Patient case (clinical description): A 23-year-old man comes to the emergency department following an episode of syncope.  He was working out when he felt dizzy and passed out without head injury.  He has had 3 other episodes of light-headedness over the last year, all happening during physical activity. He never had this experience while resting. He has no other medical conditions.  The patient does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs.  His father died suddenly at age 35.  Vital signs are within normal limits.  On physical examination, the patient has a harsh systolic murmur.  The lungs are clear with no peripheral edema. Echocardiography shows asymmetric interventricular septal hypertrophy.

Patient's own account: I'm 23, and I got admitted to the ER because I fainted all of a sudden. I was in the gym, working out, when all of a sudden, I just got dizzy and passed out. Hopefully, I didn't hit my head. It's not my first time having that kind of dizziness at the gym, never when I'm chilling at home tho. I don't have any special medical conditions and I'm not even smoking, drinking or doing drugs! My dad died suddenly when he was 35, so I'm kind of scared. My vitals were normal while at the ER and they did a physical exam and they told me my heart sounds abnormal. My lungs are ok, but I had to do an echography of my heart, and they told me it is bigger than average.

Clinical trial: A Prospective, Open-labeled, Multi-centric Trial in Subjects With Systolic Heart Failure to Evaluate Bisoprolol Treatment for the Effects on Surrogate Markers of Heart Failure in Korea

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Subjects with heart failure and at the age of 18 (inclusive) to 80 (exclusive)

          -  Subjects with NYHA Class II-IV with dyspnea

          -  Subjects with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40 percent or below on the
             echocardiogram

          -  Eligible subjects who meet the criteria, are capable of participating in the study,
             and provide written informed consent to study participation after receiving a clear
             explanation about the study objective and nature

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  A subject who cannot understand or does not agree to the study contents

          -  Subjects with conduction defect of 2nd degree or above atrioventricular block

          -  Subjects with heart rate less than (<) 60 beats at rest

          -  Subjects with systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg at rest

          -  Subjects with renal failure (serum creatinine > 2.0 milligram per deciliter [mg/dL])

          -  Subjects with unrecovered pulmonary edema

          -  Subjects with history of myocardial infarction or stroke within 3 months

          -  Subjects with history of coronary intervention or coronary bypass within 6 months

          -  Subjects with heart failure due to mitral valve without valve replacement or aortic
             valvular disease (excluding moderate or less severe mitral insufficiency secondary to
             left ventricular expansion)

          -  Subjects with history of valve replacement within the past 6 months

          -  Subjects with history or scheduled heart transplantation

          -  Subjects with reversible obstructive pulmonary disease

          -  Subjects with other cases where beta blockers are contraindicated

          -  Any surgical or internal disease that may put the subject at a higher risk due to
             study participation or may interfere with the subjects compliance to study
             requirements or completion of the study, based on the judgment of the Investigator

          -  A subject with history of non-compliance to drug prescriptions or who is not willing
             to comply with the protocol

          -  Subjects with a history of treated or untreated malignant tumor within the past 5
             years

          -  Pregnant or lactating women

          -  Subjects with heart failure due to acute myocarditis

          -  Subjects with continuous ventricular tachycardia with history of syncope within 3
             months
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 80 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction