Patient case (clinical description): A 30-year-old man who is a computer scientist came to the clinic with the lab result stating azoospermia.  The patient is sexually active with his wife and does not use any contraception methods.  They have been trying to conceive for the past year with no success.  The patient has a past medical history of recurrent pneumonia, shortness of breath, and  persistent cough that produces large amounts of thick sputum. The patient had multiple lung infections during childhood. He does not smoke, use illicit drugs or alcohol.  The patient has no history of other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery.  On physical examination, the digits show clubbing.  An ultrasound shows bilateral absence of the vas deferens, and FEV1 was 75% on the respiratory function test.

Patient's own account: I'm a 30-year-old computer scientist. I did some lab tests that came back quite alarming, stating that I have azoospermia?! I'm sexually active with my wife and we don't use contraception. We've been trying to have a child for the past year. I have a medical history of pneumonia and shortness of breath and regular wet cough. I had several lung infections when I was a kid. That's why I'm very careful and don't smoke, do drugs, or drink. I don't have other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery. The doctor did the clubbing test on my fingers, which was positive. I also did an ultrasound and it showed that I'm missing the tubes that carry sperm around. I also had a 75% for my respiratory function test.

Clinical trial: Longitudinal Assessment of Clinical Course and BIOmarkers in Severe Chronic AIRway Disease

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

        For all patients:

          1. The patient understands the study procedures and agrees to participate by signing the
             consent form.

          2. The patient is male or female, at least 18 years of age but no more than 80 years of
             age at the entry into the study (screening visit).

        For patients with asthma (groups 1 and 2)

          1. The patient has a history of intermittent or persistent symptoms of wheezing,
             breathlessness, chest tightness and cough. The diagnosis of asthma must have been
             confirmed by a specialist in pulmonary medicine.

          2. The patient fulfils one or several of the following criteria for reversible airway
             obstruction, as documented during the last 5 years before the study or at screening
             visit:

               1. An increase in FEV1 more than 9% of predicted (or improvement by 200 mL) after
                  administration of 4 puffs of 100 microg salbutamol dose-aerosol inhaler via a
                  spacer, or after additional inhalation of four puffs of 20 microg ipratropium
                  bromide (Atrovent) administered through a large volume spacer.

               2. A mean diurnal variation in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) of more than 15% on more
                  than 4 days/week for at least 2 weeks, as calculated by the following equation:

                  (highest PEF-lowest PEF)/mean PEF

               3. An increase in FEV1 of at least 400 mL after a course of prednisolone
                  0.5mg/kg/day for 14 days.

               4. In patients with a FEV1 more than 70% predicted, demonstrated bronchial
                  hyperresponsiveness to histamine, methacholine, isocapnic hyperventilation,
                  exercise or other indirect challenges (according to established local methods).

          3. The patient is a non-smoker or has a total smoking history of less than 5 pack years.
             In the case the patient is smoking, it must be less than 10 cigarettes a day and the
             asthma must have started before smoking.

        Specific for patients with mild to moderate asthma (group 1)

          1. The patient has stable disease with minimal symptoms, no exacerbations or
             hospitalisations during the last year.

          2. The patient uses inhaled steroids regularly, but not more than 800 microg/day
             budesonide or beclomethasone, or up to 500 microg/day fluticasone.

          3. The patient uses prescribed short-acting beta agonists as needed.

          4. The patient does not require treatment with long-acting beta-agonists.

        Specific for patients with severe asthma (group 2)

          1. The patient has been under specialist treatment for at least one year.

          2. The patient requires continuous treatment with high doses of inhaled steroids. If the
             patient does not take oral steroids, the inhaled dose of steroids must be more than
             1600 microg/day budesonide or beclomethasone, or more than 800 microg/day fluticasone
             or equivalent. In case the patient does take oral steroids, the inhaled dose of
             steroids must be more than 800 microg/day budesonide or beclomethasone, or more than
             400 microg/day fluticasone or equivalent.

          3. The patient requires continuous treatment with long acting inhaled beta-agonists or
             oral theophylline, as documented for at least one year.

          4. The patient experienced at least one asthma exacerbation during the previous year.

        Specific for patients with COPD (group 3)

          1. The diagnosis of COPD must have been made by a specialist in pulmonary medicine. The
             patient may or may not have chronic symptoms (cough, sputum production, dyspnoea).

          2. The patient has a FEV1/Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) ratio of less than 70%.

          3. The patient's post bronchodilator FEV1 value is more than 30% but less than 80% of
             predicted.

          4. The patient has a smoking history of more than 15 pack years, either as current or
             ex-smoker.

          5. The patient displays a negative reversibility test to inhaled bronchodilators as
             defined by an increase in FEV1 of less than 9% of predicted (or an improvement by less
             than 200 mL) after administration of 4 puffs of 100 microg salbutamol dose-aerosol
             inhaler via a spacer, and four puffs of 20 microg ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
             administered through a large volume spacer.

          6. The patient has no history of asthma.

          7. The patient has no current allergy, as shown by a negative skin-prick test.

          8. The patient has used inhaled steroids in the range 800-1600 microg/day (budesonide or
             equivalent) for at least 3 months prior to the study.

        Exclusion Criteria:

        General exclusions

          1. The patient is pregnant.

          2. The patient has a recent history of incapacitating psychotic disorders.

          3. The patient is a current or recent past abuser of alcohol or illicit drugs.

          4. The patient has a history of malignancy, is known to be positive for HIV, or other
             states that are considered to interfere with study conduct or scientific
             interpretations.

          5. The patient cannot read or comprehend written material, or is in the opinion of the
             investigator, for other reasons unlikely to understand and follow the study
             procedures.

          6. The patient is mentally or legally incapacitated preventing informed consent from
             being obtained.

        Exclusions because of pulmonary disorders

          1. The patient is unable to perform acceptable spirometry, peak flow measurements and/or
             complete diary cards in a satisfactory way during the period between visit 1 and visit
             3B (optimisation period and prednisolone/placebo trial). If the patient is unable to
             use the electronic Peak Flow meters/Diary cards, it is acceptable to use an ordinary
             mechanical meter (e.g. Mini-Wright) together with a paper version of the diary card.
             Patients that are unable to use the mechanical meter and paper diary card during the
             period between visit 1 and 3B cannot enter the follow-up year.

          2. The patient has, in addition to asthma or COPD, any other pulmonary disorder that
             according to the investigator would interfere with the study procedures or scientific
             evaluation (e.g. tuberculosis).

          3. The patient suffers from chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure as indicated by an
             elevated pCO2 (>47 mm Hg or 6,25 kPa). In case of doubt this should be confirmed with
             pulse oximetry or blood gas sampling.

        Exclusions because of medications

          1. The patient has received immunosuppressants other than corticosteroids (i.e.,
             methotrexate, gold, troleandomycin, cyclosporin or any other experimental
             anti-inflammatory drug) within three months of study entry.

          2. The patient is currently undergoing immunotherapy.

          3. The patient receives chronic oxygen therapy.

        Specific exclusion criterion for patients with asthma (groups 1 & 2)

        1. The patient has smoked more than five (5) pack years.

        Specific exclusion criterion for patients with mild asthma (group 1) 1. The patient
        requires treatment with long-acting beta-agonists.

        Specific exclusion criteria for patients with severe asthma (group 2)

          1. The patient is not treated with high doses of inhaled steroids (see above).

          2. The patient has not had an exacerbation of asthma during the last year.

          3. The patient does not require treatment with long-acting beta-agonists or theophylline
             as documented during one year.

        Specific exclusion criterion for patients with COPD (group 3)

        1. The patient has a history of asthma confirmed by a specialist in pulmonary medicine.

        Specific exclusion criteria for bronchoscopy (all groups)

          1. The patient has had a severe exacerbation of asthma requiring high doses of oral
             steroids during the last three (3) months.

          2. The patient has had a severe exacerbation of COPD requiring intensive outpatient
             treatment or hospitalisation during the last three (3) months.

          3. The patient has had three or more severe exacerbations of asthma or COPD during the
             last year.

          4. The patient displays more than 10% fall in FEV1 at 2 minutes after inhalation of 0.9%
             saline (during induction of sputum at visit 2).

          5. The patient has shown signs of uncontrolled disease during the last three days, e.g.
             the patient has required more than four puffs/day of rescue medication above baseline
             use during the last three days. (In the case criteria 1-4 are not met, such patients
             may be rescheduled for bronchoscopy in two weeks time. The start of the oral
             prednisolone intervention will then be postponed by the number of days passing before
             the bronchoscopy).

          6. If a patient who otherwise has qualified for bronchoscopy has received more than 6 mg
             per kg BW of lidocaine during the preparation for the procedure, the bronchoscopy must
             be terminated and cannot be continued the same day.

          7. Patients who have experienced severe bronchoconstriction or other adverse reactions at
             previous attempts to perform bronchoscopy.

          8. The patient has a post-bronchodilator FEV1 < 40% predicted.

          9. Do not start or proceed bronchoscopy if:

               -  Transcutaneous oxygen saturation by pulse-oximeter < 90% (despite giving oxygen
                  by nasal cannula when saturation is < 94%)

               -  Heart frequency > 130

               -  Heart rhythm disturbances.

        Specific exclusion criteria for induced sputum (all groups)

          1. A post-bronchodilator (after administration of 4 puffs of 100 microg salbutamol
             dose-aerosol inhaler via a spacer) FEV1 percent of predicted being less than 60%, or
             in absolute values less than 1.0 L.

          2. A peak flow variability of more than 30% during the previous four days.

          3. Patients who display more than a 15% fall in FEV1 at 2 minutes after inhalation of
             saline (0.9% NaCl) during induction of sputum..

          4. Patients who have experienced severe bronchoconstriction or other adverse reactions at
             previous attempts to induce sputum.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 80 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction