MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
dicker
From Middle English diker (“measure of ten”), from Late Latin dacra (“a dicker”), from Latin decuria (“a ten of something”), from decem (“ten”).
sextary
From Middle English sextarie, sextary, anglicized from Latin sextārius (“pint”). Doublet of sextarius.
hurdle
]
From Middle English hurdel, hirdel, herdel, hyrdel, from Old English hyrdel (“frame of intertwined twigs used as a temporary barrier”), diminutive of *hyrd, from Proto-Germanic *hurdiz, from Pre-Germanic *kr̥h₂tis, from Proto-Indo-European *kreh₂-. Cognate with Dutch horde, German Hürde.
grope
From Middle English gropien, from Old English grāpian, related to grīpan (whence English gripe); compare also grip.
strake
From Middle English strake, from Old English *straca (> Anglo-Latin straca), from Proto-West Germanic *strakō, from Proto-Germanic *strakaz (“straight”). Akin to Old English streċċan (“to make straight, stretch”).
mong
From Middle English mong, monge, mang, from Old English ġemong, ġemang (“a mixture, mingling, throng, crowd, company”) (whence Modern English among), from Proto-Germanic *mangą (“mix”). Compare Proto-West Germanic *mangijan (“to knead, mix”).
Borrowed from Ahom 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫 (müṅ), Tai Nüa ᥛᥫᥒᥰ (möeng), Thai เมือง (mʉʉang), Northern Thai ᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ, Lü ᦵᦙᦲᧂ (moeng), Tai Dam ꪹꪣꪉ, Tai Nüa ᥛᥫᥒᥰ (möeng),Shan မိူင်း (móeng), Lao ເມືອງ (mư̄ang) etc.
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Norwegian Mong, a habitational surname from a place in Rogaland.
* Borrowed from Korean 몽 (mong), a surname of unclear origin.
* Borrowed from Khmer ម៉ុង (mong).
clout
From Middle English clout (“piece of cloth”), from Old English clūt (“piece of cloth, patch; metal plate”), from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gelewdos, from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up, amass”). The influence sense originated in the dialect of Chicago, but has become widespread.
Cognate with Old Norse klútr (“kerchief”), Swedish klut, Danish klud, Middle High German klōz (“lump”), whence German Kloß (“clump”), and dialectal Russian глуда (gluda). See also cleat.
moa
Borrowed from Māori moa, from Proto-Polynesian *moa (“fowl”).
lath
From Middle English laththe, laþþe, earlier lathe, laþe, altered from Old English lætt (“lath”), from Proto-West Germanic *lattu, from Proto-Germanic *laþô (compare Dutch lat, German Latte) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lat- (compare Welsh llath (“rod, wand, yard”)).
faith
From Middle English faith (also fay), borrowed from Old French fei, feid, from Latin fidem. Displaced native Old English ġelēafa, which was also a word for belief.
* Old French had [θ] as a final devoiced allophone of /ð/ from lenited Latin /d/; this eventually fell silent in the 12th century. The -th of the Middle English forms is most straightforwardly accounted for as a direct borrowing of a French [θ]. However, it has also been seen as arising from alteration of a French form with -d under influence of English abstract nouns in the suffix -th (e.g., truth, ruth, health, etc.), or as a recharacterization of a French form like fay, fey, fei with the same suffix. Compare Champenois fiate, fiaite, showing the same preservation of the final consonant.
busk
Apparently from French busquer or Spanish buscar.
Borrowed from French busc, from Italian busco (“splinter”).
From Middle English busken, from Old Norse búask, reflexive of búa (“to prepare”); compare bound for a derivation from búa's past participle and basken for a similar formation from an Old Norse reflexive.
From Creek puskita, pusketv (“a fast”).
Borrowed from Danish and Swedish Busk; alternatively, it could be an English topographic surname for someone who lived by a bush, from Old Norse buskr (“bush”).
buckram
From Middle English bukeram (“fine linen”), from Anglo-Norman bokeram, from Old French boquerant, bougherant (“fine cloth”), bougueran, probably ultimately from Bokhara, a city in southeastern Uzbekistan.
roll
From Middle English rollen, partly from Old French roller, roler, röeler, röoler, from Medieval Latin rotulāre (“to roll; to revolve”), from Latin rotula (“a little wheel”), diminutive of rota (“a wheel”); partly from Anglo-Latin rollāre, from the same ultimate source.
Displaced native English welt and partially displaced English wallow.
From Middle English rolle, from Old French rolle, role, roule, from Medieval Latin rotulus (“a roll, list, catalogue, schedule, record, a paper or parchment rolled up”); as such, it is a doublet of role and rotulus.
andiron
From Middle English aundire, aundiren, from Old French andier (possibly from Gaulish anderon (“heifer”)) compare Welsh anner, annair (“heifer”), Breton annoar (“heifer”), from Proto-Celtic *anderā (“young woman”), due either to their somewhat animal-like appearance of four legs or to the prominent figuring of bull and heifer design elements; compare its alternative names of fire-dog and dog-iron. Spelling influenced by iron.
garnish
From Middle English garnysshen, from Old French garniss-, stem of certain forms of the verb garnir, guarnir, warnir (“to provide, furnish, avert, defend, warn, fortify, garnish”), from a conflation of Old Frankish *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) and *warnōn (“warn, protect, prepare, beware, guard oneself”), from Proto-Germanic *warnijaną (“to worry, care, heed”) and Proto-Germanic *warnōną (“to warn”); both from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to defend, protect, cover”). Cognate with Old English wiernan (“to withhold, be sparing of, deny, refuse, reject, decline, forbid, prevent from, avert”) and warnian (“to warn, caution, take warning, take heed, guard oneself against, deny”). More at warn.
barm
From Middle English barm, barme, berm, bearm, from Old English bearm (“lap; bosom”), from Proto-West Germanic *barm, from Proto-Germanic *barmaz (“lap; bosom”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear”). Cognate with German Barm (“lap; bosom”).
From Middle English berme, berm, from Old English beorma, from Proto-West Germanic *bermō (“yeast; barm”); related to the dialectal Low German Bärm (“yeast”), from Middle Low German barm, berm. The cake sense is possibly a shortened form of barmcake, which would be made with yeast as described in that sense, or possibly it is from the Irish bairín breac, a type of bread.
From Middle English bermen, from the noun (see above).
hippocras
From Middle English ypocras, from Old French ipocras, ypocras (“Hippocrates”), after Medieval Latin vinum Hippocraticum (“Hippocrates's wine”), due to the fact that the wine was filtered through a Hippocratic sleeve.
scab
From Middle English scabb, scabbe (also as shabbe, schabbe > English shab), from Old English sċeabb and Old Norse skabb, both from Proto-Germanic *skabbaz (“scab, scabies”), from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to cut, split, carve, shape”). Doublet of shab. Cognate with German Schabe (“scabies”), Danish skab (“scab, scabies”), Swedish skabb (“scab, scabies”), Latin scabies (“scab, itch, mange”). Related also to Old English scafan (“to scrape, shave”), Latin scabere (“to scratch”), English shabby.
punctilio
From Italian puntiglio, or Spanish puntillo, diminutive from Latin pūnctum (“point”).
verbose
From Latin verbōsus (“prolix, wordy, verbose”). Verbōsus is derived from verbum (“word”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *werh₁- (“to say, speak”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, overly, prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). Equivalent to verb + -ose.
acidimeter
From acid + -i- + -meter, from Latin acidus (“sour, acid”).
acidimetry
From acid + -metry, from Latin acidus (“sour, acid”).
acidulous
Learned borrowing from Latin acidulus (“sourish, acidulous”), diminutive of acidus (“sour, acid”). See acid. By surface analysis, acid + -ule + -ous.
acinaces
From Latin acīnacēs, from Ancient Greek ἀκινάκης (akinákēs, “the short sabre of the Persians, Medes, and Scythians; a scimitar”).
acinaciform
From New Latin acīnacifōrmis, from acinaces (“short sword”) + -form.
aciniform
Latin acinus (“grape, grapestone”) + -form. Compare French aciniforme.
id
From New Latin id (“it”), chosen by Freud’s translator as a translation of his use of German Es (“it”) as a noun for this concept from the pronoun es (“it”).
From Swedish id.
Abbreviation of idem, from Latin idem (“same”).
Borrowed from Hindi ईद (īd).
indeed
From Middle English indede, univerbation of the phrase in dede (“in sooth, in fact”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian innerdoat, innedoat (“indeed”), West Frisian yndied (“indeed”), Dutch inderdaad (“indeed”), German in der Tat (“indeed”). By surface analysis, in + deed. Compare in fact, in truth, etc. First attested in the early 14ᵗʰ century.
pederasty
Borrowed from Ancient Greek παιδεραστία (paiderastía, “love of boys”), from παιδεραστής (paiderastḗs, “pederast”), from παῖς (paîs, “child, son, boy”) + ἐραστής (erastḗs, “lover”), from ἔραμαι (éramai, “to love”).
acinus
Unadapted borrowing from Latin acinus (“grape, grape-stone”); the histopathologic sense comes figuratively from the fancied resemblance (on microscopy) of acinic cells (acinar cells) to bunches of drupelets, berries, or grapes.
aciurgy
From Ancient Greek ἀκίς (akís, “point”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”).
acknow
From Middle English aknowen, from Old English ācnāwan, oncnāwan (“to know, recognize”), equivalent to a- + know.
aclinic
From Ancient Greek ἀκλινής (aklinḗs, “unswerving”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κλίνω (klínō, “bend”).
acme
Directly borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀκμή (akmḗ, “point, high point”).
acne
From New Latin acnē, probably a corruption of Ancient Greek ἀκμή (akmḗ, “point, top”).
acold
From Middle English acoled (past participle of acolen (“to grow cold or cool”)), from Old English ācōlod (past participle of ācōlian (“to grow cold”)), equivalent to a- + cold.
deed
From Middle English dede, from Old English dēd, dǣd (“deed, act”), from Proto-West Germanic *dādi, from Proto-Germanic *dēdiz (“deed”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁tis (“deed, action”). Analyzable through Proto-Germanic as do + -th. Doublet of thesis.
The real estate sense derives from the fact that property deeds are traditionally used to demonstrate proof of ownership of a legal title in common law jurisdictions, such as England & Wales and most of the United States.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian died, Dutch daad (“deed, act”), German Low German Daad, German Tat (“deed, action”), Swedish, Norwegian and Danish dåd (“act, action”). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek θέσις (thésis, “setting, arrangement”).
ease
From Middle English ese, eise, aise, from Anglo-Norman ese (“ease”), from Old French eise, aise (“elbow room; opportunity”), of uncertain and obscure origin. Apparently related to Provençal ais, Italian agio and asio, Sicilian aciu and Portuguese azo. Sometimes ascribed to Vulgar Latin *āsia or *āsium, possibly from Latin ānsa (“handle, haft”) or Frankish *ansiju (“handle, loophole, eyelet; cup-handle; arms akimbo, elbow room”), but more often derived from Vulgar Latin *adjace(m), from Latin adjacēns (“adjacent, neighbouring”), present participle of adjaceō (“lie next to, border on”), though the forms and senses are difficult to trace clearly.
Alternatively, possibly from a non-Latin source such as Germanic or Celtic on the basis of the conflicting forms which appear in various Romance languages. Compare Old English īeþe (“easy”), Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌴𐍄𐌹 (azēti, “ease; pleasure”), *𐌰𐌶𐌴𐍄𐍃 (*azēts, “easy”), Breton eaz, ez (“easy”), Irish adhais (“easy; leisure”). See also eath.
The verb is from Middle English esen, ultimately of the same origin.
charge
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós
Proto-Celtic *karros
Gaulish *karrosbor.
Late Latin carrus
Late Latin -ico
Late Latin carricō
Late Latin carricāre
Old French chargierder.
Middle English chargen
English charge
From Middle English chargen, from Old French chargier, from Late Latin carricō (“to load”), from Latin carrus (“a car, wagon”); see car. Doublet of cargo.
editor
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰs
Proto-Italic *eks
Latin ex
Latin ex-
Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-redup.
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti
Proto-Italic *didō
Latin dō
Latin ēdō
Proto-Indo-European *-tōr
Proto-Italic *-tōr
Latin -tor
Medieval Latin ēditorder.
English editor
From Medieval Latin ēditor, from Late Latin ēditor, from ēditus, perfect passive participle of ēdō (“give out, put forth, publish”).
kvetch
From Yiddish קוועטשן (kvetshn, literally “to squeeze, pinch”), from Middle High German quetschen (“crush, press”).
neo-Nazi
Originally from postwar French néonazi which first appears in 1952, equivalent to neo- + Nazi, and used to describe any number of movements, which saw themselves as believers of Nazi ideology or whose ideology had similar attributes. The term spread throughout the Western world acquiring a broader usage. However, its first use appears c. 1941 in the now-defunct Piqua Daily Call.
woolen
From Middle English wollen, wullen, from Old English wyllen, from Proto-Germanic *wullīnaz (“woollen”), equivalent to wool + -en. Cognate with Scots wollin, wolne, wowne (“woollen”), Dutch wollen (“woollen”), German wollen (“woollen”), Danish uldne (“woollen”), Norwegian Bokmål ullen (“fuzzy; woolen”).
coppice
From Middle English copies, from Old French copeiz (“a cut-over forest”), from presumed Vulgar Latin *colpaticium (“having the quality of being cut”), from *colpāre (“to cut, strike”), from *colpus (“a blow”), from Latin colaphus (“a cuff, box on the ear”), from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “a blow, slap”).
collier
From Middle English colier (“charcoal burner”), from col (“coal”) + -ier.
tuyere
From French tuyère, from Middle French tuyere, from Old French toiere (“pipe-hole”), from tuyau, tueil, tudel (“pipe”), from Frankish *thūta (“pipe”), from Proto-Germanic *þeutǭ (“pipe, channel, flow”), from *þeutaną (“to howl, roar, resound”), from Proto-Indo-European *tu-, *tutu- (“bird-cry, shriek”). Cognate with Old Saxon theuta (“pipe, water-channel”), Old High German watardioza (“water-opening”), Old English þēote (“pipe, channel”), Icelandic þjótandi (“the name of an artery”), Icelandic þjóta (“to rush, whistle”).
bloom
From Middle English blome, from Old Norse blóm, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô (“flower”). Doublet of bloom (“spongy mass of metal”); see there for more.
From Middle English bloom (“a blossom”).
From Middle English blome, from Old English blōma (“lump of metal”), from Proto-Germanic *blōmô (“flower”).
Cognates
Cognate with North Frisian Bloom, bluum, blööm (“flower”), Saterland Frisian Bloume (“flower”), West Frisian and Limburgish blom (“flower”), Bavarian Bleame, Bleaml, Bleampl (“flower”), Dutch bloem, blom (“flower”), German Blume (“flower”), Luxembourgish Blumm (“flower”), Vilamovian błum (“flower”), West Flemish blomme (“flower”), Yiddish בלום (blum, “flower”), Danish blomme (“flower”), Faroese blóma (“flower”), Icelandic blóm (“flower”), Norwegian Nynorsk blom, blome (“flower”), Swedish blomma (“flower”), Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰 (blōma, “lily”), Vandalic *bluma (“flower”); also Breton bleuñv (“flowers; flowering”), Cornish blejan, blejen, bleujen, bleujenn (“blossom, flower”), Irish bláth (“flower”), Manx blaa (“flower; heyday”), Scottish Gaelic blàth (“bloom, blossom, flower; consequence, effect; heyday”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Latin flōs (“blossom, flower”), Greek φύλλο (fýllo, “leaf; blade; sheet; foil, plate”), Armenian բող (boġ), բոխի (boxi, “a kind of bitter field-plant, probably horse fennel, Hippomarathrum or a kind of fennel or wild parsley”), Tocharian A pält (“leaf; blade”), Tocharian B pilta (“leaf; blade”), Sanskrit फुल्ल (phulla, “full-blown flower”), पुल्ल (pulla, “flower”). Related to blow, blade, blead; also related to flower, foil, and belladonna.
English and Jewish surname converged from several origins:
* Middle English blom (“ingot”), from Old English blōma (“lump of iron”)
* Swedish Blom
* Dutch Bloem, see bloem (“flower”)
* Spelling variant of Blum
gad
From Middle English gadden (“to hurry, to rush about”), of obscure origin.
From Middle English gade (“a fool, simpleton, rascal, scoundrel; bastard”), from Old English *gada (“fellow, companion, comrade, associate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gadō, from Proto-Germanic *gadô, *gagadô (“companion, associate”), related to Proto-West Germanic *gaduling (“kinsman”). Cognate with Dutch gade (“spouse”), German Gatte (“male spouse, husband”). See also gadling.
From Middle English gad, gadde, borrowed from Old Norse gaddr (“goad, spike”), from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”). Doublet of goad and yard.
Borrowed from Biblical Hebrew גָּד (gad), a son of Jacob.
woolly
From Middle English wolly, equivalent to wool + -y. Cognate with Saterland Frisian wullich (“woolly”), Dutch wollig (“woolly”), German wollig (“woolly”), Swedish ullig (“woolly”).
shite
From the Middle English shite, schite, scīte (“excrement”), cognate with Middle Low German schīte, Middle High German schīze, Dutch schijt. Compare Middle English shitel, scitel, scytel (“dung, excrement”), from Old English sċitel. More at shit. Doublet of scheisse.
From Middle English schiten, from Old English sċītan (“to defecate, shit”), from Proto-West Germanic *skītan, from Proto-Germanic *skītaną (“to defecate”), from Proto-Indo-European *sḱeyd-, *skeyt- (“to vomit, retch, shit”, literally “to shed”). Cognate with Dutch schijten (“to shit”), German scheißen (“to shit”), Swedish skita (“to shit”), Irish sceith, sgeith (“act of spewing, vomiting, shedding”), Albanian shqit (“to tear, separate”).
material
From Middle English material, from Late Latin māteriālis, from Latin māteria (“wood, material, substance”), from māter (“mother”). Displaced native Middle English andweorc, andwork (“material, matter”) (from Old English andweorc (“matter, substance, material”)). Doublet of materiel.
significant
From Latin significans, present participle of significare, from signum (“sign”) + ficare (“do, make”), variant of facere.
porter
From Middle English porter, portere, portier, borrowed from Anglo-Norman portour and Old French porteor, from Late Latin portātor, from past participle of Latin portāre (“to carry”). By surface analysis, port (“to carry”) + -er.
From Middle English porter, portere, portare, borrowed from Anglo-Norman portour and Old French portier, from Late Latin portarius (“gatekeeper”), from Latin porta (“gate”).
From Middle English Porter, from porter (“porter”),
* From Old French portier (“doorman”), from porte (“door”)
* From Old French portour (“bearer”), from porter (“to carry”)
reaction
Inherited from Middle English reaccion, from Old French reaction, from Latin reāctiō, from the verb reagō, from re- (“again”) + agō (“to act”); more at re-, action; equivalent to react + -ion.
chimney
From Middle English chymeneye, chymneye, chymene, from Old French cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta, from Latin camīnus, from Ancient Greek κάμῑνος (kámīnos, “furnace”). Doublet of chimenea.
descendant
From Middle English dessendaunte, borrowed from Middle French, from Latin dēscendēns, present participle of descendere, from dē + scandere (“to climb, ascend”).
chimenea
From Spanish chimenea, from French cheminée. Doublet of chimney.
hearth
From Middle English herth, herthe, from Old English heorþ, from Proto-West Germanic *herþ, from Proto-Germanic *herþaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“heat; fire”). Cognate with West Frisian hurd, Dutch haard, German Herd, Swedish härd.
foyer
Borrowed from French foyer (“hearth, lobby”), in turn from Vulgar Latin *focārium, from Late Latin focārius, from Latin focus (“hearth”). Cognate with Spanish hogar (“home”).
geta
Borrowed from Japanese 下駄 (geta).
Borrowed from Latin Geta.
dimple
From Middle English dimpel, dimpil, dympull, from Old English *dympel, from Proto-West Germanic *dumpil, from Proto-Germanic *dumpilaz (“sink-hole, dimple”), from Proto-Germanic *dumpaz (“hole, hollow, pit”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewb- (“deep, hollow”), equivalent to dialectal dump (“deep hole or pool”) + -le (diminutive suffix).
Akin to German Low German Dümpel, German Tümpel (“pond, pool”). Related also to Old English dyppan (“to dip”).
cleft
From Middle English clift, from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-West Germanic *klufti, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz, equivalent to cleave + -t (“-th”). Compare Dutch klucht (“coarse comedy”), Swedish klyft (“cave, den”), German Kluft. See cleave.
cleaver
From Middle English clevere, equivalent to cleave + -er.
Occupational surname for someone who split wood, from Middle English clevere (“one who cleaves”).
aquatic
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂
Proto-Italic *akʷā
Latin aqua
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Proto-Indo-European *-ikos
Proto-Italic *-ikos
Latin -icus
Latin -āticus
Latin aquāticusder.
Middle French aquatiquebor.
English aquatic
Borrowed from Middle French aquatique (“living in water”), from Latin aquaticus (“relating to water”), from aqua (“water”).
prison
From Middle English prisoun, prison, from Old English prisūn, a borrowing from Old French prison, from Latin prehensiōnem, accusative singular of prehensiō, from the verb prehendō. Doublet of prehension.
strand
* From Middle English strand, strond, from Old English strand (“strand, sea-shore, shore”), from Proto-West Germanic *strand, from Proto-Germanic *strandō (“edge, rim, shore”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)trAnt- (“strand, border, field”), from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to broaden, spread out”). Cognate with West Frisian strân, Dutch strand, German Strand, Danish strand, Swedish strand, Norwegian Bokmål strand, Icelandic strönd.
* (street): Perhaps from the similarity of shape.
Origin uncertain. Cognate with Scots stran, strawn, strand (“strand”). Perhaps the same as strand ("rivulet, stream, gutter"; see Etymology 1 above); or from Middle English *stran, from Old French estran (“a rope, cord”), from Middle High German stren, strene (“skein, strand”), from Old High German streno, from Proto-West Germanic *strenō, from Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”), from Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”); related to Dutch streng (“skein, hank of thread, strand, string”), German Strähne (“skein, hank of thread, strand of hair”). Compare also Old High German stranga (“strand of hair”), modern German Strang (“strand, thread, cord”).
record
From Middle English recorde, borrowed from Old French record, from recorder. See record.
From Middle English recorden (“to repeat, to report”), borrowed from Old French recorder (“to get by heart”), from Latin recordārī (“remember, call to mind”), from re- (“back, again”) + cor (“heart; mind”).
strife
From Middle English strif, stryf, striffe, from Old French estrif, noun derived from estriver, from Frankish *strīban; compare Dutch strijven. More at strive.
martellato
Borrowed from Italian martellato (“hammered”), from martellare (“to hammer, throb”), from martello (“hammer”), related to Latin martulus, marculus (“small hammer”), diminutive of marcus (“hammer”).
gratuity
From Middle French gratuité (from Old French gratuite) or directly from Medieval Latin gratuitas (“a free gift”), from Latin gratuitus (“freely given, free”); see gratuitous.
adagietto
Borrowed from Italian adagietto, a diminutive of adagio.
precipitato
Borrowed from Italian precipitato, masculine past participle of precipitare (“to precipitate”). Doublet of precipitate.
burel
From Middle English burel, burrel, borel, from Old French burel, diminutive of *bure (compare Middle French bure (“coarse woolen cloth”), French bourre (“hair, fluff”)), from Late Latin burra (“wool, fluff, shaggy cloth, coarse fabric”). Doublet of bureau, which was taken from later (early modern) French.
consuetudinary
From Medieval Latin cōnsuetudinārius, from Latin cōnsuetudō. By surface analysis, consuetude + -in- + -ary.
mordant
From French mordant, from Latin mordeō. Doublet of mordent.
prolixity
From Old French prolixite, from Latin prolixitas. By surface analysis, prolix + -ity.
col
Borrowed from French col, from Latin collum (“neck”). Doublet of collum.