MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
pike
From Middle English pyke, pyk, pik, pike (“pike; sharp point, iron tip of a staff or spear, pointed toe of an item of footwear; sharp tool; mountain, peak”), from Old English pīc (“pointed object, pick axe”), and Middle French pique (“long thrusting weapon”), from Old French pic (“sharp point, spike”); both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *pīk, from Proto-Germanic *pīkaz, *pīkō (“sharp point, pike, peak”), related to pick with a narrower meaning.
The word is cognate with Middle Dutch pecke, peke, picke (modern Dutch piek), German Pike, Norwegian pik, Danish pig, and possibly Old Irish pīk. It is a doublet of pique.
The diving or gymnastics position is probably from tapered appearance of the body when the position is executed.
The carnivorous freshwater fish is probably derived from the “sharp point, spike” senses, due to the fish’s pointed jaws.
The verb sense “to quit or back out of a promise” may be from the sense of taking up pilgrim's staff or pike and leaving on a pilgrimage; and compare Middle English pī̆ken (“to go, remove oneself”) and Old Danish pikke af (“to go away”).
Clipping of turnpike (“a toll road, especially a toll expressway; a spiked barrier across a road, originally used to block access to the road until toll had been paid”).
Noun sense 2 (“gypsy, itinerant tramp, or traveller”) and verb sense 2 (“to depart, travel, especially to flee, run away”) may refer to someone frequently using turnpikes, or may be derived from Middle English pī̆ken (“to go, remove oneself”).
The surname is of multiple origins, including Middle English pike.
cluck
From Middle English clokken, clocken, from Old English cloccian (“to cluck, make a noise”), from Proto-West Germanic *klukkwōn, from Proto-Germanic *klukkwōną (“to make a sound, cluck”), of imitative origin.
Cognate with Scots clok, clock (“to cluck”), Dutch klokken (“to cluck”), Low German klucken (“to cluck”), German glucken (“to cluck”), Danish klukke (“to cluck”), Swedish klucka (“to cluck”), Icelandic klökkva (“to sob, whine, cluck”).
* As a German surname, Americanized from Kluck.
* As a Polish and Czech surname, Americanized from Kluk.
perambulate
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Proto-Italic *peri-
Latin per-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰider.
Proto-Italic *amβi
Latin ambi-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₂-der.
Proto-Italic *alō
Latin *alō
Latin ambulō
Latin perambulō
Latin perambulātusbor.
English perambulate
Borrowed from Latin perambulō, perambulātus. Equivalent to per- + ambulate.
haboob
[Alt: A large dust cloud over the city]
Borrowed from Arabic هَبُوب (habūb, “strong wind, gale; haboob”), from the root ه ب ب (h b b)
(“relating to wind blowing”).
firewood
From Middle English ferwode, fyrewoode, equivalent to fire + wood.
urna
From Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā, “wool, thread”).
From Latin urna. Doublet of urn.
urticaria
Borrowed from New Latin urtīcāria, from Latin urtīca (“nettle”) + -āria.
chaplain
From Middle English chapeleyn, from Old French chapelain, from Medieval Latin, Late Latin cappellānus, from cappella. Doublet of capelin. Displaced Old English handprēost.
inane
From Latin inānis (“empty, vain, useless”), of unknown origin.
give up the ghost
Literally, to release one's spirit or soul from the body at death. From Middle English "gaf up þe gost", "ȝave up þe gost", from Old English phrases as "hēo āġeaf hire gāst" (literally, "she gave up her ghost [spirit]"), "þæt iċ gāst mīnne āġifan mōte" (literally, "that I must give up my ghost [spirit]"). Compare German den Geist aufgeben, Dutch de geest geven, French rendre l'âme.
Perhaps most notable and survived in modern English for being used in traditional translation during the death of Jesus during His crucifixion
broccoli
1699, Italian broccoli, plural of broccolo (“cabbage sprout, head”), diminutive of brocco (“shoot, sprout”) (which is also the origin of brocade), from Latin broccus (“pointed, sharp, projecting; buck-toothed”), possibly of Gaulish origin, related to Proto-Celtic *brokkos (“badger”) or Proto-Celtic *brozdos (“tip, point”) (compare Scottish Gaelic brog (“pointed instrument, awl”), Welsh procio (“thrust, poke”), Old English brord (“point, spike”)). More at brochure, brad.
Borrowed from Italian Broccoli.
unbutton
From Middle English onbottonen, unbotonen; equivalent to un- + button.
feddle
Eye dialect spelling descended from Middle English ffedle, fedele, fethil, fethele, variants of Middle English fithele, from Old English fiþele (“fiddle, viol, violin”). More at English fiddle.
adherence
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Proto-Italic *ad-
Latin ad-
Latin haereō
Latin adhaereō
Latin adhaerēns
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ia
Medieval Latin adhaerentiader.
Middle French adhérenceder.
English adherence
From Middle French adhérence, from Latin adhærentia.
intransigent
Borrowed from French intransigeant, from Spanish intransigente, from Latin in- (“un-, not”) + trānsigēns, present participle of trānsigō (“to come to an understanding”), from trāns (“across”) + agō (“to do”).
stadtholder
Adapted from Dutch stadhouder (literally “placeholder”) (obsolete spelling: stadthouder), calqued from Medieval Latin locum tenēns.
unclean
From Middle English unclene, from Old English unclǣne, equivalent to un- + clean.
unclear
From Middle English unclere, equivalent to un- + clear. Compare Saterland Frisian uunkloor (“unclear”), West Frisian ûnklear (“inoperative, broken”), Dutch onklaar (“out of order, defective, broken”), German unklar (“unclear”), Danish uklar (“unclear”), Swedish oklar (“unclear”).
marshal
From Middle English marschal, from Anglo-Norman mareschal (“farrier; military commander”), from Medieval Latin mariscalcus (“groom, army commander, court dignitary”), either from Frankish *marhaskalk, or Old High German marah-scalc (“horse-servant”), from Proto-West Germanic *marh + *skalk (whence Old Saxon maraskalk, marahscalc). Compare English mare + shalk.
hermeneutics
From Ancient Greek ἑρμηνευτῐκός (hermēneutĭkós, “of or for interpreting”), from ἑρμηνεύω (hermēneúō, “translate, interpret”), from ἑρμηνεύς (hermēneús, “translator, interpreter”); sometimes ascribed as a Carian loanword. By surface analysis, hermeneutic + -s. Folk etymology suggests a connection with Hermes. The term was introduced c. 360 BCE by Aristotle in his text Perì Hermeneías (On Interpretation).
bulkhead
From Old Norse bálkr (“partition”) + head, anglicised as bulk + head.
echolalia
From echo- + -lalia; echo- ultimately from Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ, “reflected sound, echo”), -lalia from λαλιά (laliá, “talk, chat”).
pyrrhic
From Latin pyrrhichius (“dibrach”), from πυρρίχη (purrhíkhē, “war dance”), from πυρρός (purrhós, “flame-colored, red”), from πῦρ (pûr, “fire”).
fiddlesticks
Circa 1600, England. From fiddlestick, from the late Middle English fidillstyk (“violin bow”).
filch
From Middle English filchen (“to pilfer, steal”). The further origin of the word is uncertain, but it is likely from or related to Old English fylċian (“to marshal troops”) and Old English ġefylċe (“band of men, army, host”), which would make it also related to folk.
inosculate
First attested in 1672; from in- + osculate or its Latin etymon ōsculātus, perfect active participle of Latin osculor (“to kiss”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)) from ōsculum (“a kiss”). The adjective is a back-formation from inosculation, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
anvil
From Middle English anfilt, anvelt, anfelt, from late Old English anfilt, anfilte, anfealt, from earlier onfilti (“anvil”), from Proto-West Germanic *anafalt (compare Middle Dutch anvilte, Low German Anfilts, Anefilt, Old High German anafalz), compound of *ana (“on”) + *falt (“beaten”) (compare German falzen (“to groove, fold, welt”), Swedish dialectal filta (“to beat”)), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂-t- (“shaken, beaten”) (compare Middle Irish lethar (“leather”), Latin pellō (“to beat, strike”), Ancient Greek πάλλω (pállō, “to toss, brandish”)), enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to stir, move”). More at felon.
carrion
The noun is derived from Middle English caroyne (“corpse, carrion, something disgusting”), borrowed from Anglo-Norman careine, caroigne, charogne, and Old French charoigne, Northern Old French caˈronië, caroine, caroigne (modern French charogne), probably from Vulgar Latin *carōnia, from Latin caro (“flesh”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”)) + -ia (suffix forming nouns). Doublet of crone.
The regular modern English form would be *carren, *carron /ˈkæɹən/ (this is found dialectally; see similar kyarn); the intervening /i/ is either a hypercorrection based on the analogy of words like merlin/merlion or, more likely, represents metathesis of the last element of the diphthong in caroyne.
The adjective is derived from the noun.
thorax
From Latin thorax, from Ancient Greek θώραξ (thṓrax, “a breastplate, cuirass, corslet”).
protective
Etymology tree
Medieval Latin prōtēctīvusbor.
English protective
Borrowed from Medieval Latin prōtēctīvus. By surface analysis, protect + -ive.
ratify
From Old French ratifier, from Medieval Latin ratifico, from Latin ratus (“reckoned”).
contributor
From Anglo-Norman contributour (from Latin contribuō); equivalent to contribute + -or.
hyem
From Northern Middle English hame, from Old English hām, from Proto-West Germanic *haim, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz. Cognate with German Heim, Swedish hem, Dutch heem, heim- and West Frisian hiem. Note that this pronunciation is not derived from Old Norse, as is sometimes assumed on the basis of Danish and Norwegian hjem - the pronunciation in Geordie is directly derivable from the Old English form by regular rules. Compare traditional styen (“stone”) [stjɛn] from stān, or clem (“stone, cloam”) [klɛm] from clām. It can also be found in some other northern dialects like Yorkshire.
uncut
From Middle English unkut, uncutte, unkyt, unkutt, equivalent to un- + cut.
undaunted
From Middle English ondauntit, undauntdid; equivalent to un- + daunted.
undated
From Latin undatus, past participle of undare (“to rise in waves, to wave, to undulate”).
lector
From Middle English lector, lectoure, lectour, from Late Latin lēctor, from legō (“to read”). “Voice-over” sense probably adapted from Polish lektor. Doublet of lecture and lecturer.
prang
Borrowed from Khmer ប្រាង្គ (praang).
underway
Calque of Dutch onderweg (“underway”), equivalent to under- + way. Compare also German unterwegs.
Maurice
From Middle English Maurice, from Late Latin Mauritius, derived from Maurus (“Moor; dark, swarthy”). Popularized by a 3rd-century Roman soldier martyr.
polyzoary
From New Latin polyzoārium (“polyzoary”), from New Latin polyzoa + -ary.
polyzoarium
Borrowed from New Latin polyzoārium, from polyzoa + -arium.
undergo
From Middle English undergon, from Old English undergān (“to undergo, undermine, ruin”), equivalent to under- + go. Cognate with Dutch ondergaan (“to undergo, perish, sink”), German untergehen (“to perish, sink, undergo”), Swedish undergå (“to undergo, go through”).
gloaming
From a dialectal variant of glooming, from Middle English *gloming, from Old English glōmung, from Old English glōm (“twilight”). By surface analysis, gloom + -ing. Related to glow.
The OED notes: "The vowel of the modern gloaming is anomalous, as Old English glōmung should normally become glooming. The explanation is probably that the ō was shortened in the compound ǣfen-glommung (as the spelling seems to show was actually the case), and that from this compound there was evolved a new subject glŏmung, which by normal phonetic development became Middle English glǭming, modern English gloaming."
shojo
From Japanese 少女(しょうじょ) (shōjo, “young woman”).
From Japanese 猩々(しょうじょう) (shōjō).
kibei
Borrowed from Japanese 帰米 (kibei, “returning to the United States”).
demented
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *de
Proto-Indo-European *-h₁
Proto-Indo-European *déh₁
Proto-Italic *dē
Vulgar Latin dē
Vulgar Latin dē-
Proto-Indo-European *men-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *méntis
Proto-Italic *mentis
Vulgar Latin mēns
Vulgar Latin dēmēns
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Vulgar Latin -ō
Vulgar Latin dēmentōder.
English dement
Middle English -ed
English -ed
English demented
Past participle of dement + -ed, from Latin dēmentāre.
smolder
From Middle English smolderen (“to suffocate, stifle”), from Middle English smolder (“smoke, smoky vapour”), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *smolōn (“to burn, glow, fume, smoulder”). Related to Proto-West Germanic *smallijan (> English smell).
dawdle
The verb is possibly:
* a variant of daddle (“(Britain, dialectal) to walk or work slowly, dawdle, saunter, trifle”) or doddle (“(Britain, dialectal) to walk feebly or slowly, dawdle, idle, saunter, stroll”), possibly influenced by daw (“(Britain, dialectal) lazy, good-for-nothing person, sluggard”); or
* borrowed from Middle Low German dȫdelen (“to dawdle”), related to Saterland Frisian döädelje (“to dawdle”); compare also German daddeln (“to play”), German verdaddeln (“to waste (time), neglect, ruin”). All of these words are assumed to be of imitative origin.
The noun is derived from the verb.
silphium
From Latin silphium, from Ancient Greek σίλφιον (sílphion).
pathogen
From patho- + -gen. Second element ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“lineage”) through Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “birth”)
prejudice
From Middle English prejudice, from Old French prejudice, derived from Latin praeiūdicium (“previous judgment or damage”), from prae- (“before”) + iūdicium (“judgment”).
yo-yo
Genericized trademark. Most likely from Ilocano yóyo, or another Philippine cognate.
yogi
From Hindi योगी (yogī), from Sanskrit योगिन् (yogin), from the verbal root yuj (class 7 present युनक्ति (yunakti, “to connect”)), from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
yogini
Borrowed from Sanskrit योगिनी (yoginī), feminine of योगिन्.
Xian
c. late 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān, “Western Peace”), without syllable-dividing mark (隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)).
Borrowed from Chinese 咸 (Xián).
From X as a stand-in for Ancient Greek Χ (Kh) as an initial representing Χριστος (Khristos, “Christ, the Anointed One”), q.v. In present use, a modern coinage after the model of Xmas.
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 縣 /县.
untrue
From Middle English untrewe, from Old English untrīewe, from Proto-West Germanic *untriuwī, from Proto-Germanic *untriwwiz. Equivalent to un- + true.
warp
From Middle English warp, werp, from Old English wearp, warp (“a warp, threads stretched lengthwise in a loom, twig, osier”), from Proto-Germanic *warpą (“a warp”).
Cognate with Middle Dutch warp, Middle Low German warp, German werfen, Danish varp, Swedish varp.
From Middle English werpen, weorpen, worpen, from Old English weorpan (“to throw”), from Proto-West Germanic *werpan, from Proto-Germanic *werpaną (“to throw, turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to bend, turn”).
Cognate with Scots warp (“to throw, warp”), North Frisian werpen (“to throw”), Dutch werpen (“to throw, cast”), German werfen (“to throw, cast”), Icelandic verpa (“to throw”).
unanimity
From unanim(ous) + -ity, from Middle French unanimité, from Late Latin ūnanimitās. Displaced native Old English ānmōdnes (literally “one-mindedness”).
bacillus
Learned borrowing from Latin bacillus (“little staff, wand”), diminutive of baculum (“stick, staff, walking stick”).
unlock
From Middle English unloken, unlouken, onlouken, from Old English onlūcan (“to unlock”), equivalent to un- + lock. Cognate with Dutch ontluiken (“to unlock”).
terminus
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-?
Proto-Indo-European *ter-?
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥der.
Proto-Italic *termenos
Latin terminuslbor.
English terminus
Learned borrowing from Latin terminus (“boundary, limit”). Doublet of term, Terminus, and termon.
Learned borrowing from Latin terminus (“a boundary or border, a limit or point”). Doublet of terminus and term.
symposium
Borrowed from Latin symposium, from Ancient Greek συμπόσιον (sumpósion, “drinking party”) from συμπίνω (sumpínō, “drink together”), from συν- (sun-, “together-”) + πίνω (pínō, “drink”). Morphologically compare compotation.
memorandum
Learned borrowing from Latin memorandum, neuter of memorandus (“to be remembered”).
erratum
Borrowed from Latin errātum, neuter of errātus (“mistaken”).
peaceful
From Middle English peesful, pesful, paisful, pesefull. By surface analysis, peace + -ful.
ravish
From Middle English ravyschen, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French ravis-, present participle stem of ravir (“to seize; to take away hastily”), from Vulgar Latin *rapire, from Latin rapere. See also rape.
primero
Borrowed from Spanish primera, feminine form of primero (“first”), from Latin prīmārius. See premier.
Borrowed from Spanish Primero. This surname is mostly found in Mexico.
cuarto
(unit of measure): From Spanish cuarto (“quarter-sack”), from Latin quartus (“fourth, quarter”). Doublet of quart, quarter, and cuarta, etc.
contrite
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-
Latin terō
Latin conterō
Latin contrītusder.
Old French contritbor.
Middle English contrit
English contrite
From Middle English contrit, from Old French contrit, from Latin contrītus (literally “ground to pieces”), perfect passive participle of conterō (“grind, bruise”), from con- + terō (“rub, wear away”).
dissemble
First attested in the beginning of the 15th century, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English dissemblen, dissimblen, dissemelen, borrowed from Old French dessambler, dissembler, disembler, itself borrowed from Latin dissimulō and modified after sembler, semblance, etc. Doublet of dissimulate, dissimilate, and dissimule. Displaced native Old English mīþan.
appellation
From late Middle English appellacion, from Old French apellatiun, from Latin appellātiō (“a naming”).
utile
From Middle French utile, from Old French utele, from Latin ūtilis.
profane
From Middle French prophane, from Latin profānus (“not religious, unclean”), from pro- (“instead of”) + fānum (“temple”).
marginal
Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin marginālis, equivalent to margin + -al.
unsure
From Middle English unsure, equivalent to un- + sure. Piecewise doublet of insecure and unsecure.
unwieldy
From Middle English unweldy, equivalent to un- + wieldy. Cognate with Old Frisian unweldich, unweldech (“having no power, involuntary”), Middle Dutch onweldich (“having no control or mastery over”), Middle Low German unweldich (“unwieldy”). Compare also Old High German unwaltīg (“powerless”), whence Middle High German unwaltic, German ungewaltig (“powerless, unmighty”).
rebellion
From Middle English rebellioun, rebellion, from Old French rebellion, from Latin rebelliō. Equivalent for rebel + -ion.
graduand
Attested since 1882. From Medieval Latin graduandus, gerundive of graduō (“to graduate”).
cellule
Borrowed from Latin cellula (“a small apartment”), diminutive of cella.
hoary
Possibly from Middle English *hori (suggested by horilocket (“hoary-locked, having hoary locks or curls”)), equivalent to hoar + -y. Alternatively, Middle English horilocket may represent Middle English hor (“hoar, hoary”) + ilocket (“locked”) rather than hori (“hoary”) + locket (“locked”).
alembic
From French alambic, from Medieval Latin alembīcus, from Arabic الإِنْبِيق (al-ʔinbīq), from Ancient Greek ἄμβιξ (ámbix, “cup, cap of a still”). Doublet of ambix and lambic.
Jerome
From the Old French vernacular form of the saint's name Hieronymus, from Ancient Greek Ἱερώνυμος (Hierṓnumos). Doublet of Hieronymus.
catoptric
From Ancient Greek κατοπτρικός (katoptrikós), from κάτοπτρον (kátoptron, “mirror”).
Urartu
A modern (19th century) rendition of Learned borrowing from Akkadian 𒆳𒌵 (Urarṭu). Corresponds to Biblical Hebrew אֲרָרָט (ʾărɔrɔṭ) (see Ararat). See also Old Armenian Վան (Van) for the self-designation of Urartians.
Anatolia
From Medieval Latin Anatolia, from Ancient Greek ἀνατολή (anatolḗ, “sunrise, place from where the sun rises, the east”), from ἀνατέλλω (anatéllō, “I rise”), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + τέλλω (téllō, “I perform, accomplish, rise”), because Anatolia was east of Greece.
Uyghur
From Uyghur ئۇيغۇر (uyghur). Introduced as part of national delimitation in the Soviet Union, reviving the name used by the Uyghur Khaganate. See Uyghurs on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Uyghuristan
Borrowed from Uyghur ئۇيغۇرىستان (uyghuristan), from ئۇيغۇر (uyghur) + ـىستان (-istan); by surface analysis, Uyghur + -istan.
garage
Borrowed from French garage (“keeping under cover, protection, shelter”), derivative of French garer (“to keep under cover, dock, shunt, guard, keep”), from Middle French garer, garrer, guerrer; partly from Old French garir, warir (from Old Frankish *warjan); and partly from Old French varer (“to fight, defend oneself, protect”), from Old Norse varask (“to defend oneself”), reflexive of vara (“to ware, watch out, defend”); both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *warjaną (“to defend, ward off”), *warōną (“to watch, protect”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, cover, protect, save, defend”).
precious
Inherited from Middle English precious, borrowed from Old French precios (“valuable, costly, precious, beloved, also affected, finical”), from Latin pretiōsus (“of great value, costly, dear, precious”), from pretium (“value, price”); see price.
kinkajou
Etymology tree
French kinkajoubor.
English kinkajou From French quincajou, from an Algonquian word, probably originally meaning ‘wolverine’ (compare Algonquin Kwingwaage, Ojibwe gwiingwa'aage (“wolverine”)), which was later transferred to the South American animal. Related to carcajou.
taff
Shortened from Taffy, from Dafydd, with the change of /d/ to /t/ perhaps influenced by the river name Taff. All of Welsh origin.
* The name of the river is derived from Welsh Taf.
* As an Irish and Welsh surname, a variant of Taaffe.
predict
Early 17th century, from Latin praedicō (“to mention beforehand”) (perfect passive participle praedictus), from prae- (“before”) + dīcō (“to say”). Equivalent to Germanic forespeak, foretell, and foresay.
Weimar Republic
Calque of German Weimarer Republik, a term first used and popularised by Adolf Hitler. Analogous to the name of the German city Weimar, + republic.
Augustus
From Latin Augustus, from augustus (“majestic, venerable”). Doublet of august and August.
brigand
From Middle English brigaunt, bregaund circa 1400, from Old French brigand (“foot soldier”) attested from 1421, from Italian briga (“trouble, bother”), perhaps ultimately of Proto-Germanic or Celtic origin.
burgage
Inherited from Middle English burgage, from Old French bourgage and Medieval Latin burgāgium; equivalent to burg + -age.
propitious
From Anglo-Norman and Old French propicius, from Latin propitius (“favorable, well-disposed, kind”). Compare French propice, Portuguese propício and Spanish propicio.
conciliate
Borrowed from Latin conciliātus, perfect passive participle of conciliō (“to unite”), from concilium (“council, meeting”).
helpless
From Middle English helples, from Old English *helplēas (“helpless”) from Proto-Germanic *helpōlausaz, equivalent to help + -less. Compare Dutch hulpeloos (“helpless”), German hilflos (“helpless”), Danish hjælpeløs (“helpless”) and Swedish hjälplös (“helpless”).
perchance
From Middle English parchaunce, from Old French par cheance (“by chance”).
negotiation
Borrowed from Middle French négociation, or from Latin negotiatio (“the carrying on of business, a wholesale business”), from negotiari (“to carry on business”). By surface analysis, negotiate + -ion.
petit
From Middle English petit, from Old French petit, from Late Latin *pitittus, diminutive of Latin *pit-, possibly from Proto-Celtic *pett- (“part, bit, piece”) (see Latin pettia), or of imitative origin.
Compare also Latin pitinnus (“small”), pitulus, Italian pezza. Doublet of petty.
perspire
Borrowed from Middle French perspirer and its source Latin perspīrō (“to breathe everywhere, blow constantly”), from per (“through”) + spīrō (“to breathe”); see spirit.