Patient case (clinical description): A 40-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of gritty sensation in her eyes. She also has difficulty swallowing dry foods with no pain or heartburn.  The patient is a schoolteacher and must drink water frequently during lectures due to her mouth dryness.  She also reports occasional joint pain.  Medical history is not significant other than the confirmed Sjogren disease with no other rheumatologic disease.  She is sexually active with her husband and has 2 children both delivered by natural vaginal delivery. She has no history of any kind of surgery. Physical examination shows conjunctival erythema and cracking of the lips. The remainder of the examination and history is normal. Her lab result shows elevated ESR (50 mm/h)

Patient's own account: I went to the clinic because I had a terrible gritty sensation in my eyes. It was also hard to swallow dry food, but it didn't burn, and there was no pain. I'm a 40-year-old female school teacher and I should drink water for the lectures because otherwise, my mouth gets really dry. I also have joint pain from time to time. I have been diagnosed with Sjogren disease but no other rheumatologic disease. I have a husband, we're sexually active, and I also have two lovely children that I delivered both naturally. I never undergone any surgery. Physical examination when I came to the clinic, and it showed cracking on my lips and a pink eye. The rest was fine. I also did some lab tests, and they came back with high ESR.

Clinical trial: Baminercept, a Lymphotoxin-Beta Receptor Fusion Protein, for Treatment of Sjögren's Syndrome

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Has provided written informed consent;

          -  Between the ages of 18-75 years (inclusive);

          -  Body weight ≥ 40 kg;

          -  Meets the revised European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group
             for primary Sjögren's Syndrome at screening. These criteria include 3 of the following
             4 items:

               -  ocular symptoms;

               -  oral symptoms;

               -  Schirmer's I test showing less than 6 mm of wetting per five minutes in at least
                  one eye, or filamentary keratitis on slit lamp examination, or positive lissamine
                  green staining; or

               -  diminished salivary production (unstimulated whole salivary flow rate ≤ 1.5 mL/15
                  min); PLUS, either:

               -  a positive test for serum SS-A and/or SS-B antibodies, or

               -  focal lymphocytic sialadenitis, with a focus score ≥ 1.0 per 4 millimeters
                  ^2(mm^2) on minor salivary biopsy.

          -  Stimulated salivary flow of ≥ 0.1 mL/minute (min) (at screening);

          -  Has one or more of the following systemic manifestations of Sjögren's Syndrome that
             are not life-threatening:

               -  fatigue (as measured by > 50 mm on a 100 mm VAS);

               -  joint pain (as measured by > 50 mm on a 100 mm VAS);

               -  peripheral neuropathy (documented by nerve conduction velocity study);

               -  interstitial lung disease (documented by radiography and/or altered pulmonary
                  function tests;

               -  leukocytoclastic vasculitis;

               -  renal tubular acidosis;

               -  interstitial nephritis;

               -  severe parotid swelling;

               -  other extraglandular manifestations causing organ system dysfunction.

          -  If taking prednisone (or equivalent corticosteroid), the dose must be ≤ 10 mg/day and
             stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening;

          -  If taking hydroxychloroquine, the dose must be stable for at least 12 weeks prior to
             Screening;

          -  If taking a cholinergic stimulant (e.g. pilocarpine, cevimeline), the dose must be
             stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening;

          -  Subjects must agree not to become pregnant or to impregnate a female. Because of the
             risk involved, participants and their partners (if of reproductive potential) must use
             two methods of birth control. They must continue to use both methods until 6 months
             after stopping study drug. Two of the birth control methods listed below may be
             chosen:

               -  Hormonal contraception;

               -  Male or female condoms with or without spermicide;

               -  Diaphragm or cervical cap with a spermicide;

               -  Intrauterine device (IUD).

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Has an active infection excluding superficial cutaneous fungal or viral infections;

          -  Has a chronic or persistent infection that might be worsened by immunosuppressive
             treatment (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or
             tuberculosis);

          -  History of TB or positive intradermal skin test for purified protein derivative (PPD);
             positive Mantoux test defined as 10 mm of induration (size of raised bump, not
             redness), or equivalent positive TB test result, as per country clinical standards,
             during the screening period. Subjects whose PPD induration is ≥ 5 mm but < 10 mm are
             eligible for the study if they had a negative chest x-ray during the screening period.
             There must be no other clinical evidence of TB on physical examination of the subject.
             Note: Subjects who have had prior adequate prophylaxis treatment for latent TB with an
             appropriate course of isoniazid or equivalent, per country standards, are not excluded
             from study participation. PPD should not be administered within 6 weeks of a
             live-virus vaccine;

          -  History of recurrent significant infections or occurrence of a serious local infection
             (e.g., cellulitis, abscess) or systemic infection (e.g., pneumonia, septicemia) within
             twelve weeks prior to Day 0;

          -  Receipt of live vaccine within six weeks prior to Day 0;

          -  History or presence of primary or secondary immunodeficiency;

          -  History of any life-threatening allergic reactions;

          -  Is a pregnant or nursing female;

          -  Ongoing anticoagulant therapy, which is a contraindication for labial salivary biopsy
             or tonsil biopsy;

          -  Concurrent use of anticholinergic agents, such as tricyclic antidepressants,
             antihistamines, phenothiazines, antiparkinsonian drugs, anti-asthmatic medications, or
             gastrointestinal (GI) medications that cause xerostomia in more than 10% of patients;

          -  Treatment with any of the following within the defined period prior to Screening:

               -  2 years for rituximab;

               -  24 weeks for cyclophosphamide;

               -  8 weeks for azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, or mycophenolate mofetil;

               -  4 weeks for intravenous immunoglobulin;

               -  4 weeks for etanercept;

               -  8 weeks for adalimumab;

               -  12 weeks for infliximab.

          -  Prednisone (or equivalent corticosteroid) > 10 mg/day;

          -  A definite diagnosis of RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis, or dermatomyositis;

          -  A history of alcohol or substance abuse within 12 months of the screening visit;

          -  A history of head and neck radiation therapy, sarcoidosis, or graft-versus-host
             disease;

          -  A history of malignancy, except for a resected basal or major squamous cell carcinoma,
             cervical dysplasia, or in situ cervical cancer Grade I, within the last five years;

          -  Severe pulmonary disease as manifested by one of the following at Screening:

               -  Resting oxygen saturation < 92%;

               -  Force vital capacity (FVC) < 50% predicted;

               -  Diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < 50%;

          -  Abnormal laboratory results for the following parameters at the screening visit:

               -  Absolute neutrophil count (ANC): < 1,500/mm^3;

               -  Platelets: < 100,000/mm^3;

               -  Hemoglobin: < 9 grams (g)/deciliter (dL);

               -  Serum creatinine: ≥ 2.0 mg/dL;

               -  AST: > 1.5x upper limit of normal, or

               -  ALT: > 1.5x upper limit of normal.

          -  A psychiatric disorder rendering the subject incapable of providing informed consent;

          -  Plans for foreign travel to countries other than Canada or Western Europe within the
             treatment period;

          -  Inability or unwillingness to follow the protocol;

          -  Any condition or treatment that, in the opinion of the investigator, places the
             subject at an unacceptable risk as a participant in the trial;

          -  Rochester substudy subjects who meet the following criteria are disqualified from
             enrolling in the tonsil biopsy substudy if they:

               -  Have any side effects to local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine);

               -  Have any side effects to silver nitrate;

               -  Do not have tonsils;

               -  Are not able to go 48 hours without any NSAIDS;

               -  Are not able to go 2 weeks without acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment