MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
thereabout
From Middle English ther-aboute, ther-abouten (“of a place or an object: around there, in its vicinity; surrounding it; nearby, neighbouring; here and there, throughout that place; of an action, matter, etc.: about, concerning; of an amount or distance: approximately, more or less; of time: about then, around that time”) [and other forms], from Old English þǣrābūtan, þǣronbūtan, from þǣr (“there”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só (“this; that”) + *-r) + abūtan, onbūtan (“about; round about; on; on the outside”) (from on- (prefix meaning ‘on; upon; there; thither; to’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“on; onto”)) + būtan (“just, merely, only”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- + *úd (“away; out; outwards; upwards”))). The English word is analysable as there + about.
The word is attested earlier than thereabouts.
thereabouts
The adverb is derived from Middle English there-aboutes, þare aboutes (“of a place or an object: around there, in its vicinity; of time: about then, around that time”) [and other forms], from ther (“in that place, in those places, there; on that; thither, to that place; from there, thence; at that time; thereupon; in that situation, under those circumstances; in that case, with regard to that”) (from Old English þǣr (“there”)) + aboutes (“in all directions, around”, adverb), aboutes (“in all directions from, on all sides of; near; concerned with”, preposition) (from aboute, abouten (“so as to surround; so as to cover; on the border or edge; as measured around the outside; to as to travel around something; so as to revolve about an axis or centre; aside; in all directions; in the vicinity; in connection with something; in several places; everywhere, throughout; to all or everyone; almost, approximately; concerning; in succession; so as to be or happen”, adverb), aboute, abouten (“surrounding; covering; over; upon; on the border of; in all directions; in the vicinity of, near to; in several places; everywhere, throughout; almost, approximately; concerning; engaged in; on behalf of”, preposition) (from Old English abūtan, onbūtan (“about; round about; on; on the outside”)) + -s (suffix forming adverbs)); see further at thereabout. The English word is analysable as thereabout + -s (suffix forming adverbs).
The noun may result from a confusion of thereabouts with whereabouts.
The word is attested later than thereabout.
Caracalla
From Latin; Caracalla's agnomen was named after a Gaulish cloak he favored.
Aegean Sea
Partial calque of Latin Aegaeum mare, itself a partial calque of Ancient Greek Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος (Aigaîon pélagos).
prosecute
Borrowed from Latin prōsecūtus, perfect participle of prōsequor. Doublet of pursue, from Old French. Compare also persecute.
winsome
Inherited from Middle English wynsom, winsom, winsome, winsum, wunsum (“beautiful; agreeable, gracious, pleasant; generous; of situations: favourable, propitious”), from Old English wynsum (“joyful, merry, pleasant; winsome”), from Proto-West Germanic *wunnjusam (“joyful”). By surface analysis, winne (“delight, joy, pleasure”) + -some.
carob
Borrowed from Middle French carobe, from Arabic خَرُّوب (ḵarrūb), from Classical Syriac ܚܪܘܒܐ (ḥarrūḇā).
puta
From Spanish puta.
Borrowed from Dzongkha པུ་ཏ (pu ta).
musculus
Unadapted borrowing from Latin mūsculus (“a little mouse; a muscle”), diminutive of mūs (“a mouse”).
chiromancy
Inherited from Middle English ciromancie, from Middle French chiromantie, chiromancie, from Latin chīromantīa, from Ancient Greek χειρομαντεία (kheiromanteía), from χειρο- (kheiro-, “hand-”) + μαντεία (manteía, “divination, fortune-telling”). Equivalent to chiro- + -mancy.
Ava
From Portuguese, from the Upper Burmese pronunciation of အင်းဝ (ang:wa. /⁠ăwá⁠/).
ab initio
From Latin ab (“from”) + initiō, ablative singular of initium (“beginning”).
amicus curiae
From Latin, amīcus (“friend”) + cūriae (“of the court”), genitive singular of cūria (“court”).
estoppel
From Middle English *estoppel (found only as stoppel, stoppell, stopple, etc.), probably from Old French estoupail, estopail, estopaille, a bung made of oakum (étoupe), from Latin stuppa ("flax, tow"), from Ancient Greek στύππη (stuppē).
grantee
From Middle English grauntees pl, from Old French granté, participle of granter, equivalent to grant + -ee.
tortfeasor
From Anglo-Norman tortfeasor, from Old French tortfesor, tort-faiseur, torfesor, torzfesor (“wrongdoer”), from tort (“a misdeed, a wrong”) + fesor, faiseur (“doer”).
strident
From French strident, from Latin strīdēns, present active participle of strīdō.
sweetness
From Middle English swetnes, swetnesse, from Old English swētnes (“sweetness”), from Proto-West Germanic *swōtinassī (“sweetness”), equivalent to sweet + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian swietens (“sweetness”), obsolete Dutch zoetenis (“sweetness”), Old High German swuoznessi, suoznessi (“sweetness”).
flattering
From Middle English flatering, flatrung (gerund), equivalent to flatter + -ing.
relict
Inherited from Middle English relicte (“widow”), from Middle French relicte (“widow”), from Late Latin relicta (“widow”), from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquō (“to abandon, to relinquish, to leave (behind)”), from re- + linquō (“to leave, quit, forsake, depart from”). Doublet of relic, derelict, and relinquish.
exasperate
First attested in 1534; borrowed from Latin exasperātus, the perfect passive participle of Latin exasperō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from ex (“out of; thoroughly”) + asperō (“to make rough”), from asper (“rough”). Participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.
zygo-
From Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zugón, “yoke”).
fragor
Borrowed from Latin fragor (“a breaking to pieces”), from frangō (“to break”).
reprobate
First attested in c. 1425, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English reprobat(e) (“condemned, damned”, also used as the past participle of reprobaten), borrowed from Latin reprobātus (“disapproved, rejected, condemned”), perfect passive participle of reprobō, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix). The noun was derived from the adjective by substantivization, see -ate (noun-forming suffix).
First attested in c. 1451, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English reprobaten, from reprobat(e) (“condemned, damned”, also used as the past participle of reprobaten) + -en (verb-forming suffix), borrowed from Latin reprobātus, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more. Doublet of reprove.
certainty
From Middle English certeynte (“surety”), from Anglo-Norman certeinte, from Old French certeinete, from Vulgar Latin *certānitās, from Latin certus.
slaw
Borrowed (around 1861) from Dutch sla, shortened from salade (“salad, lettuce”).
brocard
From French brocard, cognate with Medieval Latin brocarda, brocardicorum opus, a collection of canonical laws written by the bishop Burchard of Worms.
seisin
From Middle English seisin, seysen, from Old French seisin, from the verb seisir, from Early Medieval Latin sacīre, from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (satjan) and Old English settan. More at seize, seise.
seacoast
From Middle English see-cost, see-coste, see coost, equivalent to sea + coast. Compare West Frisian seekoast (“seacoast”), Dutch zeekust (“seacoast”), German Seeküste (“seacoast”).
ming
From Middle English mingen, mengen, from Old English mengan (“to mix, combine, unite, associate with, consort, cohabit with, disturb, converse”), from Proto-West Germanic *mangijan (“to mix, knead”), from Proto-Indo-European *menk- (“to rumple, knead”). Cognate with Dutch mengen (“to mix, blend, mingle”), German mengen (“to mix”), Danish mænge (“to rub”), Old English ġemang (“mixture, union, troop, crowd, multitude, congregation, assembly, business, cohabitation”). More at among.
From Middle English mingen, mengen, mungen, muneȝen, from Old English myngian, mynegian, ġemynegian (“to bring to mind, have in mind”), from myne (“mind”), from ġemunan (“to remember”), from Proto-Germanic *munaną (“to think”), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”). Merged in Middle English with Old English ġemyndgian (“to remember, be mindful, remind, intend, commemorate, mention, exhort, impel, warn, demand payment”). More at mind.
From Chinese 命 (mìng, “destiny, fate; luck”).
minging
From Scots mingin (“stinking”), present participle of ming (“to stink”), from Middle English mengen (“to mix”), from Old English mengan (“to mix”).
inquest
From Middle English enquest, from Old French enqueste (Modern French enquête), from Vulgar Latin inquirere, or from Medieval Latin inquesta < in + Latin quaesita.
inflexible
Borrowed from Middle French inflexible, from Latin īnflexibilis. See also in- + flexible.
resonance
From Old French resonance (French résonance), from Latin resonantia (“echo”), from resonō (“to resound”).
amplitude
Etymology tree
Latin amplus
Proto-Indo-European *-tu-
Proto-Indo-European *-d-
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Italic *tūdō
Latin -tūdō
Latin amplitūdōder.
Middle French amplitudebor.
English amplitude
Borrowed from Middle French amplitude, from Latin amplitūdō, from amplus (“large”). By surface analysis, ample + -itude.
Talmud
Borrowed from Hebrew תַּלְמוּד (talmúd, “instruction, learning”).
sciatica
Late Middle English, from Late Latin sciatica, feminine of sciaticus, from Ancient Greek ἰσχιαδικός (iskhiadikós), the adjective of ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip”).
pruritus
Borrowed from Latin prūrītus (“an itch, an itching”), from prūriō (“to itch”).
shallot
Borrowed from French échalote, from Middle French eschalote, alteration of Old French eschaloigne, from Medieval Latin escalonia, from Latin ascalonia (cēpa) (“onion of Ashkelon”). Doublet of scallion.
shrivel
First recorded as shriveled (“shrivelled”), probably of North Germanic origin related to dialectal Swedish skryvla (“to wrinkle, shrivel”); perhaps ultimately related to Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną (“to shrivel, shrink”) or *skrimpaną (“to shrink”).
repugnance
From Middle English repugnance, repugnaunce, from Old French repugnance, repugnaunce (French répugnance) and its etymon Latin repugnantia. Doublet of repugnancy.
interrogatory
From Late Latin; equivalent to interrogate + -ory (“pertaining to”), or more distantly inter- + rogatory.
no contest
Calque of Latin nolō contendere (“I don't want to contest”).
persona non grata
From Latin persōna (“person”) + nōn (“not”) + grāta (from grātus (“acceptable”)).
Uranian
From Latin Ūrania (“muse of astronomy in Greek mythology”) + -an (suffix forming agent nouns). Ūrania is derived from Ancient Greek Οὐρᾰνῐ́ᾱ (Ourănĭ́ā, “muse of astronomy”), from οὐράνιος (ouránios, “of or relating to the sky, celestial, heavenly”) (from οὐρανός (ouranós, “the sky; heaven, home of the gods; the universe”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wers- (“rain”)) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘pertaining to’).
The alternative form Ouranian is derived from Ancient Greek οὐράνιος (ouránios).
Adjective sense 2 (“homosexual”) and the noun sense (“a homosexual”) refer to Plato’s work Symposium (c. 385–370 B.C.E.), where the goddess Aphrodite, in her heavenly aspect Aphrodite Urania (see adjective sense 3) is described as inspiring a noble form of affection between older and younger men. Compare German Urning (“a homosexual, Uranian”), Urnigtum (“homosexuality”), also referring to Aphrodite Urania, coined by the German writer Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–1895) in 1864. By the 1900s, the use of the word in this sense had largely been supplanted by homosexual (see further at that entry). The term is no longer mainstream and is almost never used in modern contexts, though it has enjoyed a slight revival as a term for "gay man" as an analogue to lesbian.
stagnant
From French stagnant, from Latin stagnans, present participle of stagno (“to form a pool of standing water”).
curfew
From Middle English curfu, from Old French cuevre-fu (French couvre-feu), from the imperative of covrir (“to cover”) + fu (“fire”). Compare kerchief.
bona fide
Unadapted borrowing from Latin bonā fidē (“in good faith”).
lucent
From Latin lūcentem, the present participle of lūcēre (“to shine”).
anadiplosis
Learned borrowing from Latin anadiplōsis, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀναδίπλωσις (anadíplōsis).
pertussis
From New Latin, from Latin per- (“thorough”) + tussis (“cough”).
minuend
From Latin minuendus (“something to be diminished”), gerundive of minuō (“decrease, diminish”), by surface analysis, minus + -end.
bona fides
From Latin bona (nominative feminine singular of bonus (“good”)) + fidēs (“faith”).
bremsstrahlung
Borrowed from German Bremsstrahlung (“braking or deceleration radiation”), which had been coined in German by Arnold Sommerfeld from bremsen (“to brake”) + Strahlung (“radiation”) in 1909, and was first used in English by Arthur Edward Ruark and Harold Urey in 1930.
luster
From Middle French lustre, from Old Italian lustro, from Old Italian lustrare (“brighten”), from Latin lūstrō (“to purify, to brighten”), from Latin lūstrum (“purification ritual”).
From Middle English lustre, from Latin lustrum, from Old Latin *loustrom, of uncertain origin. More at lustrum.
From Latin lustra (“wilds, woods”).
Borrowed from German Luster or, possibly, a variant of Lester.
bedridden
From Middle English bedredyn, bedraden, bedreden, bæddrædæn (also as bedreede, bedrede), from Old English bedreda (“bedridden”, adj.), from bedreda, bedrida, bæddryda (“one who is bedridden”, noun), from bed, bedd (“bed”) + rida (“rider”), with -en by analogy with past participle adjectives.
severalty
From Middle English severalte, from Middle French severalte. By surface analysis, several + -ty.
rhyolite
Coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen as German Rhyolith, from Ancient Greek ῥέω (rhéō, “flow”) + λίθος (líthos, “stone”) (modified to + -lite).
haven
From Middle English haven, havene, from Old English hæfen (“haven; harbour; port”), from Proto-West Germanic *habanu, from Proto-Germanic *habnō, *habanō (compare Dutch haven, German Hafen, Norwegian/Danish havn, Swedish hamn, French havre), from Proto-Germanic *habą (“sea”) (compare Old English hæf, Middle Low German haf, Old Norse haf (“sea”), German Haff (“bay or lagoon behind a spit”), perhaps, in the sense of "heaving sea", etymologically identical with Old Norse haf (“heaving, lifting, uplift, elevation”), derived from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift, heave”)), or from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pnós (compare Old Irish cúan (“harbor, recess, haven”)). Doublet of abra.
From Middle English haven; equivalent to have + -en (plural simple present ending).
profundity
Inherited from Middle English profundite, from Middle French profondite or its etymon Latin profunditās; by surface analysis, prof(o)und + ity. Compare profoundness.
diphtheria
From French diphtérie (later for a while also spelled diphthérie) in 1857, which was coined in 1855 with the suffix -ie to replace -ite in the previous term diphtérite for the disease because it affects more than one part of the body. The previous term (later for a while also spelled diphthérite) was coined in 1817 by Pierre Bretonneau using Ancient Greek διφθέρα (diphthéra, “prepared hide, leather”) in reference to the tough membrane that forms in the throat.
Bretonneau perhaps coined and used the Latin term diphtheritis (with its close imitation of Greek spelling typical of Neolatin) even earlier than the French term diphtérite, which follows the French habit of sometimes spelling t for the Latin transliteration th of Greek θ (but not, for example, in thermomètre).
daiquiri
Originated 1915–1920; from Cuban Spanish daiquiri, named after a beach on the south coast of Cuba, from Taíno.
alveolus
Etymology tree
Latin alvus
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Indo-European *-éyos
Proto-Italic *-ejos
Proto-Italic *-eos
Latin -eus
Latin alveus
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Indo-European *-elós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -ulus
Latin -olus
Latin alveolusbor.
English alveolus
Borrowed from Latin alveolus (“a small hollow or cavity”), diminutive of alveus (“a hollow, cavity”).
Boer
From Afrikaans Boer (“Boer”), from boer (“farmer”). Doublet of bauer, boor, and bower.
From Dutch Boer, from boer (“farmer”).
Burin
Likely derived from Basque buru (“head”), referring here to a headland or promontory.
From French burin. Doublet of boline.
constrict
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin cōn-
Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ-der.
Proto-Indo-European *streyg-der.
Latin stringō
Latin cōnstringō
Latin cōnstrictusbor.
English constrict
Borrowed from Latin cōnstrictus (“compressed, contracted”), past participle of cōnstringō (“to draw or bind together; to compress”). Doublet of constrain.
izmel
Borrowed from Hebrew אִזְמֵל (izmél, “lancet, scalpel”).
baleful
From Middle English baleful, balful, baluful, from Old English bealuful, which was equivalent to bealu + -ful. By surface analysis, bale (“evil, woe”) + -ful. See bale for further etymology.
ruck
From Middle English ruke, from or related to Old Norse hraukr, which is from Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“haystack, heap”). Compare Icelandic hrúka, Swedish ruka.
1780, from Old Norse hrukka (“wrinkle, crease”), from Proto-Germanic *hrunkijō, *hrunkitō (“fold, wrinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).
Akin to Icelandic hrukka (“wrinkle, crease, ruck”), Old High German runza (“fold, wrinkle, crease”), German Runzel (“wrinkle”), Middle Dutch ronse (“frown”). More at frounce. Possibly related to Irish roc.
* As a German surname, from the noun Rücken (“back”).
* Also as a German surname, shortened from derivatives of Rüdiger.
* As an English surname, variant of Rook, itself from the noun rook (“type of crow”).
irregularity
From Middle French irrégularité, from Medieval Latin irregularitas. Morphologically irregular + -ity.
mis-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mey-?
Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂-der.
Proto-Germanic *missaz
Proto-Germanic *missa-
Proto-West Germanic *missa-
Old English mis-
Middle English mys-
English mis-
From Middle English mys-, mis-, from Old English mis- (“mis-”), from Proto-West Germanic *missa-, from Proto-Germanic *missa- (“wrongly, badly, mis-”), from the adjective *missaz (whence also miss), from Proto-Indo-European *mitˢtós (“mutual, reciprocal”), from *meyt(h₂)- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”), extended from the root *mey- (“to change”).
Cognate with Scots mis- (“mis-”), Dutch mis- (“mis-”), German miss-, mis- (“mis-”), Danish mis- (“mis-”), Swedish miss- (“mis-”), Icelandic mis- (“mis-”). Compare also French més-, mé- (“mis-”), from Old French mes- (“mis-”), from Frankish *mis-, *missa- (“mis-”), from the same Proto-Germanic source above.
inheritance
Inherited from Middle English enheritaunce, inheritaunce, borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Old French enheritaunce, from enheriter. By surface analysis, inherit + -ance.
miso-
Combining form of Ancient Greek μῑσέω (mīséō, “to hate”), from μῖσος (mîsos, “hatred”).
bonnet
From Middle English bonet, from Middle French bonet (Modern French bonnet), from Old French bonet (“material from which hats are made”), from Frankish *bunni (“that which is bound”), from Proto-Germanic *bundiją (“bundle”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).
Compare also Late Latin abbonis, obbonis (“ribbon of a headdress”), also of Germanic origin, from Frankish *obbunni, from *ob- (“above, over”) + *bunni.
Cognate with Old High German gibunt (“band, ribbon”), Middle Dutch bont (“bundle, truss”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (gabundi, “bond”). More at over, bundle.
sclera
Borrowed from New Latin sclera, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”).
vagus
Borrowing from Latin vagus (“wandering, rambling, strolling”).
sprawl
From Middle English spraulen, from Old English spreawlian (“move convulsively”), ultimately through a Proto-Germanic form cognate with *spreutaną (“to sprout”) from Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to strew”). Compare North Frisian spraweli, Norwegian sprala, Swedish sprala.
recreation
From Middle English recreacion, from Middle French recreacion, from Old French recreacion, from Latin recreātiō.
From Middle English recreacion; equivalent to re- + creation.
indifference
From Middle French indifférence, from Late Latin indifferentia. By surface analysis, in- + difference.
cerebellum
Learned borrowing from Latin cerebellum, diminutive of cerebrum.
condensate
First attested circa 1550; borrowed from Latin condēnsātus, perfect passive participle of condēnsō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
annelid
From French annélidé, coined by French naturalist Lamarck.
beckon
From Middle English bekenen, beknen, becnen, beknien, from Old English bēacnian, bēcnian, bīecnan (“to signal; beckon”), from Proto-West Germanic *bauknōn, *bauknijan (“to signal”), from *baukn (“signal; beacon”). Cognate with Old Saxon bōknian, Old High German bouhnen, Old Norse bákna. More at beacon.
fylfot
Uncertain, but likely from Middle English fillen (“to fill”) (from Old English fyllan) + fot (“foot”) (from Old English fōt), in reference to its use as a design to be placed at the bottom of stained-glass windows.
encounter
From Middle English encountren, from Anglo-Norman encountrer, Old French encontrer (“to confront”), from encontre (“against, counter to”), from Late Latin incontrā (“in front of”) itself from Latin in (“in”) + contrā (“against”).
over-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Germanic *uber
Old English ofer-
Middle English over-
English over-
From Middle English over-, from Old English ofer-, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér. Cognate with Dutch over-, German über-, Swedish över-, Welsh gor-, Spanish sobre-, Armenian վեր- (ver-), Persian ابر (abar-). Doublet of super-, sur-, and hyper-. More at over.
friendliness
From Middle English freendlynesse, frendlynes, equivalent to friendly + -ness.
indictment
18th-century Latinized respelling of Middle English endytement (“action of accusing”), from Anglo-Norman enditement, from enditer, from Late Latin indictāre, from Latin indictus.
indemnity
From late Middle English indempnite, from Middle French indemnité, from Late Latin indemnitās (“security from damage”), from Latin indemnis (“undamaged”), from in- (“not”) + damnum (“damage”).
magistrate
From Middle English magistrat, maiestrat (“magistrate; magistracy”), borrowed from Latin magistrātus. See also -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office).
allodial
From Middle French allodial, and its source, Latin allōdiālis (“held in freehold”), from allōdium.
encumbrance
From Middle English encombraunce, from Old French encombrance, from encombrer.
astigmatism
From a- (negative prefix) + stem of Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “mark, point”) + -ism. Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1846.
gibbous
From Middle English gibbous, from Latin gibbus (“humped, hunched”), probably cognate with cubō (“bend oneself, lie down”), Italian gobba (“humpback”), Ancient Greek κῡφός (kūphós, “humpback, bent”), κύβος (kúbos, “cube, vertebra”), Spanish giboso (“humped”). Also ultimately compare dialectal Norwegian keiv (“slanted, wrong”), German schief (“crooked, slanting”) and Dutch scheef (“crooked, slanting”).
garner
From Middle English gerner, from Old French gernier, guernier, variant of grenier, from Latin grānārium (“granary”). Doublet of granary.
roller
* From Middle English rollere, equivalent to roll + -er.
* (credits in TV or film): These were originally printed on a physical cylinder that was rotated in front of the camera.
flet
From Middle English flet (“floor of a house; house”), from Old English flet, flett (“the ground; the floor of a house; house; dwelling”), from Proto-West Germanic *flati, from Proto-Germanic *flatją (“a flat or level surface, level ground, floor, hallway”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat, broad”). Cognate with Dutch vlet (“flat-bottomed vessel, dory”), Low German Flet (“an upper bedroom”), German Fletz, Flötz (“level ground, threshing floor, hallway, set of rooms or benches”). More at flat.
bitterness
From Middle English bitternesse, biternesse, from Old English biternes (“bitterness; grief”), equivalent to bitter + -ness.
ceremonial
From Middle English cerymonial, from Latin caerimōniālis. Morphologically ceremony + -al or -ial.