MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
inaccessible
From Middle French inaccessible, from Late Latin inaccessibilis, equivalent to in- + accessible.
Azrael
From Latin Azrahel, from Ancient Greek Ἀζαραήλ (Azaraḗl), from Biblical Hebrew עֲזַרְאֵל (ʿăzarʾēl), possibly via Aramaic (compare Classical Syriac ܥܲܙܪܵܐܹܝܠ (ʿazrāʾēl)).
dukedom
From late Middle English dukdom, dukedom; equivalent to duke + -dom.
epinephrine
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epsder.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Hellenic *epí
Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí)
Ancient Greek ἐπῐ- (epĭ-)
Proto-Indo-European *negʷʰrós
Proto-Hellenic *nekʷʰrós
Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós)
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English epinephrine
From Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + νεφρός (nephrós, “kidney”) + -ine.
Cecilia
From Latin Caecilia, feminine form of Caecilius, a Roman family name possibly derived from the byname caecus (“blind”). Popularized by Saint Cecilia, third century Roman martyr, the patron saint of music. Doublet of Sheila.
tropism
From -tropism (suffix meaning ‘growth towards; movement, turning’) (possibly based on geotropism and heliotropism), from Latin tropus + English -ism (suffix forming nouns of action, process, or result). Tropus is derived from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “a turn; a manner, style, way; figure of speech, trope; etc.”), from τρέπω (trépō, “to turn; to divert; to rotate or change orientation”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns of result or abstract nouns of action).
Sense 1 (“turning of an organism or part of an organism towards or away from a stimulus”) is modelled after German Tropismus.
bain
From Middle English bain, bayne, bayn, beyn (“direct, prompt”), from Old Norse beinn (“straight, right, favourable, advantageous, convenient, friendly, fair, keen”).
From Middle English bayne~baine, from Old French bain, from Latin baneum, variant of balneum. Doublet of bagnio, balaneion, and banya.
* As a Scottish surname, from Scottish Gaelic bàn (“white, fair”), also found in McBain.
* As an English surname, from Old English ban (“bone”). Also from bayn (“hospitable”), from Old Norse beinn (“straight”).
* As a French surname, from Old French bain (“bath”), from Latin balneum.
* As a German surname, spelling variant of Behn.
kodomo
Borrowed from Japanese 子供(こども) (kodomo, literally “children”).
materia medica
From Latin māteria (“material”) + medica (“curative, medical”).
bricoleur
From French bricoleur; apparently a borrowing from the work of French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss.
rowlock
An alteration, based on row, of earlier oarlock, from Old English ārlōc, equivalent to oar + lock.
oakum
From Late Middle English okom, okome (“oakum”) [and other forms], from Old English ācumba (“oakum”, literally “that which has been combed out, off-combings”) [and other forms], from ācemban (“to comb out”), from Proto-Germanic *uz- (from Proto-Indo-European *ud-s-, *ūd- (“out; up”), or *h₂ew- (“away from, off”)) + *kambijaną (“to comb”) (ultimately from *ǵómbʰos (“row of teeth; tooth; peg”), *ǵembʰ- (“nail; tooth; to gnaw through; to pierce”)). See also out and comb.
healthful
From Middle English helthful, helþful, helþeful, equivalent to health + -ful.
oxytone
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὀξῠ́τονος (oxŭ́tonos).
thalassocracy
From Ancient Greek θαλασσοκρατία (thalassokratía, “empire of the sea”), from θάλασσα (thálassa, “sea”) + -κρατία (-kratía, “government, rule”). By surface analysis, thalasso- + -cracy.
pasha
From Ottoman Turkish پاشا (pāšā) (Turkish paşa); this either from Persian پادشاه (pâdšâh, “padishah, king”), or from Ottoman Turkish باش (baş, “head”), or from Ottoman Turkish بچه (beççe, “male offspring”), this in turn from Persian بچّه (bačče). Ottoman Turkish باش (baş, “head”) + آغا (ağa, “master”) has also been proposed as etymon.
* As an Islamic surname (generally the Indian subcontinent), honorific title from Turkish paşa. This is also found in Albania, Turkey and Slavic countries. Compare Basha, Bey.
* As an English surname, variant of Pasher, itself Anglicized from French Perchard, a suffixed form of Old French perche (“pole”), from Latin pertica.
brouhaha
Borrowed from French brouhaha, but disputed as to where from before that. Possibly from Hebrew בָּרוּךְ הַבָּא (barúkh habá, “welcome”, literally “blessed is he who comes”).
listening
From Middle English listnynge, lustninde, from Old English hlysnende, equivalent to listen + -ing.
From Middle English listnynge, lustnynge, lystenynge, equivalent to listen + -ing.
oxgang
From Middle English oxegang, from Old English oxangang (“¹⁄₈ hide or ploughland”), equivalent to ox + gang.
genetics
From Ancient Greek γένεσις (génesis, “origin”). Coined by English biologist William Bateson in 1905 in a letter to zoologist Adam Sedgwick, and first used publicly by Bateson at a lecture to the International Conference on Plant Hybridization in 1906.
carucate
From Medieval Latin carūcāta (“ploughland”), from Latin carūca (“chariot; coach; carruca”). Compare French charrue (“plough”).
bovate
From Medieval Latin bovāta, from Latin bov-, bōs + -āta.
malm
From Middle English malme (“sand”), from Old English mealm (as in mealmstān (“sandstone”)), from Proto-Germanic *malmaz (“sand, ore”); related to Old Norse malmr (“ore, metal”). From the same Proto-Indo-European root as meal.
Bolshevik
Borrowed from Russian большеви́к (bolʹševík), from большинство́ (bolʹšinstvó, “majority”).
ruderal
Borrowed from New Latin rūderālis, from Latin rūdus (“rubble”).
zyme
From Ancient Greek ζύμη (zúmē, “leaven”).
zythepsary
Derived from Ancient Greek ζῦθος (zûthos, “barley beer”) + ἕψω (hépsō, “to boil”).
chlamys
Borrowed from Ancient Greek χλᾰμῠ́ς (khlămŭ́s).
zymometer
From Ancient Greek ζυμόω (zumóō, “to leaven”). By surface analysis, zymo- + -meter.
soredium
Latinate form from Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”).
zubr
From Polish żubr, from Proto-Slavic *zǫbrъ, *izǫbrъ, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“tooth, horn, peg”).
Zouave
From French, from Arabic زَوَاوِيّ (zawāwiyy), used to refer to a Kabyle soldier, especially of the Igawawen people.
Borrowed from Arabic زَوَاوِيّ (zawāwiyy).
zonule
From Latin zōnula (“small belt or girdle”). By surface analysis, zone + -ule. Doublet of zonula.
zokor
From dialectal Russian зо́кор (zókor), ultimately of Mongolic origin. See Russian цо́кор (cókor) for more.
Zohar
Borrowed from Hebrew זֹהַר (“splendor, radiance”).
zocco
Borrowed from Italian zocco, from Latin soccus. Doublet of sock.
zoanthropy
From Latin zōanthrōpia. By surface analysis, zoanthrope + -y.
akuma
From Japanese 悪魔, from Middle Chinese 惡魔 (MC 'ak ma, literally “bad, evil + demon”).
fatherhood
From Middle English faderhode, fadirhode, fadirhede, equivalent to father + -hood.
kawaii
Borrowed from Japanese 可愛(かわい)い (kawaii, “lovable; adorable; cute”).
concupiscent
From Latin concupiscens (stem concupiscent-), present participle of concupīscō (“long for, covet”), inchoative of concupiō (“long for”), from con- + cupiō (“desire, wish for”).
aji
Borrowed from Spanish ají.
Borrowed from Japanese 鯵 (aji).
Borrowed from Japanese 味 (aji, “flavour”).
barrio
Borrowed from Spanish barrio, from Arabic بَرِّيّ (barriyy, “wild”).
Borrowed from Spanish Barrio.
tutrix
Learned borrowing from Latin tūtrīx. By surface analysis, tutor + -trix.
alfalfa
PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *HéHḱus
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas
Proto-Iranian *Hácwah
Proto-Iranian *Hástiš
Proto-Iranian *HacwaHastiš
Old Median *aspāstišder.
Arabic فَصْفَص (faṣfaṣ)bor.
Old Spanish alfalfez
Spanish alfalfabor.
English alfalfa
From Spanish alfalfa, from Old Spanish alfalfez, from Arabic الْفَصْفَصَة (al-faṣfaṣa, “alfalfa, lucerne”).
From alfalfa, from Spanish, from Arabic.
gainsayer
From Middle English aȝenseyere, equivalent to gainsay + -er.
chaise
Unadapted borrowing from French chaise. Doublet of cathedra and chair.
atari
Borrowed from Japanese 当たり.
Company name, founded in California in 1972, from Japanese 当たり (atari), with reference to the game of Go.
chaise lounge
American alteration of French chaise longue (literally “long chair”), due to a conflation with English lounge (the term, of uncertain etymology, is possibly a distant cognate of French long); attested from 19th century.
cohesion
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Latin haereō
Latin cohaereō
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Latin cohaesiōlbor.
French cohésionbor.
English cohesion
Attested from the late 17th century, borrowed from French cohésion, from Latin cohaesiō, cohaesiōnem.
awa
From Hawaiian ʻawa.
Borrowed from Japanese 阿波 (Awa).
lanyard
From late Middle English lainer, lainere, lanyer (“strap or thong used to fasten armour”) (with the ending modified in the 17th century under the influence of yard), from Old French laniere, lasniere (“thong, lash”) (see modern French lanière (“lanyard, strap”)).
The French word is ultimately from Germanic, cognate with Old High German nestila (“band, headband; strap”) (modern German Nestel (“lace; strap; string”)), Old Norse nesta (“brace; fastener, strap”).
okrug
From a Slavic language; compare Russian о́круг (ókrug) or Serbo-Croatian округ/okrug.
Aleut
From Russian алеу́т (aleút), probably from a native word, perhaps Aleut allíthuh (“community”) or Chukchi aliat (“island”).
ikebana
From Japanese 生け花 (ikebana, literally “living flowers”).
irresistible
Borrowed from Medieval Latin irresistibilis, equivalent to ir- + resistible.
isha
From Arabic عِشَاء (ʕišāʔ, “evening, night”), in صَلَاةُ العِشَاء (ṣalātu l-ʕišāʔ, “night prayer”).
elision
From Latin ēlīsion-, the stem of ēlīsio (“striking out, forcing out”).
embower
Ultimately from Old English būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz. Cognate with German Bauer (“birdcage”), Old Norse búr, (whence Danish bur, Swedish bur (“cage”)). Equivalent to en- + bower.
composite
Borrowed from Middle French composite, from Latin compositus, past participle of compōnō (“put together”). Doublet of compost, compote, and kompot.
lawless
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *lagą
Old Norse lag
Old Norse lǫgbor.
Old English lagu
Middle English lawe
Proto-Indo-European *lewh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *lewHs-der.
Proto-Germanic *leusaną
Proto-Germanic *lausaz
Proto-Germanic *-lausaz
Proto-West Germanic *-laus
Old English -lēas
Middle English -les
Middle English laweles
English lawless
From Middle English laweles; equivalent to law + -less. Cognate with Danish lovløs (“lawless”), Swedish laglös (“lawless”), Norwegian lovløs (“lawless”), Icelandic löglaus (“lawless”).
From Middle English laweles (“lawless”), a nickname for an unrestrained and licentious man.
glorify
From Middle English glorifien, from Anglo-Norman and Old French glorifier, from Late Latin glorificō, from Latin gloria + faciō (“to make”). Displaced native Middle English wuldrien (“to glorify”), from Old English wuldrian as well as Middle English stellifien (“to glorify, make stellar”), from Old French stellifier (Medieval Latin stellificāre); see stellify.
throw the baby out with the bathwater
Calque of German das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten, a proverb first recorded by Thomas Murner in his satire Narrenbeschwörung (1512). First appeared in English when Thomas Carlyle translated it in an essay on slavery (1849).
emergent
From Latin ēmergēns, present participle of ēmergō. The medical sense is a back-formation from emergency.
evermore
From Middle English evermore (written as two words before 14th century), equivalent to ever + -more.
elongate
From Late Middle English elongat, elongate (“kept away; different or remote in nature”, adjective), borrowed from Late Latin ēlongātus (“having been stretched out, elongated; prolonged, protracted; having been kept aloof, removed”) + Middle English -at (suffix forming participles). Ēlongātus is the perfect passive participle of ēlongō (“to prolong, protract; to keep aloof, remove; to depart, withdraw”), from Latin ē- (a variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + longus (“extended, long, prolonged; far”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”, adjective)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs). Doublet of eloign.
Cognates
* French éloigner
expansive
From Latin expāns-, past-participle stem of expandere (“to spread out”; see expand) + -ive.
epistemic
PIE word
 *h₁epi
From Ancient Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistḗmē, “knowledge; science”) + English -ic (suffix meaning of or pertaining to forming adjectives from nouns) (compare modern Greek επιστημικός (epistimikós, “relating to science, scientific”)). Ἐπιστήμη (Epistḗmē) is derived from ἐπῐ́στᾰμαι (epĭ́stămai, “to have knowledge of, know”) (from ἐπῐ- (epĭ-, prefix meaning ‘all over; on, on top of’) + ῐ̔́στημῐ (hĭ́stēmĭ, “to stand; to weigh”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”))) + -η (-ē, suffix forming action nouns).
equinoctial
Inherited from Middle English equinoctial, equinoccial, equinoxial, from Old French equinoxial, from Latin (circulus) aequinoctiālis, from aequinoctium + -alis.
masa
Borrowed from Japanese 柾 (masa) or 政 (masa), an abbreviation of 柾紙 (masagami) or 政紙 (masagami).
From Spanish masa (“dough”). Doublet of mass.
From Japanese まさ (Masa).
esparto
From Spanish esparto, via Latin spartum from Ancient Greek σπάρτον (spárton, “rope, cable; esparto or halfah grass”), valued for its high tensile strength, used for cords and wicker, and exported by Spanish Greek colonies throughout the Mediterranian.
Borrowed from Spanish esparto.
ephemera
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐφήμερᾰ (ephḗmeră), neuter plural form of ἐφήμερος (ephḗmeros).
geode
From French géode, from Latin geōdēs, from Ancient Greek γεώδης (geṓdēs, “earthlike”), equivalent to γῆ (gê, “earth”) + -ώδης (-ṓdēs).
mezzanine
PIE word
 *médʰyos
The noun is borrowed from French mezzanine, and from its etymon Italian mezzanino, from mezzano (“(adjective) middle; (noun) go-between”) + -ino (diminutive suffix). Mezzano is derived from Latin mediānus (“central, middle”, adjective), from medius (“mid, middle”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”)) + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’).
The adjective and verb are derived from the noun.
Lucas
From Latin Lucas, from Ancient Greek Λουκᾶς (Loukâs). See the Greek entry for more.
interminable
From Middle English interminable, from Middle French interminable and its etymon Late Latin interminābilis. By surface analysis, in- + terminable.
Windhoek
Borrowed from Afrikaans/Dutch Windhoek, from wind (“wind”) + hoek (“corner, angle”).
oblast
From a Slavic language, probably Russian о́бласть (óblastʹ, “region, province”), borrowed from Old Church Slavonic область (oblastĭ), from Proto-Slavic *obolstь, from earlier *obvolstь, *obvoldtь, a compound of *o(b)- (“over”) + *volstь (“rule, power, authority”), thus originally probably meaning "a region ruled over". Compare Proto-Slavic *obvoldati (“to rule”).
linoleum
From Latin līnum (“flax”) + oleum (“oil”). Coined by English manufacturer and inventor Frederick Walton c. 1864 and used as a trade name but never registered as a trademark. It was the first product whose name was ruled to be genericized.
hof
Borrowed from German Hof. Doublet of howff.
Borrowed from Old Norse hof or Old English hof, reinforced in modern (post-1990, chiefly neopagan) use by Icelandic hof (“shrine, temple”).
Borrowed from Korean 호프 (hopeu), in turn from German Hofbräuhaus. In English, the spelling has been re-aligned with the Korean term's etymon.
koan
From Japanese 公案 (kōan), derived from Chinese 公案 (gōng'àn, “official business”).
cremate
First attested in 1889; borrowed from Latin cremātus, perfect passive participle of cremō (“to burn to ashes; to cremate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Gaon
From Hebrew גָּאוֹן (ga'ón, “grandeur, majesty, genius”).
From Hindi गांव (gāmv).
corrosion
From Middle English corrosioun, from Old French corrosion, or its source, Late Latin corrōsiōnem, accusative singular of corrōsiō (“gnawing away, corroding”), from Latin corrōdō (“gnaw away, corrode”).
stroboscope
From Ancient Greek στρόβος (stróbos, “whirl”) and Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “examine, inspect, look to or into, consider”). From strobo- + scope.
usque
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wed-
Proto-Indo-European *-r̥
Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥der.
Proto-Celtic *udenskyos
Old Irish uisce
Irish uisce
Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós
Proto-Celtic *biwos
Proto-Celtic *-tūts
Proto-Celtic *biwotūts
Old Irish bethu
Irish beatha
Medieval Latin aqua vītaecalq.
Irish uisce beathabor.
▲
Old Irish uisce
Scottish Gaelic uisge
▲
Old Irish bethu
Scottish Gaelic beatha
Medieval Latin aqua vītaecalq.
Scottish Gaelic uisge-beathabor.
English usquebaugh
English usque
Abbreviation of usquebaugh, from Irish uisce beatha (“water of life”) and Scottish Gaelic uisge beatha (“water of life”). Compare whisky and obsolete whiskybae.
rosary
From Middle English rosarie, from Latin rosārium, here in its sense as a garland of roses. The coin usage referred to the laurel wreath appearing on the obverse bust, as opposed to the bare head on the pollard. Doublet of Rosario and rosarium.
co-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Latin co-der.
English co-
From Latin co-, allomorph of Latin con-.
gramophone
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ-
Proto-Hellenic *grə́pʰō
Ancient Greek γρᾰ́φω (grắphō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Ancient Greek -μᾰ (-mă)
Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.
Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)
English Gramophoneder.
English gramophone
From the trademark Gramophone, coined by German-American inventor Emile Berliner in 1887 after the invention of the first phonograph, from Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma, “letter”) + φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”).
longus
Borrowed from New Latin longus (“long”), clipping of musculus longus (“long muscle”).
Eden
From Biblical Hebrew עֵדֶן (ʿḗḏen), perhaps from Sumerian 𒂔 (edin, “steppe, garden”).
* The river in Cumbria is from the Roman name, British Latin Ituna. The rivers in Scotland are also related to the root of this name.
* The river in Kent is back-formed from Edenbridge, from Old English *Eadhelmesbrycg (“Eadhelm's bridge”) (attested as Eadelmesbregge c. 1100).
empyrean
From Latin empȳreus, from Ancient Greek ἐμπύριος (empúrios), from ἐν (en, “in”) + πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) (whence English pyre).
safeguard
From Middle English savegard, from Middle French sauvegarde, from Old French salve garde, sauve garde, reconstructed as safe + guard.
Cicero
Etymology tree
substrateder.?
Latin cicer
Proto-Indo-European *-ōder.
Proto-Indo-European *-Hōder.?
Latin -ō
Latin Cicerōlbor.
English Cicero
Learned borrowing from Latin Cicerō, a cognomen in reference to warts (cicer (“chickpea”)). The Latinate form, based on the nominative, displaced Middle English Ciceroun, based on the oblique stem.
jitney
1886, originally for a five-cent US coin (a nickel); use for taxis and buses due to these services originally charging five cents as fare, popularized circa 1915.
The etymology is uncertain; it is believed to originate from Louisiana Creole jetnée, from French jeton (“token, coin-sized metal disc”), though this is disputed. Evidence for the Louisiana Creole French origin includes the geographic distribution (Southeastern US, especially Black/African-American), and early spelling as gitney, which is common French spelling for the /ʒi/ pronunciation.
cryptosporidium
From translingual Cryptosporidium (the genus name), from Latin crypto- (“hidden”) + sporidium (“spore”). From 20th century.
malus
From Latin malus, by analogy with bonus (“additional compensation”). Doublet of mal.
From Latin mālus and translingual Malus.
nanna
Possibly derived from Proto-Celtic *nana (“grandmother”); probably from a Proto-Indo-European root imitative of a child babbling, similar to Ancient Greek νάννα (nánna). See also nanny.
Compare Welsh nain, Sicilian nanna, Italian nonna, Norman nonne, Galician nana, Spanish nana, Old French nonain, Late Latin nonna.
Uncertain, probably from Old Norse Nanna, with Norse levelling of -nþ- to -nn- from Proto-Germanic *nanþ- (“brave, daring”), related to *ninþaną (“to dare”); or possibly from an Old Norse baby talk word for "mother," as in nanna, nanny.
Learned borrowing from Sumerian 𒀭𒋀𒆠 (ᵈnanna /⁠Nanna⁠/).
Borrowed from Italian Nanna.
quisquis
Shared with quisquous and quiscoskos; from Latin quisquis (“whosoever”) or by reduplication of Latin quis (“of what kind”).
de minimis
Borrowed from Latin de minimīs, ablative of minimus (“smallest, least”); shortened form of the legal maxim de minimis non curat lex (literally “the law does not concern itself with trifling matters”).
cortina
Borrowed from Late Latin cōrtīna (“curtain”). Doublet of curtain.
From Italian.
The car was named after the Italian ski resort.
pipa
From Mandarin 琵琶 (pípá). Doublet of bipa and biwa, and possibly barbat and barbitos.
caballero
Etymology tree
Proto-Celtic *kaballosder.?
Latin caballus
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āsjos
Late Latin -āriusnom.
Late Latin -arius
Late Latin caballārius
Old Spanish cavallero
Spanish caballerobor.
English caballero
Borrowed from Spanish caballero. Doublet of cavalier and chevalier.
From Spanish caballero, originally an occupational surname for a knight.
ragamuffin
From the Middle English Ragamuffyn. Of uncertain origin, according to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: A muffin is a poor thing of a creature, a ‘regular muff’; so that a ragamuffin is a sorry creature in rags.
coffer
From Middle English cofre, coffre, from Old French cofre, coffre, from Latin cophinus (“basket”), from Ancient Greek κόφινος (kóphinos, “basket”). Doublet of coffin. Cognate with German Koffer (“a suitcase”).
night watch
From Middle English nightwacche, nyȝt-wacche, nyghte wacche, nyȝt wacche, from Old English nihtwæċċe, a variant of nihtwacu (“nightwatch”), equivalent to night + watch. Cognate with West Frisian nachtwacht (“nightwatch”), Dutch nachtwacht, nachtwake (“nightwatch”), German Nachtwache (“nightwatch”) and Nachtwächter (“night watchman”), Swedish nattvakt (“nightwatch”), Icelandic næturvakt (“nightwatch”).
invasive
PIE word
 *h₁én
The adjective is derived from Middle English invasif (“of a weapon: offensive”), from Middle French invasif, Old French invasif (“invasive”) (modern French invasif), from Medieval Latin invāsīvus, from Latin invāsus (“entered; invaded”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives). Invāsus is the perfect passive participle of invādō (“to enter; to invade”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside’) + vādō (“to go; to rush; to walk”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ- (“to go, proceed; to pass, traverse”)).
The noun is derived from the adjective.
coldness
From Middle English coldnesse, from Old English cealdness, cealdnys (“coldness”), from Proto-West Germanic *kaldanassī (“coldness”), equivalent to cold + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian kâldens (“coldness”), Middle Low German koldenisse, kōldenisse (“coldness”), Middle High German kaltnisse, keltnisse (“coldness”).
plebs
From Latin plēbs (“the plebeian class”), variant of earlier plēbēs. Later also understood as the plural of pleb.
dure
From Middle English duren (“to last”), from Old French durer, from Latin dūrō, dūrāre. Related to Dutch duren (“to last, dure”), German dauern (“to last, dure”). Doublet of endure.
From Latin dūrus. Doublet of dour.
bravado
From French bravade (“bragging or boasting”), from Italian bravata, from verb bravare (“brag, boast”), from bravo. Compare bravura.
Lion of Judah
Calque of Hebrew אריה יהודה (Aryeh Yehudah).
litchi
Ultimately from Hokkien 荔枝 (lē-chi). Doublet of lichi and lychee.
judicature
From Anglo-Norman judicature, Middle French judicature, and their source, post-classical Latin iudicatura (12th century), from the participle stem of classical Latin iūdicāre (“to judge”).
jocund
From Old French jocond, from Latin iūcundus (“pleasant, agreeable”). Doublet of jucund.