Maskrio/nya-ir-miracl-id-preprocessed huggingface dataset:
Turbin gas
Maintenance adalah perawatan untuk mencegah hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan seperti kerusakan terlalu cepat terhadap semua peralatan di pabrik, baik yang sedang beroperasi maupun yang berfungsi sebagai suku cadang. Kerusakan yang timbul biasanya terjadi karena keausan dan ketuaan akibat pengoperasian yang terus-menerus, dan juga akibat langkah pengoperasian yang salah.
Maintenance pada turbine gas selalu tergantung dari faktor-faktor perasional dengan kondisi yang berbeda disetiap wilayah, karena operasional turbine gas sangat tergantung dari kondisi daerah operasional. Semua pabrik pembuat turbine gas telah menetapkan suatu ketetapan yang aman dalam pengoperasian sehingga turbine selalu dalambatas kondisi aman dan tepat waktu untuk melakukan maintenance.
Secara umum maintenance dapat dibagi dalam beberapa bagian, diantaranya adalah:
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Suatu kegiatan perawatan yang direncanakan baik itu secara rutin maupun periodik, karena apabila perawatan dilakukan tepat pada waktunya akan mengurangi down time dari peralatan. Preventive maintenance dibagi menjadi:
Perawatan yang dilakukan terhadap peralatan yang tidak kritis, atau disebut juga peralatan-peralatan yang tidak mengganggu jalannya operasi.
Kegiatan monitor, menguji, dan mengukur peralatan-peralatan yang beroperasi dengan menentukan perubahan yang terjadi pada bagian utama, apakah peralatan tersebut berjalan dengan normal atau tidak.
Perawatan yang dilakukan dengan memperbaiki perubahan kecil yang terjadi dalam disain, serta menambahkan komponen-komponen yang sesuai dan juga menambahkan material-material yang cocok.
Kegiatan perawatan yang dilakukan setelah terjadi kerusakan atau kelainan pada peralatan sehingga tidak dapat berfungsi seperti biasanya.
Pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan disain suatu peralatan atau unit. Modifikasi bertujuan menambah kehandalan peralatan atau menambah tingkat produksi dan kualitas pekerjaan.
Kegiatan perawatan yang dilakukan terhadap peralatan yang sengaja dihentikan pengoperasiannya.
Turbin gas
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.
The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET)[1] has defined "engineering" as:
the creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.[2][3]
One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer, Ingenieur or European Engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of more specialized sub disciplines, each with a more specific emphasis on certain fields of application and particular areas of technology.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient era
1.2 Renaissance era
1.3 Modern era
2 Main branches of engineering
3 Methodology
3.1 Problem solving
3.2 Computer use
4 Social context
5 Relationships with other disciplines
5.1 Science
5.2 Medicine and biology
5.3 Art
5.4 Other fields
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 Pranala luar
[edit]History
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The International Space Station represents a modern engineering challenge from many disciplines.
Electrical engineering can trace its origins in the experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 1800s, the experiments of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in 1872. The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of Electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other Engineering specialty.[3]
The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical Engineering. The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.[3]
Chemical Engineering, like its counterpart Mechanical Engineering, developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution.[3] Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants.[3] The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.[3]
Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft design while Aerospace Engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach envelope of the discipline by including spacecraft design.[13] Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.[14]
The first PhD in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States went to Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.[15]
Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, there was extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that were used in World War I . Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.
In 1990, with the rise of computer technology, the first search engine was built by computer engineer Alan Emtage.
[edit]Main branches of engineering
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Main article: List of engineering branches
Engineering, much like other science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:[16][17]
Chemical engineering – The exploitation of both engineering and chemical principles in order to carry out large scale chemical process.
Civil engineering – The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings.
Electrical engineering – a very broad area that may encompass the design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics.
Mechanical engineering – The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.
Beyond these four, sources vary on other main branches. Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. Modern fields sometimes included as major branches include aerospace, systems,architectural, biomedical,[18] industrial, materials science[19] and nuclear engineering.[20][citation needed]
New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches. A new or emerging area of application will commonly be defined temporarily as a permutation or subset of existing disciplines; there is often gray area as to when a given sub-field becomes large and/or prominent enough to warrant classification as a new "branch." One key indicator of such emergence is when major universities start establishing departments and programs in the new field.
For each of these fields there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics.
[edit]Methodology
Turbin gas
Design of a turbine requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system is subject to mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The blades, rotor and stator as well as the steam cycle all need to be carefully designed and optimized.
Engineers apply the sciences of physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions to problems or to make improvements to the status quo. More than ever, engineers are now required to have knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects, as a result, they keep on learning new material throughout their career.
If multiple options exist, engineers weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The crucial and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. It is usually not enough to build a technically successful product; it must also meet further requirements.
Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, productibility, and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.
[edit]Problem solving
Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics, and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to find suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions.
Usually multiple reasonable solutions exist, so engineers must evaluate the different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets their requirements. Genrich Altshuller, after gathering statistics on a large number of patents, suggested that compromises are at the heart of "low-level" engineering designs, while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem.
Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use, among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected.
Engineers take on the responsibility of producing designs that will perform as well as expected and will not cause unintended harm to the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure. However, the greater the safety factor, the less efficient the design may be.
The study of failed products is known as forensic engineering, and can help the product designer in evaluating his or her design in the light of real conditions. The discipline is of greatest value after disasters, such as bridge collapses, when careful analysis is needed to establish the cause or causes of the failure.
[edit]Computer use
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A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around the Space Shuttle during re-entry. Solutions to the flow require modelling of the combined effects of the fluid flow and heat equations.
As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (Computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering. Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods.
One of the most widely used tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software which enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with Digital mockup (DMU) and CAE software such as finite element method analysis or analytic element method allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes.
These allow products and components to be checked for flaws; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics; and to analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, fluid flows, and kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of Product Data Management software.[21]
There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as Computer-aided manufacture (CAM) software to generate CNC machining instructions; Manufacturing Process Management software for production engineering; EDA for printed circuit board (PCB) and circuit schematics for electronic engineers; MRO applications for maintenance management; and AEC software for civil engineering.
In recent years the use of computer software to aid the development of goods has collectively come to be known as Product Lifecycle Management (PLM).[22]
[edit]Social context
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This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (July 2010)
Engineering is a subject that ranges from large collaborations to small individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are beholden to some sort of financing agency: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering and open design engineering.
By its very nature engineering is bound up with society and human behavior. Every product or construction used by modern society will have been influenced by engineering design. Engineering design is a very powerful tool to make changes to environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a great responsibility. Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large.
Engineering projects can be subject to controversy. Examples from different engineering disciplines include the development of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the design and use of Sport utility vehicles and the extraction of oil. In response, some western engineering companies have enacted serious corporate and social responsibility policies.
Engineering is a key driver of human development.[23] Sub-Saharan Africa in particular has a very small engineering capacity which results in many African nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without outside aid. The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development.[24]
All overseas development and relief NGOs make considerable use of engineers to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. A number of charitable organizations aim to use engineering directly for the good of mankind:
Engineers Without Borders
Engineers Against Poverty
Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief
Engineers for a Sustainable World
Engineering for Change
Turbin air
Turbin air adalah sebuah mesin berputar yang mengambil energi kinetik dari arus air.
Turbin air
Turbin air dikembangkan pada awal abad ke-19 dan digunakan secara luas untuk tenaga industri sebelum adanya jaringan listrik. Sekarang mereka digunakan untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik. Mereka mengambil sumber energi yang bersih dan terbaharui.
Desi Bouterse
Desiré Delano Bouterse . () adalah presiden Suriname. Ia pernah menjabat pula sebagai Instruktur Olahraga Militer, Presiden sementara dan Panglima Tentara Nasional Suriname dan ketua partai politik NDP Suriname. Dalam pemilihan presiden di Parlemen Suriname, Desiré Delano Bouterse bersama Robert Ameerali terpilih sebagai Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Suriname masa jabatan 2010-2015, setelah mengalahkan Chan Santokhi/Gregory Rusland.
Desi Bouterse
Dési Bouterse adalah tokoh paling kontroversial di Suriname antara tahun 1980-an sampai 1990-an. Pada tanggal 25 Februari 1980, sersan mayor Dési Bouterse bersama 15 orang perwira militer menengah nonkomisional melakukan kudeta terhadap pemerintahan Henck Arron dan menggantikannya dengan pemerintahan dr. Henk Chin A Sen (1980 -4 Februari 1982), namun karena berselisih dengan Bouterse, maka Henk Chin A Sen mundur dari jabatan presiden dan perdana menteri Suriname.
Desi Bouterse
Bouterse juga dianggap sebagai tokoh kontroversial di Suriname karena ia dianggap ikut mendalangi "Pembunuhan Desember" pada tahun 1982 dan Pembantaian Moiwana tahun 1986, namun Bouterse menolaknya dan menganggap itu adalah tanggung jawab Let. Paul Bhagwandas, komandan Batalion III di Fort Zeelandia waktu itu.
Desi Bouterse
Pada tahun 1987, Ramsewak Shankar terpilih sebagai presiden Suriname mengantikan Lachmipersad Frederick Ramdat Misier (1982-1988). Bouterse dan militer kurang menyukai Ramsewak Shankar sebagai presiden baru Suriname karena ingin melakukan normalisasi hubungan bilateral dengan Belanda dan melakukan perjanjian damai dengan pemberontak "Jungle Commando" pimpinan Ronnie Brunswijk dan "Tucayana Amazonas" pimpinan Thomas Sabajo dan Alex Jubitana.
Desi Bouterse
Pada tanggal 22 Desember 1990, Bouterse mundur sebagai panglima tentara karena berselisih paham dengan pemerintah. 2 hari kemudian, Komodor Ivan Graanoogst melakukan kudeta terhadap Presiden Shankar melalui telepon.
Desi Bouterse
Bouterse akhirnya mundur dari jabatan panglima tentara nasional Suriname karena ada tekanan dari parlemen Suriname yang menuduh dia akan melakukan kudeta terhadap pemerintahan Presiden Ronald Venetiaan.
Desi Bouterse
Belanda menuduh Desi Bouterse sebagai pengedar narkotika dan mengeluarkan surat perintah penangkapannya pada tahun 1999. Namun Suriname tidak bisa mengekstradisinya karena ia merupakan mantan presiden. Pada tahun 2008, Bouterse bersama 24 tersangka lain pembunuhan Desember diajukan ke pengadilan, tetapi Bouterse menolak untuk hadir dalam persidangan.
Desi Bouterse
Sebagai Presiden, Bouterse memerlukan untuk bekerja sama dengan baik bersama Ronnie Brunswijk - mantan musuh - atau pemimpin Jawa, Paul Slamet Somohardjo dari Aliansi Rakyat (Volksalliantie), yang telah meninggalkan pesta Front Baru sebelum pemilu. Pada tanggal 19 Juli 2010, Bouterse terpilih sebagai Presiden Suriname, dia mulai bertugas pada tanggal 12 Agustus 2010.
Porsche
Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, atau lebih dikenal sebagai Porsche AG (), adalah sebuah produsen otomotif asal Jerman yang berspesialisasi di produksi mobil sport, SUV, dan sedan. Porsche AG berkantor pusat di Stuttgart, dan merupakan anak usaha dari Volkswagen AG, yang juga merupakan anak usaha dari Porsche Automobil Holding SE. Mobil hasil produksi Porsche antara lain Porsche 911, Porsche Boxster, Porsche Cayman, Porsche Panamera, Porsche Cayenne, Porsche Macan, dan Porsche 918.
Porsche
Insiyur Austria, Ferdinand Porsche mendirikan "Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche GmbH" di Austria pada tahun 1931, dan kemudian memindahkan kantor pusatnya ke pusat kota Stuttgart. Awalnya, perusahaan ini bergerak di bidang konsultasi pengembangan dan pengerjaan mobil, dan tidak merakit mobil dibawah namanya sendiri. Salah satu tugas pertama perusahaan ini, datang dari pemerintah Jerman yang ingin memproduksi mobil rakyat berjuluk "Volkswagen". Perusahaan ini kemudian menghasilkan Volkswagen Beetle, yang merupakan salah satu desain mobil tersukses sepanjang sejarah. Porsche 64 yang dikembangkan pada tahun 1939 pun menggunakan banyak komponen dari Beetle.
Porsche
Selama Perang Dunia II, produksi Volkswagen diubah ke versi militer, yang disebut Kübelwagen, dan Schwimmwagen. Porsche juga mengerjakan beberapa desain tank, namun kalah dengan desain dari Henschel & Son. Walaupun begitu, desain ini nantinya tetap digunakan Porsche untuk mendesain penghancur tank, Elefant. Porsche juga mengembangkan tank Panzer VIII Maus di periode akhir perang.
Porsche
Pada akhir Perang Dunia II tahun 1945, pabrik Volkswagen di KdF-Stadt jatuh ke tangan Inggris. Ferdinand pun kehilangan posisi direkturnya, dan Ivan Hirst, seorang Mayor Angkatan Darat Inggris, pun ditugaskan memimpin Porsche. Pada tanggal 15 Desember 1945, Ferdinand dipenjara, dan anaknya, Ferry Porsche pun memutuskan untuk merakit mobilnya sendiri, karena ia tidak dapat menemukan mobil yang sesuai dengan seleranya. Ia juga harus memimpin perusahaannya hingga ayahnya dibebaskan pada bulan Agustus 1947. Mobil pertama Porsche adalah Porsche 356 yang dirakit di Gmünd, Austria. Mobil ini lalu mulai diproduksi secara massal oleh Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH, yang didirikan oleh Ferry dan Louise Piëch. Setelah diambil alih oleh ayahnya pada tahun 1950, Porsche pun menunjuk "Reutter Karosserie", untuk memproduksi rangka mobil tersebut. Pada tahun 1952, Porsche pun membangun pabrik baru di dekat pabrik "Reutter Karosserie".
Porsche
Pada periode pasca perang, banyak suku cadang mobil yang tidak tersedia, sehingga Porsche 356 menggunakan banyak komponen dari Volkswagen Beetle, seperti untuk transmisi dan suspensi. Namun kemudian, suku cadang ini mulai diproduksi sendiri oleh Porsche. Badan mobil ini juga didesain secara khusus oleh Erwin Komenda, yang juga mendesain badan mobil Beetle.
Porsche
Pada tahun 1964, setelah memenangkan cukup banyak kejuaraan balap, Porsche meluncurkan Porsche 911, sebagai pengganti Porsche 365. Porsche 911 pun sampai saat ini menjadi produk Porsche paling terkenal, dan sangat sukses di berbagai ajang balap. Porsche 911 juga tetap diproduksi hingga saat ini.
Porsche
Pada tahun 1972, bentuk usaha Porsche berubah dari yang awalnya. "Kommanditgesellschaft" (KG), menjadi Aktiengesellschaft (AG), karena Ferry Porsche percaya bahwa perusahaan ini telah berkembang jauh dari hanya sebuah perusahaan keluarga, setelah ia belajar dari pendiri Honda, Soichiro Honda yang menerapkan filosofi "no family members in the company" (tidak ada anggota keluarga di perusahaan). Inipun mengarah pada pembentukan Dewan Direksi dengan anggota dari luar keluarga Porsche, dan sebuah Dewan Pengawas yang terdiri dari anggota keluarga Porsche.
Porsche
Dr. Ernst Fuhrmann, lalu diangkat sebagai CEO pertama Porsche AG, setelah sebelumnya berkerja di divisi pengembangan mesin. Pada awal dekade 1980an, Fuhrmann lalu digantikan oleh Peter W. Schutz. Ia lalu digantikan oleh mantan direktur Nixdorf Computer AG, Arno Bohn pada tahun 1988.
Pada tahun 1990, Porsche menandatangani nota kesepahaman dengan Toyota untuk dapat mempelajari tekonologi yang dipakai oleh Toyota.
Porsche
Setelah Bohn diberhentikan, Heinz Branitzki, ditunjuk sebagai CEO sementara. Branitzki memegang jabatan itu hingga Wendelin Wiedeking ditunjuk menjadi CEO pada tahun 1993. Wiedeking lalu berhasil mentransformasi Porsche menjadi sebuah perusahaan yang efisien dan menguntungkan.
Porsche
Pada tahun 2002, Porsche memperkenalkan Porsche Cayenne, sekaligus membuka pabrik barunya di Leipzig, yang nantinya tercatat berhasil memproduksi separuh dari seluruh mobil produksi Porsche dalam setahun. Pada tahun 2004, produksi Porsche Carrera GT juga dilaksanakan di Leipzig, dan dengan harga EUR 450. 000. Carrera GT adalah mobil termahal yang pernah dibuat oleh Porsche.