Patient case (clinical description): A 70-year-old man comes to the office accompanied by his wife.  The patient has experienced progressive memory loss over the last years.  He needs help with some of his routine activities, such as paying bills.  The patient's wife says, "He used to be such an independent person, but now he needs help with many things, even finding direction to home!"  Medical history includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Family history includes Alzheimer disease in his father.  MRI reveals diffuse cortical and hippocampal atrophy. The diagnosis of AD is made using the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) criteria.

Patient's own account: I am a 70-year-old man, and I paid a visit to the doctor with my wife the other day. I noticed that I tend to forget small things and that my memory has decreased over the past few years. I even ask my wife to help me out with my daily routine. I used to be the one paying the bills, but now she has to give me a hand. My wife mentioned to the doctor that I used to be independent and that I tend to forget where we live. I suffer from hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. My poor dad was suffering from Alzheimer disease, so I hope I'm not going to end the same way! I did an MRI and they found out that some part of my brain was decreasing. I also did an Alzheimer test.

Clinical trial: Theta-burst Stimulation on Cognitive Function in the Patients With Young-onset Alzheimer's Disease Dementia

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          1. Any patient has a definite diagnosis of AD dementia according to the NIA-AA criteria
             for intermediate-to-high levels of biological evidence of probable and possible AD
             dementia (McKhann et al. 2011).

          2. Dementia onset before age 65 years old.

          3. Age between 50-75 years old for patient and control group.

          4. The severity of dementia is limited to mild to moderate stage in current project. The
             definition of mild to moderate stage of dementia is based on the clinical dementia
             rating scale (CDR) from 0.5-2.

          5. Cognitively normal controls MMSE≧24, CDR should be 0.

          6. Informed consent provided by the patient and family.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Any subject has a definite diagnosis of epilepsy or history of seizure attack.

          2. Current or past history of clinically significant neurological insults affecting brain
             structure or function like completed stroke, head injury or brain tumor.

          3. Any subject has clinically significant or unstable medical diseases including
             metabolic, renal, liver, lung or cardiovascular disorders including metabolic, renal,
             liver, lung or cardiovascular disorders

          4. Any subject has current alcohol or other substances abuse and/ or dependence within
             the recent one year, or previously prolonged history of substances abuse

          5. Any females who is pregnant or lactating

          6. General MRI, TMS and/or PET exclusion criteria including subjects who had received
             brain aneurysm surgery, or implanted pacemaker, mechanical valves, cochlear implant or
             other metal devices/ objects that are not magnetic resonance (MR) compatible in the
             body.

          7. Any subject has allergic reaction to 18F-florbetapir or 18F-FDG radiotracers.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 50 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment