MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
musty
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English musty; further origin uncertain, possibly from one of the following:
* From Anglo-Norman muste, moste, variants of moiste, muiste (“moist”), from Old French moiste (“clammy, damp, moist, wet”) (modern French moite (“muggy; sticky, sweaty”)), from a blend of Vulgar Latin *mucidus (from Latin mūcidus (“mouldy, musty”), from Old Latin mūceō (“to be mouldy or musty”) + -idus (suffix meaning ‘tending to’, forming adjectives)) + Latin mustum (“unfermented or partially fermented grape juice, must; new wine”) (from mustus (“fresh; young; unfermented”), from Proto-Indo-European *mus-, *mews- (“damp; moss”)).
* From another language derived from the above Latin words (compare the cognates below).
* A variant of Middle English mosty, moisti (“damp, humid, wet, moisty; of fruit: moist and juicy”) [and other forms] (perhaps influenced by must (“fruit (usually grape) juice which has been or will be fermented”)), from moist, moiste (“damp, humid; moist, wet; well-irrigated, well-watered; liquid; of ale: new; (figuratively) not withered, fresh; carnal, lascivious; raw, undisciplined”) (from Old French moiste: see above) + -i (suffix forming adjectives).
Compare Middle French moisi (“mouldy”), an adjective use of the past participle of moisir (“(to cause) to go mouldy, to moulder”) (modern French moisir), from Latin mūcēre, the present active infinitive of Old Latin mūceō (“to be mouldy or musty”): see above.
The English word is analysable as must (“mould; mustiness”) + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives); however, must is thought to be a back-formation from musty.
The noun and verb are derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Catalan mústic, musti (“wilted, withered; gloomy, sad”)
* Galician murcho, mucho (“wilted, withered”)
* Old Occitan moste (Occitan moste, mosti, musti (“damp, wet”) (Gascon))
* Portuguese murcho (“wilted, withered; gloomy, sad”)
* Spanish mustio (“wilted, withered; gloomy, sad”)
gymnast
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek γυμναστής (gumnastḗs, “trainer of athletes”), from γυμνάζω (gumnázō, “I train naked, exercise”), from γυμνός (gumnós, “naked”).
beluga
Borrowed from Russian белу́га (belúga), from бе́лый (bélyj, “white”).
In modern standard Russian, белу́га (belúga) denotes the fish Huso huso only, while белу́ха (belúxa) denotes the cetacean.
Alcmene
From Latin Alcmēnē, from Ancient Greek Ἀλκμήνη (Alkmḗnē).
forefront
From Middle English forefrount, forfrount, forefronte, equivalent to fore- + front.
tsukiotoshi
Borrowed from Japanese 突き落とし, literally "thrust down".
tsukitaoshi
Borrowed from Japanese 突き倒し, literally "frontal thrust down".
tsuridashi
Borrowed from Japanese 吊り出し (tsuridashi).
tsuriotoshi
From Japanese 吊り落とし (tsuriotoshi, literally “hanging and dropping”).
tsutaezori
From Japanese 伝え反り (tsutaezori), literally underarm forward body drop.
uchigake
From Japanese 内掛け (uchigake, “inside leg trip”).
uchimuso
Borrowed from Japanese 内無双 (内 無 双)
ushiromotare
Borrowed from Japanese 後ろもたれ, literally backward lean out.
Brandon
From Middle English Brandon, Brampdon, Bramdun, Bremedon, Bromdun, from Old English brōmdūn, from brōm (“broom shrub”) + dūn (“hill, dune”). Doublet of Branton.
From Irish Mac Breandáin (“son of Breandán”). Doublet of Brendan.
utchari
Borrowed from Japanese うっちゃり, literally "backward pivot throw".
galago
Scientific Latin / translingual Galago (as a genus name), probably from Wolof golo (“monkey”).
scruff
1790, from earlier (1787) scuft and dialect scuff, influenced by scruff (“crust”).
Related to North Frisian skuft (“back of the neck of a horse”) and Dutch schoft (“withers (of a horse)”), from Proto-Germanic. Compare also Old Norse skopt (“hair of the head”), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍆𐍄 (skuft, “hair of the head”), Middle High German schopf (German Schopf).
lotus
Unadapted borrowing from Latin lōtus, from Ancient Greek λωτός (lōtós). Doublet of lote. First attested in the 1540s. Ultimately from Hebrew לוֹט (lōṭ, “myrrh”, literally “covering, envelope”).
pizzeria
Borrowed from Italian pizzeria, from pizza + -eria (“-ery”).
papaya
Borrowed from Spanish papaya, from Lokono papáia. Possibility a doublet of pawpaw.
pawpaw
Via Portuguese and Spanish papaya (which is botanically unrelated) from Lokono papáia; compare also Kari'na kapaja. Doublet of papaya.
Alternatively from Yuchi pahpah.
whorehouse
From Middle English horehous, equivalent to whore + house. Cognate with Dutch hoerenhuis (“whorehouse”), German Hurenhaus (“whorehouse”), Danish horehus (“whorehouse”), Swedish horhus (“whorehouse”), Icelandic hóruhús (“whorehouse; brothel”).
pointe
From French pointe (“point, tip”). Doublet of point, ponto, puncto, punctum, punt, and punto.
predominant
From Middle French prédominant, ultimately from Medieval Latin praedominans. By surface analysis, pre- + dominant.
klystron
From Ancient Greek κλύδων (klúdōn, “surf”) + -τρον (-tron).
wittol
From Middle English witewold; likely a blend of witen (“to know”) + cockewold (“cuckold”), equivalent to wit + cuckold.
dabble
From earlier dable, equivalent to dab + -le (frequentative suffix), possibly from Middle Dutch dabbelen (“to pinch; knead; to fumble; to dabble”); cognate with Icelandic dafla (“to dabble”).
shore up
From shore (“to provide with support”) + up. Shore is derived from Late Middle English shoren (“to prop, to support”) [and other forms], from shore (“a prop, a support”) [and other forms], + -en (suffix forming the infinitive form of verbs); while shore (noun) is from Middle Dutch schore, schare (“a prop, a stay”) (modern Dutch schoor), and Middle Low German schōre, schāre (“a prop, a stay; barrier; stockade”) (compare Old Norse skorða (“a prop, a stay”) (Norwegian skor, skorda)); further etymology unknown.
columnist
From column + -ist, from Latin and Greek, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel-.
solarium
Borrowed from Latin sōlārium (“sundial, place for enjoying sunlight”), from sōl (“sun”) + -ārium (“-arium: indicating related places or devices”).
From Latin Solarium Augusti (“Solarium of Augustus”).
greyhound
From Old English grīġhund, from a cognate or borrowing of Old Norse grøy (“bitch”) (whence Icelandic grey, thus not related to the colour grey) plus hund (“hound”). Altered by folk etymology to appear to be grey + hound.
roofs
From Middle English rofes, equivalent to roof + -s without voicing, first appearing in print in the 14th century. Displaced rooves as the standard plural in the early 17th century.
affidavit
From Medieval Latin affidavit (“he has sworn”), the third person singular perfect tense of affido (“swear”), from fīdō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- (“to command, to persuade, to trust”). Cognate to fidelity and faith (same Latin root), but not to affirm (shared Latin ad- prefix, but different Latin and Proto-Indo-European roots).
wanderer
From Middle English wanderere, wandrere, wanderare, equivalent to wander + -er. Cognate with Scots wanderer, wandirer (“wanderer”), Dutch wandelaar (“walker, hiker”), German Wanderer (“wanderer”), Danish vandrer (“wanderer”), Swedish vandrare (“wanderer”), Norwegian vandrer (“wanderer”).
Akkub
From Hebrew עַקּוּב (ʿaqūv).
mala
Learned borrowing from Latin māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”).
From Western Desert Language, as Pitjantjatjara mala.
Borrowed from Mandarin 麻辣 (málà)
piscina
From Latin piscīna (“fishpond; swimming pool”), from piscis (“fish”). Compare Middle English piscyne (“pool, pond”), from the same Latin word. By surface analysis, Latin pisc- + -ina.
festa
Borrowed from Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, and Maltese festa. Doublet of fete, fiesta, feast, and fest.
Borrowed from Italian Festa.
academic freedom
Calque of German akademische Freiheit. First attested in English in 1901.
diatonic
From French diatonique or Late Latin diatonicus, ultimately from Ancient Greek διατονικός (diatonikós), in the phrase [γένος (génos, “type, genus”)] διατονικός (diatonikós) (in reference to the diatonic tetrachord, and in contrast to the chromatic and enharmonic tetrachords), from διάτονος (diátonos) (διά (diá) + τόνος (tónos)), of disputed etymology, as both components are ambiguous.
Most plausibly, διάτονος (diátonos) refers to “stretched intervals”, as the intervals of the diatonic tetrachord are the most evenly distributed or “stretched out”, compared to the chromatic and enharmonic tetrads, which use smaller, more crowded together intervals. Compare pyknon, from πυκνός (puknós, “dense, compressed”), referring to the lower part of the non-diatonic tetrachords: the diatonic tetrachord has widely spaced notes (“stretched out”), while the other tetrachords have a closely spaced notes (“compressed”).
Wendy
Popularized by the character in J. M. Barrie's play, Peter Pan (1904) (though occasionally found earlier; the author explained that he got it from Fwendy-Wendy ("friend"), a nickname given to him by a child.
Alternatively, from a diminutive of the Welsh Gwendolen; or from Wendelin, a diminutive of Wendel; therefore a doublet of Gwen.
A habitational forename meaning, "island at the river bend", from Old English wende (“watercourse with a bend”) + ēġ (“island”).
Nihon
Unadapted borrowing from Japanese 日本 (Nihon). Doublet of Nippon and Japan.
uwatedashinage
Borrowed from Japanese 上手出し投げ, literally "pulling overarm throw".
uwatehineri
Borrowed from Japanese 上手捻り, literally "twisting overarm throw".
waridashi
Borrowed from Japanese 割り出し, literally "upper-arm force out".
watashikomi
Borrowed from Japanese 渡し込み (watashikomi, “thigh-grabbing push down”).
yaguranage
Borrowed from Japanese 櫓投げ, meaning inner thigh throw.
yobimodoshi
Borrowed from Japanese 呼び戻し, literally pulling body slam.
yorikiri
From Japanese 寄り切り (yorikiri, “frontal force out”).
yoritaoshi
Borrowed from Japanese 寄り倒し, literally "frontal crush out".
zubuneri
Borrowed from Japanese ずぶねり, meaning "head pivot throw".
burly
From Middle English burly, burely, borly, burlich, borlich, borlic (“tall, stately”), of uncertain origin. Cognate with Scots burely, burly (“rough, stout, sturdy, strong”). Perhaps from Old English *būrlīċ (“noble, stately”, literally “bowerly”), equivalent to bower + -ly; or from Old English *byrlīċ (“high, raised”), from byre (“raised area, mound”), cognate with Old High German burlīh, purlīh (“lofty, elevated, high, exalted”), related to Old High German burjan (“to raise, lift, push up”), English burgeon. However, Irish burla (“bundle, pack; burly person”) points to a different origin.
probate
From Middle English probate, from Latin probatus, past participle of probare (“to test, examine, judge of”); see probe, prove.
philharmonic
From French philharmonique; from Italian filarmonico. By surface analysis, phil- + harmonic.
perfecto
Borrowed from Spanish perfecto (“perfect”), from Latin perfectus. Doublet of parfait, perfect, and perfectus.
Borrowed from Spanish Perfecto. This surname is mostly found in Mexico.
sapid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sep-
Proto-Italic *sapiō
Latin sapiō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin sapidusder.
English sapid
From Latin sapidus, from sapiō (“to taste”). Doublet of savoury.
scampi
Borrowed from Italian scampi, plural of scampo (“prawn”).
scandalize
From Latin scandalizō, from Ancient Greek σκανδαλίζω (skandalízō). By surface analysis, scandal + -ize.
assets
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Early Medieval Latin ad
Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-der.
Early Medieval Latin satis
Early Medieval Latin ad satis
Old French asez
Anglo-Norman asetzder.
English assets
From Anglo-Norman asetz, from Old French assez (“enough”). Originally singular, with the meaning "enough to meet liabilities"; later reanalyzed as a plural form.
breastplate
From Middle English brestplate, equivalent to breast + plate. Displaced Old English brēostbeorg.
ascension
From Middle English ascencioun, from Old French ascension, from Latin ascēnsiō, ascēnsiōnem (“ascent”).
disinfectant
From disinfect + -ant, borrowed from French désinfectant.
compatriot
Borrowed from French compatriote, itself borrowed from Latin compatriota. Displaced native Old English ġelanda.
proselyte
From Old French proselite, from Late Latin proselytus (“proselyte, alien resident”), from Ancient Greek προσήλυτος (prosḗlutos, “newcomer, convert”) (from πρός (prós, “to, towards”) and the stem -ηλυ- of ἐλήλυθα (elḗlutha), perfect of ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “come”)), translation of Hebrew גר (ger) in the Septuagint translation of the Torah (e.g., Exodus 12:49); also used in Matthew 23:15, Acts 2:10, Acts 6:5.
bourne
From Middle French borne, from Old French bodne, from Medieval Latin bodina, a word of unknown ultimate origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (“bottom, base”), see also Proto-Celtic *bundos.
From Middle English bourne, from Old English burna. Doublet of burn.
The placename and English surname are derived from Old English burna (“stream”), whence also the common noun bourne (“stream”).
stripling
From Middle English stripling (“an adolescent, a youth (specifically one who is male); a child”) [and other forms], possibly from strepen (“to remove the clothes of, undress, strip; to peel off; to skin (an animal); to remove; to take something away from someone; to plunder, rob”) (connoting something that is stripped and thin, and yet to reach its full size) + -ling (suffix forming diminutives). Strepen is derived from Old English *strēpan (Anglian), *strīepan, *strīpan, *strȳpan (West Saxon), from Proto-West Germanic *straupijan, from Proto-Germanic *straupijaną (“to strip; to pluck; to wipe”), from *streupaną (“to touch”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *strew-, *sterw-, *ster- (“a strip; a streak; a beam, ray”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives from strong verbs with the sense of ‘to cause to do’). The English word is analysable as strip (“long, narrow piece”) + -ling.
rubric
From Middle English rubriche, rubrike, from Old French rubrique, from Latin rūbrīca (“red ochre”), the substance used to make red letters, from ruber (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ-.
seki
From Japanese セキ (seki).
Borrowed from Japanese 関 (Seki).
Kathleen
Anglicization of Caitlín, an Irish equivalent of the English Catherine.
turgor
Learned borrowing from Latin turgor, from turgēre (“to be swollen”) + -or (forms a third-declension masculine abstract noun from a verb root).
univocal
From Late Latin ūnivocus + -al. By surface analysis, uni- + vocal.
Thebes
From Ancient Greek Θῆβαι (Thêbai), from two different sources. The name of the Greek city is further derived from Ionic-Attic Θήβη (Thḗbē), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀳𐀣 (te-qa /⁠Tʰēgʷā⁠/), from Proto-Hellenic *Tʰēgʷā, while the name of the Egyptian city is from Egyptian Demotic Egyptian tꜣ-jpy (“Thebes”, literally “the temple”), from earlier Egyptian tꜣ (“the”) + i-p:t-O45 (jpt, “Luxor”, literally “inner sanctum”).
Zaporozhye
Borrowed from Russian Запоро́жье (Zaporóžʹje), the Russian form of Ukrainian Запорі́жжя (Zaporížžja).
febrifuge
From French fébrifuge, from Latin febrifugus. Doublet of feverfew. Source of -fuge.
Pesach
Borrowed from Hebrew פֶּסַח (pésakh, “Passover”). Doublet of Pasch, Pascha, paska, and paskha.
choreography
Borrowed from French chorégraphie, from Ancient Greek χορεία (khoreía, “dance”) + -γραφίᾱ (-graphíā, “written form (of a word, etc.), spelling”); By surface analysis, choreo- + -graphy.
carotid
Borrowed from French carotide or New Latin carōtides, from Ancient Greek κᾰρωτῐ́δες (kărōtĭ́des, “carotid arteries”), from κᾰρόω (kăróō, “to plunge into deep sleep or torpor”) + -τῐ́δες (-tĭ́des, plural nominal suffix), from the fact that the carotid artery supplies blood to the brain, and interruption of this flow causes loss of consciousness.
volant
From Middle French volant, present participle of voler (“to fly”), from Latin volāre.
great-uncle
From Middle English gret-uncle, grete uncle, grete ouncle, equivalent to great- + uncle.
scry
From Middle English scrien, scryen, a shortened form of Middle English ascrien, from Old French escrier (“to cry out”). Influenced by Middle English descrien (“to descry”).
From Middle English ascry, ascrie, escrie, from Anglo-Norman ascri, from Old French escri.
husky
Shortening of husky dog, where husky is ultimately from the same Old Montagnais root as Eskimo.
hind
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *hinder
Old English hindan
Middle English hinde
English hind
From Middle English hinde, from Old English hindan (“at the rear, from behind”), Proto-Germanic *hinder (“behind, beyond”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem-ta- (“down, below, with, far, along, against”), from *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hindana, “from beyond”), Old Norse hindr (“obstacle”), Old Norse handan (“from that side, beyond”), Old High German hintana (“behind”), German hinter (“behind, beyond”), Old English hinder (“behind, back, in the farthest part, down”), Latin contra (“in return, against”). More at hinder, contrary.
From Middle English hind, hinde, hynde, from Old English hind, Proto-West Germanic *hindu, from Proto-Germanic *hindō, *hindiz, from a formation on Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“hornless”). Cognate with Dutch hinde, German Hinde, Danish hind.
From Middle English hynd, hine, from Old English hī(ġ)na, genitive plural of hīġa (“servant, family member”), in the phrase hīna fæder ‘paterfamilias’. The -d is a later addition (compare sound). Compare Old Frisian hinde (“servant”).
Borrowed from Arabic هند.
bondage
Inherited from Middle English bondage (“serfdom”), from British Medieval Latin bondagium (“an inferior tenure held by a bond or husbandman”), from Middle English bond (“tenant farmer, serf”), from Old English bonda (“householder, husband, head of a family”), of Old Norse origin. Sense development influenced by the unrelated terms bond and bind.
suavity
From Middle English suavite, suavitee, suavyte, from Middle French suavité and its etymon Latin suāvitās.
novitiate
First attested in 1517; either borrowed from Middle French noviciat, novitiat or from Medieval Latin noviciātus, novitiātus (“a novitiate”), from Latin novicius, novitius + -ātus (see -ate (forming nouns denoting a rank or office)), from novus (“new”). Sense 1 is not attested in cognates.
muskellunge
From French masque allongé (literally “long mask”), a corruption of Ojibwe maashkinoozhe (literally “ugly pike”) or Algonquin maskinunga. Not related to German Muskel (“muscle”) or Lunge (“lung”).
polemology
From Ancient Greek πόλεμος (pólemos, “war; battle”) + -logy (suffix indicating the study of a particular subject). The word is cognate with French polémologie. By surface analysis, polemo- + -log + -y.
Kuroshio
Borrowed from the romaji transcription of Japanese 黒潮 (Kuroshio, “Black Tide”).
inhumane
Originally a variant spelling and pronunciation of inhuman, ultimately from Latin inhūmānus; it appears to have died out 17c. but returned c. 1822, probably a reformation as a negative of humane from in- + humane.
grog
An allusion to Admiral Edward Vernon (nicknamed “Old Grog” after the grogram coat he habitually wore), who in 1740 ordered his sailors' rum to be watered down.
Alternatively, from Old Catalan grog or groch, modern groc, meaning "yellow" (ultimately from Latin crocum (“saffron”); after the name of the resulting color of the watered down rum sold all over the Mediterranean. The ration of rum tot could also come from Catalan tot meaning "full", "whole".
enamored
Inherited from Middle English enamoured, a partial calque of Old French enamore, past participle of enamorer, enamourer; compare amour and enamor, enamour.
dialysis
From Latin dialysis, from Ancient Greek διάλυσις (diálusis). By surface analysis, dia- + -lysis. First use appears c. 1550.
mastic
From Middle English mastik, from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē), from μαστιχάω (mastikháō, “to chew”) (note the chewing gum sense). Related to masticate. The broad sense for cements came via extension from predecessor cements made with the tree's resin. Doublet of mastika.
sludge
From Middle English slugge, sluche (“mud, mire”), probably an alteration of Middle English sliche, slicche ("mud, slush, tar"; whence Modern English slitch), from Old English *sliċ, from Proto-West Germanic *sliki, *slīk, from Proto-Germanic *slikiz, *slīką (“mud, slush”). Cognate with Dutch slijk, German Schlick. Compare also slush.
kakuro
From Japanese カックロ (kakkuro), in turn derived from English Cross Sums.
incinerate
From Latin incinerātus, perfect participle of incinerō (“to burn into ashes”), from cinis (“ashes”).
monumental
Borrowed from Late Latin monumentālis, from Latin monumentum; equivalent to monument + -al.
recompense
From Middle English recompense, borrowed from Old French recompense or Medieval Latin recompensa.
From Middle English recompensen, borrowed from Old French recompenser, from Late Latin recompensare, from Latin re- (“again”) + compensare (“to balance out”).
Aidan
Name of an Irish saint, Anglicized from Irish Aodhán and Scottish Gaelic Aodhan, diminutives of Aodh (literally "fire", the name of a Celtic sun god).
coincident
The adjective is borrowed from French coïncident, from Medieval Latin coincidentem, an accusative singular form of Latin coincidēns (“coinciding”), the present active participle of coincidō (“to coincide”), from co- (variant of con- (prefix denoting a being or bringing together of several objects)) + incidō (“to fall into any condition”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₂d- (“to fall”)).
The noun is derived from the adjective.
sorosilicate
From Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”) + silicate.
delirium
Borrowed from Latin dēlīrium (“derangement, madness”).
crutch
From Middle English crucche, from Old English cryċċ (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krukkju, from Proto-Germanic *krukjō (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewg- (“wrinkle, bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, bend”).
Cognate with Scots curche, crutch (“crutch, stilts”), Dutch kruk (“crutch”), Low German krukke, Krück (“crutch”), German Krücke (“crutch”), Swedish krycka (“crutch”). Latin crucia, crucca, croccia, crocia (“crutch”), and its descendants are ultimately from the Germanic.
subjugate
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English subiugat(e), subjugat(e) (“made submissive; obedient”), the past participle of subiugaten, subjugaten (“to conquer; to subdue”), from Latin subiugātus, subjugātus (“subjugated”), the perfect passive participle of subiugō, subjugō (“to make subject, subjugate”), from sub- (prefix meaning ‘under’) + iugō, jugō (“to join; to yoke”) (from iugum (“collar for a horse; yoke for cattle”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to tie together, join, yoke”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs)). Doublet of yoke.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
From Late Middle English subiugate, subjugaten (“to conquer; to subdue”), from Latin subiugātus, subjugātus (“subjugated”): see further at etymology 1. The verb is attested slightly later than the adjective.
Clifton
*Literally meaning "town by a cliff." From Old English clif (“cliff”) + tūn (“town”). Analyzable as cliff + -ton.
*In Oregon County, Missouri, from Cliff + -ton. From being named after a Cliff, or which may be clipped to Clif.
suckling
From Middle English sukling, sukeling, sokeling, equivalent to suck + -ling. Cognate with Middle Dutch sogelinc (“suckling”), Dutch zuigeling (“suckling”), German Säugling (“suckling”).
moisty
From Middle English moisti, moysty, equivalent to moist + -y.
gristle
From Middle English gristel, grystyl, from Old English gristel (“gristle, cartilage”), Proto-West Germanic *gristl, of obscure origin; possibly from a pre-Germanic substrate language. Seemingly equivalent to a diminutive of Old English grist (“a grinding”), equivalent to modern English grist + -le; possibly related to Proto-Germanic *gredaną (“to crunch”). Cognate with Old Frisian gristel, gerstel (“gristle, cartilage”), Middle Low German gristel (“gristle”).
lealty
From Anglo-Norman lealté, one of the variants of Old French loiauté.
coucher
From Middle English coucher, from Anglo-Norman; equivalent to couch + -er.