MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Lucifer
From Middle English Lucifer, from Latin Lūcifer (from lūx (“light”) + ferō (“bear, carry”)). Attested in Old English as Lūċifer. Replaced native calque lēohtberend (“lightbearer”) also from the same Latin source. Application of the name to Satan results from what is probably a misinterpretation of Isaiah 14:12 (whence also the corresponding sense of morning star).
rebbe
Borrowed from Yiddish רבי (rebe). Doublet of rabbi.
diablo
Borrowed from Spanish diablo (“devil”). Doublet of diabolo, devil, diable, and diabolus.
From Spanish diablo (“devil”).
mentum
Learned borrowing from Latin mentum (“the chin”). Doublet of menton.
diabolic
From Middle English diabolik, from Middle French diabolique, from Late Latin diabolicus, from Ancient Greek διαβολικός (diabolikós, “devilish”), from διάβολος (diábolos, “devil”). First attested in 1350–1400.
Shraddha
Borrowed from Sanskrit श्रद्धा (śraddhā, “faith”).
Borrowed from Sanskrit श्राद्ध (śrāddha).
acoumeter
From Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “I hear”) + -meter.
acoumetry
From Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “I hear”) + -metry.
scapegoat
From scape + goat; coined by English biblical scholar and translator William Tyndale, interpreting Biblical Hebrew עֲזָאזֵל (“azazél”) (Leviticus 16:8, 10, 26), from an interpretation as coming from עֵז (ez, “goat”) and אוזל (ozél, “escapes”). First attested 1530. Compare English scapegrace, scapegallows.
periphery
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Ancient Greek περί (perí)
Ancient Greek περῐ- (perĭ-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō
Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō)
Ancient Greek περιφέρω (periphérō)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *-ēs
Ancient Greek -ης (-ēs)
Ancient Greek περιφερής (peripherḗs)
Proto-Indo-European *-is
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.
Ancient Greek -ια (-ia)
Ancient Greek περιφέρεια (periphéreia)bor.
Latin peripheriabor.
Middle French peripheriebor.
English periphery
Borrowed from Middle French peripherie. Compare Middle English periferie (“one of three layers of atmosphere (lower, middle, and upper) believed to surround the Earth”), from the same origin, although the Modern English term most likely does not descend from it.
fungi
Borrowed from Latin fungī, from fungus + -ī (suffix forming the nominative or vocative plurals of most second-declension nouns ending in -us).
rabid
Etymology tree
Latin rabiō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin rabidusbor.
English rabid
From the Latin rabidus, from rabiō (“to rave”).
rabies
Learned borrowing from Latin rabiēs (“rage, madness, fury”). Doublet of rage.
reservoir
From French réservoir (“collection place”) (fig.), réservoir (“storehouse”) (lit.). in turn from French réserver (“to reserve, keep”).
aqueduct
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂
Proto-Italic *akʷā
Latin aqua
Proto-Indo-European *dewk-
Proto-Indo-European *déwkti
Proto-Italic *doukō
Latin dūcō
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Proto-Italic *-tus
Latin -tus
Latin ductus
Latin aquaeductusbor.
English aqueduct
Adapted borrowing from Latin aquaeductus (“conveyance of water”), from aqua (“water”) + dūcō (“to lead”, “to bring”); compare the French aqueduc.
romaunt
Etymology tree
Vulgar Latin Rōma
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Italic *-nos
Vulgar Latin -nus
Vulgar Latin -ānus
Vulgar Latin rōmānus
Proto-Indo-European *-ikos
Proto-Italic *-ikos
Vulgar Latin -icus
Vulgar Latin rōmānicus
Vulgar Latin -ē
Vulgar Latin rōmānicē
Old French romanz
Old French romauntder.
English romaunt
From Old French romaunt (modern roman), variant of romanz.
greedy
From Middle English gredy, from Anglian Old English grēdiġ (“greedy, hungry, eager”) (cognate West Saxon form grǣdiġ), from Proto-Germanic *grēdagaz (“hungry”), from Proto-Germanic *grēdaz, *grēduz, *grēdô (“hunger”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer-. Equivalent to greed + -y.
Cognate with Old Saxon grādag (“greedy”), Dutch graag (“gladly, willingly”), Old High German grātag (“greedy”), Danish grådig (“greedy”), Norwegian Bokmål grådig (“greedy”) (from Old Norse gráðigr (“greedy”), gráði (“greed, hunger”)), Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (grēdags, “hungry”). Sanskrit गृद्धि (gṛddhi, “greed”) is a false cognate.
douce
From Middle English douce, from Old French dolz, dous, Middle French doux, douce, from Latin dulcis (“sweet”). Doublet of dolce, doux, and dulce.
instantaneous
From New Latin īnstāntāneus, from Latin īnstantem.
naan
From Hindi नान (nān) / Urdu نان (nān), from Classical Persian نان (nān), from Middle Persian LHMA (nān, “bread, food”).
gat
From Dutch gat and/or Middle Low German gat. Compare Icelandic gat.
From Korean 갓 (gat).
Garfield
Also Garfeld, from Old English gār (“spear”) + feld (“field”).
Ivan
From Russian Ива́н (Iván), and from Ivan in several Slavic languages. Doublet of John and its relatives Evan, Giovanni, Ian, Johann, and Sean, etc.
Rare variant of Evan, from Welsh Ifan, the Welsh equivalent of John.
impeach
From Middle English empechen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman empecher, from Old French empeechier (“to hinder”), from Latin impedicāre (“to fetter”). Cognate with French empêcher (“to prevent”).
fragile
Borrowed from Middle French fragile, from Latin fragilis, formed on frag-, the root of frangere (“to break”). Cognate with fraction, fracture and doublet of frail.
ennui
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁én
Proto-Italic *en
Proto-Italic *en-
Latin in-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed-der.
Proto-Italic *odjom
Latin odium
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Late Latin inodiāre
Old French enuier?
Old French enui
French ennuiubor.
English ennui
Unadapted borrowing from French ennui, from Old French enui (“annoyance”), from enuier (modern French ennuyer), from Late Latin inodiō, from Latin in odiō (“hated”). Doublet of annoy.
pension
From Middle English pencioun, pensioun, from Anglo-Norman pencione, Old French pencion, and their source, Latin pēnsiō (“payment, weight, rent, compensation”), from the participle stem of pendō (“to weigh”). Doublet of pensione.
From French pension, from Old French pencion, as etymology 1 above. Doublet of pensione.
attenuation
From Middle English attenuacioun, a borrowing from Latin attenuātiō (“a diminishing”). Equivalent to attenuate + -ion.
rame
From Northern Middle English ramen (“to cry out, scream”), from Old English *hrāmian, from Proto-West Germanic *hraimōn, from Proto-Germanic *hraimōną (“to scream”), *hraimaz (“a scream”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerey- (“to scream, screech”). Cognate with Old Norse hreimr (“a scream, cry”), and possibly to Old English hrēam (“a cry, outcry, tumult, noise”).
From late Middle English rame, from or akin to Middle Dutch raem, rame (“framework, frame”), from Old Dutch *hrama, from Proto-West Germanic *hramu (“frame, support”). Possible doublet of frame.
moonshine
From Middle English mone schyne, mone-schyne, moone shone; equivalent to moon + shine. Illegally distilled liquor is so named because its manufacture may be conducted without artificial light at night. The verb sense is a back-formation from moonshiner.
Passover
Deverbal from pass over as a calque of Hebrew פֶּסַח (pésakh, “to pass over”) (see sense 1), coined by the English Biblical scholar and linguist William Tyndale (c. 1494 – 1536), in his 1530 translation of Exodus 12 of the Bible, the first in modern English: see the quotation.
acquaint
From Middle English aqueynten, acointen, from Old French acointier, from Early Medieval Latin accognitāre, from Late Latin accognitus, past participle of accognoscō, from Latin cognoscō, from nōscō. See also quaint, know.
Shabbat
Borrowed from Hebrew שבת (shabát, “rest”). Variants ending in -s were influenced by the Yiddish form שבת (shabes). Doublet of Sabbath.
license
From Middle English licence, licens, lisence, lissens, licance, from Old French licence, from Latin licentia (“license”), from licens, present participle of licere (“to be allowed, be allowable”); compare linquere, Ancient Greek λείπω (leípō, “leave”).
From Middle English licencen, licensen, lisensen, licent, from Old French licencer, licencier, licenciier, licenser, from Medieval Latin licentiō (cf. English licentiate).
pederast
Borrowed from French pédéraste, from Ancient Greek παιδεραστής (paiderastḗs, “lover of boys”), from παῖς (paîs, “boy”) and ἐραστής (erastḗs, “lover”).
pedophile
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w-der.
Proto-Hellenic *pā́wits
Ancient Greek παῖς (paîs)der.
English pedo-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰil-o-s
Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos)bor.
Latin -philalbor.
English -phile
Ancient Greek παιδοφῐ́λης (paidophĭ́lēs)der.
English pedophile
From pedo- (“child”) + -phile, after Ancient Greek παιδοφῐ́λης (paidophĭ́lēs) (from παῖς (paîs, “boy, child”) + φιλέω (philéō, “to love”)).
hierarch
From Medieval Latin hierarcha, from Ancient Greek ἱεράρχης (hierárkhēs) Derived from ἱερός (hierós, “holy”) + -άρχης (-árkhēs, “ruler”, “leader”).
ἱερός from Proto-Hellenic *iherós, from Proto-Indo-European *ish₁ros. There are a number of candidate cognates with this word. Compare Sanskrit इषिर (iṣira, “vigorous, fresh, blooming”) and Oscan 𐌀𐌉𐌔𐌖𐌔𐌉𐌔 (aisusis).
Matthew
From earlier Matheu, from Old French Mathieu, from Latin Matthaeus, from Ancient Greek Ματθαῖος (Matthaîos), from Aramaic מַתַּי (mattay). Compare Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū, literally “gift of the Lord”). Doublet of Mattathias.
conceive
From Middle English conceyven, from Old French concevoir, conceveir, from Latin concipiō, concipere (“to devise, to conceive”).
expense
From Middle English expense, from Anglo-Norman expense and Old French espense, from Late Latin expēnsa, from Latin expendō. See expend. Doublet of speso.
tai
From Japanese 鯛 (たい, tai).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 邰 (Tái) and 斄 /𭤎 (Tái).
From the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 代 (dài).
From the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin 戴 (Dài), as well as from its Cantonese pronunciation Daai³.
contradict
Derived from Latin contrādictus (“contradicted”), the past participle of contrādīcō (“speak against”) (originally two words).
orchard
From Middle English orchard, orcherd, from Old English orċeard, ortġeard, a compound of *ort (probably from Proto-Germanic *urtiz, a dissimilated variant of Proto-Germanic *wurt- (“wort (plant)”), later incorrectly associated with unrelated Latin hortus (“garden”)) + ġeard (see hortyard and yard, which ironically is etymologically linked with hortus). Cognate with Swedish örtagård (“herb garden”), Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards, “orchard”), Old High German orzōn (“to cultivate a field”). Equivalent to wort + yard. More at root.
girasole
Borrowed from Italian girasole.
From Italian girasole articiocco (“Jerusalem artichoke”).
finito
From Spanish finito (“finished; finite”) and/or Italian finito (“finished; finite”).
Both borrowed from
From Latin fīnītus. Doublet of finite.
MUD
Borrowed from Spanish MUD (“Mesa de la Unidad Democrática”).
From Middle English mud, mudde, mode, probably a borrowing from Middle Dutch mod, modde or Middle Low German mudde, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *mud-, *mudra- (“mud”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mū-, *mew- (“moist”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Mudde (“mud”), Middle High German mot (“mud”), Swedish modd (“slush”). Compare also suffixed variants English mother (“vinegar-forming sediment in alcohol”), West Frisian modder (“mud”), Dutch modder (“mud”), German Low German Mudder (“mud”), German Moder (“moldiness, mildew, decay”), Danish mudder (“mud”). Alternative etymology suggests the Proto-Germanic word is possibly borrowed from a Uralic language (compare e.g. Finnish muta (“mud”), Northern Sami mođđi (“mud”), Erzya мода (moda, “earth, ground”) from Proto-Uralic *muďa (“earth”)).
From Dutch mud, from West Germanic, from Latin modius. Doublet of modius and muid.
prosopagnosia
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon)
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Indo-European *n̥-
Proto-Hellenic *ə-
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓- (ă-)
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-der.
Ancient Greek [Term?]
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γνώς (ăgnṓs)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Ancient Greek ἀγνωσῐ́ᾱ (agnōsĭ́ā)lbor.
German Agnosie
German Prosopagnosiebor.
English prosopagnosia
Borrowed from German Prosopagnosie (see there for more). By surface analysis, prosop- + agnosia.
Ichabod
From Biblical Hebrew אִיכָבוֹד (ʾīḵāḇōḏ, literally “no honor”), from אִי (ʾī, “not”) + כָּבוֹד (kāḇōḏ, “honor”); alluding to 1 Samuel 4:21, where Eli’s daughter-in-law names her child Ichabod, saying ‘The glory is departed from Israel.’
presuppose
From Middle French presupposer, from Latin praesuppōnō.
flak
Borrowed from German FlaK, short for Fliegerabwehrkanone (“anti airplane cannon”).
shift
The noun is from Middle English schyft, shyffte. Cognate with German Schicht (“layer, shift”).
The verb is from Middle English schiften, from Old English sċiftan (“to divide, separate into shares; appoint, ordain; arrange, organise”), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną, *skiptijaną, from earlier *skipatjaną (“to organise, put in order”), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyb- (“to separate, divide, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, divide, separate, part”). Cognate with Scots schift, skift (“to shift”), West Frisian skifte, skiftsje (“to sort”), Dutch schiften (“to sort, screen, winnow, part”), German schichten (“to stack, layer”), Swedish skifta (“to shift, change, exchange, vary”), Norwegian skifte (“to shift”), Icelandic skipta (“to switch”). See ship.
police
From Middle French police, from Latin polītīa (“state, government”), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía). Doublet of policy, polis (“police”), and polity.
bouillon
First attested 1656, from French bouillon, from the verb bouillir (“to boil”), from Old French boillir, from Latin bullīre (“to bubble, boil”), from bulla (“bubble”).
Borrowed from French Bouillon.
diminish
Formed under the influence of both diminue (from Old French diminuer, from Latin dīminuo) and minish.
simmer
From alteration of dialectal simper, from Middle English simperen (“to simmer”), of possibly imitative origin. First attested in the intransitive sense. The noun is from the verb. First attested in the late 15ᵗʰ century.
Borrowed from German Simmer or a variant of Summer.
Haskell
* The programming language is named after American logician Haskell Curry (1900–1982).
* As an English surname, from the Middle English personal name Askell, from Old Norse Áskell. Compare Axtell, Askin, Haskin, Hasty, Astin.
* As a surname in the Isle of Man, a variant of Castell, itself related to the above.
* As a Jewish surname, from Khaskl, a Yiddish form of Yeḥezqel, see Ezekiel.
Asclepius
Borrowed from Latin Asclēpius, from Ancient Greek Ἀσκληπιός (Asklēpiós).
Hoover
The surname is an anglicization of German Huber or Low German Hufer, originally designating a landowner or a prosperous small-scale farmer. The common noun and verb are taken from the brand name of one of the first vacuum cleaners (see hoover).
A genericized trademark of Hoover, the brand name of one of the first vacuum cleaners, which was sold by The Hoover Company. The American company was founded by William Henry Hoover (1849–1932) and his son Herbert William Hoover, Sr. (1877–1954). The surname Hoover is an Anglicized version of the German Huber, originally designating a landowner or a prosperous small-scale farmer.
interrobang
A blend of French (point d')interrogation (“question mark”) or the equivalent term in another Romance language + bang (“exclamation mark, exclamation point”), coined in a 1962 article in the journal TYPEtalks by American advertising executive Martin Kiehra Speckter (1915–1988), who invented the symbol.
malacology
From French malacologie, contraction of malacozoologie, from the (obsolete) taxonomic name Malacozoa + French -ologie (“-ology”), Malacozoa being in turn from Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós, “soft”) + ζῷον (zōîon, “animal”).
Equivalent to malaco- + -logy.
epileptic
From Ancient Greek ἐπιληπτικός (epilēptikós).
flack
From Middle English flacken (“to palpitate, flutter”), from Old English *flaccian, from Proto-West Germanic *flakkōn, from Proto-Germanic *flakkōną (“to beat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ-, which could be related to Ancient Greek πλάζω (plázō, “to turn away from”).
Akin to Middle Dutch vlacken (“to flicker, flash, sparkle”), Danish flakke (“to wander”), Swedish flacka (“to rove, rove about, ramble”), Icelandic flakka (“to move”). Compare also Icelandic flaka (“to flap, hang loose”), Swedish flaxa (“to flap, flutter”).
From Middle English flack (“sod, turf”); see flag (sense 4).
Mecca
From Arabic مَكَّة (Makka) of uncertain etymology. In American place names, in reference to the Arabian city.
preservation
From Old French preservacion, from Medieval Latin preservatio. Morphologically preserve + -ation.
hovel
From Middle English hovel, hovil, hovylle, diminutive of *hove, *hof (“structure, building, house”), from Old English hof (“an enclosure, court, dwelling, house”), from Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą (“hill, farm”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“arch, bend, buckle”), equivalent to howf + -el. Compare Middle High German hobel (“cover, lid, covered wagon”).
Cognate with Dutch hof (“garden, court”), German Hof (“yard, garden, court, palace”), Icelandic hof (“temple, hall”). Related to hove and hover.
Earthling
From earth + -ling (suffix indicating a resident); earth is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁er- (“earth”). Old English ierþling (“farmer, husbandman, ploughman”, literally “one of the earth”) is formed from the same roots but generally did not outlive Old English; all modern uses are historical: see earthling. Compare also human, which is derived from Latin humus (“ground, soil”).
From Middle English erthling (“farmer, ploughman”) [and other forms] (in glossaries), from Old English ierþling, eorþling (“farmer, husbandman, ploughman”) [and other forms], from eorþe (“ground; dirt; planet Earth”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁er- (“earth”)) + -ling (suffix forming personal nouns). The English word is analysable as earth + -ling.
tellurian
From Latin tellūs (“earth, ground; the globe, planet Earth; country, land”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground, bottom”), + -ian (suffix meaning "from, related to, or like" when forming an adjective, or "one from, belonging to, relating to, or like" when forming a noun).
From Latin tellūs (“earth, ground; the globe, planet Earth; country, land”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground, bottom”) + -ian (suffix meaning ‘from, related to, or like’ (when forming an adjective), or ‘one from, belonging to, relating to, or like’ (when forming a noun)).
terrestrial
From Middle English terrestrialle, from terrestre or Latin terrestris, from terra (“land, earth, ground”), with the suffix -al.
tellurion
From Latin tellūs (“earth, ground; the globe, planet Earth; country, land”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground, bottom”) + -ion (a Latinate suffix used in place of -ian (suffix meaning ‘one from, belonging to, relating to, or like’)), possibly coined by Benjamin Martin (baptized 1705; died 1782), an English lecturer, lexicographer, and maker of scientific instruments: see the quotation.
mestizo
Borrowed from Spanish mestizo, from Late Latin mixtīcius, from Latin mixtus (“mixed”). Doublet of metis, which came from French.
mince
From Middle English mincen, minsen; partly from Old English minsian, ġeminsian (“to make less, make smaller, diminish”), from Proto-West Germanic *minnisōn, from Proto-Germanic *minnisōną (“to make less”); partly from Old French mincer, mincier (“to cut into small pieces”), from mince (“slender, slight, puny”), from Frankish *minsto, *minnisto, superlative of *min, *minn (“small, less”), from Proto-Germanic *minniz (“less”); both from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small, little”). Cognate with Old Saxon minsōn (“to make less, make smaller”), Old Dutch minson (“to make smaller”), Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌽 (minznan, “to become less, diminish”), Swedish minska (“to reduce, lessen”), Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (mins, “slender, slight”). More at min.
jardin
From French jardin (“garden”), from the mossy appearance. Doublet of garden.
swive
From Middle English swiven, from Old English swīfan (“to move, sweep, wend, revolve”), from Proto-Germanic *swībaną (“to wipe, sweep”). Cognate with Old Frisian swīva, swīfa (“to waver”), Old Norse svīfa (“to drift, ramble, rove”), Norwegian Nynorsk sviva (“to rotate, wander”). Related to Old English swift (“swift”), Middle English swyvel (“swivel”).
Jessica
First used by William Shakespeare in Merchant of Venice in the early 17th century, probably from Hebrew יִסְכָּה (yiská, “Iscah in Genesis 11:29, Jescha in the Wycliffe version”), a proper name meaning "he will see/behold/look for", the 3ms imperfect form of a verb ultimately from the root ס־כ־ה (s-k-h), itself an alternative form of the root שׂ־כ־ה (ś-k-h), both of which mean "to see, behold, look for".
* By folk etymology seen as an elaborate form of Jessie, from Jane.
Bayern
Clipping of Bayern Munich from German Bayern (“Bavaria”) (clipping of Bayern München).
channel
From Middle English chanel (also as canel, cannel, kanel), a borrowing from Old French chanel, canel, from Latin canālis (“groove; canal; channel”). Doublet of canal.
From Middle English chanelen, from the noun (see above).
magister
Borrowed from Latin magister (“a master, chief, head, superior, director, teacher, etc.”), from magis (“more or great”) + -ter. Doublet of maestro, master, and meister.
oncoming
From Middle English on comynge, oncomynge, oncoomynge; equivalent to on- + coming (noun).
shampoo
From Hindi चाँपो (cā̃po) / चांपो (cāmpo), imperative form of चाँपना (cā̃pnā) / चांपना (cāmpnā, “to press, knead”), mid 18th c.
chutney
Borrowed from Hindustani चटनी (caṭnī) / چَٹْنِی (caṭnī).
Sanskrit
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सं॒स्कृ॒त (saṃskṛtá, “perfected; prepared; constructed; refined”). First use appears c. 1617 in the publications of Samuel Purchas.
surf
Probably from earlier suff, suffe (“the inrush of the sea towards the shore”), possibly from Middle English suffe. Compare sough, surf (“a gutter, drain, sewer, trench”) and sough (“a soothing, gentle, murmuring sound of wind or water”). Alternatively, possibly of Indo-Aryan origin, as the word was formerly a reference to the coast of India, though this is doubtful as no positive etymon can be identified.
The verb is from 1917.
The verb referring to "browsing the Internet" was popularized by Jean Armour Polly.
gamba
From viola da gamba, ultimately from Italian gamba (“leg”). Doublet of gam, gamb, jamb, and jambe.
Learned borrowing from Latin gamba (“leg”); compare gambol. Doublet of gam, gamb, jamb, and jambe.
From the Italian surname, from the noun gamba (“leg”).
sala
From Spanish sala, from Germanic. Compare Swedish sal. Doublet of salle and sale.
Borrowed from Thai ศาลา (sǎa-laa), ultimately from Sanskrit शाला (śālā, “hall”).
Borrowed from Hindi साला (sālā).
innocent
From Middle English innocent, from Old French innocent, inocent, borrowed from Latin innocēns (“harmless, inoffensive”), from in- (“not”) + nocēns, present participle of noceō (“to hurt”). By surface analysis, in- (“not”) + nocent (“harmful; guilty”). Displaced native Old English unsċyldiġ.
owe
From Middle English owen, from Old English āgan, from Proto-West Germanic *aigan (“to own”), from Proto-Germanic *aiganą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂óyḱe (“to possess, own”), reduplicated stative of *h₂eyḱ- (“to own”). See also own, ought.
Cognate with Sanskrit ईष्टे (īṣṭe, “to own, possess”).
anonym
Coined or borrowed around 1812, from French anonyme, from Ancient Greek ἀνώνυμος (anṓnumos, “without name”).
popular
From Middle English populer, from Old French populaire and Latin populāris, from populus (“people”) + -āris (“-ar”).
dunnock
From Middle English donek, dunok, from Old English *dunnuc, equivalent to dun (“brownish grey”) + -ock (diminutive suffix). Compare Old High German doniklīn (“hedge-sparrow; dunnock”). Compare ruddock.