Patient case (clinical description): A 70-year-old man comes to the office accompanied by his wife.  The patient has experienced progressive memory loss over the last years.  He needs help with some of his routine activities, such as paying bills.  The patient's wife says, "He used to be such an independent person, but now he needs help with many things, even finding direction to home!"  Medical history includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Family history includes Alzheimer disease in his father.  MRI reveals diffuse cortical and hippocampal atrophy. The diagnosis of AD is made using the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) criteria.

Patient's own account: I am a 70-year-old man, and I paid a visit to the doctor with my wife the other day. I noticed that I tend to forget small things and that my memory has decreased over the past few years. I even ask my wife to help me out with my daily routine. I used to be the one paying the bills, but now she has to give me a hand. My wife mentioned to the doctor that I used to be independent and that I tend to forget where we live. I suffer from hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. My poor dad was suffering from Alzheimer disease, so I hope I'm not going to end the same way! I did an MRI and they found out that some part of my brain was decreasing. I also did an Alzheimer test.

Clinical trial: Cerebral Substrates of Prospective Memory in Young and Its Disruption in Normal Aging and in Alzheimer's Disease: A Study in Anatomical MRI, Diffusion Tensor MRI and Functional MRI

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  All participants:

               -  Normal Education> 7 years

               -  French mother tongue

               -  right-handed (Edinburgh Inventory)

               -  score on the scale of Beck <7 (depression scale)

               -  signing the informed consent of the protocol in agreement with the Committee to
                  Protect People

               -  Medical examinations, neurological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging depth in
                  accordance with the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria for each
                  population, that is to say:

          -  Young healthy subjects aged between 18 and 44 years

          -  Healthy subjects intermediate age: between 45 and 69 years

               -  score on the Mattis Dementia Scale higher than 137, in order to exclude any
                  potential dementia

               -  Performance "normal" to test RI RL-16 (that is to say, not differing by more than
                  1.65 standard deviation from the norm for age and cultural level [see normative
                  values published Van der Linden et al., 2004]), test conventionally used to
                  assess the verbal episodic memory.

          -  Healthy elderly subjects aged 70 and over, living at home

               -  score on the Mattis Dementia Scale higher than 137, in order to exclude any
                  potential dementia

               -  Performance "normal" to test RI RL-16 (that is to say, not differing by more than
                  1.65 standard deviation from the norm for age and cultural level [see normative
                  values published Van der Linden et al., 2004]), test conventionally used to
                  assess the verbal episodic memory.

          -  MCI patients: older than 50 years and recruited from memory clinics and meet the
             current criteria and recognized including amnestic MCI

               -  memory complaint

               -  targets deficits of episodic memory (lower performance of at least 1 standard
                  deviation from the norm for age and cultural level to one or more (sub) episodic
                  memory scores of diagnostic battery - cf. . Tables 1 and infra)

               -  performance in the standards for age and cultural level in all tests of
                  diagnostic battery measuring other cognitive functions as memory, including the
                  evaluation of overall cognitive ability tests.

          -  Alzheimer's patients: older than 50 years were recruited from the clinics and memory
             satisfying the standards NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD which include

               -  abnormal global cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more cognitive
                  domains identified by the diagnostic battery

               -  mild to moderate AD (MMSE ≥ 18).

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Cognitive disorders of sudden onset (contrary to their slow and progressive onset in
             AD), which could reflect a stroke; a modified Hachinski ischemic score ≤ 2 (Loeb &
             Gandolfo, 1983); history of head trauma with loss of consciousness for more than 1
             hour, or encephalitis;

          -  Chronic neurological disease, psychiatric, endocrine, hepatic, infectious;

          -  A history of major illness (chronic lung disease, heart disorder, metabolic,
             hematologic, endocrine or immunological severe, cancer);

          -  A medication that may interfere with the mnemonic or metabolic measures
             (psychotropics, hypnotics, anxiolytics, neuroleptics, anti-Parkinson, benzodiazepines,
             anti-inflammatory drugs, antiepileptics, antihistamines, analgesics and muscle
             relaxants central, as is usual The investigating doctor deems the annoying character
             for the study of the regular intake of certain medications). Taking anticholinesterase
             treatment will also be a criterion for non-inclusion.

          -  Chronic intake of alcohol or drugs;
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment