Mathilde/NLI4PR huggingface dataset:
Patient case (clinical description): A 49-year-old man comes to the office because of the bulging in his groin.  Physical examination shows a swelling above the inguinal ligament. When the patient is asked to cough, the size of the bulge increases.  His medical history is significant for mild dyslipidemia, which is under control by lifestyle modifications. He does not smoke, but drinks alcohol occasionally. His vital signs and other physical examinations are unremarkable. He is referred to a surgeon and scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic hernia repair.

Patient's own account: I'm a 49-year-old man and I went to my doctor the other day because I could not stand that sharp pain in my upper thigh, it was so swollen! The doctor told me that it was swollen right next to my ligament. It's even bigger when I'm coughing. I'm suffering from high cholesterol and I already had to adapt my lifestyle to keep the disease under control. I do not smoke but to be honest I still drink from time to time. The doctor found my vitals normal. She gave me a note to see a surgeon to get my mass removed and get a hernia repair.

Clinical trial: Comparative Study on Self-adhesive Mesh for Open Inguinal Hernia Repair

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Age above 18 and below 80

          -  Male or female patients

          -  Unilateral inguinal hernia

          -  First occurrence hernia

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Inguino-scrotal hernia

          -  Recurrent inguinal hernia

          -  Incarcerated hernia

          -  Bilateral inguinal hernia
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 80 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 67-year-old woman comes to the clinic due to recent episode of choking, dysphagia, and cough.  Her other medical problems include hypertension, dyslipidemia, and osteoarthritis.  She does not smoke or use alcohol. She lives with her husband and she is able to do her own daily activities. She used to teach elementary school. Blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg.  The patient's breath smells bad. Other physical examinations are normal.  A barium swallow study reveals an abnormality in the upper esophagus with an outpouching at the junction of the lower part of the throat and the upper portion of the esophagus.

Patient's own account: I'm a 67-year-old lady, and I went to the clinic due to nonstop choking, difficulty swallowing, and coughing. I also suffer from hypertension, cholesterol, and osteoarthritis. I do not smoke or drink alcohol. I live with my husband, and we are independent retired elementary school teachers. During the exam, my blood pressure was 135/80 mm Hg. The doctor told me I had a smelly breath. How embarrassing! The rest of my physical exam was normal. I did a barium swallow test, which is an X-ray of my throat, which revealed a problem in the upper part of my esophagus, where there's a small pouch or bulge at the spot where my throat meets the esophagus.

Clinical trial: Prospective Analysis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Patients Presenting With Dysphagia

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients aged 18-90 presenting with dysphagia or food impaction

          -  Ability to undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy and biopsies

          -  No significant cardiopulmonary disease, or other contraindication to EGD

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Contradiction to EGD and/or biopsies such as Boerhaave's syndrome, or history or
             bleeding disorder or elevated INR

          -  Inability to provide informed consent

          -  Esophageal varices
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 90 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 19-year-old male came to clinic with some sexual concern.  He recently engaged in a relationship and is worried about the satisfaction of his girlfriend. He has a "baby face" according to his girlfriend's statement and he is not as muscular as his classmates.  On physical examination, there is some pubic hair and poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics. He is unable to detect coffee smell during the examination, but the visual acuity is normal. Ultrasound reveals the testes volume of 1-2 ml. The hormonal evaluation showed serum testosterone level of 65 ng/dL with low levels of GnRH.

Patient's own account: I'm 19 years old guy and I just went to see a doctor at the clinic after I just got with my girlfriend. I'm kinda worried because she thinks that I have a baby face and to be honest, I'm way less muscular than my classmates. I don't have much hair down there, and yes, I don't have that macho look. The doctor made me smell some coffee and I couldn't smell anything special. I also had some eyesight checkups and the doctor told me everything was normal. I got my test results back and it says: testes volume is 1-2 ml and serum testosterone level of 65 ng/dL with low GnRH levels.

Clinical trial: A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Testosterone Gel

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          1. Males between 18-75 years of age

          2. Two screening serum testosterone values less than 300 ng/dL

          3. One or more symptoms of testosterone deficiency

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Previous use of the investigational product

          2. Use of any investigational product within 30 days prior to screening and during the
             study

          3. BMI less than 18 kg/m^2 or more than 35 kg/m^2

          4. Prostatic mass(es)

          5. Generalized skin irritation or skin disease

          6. Lower urinary tract obstruction

          7. Myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident in the last 6 months

          8. Unstable angina or congestive heart failure

          9. Thromboembolic disorders

         10. Sleep apnea

         11. Hyperparathyroidism or uncontrolled diabetes

         12. Untreated moderate to severe depression

         13. History of testicular, prostate, or breast cancer

         14. HIV, Hepatitis B, or Hepatitis C positive

         15. PSA more or equal to 3 ng/mL

         16. Use of any medications that could be considered anabolic

         17. Use of estrogens, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone agonists/antagonists, antiandrogens,
             or human Growth Hormone

         18. Chronic use of any drug of abuse

         19. Involvement in a sport in which there is a screening for anabolic steroids

         20. Not willing to use adequate contraception during the study

         21. Partner is pregnant and/or breast feeding

         22. Partner has a history of breast, uterine or ovarian cancer
Male
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 55-year-old white woman comes for a routine checkup.  She has no significant medical history and does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs.  The patient's only medication is an over-the-counter multivitamin.  Family history is notable for a hip fracture in her mother.  Blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg and pulse is 112/min. She has occasional back pain and lives a sedentary lifestyle with the BMI of 24 Kg/m2. Plain X-ray of the spine shows mild compression fracture at the level of T10. X-ray absorptiometry studies demonstrate abnormally low bone density in the lumbar vertebrae and T-score values below -2.5, which confirms the diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Patient's own account: I'm a 55-year-old white woman and I recently visited my family doctor. I don't smoke anything or drink. I don't have any remarkable medical history. I only use over-the-counter multivitamins to keep myself fresh and energized. My mom had a hip fracture. The doctor took my blood pressure and it was 130/80 and my pulse was 112/min. I have annoying back pain from time to time and to be honest I don't exercise much or move much. My BMI is 24. I did a spine X-ray a while ago and my doctor showed me that I have a fracture on one of my vertebrae. I also have a low bone density in my lumbar vertebrae and T-score values below -2.5. The doctor diagnosed me with osteoporosis.

Clinical trial: Study of A Special Vessel Subtype in Bone Samples From Patients With Osteoporotic and Nonosteoporotic Fracture

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          1. Ages Eligible for Study: 65-75 Years

          2. Genders Eligible for Study: Woman

          3. Accepts Healthy Volunteers: NO

          4. Study Population: Female patients with hip fracture. -

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Malignancy or benign ovarian cysts

          2. Known chronic or systemic diseases

          3. Hormone therapy in the previous 3 months

          4. Bone metabolism and drug therapy
Female
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 60 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 20-year-old man comes to the emergency due to bleeding after a tooth extraction.  The bleeding has persisted for approximately 30 minutes despite constant direct pressure.  He is a known case of Hemophilia type A treated with FVIII. Blood pressure is 95/60 mm Hg and pulse is 105/min. His weight is 70 Kg. Family history is positive for Hemophilia type A in his maternal uncle. He also has a lipoma on his left arm which he plans to remove surgically. His FVIII activity is 40%.

Patient's own account: I got my tooth extracted and I could not stop bleeding for 30 min. I'm a 20 yo dude but I have Hemophilia type A treated with FVIII. My blood pressure was 95/60 and my pulse 105/min. I'm 70 kg. My uncle on my mom's side also has type A hemophilia. I also have a fatty swelling on my left arm and I was supposed to remove it. My FVIII activity was 40%.

Clinical trial: Study of First TIME Immunotolerance Induction in Severe Hemophilia A Patients With Inhibitor at High Risk of Failure: Comparison With FVIII Concentrates With or Without Von Willebrand Factor - RES.I.S.T. Naive

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          1. severe hemophilia A (FVIII<1%);

          2. male, any age;

          3. high responders (peak inhibitor levels > 5 BU);

          4. any inhibitor level at study enrolment;

          5. ability and willingness to participate in the study;

          6. at least one of the following risk factors for ITI failure:

               -  peak inhibitor titer > 200 BU

               -  titer at ITI start > 10 BU

               -  age > 7 years

               -  time between inhibitor occurrence and ITI > 2 years

          7. absence of high risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular or other thromboembolic events
             as deemed by the treating clinician.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. concomitant systemic treatment with immunosuppressive drugs;

          2. concomitant experimental treatment;

          3. previous ITI attempt;

          4. previous history of myocardial infarction and/or cerebral stroke.
Male
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.



Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 2-year-old boy is brought to the office by his parents due to a rash that started 1 week ago.  A similar red, itchy rash on the cheeks, trunk, and arms has occurred intermittently since infancy.  The patient has had a few upper respiratory infections but no major illnesses.  Vaccinations are up to date, and he takes no medications. He is on a balanced diet, and he is healthy in appearance.  Vital signs and milestone examination are within normal limits.  Similar findings are observed on the cheeks and proximal upper extremities.  The diaper area is clear, and no mucosal lesions are present.

Patient's own account: I just brought my two-year-old son to the doctor's office because he had a rash for like one week. His rash was on the cheeks, the trunk, and his arms. He already had this before, and it keeps coming back from time to time to time. In the past, he had some respiratory infections but he has never been this sick. His vaccinations are up to date, and he doesn't take any medication. He's healthy with a nice diet. The doctor told me his vitals and milestone examinations were normal. The doctor also said there was a rash around the cheek and the upper part of his arms. The diaper area is okay, and there are no lesions.

Clinical trial: Assessment of Digital Imaging as a Tool for Diagnosing Psoriasis, Hand Rashes and Unusual Moles

Eligibility criteria:
Must have employee status at the National Institutes of Health.

        Age greater than 18 years.

        Able to understand and sign consent.

        Patients who are wheelchair bound and are unable to have images of their back and lower
        extremities taken safely will be excluded from photography since this portion of the
        examination requires an ability to stand. However, they will still be eligible to
        participate in the skin cancer screening.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.



Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 32-year-old woman comes to the hospital with vaginal spotting.  Her last menstrual period was 10 weeks ago. She has regular menses lasting for 6 days and repeating every 29 days. Medical history is significant for appendectomy and several complicated UTIs. She has multiple male partners, and she is inconsistent with using barrier contraceptives. Vital signs are normal.  Serum β-hCG level is 1800 mIU/mL, and a repeat level after 2 days shows an abnormal rise to 2100 mIU/mL.  Pelvic ultrasound reveals a thin endometrium with no gestational sac in the uterus.

Patient's own account: I just turned 32 and last morning I woke up with strange blood stains on my underwear. My last periods were more than 2 months ago, which is unusual for me because I used to have regular periods lasting for 6 days every 29 days, more or less. I had several UTIs in the past. I also had appendicitis. I'm currently seeing several men and, to be honest, some of them do struggle to wear a condom. I went to the hospital to check myself up and they told me that my vitals were normal. I also had a blood test on Monday, and my β-hCG level was 1800 mIU/mL, and then on Wednesday, it went up to 2100 mIU/mL. The gynecologist also did an ultrasound and she told me that, hopefully, there was no ovule.

Clinical trial: Double and Single Intrauterine Insemination In Controlled Ovarian Stimulation (COH) Cycles With Multifollicular Development

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Unexplained and mild male factor infertile patients

          -  Minimum 2 follicles >16 mm at the day of HCG

          -  First 3 cycles

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Basal FSH >12 mIU/L

          -  Total antral follicle count<6

          -  Severe male factor infertility
Female
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 20 Years old.
Subject must be at most 37 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 17-year-old male comes to the office due to several months of right elbow pain.  The pain is worse with activity and limits his workouts and activities.  He has tried over-the-counter medications with limited relief.  Medical history is notable for eczema, and current medications include a topical hydrocortisone ointment.  He is sexually active with his girlfriend and uses condoms. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. He plays tennis most of the days of the week. The comprehensive evaluation shows pain on the lateral side of the elbow, made worse by pressure applied on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and when making a fist with the elbow joint straightened. The patient has this pain since last year and had several courses of physical therapy.

Patient's own account: I'm 17, and I had to go to the doctor because I've been suffering from my right elbow for several months. The pain is even worse when I do sports and it kind of limits me for my workouts and activities. I tried over-the-counter medications but it didn't work much. I had eczema before and my medication is ointments that contain cortisone. I am sexually active as a 17-year-old guy, and I have a girlfriend, and we use condoms. I don't smoke or drink. I play tennis most days of the week. I did an exam that showed pain on the side of my elbow and it was worse when they applied some pressure on it and when I was putting my hand as a fist. I have had this pain since last year, and I had several sessions of physical therapy already.

Clinical trial: The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma on Lateral Epicondylitis

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  The duration of symptoms over 3 months

          -  Primary conservative treatment (physiotherapy, NSAID, ...) has been tried

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Significant systemic diseases

          -  Any surgical operation of the particular elbow
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 47-year-old woman comes to the office complaining of pain in the calf and knee when she bends down. The pain limits her activity. Her medical history is significant for osteoarthritis, for which she uses nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the past two years. She is living with her husband and has 3 children. She doesn't smoke but drinks alcohol occasionally. Her vital signs are normal. On physical examination, there is a small effusion in the right knee. The effusion grew a little larger and she developed a tender swelling in the popliteal fossa and calf. Both the pain and swelling worsened as she bent and straightened her knee.

Patient's own account: I'm a 47-year-old woman, married with 3 kids. I don't smoke and I drink occasionally. I went to the doctor because of pain in my calf and knee when I was bending down. This has been limiting my daily activities. I have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis for which I have taken anti-inflammatory drugs for the past 2 years. The doctor saw a small fluid buildup in my right knee. This buildup became a bit bigger and I have a swollen calf. The pain is worse when I bend and straighten my knee.

Clinical trial: Role of Copper-Albumin Complex in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis in Human

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients of both sexes and over 40 years of age diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral
             symptomatic OA of the knee who met the criteria of the American College of
             Rheumatology (ACR).

          -  Patients who were rated grade II or III on the Kellgren and Lawrence (K&L)
             radiological scale [19].

          -  Patients with symptomatic OA with a global mean pain in the knee >40 mm on a Visual
             Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain assessment.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Women who were pregnant or breastfeeding

          -  Patients who were grade I or IV on K&L radiological scale.

          -  Patients who have had a prosthesis replaced in the 12 months prior to inclusion.

          -  Obesity
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.

Subject must be at least 40 Years old.
Subject must be at most 80 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 66-year-old woman comes to the office due to joint pain in the hands and periodic morning stiffness that lasts less than 15 minutes.  The pain is moderately severe and worsens with daily activity. The patient used Tylenol with minimal relief.  Past medical history is notable for hypertension and hypercholesteremia.  Physical examination shows firm nodules over the distal interphalangeal joints, bilaterally. The patient has pain in her knees as well. The knees are stiff in the morning for less than 30 minutes and become worse with climbing stairs. She has some sensation of bone friction during activity. X-ray shows narrowing of the joint space, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation along the joints.

Patient's own account: I'm a 66-year-old woman and I went to my doctor's office because of a bloody joint pain in my hands that has been lasting for a while. The pain comes and go in the morning usually. I feel like a stiffness that last less than 15 minutes. The pain is moderately severe but it gets worse when I'm using my hands. I used Tylenol which helped a little. Apart from that, I suffer from hypertension and high cholesterol. The doctor made me notice that I have bumps around both of my hand joints. I also suffer from my knees and they are also stiff in the morning for around 30 min. It's even worse when I climb up the stairs! I also feel like my bones are rubbing against each other when I'm moving. The X-ray showed that I have narrow joint space, I have sclerosis, and abnormal growths of bone along my joints.

Clinical trial: AAI in Elderly Patient With Chronic Pain

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  ≥65 years

          -  diagnosis of chronic benign joint pain

          -  polypharmacy (>5 drugs or active ingredients, of which 2 or more had been prescribed
             for pain)

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  severe cognitive deterioration (GDS> 5)

          -  allergy to or fear of animals
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 65 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction