MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
thrice
PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English thrice, thries (“three times, thrice; a third time; repeated three times”), from earlier thrī, thrīe (“three times, thrice; a third time”) (from Old English þriwa, þreowa) + -es (suffix forming adverbs of time, place, and manner) (from Old English -es (suffix forming adverbs)). The word is cognate with Old Frisian thria ("thrice"; > Saterland Frisian träie (“thrice”)), Middle Low German drîes (“thrice”), Middle High German drīes, drīs (“thrice”).
once
From Middle English ones, from Old English ānes, a remodelling (after ān (“one”)) of ǣnes, itself an extension of ǣne (“once”) with the genitive suffix -es. Equivalent to one + -s. Cognate with Saterland Frisian enst, insen (“once”), West Frisian iens (“once”), Dutch eens (“once”), German Low German eens, ins (“once”), German einst (“once”). More at one (including regarding the development of the pronunciation) and -s.
mela
From Urdu میلہ (mela)/Hindi मेला (melā), from Sanskrit मेलक (melaka).
prune
From Middle English prune, from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *prūna, feminine singular formed from the neutral plural of Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), variant of προῦμνον (proûmnon, “plum”), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor. Doublet of plum.
From Middle English prunen, prounen, proinen, from Old French proignier (“to trim the feathers with the beak”), earlier prooignier. Likely influenced by Middle French rogner, Old French rooignier (“cut, trim”) (from Latin rotundo?), and possibly by Old French provainier (“provine”) (Latin propaginem? whence French provigner). The relation to the noun is thus unclear.
uva
Borrowed from Latin ūva (“grape”).
Borrowed from Italian and Portuguese, from uva (“grapes”).
metre
From French mètre, from Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron, “measure, rule, length, size, poetic metre”). Doublet of meter, metron, and mether.
From Old English, from Latin metrum, from Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron, “measure, rule, length, size, poetic metre”).
stein
From a regional use of German Stein (“stone”). Probably a clipping of Steingut (“stoneware”) or Steinkrug (“stone pitcher”). Compare Old English stǣna (“stone jug, a pot of stone or earth”). Doublet of stone. More at stean.
Borrowed from German Stein. Doublet of Stone and Steen.
lambda
From Ancient Greek λάμβδα (lámbda). Doublet of lamed.
mu
From Ancient Greek μῦ (mû), derived from Phoenician 𐤌𐤌 (mm /⁠mem⁠/, “water”). Doublet of mem.
From Japanese 無 (mu, “nothing, neither yes nor no”).
From Mandarin 畝／亩 (mǔ).
From Greek μ (m).
From Burmese မူး (mu:).
California
Probably Spanish after California, a Utopian island of the Amazons described in Las sergas de Esplandián, a 16th-century Spanish novel. The name comes from the fictional island's Muslim-allied queen, Calafia, whose name may be a play on Arabic خَلِيفَة (ḵalīfa, “caliph”). For more information see: Etymology of California.
gift
From Middle English gift (also yift, yifte, ȝift, ȝeft), partly from Old English ġift (“giving, consideration, dowry, wedding”) and Old Norse gipt (“gift, present, wedding”); both from Proto-Germanic *giftiz (“gift”). Equivalent to give + -t (etymologically yive + -t).
Cognate with West Frisian jefte (“gift”), Saterland Frisian Gift (“gift”), German Low German Gift (“poison”), Dutch gift (“gift”) and its doublet gif (“poison”), German Gift (“poison”), Danish gift (“gift (obsolete); poison, venom”), Swedish gift (“gift, poison, venom”), Icelandic gift (“gift”). Doublet of yift. Distantly related to English habit, from Latin habitus.
decimeter
Borrowed from French décimètre. Equivalent to deci- + meter.
grue
From Middle English gruen, probably from Middle Low German gruwen or Middle Dutch gruwen (compare Dutch gruwen), both from Proto-Germanic *grūwijaną, perhaps ultimately an imitative derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), or instead from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke, grind”).
fuel
From Middle English fuayle, from Old French fouaille, feuaille (“firewood, kindling”), from feu (“fire”), from Late Latin focus (“fire”), from Latin focus (“hearth”), whence English focus. Cognate with Spanish fuego (“fire”), and Portuguese fogo (“fire”).
Ashkenazi
Borrowed from Hebrew אַשְׁכְּנַזִּי ('ashk'nazí), from Biblical Hebrew אַשְׁכְּנַז (ʾaškənaz). The biblical Ashkenaz was the son of Gomer, the grandson of Japheth, and the great-grandson of Noah. Ashkenaz's descendants were identified with the Germans by medieval Jewish tradition. Ashkenaz was also the name used for the Rhine river, which was the starting point of central and eastern European settlement by Jews, who are thought to have arrived in the region from Italy, and then spread east as they fled violent oppression and followed more favorable ownership laws. By surface analysis, Ashkenaz + -i.
corrupt
From Middle English corrupten, derived from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpō (“to destroy, ruin, injure, spoil, corrupt, bribe”), from com- (“together”) + rumpō (“to break in pieces”).
hecato-
From Ancient Greek ἑκατόν (hekatón, “hundred”). Doublet of hecto- and centi-.
dag
From Middle English dagge, of uncertain (probably Germanic) origin, cognate with (Middle) Dutch dag, dagge, dagh. The sense "dangling lock of wool, matted with dung" (originally from the dialect of Kent) is also termed "daglock" (derived from the "hanging end" sense of "dag") or "daggle-lock" and some sources consider the sense a shortening of that longer word rather than a mere evolution of the "hanging end" sense.
From Old French dague (from Old Occitan dague, of uncertain origin, perhaps from Vulgar Latin *daca (“Dacian knife”), from the Roman province Dacia (roughly modern Romania); the ending is possibly the faintly pejorative -ard suffix, as in poignard (“dagger”)); cognate with dagger.
Of North Germanic origin; compare Swedish dagg. Doublet of dew.
dam
From Middle English dam, from Old English *damm, from Proto-West Germanic *damm, from Proto-Germanic *dammaz.
From Hindi दाम (dām), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀤𑀫𑁆𑀫 (damma, “coin”), from Sanskrit द्रम्म (drammá), from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ). Doublet of drachm, drachma, and dram.
Alternatively said to be possibly coined from the English phrase "I don't give a dam(n)," referring to its small worth.
dal
Borrowed from Hindi दाल (dāl) or Bengali ডাল (ḍal).
The river is from Swedish Dalälven, probably from Old Norse dálr (“valley”).
premier
Borrowed from Middle French premier (adjective), from Latin prīmārius. Doublet of primary.
salty
PIE word
 *sḗh₂l
From Middle English salti, equivalent to salt + -y.
Compare Saterland Frisian soaltig (“salty”), West Frisian sâltich (“salty”), Dutch zoutig (“salty”), German Low German soltig (“salty”), German salzig (“salty”).
(coarse; irritated, annoyed): Referencing the sharp, 'spicy' flavor of salt.
(indignant): Perhaps implying the person is a crybaby, shedding salty tears, or derived from the preceding.
decametre
Borrowed from French décamètre. Equivalent to deca- + metre.
kilometre
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-
Proto-Indo-European *-lom
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰesliyoy
Proto-Hellenic *kʰehliyoi
Ancient Greek χίλιοι (khílioi)der.
French kilo-
Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-trom
Proto-Hellenic *-tron
Ancient Greek -τρον (-tron)
Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron)der.
Latin metrumbor.
French mètre
French kilomètrebor.
English kilometre
From French kilomètre, from Ancient Greek χίλιοι (khílioi, “thousand”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”); equivalent to kilo- + metre.
cigarette
Etymology tree
Latin cicādader.
Vulgar Latin *cicār(r)a
Spanish cigarra?
Spanish cigarrobor.
French cigare
French -ette
French cigarettebor.
English cigarette
Borrowed from French cigarette, from cigare, from Spanish cigarro + diminutive suffix -ette. By surface analysis, cigar + -ette.
atom
From Middle English attome, from Middle French athome, from Latin atomus (“smallest particle”), from Ancient Greek ἄτομος (átomos, “indivisible”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + τέμνω (témnō, “to cut”, o-grade in τομ-) + -ος (-os). Atoms are so named because they were historically thought up as to be the smallest unit of matter, and thus indivisible. Doublet of atomus.
From Manipuri ꯑꯇꯣꯝ (ʼatom).
nucleus
Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *knuks
Latin nux
Latin nucleuslbor.
English nucleus
Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.
mile
From Middle English myle, mile, from Old English mīl, from Proto-West Germanic *mīliju, a borrowing of Latin mīlia, mīllia, plural of mīle, mīlle (“mile”) (literally ‘thousand’ but used as a short form of mīlle passūs (“a thousand paces”)).
From Macedonian Ми́ле (Míle).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 彌勒 /弥勒 (Mílè).
wok
From Cantonese 鑊 /镬 (wok⁶).
archduke
From Middle French archeduc (modern French archiduc), from Latin archidux. Equivalent to arch- + duke.
archduchess
From French archiduchesse, feminine of archiduc, corresponding to archduke + -ess or arch- + duchess.
mayoress
From Middle English meyresse, mayresse, mairasse; equivalent to mayor + -ess.
echo
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂gʰ-der.
Proto-Hellenic *wākʰā́
Ancient Greek ἠχή (ēkhḗ)
Proto-Indo-European *-ṓy
Ancient Greek -ώ (-ṓ)
Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ)der.
Latin ēchō
Medieval Latin ēccōder.
Middle English eccho
English echo
From Middle English eccho, ecco, ekko, from Medieval Latin ēccō, from Latin ēchō, from Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ), from ἠχή (ēkhḗ, “sound”). Possibly from the same Proto-Indo-European root as sough.
From Ancient Greek Ἠχώ (Ēkhṓ, “sound”).
milligram
Borrowed from French milligramme, equivalent to milli- + gram.
fag
Probably from fag end (“remnant”), from Middle English fagge (“flap”).
density
Borrowed from Middle French densité or Latin densitas. Morphologically dense + -ity.
un-
From Middle English un-, from Old English un-, from Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with Scots un-, on- (“un-”), North Frisian ün-, Saterland Frisian uun-, West Frisian ûn-, on-, Dutch on-, Low German un-, on-, German un-, Danish u-, Swedish o-, Norwegian u-, Icelandic ó-. More distant cognate with Latin in-, Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (whence English a-, modern Greek α- (a-)) and Sanskrit अ- (a-).
Doublet of in- and a-.
From Middle English on-, from Old English on-, ond-, and- (“against, facing, toward; in return, back, without”), from Proto-West Germanic *anda-, from Proto-Germanic *anda-, *andi- (“against”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“across, forth, forward, ahead”), from *h₂énts (“end, limit, forehead”). In some cases the meaning is influenced by un- (“not”, etymology 1).
From Latin ūnus.
lithium
From New Latin lithium, from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos, “stone”) + -ium.
fluorine
From Latin fluor (“flow”) + -ine. Coined by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1813.
neon
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νέον (néon), neuter of νέος (néos, “new”), from earlier *νέϝος (*néwos), from Proto-Hellenic *newos, from Proto-Indo-European *néwos. By surface analysis, neo- + -on (suffix used in all noble gases).
magnesium
From New Latin magnēsium, from Ancient Greek μαγνησία (magnēsía), after Μαγνησία (Magnēsía, “Magnesia”), a region in Thessaly. Coined by British chemist Humphry Davy, as a modification of his original suggestion, magnium.
phosphorus
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂os
Proto-Hellenic *pʰáwos
Ancient Greek φᾰ́ος (phắos)
Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō
Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Hellenic *-os
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)
Ancient Greek -φόρος (-phóros)
Ancient Greek φωσφόρος (phōsphóros)bor.
Latin phōsphorusbor.
English phosphorus
Borrowed from Latin phōsphorus, from Ancient Greek φωσφόρος (phōsphóros, “the bearer of light”), from φῶς (phôs, “light”) + φέρω (phérō, “to bear, carry”).
sulfur
Etymology tree
Latin sulpur
Latin sulfur
Latin sulphur
Anglo-Norman sulfrebor.
Middle English sulphur
English sulfur
From Middle English sulphur, borrowed from Anglo-Norman sulfre, from Latin sulfur, from sulpur itself of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English swefl and largely displaced brimstone.
chlorine
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-
Proto-Hellenic *kʰlōrós
Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós)
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English chlorine
Coined by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1810 from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”) + -ine.
argon
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Indo-European *n̥-
Proto-Hellenic *ə-
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓- (ă-)
Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom
Proto-Hellenic *wérgon
Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon)
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Hellenic *-ós
▲
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)influ.
Ancient Greek -ός (-ós)
Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ργός (ārgós)
Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃-der.?
Latin carbōlbor.
French carbonebor.
English carbonbf.
English -on
English argon
From Ancient Greek ἀργός (argós, “idle, lazy”), because of its inertness, + -on, used for all noble gases.
calcium
Etymology tree
Latin calx
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Italic *-om
Latin -umder.
English -ium
English calcium
Coined by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1808, from Latin calx (“lime, limestone”) because it occurs in limestone. By surface analysis, calc- + -ium.
vanadium
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂-der.
Proto-Germanic *wanaz
Old Norse vanr
Old Norse Vana
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁sder.
Proto-Germanic *dīsiz
Old Norse dís
Old Norse Dís
Old Norse Vanadís
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
New Latin -ium
New Latin vanadiumder.
English vanadium
Mid 19th century, from New Latin vanadium.
chromium
From New Latin, from French chrome (from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”)) + -ium. So called because of the striking colors of its compounds.
manganese
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek Μάγνης (Mágnēs)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Ancient Greek Μᾰγνησῐ́ᾱ (Măgnēsĭ́ā)der.
Medieval Latin Magnēsia
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Medieval Latin -ius
Medieval Latin magnēsius
Medieval Latin magnēsiader.
Italian manganeseder.
French manganèsebor.
English manganese
From French manganèse, from Italian manganese, by alteration from Latin magnesia (“magnesia”), from Ancient Greek μαγνησία (magnēsía), after Μαγνησία (Magnēsía, “Magnesia”). Doublet of Magnesia, magnesia, and magnesium; more at magnet.
cobalt
From German Kobalt, formerly also Kobald, ‑olt, ‑old, ‑elt, ‑el, apparently the same word as Kobold (“goblin”), from Middle High German, which became also a Harz Mountains silver miners’ term for rock laced with arsenic and sulfur, so called because it degraded the ore and made the miners ill. Doublet of kobold.
zinc
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed-
Proto-Indo-European *-ónts
Proto-Indo-European *h₃dóntsder.
Proto-Germanic *tindaz
Old High German zint?
Old High German zinko
Middle High German zinke
German Zinke?
German Zinkbor.
English zinc
Borrowed from German Zink, related to Zinke (“point, prong”), from Middle High German zinke, from Old High German zinko (“prong, tine”), allied to zint (“a jag, point”), from Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“prong, pinnacle”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth, projection”). Cognate with Old English tind (“tine, prong”), Middle Low German tinde, Icelandic tindur (“spike, tooth of a rake or harrow, pinnacle, peak, battlement”). See also Dutch tinne (“battlement”), German Zinne (“pinnacle, battlement”), Danish tinde (“pinnacle, battlement”), Swedish tinne (“tooth of a rake”), More at tine. Doublet of zincum.
gallium
Named by its discoverer Lecoq, after Latin Gallia (“Gaul”). It was claimed that Lecoq had named the element after himself, since gallus is the Latin translation of the French le coq, but Lecoq denied this in an article of 1877.
arsenic
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃enyomder.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam
Proto-Iranian *jr̥Hanyam
Old Median *zaranyam
Old Median *kā
Old Median *zaraniyakāder.
Middle Persian *zarnīkbor.
Classical Syriac ܙܪܢܝܟܐ (zarnīḵā)der.
Arabic الزَرْنِيخ (az-zarnīḵ)bor.
Byzantine Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikón)der.
Latin arsenicumder.
Middle French arsenicbor.
Middle English arsenik
English arsenic
From Middle English arsenik, borrowed from Middle French arsenic, from Latin arsenicum, from Ancient Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikón, “yellow arsenic”) (influenced by ἀρσενικός (arsenikós, “potent, virile”)), from Semitic (compare Classical Syriac ܙܪܢܝܟܐ (zarnīḵā), Aramaic 𐡆𐡓𐡍𐡉𐡊𐡀 (zrnykʾ /⁠zarnīḵā⁠/)), from Middle Iranian *zarnīk (compare Persian زرنیخ (zirnīx /zernix, zarnīx /zarnix, “arsenic”), زرنی (zurnī /zorni), Bakhtiari زرنیق (zarniq)), from Old Median *zaraniyakā (compare Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zaraniia, “golden”), Old Persian 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹 (d-r-n-i-y /⁠daraniya-⁠⁠⁠/, “gold”), Sanskrit हिरण्य (híraṇya, “gold”), Persian زر (zar, “gold”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-. More at yellow.
selenium
From French sélénium, the name coined by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1818 from Ancient Greek σελήνη (selḗnē, “moon”) in reference to original confusion with the similar element tellurium.
bromine
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek βρῶμος (brômos)
French bromebor.
English brome
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English bromine
From obsolete English brome + -ine, this word being from French brome, from Ancient Greek βρῶμος (brômos, “stink”).
krypton
From Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”) + -on, used for all noble gases.
rubidium
A New Latin word derived by German chemist R. W. Bunsen in 1861, from Latin rūbidus (“red”) because its spectrum has two red lines.
zirconium
From a New Latin coinage, from zircon. Doublet of jargonium.
molybdenum
From New Latin molybdaenum, from molybdaena (“any of various substances resembling lead”), from Ancient Greek μολύβδαινα (molúbdaina, “a plummet, piece of lead”), from μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead; graphite”), from an Anatolian word cognate with Lydian 𐤪𐤠𐤭𐤦𐤥𐤣𐤠 (mariwda, “dark”), from Proto-Indo-European *morkʷ-iyo-, from a root *morkʷ- (“dark”), cognate with English murk. Cf. Latin plumbum nigrum 'lead'. The suffix is + -um (“a chemical element”).
Attested since the last quarter of 18th century.
rhodium
Borrowed from New Latin rhodium, from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), because of the colour of its salts' solutions.
palladium
The sense of "safeguard" comes from Latin Palladium (the image of Pallas that protected Troy), from Ancient Greek Παλλάδιον (Palládion), from Παλλάς (Pallás), an epithet used before Athena.
cadmium
1817, from Ancient Greek Καδμεία (Kadmeía, “calamine”), a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was named after the king Κάδμος (Kádmos, “Cadmus”).
indium
Coined as a New Latin term from German Indigo (“indigo”), based on the color of its spectral lines.
antimony
From Medieval Latin antimonium, attested in the 11th century; see also the Wikipedia section.
iodine
From French iode + -ine, from Ancient Greek ἰοειδής (ioeidḗs, “violet”). Coined by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1814.
xenon
From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “foreign, strange”) + -on, used for all noble gases.
caesium
From Latin caesius (“sky-blue”), in reference to the radiation spectra, + -ium.
praseodymium
From Ancient Greek πράσιος (prásios, “leek-green”) + didymium.
gadolinium
Named after chemist Johan Gadolin, a Swedish-speaking Finn, + -ium.
erbium
Borrowed from New Latin erbium; itself from Swedish Ytterby (the name of the town where the element was first discovered) + -ium, coined by Swedish chemist and mineralogist Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843. Doublet of terbium, ytterbium, and yttrium.
lutetium
From Latin Lutetia (“Paris, the capital of France”) + -ium.
tantalum
A New Latin word derived by Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf Ekeberg in 1802, from Latin Tantalus, named after Tantalus, alluding to the element's incapacity to absorb acid. See -ium.
tungsten
Borrowed from Swedish tungsten (“scheelite”), from tung (“heavy”) + sten (“stone”).
osmium
From Ancient Greek ὀσμή (osmḗ, “smell”) (because of the strong smell of its oxide) + -ium.
platinum
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-us
Proto-Indo-European *pléth₂us
Proto-Hellenic *plətús
Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús)bor.
Vulgar Latin *plattusder.
Spanish plata
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnus
Spanish -ina
Spanish platina
English -um
English platinum
From Spanish platina (“little silver”) del Pinto ("of the Pinto") + -um. It was called "little" (or "lesser") silver because the metal was found as an impurity in gold, and del Pinto for the Pinto River in Grand Columbia where Europeans discovered it being mined by Native Americans. Doublet of platina.
mercury
Etymology tree
Latin mercuriusder.
Middle English mercurie
English mercury
The noun is derived from Middle English mercurie (“metallic chemical element, quicksilver; a plant, probably goosefoot (genus Chenopodium); (possibly) dog’s mercury (Mercurialis perennis); etc.”), borrowed from Late Latin mercurius (“metallic chemical element, quicksilver”), Latin Mercurius (“Mercury, the Roman god of commerce, communication, etc.; the planet Mercury; etc.”), possibly from merc-, a stem of merx (“goods, wares; merchandise”); further etymology uncertain, possibly:
* from Etruscan; or
* from Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to divide”), or *merkʷ- (“to grasp; to take”).
The suffix -urius is also thought to be from Etruscan.
Noun sense 1.1 (“metallic chemical element”) is from the association in medieval alchemy of the seven known metals—gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, iron, tin, and lead—with the Sun, the Moon, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. An analogy was probably also drawn between the element being liquid at room temperature, and the Roman god Mercury’s attribute of swiftness.
Noun sense 2 (“senses relating to plants”) is derived from mercurial (“(obsolete) any of the plants now known as mercury”, noun), from Middle English mercurial (“a plant, probably goosefoot (genus Chenopodium); (possibly) dog’s mercury (Mercurialis perennis)”, noun) from Anglo-Norman mercurial, Old French mercurial, or directly from their etymon Latin mercuriālis (“a plant, probably annual mercury (Mercurialis annua)”), short for herba mercuriālis (“(probably) annual mercury”, literally “herb or plant of the god Mercury”). Mercuriālis (“pertaining to the Roman god Mercury”, adjective) is derived from Mercurius (“the Roman god Mercury”) (see above) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship from nouns).
Noun sense 2.2.2.1 (“Blitum bonus-henricus”) is from the fact that this plant was often confused with annual mercury (noun sense 2.1).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Inherited from Middle English Mercurie, from Latin Mercurius.
thallium
Coined based on Ancient Greek θαλλός (thallós, “green branch”) (after the color of the radiation spectra), + -ium.
bismuth
From German Wismuth, from Middle High German wismāt, from Latin bisemūtum, from Arabic بِسِيمُوتِيُّون (bisīmūtiyyūn), from Ancient Greek ψιμύθιον (psimúthion, “white lead”).
polonium
From New Latin polonium, from Medieval Latin Polonia (“Poland”), named after Marie Curie's homeland.
francium
From French francium, from France + -ium (after the native country of Marguerite Perey).
radium
Borrowed from French radium, from rad(ioactif) (“radioactive”) + -ium (suffix used to form the names of metallic elements).
Tok Pisin
Borrowed from Tok Pisin Tok Pisin, from English talk + pidgin or business.
yumi
From Japanese 弓 (“yumi”).
Borrowed from Japanese ゆみ (Yumi).