Mathilde/NLI4PR huggingface dataset:
Patient case (clinical description): A 55-year-old white woman comes for a routine checkup.  She has no significant medical history and does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs.  The patient's only medication is an over-the-counter multivitamin.  Family history is notable for a hip fracture in her mother.  Blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg and pulse is 112/min. She has occasional back pain and lives a sedentary lifestyle with the BMI of 24 Kg/m2. Plain X-ray of the spine shows mild compression fracture at the level of T10. X-ray absorptiometry studies demonstrate abnormally low bone density in the lumbar vertebrae and T-score values below -2.5, which confirms the diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Patient's own account: I'm a 55-year-old white woman

Clinical trial: Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: Prophylactic Treatment of Adjacent Vertebra

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  CT and MRI proven non healed painful osteoporotic compression fracture in the thoracic
             and lumbar spine.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Infection

          -  High grade spinal stenosis

          -  Contraindications to MRI

          -  Dementia
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 50 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 30-year-old man who is a computer scientist came to the clinic with the lab result stating azoospermia.  The patient is sexually active with his wife and does not use any contraception methods.  They have been trying to conceive for the past year with no success.  The patient has a past medical history of recurrent pneumonia, shortness of breath, and  persistent cough that produces large amounts of thick sputum. The patient had multiple lung infections during childhood. He does not smoke, use illicit drugs or alcohol.  The patient has no history of other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery.  On physical examination, the digits show clubbing.  An ultrasound shows bilateral absence of the vas deferens, and FEV1 was 75% on the respiratory function test.

Patient's own account: I'm a 30-year-old computer scientist. I did some lab tests that came back quite alarming, stating that I have azoospermia?! I'm sexually active with my wife and we don't use contraception. We've been trying to have a child for the past year. I have a medical history of pneumonia and shortness of breath and regular wet cough. I had several lung infections when I was a kid. That's why I'm very careful and don't smoke, do drugs, or drink. I don't have other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery. The doctor did the clubbing test on my fingers, which was positive. I also did an ultrasound and it showed that I'm missing the tubes that carry sperm around. I also had a 75% for my respiratory function test.

Clinical trial: China Obstetrics and Gynecology Journal Club

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Chinese medical professional

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  English speaking fluency

          -  Non-Chinese speaking medical professional
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 19-year-old male came to clinic with some sexual concern.  He recently engaged in a relationship and is worried about the satisfaction of his girlfriend. He has a "baby face" according to his girlfriend's statement and he is not as muscular as his classmates.  On physical examination, there is some pubic hair and poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics. He is unable to detect coffee smell during the examination, but the visual acuity is normal. Ultrasound reveals the testes volume of 1-2 ml. The hormonal evaluation showed serum testosterone level of 65 ng/dL with low levels of GnRH.

Patient's own account: I'm 19 years old guy and I just went to see a doctor at the clinic after I just got with my girlfriend. I'm kinda worried because she thinks that I have a baby face and to be honest, I'm way less muscular than my classmates. I don't have much hair down there, and yes, I don't have that macho look. The doctor made me smell some coffee and I couldn't smell anything special. I also had some eyesight checkups and the doctor told me everything was normal. I got my test results back and it says: testes volume is 1-2 ml and serum testosterone level of 65 ng/dL with low GnRH levels.

Clinical trial: D-chiroinositol Administration in Hypogonadal Males

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Men, with a diagnosis of Late-Onset Male Hypogonadism

          -  Insulin resistance (HOMA Index > 2,5)

          -  BMI between 25 and 30

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Alcohol intake and/or drug abuse

          -  Recent hormonal treatment

          -  Smoking

          -  Obesity

          -  Systemic or endocrine diseases

          -  Male accessory gland infection

          -  Clinical history of cryptorchidism or varicocele and micro-orchidism
Male
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 65 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 32-year-old woman comes to the hospital with vaginal spotting.  Her last menstrual period was 10 weeks ago. She has regular menses lasting for 6 days and repeating every 29 days. Medical history is significant for appendectomy and several complicated UTIs. She has multiple male partners, and she is inconsistent with using barrier contraceptives. Vital signs are normal.  Serum β-hCG level is 1800 mIU/mL, and a repeat level after 2 days shows an abnormal rise to 2100 mIU/mL.  Pelvic ultrasound reveals a thin endometrium with no gestational sac in the uterus.

Patient's own account: I just turned 32 and last morning I woke up with strange blood stains on my underwear. My last periods were more than 2 months ago, which is unusual for me because I used to have regular periods lasting for 6 days every 29 days, more or less. I had several UTIs in the past. I also had appendicitis. I'm currently seeing several men and, to be honest, some of them do struggle to wear a condom. I went to the hospital to check myself up and they told me that my vitals were normal. I also had a blood test on Monday, and my β-hCG level was 1800 mIU/mL, and then on Wednesday, it went up to 2100 mIU/mL. The gynecologist also did an ultrasound and she told me that, hopefully, there was no ovule.

Clinical trial: Poor Responders Infertile Patients -A Great Clinical Challenge

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Poor responders according to "Bologna consensus" with at least 2 of the following 3
             points should be present:

               1. Age >40 years or other cause of poor function.

               2. AFC<2-5 in both ovaries or AMH < 0.5-1.1 ng/dl 2)

               3. History of poor response with conventional stimulation protocol

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Uterine factor.

          2. Severe male factor.

          3. Endometriosis.
Female
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 20 Years old.
Subject must be at most 44 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 47-year-old woman comes to the office complaining of pain in the calf and knee when she bends down. The pain limits her activity. Her medical history is significant for osteoarthritis, for which she uses nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the past two years. She is living with her husband and has 3 children. She doesn't smoke but drinks alcohol occasionally. Her vital signs are normal. On physical examination, there is a small effusion in the right knee. The effusion grew a little larger and she developed a tender swelling in the popliteal fossa and calf. Both the pain and swelling worsened as she bent and straightened her knee.

Patient's own account: I'm a 47-year-old woman, married with 3 kids. I don't smoke and I drink occasionally. I went to the doctor because of pain in my calf and knee when I was bending down. This has been limiting my daily activities. I have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis for which I have taken anti-inflammatory drugs for the past 2 years. The doctor saw a small fluid buildup in my right knee. This buildup became a bit bigger and I have a swollen calf. The pain is worse when I bend and straighten my knee.

Clinical trial: Effect of Mechanical Traction and Therapeutic Exercises in Treatment of Primary Knee Osteoarthritis

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients will have grade II of primary knee osteoarthritis.

          -  Patients with bilateral primary knee osteoarthritis, the more painful knee will be
             selected as the affected knee in this study.

          -  Age of patients will range from 45 years to 65 years old.

          -  Duration of illness will range from 3- 12 months.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Malignancy

          -  presence of skin lesions or infections at the treatment sites
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 45 Years old.
Subject must be at most 65 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 48-year-old man comes to the office complaining of heartburn and acid reflux.  He has taken over-the-counter antacids but sees no relief.  Other medical history is unremarkable.  The patient does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs.  Vital signs are within normal limits.  BMI is 31 kg/m2.  Physical examination is  positive for mild tenderness in upper stomach. Chest x-ray shows an air-fluid opacity behind the heart.  A barium swallow study reveals approximately 1/3 of the stomach herniating through the esophageal hiatus.

Patient's own account: I went to my doctor's office because of a non-stop heartburn and some acid reflux. I took over-the-counter medications, but it keeps going strong! I don't smoke, take drugs or drink alcohol, I'm healthy! The doctor took my vitals, which turned out normal. My BMI is 31, which might be a bit too much for a 48-year-old guy like me. They examined my stomach and found a mild tenderness in the upper part. I also did some X-rays, and they found out that I have an air-fluid opacity behind my heart. I did another X-ray, and it turns out that a part of my stomach went up my chest through a hole in my diaphragm!

Clinical trial: Acid-Associated Heartburn Symptoms and Dose of Esomeprazole

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Males and non-lactating females, aged 18 to 75 years, inclusive, with the ability to
             understand English and provide written informed consent

          -  A history of heartburn for at least 6 months

          -  A history of prior positive relief of heartburn symptoms from antacids or acid
             suppressive therapy

          -  A positive esophageal acid perfusion test

          -  At least 3 days of 'moderate' severity heartburn over the previous 7 days

          -  No use of any acid suppression therapy (PPI, H2RA, etc.) within 14 days of
             randomization

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  A history of gastric or esophageal surgery

          -  H. pylori positive

          -  A history of endoscopy -verified erosive esophagitis within the 16 weeks prior to
             randomization

          -  Currently taking higher than the standard approved proton pump inhibitor doses

          -  Historical evidence of a number of other GI, cardiovascular, pulmonary, liver, kidney,
             pancreatic, cerebral vascular diseases, organ transplant, or a condition requiring
             surgery.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 30-year-old man who is a computer scientist came to the clinic with the lab result stating azoospermia.  The patient is sexually active with his wife and does not use any contraception methods.  They have been trying to conceive for the past year with no success.  The patient has a past medical history of recurrent pneumonia, shortness of breath, and  persistent cough that produces large amounts of thick sputum. The patient had multiple lung infections during childhood. He does not smoke, use illicit drugs or alcohol.  The patient has no history of other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery.  On physical examination, the digits show clubbing.  An ultrasound shows bilateral absence of the vas deferens, and FEV1 was 75% on the respiratory function test.

Patient's own account: I'm a 30-year-old computer scientist. I did some lab tests that came back quite alarming, stating that I have azoospermia?! I'm sexually active with my wife and we don't use contraception. We've been trying to have a child for the past year. I have a medical history of pneumonia and shortness of breath and regular wet cough. I had several lung infections when I was a kid. That's why I'm very careful and don't smoke, do drugs, or drink. I don't have other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery. The doctor did the clubbing test on my fingers, which was positive. I also did an ultrasound and it showed that I'm missing the tubes that carry sperm around. I also had a 75% for my respiratory function test.

Clinical trial: Efficacy of Vakum Technology in Patients With Chronic Hypersecretion

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  patients with chronic respiratory diseases

          -  hypersecretion condition(sputum production >30 mL/die)

          -  reduced cough efficiency (Peak Cough Expiratory Flow > 150 and < 300 L*min- 1)

          -  patients admitted to standard pulmonary rehabilitation

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  not able to use the device

          -  concomitant cardiovascular or neoplastic diseases

          -  utilization of Non Invasive Ventilation
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 40 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 49-year-old man comes to the office because of the bulging in his groin.  Physical examination shows a swelling above the inguinal ligament. When the patient is asked to cough, the size of the bulge increases.  His medical history is significant for mild dyslipidemia, which is under control by lifestyle modifications. He does not smoke, but drinks alcohol occasionally. His vital signs and other physical examinations are unremarkable. He is referred to a surgeon and scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic hernia repair.

Patient's own account: I'm a 49-year-old man and I went to my doctor the other day because I could not stand that sharp pain in my upper thigh, it was so swollen! The doctor told me that it was swollen right next to my ligament. It's even bigger when I'm coughing. I'm suffering from high cholesterol and I already had to adapt my lifestyle to keep the disease under control. I do not smoke but to be honest I still drink from time to time. The doctor found my vitals normal. She gave me a note to see a surgeon to get my mass removed and get a hernia repair.

Clinical trial: The Impact of Perioperative Gabapentin on Chronic Groin Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Male patients 18 years of age or older undergoing initial inguinal (bilateral or
             unilateral) hernia repair by any method (i.e. laparoscopic or open surgery)

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Age less than 18 years of age, recurrent hernias, emergency operations, already taking
             gabapentin, allergy to gabapentin, pre-existing chronic pain or psychiatric disorder
Male
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 47-year-old woman comes to the office complaining of pain in the calf and knee when she bends down. The pain limits her activity. Her medical history is significant for osteoarthritis, for which she uses nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the past two years. She is living with her husband and has 3 children. She doesn't smoke but drinks alcohol occasionally. Her vital signs are normal. On physical examination, there is a small effusion in the right knee. The effusion grew a little larger and she developed a tender swelling in the popliteal fossa and calf. Both the pain and swelling worsened as she bent and straightened her knee.

Patient's own account: I'm a 47-year-old woman, married with 3 kids. I don't smoke and I drink occasionally. I went to the doctor because of pain in my calf and knee when I was bending down. This has been limiting my daily activities. I have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis for which I have taken anti-inflammatory drugs for the past 2 years. The doctor saw a small fluid buildup in my right knee. This buildup became a bit bigger and I have a swollen calf. The pain is worse when I bend and straighten my knee.

Clinical trial: Periosteal Stimulation for Knee Osteoarthritis

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  English speaking,

          -  Knee pain on most days of the past 3 months that is more severe than pain in other
             parts of the lower body,

          -  Advanced knee OA by x-ray,

          -  age 50-89

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Non-ambulatory or severely impaired mobility (i.e., require the use of a walker),

          -  Folstein MMSE < 24,

          -  Severe uncorrected visual or hearing impairment,

          -  Knee pain due to factors other than OA,

          -  Large knee effusion,

          -  History of corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injection in the affected knee(s) during
             the preceding 3 months,

          -  Acute or terminal illness,

          -  Immune suppression,

          -  Anticoagulation therapy,

          -  Pacemaker,

          -  Prior PST treatment

          -  Active participation in other studies currently

          -  Age >89
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 50 Years old.
Subject must be at most 89 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 32-year-old woman comes to the hospital with vaginal spotting.  Her last menstrual period was 10 weeks ago. She has regular menses lasting for 6 days and repeating every 29 days. Medical history is significant for appendectomy and several complicated UTIs. She has multiple male partners, and she is inconsistent with using barrier contraceptives. Vital signs are normal.  Serum β-hCG level is 1800 mIU/mL, and a repeat level after 2 days shows an abnormal rise to 2100 mIU/mL.  Pelvic ultrasound reveals a thin endometrium with no gestational sac in the uterus.

Patient's own account: I just turned 32 and last morning I woke up with strange blood stains on my underwear. My last periods were more than 2 months ago, which is unusual for me because I used to have regular periods lasting for 6 days every 29 days, more or less. I had several UTIs in the past. I also had appendicitis. I'm currently seeing several men and, to be honest, some of them do struggle to wear a condom. I went to the hospital to check myself up and they told me that my vitals were normal. I also had a blood test on Monday, and my β-hCG level was 1800 mIU/mL, and then on Wednesday, it went up to 2100 mIU/mL. The gynecologist also did an ultrasound and she told me that, hopefully, there was no ovule.

Clinical trial: Hysteroscopy Assisted Suction Curettage for Early Pregnancy Loss

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Women aged 18-40 years who were admitted to the gynecology emergency department at our
             institution with early miscarriage up to 12 weeks and 6 days of gestation, and choose
             surgical evacuation over medical treatment

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  incomplete and complete abortions, gestational age>13 weeks of gestation, suspected
             molar pregnancy and patients' contraindications for general anesthesia.
Female
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 40 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 47-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of dizziness.  She also has occasional nausea and ringing in her right ear.  The patient also has difficulty hearing while holding her phone to the left ear, although hearing in her right ear is normal.  The dizziness improves spontaneously, and she feels fine between episodes.  Past medical history is notable for hypothyroidism and low vit D level, for which she is using Levothyroxine and Vit D pearl.  She does not use tobacco or drink alcohol. Physical examination shows sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear. She has only one-man sexual partner and menopaused 2 years ago.

Patient's own account: The other day, I had to go to the clinic due to severe dizziness. I'm 47 years old, and I've been suffering from nausea and ringing in my right ear. I also have difficulty hearing in my left ear while I hold my phone, even if my hearing in my right ear is normal. The dizziness just gets me all of a sudden but I don't have any symptoms in between 2 episodes. I suffer from hypothyroidism and low vitamin D levels. So I take Levothyrox and vitamin D pearl. I don't smoke or drink. They conducted a physical exam and said I had hearing loss in my left ear. My only partner is my husband, and I'm menopause for 2 years now.

Clinical trial: Hearing Aids, Counseling and the Significant Other

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria: Both men and women with hearing loss and their live-in partners will
        serve as subjects in this study. The subjects with hearing loss will have a mild to
        moderately-severe hearing loss in both of the ears, will have word recognition scores of
        40% or better bilaterally, and will be about to get new hearing aids. Live-in partners may
        also have up to a moderately-severe degree of hearing loss but cannot have prior experience
        with hearing aids nor have plans to get hearing aids during the course of their
        participation in this study. Their word recognition scores should also be 40% or better
        bilaterally. All subjects also will meet the following additional inclusion criteria:

          1. Age 20-85 years;

          2. Intact mental status as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein,
             Folstein & McHugh, 1975);

          3. No evidence of any major medical illness requiring long-term assistive care, as
             determined by the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz,
             Down, Cash &Grotz, 1970);

          4. Able to read and respond to English; and

          5. Willing and able to give written informed consent to participate in this
             investigation.

        Exclusion Criteria: Failure to satisfy any of the requirements listed above or if their
        live-in partner fails to meet the criteria.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 20 Years old.
Subject must be at most 85 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment