MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
bursa
Borrowed from Medieval Latin bursa (“purse”), from Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa); compare purse and bourse, which are doublets.
From Turkish Bursa, from Ottoman Turkish بورسه (Brusa), from Byzantine Greek Προῦσα (Proûsa), from Ancient Greek Προυσίας (Prousías, “Prusias”) + -α (-a). Doublet of Prusa.
trichome
From French trichome, from New Latin trichoma, from Ancient Greek τρίχωμα (tríkhōma), from θρίξ (thríx, “hair”) or independently from tricho- + -ome. Doublet of trichoma.
credential
From Medieval Latin crēdentiālis (“giving authority”), from Latin crēdentia (“trust”).
North Star
From Middle English north sterre, norþ sterre, equivalent to north + star.
worthily
From Middle English worthely, worthili, worthiliche, worthily, worthyly, worþili, worþiliche, worþily, wurðelice, wurðeliche, wurðelike, wurthelie, wurthilyche, wurthyly, equivalent to worthy + -ly.
wordless
From Middle English wordles, equivalent to word + -less. Compare Dutch woordeloos (“speechless, inexpressible in words”), German wortlos (“silent, speechless”), Danish ordløs (“wordless”), Swedish ordlös (“wordless”), Icelandic orðlaus (“wordless, speechless”).
slackness
From Middle English slacnesse, slakenes, slaknesse; equivalent to slack + -ness. Compare Old English slæcnes.
worldview
A calque of German Weltanschauung, equivalent to world + view.
wretchedly
From Middle English wrecchedly; equivalent to wretched + -ly.
chang
From Persian چنگ (čang).
From the Wade-Giles romanization of Mandarin 張／张 (Zhāng) Wade-Giles romanization: Chang¹. Doublet of Teo.
From the Wade-Giles romanization of Mandarin 章 (Zhāng) Wade-Giles romanization: Chang¹.
From Mandarin 常 (Cháng).
From Chinese 鄭／郑, either via Hakka Chhang or Cantonese zeng⁶.
From Korean 장 (jang).
Borrowed from Dzongkha ལྕང་ (lcang)
aridity
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-eh₁yeti
Proto-Italic *āzēō
Latin āreō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin āridus
Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ts
Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts
Proto-Italic *-tāts
Latin -tās
Latin āriditāsbor.
English aridity
Borrowed from Latin āriditās (“dryness”); equivalent to arid + -ity.
Rosh Hashanah
From Hebrew רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה (rosh hashaná, literally “head of the year”). Compare Yiddish ראָש־השנה (ròsh-(h)ashóne), Arabic رأس السنة (raʔs as-sana).
Tishrei
Borrowed from Hebrew תִּשְׁרֵי (tishré, tishréi, “Tishrei”).
boucherie
From French boucherie (“butchershop”), and in American usage (for the event), from Cajun French boucherie.
barr
From French barrir (“to trumpet; to make the sound of an elephant”), from Old French barrire, from Late Latin barriō, from Latin barrus (“elephant”).
As a Scottish Gaelic and Irish surname, from barr (“height, hill, tip”). As an English surname, from bar.
sophister
From Middle English shophister, sofister, sofistre, sophister, sophistre, sovyster, from Anglo-Norman sofistre, a variant of Old French sofiste, sophiste. Equivalent to sophist + -er.
frequentative
From Middle English frequentatyf, from Late Latin frequentātīvus, from Latin frequentāre (“to do or use often”). By surface analysis, frequent + -ative.
love feast
From love + feast, partial calque of Latin agape and Koine Greek ἀγάπη (agápē).
shalom aleichem
From Hebrew שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם (shalóm 'aleikhém, “peace be upon you”). Doublet of salaam alaikum.
rhetorically
From Middle English retorycally; equivalent to rhetorical + -ly.
rhetorician
From Middle English rethoricien, from Old French retoricien; equivalent to rhetoric + -ian.
rhymer
From Middle English rymare, from Old English rīmere (“a compouter, reckoner, calculator”), equivalent to rhyme + -er. Cognate with Dutch rijmer, German Reimer, Danish rimer, Swedish rimmare, Icelandic rímari. More at rhyme.
spile
From Middle Dutch or Middle Low German spile (“splinter, peg”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *spīlaz (“splinter, peg”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“prickle, pointed stick”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian spyl, German Speil (“chip, splinter, gore, wedge”), Danish spile, Dutch spijl.
earthward
From Middle English ertheward, erþewarde, equivalent to earth + -ward.
denticulate
First attested in 1661; borrowed from Latin denticulātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix).
dentil
From French dentille, ultimately from Latin dente, ablative singular of dēns.
pirn
Perhaps from prin (“twig, shoot”), variant of prene (“spike, nail”), from Old English preon, from Proto-Germanic *preunaz (“knitting needle”).
insolubility
From Latin insolūbilitās or from insoluble + -ity.
tabbouleh
Borrowed from Arabic تَبُّولَة (tabbūla).
paradigma
From Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma, “pattern”). As a loanword in both languages, paradigma typically maintains the Greek plural form in both Latin and English. Doublet of paradigm.
Kodava
Borrowed from Kodava ಕೊಡವ (koḍava).
Miserere
Borrowed from Latin miserēre (“have pity”), the first word of the psalm in that language.
From Middle English miserere, a borrowing from Latin miserēre (“have pity”), first word of the 51st Psalm (50th in the older Greek and Latin numbering), translating Ancient Greek ἐλέησον (eléēson) and Biblical Hebrew חָנֵּנִי (ḥānnēnî), inflected form of חָנַן (ḥānan, “have mercy”).
misericord
From 1200–1250, from Middle English misericorde (“an act of clemency”) from Old French, from Latin misericordia (“pity”). Doublet of misericordia.
Westphalia
Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Westphalia, from Middle Low German Westvâlen, ultimately from the root of German Westfalen, which see. Related to Low German Westfaolen.
Et-Tell
From Arabic تَلّ (tall, “hillock”); see tell (“mound over an ancient settlement”).
Khrushchev
From Russian Хрущёв (Xruščóv), usually written Хрущев (Xruščev) (see note about Russian letter ё (jo)).
rhapsode
From Ancient Greek ῥαψῳδός (rhapsōidós).
banyan
From Portuguese baniano, from Arabic بَنِيَان (baniyān), from Gujarati વાણિયો (vāṇiyo, “merchant”), from Sanskrit वाणिज (vāṇijá), from earlier वणिज् (vaṇíj, “merchant, trader”). The name appears to have been first bestowed popularly on a famous tree of this species growing near Bandar Abbas, under which the Bannians, or Hindu traders settled at that port, had built a little pagoda. Doublet of bunnia.
banzai
From Japanese 万歳(ばんざい) (banzai, “long live..., huzzah, hurrah”), from Middle Chinese 萬歲 (mjonᴴ sjwejᴴ), from Old Chinese 萬歲 (*mans s-qʷʰats, “10,000 years [of life]”, i.e. “immortality”), from 萬 /万 (wàn, “10,000”) 歲 /岁 (suì, “year (of age)”).
Compare Mandarin 萬歲／万岁 (wànsùi).
barcarole
Borrowed from French barcarolle, from Venetan barcaroƚa (“song sung by a boatman”), from barca (“bark, barge, boat”), ultimately from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship; type of fish”).
gondolier
From Italian gondoliere, through French gondolier. By surface analysis, gondola + -ier.
betel
Borrowed from Portuguese bétele, from Malayalam വെറ്റില (veṟṟila) or Tamil வெற்றிலை (veṟṟilai).
Zoltan
From Hungarian Zoltán, from szultán (“sultan”), from Ottoman Turkish سلطان (sultan), from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān, “ruler”). Doublet of sultan.
biretta
Borrowed from Italian biretta, berretta. Doublet of beret.
blini
From Russian блины́ (bliný), plural of блин (blin, “pancake”).
botanic
From the Medieval Latin botanicus, perhaps via the French botanique, from the Ancient Greek βοτανικός (botanikós), from βοτάνη (botánē, “herb, pasture”).
bougainvillea
From taxonomic name Bougainvillea, from French Bougainville + -a. Named after French admiral and explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811).
ashtanga
Borrowed from Sanskrit अष्टाङ्ग (aṣṭāṅga, “having eight parts”, literally “eight limbs”).
spathe
From Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”). Doublet of epee, spatha, and spade.
spadix
Via Latin spādīx from Ancient Greek σπᾱ́δῑξ (spā́dīx, “palm branch”).
Aimee
Borrowed from French Aimée (“beloved”). A variation of the English Amy.
Lesley
From a placename in Aberdeenshire, originally Lesslyn, Scottish Gaelic lios cuileann (“garden of hollies”).
Gayheart
Thought to be a corruption of the German Gerhardt or a calque of the French Jolicoeur.
Gaylord
Derived from the Old French surname Gaillard (from gaillard (“strong”)), via Anglo-Norman. Compare Spanish Gallardo (from gallardo (“dashing, strapping, gallant”). Shaped by folk etymology into gay + lord.
bouzouki
From Greek μπουζούκι (bouzoúki, “bouzouki”), from Turkish bozuk (“out of order, rotten”). Doublet of buzuq.
burgh
From Middle English borwe, borgh, burgh, buruh, from Old English burh, from Proto-West Germanic *burg, from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“city, stronghold”). Cf. Strasbourg.
Cognate with Dutch burg, French bourg, German Burg, Persian برج (borj, “tower; battlement, fort”), Swedish borg. Doublet of borough, Brough, and Bury.
From the Anglo-Norman word burgh.
burlap
Uncertain. Attested since about 1695 in the spelling bore-lap, borelapp. Likely from burel (“a coarse woollen cloth”) + lap (“flap of a garment”), where the first element is from Middle English burel, borel. Others feel that "its character and time of appearance makes a Dutch origin very likely" (and the earliest references as to its importation from the Netherlands); the NED suggests derivation from Dutch boenlap (“coarse, rubbing linen or cloth”) with the first element perhaps confused with boer (“farmer, peasant”). Bense similarly suggests derivation from an unattested Dutch *boerenlap, where boeren would be used in the sense of “coarse” as in boerenkost (“coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers”) or boerenpraat (“coarse, rural speech”).
brontosaurus
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek roots; by surface analysis, bronto- + -saurus (“thunder lizard”), according to the notion that its massive size must have made its footsteps shake the ground.
bon sao
From Cantonese 膀手 (bong2 sau2, literally “wing hand”).
magic bullet
Calque of German Zauberkugel. Coined by physician Paul Ehrlich as an allusion to the opera Der Freischütz. Compare silver bullet, from werewolf lore.
Teton
Borrowed from Lakota Thítȟuŋwaŋ (“Teton”). a general name for all seven Lakota tribes. from thíta (“a plain, prairie”) + tȟuŋwaŋ (“village”).
carport
From car + port, coined by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1936 and modeled on the French porte cochère (literally “coach entrance”).
shogi
From Japanese 将棋 (shōgi). Doublet of janggi.
xiangqi
Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 象棋 (xiàngqí). Doublet of shogi.
casus belli
From Latin cāsus (“occasion”) + bellī (“for war”, literally “of war”).
rankly
From Middle English rankli, ronkly, from Old English ranclīċe (“showily; boldly”), equivalent to rank + -ly. Cognate with Icelandic rakklega (“boldly; valiantly”).
rower
From Middle English rower, rowere, roware, equivalent to row + -er. Cognate with Dutch roeier (“rower”), Danish roer (“rower”), Norwegian roer (“rower”). Compare also Old English rōwend (“rower”).
calamine
From French calamine, from Medieval Latin calamīna, from Latin cadmīa, ultimately from Ancient Greek Κᾰδμείᾱ (Kădmeíā), from Κάδμος (Kádmos, “Cadmus”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming related substances”). Doublet of cadmia, calaminaris, and lapis calaminaris.
celandine
From Middle English celidoine, Old French celidoine, French chélidoine, from Latin chelīdonia, from chelīdonius (“relating to the swallow”), from Ancient Greek χελιδόνιος (khelidónios), χελιδών (khelidṓn). It was traditionally supposed to flower when the swallows appeared, and to perish when they departed.
centrifuge
From French centrifuge, from Latin centrum (“center”) + fugiō (“to flee”). Equivalent to centri- + -fuge.
chanticleer
]
From Middle English Chauntecleer, from Old French Chantecler (modern French Chanteclair), the proper name of the cock in the literary cycle of Reynard the Fox, that also gave origin to chantecler, the name of a chicken breed; from chanter (“to sing, to crow”) + cler (“clear, clearly”).
Attested in English since 1250–1300.
chickweed
From Middle English chykwed, chykewode, chike wed, chikewed, chekwede, a variant of chykynwede, chekyn-wede, cheken-wede (literally “chicken-weed”), equivalent to chick + weed.
Etymonline claims the name was apparently applied to many plants fit for chicken feed, which were called in Old English cicene mete (“chicken food”).
Bramley
From Old English brom (“broom”) + leah (“wood clearing, meadow”), like Bromley. Equivalent to broom + -ley (“lea”).
clarified butter
From clarified + butter, from Middle English clarifien and buter. Earliest attestation of clarified in this sense from the 14th century.
biryani
From Hindustani بِرْیَانی (biryānī) / बिरयानी (biryānī), from Classical Persian بریانی (biryānī), from بریان (biryān, “roast”) (from برشتن (birištan, “to roast”)) + the suffix ـی (-ī).
tew
From Middle English tewen, a variant of tawen (“to taw, prepare”). More at taw.
Uncertain. Perhaps from an unrecorded Middle English *tewe, *teoȝ, from Old English *tēog (“utensil, tackle, rigging”), from Proto-West Germanic *teug, from Proto-Germanic *teugą (“gear, utensil”). If so, then cognate with West Frisian túch (“rigging, tackle”), Dutch tuig (“rigging, tackle”), German Zeug (“equipment, stuff”). More at toy.
Two possible origins:
* English habitational surname from the villages of Great, Little and Duns Tew, in Oxfordshire, all from Old English tīewe (“row; lenghty object”) or tīwe (“meeting place, court”).
* Welsh nickname for a fat man, from Welsh tew (“plump”).
pakora
Borrowed from Hindi पकोड़ा (pakoṛā).
lassi
Borrowed from Hindustani लस्सी / لسی (lassī).
insensate
Learned borrowing from Latin īnsēnsātus.
From Latin īnsēnsātus, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
coccus
From New Latin, from Latin coccum, from Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos, “grain, seed”).
chazzer
Borrowed from Yiddish חזיר (khazer), from Hebrew חֲזִיר (hazír).
yelling
From Middle English yellynge, ȝellynge; equivalent to yell + -ing.
pulk
Inherited from Middle English polk, from pol (“pool”) + -ok (“-ock”, thus equivalent to pool + -ock), with shortening of /oː/ before /lk/.
husting
From Middle English husting, from Old English hūsting, borrowed from Old Norse húsþing (“house assembly”), from hús (“house”) + þing (“council, meeting”), equivalent to house + thing. Cognate with Icelandic húsþing (“assembly”).
cockcrow
From Middle English cok crowe (also as cokkes crowe), equivalent to cock + crow. Likely a suppletive variation of Old English hancrǣd (“cockcrow, dawn”, literally “cock-crowing”), from hana (“cock, rooster”) + crǣd (“crowing”).
collard
Syncopic form of colewort (“cabbage, cabbage greens”), from Middle English colewort, coolwort, coulwort (“colewort”).
conger
From Middle English congre, from Old French congre, from Latin conger, from Ancient Greek γόγγρος (góngros), from Proto-Indo-European *geng-, *gong- (“a lump, rounded object”).
Aleksandra
Borrowed from Russian Алекса́ндра (Aleksándra).
forsee
From Middle English forseen, forsen, from Old English forsēon (“to look down upon, despise”), equivalent to for- + see. Compare Old Saxon farsehan, Old High German farsehan (Middle High German versehen).
roper
From Middle English roper, ropere; equivalent to rope + -er.
* As an English surname, from the noun roper
* As a north/Low German surname for the town crier, from Middle Low German ropen (“to call”), from Old Saxon hrōpan.
Comanche
Probably borrowed from Spanish comanche, a corruption of Old Ute kɨmantsi *[kɨˈman.tʃi] (“enemy”, “foreigner”) (compare Modern Southern Ute [kɨˈmaːtʃi̥] (“enemy”, “stranger”)). The Comanches’ autonym is Nʉmʉnʉʉ (“the people”).
Rochester
From Middle English Rovescester, from Old English Hrofesċeaster (literally “Hrofi's fortified camp”).
rumple
From Middle English rimplen (“to become wrinkled”). Compare German rumpeln (“to din, to make the welkin ring”) and Dutch rommelen (“to rumble”).
regression
Learned borrowing from Latin regressio. Equivalent to regress + -ion.
The statistics sense comes from regression to the mean.
hireling
From Middle English hirlyng, from Old English hȳrling (“hireling, employee”), from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀijuling. Cognate with West Frisian hierling, Dutch huurling (“hireling, mercenary”), German Low German Hüürling,
German Heuerling. By surface analysis, hire + -ling.
ert
From Middle English erten, ertin, from Old Norse erta (“to provoke, incite, tease”), from Proto-Germanic *artijaną (“to excite, tease”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erd- (“sharp point, stinger”). Cognate with Icelandic erta (“to irritate”), Norwegian erta (“to taunt”), Swedish ärta (“to tease, jibe”), Old Irish aird (“point, ord, end point”), Ancient Greek ἄρδις (árdis, “arrowhead”).
nim
From Middle English nimen, from Old English niman (“to take”), from Proto-West Germanic *neman, from Proto-Germanic *nemaną (“to take”), from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to give or take one's due”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian nieme (“to take”), West Frisian nimme (“to take”), Dutch nemen (“to take”), Low German nehmen (“to take”), German nehmen (“to take”), Danish nemme (“to learn, grasp”). Related to numb and nimble.
hecatomb
The noun is a learned borrowing from Latin hecatombē (“great sacrifice of a hundred oxen, hecatomb”), from Ancient Greek ἑκατόμβη (hekatómbē, “great sacrifice of a hundred oxen, hecatomb; any animal sacrifice or large sacrifice”, from ἑκᾰτόν (hekătón, “hundred”) + βοῦς (boûs, “cattle, cow, ox”)).
The verb is derived from the noun.
stereo-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ster-der.
Ancient Greek στερεός (stereós)
Ancient Greek στερεο- (stereo-)der.
English stereo-
Derived from Ancient Greek στερεο- (stereo-), combining form of στερεός (stereós, “firm, solid”).
white meat
From Middle English whyte mete, wyttemet, equivalent to white + meat.
nomothete
From Ancient Greek νομοθέτης (nomothétēs, “law-giver”).
Haifa
From Ottoman Turkish حیفا (hayfa) and Arabic حَيْفَا (ḥayfā), from Biblical Hebrew חיפה (ḥēp̄ɔ̂), from Classical Syriac ܟܐܦܐ (“rock”) presumably in reference to Mount Carmel, from Akkadian kāpu "rock".
bungo
Borrowed from Japanese 文(ぶん)語(ご) (bungo, “writing language”).
Borrowed from Spanish bongo (“large canoe”).
nill
From Middle English nillen, from Old English nyllan (“to not want”), corresponding to ne + will. Cognate with Old Frisian nelle. Not directly related to Latin nolo, which is an independent construction of the same manner, but the morphemes that compound both verbs are cognates.
From Medieval Latin nil and nihil (“nothing”) to represent German nichts and nix (“nothing”), confused with Latin nix (“snow, snow-white thing”), used for white forms of zinc oxide. Doublet of nihil album.
stereotypy
Borrowed from French stéréotypie, from stéréotype + -ie. By surface analysis, stereotype + -y (suffix forming abstract nouns).
hypoglossal
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *upó
Ancient Greek ῠ̔πό (hŭpó)
Ancient Greek ῠ̔πο- (hŭpo-)
Proto-Hellenic *glṓťťā
Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssă)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Hellenic *-os
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)
Ancient Greek ῠ̔πόγλωσσος (hŭpóglōssos)bor.
New Latin hypoglōssus
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālisbor.
Old French -albor.
▲
Latin -ālis
Old French -elbor.
▲
Latin -ālisbor.
Middle English -al
English -al
English hypoglossal
From New Latin hypoglōssus + -al, from Ancient Greek ῠ̔πόγλωσσος (hŭpóglōssos, “under the tongue”), from ῠ̔πο- (hŭpo-, “under, hypo-”) + γλῶσσᾰ (glôssă, “tongue”) + -ος (-os, adjectival suffix); equivalent to hypo- + glossal.
affright
From Middle English afrighten, from Old English āfyrhtan, equivalent to a- + fright.
From Middle English afright, from Old English āfyrht (“terrified; afraid”), past participle of āfyrhtan (“to terrify; make afraid”).
dentin
From French dentine, from Latin dens (“tooth”) + English chemical suffix -in / -ine.
generality
From Middle English generalite, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French generalité (modern French généralité), from general + -ité; also influenced by Latin generālitās. By surface analysis, general + -ity.
Lucius
From Latin Lūcius, a common Roman praenomen deriving from lux (“light”).
Cato
From Latin Cato. A cognomen made particularly famous by Cato the Elder and Younger, members of the gens Porcia.
From French Catherine. Used as a matronymic.
Elijah
From Hebrew אליהו (Eliyahu, literally “Yahweh is my god”). Doublet of Ilya and Iliya. Compare Joel. See also Arabic إلياس.
Tiberius
From Latin Tiberius, literally 'Of the Tiber', from Tiberis, the river Tiber. Also note Faliscan equivalent *Tiferios. The name is mistaken by some to be of Etruscan origin but note the borrowed variants, Thefarie (from Faliscan) and Teperi (from Latin).
Baxter
From Middle English bakster, bakestre, from Old English bæcestre (“baker”), equivalent to bake + -ster.
From Middle English bakestere, bakestre, bakistre, from Old English bæcestre, feminine of bæcere (“baker”). See baker, as bake + -ster.
Sebastian
From Latin Sebastiānus, name of an early Christian saint, from ancient city of Sebaste in Asia Minor (modern Sivas, Turkey), from Ancient Greek Σεβαστός (Sebastós, “august, venerable, exalted”), itself a translation of the Roman title Augustus.
Everett
From Dutch Everaert or Everardt (late 16th C.), from Middle Dutch Everarde. Doublet of Everard
Mahomet
From Middle English Macomet, from Latin Machometus, Mahometus, from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad). Doublet of Muhammad.
Monroe
From Old English mann m (“human being, person, man”) + Roe, a river in Northern Ireland, meaning "man from the River Roe".
Hampton
Variously from:
* Old English Hāmtūn, from hām and tūn (equivalent to home + town);
* Old English hēantūn, from hēah and tūn (equivalent to high + town).
The town in New Brunswick may have been named after one of several towns in New England. The civil parish is named after the town.
Osborne
From a medieval given name influenced by, or possibly derived from, Old Norse Ásbjǫrn, from áss (“god”) + bjǫrn (“bear”). Compare also Old English Ōsbeorn. Components related to Æsir and bear respectively.
Roosevelt
From a Dutch name of a farm, either Rozenveld (one in Zeeland) or Ruiseveld (one in Brabant), from Middle Dutch; the former could be a compound of rose (“wild rose / poppy?”) + velt (“open country; field”) or like the latter of rusch (“rush reed”) + velt, “open land growing with rushes”.
Sutherland
The name of the county is from Old Norse Suðrland, from suðr (“south”) + land (“land”), named from the point of view of Orkney and Shetland.
In some cases, the surname may represent the equivalent formation in Old English.
Stafford
From Old English stæþ (“landing place”) + ford.
As a surname, occasionally derived from Irish (see Stocker).
Clayton
From Middle English Claytone, Cleyton, from Old English clǣġ (“clay”) + Old English tūn (“enclosure, settlement; town”). Analyzable as clay + -ton.
Howe
* As an English surname, from Middle English hoʒe (“steep ridge”), a late variant of hōge, dative case of Old English hoh (“hock, heel”), with likely influence from Old Norse haugr (“hill”).
* Also as an English surname, variant of Hugh, pronounced to rhyme with how.
* As a Norwegian surname, Americanized from Hove, from the dative singular of Old Norse hof (“place of worship”).
* As an Irish surname, variant of Haugh; also a variant of Hoey.
* As a Chinese surname, variant romanization of 侯, see also Hou.
* Also as a Chinese surname, possibly from Cantonese form of the names 豪 (háo), 浩, and 昊 (hào).
Weston
From Old English west (“west”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
Rousseau
From French Rousseau. Originally a French nickname for someone with red hair, from roux (“redhead”). Doublet of Russell. Compare russel.
Oswald
Inherited from Old English Ōsweald, from ōs (“god, deity”) + weald (“power”). Cognate with German Answald, Faroese and Icelandic Ásvaldur, and Norwegian Nynorsk Åsvald.
Norton
From Old English norþ (“north”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
The parish in New Brunswick is named after Norton, Massachusetts.
Beauchamp
From Middle English Bea(u)cham(p), from Old French Beauchamp, from beau (“fine, beautiful”) + champ (“field”). Compare Goodfield.
Beaufort
Borrowed from French Beaufort, from beau (“beautiful”) + fort (“fort”).
Hartford
# For the village in Cambridgeshire: from Old English Hereford (“army ford”), from here (“army”) + ford.
# For remaining places: from Old English heorot (“hart”) + ford.