Mathilde/NLI4PR huggingface dataset:
Patient case (clinical description): An 8-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents because of weakness and difficulty of standing up from a sitting position. The mother is healthy but had a brother who died in his 20th after being disabled and using wheelchairs in the last few years of his life. Physical examination shows 3/5 lower extremity muscle strength and enlarged calf muscles. The other physical examination and vital signs are unremarkable. Muscle biopsy showed absence of dystrophin protein. The patient is diagnosed with DMD.

Patient's own account: I brought my  8-year-old son to the doctor's clinic. He was struggling to stand up from a chair for the past few days. My wife is healthy but she was pretty worried since his brother died in his 20s after being disabled and using a wheelchair for the last years of his life. The doctor did an exam which highlighted weakness in the leg muscles and unusually large calf muscles. The rest of the exam was fine, and his vitals were normal. My son did a muscle biopsy, and it showed that the protein important for muscle strength and function is missing. The doctor diagnosed him with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Clinical trial: Regadenoson Stress-MRI to Identify Coronary Artery Disease in Atrial Fibrillation Patients

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

        Patients with confirmed persistent or paroxysmal AF and suspected coronary artery disease
        who will undergo catheterization X-ray angiography

        Exclusion Criteria:

          1. Critically ill patients, patients on ventilators patients with hypotension,
             asthmatics, and other patients whose medical care or safety may be compromised from
             undergoing an MRI examination will be excluded.

          2. Patients with claustrophobia will also be excluded since MRI is conducted in a closed
             environment.

          3. Patients with contraindications to MRI (pacemaker, metal implants).

          4. Pregnant subjects (or women who may become pregnant), minors, and prisoners will be
             excluded from this study.

          5. Subjects are over 60 or have any suspicion of abnormal kidney function (a blood test
             to determine Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will be performed prior to imaging.
             Subjects with GFR<30 will be excluded from the study. This is standard practice for
             clinical scans in Radiology due to the extremely small but not negligible relationship
             between gadolinium contrast agent and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with
             severely impaired renal function.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 100 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 24-year-old man comes to the office complaining of infertility.  He and his wife have been trying to conceive for the last 18 months.  Medical records of his wife showed no abnormalities.  The patient doesn't smoke and takes no medications.  Height is 185 cm and weight is 77 kg.  Heart and lung sounds are normal.  There is bilateral gynecomastia and bilateral descended firm testes.  The lower extremities appear abnormally long. His karyotype evaluation shows 47, XXY consistent with Klinefelter syndrome.

Patient's own account: I'm only a 24 year old man but I’m already struggling with infertility. I went to a clinic with my wife the other day because we've been trying to have a baby for at least 18 months. The medical records of my wife are totally normal. For me I don't smoke or take any medication. I'm 185 cm and 77 kg. Everything was normal when the doctor inspected my lungs and my heart. The doctor said that I have enlarged breasts for a man. My testicles seem normal. The doctor noticed that my legs were abnormally long compared to the rest of my body. I also had a karyotype evaluation which led the doctor to diagnose me with Klinefelter syndrome.

Clinical trial: Improving Knowledge About Infertility; an Online Educational Tool

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Women between the ages of 18 and 60 years

          -  Men between the ages of 18 and 60 years

          -  Booking an appointment at the infertility clinic for the first time

          -  Access to a computer with internet connection

          -  For pilot study: students must be in first or second year medical school before
             teaching on infertility

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Previous appointment at the infertility clinic/ previous medical specialist counsel
             about infertility

          -  Completion of the study surveys after their appointment at the infertility clinic
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 50 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 48-year-old man comes to the office complaining of heartburn and acid reflux.  He has taken over-the-counter antacids but sees no relief.  Other medical history is unremarkable.  The patient does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs.  Vital signs are within normal limits.  BMI is 31 kg/m2.  Physical examination is  positive for mild tenderness in upper stomach. Chest x-ray shows an air-fluid opacity behind the heart.  A barium swallow study reveals approximately 1/3 of the stomach herniating through the esophageal hiatus.

Patient's own account: I went to my doctor's office because of a non-stop heartburn and some acid reflux. I took over-the-counter medications, but it keeps going strong! I don't smoke, take drugs or drink alcohol, I'm healthy! The doctor took my vitals, which turned out normal. My BMI is 31, which might be a bit too much for a 48-year-old guy like me. They examined my stomach and found a mild tenderness in the upper part. I also did some X-rays, and they found out that I have an air-fluid opacity behind my heart. I did another X-ray, and it turns out that a part of my stomach went up my chest through a hole in my diaphragm!

Clinical trial: Combined Scalp and Ear Acupuncture in Patients With Proton Pump Inhibitor- Dependent Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms who have had Reflux esophagitis (Reflux
             esophagitis) diagnosed by endoscopy.

          -  After using PPI, the symptoms can be improved, but the symptoms are still repeated,
             and they need to rely on PPI or antacids for a long time.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Cannot sign consent form

          -  Women who are ready to become pregnant or are pregnant.

          -  Have a history of fainting during acupuncture treatment.

          -  Those using anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 20 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 49-year-old man comes to the office because of the bulging in his groin.  Physical examination shows a swelling above the inguinal ligament. When the patient is asked to cough, the size of the bulge increases.  His medical history is significant for mild dyslipidemia, which is under control by lifestyle modifications. He does not smoke, but drinks alcohol occasionally. His vital signs and other physical examinations are unremarkable. He is referred to a surgeon and scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic hernia repair.

Patient's own account: I'm a 49-year-old man and I went to my doctor the other day because I could not stand that sharp pain in my upper thigh, it was so swollen! The doctor told me that it was swollen right next to my ligament. It's even bigger when I'm coughing. I'm suffering from high cholesterol and I already had to adapt my lifestyle to keep the disease under control. I do not smoke but to be honest I still drink from time to time. The doctor found my vitals normal. She gave me a note to see a surgeon to get my mass removed and get a hernia repair.

Clinical trial: Effect Nitrous Oxide On Acute Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption and Chronic Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair Surgery

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  18 to 65 years old at time of the first procedure

          -  American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II

          -  Inguinal hernia repair surgery undergoing the general anesthesia

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Neuropathic disease

          -  Chronic opioid users

          -  Contraindication for Nitrous Oxide receive

          -  Consent will not be obtained patient

          -  Psychiatric disorders

          -  Current or recent drug abuse (within past 6 months).
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 65 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 50-year-old woman comes to the clinic with intermittent ear discharge and sense of hearing loss on her left ear.  Past medical history is significant for obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus.  Her medications include Metformin, Atorvastatin and Vit D supplement. Vital signs are normal. BMI is 37. Otoscopy shows a small perforation in the left tympanic membrane and a pearly mass behind the membrane.  Conduction hearing loss is noted in the left ear.  The remainder of the ear, nose, and throat examination is normal.

Patient's own account: I went to the clinic the other day because I had some fluid in my ear and I felt like I could not hear as well as I used to in my left ear. I'm a 50-year-old woman, and I have been obese for a while now. I have diabetes and cholesterol. I take some medication. I take metformin, atorvastatin, and vitamin D supplements. When I was admitted, my vitals were normal. My BMI is 37. When they looked into my ears, they said that my left tympanic membrane was broken and there was some fluid behind the membrane. During the hearing test, they could assess that my left ear suffers from hearing loss. They also performed ear, nose, and throat examinations that turned out to be normal.

Clinical trial: Comparison Tympanoplasty With Membrane Amniotic and Autologous Fascia

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

        -

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Acute Otorrhea / - Cholesteatomas / - Canal stenosis requiring Canaloplasty / -
             Immunosuppressive patients / - Active neoplasm / - Diabetes Mellitus / - Ruptures less
             than one fifth of the eardrum / - Smoking.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers



Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 33-year-old woman comes to clinic complaining of progressive fatigue, decreased appetite, and 11-lb weight loss in the past 2 months.  She uses levothyroxine because of the previously diagnosed Hashimoto disease. She has no other medical conditions and does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs.  Physical examination shows a generalized increase in pigmentation of the skin.  Measurement of serum cortisol before and after administration of exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) shows no difference in the levels. Stable glucocorticoid replacement therapy starts for her with the diagnosis for primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)

Patient's own account: I went to the clinic because I was really suffering from fatigue and decreased appetite and I also lost 11 pounds over the past two months. I'm just 33 years old so that's not normal, especially for a woman. I take levothyroxine because I have been diagnosed with Hashimoto disease. I don't have any other medical condition, and I don't smoke I don't drink, and I don't do drugs. They also did my physical examination and they saw that I had an increase in pigmentation of my skin. They measured my cortisol level before and after giving me some ACTH hormone, and the results came back with no difference whatsoever. The doctor told me I have Addison disease and put me under glucocorticoid therapy.

Clinical trial: Hydrocortisone Vs Prednisolone in AI (HYPER-AID)

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Aged 18 - 85 years

          -  Male or female

          -  Diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency (AI) for over 6 months according to standard
             diagnostic criteria

          -  Established on stable hydrocortisone or prednisolone replacement, dose not altered for
             at least 4 months

          -  Individuals taking other hormone replacements are accepted providing that their
             replacement doses have not altered for at least 3 months;

          -  Individuals who are able and willing to give written informed consent to participate
             in the study

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Individuals who are unable to give informed consent

          -  Pregnancy (determined by patients self-reporting pregnancy status)

          -  Patients using the combined oral contraceptive pill
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.

Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 85 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 15-year-old boy with mild intellectual disability is brought to the office by his parents for a routine physical examination.  The boy is going to a school for students with learning disabilities.  The patient was adopted, and his immunizations are up to date.  Review of the patient's medical records is notable for cytogenetic studies that showed a small gap near the tip of the long arm of the X chromosome, which is consistent with fragile X syndrome, an X-linked disorder. The defect is an unstable expansion of trinucleotide repeats (CGG) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, located on the long arm of the X chromosome. He is not using any medications and vital signs are within normal levels. His blood chemistry analysis as bellow:
Blood Chemistry Value      Normal Range     Patient Value
Glucose                    90-120 mg/dl     95 mg/dl
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)  7-24 mg/dl       10 mg/dl
Creatinine                 0.7-1.4 mg/dl    0.8 mg/dl
Calcium                    8.5-10.5 mg/dl   9 mg/dl
Sodium                     134-143 mEq/L    135 mEq/L
Potassium                  3.5-4.5 mEq/L    3.7 mEq/L
Chloride                   95-108 mEq/L     98 mEq/L
CO2                        20-30 mEq/L      25 mEq/L
Blood pH                   7.38-7.42        7. 39

Patient's own account: My husband and I brought our 15-year-old son to the clinic for his routine exam. My son is going to school for special needs students. We adopted him a few years ago. His vaccinations are up to date. He already passed some chromosome testing and they found that he has a fragile X syndrome. The doctor told us that it comes from repeats in the fragile X chromosome. My son is not using any medication and his blood pressure temperature and breathing were normal during the exam. He also did a blood test. The results came back and showed that his blood sugar urea creatinine calcium sodium potassium chloride CO2 and blood pH were all within the normal range.

Clinical trial: Pilot Study: A Parent-Infant Fragile X Intervention (PIXI)

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Infants identified with FXS prior to 2 months of age with parents/caregivers who speak
             English

        Exclusion Criteria:

        -
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Subject must be at most 6 Months

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction
Patient case (clinical description): A 49-year-old man comes to the office because of the bulging in his groin.  Physical examination shows a swelling above the inguinal ligament. When the patient is asked to cough, the size of the bulge increases.  His medical history is significant for mild dyslipidemia, which is under control by lifestyle modifications. He does not smoke, but drinks alcohol occasionally. His vital signs and other physical examinations are unremarkable. He is referred to a surgeon and scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic hernia repair.

Patient's own account: I'm a 49-year-old man and I went to my doctor the other day because I could not stand that sharp pain in my upper thigh, it was so swollen! The doctor told me that it was swollen right next to my ligament. It's even bigger when I'm coughing. I'm suffering from high cholesterol and I already had to adapt my lifestyle to keep the disease under control. I do not smoke but to be honest I still drink from time to time. The doctor found my vitals normal. She gave me a note to see a surgeon to get my mass removed and get a hernia repair.

Clinical trial: Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair- Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPP) Versus Totally Extra Peritoneal (TEP)

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  All consecutive patients with uncomplicated symptomatic inguinal hernia attending the
             out patient department of surgery at AIIMS will be included in the study.

          -  The diagnosis of inguinal hernia will be made clinically.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Co-morbid conditions making the patients unfit for general anaesthesia

          -  Complicated hernia.

          -  Uncorrectable coagulopathy

          -  Morbid obesity (Body Mass Index > 30)

          -  Suspected intra-abdominal or pelvic malignancy.
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 80 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 67-year-old woman comes to the clinic due to recent episode of choking, dysphagia, and cough.  Her other medical problems include hypertension, dyslipidemia, and osteoarthritis.  She does not smoke or use alcohol. She lives with her husband and she is able to do her own daily activities. She used to teach elementary school. Blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg.  The patient's breath smells bad. Other physical examinations are normal.  A barium swallow study reveals an abnormality in the upper esophagus with an outpouching at the junction of the lower part of the throat and the upper portion of the esophagus.

Patient's own account: I'm a 67-year-old lady, and I went to the clinic due to nonstop choking, difficulty swallowing, and coughing. I also suffer from hypertension, cholesterol, and osteoarthritis. I do not smoke or drink alcohol. I live with my husband, and we are independent retired elementary school teachers. During the exam, my blood pressure was 135/80 mm Hg. The doctor told me I had a smelly breath. How embarrassing! The rest of my physical exam was normal. I did a barium swallow test, which is an X-ray of my throat, which revealed a problem in the upper part of my esophagus, where there's a small pouch or bulge at the spot where my throat meets the esophagus.

Clinical trial: A New Treatment for Zenker's Diverticulum-submucosal Tunneling Endoscopic Septum Division

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum by symptoms, esophagram and/ or EGD

          -  Symptomatic score≥2 in any of the symptoms or ≥3 in total

          -  Patients or legal surrogates willing and competent to give informed consent and to
             comply with follow up visits and tests

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Patients with minimal symptoms (score ≤1 in all four symptoms and <3 in total)

          -  Presence of coagulopathy or pregnancy

          -  Patients who, in the investigator's opinion, are medically unstable or have a life
             expectancy of< 2 years, are unable to give informed consent or have poor compliance
             with follow-up, or whose risks of participating in the study outweigh the benefits
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.


Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment
Patient case (clinical description): A 23-year-old woman comes to the emergency department with a history of nosebleeds lasting for 1 hour. She has a history of heavy menses as well as occasional gum bleeding following dental procedures. Her mother also has a history of menorrhagia. Laboratory tests reveal increased bleeding time and slightly increased partial thromboplastin time. She has no other medical conditions and is otherwise healthy. Her coagulation study shows CB = 0.30 IU/mL and FVIII:C = 0.37 IU/mL. She is not smoking or using any kind of illicit drugs. She uses alcohol occasionally and is in ra elationship with her boyfriend for the past 2 years.

Patient's own account: I had to rush to the ER because of a non-stop nosebleed that had been on for 1 hour. As a 23-year-old, I always had heavy periods, and sometimes, my gums would bleed after going to the dentist or brushing my teeth. I thought that it was not very alarming since my mom also had heavy periods. I did some lab tests that showed that I had increased bleeding time and long clotting time. Otherwise, I'm pretty healthy, and I don't smoke or take any kind of drugs. I drink only at parties from time to time. I have been with my boyfriend for the last 2 years. I did a coagulation study and I got the following results: CB = 0.30 IU/mL and FVIII:C = 0.37 IU/mL.

Clinical trial: The Effect of the Nutraceutical "Hemofix" on the Coagulation System

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  Healthy volunteers and volunteers with a mild bleeding disorder

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  people with thrombophilic and cardiovascular complications,

          -  people who are treated with anti-coagulants,

          -  women taking birth control pills

          -  people with a history hypercoagulability
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 75 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Entailment