MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Rhode Island
Originally spelled Rode-Island. From unstandardized Early Modern Dutch Roode Eylant (“Red Island”), after a description of Aquidneck Island given by navigator Adriaen Block: een rodlich Eylande (Modern Dutch een roodlijk eiland).
Modern spelling due to influence from Rhodes, as Giovanni da Verrazzano had once likened an isle somewhere about the Narragansett Bay to it, though the precise identity of the isle he was referring to remains unknown. The earliest spelling showing influence from this is Rhod-Island.
villain
Probably from Middle English vilein, from Old French vilein (modern French vilain), in turn from Late Latin vīllānus, meaning serf or peasant, someone who is bound to the soil of a Latin vīlla, which is to say, worked on the equivalent of a plantation in late Antiquity, in Italy or Gaul. Doublet of villein.
Compare typologically pagan (see more).
Tennessee
From Cherokee ᏔᎾᏏ (tanasi), believed to mean “winding river”.
Vermont
From French ver(t) (“green”) + mont (“mountain”). In the case of the US state, the reference is to the Green Mountains.
Washington
Washington (the town in Tyne and Wear, northeast England): probably from the Old English place name Hwæssingatūn (literally “a settlement of the household of *Hwæssa”), from *Hwæssa (a Saxon chieftain's name) + -ing (“belonging to”) + tūn (“homestead, settlement”). It was attested in 1096 as Wasindone. Hwæssa is of uncertain origin, said to possibly correspond to waþ (“hunt”) + sige (“victory”), or possibly related to hwæte (“wheat”). There are other theories; more on Wikipedia.
The surname derives from the town, and most places in the United States are named for George Washington.
Wisconsin
Borrowed from French Ouisconsin, itself borrowed from an uncertain Native American language. Theories include:
* Miami meeskohsinki or Algonquin meskousing, both meaning "it lies red", the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. "Meskousing" is known from maps drawn by the French from the 1670s onwards, it is believed subsequent transcribers mistook the stylized cursive "M" for "OU".
* Menominee wēskōhsek (“a good place”), from Wēskōhsek Sēpēw ("the river where it is good to live")
* An Ojibwe term, suggestions include miskwasiniig (“red stones”), referring to the red sandstone of the dells of the Wisconsin River; and wiishihkaanhs (“little lodge”), referring to the dwellings of the abundant beavers and muskrats.
A researcher for the State of Wisconsin Historical Society concluded in frustration, "I have not found two Indians to agree on the meaning of this word."
Wyoming
The state is named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, which derives its name from Munsee xwé:wamənk (literally “at the big river flat”).
The village of Wyoming, Plympton Township, Ontario, Canada may have a different origin: "...to the Chippewas, the 'oat planters' were known as moonooming. The white settlers took this to sound like 'Wyoming.'"
deprave
From Middle English depraven, from Old French depraver, from Latin dēprāvāre (“pervert, distort, corrupt”), from de- + pravus (“crooked, distorted, perverse, wicked”).
regal
From Middle English regal, from Old French regal (“regal, royal”), from Latin rēgālis (“royal, kingly”), from rex (“king”); also regere (“to rule”). Doublet of royal (“belonging to a monarch”), real (“unit of currency”), ariary, and riyal. Cognate with Spanish real.
From Middle English regal, from Middle French régale, possibly from Old French regol (“a gutter, channel”). Doublet of rail, regula, rigol, and rule.
insult
The verb is derived from Middle French insulter (modern French insulter (“to insult”)) or its etymon Latin īnsultō (“to spring, leap or jump at or upon; to abuse, insult, revile, taunt”), the frequentative form of īnsiliō (“to bound; to leap in or upon”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’) + saliō (“to bound, jump, leap; to spring forth; to flow down”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to spring”)).
The noun is derived from Middle French insult (modern French insulte (“insult”)) or its etymon Late Latin insultus (“insult, reviling, scoffing”), from īnsiliō (“to bound; to leap in or upon”); see above.
alexia
From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + λέξις (léxis, “speech”) + -ia.
splotchy
From an alteration (due to splotch) of Middle English splotty, equivalent to splotch + -y.
geranium
From Latin geranium, from Ancient Greek γερᾰ́νῐον (gerắnĭon), from γέρᾰνος (gérănos, “crane”) + -ῐον (-ĭon, diminutive suffix).
outwith
From Middle English outwith, outewith, a transposed variant of Middle English withoute (“without”). Cognate to Scots ootwi. By surface analysis, out + with.
hellebore
From Middle English ellebore, from Old French ellebre, elebore, from Medieval Latin eleborus, via Latin from Ancient Greek ἑλλέβορος (helléboros), possibly from ἄλκη (álkē, “elk [moose]”) βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat”). The initial h was restored in English to reflect the Ancient Greek etymology.
hollyhock
From Middle English holihocke, holyhokke, holihoc, from holi (“holy”) + hocke, hokke, hoc (“mallow”) (from Old English hoc (“marsh mallow”). The modern hollyhock was probably unknown in England until the 15th century, so usage before then no doubt referred to some other mallow.
Apparently so called for being brought from the Holy Land; compare an old name for it in Medieval Latin cauli Sancti Cuthberti (“St. Cuthbert's cole”).
honeysuckle
From Middle English honysokel, honisokel, honysocle, hunisuccle, perhaps an alteration of Middle English honysoke, honysouke (“honeysuckle”) (whence honeysuck), from Old English huniġsūce, huniġsūge (“honeysuckle”); equivalent to honey + suck + -le, or honeysuck + -le.
hyacinth
From Middle English jacinth, partly from Old French jacincte, from Medieval Latin jacintus, and partly from Old English iacinþ, from Medieval Latin jacinthus, both from Latin hyacinthus, from Ancient Greek ὑάκινθος (huákinthos, “any of several dark blue flowers”), ultimately from a non-Indo-European Mediterranean language. Re-Latinized in the 16th century.
lily of the valley
Calque of Biblical Hebrew שׁוֹשַׁנַּת הָעֲמָקִים (šôšannat hāʿămāqîm), a reference to Song of Solomon 2:1.
lily
From Middle English lilie, from Old English lilie, from Latin līlia, plural of līlium, from Ancient Greek λείριον (leírion). See there for more.
strip
From alteration of stripe or from Middle Low German strippe, of uncertain ultimate origin, perhaps derived from a lost strong verb Proto-Germanic *strīpaną, with no clear cognates outside of Germanic except for Irish sríab (“line, stripe”).
From Middle English strepen, strippen, from Old English strīepan (“plunder”), from Proto-Germanic *strēpōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”). Probably related to German Strafe (“deprivation, fine, punishment”).
risible
From Middle French risible and directly from Late Latin rīsibilis, from Latin rīsus (“laughter”) + -ibilis, from the perfect passive participle of rīdeō (“laugh”).
dilemma
PIE word
 *dwóh₁
First attested 1523, from Late Latin dilemma, from Ancient Greek δίλημμα (dílēmma, “ambiguous proposition”), from δι- (di-, “having two of”) + λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, proposition”).
ananas
From Italian ananas, from French ananas, from Spanish ananás, from Portuguese ananás, adapted from Old Tupi naná (“pineapple”).
quandary
16th century. Origin unknown; perhaps a dialectal corruption (simulating a word of Latin origin with suffix -ary) of wandreth (“evil, plight, peril, adversity, difficulty”), from Middle English wandreth, from Old Norse vandræði (“difficulty, trouble”), from vándr (“difficult, requiring pains and care”).
arc-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷos
Proto-Italic *arkuos
Latin arcusder.
English arc-
From Latin arcus (“bow, arc”), as they represent an angle or arc. Compare etymology of arch.
gadfly
From gad (“sharp point, spike; (dialectal) sharp-pointed rod for driving cattle, horses, etc., goad”) + fly, in the sense of a fly which irritates cattle, etc., by biting them, similar to the prodding of a goad. Gad is derived from Middle English gad, gadde (“metal spike with a sharp point; stick with a sharp point for driving animals, goad; metal bar or rod, ingot; (by extension) lump of material; metal rod for measuring land; (by extension) unit of linear measure equal to about 10 to 16 feet”), borrowed from Old Norse gaddr (“spike; goad”), from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike; goad”), further etymology uncertain.
Sense 2.1.1 (“person who upsets the status quo”) may allude to the Apology by the Greek philosopher Plato (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 B.C.E.), where he describes Socrates (c. 470 – 399 B.C.E.) acting as a goad to the Athenian political scene like a gadfly (Ancient Greek μῠ́ωψ (mŭ́ōps)) arousing a sluggish horse.
sucker
From Middle English souker, sokere, sukkere, soukere, equivalent to suck (verb) + -er. Compare Saterland Frisian Suuger, West Frisian sûker (“sucker”), Dutch zuiger (“sucker”), German Sauger (“dummy; vacuum”).
Possibly from German Sache (“thing”).
clever
From East Anglian dialectal English cliver (“expert at seizing”), from Middle English cliver (“tenacious”).
* perhaps from Old English *clifer, clibbor (“clinging”);
* or perhaps from Dutch, Low German, or East/Saterland Frisian (compare kluftich (“clever, prudent”), probably derived from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban (“to cleave, split”));
* or dialectal Norwegian klover (“ready, skillful”), itself borrowed from Middle Low German klever, related to kleven (“to stick”), from Old Saxon klibōn, from Proto-West Germanic *klibēn, related to the Old English word above;
* possibly influenced by Old English clifer (“claw, hand”) (compare clawian (“to claw”)).
Related to cleave. Perhaps influenced by Welsh celfydd (“talented, dexterous, expert”).
Compare typologically Czech chytrý, Russian хи́трый (xítryj) (akin to хвата́ть (xvatátʹ)), also note схва́тывать на лету́ (sxvátyvatʹ na letú).
upper
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *upó
Proto-Germanic *ub
Proto-Germanic *upp
Proto-West Germanic *upp
Old English upp
Middle English up
Proto-Indo-European *-yōs
Proto-Germanic *-izô
Proto-West Germanic *-iʀō
Proto-Germanic *-ōzô
Proto-West Germanic *-ōʀō
Old English -ra
Middle English -er
Middle English upper
English upper
Inherited from Middle English upper. By surface analysis, up + -er.
Iron Age
From iron + age, in the mythological sense a calque of Latin saecula ferrea, aetas ferrea; in the archaeological sense a calque of Danish jernalder.
schlemiel
Borrowed from Yiddish שלימיל (shlimil).
Jurassic
Borrowed from French Jurassique, named for the discovery and type location in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland.
plush
From French peluche (“fluff, plush”). The fact that historically (in past centuries) plush upholstery was so expensive as to be socially exclusive undoubtedly connects the senses of "luxurious" and "soft".
defense
From Middle English defens, defense, from Old French defens, defense, from Late Latin dēfēnsa (“protection”). Displaced native Old English bewering. The verb is from the noun.
From Middle English defencen, defensen, from Old French defenser or its etymon, Latin dēfēnsō.
vitriolic
From vitriol + -ic; or from French vitriolique (cognate with Italian vetriolico, Portuguese vitriolico, Spanish vitriólico).
forth
From Middle English forth, from Old English forþ, from Proto-West Germanic *forþ, from Proto-Germanic *furþą, from Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥-to-, from *per-. Cognates include Dutch voort and German fort. See also ford.
cordon
From Middle English cordon, from Middle French cordon, from Old French cordon, diminutive of corde. More at cord.
corridor
Borrowed from French corridor, from Italian corridore (“long passage”) (= corridoio), from correre (“to run”).
uncertainty
From Middle English uncerteynte; equivalent to un- + certainty or uncertain + -ty.
Sami
Etymology tree
Proto-Samic *sāmē
Northern Sami sápmi
Northern Sami Sápmider.
English Sami
From Northern Sami Sápmi, from one of the Sami languages, of uncertain origin/meaning, but possibly related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *źémijāˀ (“land”). More at Sápmi and Sami.
Derived from Arabic سَامِي (sāmī), from the informal pronunciation of سَامٍ (sāmin, “high, exalted”).
Borrowed from Tamil சாமி (cāmi).
cutter
From Middle English cutter, cuttere, kutter. By surface analysis, cut + -er.
halo
From Latin halōs, from Ancient Greek ἅλως (hálōs, “threshing floor; disk; disk of the sun or moon; ring of light around the sun or moon”), of unknown origin. The threshing floor's circular threshold or oxen walking on it in a circle gave rise to the other meanings. Used in English since 1563; the sense of light around someone’s head since 1646.
Sidney
From Old English *Sīdaneġ, the name of a place in Surrey, from sīd (“wide”) + eġ (“island”).
auxiliary
From Latin auxiliārius (“assistant, ally”), equiv. to auxiliāris (“helping, aiding”), from auxilium (“help, aid”), from augēre (“to increase”).
tune
From Middle English tune, an unexplained variant of tone, from Old French ton, from Latin tonus, from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “a tone”). Doublet of tone, ton, and tonus.
utensil
From Middle English utensyl, from Old French utensile, from Latin ūtēnsilis (“useful, usable”).
radiant
From Middle English radyant, from Latin radiāns, radiantis, present participle of radiāre (“to emit rays or beams”).
clerisy
From Ancient Greek κλῆρος (klêros) + -isy. Introduced by Coleridge, based on German Clerisei (modern Klerisei), from Late Latin clēricus.
oscillation
From French oscillation, from Latin oscillatio, from Latin oscillo. By surface analysis, oscillate + -ion.
query
An anglicisation of quere, an obsolete variant form of Latin quaere, second-person singular present active imperative of quaerō (“seek, look for; ask”); perhaps suffixed with -y (“abstract noun”). Cognate with French quérir, Italian chiedere, Portuguese querer, Romanian cere, and Spanish querer. Compare question.
quorum
Inherited from Middle English quorum (c. 1426), from Anglo-Norman quorum, clipped from the Anglo-Latin wording of commissions in which certain persons were specially designated as members of a body by the words quorum vos unum esse volumus ad etc. (“of whom we want you to be one assigned to etc.”).
Latin quōrum is the masculine genitive plural of the relative pronoun quī (“who”).
prayer
From Middle English preiere, from Old French preiere, from Early Medieval Latin precāria, derived from Latin precem. Displaced native Old English ġebed (whence modern English bead).
communicate
From Middle English communicate, an adapted borrowing of Latin commūnicātus (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), perfect passive participle of commūnicō (“to make commune”).
meronymy
From mero- + -onymy (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) + ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”)); compare meronym.
Nigel
English form of Latin Nigellus, from nigellus (“slightly black”), diminutive of niger (“(shining) black”), particularly used in the Middle Ages to Latinize Norman Néel and Irish Neil.
Simon
From Middle English Simon, Symond, Symounde, from Anglo-Norman Simon, Simond, Simund, a conflation of two unrelated names: one from Latin Simon, from Ancient Greek Σίμων (Símōn), from Biblical Hebrew שִׁמְעוֹן (šimʿōn, “hearkening”), doublet of Simeon; the other from Old Norse Sigmundr or Old English Siġemund, both from Proto-Germanic *Sigimunduz (literally “Protector of victory”), whence also Sigmund and Siegmund.
declare
From Middle English declaren, from Old French declarer, from Latin dēclārō (“to make clear”), from dē- + clārus (“clear”).
simony
From Middle English simonie, symonye, from Old French simonie, from Late Latin simonia, named after Simon Magus (Hebrew שִׁמְעוֹן (Šimʻôn, “Simon”)), with reference to Acts 8:18–20.
Tyson
* A variant of Tison. A nickname from Old French tison (“firebrand”).
* A patronymic English surname, variant of Dyson, from Dennis + -son.
* In the US, adopted by a German family who came to America (Germantown, PA) in 1683, originally named German Teisen "son of Theiss", which was short for Matthias. Original spellings were Theisen, Theissen, Teisen, Teison.
Kashmir
Borrowed from Hindustani कश्मीर / کشمیر (kaśmīr, “Kashmir”), from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra).
northern
From Middle English northerne, from Old English norþerne, from Proto-West Germanic *norþrōnī, from Proto-Germanic *nurþrōnijaz. Cognate with Old High German nordrōni and Old Norse norrœnn.
Morphologically north + -ern.
eastern
From Middle English esturne, esterne, from Old English ēasterne (“eastern”), from Proto-Germanic *austrōnijaz (“eastern”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-ro- (“eastern”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn, east”). Cognate with Old Saxon and Old High German ōstrōni (“eastern”), Old Norse austrœnn (“eastern”).
Morphologically east + -ern.
prophecy
From Middle English prophecie, from Old French prophetie, from Latin prophētīa, from Ancient Greek προφητεία (prophēteía, “prophecy”), from προφήτης (prophḗtēs, “speaker of a god”), from πρό (pró, “before”) + φημί (phēmí, “to tell”). Displaced native Old English wītgung. Doublet of prophesy.
prediction
Learned borrowing from Latin praedictiō, praedictiōnis; equivalent to predict + -ion. Compare the Germanic equivalents forespeaking, foretale, foretelling.
Bedfordshire
From Middle English Bedefordschire, from Old English Bedanfordsċīr, equivalent to Bedford + shire.
Berkshire
From Middle English Barrokschire, Berchesire, Barrokshyre, Berrucsire, from Old English Bearrocsċīr. The first element is possibly from Proto-Brythonic *barrọg, perhaps meaning “hilly” (compare *barros (“hill, peak, top”)) + Old English sċīr (“shire, county”).
Cheshire
Inherited from Middle English Cheschire, late form of Chestreschire, from Old English Ċeastersċīr, from Ceaster (“Chester”, from ceaster, from Latin castra (“camp”)) + scīr (“district, shire”).
Cornwall
From Middle English Cornwaile, Cornwayle, a modification of Cornwale (after Old French Cornuaille), from Old English Cornwēalas (“Cornwall, inhabitants of Cornwall”), from Proto-Celtic *kornu (“horn”) + Old English wealh (“stranger, foreigner”). Compare Wales/Welsh, Walloon, Gaul. Doublet of Cornouaille.
Dorset
From the county town of Dorchester. The Old English name was Dornwaraceaster, composed of the British Latin name Durnovaria and the common suffix -ceaster; the word was eventually reduced to Dornsǣte, Dorsǣte, a reduction of the original name + the suffix -sǣte (“people, dwellers”), whence Middle English Dorsete.
Essex
Inherited from Old English Ēastseaxan (literally “East Saxons”), which stood for both Essex and the people of Essex.
Gloucestershire
From Middle English Gloucestreschire; equivalent to Gloucester + -shire.
Hampshire
Inherited from Middle English Hampteschire, from Old English Hāmtūnsċīr, from Hāmtūn (“Southampton”) + sċīr (“shire”).
For the development of epenthetic /p/, compare Thompson.
The community in Prince Edward Island is named after the county in England. The name was inspired by nearby Wiltshire.
Herefordshire
From Middle English Herefordschire, from late Old English Herefordsċīr; equivalent to Hereford + -shire.
Hertfordshire
From Middle English Hertfordschire; equivalent to Hertford + -shire.
Kent
Inherited from Middle English Kent, from Old English Cent, from Latin Cantium, from Brythonic *Cantio (compare Old Irish céite (“gathering, folkmoot, hillock”)), from Proto-Celtic *kantos (“corner, rim”).
Lancashire
From Middle English Lancastreschire, from Lancastre (“Lancaster”) + schire (“shire, county”). By surface analysis, Lanca(ster) + -shire.
Leicestershire
From Old English Lægreċeastresċīr. The middle and last element are ceaster (“town, city”) and scir (“district”), common in placenames. The first element is probably from the former name of the river Soar, *Ligora, *Ligera, of Celtic/Brythonic origin, from Proto-Celtic *legyā (“sediment”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”), similar to the French river Loire. By surface analysis, Leicester + -shire.
Lincolnshire
Inherited from Middle English Lincolneschire, Lincolnschire, from late Old English Lincolnesċīr (first recorded in the 11th century); equivalent to Lincoln + -shire.
Middlesex
From Old English Middelseaxan (literally “Middle Saxons”), which stood for both Middlesex and its people.
Norfolk
From Middle English Northfolk, from Old English Norþfolc (literally “northern people”), from norþ (“north, northern”) + folc (“folk, people, race, nation”). As an Ecuadorian island, clipping of Duke of Norfolk's Island, bestowed by William Ambrosia Cowley in 1684 honor of Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk; his son Henry, the 7th duke; or both. As an Australian island and territory, bestowed by James Cook in 1774 in honor of Mary Howard, wife of the 9th duke.
Northumberland
From Middle English Northumberlond, Northhumberlond, from Old English Norþhymbra land (“land of the Northumbrians”).
Oxfordshire
From Middle English Oxenfordschire, from late Old English Oxenafordsċīr; equivalent to Oxford + -shire.
Rutland
Unclear. Attested in Old English as Roteland and Ritelanede. Perhaps hrīþer (“cattle”) + land (“land”), or from the personal name Rota + land.
Shropshire
From Old English Sċrobbesbyriġscīr, from Sċrobbesburh (“Shrewsbury”) + sċīr (“shire”).
Somerset
From Old English Sumorsǣte, which is short for Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "the people living at or dependent upon Sumortūn (Somerton)". An alternative suggestion is that the name derives from *Seo-mere-sætan meaning "settlers by the sea lakes".
Staffordshire
From Middle English Staffordschire, from late Old English Stæffordsċīr; equivalent to Stafford + -shire.
Suffolk
From Middle English Suffolk, from Old English Sūþfolc, a compound of sūþ (“south”) + folc (“folk”).
Surrey
From Old English Sūþrigē, Sūþrigēa (“southern region”), from sūþerne (“southern”) + -gē (“district, region”).
Sussex
Inherited from Old English Sūþseaxan (literally “South Saxons”), which stood for both Sussex and its people.
The town in New Brunswick may have been named after Sussex, New Jersey. The civil parish is named after the town.
Westmorland
From Old English folk name Westmōringas (“the people west of the moors”) + land.
The civil parish in New Brunswick is named analogously to Westmorland County.
Wiltshire
From Middle English Wilteschire, from Old English Wiltūnsċīr (Wiltescire 1086 Domesday Book), named after the town of Wilton in the county (Old English Wiltūn).
Worcestershire
From Middle English Wyrcestreschire, from Old English Weogornaċeastresċīr; equivalent to Worcester + -shire.
Cumbria
From Medieval Latin Cumbria, from Cumbri + -ia (compare Old English Cumberland). The ethnonym Cumbri derives from Cumbric *cumbrı, cognate of Welsh Cymry.
inebriated
From Latin inēbriātus, past participle of inēbriō (“intoxicate”) from in- + ēbrius (“drunk, intoxicated”) from Proto-Italic *ēɣʷrjos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēgʷʰ-ryo-s from root *h₁egʷʰ- (“drink”); whence also ebrious and inebriate.
dreadfully
Inherited from Middle English dredfully, dradefullich, dredefullich; equivalent to dreadful + -ly.
perjury
From Anglo-Norman perjurie, from Latin perjūrāre (“swear falsely”), from per- + jūrāre. Displaced native Old English mānāþ (literally “false oath”).
climbing
From Middle English clymbyng, clymbynge; equivalent to climb + -ing.
narcissus
Borrowed from Latin narcissus, from Ancient Greek νάρκισσος (nárkissos), ultimately either from Pre-Greek or related to νάρκη (nárkē).
From Latin Narcissus, from Ancient Greek Νάρκισσος (Nárkissos, “Narcissus”).
nasturtium
From Middle English nasturcium, from Old English nasturcium (“watercress”), from Latin nasturtium.
Avon
From Proto-Brythonic *aβon (“river”). Compare with Welsh afon. Doublet of Almond (“a river in Scotland”).
pansy
From Middle French pensée (“thought”), as the plant resembles someone that is in deep thought, with a lowered head. Doublet of pensée.
pelargonium
From translingual Pelargonium, from Ancient Greek πελαργός (pelargós, “stork”).
peony
From Old English peonie, peonia et al., from Latin paeōnia; later reinforced by Anglo-Norman peonie, Old French peone, pyoine (French pivoine), from Latin paeōnia, from Hellenistic Ancient Greek παιωνία (paiōnía), from Ancient Greek Παιών (Paiṓn, “Paeon, the physician of the gods”)/παιών (paiṓn, “a physician”).