Maskrio/nya-ir-miracl-id-preprocessed huggingface dataset:
Mahmud Syah III dari Johor
Pada tanggal 13 Mei 1787, pasukan Sultan Mahmud (beserta pasukan Raja Ismail dari Tempasuk) menyusup ke selatan Terusan Riau melalui Penyengat dan Senggarang. Saat malam tiba, pasukan Sultan mulai menampakan diri dari benteng kecil di bukit, kemudian maju dari arah gunung merapat ke kapal besar yang mengangkut barang dagangan sehingga pertempuran tidak terelakkan lagi. Mereka menggempur dan menghabisi satu garnisun Belanda di Hulu Riau. Bantuan ini berhasil mengalahkan Belanda di Riau-Lingga pada bulan Mei 1787.
Mahmud Syah III dari Johor
Akibat dari serangan itu banyak pasukan Belanda yang melarikan diri. Bahkan, seorang residen Belanda di Hulu Riau, David Ruhde, melarikan diri ke Melaka. Tentang peristiwa tersebut, Raja Ali Haji menguncinya di dalam Tuhfat al-Nafis:
Berkat peran dan perjuangannya bagi negara, Joko Widodo selaku Presiden Indonesia kemudian menganugerahi gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia kepada Sultan Mahmud Riayat Syah (Sultan Mahmud Syah III). Upacara penganugerahan tersebut dilakukan di Istana Negara pada tanggal 9 November 2017. Penganugerahan ini diputuskan melalui Kepres RI No 115/TK/tahun 2017 tentang Penganugerahan Gelar Pahlawan. Keputusan ini diambil setelah sebelumnya Dewan Gelar, Tanda Jasa, dan Tanda Kehormatan bersidang pada Oktober 2017 lalu.
Mahmud Syah III dari Johor
Bersamaan dengan Sultan Mahmud III, gelar pahlawan nasional juga dianugerahkan kepada tiga tokoh lainnya, yaitu Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid (pendiri Nahdlatul Wathan), Lafran Pane (pendiri Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam), dan Malahayati (pejuang dari Kesultanan Aceh).
Demokhares
Demokhares (; skt. 355275 SM), merupakan seorang Demosthenes, orator Athena dan negarawan, salah satu dari sedikit orang Athena yang terkenal di masa kemunduran.
Perang Perancis-Dahomey Pertama
Perang Perancis-Dahomey Pertama adalah konflik yang berlangsung pada tahun 1890 antara pasukan Republik Perancis Ketiga yang dipimpin oleh Jenderal Alfred-Amédée Dodds melawan Kerajaan Dahomey pada masa kekuasaan Raja Béhanzin.
Perang Perancis-Dahomey Pertama
Pada tahun 1874, Raja Tofa merebut kekuasaan Porto-Novo dan mendapat perlindungan dari Perancis setelah mereka diserbu oleh Dahomey pada tahun 1882. Dahomey meneruskan serangannya yang memicu insiden yang memulai perang ini. Pada Maret 1889, pasukan Dahomey menyerang sebuah desa di Ouémé walaupun kepala desanya mendapat perlindungan oleh Perancis. Setelah berkata bahwa bendera Perancis akan melindunginya, pasukan suku Fon memerintahkan salah satu prajurit Amazon Dahomey untuk memenggalnya dan membungkus kepalanya dengan bendera tersebut. Pasukan Dahomey tetap meneruskan serangannya di kawasan tersebut, dan Perancis menanggapinya dengan menambah pasukan di Cotonou menjadi 359, dengan 299 di antaranya merupakan Tirailleurs Senegal dan Gabon yang dilatih oleh Perancis. Dahomey mendengar kabar ini dan kemudian mengirim pasukan ke Cotonou. Namun, pasukan Dahomey mengalami kekalahan di Cotonou dan Atchoupa, dan pada tanggal 3 Oktober 1890 Dahomey menandatangani perjanjian yang mengakui Porto-Novo sebagai protektorat Perancis. Béhanzin juga terpaksa menyerahkan Cotonou, tetapi ia menerima 20.000 franc setiap tahunnya karena telah mencabut hak cukainya.
Pengeboman Chongqing
Pengeboman Chongqing (, , dari 18 Februari 1938 hingga 23 Agustus 1943) adalah bagian dari operasi pengeboman teror yang dilaksanakan oleh Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang dan Pasukan Udara Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang terhadap ibu kota sementara Tiongkok di Chongqing, disahkan oleh Markas Besar Jenderal Kekaisaran.
Pengeboman Chongqing
Keseluruhan sebanyak 268 serangan udara dilaksanakan terhadap Chongqing, di mana lebih dari 11.500, terutama bom pembakar dijatuhkan. Target biasanya daerah perumahan, bisnis, sekolah, rumah sakit, dan targe-target nonmiliter lainnya. Pengeboman ini mungkin ditujukan untuk menggetak pemerintah Tiongkok, atau sebagai bagian dari invasi Sichuan yang direncanakan.
Pengeboman Chongqing
Dalam dua hari pertama kampanye, serangan pada bulan Mei 1939 menewaskan lebih dari lima ribu warga sipil Tiongkok.
Pengeboman Chongqing
Dua bulan kemudian, setelah puluhan ribu kematian, sebagai pembalasan atas pengeboman api, Amerika Serikat melakukan embargo ekspor suku cadang pesawat ke Jepang, sehingga menjatuhkan sanksi ekonomi pertamanya terhadap negara tersebut.
Pengeboman Chongqing
Pada 5 Juni 1941, Jepang menerbangkan lebih dari 20 serangan mendadak, mengebom kota selama tiga jam. Sekitar 4.000 penduduk yang bersembunyi di sebuah terowongan mengalami kekurangan oksigen.
Pengeboman Chongqing
Sebagian besar serangan yang dilancarkan terhadap Chongqing dilaksanakan melalui skuadron pengembom menengah-berat yang terdiri dari Mitsubishi G3M, dikenal sebagai "Nells" (menurut kode nama Sekutu), Ki-21 "Sallys", Fiat BR.20 Cicognas ("Ruths"), dan Kawasaki Ki-48 "Lilys", meskipun menjelang Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua/Perang Dunia II, Mitsubishi G4M "Bettys", Ki-67 "Peggys", Nakajima Ki-49 "Helens", Yokosuka P1Y "Frances" juga ditempatkan.
Karena pengurangan pesawat terbang yang mengkhawatirkan dan pilot veteran Angkatan Udara Tiongkok yang awalnya dilengkapi dengan dengan sebagian besar pesawat buatan AS dan pelatihan pada saat pecahnya perang tahun 1937 (dan pelatihan dengan instruktur angkatan udara Italia), Angkatan Udara Tiongkok semakin mengandalkan bantuan Uni Soviet selama penarikan mundur pasukan dan pertahanan Wuhan pada tahun 1938 dan selanjutnya penarikan mundur pasukan dan pertahanan Chungking tahun 1939-1941; para pilot Tiongkok umumnya menerbangkan seri pesawat tempur-kejar Polikarpov I-16 dan I-15 untuk pertahanan Chongqing dan Chengdu.
Dikenalkannya pesawat tempur "zero-sen" pada tahun 1940, pesawat tempur produksi paling maju saat itu, hampir memastikan superioritas udara total Jepang.
Tirailleurs Senegal
Tirailleurs Senegal () adalah korps infantri Angkatan Darat Perancis pada masa penjajahan. Kebanyakan anggota korps ini direkrut dari Senegal dan kemudian dari wilayah jajahan Perancis lainnya di Afrika Barat, Tengah dan Timur.
Tirailleurs Senegal
Meskipun perekrutan tidak terbatas di Senegal, satuan infantri ini diberi sebutan ""sénégalais"" karena satuan ini pertama kali dibentuk di Senegal. Satuan Tirailleurs Senegal pertama didirikan pada tahun 1857 dan telah membantu Perancis dalam sejumlah perang, termasuk Perang Dunia I: terdapat sekitar 200.000 Tirailleurs Senegal yang bertempur untuk Perancis, dengan 135.000 di antaranya terjun di medan perang di Eropa dan 30.000 dari mereka gugur dalam pertempuran. Satuan ini juga dikerahkan selama Perang Dunia II.
Tirailleurs Senegal
Kata benda tirailleur, yang dapat diterjemahkan menjadi "penembak" atau "penembak jitu", merupakan istilah yang digunakan oleh Angkatan Darat Perancis untuk pasukan infantri yang direkrut dari penduduk asli berbagai jajahan Perancis pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20. Selain di Afrika Barat, resimen-resimen tirailleurs direkrut dari populasi Arab dan Berber di jajahan Perancis di Aljazair, Tunisia dan Maroko, dan mereka disebut "tirailleurs nord-africains" atau "Turcos". Selain itu, ada pula resimen tirailleurs yang dibentuk dibentuk dari orang-orang Vietnam di Indochina Perancis.
Pulau Atlasov
Pulau Altasov atau dalam bahasa Rusia dikenal sebagai Ostrov Atlasova (остров атласова) atau Araido (阿頼度島) dalam bahasa Jepang adalah sebuah pulau yang terletak di bagian utara Kepulauan Kuril. Pulau ini juga merupakan sebuah gunung berapi dengan menyandang predikat gunung berapi tertinggi di Kepulauan Kuril, bagian dari Oblast Sakhalin di Rusia. Nama lain untuk pulau ini ialah Uyakhuzhach, Oyakoba, dan Alaid, yang terakhir ialah nama gunung berapi pada pulau ini.
Pulau Atlasov
Setelah Vladimir Atlasov, seorang penjelajah Rusia abad ke-17 Masehi yang memasukkan Semenanjung Kamchatka yang berada dekat dengan pulau ini ke dalam wilayah Rusia, hingga kemudian nama belakangnya dijadikan sebagai nama pulau ini. Pulau ini pada dasarnya adalah sebuah gunung berapi bawah laut, yang disebut sebagai Vulkan Alaid, ia muncul di atas permukaan Laut Okhotsk hingga ketinggian 2,339 meter atau 7,674 kaki di atas permukaan laut. Pulau ini memiliki luas sekitar 119 kilometer persegi atau 46 mil persegi, namun saat ini tak berpenghuni.
Pulau Atlasov
Bentuknya yang mendekati sempurna memunculkan banyak legenda tentang gunung berapi ini di tengah penduduk asli setempat, seperti suku Itelmen dan Ainu Kuril. Seorang ilmuwan asal Rusia yang bernama Stepan Krasheninnikov menjelaskan bahwa ada sebuah legenda setempat yang mengisahkan tentang pulau ini yang dahulunya adalah sebuah gunung di Kamchatka, tapi tetangga pegunungan yang lain menjadi iri akan keindahannya dan kemudian ia diasingkan ke laut, dengan meninggalkan Danau Kurile di Kamchatka Selatan. Secara geografis, legenda ini jelas tidak berdasarkan bukti yang nyata, setelah zaman es berakhir sebagian besar es mencair, meningkatkan ketinggian permukaan air laut di dunia, dan mungkin menenggelamkan sebuah daratan penghubung pada gunung berapi tersebut dengan Semenanjung Kamchatka. Berdasarkan pemindahan kepemilikan Kepulauan Kuril yang menjadikannya sebagai milik Jepang dengan Perjanjian St. Petersburg pada tahun 1875. Oyakoba, seperti yang disebut dalam bahasa Jepang, menjadi pulau bagian utara kekaisaran Jepang. Kemudian muncullah banyak pujian estetis tentang keindahan dari pulau ini yang dijelaskan pada haiku, ukiyo-e, dan lain-lain. Bahkan, Ito Osamu (1926) menggambarkannya sebagai objek yang lebih indah daripada Gunung Fuji.
Pulau Atlasov
Saat ini, secara administratif, pulau ini dimiliki oleh Oblast Sakhalin, Federasi Rusia.
Achim Beierlorzer
Achim Beierlorzer(lahir di Erlangen,Jerman Timur 20 November 1967). dia adalah mantan pemain sepak bola berkebangsaan jerman dan saat ini menjabat sebagai pelatih sepak bola klub Jahn Regensburg. dan dia adik kandung dari bertram beierlozer.
Achim Beierlorzer
selama dia bermain sebagai pemain sepak bola. achim beierlozer hanya bermain pada klub amatir jerman dan tidak pernah bermain klub sepak bola professional jerman tetapi dia pernah bermain di klub 1. FC Nürnberg pada U-19 dan U-23.
Achim Beierlorzer
dia memulai karier pelatihnya pada klub amatir SV Kleinsendelbach. setelah itu dia melanjutkan kariernya dari tahun 2010 bersama klub Greuther Fürth U-17. setelah dia melatih klub tersebut dia hijrah melatih tim U-17 RB Leipzig.dan dia berhasil mengangkat timnya ke pringkat pertama pada kompetisi Bundesliga U-17. ketika di masa emasnya dia melatih . selanjutnya dia diberikan amanat untuk memegang tim senior RB Leipzig pada 11 februari 2015 sebagai carateker untuk menggantikan pelatih sebelumnya Alexande Zorniger..pada debutnya dia mengalami kekalahan dikandang 1-0 melawan FSV Frankfurt pada 15 februari 2015. dia melatih RB Leipzig hingga 29 mei 2015 dan digantikan oleh Ralf Rangnick. dengan memiliki rekor kepelatihan bersama klub tersebut yaitu 6 kemenangan, 3 seri, dan 5 kekalahan.
Achim Beierlorzer
Pada 26 juni 2017, dia mengikat kontrak dengan klub Jahn Regensburg.
Bifobia
"Biphobia" is a portmanteau word patterned on the term "homophobia". It derives from the English neo-classical prefix "bi-" (meaning "two") from "bisexual" and the root "-phobia" (from the , "phóbos", "fear") found in "homophobia". Along with "transphobia" and "homophobia", it is one of a family of terms used to describe intolerance and discrimination against LGBT people. The adjectival form "biphobic" describes things or qualities related to biphobia, and the less-common noun "biphobe" is a label for people thought to harbor biphobia.
Bifobia
"Biphobia" need not be a phobia as defined in clinical psychology (i.e., an anxiety disorder). Its meaning and use typically parallel those of "xenophobia".
Bifobia
Biphobia can lead people to deny that bisexuality is "real", asserting that people who "identify" as bisexual are not "genuinely" bisexual, or that the phenomenon is far less common than they claim. One form of this denial is based on the heterosexist view that heterosexuality is the only true or natural sexual orientation. Thus anything that deviates from that is instead either a psychological pathology or an example of anti-social behavior. In these instances, homophobia and biphobia are largely the same.
Bifobia
Another form of denial stems from binary views of sexuality: that people are assumed monosexual, i.e. exclusively homosexual (gay/lesbian) or heterosexual (straight). Throughout the 1980s, modern research on sexuality was dominated by the idea that heterosexuality and homosexuality were the only legitimate orientations, dismissing bisexuality as "secondary homosexuality". In that model, bisexuals are presumed to be either closeted lesbian/gay people wishing to appear heterosexual, or individuals (of "either" orientation) experimenting with sexuality outside of their "normal" interest. Maxims such as "people are either gay, straight, or lying" embody this dichotomous view of sexual orientation.
Bifobia
Some people accept the theoretical existence of bisexuality but define it narrowly, as being only the "equal" attraction towards both men and women. Thus the many bisexual individuals with unequal attractions are instead categorized as either homosexual or heterosexual. Others acknowledge the existence of bisexuality in women, but deny that men can be bisexual.
Bifobia
Some denial asserts that bisexual behavior or identity is merely a social trend – as exemplified by "bisexual chic" or gender bending – and not an intrinsic personality trait. Same-gender sexual activity is dismissed as merely a substitute for sex with members of the opposite sex, or as a more accessible source of sexual gratification. Situational homosexuality in sex-segregated environments is presented as an example of this behavior.
Bifobia
Biphobia is common from the heterosexual community, but is frequently exhibited by gay and lesbian people as well, usually with the notion that bisexuals are able to escape oppression from heterosexuals by conforming to social expectations of opposite-gender sex and romance. This leaves some that identify as bisexual to be perceived as "not enough of either" or "not real." An Australian study conducted by Roffee and Waling in 2016 established that bisexual people faced microaggressions, bullying, and other anti-social behaviors from people within the lesbian and gay community.
Bifobia
Bisexual erasure (also referred to as "bisexual invisibility") is a phenomenon that tends to omit, falsify, or re-explain evidence of bisexuality in history, academia, the news media, and other primary sources, sometimes to the point of denying that bisexuality exists.
Bifobia
One cause of biphobia in the gay male community is that there is an identity political tradition to assume that acceptance of male homosexuality is linked to the belief that men's sexuality is specialized. This causes many members of the gay male community to assume that the very idea that men can be bisexual is homophobic to gay men. A number of bisexual men feel that such attitudes force them to keep their bisexuality in the closet and that it is even more oppressive than traditional heteronormativity. These men argue that the gay male community have something to learn about respect for the individual from the lesbian community, in which there is not a strong tradition to assume links between notions about the origins of sexual preferences and the acceptance thereof. These views are also supported by some gay men who do not like anal sex (sides, as opposed to both tops and bottoms) and report that they feel bullied by other gay men's assumption that their dislike for anal sex is "homophobic" and want more respect for the individuality in which a gay man who do not hate himself may simply not like anal sex and instead prefer other sex acts such as mutual fellatio and mutual male masturbation.
Bifobia
Many stereotypes about people who identify as bisexual stem from denial or bisexual erasure. Because their orientation is not recognized as valid, they are stereotyped as confused, indecisive, insecure, experimenting, or "just going through a phase".
Bifobia
The association of bisexuality with promiscuity stems from a variety of negative stereotypes targeting bisexuals as mentally or socially unstable people for whom sexual relations only with men, only with women, or only with one person at a time is not enough. These stereotypes may result from cultural assumptions that "men and women are so different that desire for one is an entirely different beast from desire for the other" ("a defining feature of heterosexism"), and that "verbalizing a sexual desire inevitably leads to attempts to satisfy that desire."
Bifobia
As a result, bisexuals bear a social stigma from accusations of cheating on or betraying their partners, leading a double life, being "on the down-low", and spreading sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. This presumed behavior is further generalized as dishonesty, secrecy, and deception. Bisexuals can be characterized as being "slutty", "easy", indiscriminate, and nymphomaniacs. Furthermore, they are strongly associated with polyamory, swinging, and polygamy, the last being an established heterosexual tradition sanctioned by some religions and legal in several countries. This is despite the fact that bisexual people are as capable of monogamy or serial monogamy as homosexuals or heterosexuals.
Bifobia
The mental and sexual health effects of biphobia on bisexual people are numerous. Studies show that bisexuals are often trapped in between the binaries of heterosexuality and homosexuality, creating a form of invalidation around their sexual identity. This often leads to recognized indicators of mental health issues such as low self-esteem and self-worth. These indicators and pressures to "choose" a sexual identity can, in many cases, lead to depression as they may feel they live in a culture that does not recognize their existence.
Bifobia
While doing research on sexual tendencies of women who have sex with women, one study, from the "Journal of Bisexuality," concluded that bisexual women are more likely to engage in various high risk behaviors and were at a higher risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. These behaviors have been attributed to the unlikeliness of bisexuals to discuss their sexuality and proper protection with health professionals for fear of judgement or discrimination, leaving them uneducated.
Bifobia
Feminist positions on bisexuality range greatly, from acceptance of bisexuality as a feminist issue to rejection of bisexuality as reactionary and anti-feminist backlash to lesbian feminism.
Bifobia
A bisexual woman filed a lawsuit against the lesbian feminist magazine "Common Lives/Lesbian Lives", alleging discrimination against bisexuals when her submission was not published.
Bifobia
A number of women who were at one time involved in lesbian-feminist activism have since come out as bisexual after realizing their attractions to men. A widely studied example of lesbian-bisexual conflict within feminism was the Northampton Pride March during the years between 1989 and 1993, where many feminists involved debated over whether bisexuals should be included and whether or not bisexuality was compatible with feminism. Common lesbian-feminist critiques leveled at bisexuality were that bisexuality was anti-feminist, that bisexuality was a form of false consciousness, and that bisexual women who pursue relationships with men were "deluded and desperate." However, tensions between bisexual feminists and lesbian feminists have eased since the 1990s, as bisexual women have become more accepted within the feminist community.
Bifobia
Nevertheless, some lesbian feminists such as Julie Bindel are still critical of bisexuality. Bindel has described female bisexuality as a "fashionable trend" being promoted due to "sexual hedonism" and broached the question of whether bisexuality even exists. She has also made tongue-in-cheek comparisons of bisexuals to cat fanciers and devil worshippers.
Bifobia
Lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys writes in "The Lesbian Heresy" (1993) that while many feminists are comfortable working alongside gay men, they are uncomfortable interacting with bisexual men. Jeffreys states that while gay men are unlikely to sexually harass women, bisexual men are just as likely to be bothersome to women as heterosexual men.
Bifobia
Donna Haraway was the inspiration and genesis for cyberfeminism with her 1985 essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" which was reprinted in "Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature" (1991). Haraway's essay states that the cyborg "has no truck with bisexuality, pre-oedipal symbiosis, unalienated labor, or other seductions to organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all powers of the parts into a higher unity." However, the book "Feminist Essays" (2017) by Nancy Quinn Collins states that in the opinion of its author this "is wrong because bisexuality is a sexual orientation, a harmless attraction some people simply have, not something they try to have or do in order to create organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all powers of the parts into a higher unity. Therefore, I [the author] would say that cyborgs can be bisexual, and cyberfeminism can and should be accepting of bisexuality."
Bifobia
While the general bisexual population as a whole faces biphobia, this oppression is also aggravated by other factors such as race. In his examination of the bisexual male perspective, entitled, "Managing Heterosexism and Biphobia: A Revealing Black Bisexual Male Perspective", Grady L. Garner delves into the oppression that he faces as both a black and bisexual male. He explains that the internalization of negative sociocultural messages, reactions, and attitudes can be incredibly distressing as bisexual black males attempted to translate or transform these negative experiences into positive bisexual identity sustaining ones. The experience of bisexual black males is different from that of bisexual white males. As the demands and tribulations of black bisexual males appear to be comparatively more distressing than those that black and white, homo- and heterosexual individual's encounter, this acknowledgement is important and vital to the understanding of biphobia from an intersectional perspective.
Sosiologi gender
Sociology of gender is a prominent subfield of sociology. Social interaction directly correlated with sociology regarding social structure. One of the most important social structures is status. This is determined based on position that an individual possesses which effects how he/she will be treated by society. One of the most important statuses an individual claims is gender. Public discourse and the academic literature generally use the term "gender" for the perceived or projected (self-identified) masculinity or femininity of a person.
Sosiologi gender
The term "gender role" was coined by John Money in a seminal 1955 paper where he defined it as "all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman."
Sosiologi gender
A person's gender is complex, encompassing countless characteristics of appearance, speech, movement and other factors not solely limited to biological sex. Societies tend to have gender systems in which everyone is categorized as male or female. Some societies include a third gender role; for instance, the Native American Two-Spirit people and the Hijras of India. There is debate over the extent to which gender is a social construct or a biological construct .
Sosiologi gender
During the 1970s, there was no consensus about how the terms were to be applied. In the 1974 edition of "Masculine/Feminine or Human", the author uses "innate gender" and "learned sex roles", but in the 1978 edition, the use of "sex" and "gender" is reversed. By 1980, most feminist writings had agreed on using "gender" only for socioculturally adapted traits.