MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
petunia
Etymology tree
Proto-Tupian *pe
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tɨm
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pe-tɨm
Old Tupi petymabor.
French pétun
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -iader.
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ία (-ía)der.
taxonomic name -ia
taxonomic name Petunialbor.
English petunia
Learned borrowing from taxonomic name Petunia, from (now obsolete) French pétun (“tobacco”), from Old Tupi petyma (“tobacco”).
phlox
From New Latin Phlox, from Ancient Greek φλόξ (phlóx, “flame”).
diarrhea
From Middle English diaria, from Middle French diarrie (French diarrhée), from Late Latin diarrhoea, from Ancient Greek διάρροια (diárrhoia, “through-flowing”), from διά (diá, “through”) + ῥέω (rhéō, “flow”). By surface analysis, dia- + -rrhea. Spelling later altered to resemble the word's Latin and Greek roots.
Displaced native Old English ūtsiht (literally “straining out”).
guild
From Middle English gilde, from Old Norse gildi (“payment, guild”). Related to geld, yield, yauld.
foundry
From French fonderie. By surface analysis, found (“to melt (metals)”) + -ry (“place; process”).
primula
The genus Primula was named by botanist Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) after Latin primus (“first”) because it flowers early.
lemming
From Danish and Norwegian lemming, from Old Norse lómundr, læmingi, læmingr (“lemming”), perhaps from Sami luomek. Sense 2 derives from a longstanding myth that they exhibit so much herd mentality that populations jump off cliffs to their deaths together.
impregnate
The adjective is first attested in 1540, the verb in 1605; borrowed from Medieval Latin impraegnātus, perfect passive participle of Latin impraegnō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Doublet of impregn; participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.
wormwood
From Middle English wormwode, a folk etymology (as if worm + wood) of wermode (“wormwood”), from Old English wermōd (“wormwood, absinthe”), from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā (“wormwood”). Cognate with Middle Low German wermode, wermede (“wormwood”), German Wermut (“wormwood”). Doublet of vermouth.
fellow traveller
For sense 2: calque of Russian попутчик (poputčik).
sputnik
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-
Proto-Balto-Slavic *san?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm?
Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)
Russian с- (s-)
Proto-Indo-European *pent-
Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *pántis
Proto-Slavic *pǫtь
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-inas
Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ
Proto-Indo-European *-eykos
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-eikas
Proto-Slavic *-ikъ
Proto-Slavic *-ьnikъ
Proto-Slavic *pǫtьnikъ
Russian пу́тник (pútnik)
Russian спу́тник (spútnik)bor.
English sputnik
From Russian спу́тник (spútnik, “satellite”, literally “fellow traveller”), from с- (s-, “with, together”) + пу́тник (pútnik, “traveller”), from путь (putʹ, “way, journey”) + agent suffix -ник (-nik).
See sputnik. The vaccine sense is an ellipsis of Sputnik V, from Russian Спутник V (Sputnik V), a trade name given after Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite.
suppose
From Middle English supposen, borrowed from Old French supposer, equivalent to prefix sub- (“under”) + poser (“to place”); corresponding in meaning to Latin supponere (“to put under, to substitute, falsify, counterfeit”), suppositum. See pose.
Stilton
Recorded as Stichiltone in the Domesday Book, the village's name derives from Old English stigel (“stile”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”). The cheese was named after the village where it was originally sold.
Wilton
From either Old English welig (“willow”) or wella (“spring, stream”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
riding
From Middle English rydyng; equivalent to ride + -ing.
PIE word
 *tréyes
From trithing (initial /t/ absorbed into preceding north, south, east, west, inner ⟨th⟩ already sometimes /d/ in Middle English), from Middle English trithing, tridinge, from Old English *þriþing, from Old Norse þriðjungr (“third part”), from Proto-Germanic *þridjô (“third”) (English third). Equivalent to third + -ing; compare with farthing (“fourth part”). Cognate with English trithing.
The folk etymology that connects the term to the area a horse-rider could cover in a single day is incorrect, but may have influenced the spelling and pronunciation.
permit
From Middle English permitten, borrowed from Middle French permettre, from Latin permittō (“give up, allow”), from per (“through”) + mittō (“send”).
mum
From Middle English mum or mom (“silent”), reminiscent of the sound made when gagged or with a hand over one's mouth. Perhaps related to dated German Mumme (“mask”).
From German Mumme.
blur
From earlier blurre, probably an alteration of blear, from Middle English bleren, from Old English *blerian (attested in āblered (“made bare, made bald”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blaʀjan, from Proto-Germanic *blazjaną (“to make pale”), from Proto-Germanic *blasaz (“pale”). Compare Scots blore, bloar (“to blur, cover with blots”), Low German bleeroged (“blear-eyed”). More at blear.
cul-de-sac
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-der.
Proto-Italic *kūlos
Latin cūlus
Old French cul
Middle French cul
French cul
Proto-Indo-European *de
Proto-Indo-European *-h₁
Proto-Indo-European *déh₁
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Old French de
Middle French de
French de
Ancient Greek σᾰ́κκος (sắkkos)bor.
Latin saccus
Old French sac
French sac
French cul-de-sacbor.
English cul-de-sac
Borrowed from French cul-de-sac, from cul (“bottom”) + de (“of”) + sac (“bag, sack”).
Albion
From Middle English Albion, from Latin Albiōn, an Ancient Gallo-Latin name for Britain (Middle Welsh Albbu, Old Irish Albu), from Proto-Celtic *Albiū, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *albʰós (“white”), whence also Latin albus (“white”) and Ancient Greek ἀλφός (alphós, “whiteness, white leprosy”). The primary meaning of the Common Celtic word is "upper world" (as opposed to underworld), with semasiological development similar to e.g. Russian свет (svet, “world; light”).
It is often hypothesised that the Romans took it as connected with albus (“white”), in reference to the white cliffs of Dover.
succumb
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *upó
Proto-Italic *supo
Latin sub
Latin sub-
Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb-
Proto-Italic *kumbō
Latin *cumbō
Latin succumbere
Old French succomberbor.
English succumb
From Old French succomber, from Latin succumbō.
vigour
From Middle English vigour, from Old French vigour, from vigor, from Latin vigor, from vigeō (“thrive, flourish”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be lively”).
Related to vigil, vegetable, vajra, and waker.
beneath
From Middle English benethe, from Old English bineoþan (“beneath, under, below”), equivalent to be- + neath. Cognate with Low German benedden (“beneath”), Dutch beneden (“beneath, under, down”), obsolete German benieden (“below”).
silent
From Latin silēns (“silent”), present participle of sileō (“be silent”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyl- (“still, windless, quiet, slow”). Related to Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (anasilan, “to cease, grow still, be silent”), Old English sālnes (“silence”).
tinkle
From Middle English tinclen, equivalent to tink + -le (frequentative suffix). Cognate with West Frisian tinkelje (“to tinkle”), Dutch tinkelen (“to tinkle”), German Low German tinkeln (“to flicker, glitter, sparkle”).
custom
PIE word
 *ḱóm
 PIE word
 *swé
From Middle English custume, borrowed from Anglo-Norman custume, inherited from Latin consuētūdinem, a noun derived from cōnsuēscō, from con- (“with”) + suēscō (“become used or accustomed to”). Displaced native Old English ġewuna. Doublet of costume, consuetude, and kastom.
The adjectival form first appears c. 1830.
commit
Inherited from Middle English committen, itself borrowed from Latin committō (“to bring together, join, compare, commit (a wrong), incur, give in charge, etc.”), from com- (“together”) + mittō (“to send”). See mission.
inland
From Middle English inland, inlond, from Old English inland, equivalent to in- + land. Compare West Frisian ynlân (“inland”), German Inland (“inland”), Danish indland (“inland”), Swedish inland (“inland”), Norwegian innland (“inland”). Compare also Dutch binnenland.
expect
From Latin expectāre, infinitive form of exspectō (“look out for, await, expect”), from ex (“out”) + spectō (“look at”), frequentative of speciō (“see”).
Spenser
From Middle English Spenser, from Middle English spenser (“spencer”), from spense (“spence”).
sacred
From Middle English sacred, isacred, past participle of sacren, sakeren (“to make holy, hallow”), equivalent to sacre + -ed.
excess
From Middle English exces (“excess, ecstasy”), from Old French exces, from Latin excessus (“a going out, loss of self-possession”), from excedere, excessum (“to go out, go beyond”). See exceed.
indication
From Old French indication, from Latin indicātiō (“a showing, indicating the value of something; valuation”), from indicō (“point out, indicate, show; value”); see indicate; compare French indication, Spanish indicación, Italian indicazione. By surface analysis, indicate + -ion.
judgment
From Middle English juggement, borrowed from Old French jugement, from Late Latin iūdicāmentum, from Latin iūdicō. Partially displaced doom. By surface analysis, judge + -ment.
temperate
The adjective is first attested in 1380, in Middle English, the verb in 1540; borrowed from Latin temperātus, perfect passive participle of temperō (“to moderate, forbear, combine properly”), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (verb-forming suffix). See temper. Displaced native Old English ġemetegod.
profound
From Middle English profound, profounde, from Anglo-Norman profound, from Old French profont, profonde, from Latin profundus (“deep, profound”), from prō + fundus (“bottom; foundation”).
perfection
From Middle English perfeccioun, from Old French perfection, from Latin perfectiō. Equivalent to perfect + -ion. Displaced native Old English fulfremednes.
instruction
From Middle English instruccioun, from Old French instruccion, from Latin instructio; equivalent to instruct + -ion.
department
From Middle English departement (“ceasing, end”), from Middle French département. Later senses borrowed from Modern French département. Doublet of département.
beset
From Middle English besetten, bisetten (“to besiege, blockade; to fill, occupy; to harass, beset; to allot, bestow; to arrange, manage; to place, set; to provide for; to treat in a certain way”), from Old English besettan, bisettan (“to surround, beset; to set near; etc.”), from Proto-West Germanic *bisattjan, from Proto-Germanic *bisatjaną (“to fill, occupy”), from *bi- (prefix meaning ‘at; by’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“at; near; on”)) + *satjaną (“to place down, set”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)). By surface analysis, be- (prefix meaning ‘around; by, close to, near, next to’) + set.
cognates
* Danish besætte (“to occupy; obsess”)
* Dutch bezetten (“to sit in; occupy; fill”)
* German besetzen (“to seize; occupy; garrison”)
* German Low German besetten (“to occupy”)
* Saterland Frisian besätte (“to occupy”)
* Swedish besätta (“to fill; occupy; beset”)
* West Frisian besette (“to occupy”)
siren
From Middle English siren, from Old French sereine and Latin Sīrēn, Sīrēna, from Ancient Greek Σειρήν (Seirḗn). The mammalian sense was first attested in French in Dominique Bouhours, Les entretiens d'Ariste et d'Eugène, in 1671. The aquatic salamander sense was originally introduced by Linnaeus in 1766, for a genus of his reptiles.
The name was intended to be Syren, from Swedish syren (“lilac”), but this was "corrected" by the US Post Office to Siren, who thought the name applied for was a misspelling.
tinsel
The noun is derived from Middle English tinsel (“cloth containing gold or silver thread”) [and other forms], probably from Anglo-Norman tincel, tincelle, tencele, and then:
* from Old French estincelle, estencele (“a spark”) (modern French étincelle), from Vulgar Latin *stincilla, a metathesis of Latin scintilla (“a glimmer; a spark”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shimmer, shine”); and
* from Old French estincelé, the past participle of estinceler, estenceler (“to produce sparks”) (modern French étinceler (“to sparkle, twinkle; (archaic) to produce sparks”)), from Vulgar Latin *stincillāre, a metathesis of Latin scintillāre, the present active infinitive of scintillō (“to scintillate, sparkle”), from scintilla (“a glimmer; a spark”) (see above) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).
The English word is a doublet of scintilla, scintillate, and stencil.
The adjective is from an attributive use of the noun; while the verb is derived from the noun.
The noun is derived from Middle English tinsel (“destruction, loss; damnation, spiritual loss; state of damnation”) [and other forms], probably from Old Norse *týnsla (modern Norwegian tynsla (“damage, destruction”)), from týna (“to destroy; to lose; to perish”) (whence Middle English tinen (“to be deprived of, lose; to fail to maintain; to forfeit; to lose track of; to mislay; to be separated from; to escape; to be defeated or forced to withdraw; to waste; to consume, use up; to be destroyed, perish; to damn; to remove, take”)) + -sla (suffix forming nouns from verbs, either denoting the action of the verb or the medium or product of the action). Týna is derived from tjón (“damage; loss”), from Proto-Germanic *teuną (“damage; destruction, ruin; lack”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *duH- (“to torment, vex”) or *deh₂w- (“to burn”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
making
Etymology tree
Old English macung
Middle English making
English making
From Middle English making, from Old English macung (“making”), equivalent to make + -ing. Cognate with dated Dutch making (“making”), Old High German machunga.
burrito
Borrowed from Spanish burrito, diminutive of burro (“donkey”), from burrico (“donkey”), from Latin burricus (“small horse”), from burrus (“red-brown”), from Ancient Greek πυρρός (purrhós, “flame-colored”), from πῦρ (pûr, “fire”). A possible origin is due to its resemblance to a rolled up pack as typically carried by donkeys, making it an example of synecdoche.
brainwash
From brain + wash, a calque of Chinese 洗腦 /洗脑 (xǐnǎo), literally to wash the brain. Usage via U.S. military during the Korean War.
allotrope
Back-formation from allotropy, as allo- + -trope, from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), and τρόπος (trópos, “way, manner”).
allotropy
Ancient Greek άλλοτροπἱα (állotrophia), from allo- + -tropy, coined by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius.
woody
From Middle English woodi, wody, wodi, equivalent to wood + -y.
schlong
Borrowed from Yiddish שלאַנג (shlang, “snake”; by extension, “a penis”) or German Schlange.
pepperoni
Borrowed from Italian peperoni (“bell peppers”), the plural of peperone (“bell pepper”).
obscure
From Middle English obscure, from Old French obscur, from Latin obscūrus (“dark, dusky, indistinct”), from ob- + *scūrus, from Proto-Italic *skoiros, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃-. Doublet of oscuro.
stranger
From Middle English straunger, from Old French estrangier (“foreign, alien”), from estrange, from Latin extraneus (“foreign, external”) (whence also English estrange), from extra (“outside of”). Cognate with French étranger (“foreigner, stranger”) and Spanish extranjero (“foreigner”). Displaced native Old English fremde (literally “strange or unfamiliar person”).
carnal
From Middle English, from Latin carnālis (“fleshly, of the flesh”), from carō (“flesh”). By surface analysis, Latin carn- (“meat, flesh”) + -al.
Waray-Waray
Borrowed from Waray-Waray Waray-Waray, from Waray.
shank
Inherited from Middle English schanke, from Old English sċanca (“leg”), from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô (compare West Frisian skonk, Dutch schenkel, Low German Schanke, German Schenkel (“shank, leg”), Danish skank, Norwegian skank, Swedish skänkel), from *skankaz (compare Old Norse skakkr (“wry, crooked”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (compare Middle Irish scingim (“I spring”), Ancient Greek σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”).
dresser
From Middle English dressure, dressor, dressour, a borrowing from Old French drecëur, drecëure, from the verb dresser.
From Middle English dresser, equivalent to dress + -er.
scullery
Inherited from Middle English squylerie, from Anglo-Norman squillerie (“office of the servant in charge of plates”), from escuele (“bowl, dish”), from Latin scutella.
refer
From Middle English referren, from Old French referer, from Latin referre. The noun (used in journalism) is from the verb. Doublet of relate. See also infer, collate and confer, delate and defer, as well as prelate and prefer among others.
external
From Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin externus (“outward, external”), from exter/exterus (“on the outside, outward”).
pacific
From Middle French pacifique.
From Latin pācificus (“peace-making”), so called by Magellan because he sailed peacefully over it after weathering Cape Horn.
canonical
From Middle English canonycal, from Medieval Latin canōnicālis. By surface analysis, canon + -ical.
mangle
From Middle English mangelen, manglen, from Anglo-Norman mangler, mahangler, frequentative of either Old French mangonner (“to cut to pieces”) or mahaigner (“to mutilate”), of Germanic origin, for which see mayhem.
Alternate etymology derives mangle from Middle English *mankelen, a frequentative form of manken (“to mutilate”), from Old English *mancian, bemancian (“to maim”). More at mank.
Ca. 1700, from Dutch mangel, from Early Modern German Mangel (15th c.), enhanced form (by analogy with other tool names in -el) of Middle High German mange, from Medieval Latin manga, manganum, from Ancient Greek μάγγανον (mánganon). Doublet of mangonel.
Borrowed from Spanish mangle, mangue, probably from an Arawak language (such as Taíno), or a Cariban language.
coffin
From Middle English coffyn, from Old Northern French cofin (“sarcophagus", earlier "basket, coffer”), from Latin cophinus (“basket”), a loanword from Ancient Greek κόφινος (kóphinos, “a basket”). Doublet of coffer.
Borrowed from Cornish koghyn (“exploratory trench”), with spelling likely influenced by etymology 1.
dashing
From Middle English daschande, equivalent to dash + -ing.
From Middle English dasshyng, dasshynge, equivalent to dash + -ing.
Cleveland
From place names in England (i.e. Cleveland, England), from Middle English Cleveland, Clyveland, from Middle English clive, cleve, cleove (“cliff”) + land, equivalent to cliff + land.
Isle of Wight
From Old English Wiht, Wihte iegland, from Proto-Celtic *Wextā, compare Welsh Ynys Wyth and Latin Vectis (c.150).
Wrexham
From Old English personal name Wryhtel + -es + Old English hamm (“water meadow”).
aliphatic
From Ancient Greek ἄλειφαρ (áleiphar, “oil, ointment”) + -ic.
shorten
From Middle English shortnen, schortenen, equivalent to short + -en (verbal suffix). In some senses, a continuation (in altered form) of Middle English schorten (“to make short, shorten”), from Old English sċortian (“to become short”), from Proto-Germanic *skurtōną (“to shorten”).
tertiary
PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from the Latin tertiārius (“of the third part or rank”), from tertius (“third”) (from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós, whence English third) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French tertiaire. By surface analysis, terti- + -ary.
quaternary
Derived from Latin quaternārius (“containing or consisting of four”), from quaternī (“four each”, “four at a time”) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French quaternaire.
From Latin quaternārius (“consisting of four”), from quaternī (“by fours”); in numerical sense via Middle English quaternary. Compare French quaternaire.
census
Borrowed from Latin cēnsus, from cēnseō. See censor.
housing
From Middle English housynge, housinge, from housen (“to house, shelter; receive into one's house”), equivalent to house + -ing. Cognate with Scots housing (“housing”), Old Frisian hūsinge (whence Saterland Frisian Huzenge); compare also Dutch huizing, behuizing (“housing”), Low German husing, hüsing (“housing”), German Behausung (“housing”), Swedish inhysing (“housing”).
confusion
From Middle English confusioun, from Old French confusion, from Latin confusio, confusionem.
Morphologically confuse + -ion.
indict
From Middle English enditen, endyten (“to accuse”), from Old French enditer (“to dictate, indite”), from Late Latin indictāre, frequentative of Latin indicere (“to proclaim”), from in- + dicere (“to say”), or from in- + dictāre (“to say often, to dictate”). Doublet of indite.
The irregular spelling is due to the word having been borrowed into Middle English from Old French, and not from Latin as was the case with most other descendants of dictāre (but see dight). The borrowed /iː/ regularly shifted to /aɪ/ in the course of the Great Vowel Shift; the ⟨c⟩ represents a later attempt at graphic Latinisation.
measly
From measle (“singular of measles”) + -y; the word measle is either from Middle Dutch masel (“a blister filled with blood; a pustule, a skin blemish”), or Middle Low German masel (“a red skin blemish”), from Proto-Germanic *masuraz (“a knot or scar in wood; a knarl”), from *mas-, *mēs- (“a spot; a sore; a scar”), from Proto-Indo-European *mos- (“a skin sore”).
utter
PIE word
 *úd
The adjective is derived from Middle English outre, utter, uttre (“situated on the outside of, exterior”), from Old English ūtera (“exterior, outer”, literally “more out”), the comparative form of ūt (“out”). Piecewise doublet of outer.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
PIE word
 *úd
From Middle English outren, utteren (“to display for sale; to market; to sell; to say, speak; to put into words, express, tell; to make known, reveal”), partly:
* from outre, utter (adjective, adverb) (see etymology 1 and etymology 3) + -en (suffix forming the infinitives of verbs); and
* from Middle Dutch uteren (“to announce, make known”) (modern Dutch uiteren); or from Middle Low German üteren, ütern (“to demonstrate, show; to speak; to sell; etc.”) (modern Low German ütern), from Old Dutch or Old Saxon ūtan, probably from Proto-West Germanic *ūtanā (“from outside or without; outside of”). Compare Middle High German ūzeren, whence German äußern (“to express, say, utter”))
PIE word
 *úd
From Middle English outre, utter (“away, out; further away or out; out in the open; outside, without; to a greater extent”), partly:
* from outre, utter (adjective) (see etymology 1); and
* from Old English ūtor, the comparative form of ūt (“out; outdoors, outside”, adverb).
frottage
From French frottage (“rubbing”), from frotter (“to rub”) + -age (suffix forming nouns).
household
From Middle English houshold. By surface analysis, house + hold.
Cognate with Scots houshald, housald, housell, howsell (“household”), Dutch huishouden (“household”) (earlier huishoud), German Low German Huushollen (“household”) (Middle Low German hūsholt), German Haushalt (“household”), Swedish hushåll (“household, family”), Norwegian husholdning (“household”).
English surname, from Middle English houshold (“household, family”), denoting someone who is a householder or is a member of a particular one.
versus
From Middle English versus, borrowed from Latin versus (“facing”), past participle of vertere (“to turn, change, overthrow, destroy”).
nominal
PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥
Proto-Italic *nōmn̥
Latin nōmen
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālis
Latin nōminālisder.
Middle English nominalle
English nominal
From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).
Anurag
Borrowed from Sanskrit अनुराग (anurāga, “a higher love, as of music or art”).
dismiss
Middle English, from Latin dimissus (“sent away, dismissed, banished”), perfect passive participle of dīmittō (“send away, dismiss”), from dis- + mittere (“to send”).
Croydon
From Old English Crogedene ("saffron valley"), from Old English croh (“saffron”) (< Latin crocus (“saffron”)) + Old English denu (“valley”).