MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
monogamy
From French monogamie, from Late Latin monogamia, from Ancient Greek μονογαμία (monogamía). By surface analysis, mono- + -gamy.
semblance
From Middle English semblaunce (“outward appearance, form; appearance without reality; condition or fact of being apparent; symbolic image; facial expression, countenance; conduct, manner; image, likeness; analogy, comparison”), from Anglo-Norman semblaunce and Old French semblance (modern French semblance), from semblant, the present participle of sembler (“to appear; to resemble, seem”), from Late Latin similāre, the present active infinitive of similō, a variant of Latin simulō (“to act or behave as if; to imitate, simulate”), from similis (“like resembling, similar to”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one; together”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs). By surface analysis, semble + -ance (suffix forming nouns denoting conditions or states).
extent
From Middle English extente, from Anglo-Norman extente and Old French estente (“valuation of land, stretch of land”), from estendre, extendre (“extend”) (or from Latin extentus), from Latin extendere (See extend.)
variety
From Middle French varieté (“variety”) (modern French variété (“variety; genre, type”)) or directly from its etymon Latin varietās (“difference; diversity, variety”) + English -ty (suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives); by surface analysis, various + -ety. Varietās is derived from varius (“different, diverse, various; variegated”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon; to give out; to leave”)) + -tās (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns indicating a state of being). The English word displaced the native Old English mislīcnes.
Sense 1.3.2 (“total number of distinct states of a system; logarithm to the base 2 of the total number of distinct states of a system”) was coined by the English psychiatrist William Ross Ashby (1903–1972) in his work An Introduction to Cybernetics (1956).
Cognates
* Galician variedade (“variety”)
* Italian varietà (“difference; variety”)
* Portuguese variedade (“variety”)
* Spanish variedad (“breed; variety”)
regulate
Borrowed from Latin regulatus, perfect passive participle of regulō (“to direct, rule, regulate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from regula (“rule”), from regō (“to keep straight, direct, govern, rule”). Compare regle, rail. Displaced native Old English metegian.
dictate
First attested in 1581; borrowed from Latin dictātum (“a thing said, something dictated”), substantivized from the nominative neuter singular of dictātus, the perfect passive participle of dictō (“pronounce or declare repeatedly; dictate”), frequentative of dīcō (“say, speak”). Doublet of diktat.
First attested in 1577; borrowed from Latin dictātus, perfect passive participle of dictō (“to pronounce or declare repeatedly; to dictate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), frequentative of dīcō (“say, speak”).
proclaim
From Middle English proclamen, proclaime, from Old French proclamer, from Latin prōclāmō, prōclāmāre, from prō- (“forth”) + clāmō (“to shout, cry out”). Spelling altered by influence of claim, from the same Latin source (clāmō).
candid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kend-der.
Proto-Italic *kandēō
Latin candeō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin candidusbor.
English candid
Borrowed from Latin candidus (“white”).
failure
From Anglo-Norman failer, from Old French faillir (“to fail”). Equivalent to fail + -ure.
commercial
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Late Latin con-
Proto-Italic *merks
Late Latin merx
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Late Latin -ium
Late Latin commercium
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Late Latin -ālis
Late Latin commerciālislbor.
French commercialbor.
English commercial
From French commercial (“of, or pertaining to commerce”), from Late Latin commercialis, from Latin commercium. By surface analysis, commerce + -ial.
challenge
From Middle English chalenge, variant with palatalization of Middle English kalange (“an accusation, claim”), from Old French chalenge, chalonge, palatalized Central French variants of Old Northern French calenge, calonge (see Continental Norman calengier), from Latin calumnia (“a false accusation, calumny”).
Cognate with Old English hōl (“calumny”). Doublet of calumny.
occurrence
From Middle French occurrence, from Medieval Latin occurrentia. Morphologically occur + -ence.
instance
Borrowed from Middle French instance, from Latin īnstantia (“a being near, presence, also perseverance, earnestness, importunity, urgency”), from īnstāns (“urgent”); see instant.
possess
PIE word
 *pótis
From Middle English possessen (“to have, own; to obtain possession of; to inhabit, occupy”) [and other forms], from Middle French possesser, possessier, Old French possesser, possessier (“to have, own, possess; to dominate”), from Latin possessus (“possessed; seized”), the perfect passive participle of possideō (“to have, hold, own, possess; to have possessions; to take control or possession of, occupy, seize; to abide, inhabit, occupy; to dominate”), from potis (“able, capable, possible”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master; ruler; husband”)) + sedeō (“to sit; to be seated; to be established, hold firm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)).
assembly
From Middle English assemblee, from Anglo-Norman asemblee (Old French asemblee, French assemblée). By surface analysis, assemble + -y.
keratin
Borrowed from German Keratin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -in. Doublet of carat.
grotesque
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek κρύπτω (krúptō)
Ancient Greek κρυπτή (kruptḗ)bor.
Latin crypta
Italian grotta
Proto-Indo-European *-iskos
Proto-Germanic *-iskaz
Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor.
Vulgar Latin -iscus
Italian -esco
Italian grottescobor.
Middle French grotesquebor.
English grotesque
Borrowed from Middle French grotesque, from Italian grottesco, from grotta (“cave”) + -esco (relational suffix). By surface analysis, grotto + -esque. Compare French grotesque, English grotto.
spleen
From Middle English splene, splen, from Anglo-Norman espleen and Old French esplein, esplen, from Latin splēn (“milt”), from Ancient Greek σπλήν (splḗn, “the spleen”). Doublet of lien. Partially displaced the native English term milt.
lahar
Borrowed from Javanese ꦭꦲꦂ (lahar). Introduced as geological term by Berend George Escher in 1922.
volcano
From Italian vulcano, from Vulcano (“a small volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea”), from Latin Vulcānus (“Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking”). Doublet of bolcane and Vulcan.
swamp
Early attestations (starting in 1624) are from North America, but the term was probably in local use in Britain earlier. The etymology is not entirely certain; it is probably a fusion of Middle English swam (“swamp, muddy pool, bog, marsh”, also “fungus, mushroom”) — from Old English swamm (“mushroom, fungus, sponge”), from Proto-West Germanic *swamm, from Proto-Germanic *swambaz, *swammaz — and Middle English sompe (“marsh, morass”), from either Middle Dutch somp, sump (“marsh, swamp”) or Middle Low German sump (“marsh, swamp”) (from Old Saxon *sump (“swamp, marsh”)), both from Proto-West Germanic *sump, from Proto-Germanic *sumpaz. *Swambaz, *swammaz and *sumpaz are likely related to each other, but it is unclear whether they are of Indo-European origin or are substrate words or wanderworts.
The word has alternatively been suggested to be a borrowing from Dutch zwamp (“swamp, marsh, fen”). Other cognates include Middle Low German swamp (“sponge, mushroom”), Dutch zomp (“swamp, lake, marshy place”), German Low German Sump (“swamp, bog, marsh”), German Sumpf (“swamp”), Swedish sump (“swamp”). Related also to Dutch zwam (“fungus, punk, tinder”), German Schwamm (“mushroom, fungus, sponge”), Swedish svamp (“mushroom, fungus, sponge”), Icelandic svampur, sveppur (“fungus”), Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌻 (swumsl, “a ditch”). Related to sump, swim.
swivel
From Middle English swyvel, swivel, from a derivative of Old English swīfan (“to revolve”), + -el, an instrumental suffix, equivalent to swive + -el.
pedestal
Borrowed from Middle French piédestal, itself borrowed from Italian piedistallo (literally “foot stand”). Spelling influenced by Latin pēs, pedem.
putative
First attested 1432, from Middle French putatif, from Latin putātīvus (“supposed, purported”), from putātus (“thought”), from putō (“to think, to consider, to reckon”).
morbidity
Recorded since 1721; from morbid + -ity, from Latin morbidus (“diseased”), from morbus (“disease”), from the root of morī (“to die”) or from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to rub, pound, wear away”).
hypothermia
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupo-, “under”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”) + -ία (-ía, “feminine suffix”) . By surface analysis, hypo- + therm- + -ia.
chronogram
From chrono- + -gram, from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”) + γράμμα (grámma, “writing”).
misnomer
The noun is derived from Late Middle English misnoumer (“(law) mistaken identification of a person; plea based on such misidentification”), from Anglo-Norman mesnomer, a noun use of Anglo-Norman mesnomer, mesnommer, and Old French mesnomer, mesnommer (“to name incorrectly”), from mes- (prefix meaning ‘badly, wrongly’) + nomer, nommer (“to name”) (from Latin nōmināre, the present active infinitive of nōminō (“to name”), from nōmen (“name”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs)).
The verb is derived from the noun.
bereft
From Middle English bireft, v. Middle English bireven. Synchronically a form of bereaved; compare leave and left.
Tierra Firme
Borrowed from Spanish Tierra Firme (literally “mainland, terra firma”).
indolence
Borrowed from Middle French indolence, or from its etymon Latin indolentia (“freedom from pain; insensibility”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + dolēns (“hurting, suffering; grieving, lamenting”) + -ia (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns). Dolēns is the present participle of doleō (“to hurt, suffer; to be sorry, deplore, grieve for, lament”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to divide, split”).
kiln
From Middle English kilne, from Old English cyln, cylen, cylin (“large oven, kiln”), from Latin culīna (“kitchen, kitchen stove”).
Middle English -ln(e) usually becomes modern -ll as in mill. The pronunciation /kɪln/ may be based on dialects in which this simplification did not take place, but it must have been at least reinforced by spelling pronunciation.
rebel
From Middle English rebel, rebell, from Old French rebelle, from Latin rebellis (“waging war again; insurgent”), from rebellō (“to wage war again, fight back”), from re- (“again, back”) + bellō (“to wage war”).
From Middle English rebellen, from Old French rebeller, from Latin rebellō (“to wage war again, fight back”), from re- (“again, back”) + bellō (“to wage war”). Doublet of revel.
Borrowed from German Rebel.
de novo
Borrowed from Latin dē novō (adverb, literally “from the new”), from dē (“from”) + novō, ablative singular of novus (“new”).
preceptor
From Middle English preceptor, preceptur, from Latin praeceptor (“commander; instructor”), from the verb praecipiō + -or (“-er: forming agent nouns”), from prae- (“pre-, fore-: before”) + capiō (“to take; to get, to take in, to understand”).
quadroon
From Spanish cuarterón (“¾ white, a child of a European and a mestizo”), from cuarto (“one-fourth”) + -on (“-oon: forming related nouns”), from Latin quartus (“one-fourth”). Doublet of cuarteron.
Judah
Borrowed from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yehudá). Doublet of Judas and Yehuda.
calliope
From Ancient Greek Καλλιόπη (Kalliópē, “Calliope, the muse of poetry”), from καλός (kalós, “beautiful”) + ὄψ (óps, “voice”).
From Latin Calliope, from Ancient Greek Καλλιόπη (Kalliópē), from κᾰλλῐ- (kăllĭ-, “beautiful”) + ὄψ (óps, “voice”).
Clio
From the Ancient Greek Κλειώ (Kleiṓ). The award and car model were named after the goddess.
Cronus
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Κρόνος (Krónos), possibly from the Ancient Greek κραίνω (kraínō, “to accomplish or fulfil”).
prompt
The adjective is from Middle English prompte, from Middle French prompt and its etymon Latin prōmptus (“visible, apparent, evident”), past participle of prōmō (“to take or bring out or forth, produce, bring to light”), from prō (“forth, forward”) + emō (“to take, acquire, buy”). Doublet of pronto.
The verb is from Middle English prompen, apparently from the adjective. The noun is from the verb.
carpenter
From Middle English carpenter, from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius (“a carpenter”), from Latin carpentārius (“a wagon-maker, carriage-maker”), from Latin carpentum (“a two-wheeled carriage, coach, or chariot, a cart”), from Gaulish carbantos, from Proto-Celtic *karbantos (“chariot, war chariot”), probably related to Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”). Doublet of carpintero. More at car.
Displaced native Old English trēowwyrhta (literally “tree worker”).
From carpenter, from Latin carpentarius.
Chronos
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Χρόνος (Khrónos), from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”)
Dionysus
Via Latin Dionȳsus, from Ancient Greek Διόνῡσος (Diónūsos).
Sommer
* As a German, Jewish, Danish, and Norwegian surname, from the noun sommer (“summer”).
* Also as a German surname, from Middle Low German somere (“pack animal”), probably derived from Latin sagma (“pack saddle”).
* As an English, Scottish, and German surname, variant of Summer.
From Afrikaans sommer.
cuscus
From New Latin Cuscus, former genus name, ultimately (probably via French and Dutch koeskoes) from a local word for the marsupials in a language of the Moluccas.
synagogue
Inherited from Middle English synagoge, from Old French synagoge, from Latin synagōga, from Ancient Greek σῠνᾰγωγή (sŭnăgōgḗ, “assembly, gathering”), from συνάγω (sunágō, “to gather together”), from σῠ́ν (sŭ́n, “with, together”) & ᾰ̓́γω (ắgō, “to lead”). By surface analysis, syn- + -agogue.
tranquil
Borrowed from Middle French tranquille, from Latin tranquillus, from trāns- + the root of quiēs (“rest, quiet, peace”), ultimately from *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”).
waka
Borrowed from Japanese 和歌 (waka), from Middle Chinese 和 (ɣwa), a gloss for 倭 (ʔwa, “Japan”) + 歌 (ka, “song”).
Borrowed from Māori waka.
adjourn
From Middle English ajournen, from Old French ajorner (French ajourner), from the phrase a jor (nomé) ("to an (appointed) day").
mon
From Japanese 文 (mon).
From Burmese မွန် (mwan).
lait
From Middle English laiten, leiten, from Old Norse leita (“to seek, search, inquire”), from Proto-Germanic *wlaitōną (“to look out, see”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”). Cognate with Norwegian Nynorsk leita (“to search”), Icelandic leita (“to search”), Swedish leta (“to search, hunt, forage”), Old English wlātian (“to gaze, observe, look upon, behold”).
From Old Norse hlað (“pile, stack; barn”), a topographic surname for someone who lived near a barn.
ki
Borrowed from Hawaiian ki.
From dated romanizations of Mandarin 氣 /气 (qì) without the k-q merger, or from Japanese 気 (ki), both ultimately from the same Middle Chinese origin.
oda
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish اوطه (oda) (Turkish oda)
Borrowed from German Oda.
Borrowed from Japanese 織田 (Oda), Japanese 小田 (Oda) or Japanese 尾田 (Oda).
ide
Borrowed from French ide, from Scientific Latin idus (species name), from Swedish id.
albatross
Uncertain. Probably from Spanish or Portuguese alcatraz (“pelican, gannet, albatross”), probably derived from Arabic الْغَطَّاس (al-ḡaṭṭās, “the diver”) (compare Alcatraz); or from Portuguese alcatruz (“water wheel bucket”), from Arabic الْقَادُوس (al-qādūs), from Ancient Greek κάδος (kádos, “pail, jar”), in reference to the pouch of a pelican. In either case, altered under the influence of Latin albus (“white”). Not derived from modern Arabic قَطْرَس (qaṭras, “albatross”), which is perhaps borrowed from Spanish.
For sense development of "burden", see albatross around one’s neck.
flatulate
Attested since the 19th century; either a back-formation from flatulence or borrowed from French flatuler, either way, see-ate (verb-forming suffix); ultimately from New Latin flātulentus, from flō (“to blow, breeze”).
diaphoresis
Borrowed from Late Latin diaphorēsis, from Ancient Greek δῐᾰφόρησῐς (dĭăphórēsĭs, “evaporation, dissipation, perspiration”); by surface analysis, dia- (“through, across”) + -phoresis (“transmission”); also synchronically held to end in the suffix -esis.
stationary
From Latin stationarius, from statio, ultimately from stō (“to stand”). Doublet of stationer.
hike
From English dialectal hyke (“to walk vigorously”), probably a Northern form of hitch, from Middle English hytchen, hichen, icchen (“to move, jerk, stir”). Cognate with Scots hyke (“to move with a jerk”), dialectal German hicken (“to hobble, walk with a limp”), Danish hinke (“to hop”).
avant-garde
Unadapted borrowing from French avant-garde (“vanguard”). Doublet of vanguard and vaward.
frivolous
From Latin frīvolus (“silly, empty, trifling, frivolous, worthless”), with the ending modified to match -ous.
catalogue
From Middle English cathaloge, from Old French catalogue, from Late Latin catalogus, itself from Ancient Greek κατάλογος (katálogos, “enrollment, register”), from καταλέγω (katalégō, “to recount, make a list”), from κατα- (kata-, “downwards, towards”) + λέγω (légō, “to say, to speak, to tell”). Equivalent to cata- + -logue.
polyhistor
From Latin polyhistor (“very learned”), from Hellenistic Ancient Greek πολυΐστωρ (poluḯstōr, “greatly learned”).
chitterlings
From Middle English cheterlingis, chitterling, chitterlynge, chytyrlynge, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kūtiz, *kut-, from Proto-Indo-European *gud-, *gewd- (“intestine, gut”), from *gʷu-, *gū- (“to bend, curve, bow, camber, vault, distend”).
Compare Middle Low German kǖtel (“entrails, tripe”), German Kutteln (“tripe”) and Scots kyte (“belly, stomach”). Compare also Icelandic kviður (“stomach”).
reckless
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *rōkijaną
Proto-West Germanic *rōkijan
Old English rēċan
Proto-Indo-European *lewh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *lewHs-der.
Proto-Germanic *leusaną
Proto-Germanic *lausaz
Proto-Germanic *-lausaz
Proto-West Germanic *-laus
Old English -lēas
Old English rēċelēas
Middle English rekles
English reckless
From Middle English rekles, reckeles, rekkeles, (also recheles), from Old English rēcelēas (“reckless, careless, negligent”), equivalent to reck + -less. Cognate with West Frisian roekeleas (“reckless”), Dutch roekeloos (“reckless”), German Low German ruuklos (“careless”), German ruchlos (“careless, notorious”).
wild cat
From Middle English wyld cat, wylde cat (in the plural as wild cattes, wylde catis, wyle cattes), equivalent to wild + cat.
immaculate
From Late Middle English immaculat, immaculate (“blameless; flawless, spotless; specifically of the Virgin Mary: pure, undefiled”), borrowed from Latin immaculātus (“unstained”), from im- (negative prefix) + maculātus (“stained, spotted; defiled, polluted; (figurative) dishonoured”), the perfect passive participle of maculō (“to spot, stain; to defile, pollute; (figurative) to dishonour”), from macula (“a blemish, spot, stain; (figurative) blot on one’s character, fault”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-tló-m (“wiping (?)”), from *smeh₂- (“to rub; to smear”). The word displaced Middle English unwemmed (“pure, untainted”). See also -ate (adjective-forming suffix). By surface analysis, im- + macule + -ate.
Cognates
* Catalan immaculat
* Italian immacolato, immaculato (obsolete)
* Middle French immaculé (modern French immaculé)
* Portuguese imaculado
* Spanish inmaculado
impeccable
From Middle French impeccable, from Latin impeccabilis (“not liable to sin”), from im- (“not”) + peccare (“to err, to sin”).
nostalgia
From New Latin nostalgia, coined by Johannes Hofer in 1688 from Ancient Greek νόστος (nóstos, “returning home”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”), calquing German Heimweh. Ancient Greek *νοσταλγία (*nostalgía) is unattested. Transferred sense probably influenced by French nostalgie, especially in literature.
Compare Italian nostalgia, Spanish nostalgia, Portuguese nostalgia and French nostalgie.
sensual
From Late Latin sensualis (“endowed with feeling, sensual”), from Latin sensus (“feeling, sense”).
parchment
From Middle English parchemyn, parchement, from Old French parchemin, via Latin pergamīna, from Ancient Greek Περγαμηνός (Pergamēnós, “of Pergamon”), which is named for the ancient city of Pergamon (modern Bergama) in Asia Minor, where it was invented as an expensive alternative for papyrus. Cognate with Danish pergament, Dutch perkament, French parchemin, German Pergament, Greek περγαμηνή (pergaminí), Italian pergamena, Norwegian pergament, Portuguese pergaminho, Galician pergameo, Romanian pergament, Russian пергамент (pergament), Spanish pergamino, and Swedish pergament.
module
Borrowed from French module, from Latin modulus (“a small measure, a measure, mode, meter”), diminutive of modus (“measure”) (whence mode). Doublet of modulus and mold.
wiener
Clipping of wienerwurst, from German Wienerwurst (“Vienna sausage”), from Wiener (“of Vienna, Viennese”) + Wurst (“sausage”), because these sausages were originally made in Vienna, Austria.
In Germany today this sausage is known as Wiener Würstchen (“small sausage from Vienna”), but in Vienna and the Netherlands it is called a Frankfurter or Frankfurter Würstchen (“small sausage from Frankfurt”).
diaphane
From Middle French diaphane, from Medieval Latin diaphanus (“diaphanous”), from Ancient Greek διαφανής (diaphanḗs), from δια- (dia-, “through”) and φαίνω (phaínō, “show”); by surface analysis, dia- + -phane.
jungle
Borrowed from Hindustani جَن٘گَل (jaṅgal) / जंगल (jaṅgal), from Sanskrit जङ्गल (jaṅgala, “arid, sterile, desert”). First appears c. 1776 in a translation by Nathaniel Halhed.
feline
Borrowed from Latin fēlīnus, from fēlēs (“wildcat, marten”).
Substantive use of the adjective feline, from Latin fēlīnus.
ailurophobia
First recorded in 1905. From ailuro- (“cat”) + -phobia (“fear, hatred”), both from Ancient Greek.
ailurophilia
From ailuro- (“cat”) + -philia (“love”), from Ancient Greek αἴλουρος (aílouros, “cat”) + φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved”).
confetti
Borrowed (possibly via French) from Italian confetti (literally “confections”), used to describe sugar-coated almonds, and by extension things imitating them (like pellets of plaster), which were thrown in Italy during festivities like Carnival and weddings. (This practice is mentioned in English since at least the 1810s.) The French and the English adopted the practice of celebrating weddings and other festivities by throwing such candies, or (by the late 1800s) tiny pieces of colored paper symbolizing them, partially displacing their earlier practice of throwing rice.
weakness
From Middle English wayknesse, weykenesse, replacing earlier Middle English wocnesse, wakenes, wacnesse (“weakness”), from Old English wācnes (“weakness”). Equivalent to weak + -ness.
Higgins
An anglicised version of Irish Ó hUiginn (“descendant of a Viking”).
A Middle English patronymic surname derived from a diminutive of Hick (Richard).
mammary
From Renaissance Latin mammārius, from Classical Latin mamma (“breast”) + -ārius (adjectival suffix). By surface analysis, mamma + -ary.
extant
First attested in 1545, from Latin extantem, extāns, present participle of extō (“to stand out, exist, be extant”), from ex- (“out”) + stō (“stand”).
defalcation
Late 15th century, from Medieval Latin dēfalcātiōnem, accusative singular of dēfalcātiō (literally “cutting off, lopping off with a sickle”), nominalization of dēfalcō, from Latin dē (“off”) + falx (“sickle, scythe, pruning hook”), from which also English falcate (“sickle-shaped”).
By surface analysis, defalcate + -ion (“the act of”).
dood
Back-formation from dudhwallah, doodwallah (“milk-man”, literally “milk-ward”), reinterpreting the wallah of milk as a wallah of camels by dint of misremembrance of the Bengali word for “camel” which is উট (uṭ).