Patient case (clinical description): A 30-year-old man who is a computer scientist came to the clinic with the lab result stating azoospermia.  The patient is sexually active with his wife and does not use any contraception methods.  They have been trying to conceive for the past year with no success.  The patient has a past medical history of recurrent pneumonia, shortness of breath, and  persistent cough that produces large amounts of thick sputum. The patient had multiple lung infections during childhood. He does not smoke, use illicit drugs or alcohol.  The patient has no history of other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery.  On physical examination, the digits show clubbing.  An ultrasound shows bilateral absence of the vas deferens, and FEV1 was 75% on the respiratory function test.

Patient's own account: I'm a 30-year-old computer scientist. I did some lab tests that came back quite alarming, stating that I have azoospermia?! I'm sexually active with my wife and we don't use contraception. We've been trying to have a child for the past year. I have a medical history of pneumonia and shortness of breath and regular wet cough. I had several lung infections when I was a kid. That's why I'm very careful and don't smoke, do drugs, or drink. I don't have other medical conditions including allergies or any kind of surgery. The doctor did the clubbing test on my fingers, which was positive. I also did an ultrasound and it showed that I'm missing the tubes that carry sperm around. I also had a 75% for my respiratory function test.

Clinical trial: Upright MRI in Lung Disease

Eligibility criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:

          -  General inclusion criteria:

               -  Adult - Male or female, aged 18 to 90 years old

               -  Capacity to give informed consent

               -  Able to hold their breath for 10 seconds

               -  Able to understand the requirements of the study and to cooperate with the study
                  procedures

          -  Cohort-specific inclusion criteria:

        Healthy participants

          -  No reported or diagnosed chronic respiratory disease

        COPD with hyperinflation

          -  Evidence of airflow obstruction on spirometry - FEV1/FVC < 0.7 and FEV1 <80%. (FEV1 =
             full expiratory volume in 1 second, FVC = full vital capacity)

          -  Diagnosis of hyperinflation based on imaging or lung function measures.

        Diaphragm weakness due to non-neuromuscular disease

          -  Established diagnosis of diaphragm weakness due to non-neuromuscular disease, e.g.
             viral illness, trauma.

        Diaphragm weakness due to neuromuscular disease

          -  Established diagnosis of diaphragm weakness due to neuromuscular disease

        Exclusion Criteria:

          -  Unsuitable for MRI scanning (e.g. have metal implants/pacemaker or contraindicated
             following questionnaire)

          -  Deemed unlikely to comply with instructions during imaging

          -  Deemed not fit enough to tolerate procedure

          -  Deemed unsuitable by clinical investigator for other reasons

          -  History of lung volume reduction procedure
No condition on gender to be admitted to the trial.
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Subject must be at least 18 Years old.
Subject must be at most 90 Years

Eligibility (NLI label): Contradiction