to get my mass removed and get a hernia repair.

Clinical trial: Comparing the Quality of Life After Nylon Darn Repair of Inguinal Hernia to Polypropylene Mesh Repair

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients, 18 years and above, presenting with primary reducible inguinal hernias

          -  Patients, 18 years and above, with irreducible inguinal hernias which is neither
             obstructed nor strangulated.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients who do not consent to participate in the study.

          -  Patients presenting with recurrent, obstructed or strangulated hernias

          -  Patients with bilateral hernias

          -  Patients with immunosuppression (uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, malnutrition,
             patients on long-term steroids, known AIDS patients)

          -  Patients with chronic debilitating illnesses (chronic renal or liver failure,
             congestive cardiac failure) and urinary bladder outlet obstruction

          -  Concomitant repair of another abdominal hernia e.g. umbilical hernia

          -  Hernia repair combined with another surgical procedure

          -  Patients under the age of 18 years and over 80 years

          -  Pregnant women

          -  ASA score 4 or more
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 80 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 23-year-old female has prolonged oral bleeding immediately after a tooth extraction.  Despite several interventions, the bleeding persists for hours and stops only after desmopressin (DDAVP) administration.  The patient has heavy menstrual cycles each month.  She has no other medical problems and takes no medications.  Her mother and grandmother have also had excessive bleeding during menstrual period.  Review of systems is positive for mild bruising on his legs. Laboratory findings reveal a normal platelet count and an abnormal ristocetin cofactor assay, as well as CB <= 0.30 IU/mL and FVIII:C <= 0.40 IU/mL.

Patient's own account: I'm a 23 woman and I went to the ER because of non-stop bleeding after my tooth extraction. I tried to make the bleeding stop but it just kept going for hours and it finally stopped when I took some medication called DDAVP. I usually have heavy periods, just like my mom and grandma had. I don't have any other medical condition and I don't take any other medication. The doctor noticed the bruises on my legs. I had to do some lab tests. I had a normal platelet count but an abnormal ristocetin cofactor assay. I had low CB and FVIII:C levels.

Clinical trial: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Progestin-only Contraceptives

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          1. Women aged between 18-40 years.

          2. Women with more than 12 month postpartum.

          3. Women who had normal menstrual pattern (cycle from 21 - 35 days with a same cycle
             length variation of no more than 5 days, bleeding days from 2-7 days and number of
             sanitary pads not more than 3 pads without blood clots or flooding of blood).

          4. Women wanted to use DMPA, etonogestrel subdermal implant or POPs only for pregnancy
             prevention for at least 1 year.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Women on any anticoagulant therapy.

          2. Women who had a history of uterine, cervical or ovarian pathology.

          3. Women who had uterine bleeding disturbance (including amenorrhea) before recruitment.

          4. Women received DMPA injection within the previous 9 months except they had three
             spontaneous regular menstrual cycles.

          5. Severely anemic women (hemoglobin < 8gm/dl).

          6. Women with any contraindications for POCs following the WHO eligibility (Altshuler AL
             et al., 2015).

          7. Women refused to participate in the study.
Female
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 40 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction