Patient case (clinical description): A 15-year-old boy with mild intellectual disability is brought to the office by his parents for a routine physical examination.  The boy is going to a school for students with learning disabilities.  The patient was adopted, and his immunizations are up to date.  Review of the patient's medical records is notable for cytogenetic studies that showed a small gap near the tip of the long arm of the X chromosome, which is consistent with fragile X syndrome, an X-linked disorder. The defect is an unstable expansion of trinucleotide repeats (CGG) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, located on the long arm of the X chromosome. He is not using any medications and vital signs are within normal levels. His blood chemistry analysis as bellow:
Blood Chemistry Value      Normal Range     Patient Value
Glucose                    90-120 mg/dl     95 mg/dl
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)  7-24 mg/dl       10 mg/dl
Creatinine                 0.7-1.4 mg/dl    0.8 mg/dl
Calcium                    8.5-10.5 mg/dl   9 mg/dl
Sodium                     134-143 mEq/L    135 mEq/L
Potassium                  3.5-4.5 mEq/L    3.7 mEq/L
Chloride                   95-108 mEq/L     98 mEq/L
CO2                        20-30 mEq/L      25 mEq/L
Blood pH                   7.38-7.42        7. 39

Patient's own account: My husband and I brought our 15-year-old son to the clinic for his routine exam. My son is going to school for special needs students. We adopted him a few years ago. His vaccinations are up to date. He already passed some chromosome testing and they found that he has a fragile X syndrome. The doctor told us that it comes from repeats in the fragile X chromosome. My son is not using any medication and his blood pressure temperature and breathing were normal during the exam. He also did a blood test. The results came back and showed that his blood sugar urea creatinine calcium sodium potassium chloride CO2 and blood pH were all within the normal range.

Clinical trial: Contribution of High Throughput RNA Sequencing Combined With Sequencing of Whole Genomes in the Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  individuals with intellectual disabilities without an obvious clinical diagnosis,

          -  idividuals with normal array CGH and previous negative genetic explorations (WES-solo
             or WES-trio),

          -  individuals whose sampling is possible in the index case and the 2 biological parents
             in order to carry out a trio sequencing,

          -  individuals having given their written consent (consent of the legal representative(s)
             if the patient is a minor or incapacitated),

          -  individuals whose biological parents have given their consent to be sampled,

          -  individuals affiliated to or beneficiaries of the national health insurance system.

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  pregnant or breastfeeding woman,

          -  individuals for whom there is a diagnostic hypothesis considered highly probable and
             for which a molecular test routinely available has a lower cost than the genome,

          -  individual whose parents refuse to participate in the study
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
No healthy subjects accepted to join the trial.



Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction