MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Bastille
Borrowed from French Bastille, from bastille (“fortress”): see further at the English entry bastille. The building was known in full as the Bastille Saint-Antoine, and was a former fortress used as a prison by the French monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The noun is derived from Middle English bastile, bastel (“fortification for attack mounted on a barge or wheels; projecting part of a fortification, bastion, turret; fortified encampment of a besieging army; structure carrying armed men on an elephant’s back; (figuratively) refuge, shelter; protector”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman bastile, bastille, Middle French bastille, and Old French baastel, basstel (“fortification; fortified tower; temporary fortification constructed for attack or defence; (small) castle or fortress”) (modern French bastille; compare Medieval Latin bastīle), from bastide (“fortification; fortress”) with the ending modified after nouns ending in -ille (from Latin -īle (suffix forming place names)). Bastide is derived from Old Occitan bastida (“fortification; (Provence) country mansion”), from bastir (“to build, construct”) + -ida (suffix forming nouns); while bastir is from *bastīre, from Frankish *bastijan (“to sew; to weave”), from Proto-West Germanic *bast (“fibre; rope”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- ~ *bʰasḱ- (“bundle, heap, load”) but this is disputed.
Compare typologically Russian опло́т (oplót), плете́нь (pleténʹ) (akin to плести́ (plestí)).
Noun sense 2.1 (“jail or prison, especially one regarded as mistreating its prisoners”) is from the Bastille in Paris, France. Known in full as the Bastille Saint-Antoine, it was a former fortress used as a prison by the French monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Bastille was stormed by a crowd on 14 July 1789 at the start of the French Revolution and later demolished, becoming an important symbol for the French Republican movement.
Noun sense 2.2 (“workhouse”) was possibly popularized by the English politician William Cobbett (1763–1835) who opposed the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 (4 & 5 William IV, chapter 76; often called the “New Poor Law”). This Act made relief or welfare for poor people only available through workhouses, and ensured that the working conditions were harsh so that only the truly destitute would apply for relief.
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
Late Latin bastile (“wooden siege tower”), bastilla, bastillia, bastillus, bastellum (“fortification; wooden siege tower”)
Olympus
From Latin Olympus, from Ancient Greek Ὄλυμπος (Ólumpos), likely of Pre-Greek origin.
certes
From Middle English certes, from Old French [Term?], from Latin certus (“certain”).
mandrake
From Middle English mandrake, mandroke, an alteration of mandragora with the ending -dragora reinterpreted as related to dragon and replaced with native drake, from Old English mandragora, from Medieval Latin mandragorās, from Ancient Greek μανδραγόρας (mandragóras).
marchioness
From Medieval Latin marchionissa, feminine form of marchion, from Late Latin marca, from Frankish *markōn (“to mark, mark out, to press with the foot”), from Proto-Germanic *markō (“area, region, edge, rim, border”).
mariachi
Borrowed from Mexican Spanish mariachi. The origin of the Spanish word is unclear. It has often been claimed to derive from French mariage (“marriage”), reputedly because the Europe-born Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (which France had invaded) encouraged the music to be played at weddings. However, new evidence shows the word to have been used prior to the French invasion. Most other theories suggest indigenous roots. See Wikipedia.
Leonard
From Old French Leonard, name of a 6th century Frankish saint, from Old High German leo (“lion”) or Old High German liut (“person”) and hart (“hard”). As a surname, also used as an anglicisation of Irish Ó Leannáin (Lennon).
clarion
The noun is derived from Middle English clarion, clarioun (“trumpet with a narrow tube and a shrill sound, clarion; clarion player”) [and other forms], from Old French claron, clarïon (“clarion”) [and other forms], from Medieval Latin clāriōn, clario, clārōn (“clarion; trumpet”), from Latin clārus (“audible; clear, distinct, loud; (visually) bright, clear”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, summon; to cry”).
The adjective is from an attributive use of the noun.
From Middle English clariounen (“of a horn or trumpet: to blow, sound”), from clarioun (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitives of verbs). Later uses may also be derived directly from the noun.
parterre
Borrowed from French parterre (“on the ground”), from par (“on”) + terre (“ground”).
pastern
From Middle English pastron, pastroun, pasturne, from Old French pasturon, diminutive of pasture (“shackle for a horse in pasture”), alteration of Late Latin pastōria after the suffix -ure.
paternoster
From Middle English paternoster, pater noster, from Old English Paternoster, from Latin Pater noster (“our father”) (the first two words of the Oratio Dominica (“the Lord's prayer”)), from pater (“father”) + noster (“our”). The lift and the fishing equipment are named from their resemblance to a rosary.
From Latin pater (“father”) + noster (“ours”).
patriarchate
From Middle French patriarcat, from Old French patriarcat, from Medieval Latin patriarchatus, from Ancient Greek πατριάρχης (patriárkhēs, “patriarch”). By surface analysis, patriarch + -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office, the concrete charge of it, a body of people involved with it).
patroon
Borrowed from Dutch patroon (“patron saint; boss”), from Middle Dutch patroon, from Latin patrōnus (“protector; patron”). Doublet of padrone, patron, Patronus, and pattern.
hieroglyphic
First coined 1726, from French hiéroglyphique, from Latin hieroglyphicus, from Ancient Greek ἱερογλυφικός (hierogluphikós), from ἱερογλυφέω (hierogluphéō, “to represent hieroglyphically”), from ἱερός (hierós, “sacred, holy”) + γλύφω (glúphō, “to carve, to engrave, to cut out”). By surface analysis, hiero- + glyphic.
hindermost
From Middle English hintirmest, hyndermest, hyndermeste, hyndirmaste; equivalent to hinder + -most.
hindmost
From Middle English hindemest, from Old English hindemest, superlative of hindema; compare Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (hindumists). By surface analysis, hind + -most.
Le Havre
Borrowed from French Le Havre (“The Harbor”), a 19th-century French clipping of Le Havre-de-Grâce (“The Harbor of Grace”), a combination of its earlier Norman name Hable (“Harbor”) and the short-lived name Ville-de-Grâce, which it bore following its 1517 refounding by Francis I, referencing the supposedly miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary acquired by Cambrai Cathedral in 1450 and known in French as Notre-Dame de Grâce. Nearby Honfleur had similarly named its cathedral (subsequently destroyed by a landslide) in its honor.
Angelica
Church Italian Angelica, from Latin angelica or a Latinate elaboration of Angela. Name of a heroine in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (1516).
Boyd
From Scottish Gaelic, either buidhe (“blond, yellow, fair”), or a habitational surname from the Isle of Bute in Scotland.
inconsiderable
From Middle French inconsidérable. By surface analysis, in- + considerable.
tristesse
From Middle English trestesse, tristes, tristesce, tristesse, tristice, from Middle French tristesse.
Vance
From a Southern English dialectal form of Old English fenn (“marsh, bog”).
Johanna
From Latin Johanna, variant of Joanna, from Koine Greek Ἰωάννα (Iōánna), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָה (Yôḥānāh, literally “God is gracious”), the feminized form of יְהוֹחָנָן (Yəhōḥānān) which produced John and its many doublets.
Doublet of Ivana, Jana, Jane, Janice, Janis, Jean, Jeanne, Jen, Joan, Joanna, Joanne, Juana, Shavonne, Sian, Siobhan, Shane, Shaun, Shauna, Sheena, and Zhanna.
Monterey
Borrowed from Spanish Monterrey, from Galician Monterrei, from monte (“mountain”) + rei (“king”).
interdiction
From Middle English, borrowed from French interdiction, itself a borrowing from Latin interdictiō.
isopiestic
From iso- + an element derived from Ancient Greek πίεσις (píesis, “pressure”) (see πιέζω (piézō)).
sweating
From Middle English sweting, swetynge, equivalent to sweat + -ing (gerund ending).
ratatouille
Unadapted borrowing from French ratatouille, from Occitan ratatolha (ratatouille is a dish originally from Nice, and is also found in Provence), French form from diminutive prefix tat- + touiller (“to stir”), from Latin tudiculō (“grind, mix”), from tudes (“hammer”), from Proto-Indo-European *tud-, from *(s)tewd-.
rejoiceth
From Middle English rejoyseth, reioyceth, reioyceþ, reioyseþ, equivalent to rejoice + -eth (the archaic third-person singular present tense suffix).
terrarium
From Latin terra (“earth”) + -arium, by analogy with aquarium.
Dundee
Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic Dùn Dè (“good fort”).
timberland
From Middle English *tymbre-lond, from Old English timberland, tymberlond, equivalent to timber + land.
tonsure
From Middle English tonsure, from Anglo-Norman and Old French tonsure, from Latin tonsūra (“a clipping, trimming”), from tondeō (“shear, clip, trim”).
first footing
From Scots tae first-fit (“to be the first to visit at the new year”, literally “to first-foot”).
volute
From French volute, from Italian voluta, from Latin volūta, from the feminine of volūtus, perfect passive participle of volvō. Doublet of vault.
viscountess
From Middle English viscountes, viscountesse, probably from Middle French viscontesse; equivalent to viscount + -ess. Doublet of vicomtesse.
quillaia
After the genus Quillaja, from Mapudungun quillai.
Middlesbrough
From Old English middel (“middle”) + Old English burh (“fortified place”), equivalent to middle + -s- + -b(o)rough. Doublet of Middleburg and Middlebury. Cf. also Middelburg.
mooncake
From moon + cake, a calque of Mandarin 月餅 /月饼 (yuèbíng, “mooncake”), from 月 (yuè, “moon”) + 餅 /饼 (bíng, “pastry; biscuit, cookie”), probably because the pastry’s traditional round shape resembles the full moon visible during the Mid-Autumn Festival.
humectant
From Latin ūmectāns, present participle of ūmectō (“to moisten”), from ūmectus (“moist”), from ūmeō (“to be moist”).
Waffen-SS
Borrowed from German Waffen-SS, from Waffe (“weapon”) + SS.
reveller
Inherited from Middle English revelour. By surface analysis, revel + -er.
Kaliningrad
Borrowed from Russian Калинингра́д (Kaliningrád); named for Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin.
Wolverhampton
Inherited from Middle English Wolverenhampton, from Old English *Wulfrūnehēantūn named after Lady Wulfruna, who founded the town.
hominy
First recorded in 1629. From Powhatan ("Virginia Algonquian"), though the exact source word is in question: suggestions include uskatahomen, appuminnéonash (“parched corn”), and rokohamin (“parched, ground corn”), the last yielding also the unclipped rockahominy.
Marcionite
From Late Latin Marcionita, from Mārciōn + -ita (“-ite”), from Koine Greek Μᾱρκῑ́ων (Mārkī́ōn, “Marcion”), equivalent to Marcion + -ite.
monophysitism
From Byzantine Greek μονοφυσιτισμός (monophusitismós), from μόνος (mónos, “only one”) + φύσις (phúsis, “nature”) + -ισμός (-ismós, “-ism”), hence “belief in a single nature”.
Lille
From French Lille (see there for more), from Old French l'Isle (“the Island”), ultimately from Latin īnsula (“island”). Compare also isle and Lyle.
Pythagoras
From Ancient Greek Πῡθαγόρᾱς (Pūthagórās).
Pythagorean theorem
Named after Pythagoras (from Ancient Greek Πυθαγόρας (Puthagóras)), the Greek mathematician and philosopher who by tradition is credited with the theorem’s discovery and proof.
sympathise
Borrowed from French sympathiser. By surface analysis, sympathy + -ise.
Ningbo
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 寧波／宁波 (Níngbō), literally "Peaceful Waves".
Annabel
Originally a mishearing or misreading of Latin amabilis (“lovable”) (= Amabel, Mabel), used since the 12th century and by folk etymology interpreted as Anna + belle, "beautiful Anna".
Berwick
For places in England and Scotland (e.g. North Berwick), from Old English bere (“barley”) + Old English wīc (“settlement”). For the Scottish name, there is the possibility that the second element instead derives from a different word, for which see -wick.
Places outside England and Scotland are generally named, possibly indirectly, after places in England, including Berwick-upon-Tweed.
The town in Nova Scotia is named after the town in Maine. The name was chosen by a local resident who had travelled through the community in Maine and was impressed by its neatness.
Elbe
From German Elbe, from Middle High German Elbe, from Old High German Elba, from Proto-West Germanic [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *albī.
Munster
From Old Irish Mumu (in either dative Mumain or genitive Muman) + Old Norse staðr.
Borrowed from French Munster or German Münster, ultimately from Alemannic German.
Caen
Inherited from Middle English Caen, Cane, Cadomy, from Old French Caem, Cahom, likely from Latin *Catumagus; the modern pronunciation is a refashioning after modern French Caen.
corbel
From Middle English corbel, from Old French corbel, from Late Latin corbellus, corvellus, diminutive of Latin corvus (“raven”), named for the shape's resemblance to a crow's beak. Doublet of corbeau.
contrariety
Borrowed from Middle French contrariété, from Late Latin contrarietas, from contrarius, from Latin contra (“against”). By surface analysis, contrary + -ety.
starr
From Late Latin starrum, from Hebrew שְׁטָר (šĕṭār).
potassa
Borrowed from Dutch potasch (“potash”). Doublet of potash.
unheard
From Middle English unherd, unherde, from Old English unġehīered (“unheard”), equivalent to un- + heard. Cognate with West Frisian ûnheard (“unheard”), Dutch ongehoord (“unheard”), German ungehört (“unheard”).
dreng
Probably borrowed from Medieval Latin drengus, from Middle English dreng (“warrior, retainer”) or its source, Old English drenġ (“warrior, soldier”), from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz, cognate to Old Norse drengr.
calcine
The verb is derived from Late Middle English calcinen (“(alchemy, medicine) to heat (something) until it turns to powder; to change the nature of (something) by heating”) [and other forms], from Old French calciner (modern French calciner (“to calcinate; to calcine”)) and from its etymon Medieval Latin calcināre (“(alchemy) to burn like lime; to reduce to calx”), from Late Latin calcīna (“inorganic material containing calcium, lime”) + -āre (suffix forming present active infinitive forms of verbs). Calcīna is derived from Latin calcis, the genitive singular of calx (“chalk; limestone”), possibly from Ancient Greek χᾰ́λῐξ (khắlĭx, “small stone, pebble; gravel, rubble”); further etymology unknown, possibly Pre-Greek.
The noun is derived from the verb.
quadrumanous
From Latin quattuor (“four”) + manus (“hand”), or alternatively from translingual Quadrumana + -ous.
qualtagh
PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from Manx qualtagh, quaaltagh (“first person one meets after leaving the house; first person one meets on New Year’s Day”, literally “one who meets or is met”), from quaail (“act of meeting; a meeting”) (ultimately from Old Irish comdál, from com- (prefix meaning ‘with’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by; near; with”)) + dál (“part, share; land in which a tribe lives”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide; to share”))) + -agh (suffix forming adjectives and nouns expressing belonging, a connection to, having, or an involvement with). The interfix -t- may be modelled after an unattested form of Old Irish comaltae (“foster-brother; companion”).
biotin
Borrowed from German Biotin, from Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”) + the suffix -in.
ragout
Borrowed from French ragoût. Compare ragù of the same origin, borrowed from Italian.
haslet
Inherited from Middle English hastelet, from Anglo-Norman hastilet (“roast meat”), diminutive of haste (“spear, spit, roast meat”), from Latin hasta (“spear”).
roulade
From French roulade, from rouler (“to roll”), from Old French roler.
dapifer
From Medieval Latin dapifer, from Latin daps (“feast”) + -fer (“bearer”).
pemmican
From Cree ᐱᒦᐦᑳᐣ (pimiihkaan, “pemmican”), from Cree ᐱᒥᕀ (pimiy, “grease, oil, lard”) + -ᐃᐦᑳᐣ (-ihkaan, “hand made”), from Proto-Algonquian *pemyi.
Levite
Borrowed from Late Latin Levītēs, Lēvīta, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek Λευῑ̈́της (Leuī̈́tēs). By surface analysis, Levi + -ite.
beestings
From Old English bȳsting, derived from bēost, from Proto-West Germanic *beust.
heresiarch
Borrowed from French hérésiarque, from Ecclesiastical Latin haeresiarcha (or directly from the Latin word), from ecclesiastical Byzantine Greek αἱρεσιάρχης (hairesiárkhēs, “leader of a sect”), from Ancient Greek αἵρεσῐς (haíresĭs, “heresy”) + -ᾰ́ρχης (-ắrkhēs, “leader, ruler”), corresponding to heresy + -arch.
legitimation
From Middle English legittimacion, from Middle French legitimacion and its etymon, Medieval Latin lēgitimātiō, lēgitimātiōnem, from lēgitimāre (“to legitimate”), from Latin lēgitimus. By surface analysis, legitimate + -ion.
docetism
From Docetae + -ism, from Late Latin Docetae, from Koine Greek Δοκηταί (Dokētaí) coined 197–203 CE by Serapion of Antioch, from Ancient Greek δοκεῖν (dokeîn, “to seem, to appear”). Related to latter component of synecdoche.
docetic
From Docetae + -ic, from Late Latin Docetae, from Koine Greek Δοκηταί (Dokētaí), from Ancient Greek δοκεῖν (dokeîn, “to seem, to appear”).
docetist
From Docetae + -ist, from Late Latin Docetae, from Koine Greek Δοκηταί (Dokētaí), from Ancient Greek δοκεῖν (dokeîn, “to seem, to appear”).
Baldrs draumar
From Old Norse Baldr draumar (“Baldr's dreams”).
chital
From Hindi चीतल (cītal), from Sanskrit चित्रल (citrala, “variegated, spotted”) from Sanskrit चित्र (citra, “spotted, bright; spot, mark”).
harmonium
Borrowed from French harmonium, coined by French harmonium inventor Alexandre Debain in 1840. By surface analysis, harmony + -ium. First attested in 1847.
armonica
Coined by Benjamin Franklin, its inventor; built on Italian armonia (“harmony”). Glass harmonica is a corruption of Franklin's original word, a back-formation influenced by harmonica (a reed instrument invented sixty years later).
ipalnemohuani
Learned borrowing from Classical Nahuatl īpalnemohuani.
teocalli
From Spanish teocalli, from a Nahuatl [Term?] language; compare Classical Nahuatl teohcalli.
vitamin K
Named similarly to the other vitamins, that are named after their order of discovery. This one was assigned its "K" from Danish koagulation by the Danish researcher Henrik Dam. The sense that is a slang alias for ketamine is because of the initial letter of that drug's name, as also with the slang sense of Special K.
vitamin P
Abbreviation of .
* (flavonoid): permeation or permeability or the like
* (Prozac): Prozac
* (cronyism): Hebrew פרוטקציה
realgar
From Middle English realgar, from Medieval Latin realgar, resalgar, from Arabic رَهْج اَلْغَار (rahj al-ḡār, literally “cave dust”).
shortness
From Middle English schortnesse, from Old English sċortnes, sċeortnys, equivalent to short + -ness.
freshly
From Middle English freschely, freschliche (also as ferscheli, fersly, ferselich), equivalent to fresh + -ly.
halberd
(1495) Middle French hallebarde, from Italian alabarda, from Middle High German helmbarte (“broad-axe with handle”), from halm, from Proto-Germanic *helmô (“handle”) + barte (“hatchet”), from *bardaz (“broadax”), literally "beard."
blackish
From Middle English blackysshe, blakkyssh, equivalent to black + -ish.
Kamba
Borrowed from Tibetan གམ་པ (gam pa).
Karuk
Borrowed from Karok káruk (“upstream, upriver (people)”), because they live upstream on the Klamath River while the Yurok live downstream.
sciatic
Borrowed from Middle French sciatique, from Late Latin sciaticus, variant of ischiadicus, from Ancient Greek ἰσχιαδικός (iskhiadikós), the adjective of ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip”).
Khakas
Borrowed from Russian хака́с (xakás, “a Khakas”).
Kikuyu
Borrowed from Kikuyu Gĩkũyũ.
kreplach
From Yiddish קרעפּלאַך (kreplakh), a regional plural form of קרעפּל (krepl, “meat dumpling”).
surety
From Middle English surete, attested since the early 1300s in the sense "guarantee, promise, pledge, assurance", from Anglo-Norman seurté/Old French seurté with the same meaning (whence modern French sûreté), from Latin sēcūritās. Equivalent to sure + -ty. The senses "security, safety, stability" and "certainty" are attested since the late 1300s. "One who undertakes to pay if another does not" is from the early 1400s. Doublet of security.
quietness
From Middle English quietnes, quietnesse, quietenesse, qwietnesse, qwietenesse, equivalent to quiet + -ness.
grenadine
Borrowed from French grenadine, from Middle French grenade (“pomegranate”).
Pauline
From French Pauline, in turn from Latin Paulīna; in regular use since the 19th century. By surface analysis, Paul + -ine (feminine suffix).
From Middle English Paulyn, from Latin Paulīnus. By surface analysis, Paul + -ine (adjectival suffix).
emesis
From Ancient Greek ἔμεσις (émesis), from ἐμέω (eméō, “vomit”). Compare ἔμετος (émetos, “vomit”, noun). Synchronically held to end in the suffix -esis.
neer
From Middle English neere, nere, from Old English *nēora, from Proto-Germanic *neurô, from Proto-Indo-European *negʷʰrós.
Cognate with Dutch nier (“kidney”), Low German nere (“kidney”), German Niere (“kidney”), Swedish njure (“kidney”), Icelandic nýru (“kidney”), Latin nefrones, nefrendes, nebrundines (“testicles”), Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós, “kidney, testicle”).
macro-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós
Proto-Hellenic *makrós
Ancient Greek μᾰκρός (măkrós)der.
French macro-der.
English macro-
From French, from Latin, from Ancient Greek μακρός (makrós, “long”). By surface analysis, macr- + -o-.
hillock
From Middle English hillok, equivalent to hill + -ock.
From Middle English hillok (“hillock”), a topographic surname for someone who lived near or on a hillock.
bureaucratic
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥
Proto-Hellenic *pāwər
Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr)
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Hellenic *-rós
Ancient Greek -ρός (-rós)
Ancient Greek πῠρρός (pŭrrhós)bor.
Latin burrus
Latin burra
Old French *bure
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Indo-European *-elós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -ulus
Latin -ellus
Old French -el
Old French burel
French bureau
Proto-Indo-European *kret-
Ancient Greek κρᾰ́τος (krắtos)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Ancient Greek -κρᾰτῐ́ᾱ (-krătĭ́ā)lbor.
French -cratie
French bureaucratie
French bureaucrate
Proto-Indo-European *-ikos
Proto-Italic *-ikos
Latin -icuslbor.
Old French -ique
Middle French -ique
French -ique
▲
French bureaucratie
▲
French -ique
French bureaucratiquebor.
English bureaucratic
Borrowed from French bureaucratique, from bureaucrate (“bureaucrat”) or bureaucratie (“bureaucracy”) + -ique (“-ic”), equivalent to bureaucrat + -ic or bureau + -cratic.
dehiscence
From New Latin dehiscentia (in Linnaeus), from Latin dehiscentem, present participle of dehiscō. By surface analysis, dehisce + -ence.
haunch
From Middle English haunche, hanche, from Old French hanche, hance, anche (compare French hanche, Italian anca), from a Germanic source, probably Frankish *ankijā, from Proto-Germanic *ankijǭ (“joint; ankle”), from Proto-Indo-European *ang- (“joint; lith”). Cognate with Old High German ancha, encha, einka (“the leg; joint, bend”) (compare Old High German anchila, enchila (“ankle”), German Hanke (“haunch”), West Frisian hancke (“haunch”). More at ankle.
rhinestone
From Rhine + stone; a calque of French caillou du Rhin (“Rhine pebble”).
loosestrife
Calque of Ancient Greek λυσιμάχειον (lusimákheion), as if from λύσις (lúsis, “loosening”) + μάχη (mákhē, “battle, strife”).
exultant
From Latin exsultāns, present participle of exsultō (“rejoice; boast”). See also exult.
Nephilim
Borrowed from Hebrew נְפִילִים (“nefilim, fallen ones”), plural of נָפִיל (“nafíl, fallen one”).
inhuman
From Middle English inhumayne, from Middle French inhumain and its etymon Latin inhūmānus.
straggle
From Middle English straglen, of uncertain origin, possibly from (or cognate to) dialectal Norwegian stragla (“to walk laboriously”).