MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
conchology
From conch or Ancient Greek κόγχη (kónkhē) + -ology.
cosmetics
From French cosmétique, from Ancient Greek κοσμητική (kosmētikḗ, “the art of dress and ornament”), from κοσμητικός (kosmētikós), an adjective of κοσμέω (kosméō, “to order, to arrange, to rule, to adorn, to equip, to dress, to embellish”).
deontology
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deh₁-
Ancient Greek δέω (déō)
Ancient Greek δεῖ (deî)lbor.
Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-
Ancient Greek λόγος (lógos)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Ancient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā)bor.
Latin -logialbor.
French -logiebor.
English -logy
English deontology
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek δέον (déon, “that which is binding, needful, proper, or right”) + English -ology (variant of -logy (suffix denoting a branch of learning or a study of a particular subject)). Δέον (Déon) is the neuter present participle of δεῖ (deî, “it behoves one to, it is necessary to, one must”), from δέω (déō, “to bind, tie; to fasten; to fetter”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deh₁- (“to bind”).
Sense 1 (“synonym of ethics”) was coined by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) to refer to censorial or dicastic ethics (ethics based on judgment), while sense 1.1 (“normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether the action follows certain obligations or rules”) derives from the use of the word deontological by the English philosopher Charlie Dunbar Broad (1887–1971) in his book Five Types of Ethical Theory (1930).
ekistics
From Ancient Greek οἰκίστικα (oikístika), from οἰκιστής (oikistḗs, “colonizer”). Coined by Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis in 1942.
geoponics
From Ancient Greek τὰ γεωπονικά (tà geōponiká, “agriculture”, also a treatise on the matter by Cassianus Bassus); compare geoponic. By surface analysis, geo- + -ponics.
graphology
From French graphologie, coined by Jean-Hippolyte Michon from Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ, “writing”) + French -logie (“study of”). By surface analysis, grapho- + -logy.
codex
From Latin cōdex, variant form of caudex (“tree trunk, book, notebook”); compare caudex (in botany). Doublet of code.
Dearborn
From Middle English Daborne, Dabernoun, from Old Northern French d'Arborn (literally “of Arbornon”).
snake in the grass
Calque of Latin latet anguis in herbā (literally “a snake hides in the grass”), from Eclogue III by the Roman poet Virgil (traditionally 70 – 19 B.C.E.). Compare Dutch addertje onder het gras.
blech
From Yiddish בלעך (blekh). Related to German Blech.
lapidary
The noun is derived from Middle English lapidari, lapidarie (“person who cuts, polishes, or engraves precious stones; expert in precious stones; treatise on precious stones”) [and other forms], from Old French lapidaire (“gemsmith, lapidary”) (modern French lapidaire), or from its etymon Latin lapidārius (“(adjective) of stones, stony; (noun) stonecutter”), from lapidis (the genitive singular of lapis (“stone; (poetic) jewel, precious stone”), possibly from Pre-Greek or Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”)) + -ārius (suffix forming adjectives).
Noun senses 3.2 (“jewellery”) and 3.3 (“treatise on precious stones”) are derived from Latin lapidāria or lapidārium, a noun use of the neuter plural or genitive plural respectively of lapidāris (“of stone”, adjective), from lapidis (the genitive singular of lapis; see above) + -āris (suffix forming adjectives).
The stone-referent adjective is either:
* a learned borrowing from Latin lapidārius (adjective); or
* derived from the noun.
Adjective sense 4 (“succint”) is by metaphor: the speaker or writer has cut and polished their locution, as it were.
rhizome
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥίζωμα (rhízōma). As philosophical metaphor, used by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.
tercentenary
From ter- + centenary, after Latin ter centēnī (“three hundred each”).
midwifery
From Middle English medewifry; equivalent to midwife + -ery.
Neptunian
From Latin Neptūnius (“of or pertaining to the Roman god Neptune”), from Neptūnus (“the Roman god Neptune”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”)) + -ius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns); analysable as Neptune + -ian. The English word is cognate with French neptunien (“pertaining to the Roman god Neptune, pertaining to the sea, pertaining to Neptunism, Neptunian; proponent of Neptunism, Neptunist”), German Neptunier (“proponent of Neptunism, Neptunist”).
pataphysics
Borrowed from French pataphysique, where it was coined by author Alfred Jarry from a pun deriving from the Ancient Greek title of a work by Aristotle; see pataphysique for more.
proem
Inherited from Middle English proheme, from Old French proheme, from Latin prooemium, from Ancient Greek προοίμιον (prooímion).
echelon
Borrowed from French échelon (“rung; echelon”), from échelle (“ladder”) + -on (diminutive suffix). Échelle is derived from Latin scāla (“ladder”), from scandō (“to ascend, climb”), from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”).
caliphate
From Medieval Latin calīphātus, equivalent to caliph + -ate.
harmless
From Middle English harmles, from Old English *hearmlēas, from Proto-Germanic *harmalausaz (“without harm; harmless”), equivalent to harm + -less.
Cognate with German harmlos (“harmless”), Danish harmløs (“harlmess”), Swedish harmlös (“harmless”).
chador
Borrowed from Hindi चादर (cādar) / Urdu چادَر (cādar), from Classical Persian چَادُر (čādur) or چَادَر (čādar), from Sanskrit छत्त्र (chattra). Doublet of chatra and chatta.
Spelling possibly influenced by modern Iranian Persian چادُر (čâdor) or another language.
du'a'
From Arabic دُعَاء (duʕāʔ, “supplication”), from دَعَا (daʕā, “to summon”).
Eid al-Fitr
Borrowed from Arabic عِيد الْفِطْر (ʕīd al-fiṭr, literally “festival of breaking the fast”), in reference to the previous avoidance of food from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
Eid al-Adha
From Arabic عِيد اَلْأَضْحَى (ʕīd al-ʔaḍḥā).
Ismail
From Arabic إِسْمَاعِيل (ʔismāʕīl). Doublet of Ishmael.
Ishmael
From Hebrew יִשְׁמָעֵאל (yishma'él (yišmāʿēl), “God hears, God will hear”). Doublet of Ismail.
emir
From Middle French emir, from Ottoman Turkish امیر (emir), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander, prince”). Doublet of amir, Amir, admiral, and amira.
fakir
Borrowed from Arabic فَقِير (faqīr, “poor man”).
mendicant
From Middle English mendicant, from Latin mendīcāns, present participle of mendīcō (“beg”). Compare French mendiant.
Fatima
From Arabic فَاطِمَة (fāṭima).
The name Fatima is from the Arabic root f-t-m (lit. 'to wean') and signifies the Shia belief that she, her progeny, and her adherents (Shi'a) have been spared from hellfire. Alternatively, the word Fatima is associated in Shia sources with Fatir (lit. 'creator', a name of God) as the earthly symbol of the divine creative power.
fiqh
From Arabic فِقْه (fiqh, “intelligence, knowledge”)
shari'a
From Arabic شَرِيعَة (šarīʕa, literally “path, way”).
Borrowed from Arabic الشَّرِيعَة (aš-šarīʕa).
hadith
From Arabic حَدِيث (ḥadīṯ, “Prophetic tradition”), from حَدَّثَ (ḥaddaṯa, “to tell, relate, report”).
hajib
The court title derives from Arabic الحَاجِب (al-ḥājib, “chamberlain”).
Use of the word to designate a headscarf derives from Arabic حَاجِب (ḥājib, “concealing, covering, eyebrow”), from حَجَبَ (ḥajaba, “to veil, to cover, to screen”) (whence also hijab).
hijab
From Arabic حِجَاب (ḥijāb, “veil”).
lint
From Middle English lynet, linet, from Old French linette (“grain of flax”), diminutive of lin (“flax”); or, from Medieval Latin linteum, from Latin līnum (“flax”).
* As an occupational English surname, from the noun lint, chiefly in the Scottish English sense "flax fibers for spinning."
* As a Dutch surname, from several placenames with the element Lint, probably from linde (“lime tree”).
muhajir
Borrowed from Arabic مُهَاجِر (muhājir, literally “emigrant”). Sense 2 is from its Urdu derivative مُہَاجِر (muhājir).
hanif
Borrowed from Arabic حَنِيف (ḥanīf); see Hanif.
From Arabic حَنِيف (ḥanīf, “true believer, righteous (person)”).
Hashshashin
From Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn, “hashish smokers”), from حَشِيش (ḥašīš, “hashish”)
hawala
From Arabic حَوَالَة (ḥawāla, “transfer, trust”).
hegira
From Arabic هِجْرَة (hijra, “exodus; emigration”). Doublet of hijra.
From Medieval Latin hegira, from Arabic هِجْرَة (hijra, “Hijra; emigration”), from the verb هَجَرَ (hajara, “to emigrate; to abandon”). Doublet of Hijra, directly from Arabic.
Hejaz
Borrowed from Arabic الْحِجَاز (al-ḥijāz).
argh
From Middle English argh, from Old English earg (“inert; weak; timid; cowardly”), from Proto-West Germanic *arg, from Proto-Germanic *argaz. Cognate with Scots ergh, argh, arch, erf (“timid; reluctant; unwilling”). Doublet of eerie.
Hezbollah
Borrowed from Arabic حِزْب اللّٰه (ḥizb allāh, literally “party of God”).
Hijri
Borrowed from Arabic هِجْرِيّ (hijriyy), nisba adjective of هِجْرَة (hijra, “Hijra”).
Muharram
From Arabic مُحَرَّم (muḥarram, “forbidden”), from حَرَّمَ (ḥarrama, “to forbid”). Doublet of marrano.
mogwai
From Cantonese 魔怪 (mo1 gwaai3), 魔鬼 (mo1 gwai2).
systematic
Borrowed from Late Latin systēmaticus, from Koine Greek συστηματικός (sustēmatikós), from σύστημᾰ (sústēmă, “a composite; system”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, adjective suffix). Cognate with French systématique and Italian sistematico. By surface analysis, system + -atic.
oyez
From Middle English oyes, from Old French oyez, the imperative plural of oir (“hear; listen”), from Latin audīre.
Commonly folk-etymologized as (and pronounced homophonously to) O + yes in the early modern period.
doodle
Originally dialectal, from Low German dudeldopp (“simpleton”). Influenced by dawdle. Compare also German dudeln (“to play (the bagpipe)”).
The word doodle first appeared in the early 17th century to mean a fool or simpleton. German variants of the etymon include Dudeltopf, Dudentopf, Dudenkopf, Dude and Dödel. American English dude may be a derivation of doodle.
The meaning "fool, simpleton" is intended in the song title "Yankee Doodle", originally sung by British colonial troops prior to the American Revolutionary War. This is also the origin of the early eighteenth century verb to doodle, meaning "to swindle or to make a fool of". The modern meaning emerged in the 1930s either from this meaning or from the verb "to dawdle", which since the seventeenth century has had the meaning of wasting time or being lazy.
Safar
Borrowed from Arabic صَفَر (ṣafar), from صَفِرَ (ṣafira, “to be empty”).
burgeon
From Middle English burjon, burjoun (“shoot, bud”), from Anglo-Norman burjun, burgeon, burgon (compare Old French burjon (“a bud”)), from Old Frankish *burjō (“sprout, offshoot, descendant”), from Proto-Germanic *burjô (“sprout, descendant, offshoot”), from Proto-Germanic *burjaną (“to raise up”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Compare Old High German burjan, burien, burren (“to push up, raise”), Old English byrian (“to come up, occur”), Old English byre (“child, son, descendant”), Albanian buron (“sprout, spring, gush out”). More at bear.
Alternate etymology derives Old French burjon (“bud”) from Vulgar Latin *burrionem, accusative of *burrio, from Late Latin burra (“wool, fluff”) (presumably from the down covering certain buds).
From Middle English burjounen, from Old French borjoner, bourjoner, burjuner.
at large
From Middle English at large (“at liberty or freedom”) (compare Middle English ben at large (“to be at one's liberty, be free”)). Compare Old French au large (“at liberty” and other senses).
hikmah
Borrowed from Arabic حِكْمَة (ḥikma).
Hira
Borrowed from Arabic حِرَاء (ḥirāʔ).
Hasan
From Arabic حَسَن (ḥasan, “fine, good, good-looking, handsome, manly; strong”).
Hassan
From Arabic حَسَن (ḥasan, “fine, good, good-looking, handsome, manly; strong”).
From Arabic حَسَّان (ḥassān, “doer of good”).
From Hebrew חַזָּן (khazán, “cantor”), possibly via Ladino hassan.
Anglicized form of Irish Ó hOsáin.
Hamas
Borrowed from Arabic حَمَاس (ḥamās, literally “enthusiasm”), an acronym for حَرَكَة اَلْمُقَاوَمَةِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ (ḥarakat al-muqāwama l-ʔislāmiyya, “Islamic Resistance Movement”). A few speakers pronounce it with /x/ to imitate Hebrew חַמַאס instead.
Borrowed from Arabic حَمَاس (ḥamās, literally “enthusiasm”). The all-capitalized form reflects the term's origin as the Arabic abbreviation of حَرَكَة اَلْمُقَاوَمَةِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ (ḥarakat al-muqāwama l-ʔislāmiyya, “Islamic Resistance Movement”).
Ibada
From Arabic عِبَادَة (ʕibāda, “worship”).
iftar
From Arabic إِفْطَار (ʔifṭār).
ihram
From Arabic إِحْرَام (ʔiḥrām, “prohibition”).
ijma'
Borrowed from Arabic إِجْمَاع (ʔijmāʕ, “consensus”).
ijtihad
Borrowed from Arabic اِجْتِهَاد (ijtihād, “diligence”).
infitah
From Arabic اِنْفِتَاح (infitāḥ, “openness”).
intifada
Borrowed from Arabic اِنْتِفَاضَة (intifāḍa, “shaking off, uprising, insurrection”).
Ismaeli
Borrowed from Arabic إِسْمَاعِيلِيّ (ʔismāʕīliyy).
isnad
From Arabic إِسْنَاد (ʔisnād, “support, backing”).
Jahiliyyah
Borrowed from Arabic جَاهِلِيَّة (jāhiliyya, “ignorance”).
kafir
Borrowed from Arabic كَافِر (kāfir, “denier, unbeliever”). Doublet of kaffir.
kaffir
Ultimately from Arabic كَفَّار (kaffār, “infidel”) or كَافِر (kāfir, “unbeliever”), both from كَفَرَ (kafara, “to cover, to hide”); in some (especially early) uses, via Spanish cafre, Dutch kaffer or other European languages. Doublet of kafir.
kalima
Borrowed from Arabic كَلِمَة (kalima, “word”)
shahada
Borrowed from Arabic شَهَادَة (šahāda, “witnessing”).
Karbala'
From Arabic كَرْبَلَاء (Karbalāʔ) with misuse of ' in place of the proper symbol ʾ.
Karbala
From Arabic كَرْبَلَاء (karbalāʔ), of uncertain etymology.
Kerbela
From Ottoman Turkish كربلا, from Arabic كَرْبَلَاء (Karbalāʔ) of uncertain origin.
Khadija
Borrowed from Arabic خَدِيجَة (ḵadīja).
Khoja
Borrowed from Gujarati ખોજા (khojā), from Classical Persian خواجه (xwāja), ultimately from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya). Doublet of Ojha, hodja, Hoxha, and Upadhyaya.
Mahdi
From Arabic مَهْدِيّ (mahdiyy, “guided one”).
masjid
Borrowed from Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid), from the root س ج د (s j d). Doublet of mosque.
Medina
From Arabic اَلْمَدِينَة (al-madīna, “the city”). Doublet of Mdina.
Inherited from Middle English Medine, from Old English medume (“the middle one”).
Borrowed from Spanish Medina.
Borrowed from Arabic مَدِينَة (madīna, “town, city”).
mihrab
Borrowed from Arabic مِحْرَاب (miḥrāb).
registrar
From Medieval Latin registrārius, from registrum (“register”) + -ārius (“agent of use”). See more at register. By surface analysis, register /registry (“a record”) + -ar.
adhan
Borrowed from Arabic أَذَان (ʔaḏān).
Moghul
Borrowed from Iranian Persian مغول (moġul) (for the spellings moghul and mogul) or from Classical Persian مغول (muġūl, muġōl) and Urdu مغل (muġal) (for other spellings), an Arabic and Persian corruption of Mongol, ultimately from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol). More at Mughal.
mujahid
Borrowed from Arabic مُجَاهِد (mujāhid), derived from the active participle of جَاهَدَ (jāhada, “to strive in the cause of God”) (verbal noun: جِهَاد (jihād, “to strive in the cause of God as a religious duty”)), from the root ج ه د (j h d).
mujahideen
From Arabic مُجَاهِدِين (mujāhidīn), plural of مُجَاهِد (mujāhid, “fighter, freedom fighter, warrior, struggler”).
recidivate
Adapted borrowing of Medieval Latin recidīvātus + -ate (verb-forming suffix), past participle of recidīvō, from Latin recidīvus (“returning, recurring”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix). Compare French récidiver. By surface analysis, recidive + -ate
wapentake
From Middle English wapentake, wepentake, wapentache, wapentac, from Old English wǣpenġetæc, from Old Norse vápnatak, from vápn (“weapon”) + taka (“take”), equivalent to weapon + take.
qadi
From Arabic قَاضٍ (qāḍin, “judge”). Doublet of alcalde, casis, cauzee, and kadhi.
qibla
Borrowed from Arabic قِبْلَة (qibla, “which is opposite”).
Rabb
Borrowed from Arabic رَبّ (rabb, “the master,the caretaker, the maintainer, the bestower, the one in control,lord”).
rasul
Borrowed from Arabic رَسُول (rasūl, “messenger”).
Borrowed from Arabic رسول (rasūl, “messenger, apostle”)..
Safavid
From Persian صفوی (Safavi) + -id, from Arabic صَفَوِيّ (Ṣafawiyy), from صَفِيّ (Ṣafiyy, “Safi-ad-Din Ardabili”) + ـَوـ (-aw-, interfix) + ـِيّ (-iyy, “-i, -y”, suffix forming adjectives and relational nouns).
Safavi
Transliteration of Iranian Persian صَفَوی (safavi), from Arabic صَفَوِيّ (ṣafawiyy).
salat
From Arabic صَلَاة (ṣalāh).
Borrowed from French Salat.
saum
Borrowed from Arabic صَوْم (ṣawm, “fasting”).
sira
Borrowed from Arabic سِيرَة (sīra).
Borrowed from Sanskrit शिरा (śirā)
suhur
Borrowed from Arabic سَحُور (saḥūr) or سُحُور (suḥūr), ultimately from Arabic سَحَر (saḥar, “dawn, predawn”)
sura
From Arabic سُورَة (sūra, “chapter of the Qur'an”).
Via Hindi सुरा (surā, “wine”), ultimately from Sanskrit सुरा (surā).
tafsir
Borrowed from Arabic تَفْسِير (tafsīr, “interpretation”).
Allahu akbar
From Arabic اللّٰهُ أَكْبَر (allāhu ʔakbar).
Taliban
Borrowed from Pashto طالبان (tālibān, “students, seekers”), plural of طالب (tālib), from Arabic طَالِب (ṭālib, “seeker, student”).
tariqa
Borrowed from Arabic طَرِيقَة (ṭarīqa, literally “path”).
tawhid
Borrowed from Arabic تَوْحِيد (tawḥīd, literally “declaring [God] one”).
ummah
Borrowed from Arabic أُمَّة (ʔumma, “community”). Cognate to Hebrew אומה / אֻמָּה (ʾummā, “nation”).
Wahhabi
Borrowed from Arabic وَهَّابِيّ (wahhābiyy, “Wahhabi”), ultimately named after Islam theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Equivalent to Wahhab + -i.
blunder
Inherited from Middle English blundren, blondren (verb) and blunder, blonder (“disturbance, strife”), from the verb; partly from Middle English blondren, a frequentative form of Middle English blonden, blanden ("to mix; mix up"; corresponding to blend + -er); and partly from Middle English blundren, a frequentative form of Middle English blunden (“to stagger; stumble”), from Old Norse blunda (“to shut the eyes; doze”). Cognates include Norwegian blunda (“to shut the eyes; doze”), dialectal Swedish blundra (“to act blindly or rashly”), Danish blunde (“to blink”) or blunde (“to take a nap”), Icelandic blunda (“to nap; doze”). Related to English blind.
zadakat
From Classical Arabic صَدَقَة (ṣadaqa, “charity”).
zakat
Borrowed from:
* Persian زکات (zakât);
* Turkish zekât, from Ottoman Turkish زكات (zekat); or
* Urdu زَکَات (zakāt);
all from Arabic زَكَاة (zakāh, “almsgiving, zakat; purification”), from زَكَوٰة (zakāh) (archaic), from Aramaic זכותא/ܙܟܘܬܐ (zākūṯā, “goodness, probity, uprightness; merit; victory”), from זכי (zəḵē, “to gain; to overcome, triumph over”).
groyne
From Middle English groyn (“snout”), from Old French groign, from Late Latin grunium, grunia, from Latin grunnire (“grunt like a pig”).
Swansea
From Middle English Sweynesse (c. 1165), Sueinesea (1190), Swanesey (1322), from Old Norse Sveins ey (literally “Sveinn’s island”).
adoptee
Learned borrowing from French adoptée, feminine past participle of adopter meaning "to adopt", equivalent to adopt + -ee.
medio
From Spanish medio (“half, half-celemin, half-real, etc.”), from Latin medius (“half”), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). Doublet of medium, media, and mediate.
scopa
Borrowed from Vulgar Latin scōpa (“broom”) (Classical Latin scōpae (“twigs, broom”)). Compare Spanish escoba (“broom”).
Borrowed from Italian scopa and Neapolitan scopa.
hangul
[Alt: 한글 ㅎ=h ㅏ=a ㄴ=n ㄱ=g ㅡ=eu ㄹ=l]
From Korean 한글 (han'geul, “Korean script”).
ischemia
From New Latin ischaemia, from Ancient Greek ἴσχαιμος (ískhaimos, “stoppage of blood flow”), from ῐ̓́σχω (ĭ́skhō, “to hold back, restrain; to stay, stop”) + αἷμᾰ (haîmă, “blood”).
The plural form ischemiae is also from New Latin ischaemiae.
kaizen
From Japanese 改善 (kaizen かいぜん), from Middle Chinese 改善 (kój-dʒjén) (compare Mandarin gǎishàn 改善), from Old Chinese 改善 (*qˁəʔ-ɡenʔ "to correct errors"), from 改 ("to change") + 善 ("good").
Introduced to English in 1959 by Boyé Lafayette De Mente in his book Japanese Etiquette and Ethics in Business.
kanban
From Japanese 看板 (かんばん, kanban), from 看 (kan, “visible”) + 板 (“board or card”), developed and first used in the Toyota Production System.
pastiche
Via French pastiche, from Italian pasticcio (“pie, something blended”), from Vulgar Latin *pastīcius, from Late Latin pasta (“dough, pastry cake, paste”), from Ancient Greek παστά (pastá, “barley porridge”), from παστός (pastós, “sprinkled with salt”). Doublet of pasticcio.
weld
From Middle English welde, wolde, from Old English *weald, weard, variant form of wād, Proto-West Germanic *waiʀd, from Proto-Germanic *waizdaz. Alternatively reborrowed from or contaminated by Anglo-Norman wold, wolde (compare Old French guaide). Doublet of woad. Dutch wouw is derived from the same basic form with -l-.
From Old English weald (sense 2).
clew
From Middle English clew, clewe, clowe, clue, clwe, clyw, clywe, from Old English clēowen, clīewen, clīowen, clīwen, clȳwe, clȳwen (“ball, sphere; skein”), from Proto-Germanic *kliuwiną, *klewô (“bale, ball, clump, mass”), from Proto-Indo-European *glew- (“to ball up, clump together; lump, swelling”). Akin to Old English clǣġ (“clay”). Doublet of knawel.
Cognates
Cognate with Cimbrian khnaul (“ball of yarn”), Dutch kluwe, kluwen (“ball thread or yarn, clew”), German Knäuel (“ballyarn; tangle”), Norwegian Nynorsk kljå (“a loom weight”); also Sanskrit ग्लौ (glau, “the moon; camphor; the earth”).
Graf
* As a German and Jewish surname, from graf (“count”).
* As a Dutch surname, spelling variant of Graef.
From German Graf (“count”). Doublet of graaf and grave.
cosmopolite
Borrowed from French cosmopolite, from Latin cosmopolītēs, itself borrowed from Koine Greek κοσμοπολίτης (kosmopolítēs, “citizen of the world”), from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “world”) + πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”).
convene
Borrowed from Middle French convenir, from Latin convenio, convenire (“come together”), from con- (“with, together”) + veniō (“come”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥yéti, from the root *gʷem-.
Astrakhan
Borrowed from Russian А́страхань (Ástraxanʹ).
Berkeley
From Old English beorc (“birch”) + leah (“meadow, leigh”). Equivalent to birch + -ley (“lea”).
congregate
The adjective is first attested in 1400–1450, in Middle English, the verb c. 1513; from Middle English congregat(e) (“(of people) banded together; (of liquids) accumulated; (of muscles) contracted; (of wounds) closed up”), borrowed from Latin congregātus, perfect passive participle of congregō (“to congregate”) (see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3), from con- (“with, together”) + gregō (“to collect into a flock”), from grex (“flock, herd”). See gregarious and egregious. Participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.
celt
From Latin celtis (“chisel”), very probably a ghost word originating from a copyist's error in the Vulgate Bible, but taken as genuine and subsequently used in Medieval Latin.
bowman
From Middle English boweman, bouman, boughman, equivalent to bow + -man.
Upanishad
Borrowed from Sanskrit उपनिषद् (upaniṣad).
upbringing
From Middle English upbringinge, equivalent to upbring + -ing.
upheave
From Middle English upheven, from Old English ūpāhebban (“to lift up, raise up, exalt, rise in the air, fly”), equivalent to up- + heave. Cognate with Dutch opheffen (“to lift, raise”), German aufheben (“to lift, raise, cancel, repeal”).
upholster
Back-formation from upholsterer (“tradesman who finishes furniture”), from Middle English upholdester, variant of Middle English upholder (“dealer in small goods”), from upholden (“to repair, uphold”); equivalent to uphold + -ster. Sense development as well as form may have been influenced by conflation with unrelated bolster.
From Middle English upholdester, upholster; equivalent to uphold + -ster.
upholsterer
From upholster + -er, from Middle English upholdester, upholster, from Middle English upholder (“dealer in small goods”), from upholden (“to repair, uphold”). By surface analysis, uphold + -ster + -er.
upland
From Middle English upland, from Old English ūpland (“the country”); equivalent to up- + land.
The word as an adjective developed in Middle English.
uplandish
From Middle English uplondish, oplondysch, uplondysch, from Old English uplendisc (“uplandish”); equivalent to upland + -ish.
uppluck
From Middle English upplucken, upplukken, equivalent to up- + pluck.