MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Saxon
Partially from Middle English Saxe, Sax; from Old English *Seaxa (attested in plural Seaxan), and Saxoun, from Old French *Saxoun, Saxon (“Saxon”), from Late Latin Saxōnem, accusative of Saxō (“a Saxon”), both from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą (“rock, knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”). Doublet of Sais.
Cognates
Cognate with Middle Low German sasse (“someone speaking Saxon, i.e. (Middle) Low German”), Old English Seaxa (“a Saxon”), Old High German Sahso (“a Saxon”), Icelandic Saxi (“a Saxon”), Estonian saks (“lord; German”), Finnish Saksa (“Germany”). Also cognate to Old English seax (“a knife, hip-knife, an instrument for cutting, a short sword, dirk, dagger”); more at sax.
penny
Etymology tree
Pre-Greekder.?
Ancient Greek πατάνη (patánē)bor.
Latin patina
Latin panna?
Latin pannus?
Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷo-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Germanic *-īnaz
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Germanic *-gaz
?
Proto-Germanic *-ingaz
Proto-Germanic *panningaz
Proto-West Germanic *panning
Old English peniġ
Middle English peny
English penny
From Middle English peny, from Old English peniġ, penniġ, penning (“penny”), from Proto-West Germanic *panning, from Proto-Germanic *panningaz, of uncertain origin (see that page for theories). Doublet of pfennig and fening.
nickel
Borrowed from German Nickel, first used in a text by the Swedish mineralogist Axel F. Cronstedt as an abbreviation of Kupfernickel (“a mineral containing copper and nickel”), from Kupfer (“copper”) + Nickel (“insignificant person, goblin”), originally nickname of Nikolaus (“Nicholas”), due to the deceptive silver colour of the relatively valueless ore. Compare cobalt as related to kobolds.
One of the variant spellings of Nichol, a Middle English vernacular form of the given name Nicholas.
counterfeit
From Middle English counterfeit, countrefet, from Anglo-Norman countrefait, from Old French contrefait, from Latin contra- (“against”) + Latin facere (“to make”). Piecewise doublet of contrafactum.
morph
Back-formation from morpheme, from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”). Compare German Morph, from Morphem. Attested since the 1940s.
aloha
Borrowed from Hawaiian aloha (“love”), from Proto-Polynesian *qarofa. Doublet of aroha and aropa.
symptom
From Ancient Greek σύμπτωμα (súmptōma, “a happening, accident, symptom of disease”), from stem of συμπίπτω (sumpíptō, “Ι befall”), from συν- (sun-, “together”) + πίπτω (píptō, “to fall”).
pip
From Middle English pippe, from Middle Dutch pip, from post-classical Latin pipita, from Latin pītuīta (“mucus, phlegm, head cold”). Doublet of pituita.
Apparently representing a shortened form of pippin, from Middle English pipin, from Old French pepin (“a seed”) (French pépin).
pit
Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *puti
Old English pytt
Middle English pit
English pit
From Middle English pit, pet, püt, from Old English pytt, from Proto-West Germanic *puti, from Latin puteus (“trench, pit, well”), although there are phonetic difficulties.
From Dutch pit (“kernel, core”), from Middle Dutch pitte, from Proto-Germanic *pittan (compare dialectal German Pfitze (“pimple”)), oblique of Proto-Germanic *piþō. Compare pith.
nature
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti
Proto-Italic *gnāskōrder.
Latin nāscor
Proto-Indo-European *-tew-?
Proto-Indo-European *-r-eh₂?
Latin -tūra
Latin nātūralbor.
Old French naturebor.
Middle English nature
English nature
From Middle English nature, natur, from Old French nature, from Latin nātūra (“birth, origin, natural constitution or quality”), future participle from perfect passive participle (g)natus (“born”), from deponent verb (g)nasci (“to be born, originate”) + future participle suffix -urus.
Displaced native Middle English erd (“character, nature, disposition”) from Old English eard (compare German Art (“nature, character, kind, type”)); and Middle English kynde (“character, disposition, nature”) from Old English ġecynd. More at kind.
plankton
Borrowed from German Plankton, coined by German zoologist and marine biologist Victor Hensen. By surface analysis, Ancient Greek πλαγκτός (planktós, “drifter”) + -on. Ultimately from Ancient Greek πλαγκτόν (planktón, “drifting”), neuter nominative of πλαγκτός (planktós), from πλάζομαι (plázomai, “to wander, drift”), from πλάζω (plázō, “to cause to wander, drive astray”). By surface analysis, plankt- + -on.
person
Etymology tree
Latin persōna
Anglo-Norman persouneder.
Middle English persoun
English person
From Middle English persoun, personne et al., from Anglo-Norman parsone, persoun et al. (Old French persone (“human being”), French personne), and its source Latin persōna (“mask used by actor; role, part, character”), perhaps a loanword from Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (φersu, “mask”). In this sense, displaced native man, which came to mean primarily "adult male" in Middle English; see Old English mann. Doublet of parson and persona.
Welsh
From Middle English Walsch, Welische, from Old English wīelisċ (“Briton; Roman; Celt”), from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“Celt; later Roman”), from *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”) (compare Old English wealh), from the name of the Gaulish tribe, the Volcae (recorded only in Latin contexts).
This word was borrowed from Germanic into Slavic (compare Old Church Slavonic Влахъ (Vlaxŭ, “Vlachs, Romanians”), Byzantine Greek Βλάχος (Blákhos)).
Doublet of Vellish. Compare Walloon, walnut, Vlach, Walach, Gaul, Cornwall.
From Old English welise (“foreign”)
imperfect
From Middle English imperfit, from Old French imparfit (modern French imparfait), from Latin imperfectus. Spelling modified 15c. to conform Latin etymology. See im- + perfect.
Hebrew
From Middle English Ebreu, from Old French Ebreu, from Latin hebraeus or hebraicus, from Ancient Greek Ἑβραῖος (Hebraîos), from Aramaic עִבְרַי (ʿiḇray), from Hebrew עִבְרִי (ʿiḇrī́).
Frisian
From Middle English Frisoun, taken from Old French frison (“a Frisian”), itself derived from Latin Frīsiī (“Frisians”). Displaced native Old English Frīsa (“a Frisian”) whence modern English Frise; see the plural Frīsan for more.
Danish
Alteration of Middle English Denish, Dench (under the influence of Dan — compare Dane), from Old English Denisċ (“Danish”), from Proto-Germanic *daniskaz. By surface analysis, Dane + -ish.
Borrowed from Urdu دَانِش (dāniś), from Classical Persian دَانِش (dāniš).
Russian
From Medieval Latin (11th century) Russiānus, from Russia, a Latinization of the Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ)) + -ānus (“of or pertaining to”). Attested in English (both as a noun and as an adjective) from the 16th century. By surface analysis, Russia + -an. Piecewise doublet of Rossiyan.
of
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó
Proto-Germanic *ab
Proto-West Germanic *ab
Old English æf
Old English of
Middle English of
English of
From Middle English of, from Old English of (“from, out of, off”), an unstressed form of æf, from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“away; away from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away”). Doublet of off, which is the stressed descendant of the same Old English word. More at off.
Slovak
From Slovak Slovák (“Slovak”), from a shortening of Proto-Slavic *slověninъ (“Slav”) + -ák. Related to Slovene.
or
From Middle English or; partially contracted from other, auther, from Old English āþor, āwþer, āhwæþer ("some, any, either"; > either); and partially from Middle English oththe, from Old English oþþe, from Proto-Germanic *efþau (“or”).
From late Middle English or (“gold”), borrowed from Middle French or (“yellow”), from Old French or, from Latin aurum (“gold”). Doublet of aurum.
From Late Old English ār, from Old Norse ár. Compare ere.
Borrowed from Cantonese 柯 (o1) or from Hebrew אור ('ór). This surname is mostly found in Hong Kong.
Flemish
From Middle English flemmysshe, from Old English flēmisc, from Old Frisian flāmisk, derived from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz (“flowing, current water”) and *-iskaz. Equivalent to English fleam + -ish. More at Flanders.
chook
From Irish English chuck (call made to poultry or pigs), from Irish tsiug, tsiuc. Compare English buck buck.
thirteen
From Middle English thirttene, variant (through metathesis) of thrittene, from Old English þrēotīene, from Proto-Germanic *þritehun, compound of *þrīz (“three”) + *tehun (“teen”). Cognate with West Frisian trettjin, Dutch dertien, German dreizehn, Danish tretten. Equivalent to three + -teen.
fourteen
From Middle English fourtene, from Old English fēowertīene, from Proto-Germanic *fedurtehun. Cognate with West Frisian fjirtjin, Dutch veertien, German vierzehn, Danish fjorten. Equivalent to four + -teen.
million
From Old French, from Italian milione (“million”, from mille (“thousand”, from Latin mille) + -one). Compare -illion.
Czech
Unadapted borrowing from Polish Czech, from Old Polish Czech, from Old Czech Čech, ultimately a variation and contraction of Proto-Slavic *čelověkъ (“human”).
parallel
From Middle French parallèle and its etymon Latin parallēlus, parallēlos. The verb is from the noun. By surface analysis, par- + all- + -el.
eleventh
From Middle English elleventhe, from elleven + -the, equivalent to eleven + -th. This re-formation replaced inherited forms such as ellefte, enlefte, from Old English endlefta, from Proto-Germanic *ainaliftô.
twelfth
From Middle English twelfthe, twelfte, from Old English twelfta (“twelfth”), from Proto-Germanic *twaliftô (“twelfth”), equivalent to twelve + -th (ordinal suffix). Cognate with Scots twalt (“twelfth”), Saterland Frisian tweelfte (“twelfth”), West Frisian tolfde (“twelfth”), Dutch twaalfde (“twelfth”), German Low German twalfde, twalvde (“twelfth”), German zwölfte (“twelfth”), Danish tolvte (“twelfth”),
Swedish tolfte (“twelfth”), Icelandic tólfta (“twelfth”).
thirteenth
Inherited from Middle English thrittenthe, thrittethe, from Old English þrēottēoþa; equivalent to thirteen + -th (ordinal suffix).
fourteenth
Inherited from Middle English fourtenthe, fourtethe, from Old English fēowertēoþa, equivalent to fourteen + -th.
fifteenth
Inherited from Middle English fiftenthe, fiftethe, from Old English fīftēoþa, equivalent to fifteen + -th.
perpendicular
Derived from Middle French perpendiculaire, from Old French perpendiculer, from Latin perpendiculum (“plumb line”).
triangle
PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English triangle, from Old French triangle, from Latin triangulum, noun use of adjective triangulus (“three-cornered, having three angles”), from trēs (“three”) + angulus (“corner, angle”), equivalent to tri- + -angle.
polygon
From Ancient Greek πολύγωνον (polúgōnon), from πολύς (polús, “many”) + γωνία (gōnía, “angle”), equivalent to poly- + -gon.
rational
From Old French rationel, rational, from Latin rationalis (“of or belonging to reason, rational, reasonable; having a ratio”), from ratio (“reason; calculation”).
From Old French rational, from Medieval Latin rationale (“a pontifical stole, a pallium, an ornament worn over the chasuble”), neuter of Latin rationalis (“rational”), for which see the first etymology. Translation of λογεῖον (logeîon) or perhaps λόγιον (lógion, “oracle”) in the Septuagint version of Exodus 28.
square
From Middle English square, sqware, squyre; from Old French esquarre, esquerre, (modern French équerre), from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, from Latin ex- + quadro, from quadrus (compare English quad and quadra). Doublet of squad and squadra.
Displaced Old English fēowerecge (fēower nominative + ecg accusative, as in "four-edged").
trapezoid
From Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”) + -oid (“resembling”).
quine
PIE word
 *pénkʷe
Learned borrowing from Latin quīnī (“five at a time; five together”), a plural form of quīnus (“five at a time; five each”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe (“five; hand”).
From Manx Quine.
hemisphere
From Latin hemisphaerium, from Ancient Greek ἡμισφαίριον (hēmisphaírion), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “half”) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “sphere”). Equivalent to hemi- + sphere. Displaced native Old English healftrendel (literally “half-sphere”).
quaff
Uncertain. Suggestions include connection with Old Irish cuäch (“cup, goblet, bowl; cauldron, large vessel; bowl, cup”) (whence Scots quaich, queff). The noun is derived from the verb.
irrational
From Latin irratiōnālis, from ir- + ratiōnālis.
fifteen
PIE word
 *pénkʷe
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe
Proto-Germanic *fimf
Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥
Proto-Germanic *tehun
Proto-Germanic *fimftehun
Anglian Old English fīftīene
Middle English fiftene
English fifteen
From Middle English fiftene, from Old English fīftīene, fīftēne, from Proto-Germanic *fimftehun. Cognate with West Frisian fyftjin, Dutch vijftien, German fünfzehn, Danish femten. Equivalent to five + -teen.
seventeen
Inherited from Middle English seventene, from Old English seofontīene, from Proto-Germanic *sebuntehun. Cognate with Dutch zeventien, West Frisian santjin, German siebzehn, Danish sytten.
Equivalent to seven + -teen
sixteen
Inherited from Middle English sextene, sixtene, from Old English sixtīene, from Proto-Germanic *sehstehun. Cognate with West Frisian sechstjin, Dutch zestien, German sechzehn, Danish seksten. Equivalent to six + -teen.
nineteen
From Middle English nyntene, nynetene, from Old English niġontīene, niġontēne, from Proto-Germanic *newuntehun. Cognate with Dutch negentien, Low German negenteihn, Hunsrik neinzen, German neunzehn, Danish nitten.
Equivalent to nine + -teen
twenty
From Middle English twenty, twenti, from Old English twēntiġ (“twenty”, literally “two tens”), from Proto-Germanic *twaintigiwiz, *twai tigiwiz, an old compound of *twain- (“two”) + *-tigaz (“group of ten”), equivalent to two + -ty, or twain + -ty. Cognate with Scots twenty, tuenty (“twenty”), West Frisian tweintich (“twenty”), Dutch twintig (“twenty”), German zwanzig (“twenty”), Danish tyve.
thirty
From Middle English thirty, metathetic alternant of Middle English thriti, þrittiȝ, from Old English þrītiġ (“thirty”), from Proto-Germanic *þrīz tigiwiz (“thirty”, literally “three tens”), equivalent to three + -ty. Cognate with Scots therty, tretty (“thirty”), West Frisian tritich (“thirty”), Dutch dertig (“thirty”), German dreißig (“thirty”).
forty
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwṓr
Proto-Germanic *fedwōr
Proto-Germanic *tigiwiz
Proto-Germanic *fedwōr tigiwiz
Old English fēowertiġ
Middle English fourti
English forty
From Middle English fourti, feortiȝ, from Old English fēowertiġ, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr tigiwiz (“forty”). By surface analysis, four + -ty.
fifty
PIE word
 *pénkʷe
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe
Proto-Germanic *fimf
Proto-Germanic *tigiwiz
Proto-Germanic *fimf tigiwiz
Old English fīftiġ
Middle English fifty
English fifty
From Middle English fifty, from Old English fīftiġ, from Proto-Germanic *fimf tigiwiz (“five tens”). By surface analysis, five + -ty.
pi
From Koine Greek πῖ (pî), from Ancient Greek πεῖ (peî), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *pay- (“mouth”). Doublet of pe. Its mathematical use apparently stems from its use as the first letter in περιφέρεια (periphéreia, “periphery; circumference”) and was first cited in 1706 in the Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos by William Jones.
sixty
Inherited from Middle English sixty, sexty, Old English sixtiġ, from Proto-Germanic *sehs tigiwiz (“sixty”), equivalent to six + -ty. Cognate with Scots sexty, saxty (“sixty”), Saterland Frisian säkstich (“sixty”), West Frisian sechstich (“sixty”), Dutch zestig (“sixty”), German Low German sesstig (“sixty”), German sechzig (“sixty”), Swedish sextio (“sixty”), Norwegian seksti (“sixty”), Icelandic sextíu (“sixty”). Compare also Sanskrit षष्टि (ṣaṣṭi).
seventy
From Middle English seventy, sevynty, from Old English hundseofontiġ, from Proto-Germanic *sebuntēhundą (“seventy”), equivalent to seven + -ty. Cognate with Scots seiventy (“seventy”), Saterland Frisian soogentich (“seventy”), West Frisian santich (“seventy”), Dutch zeventig (“seventy”), German Low German söventig (“seventy”), German siebzig (“seventy”), Swedish sjuttio (“seventy”), Norwegian sytti (“seventy”), Icelandic sjötíu (“seventy”).
eighty
Inherited from Middle English eightety, eiȝti, eiȝtety, from Old English hundeahtatiġ, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōutēhundą (“eighty”), equivalent to eight + -ty. Cognate with Scots hechty, auchty (“eighty”), Saterland Frisian tachentich (“eighty”), West Frisian tachtich (“eighty”), Dutch tachtig (“eighty”), Low German tachentig (“eighty”), German achtzig (“eighty”), Swedish åttio (“eighty”), Norwegian åtti (“eighty”), Icelandic áttatíu (“eighty”).
ninety
From Middle English nynty, nynety, from Old English hundniġontiġ, from Proto-Germanic *newuntēhundą (“ninety”), equivalent to nine + -ty. Cognate with Scots nynty, nynety (“ninety”), Saterland Frisian njuugentich (“ninety”), West Frisian njoggentich (“ninety”), Dutch negentig (“ninety”), German Low German negentig (“ninety”), German neunzig (“ninety”), Swedish nittio (“ninety”), Norwegian Bokmål nitti (“ninety”), Norwegian Nynorsk nitti (“ninety”), Icelandic níutíu (“ninety”).
hundred
From Middle English hundred, from Old English hundred, from Proto-Germanic *hundaradą, from *hundą (from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm) + *radą (“count”), a neuter variant of *radō (“row, line, series”). Compare West Frisian hûndert, Dutch honderd, Low German hunnert, hunnerd, German Hundert, Danish hundred.
thousand
From Middle English thousend, thusand, from Old English þūsend (“thousand”), from Proto-West Germanic *þūsundi, from Proto-Germanic *þūsundī (“thousand”), (compare Scots thousand (“thousand”), Saterland Frisian duusend (“thousand”), West Frisian tûzen (“thousand”), Dutch duizend (“thousand”), German tausend (“thousand”), Danish tusind (“thousand”), Swedish tusen (“thousand”), Norwegian tusen (“thousand”), Icelandic þúsund (“thousand”), Faroese túsund (“thousand”)), from Proto-Indo-European *tuHsont-, *tuHsenti- (compare Lithuanian tūkstantis (“thousand”), Polish tysiąc, Russian ты́сяча (týsjača), Finnish tuhat, Estonian tuhat).
stye
First recorded in the 17th century; probably a back-formation from Middle English styanye (first recorded in the 15th century), which in turn comes from Old English stīgend (“a small tumour on the edge of the eyelid, stye”), from the verb stīgan (“to climb, ascend, rise”) + Middle English eie (“eye”). Equivalent to sty + eye.
symbol
From French symbole, from Latin symbolus, symbolum (“a sign, mark, token, symbol, in Late Latin also a creed”), from Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “to throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “to throw, put”).
jack
Inherited from Middle English jakke, from Anglo-Norman jacke, Middle French jaque, jacque, from jacques (“peasant”), from the proper name Jacques. Compare jacquerie.
From Portuguese jaca (“jackfruit”), from Malayalam ചക്ക (cakka).
Etymology tree
Middle English Jackin
Middle English Jankyn
English Jack
From Middle English Jackin, Jankyn, a popular pet form of John; rarely also an anglicized form of French Jacques (equivalent of Jacob and James). It can be also used as nickname for Jacob. Though the name was originally a pet form, it has become more of an independent name. Equivalent to John + -kin, Jake or Jacques. See also Middle French Hennequin, Jannequin and Middle Dutch Janneken.
X
From Christ by abbreviation, orthographic borrowing from Ancient Greek Χ (Kh, letter chi), from Χριστός (Khristós, “Christ”).
invest
Borrowed from Middle French investir or Medieval Latin investire, from Latin investio (“to clothe, cover”), from in- (“in, on”) + vestio (“to clothe, dress”), from vestis (“clothing”); see vest. The sense “to spend money etc.” probably via Italian investire, of the same root.
thee
From Middle English þe, from Old English þē (“thee”, originally dative, but later also accusative, supplanting accusative þec), from Proto-Germanic *þiz (“thee”), from Proto-Indo-European *te (“second-person singular pronoun”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian die (“thee”), West Frisian dy (“thee”), German Low German di (“thee”), German dir (“thee”, dative pron.), Icelandic þér (“thee”). More at thou.
From Middle English theen (“to increase, prosper, flourish”), from Old English þēon (“to thrive, prosper, flourish, grow”), from Proto-Germanic *þinhaną (“to thrive, succeed”), from Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to succeed, turn out well”). Cognate with Dutch gedijen (“to flourish, thrive, prosper, succeed”), German gedeihen (“to thrive”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (gaþeihan, “to increase, thrive”).
design
From Middle English designen, from Old French designer, from Latin designō (“to mark out, point out, describe, design, contrive”), from de- (or dis-) + signō (“to mark”), from signum (“mark”). Doublet of designate.
sol
From Glover's solmization, from Middle English sol (“fifth degree or note of Guido of Arezzo's hexachordal scales”), Italian sol in the solmization of Guido of Arezzo, from the first syllable of Latin solve (“wash away”) in the lyrics of the scale-ascending hymn Ut queant laxis by Paulus Deacon.
Learned borrowing from Old French sol (“French coin”) (modern French sou), from Latin solidum, the accusative singular of solidus (“Roman gold coin; (adjective) solid”). Doublet of sold, soldo, solid, solidus, sou, and xu.
PIE word
 *sóh₂wl̥
From Spanish sol (“sun”), from Latin sōl (“sun”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”). Doublet of Sol and sol, directly from the Latin.
From Latin sōl (“sun”); see further at etymology 3. Doublet of sol from Spanish.
Borrowed from Latin Sōl.
perspicuity
Borrowed from Late Latin perspicuitās (“evidentness”, “self-evidency”, literally “transparency”, “clarity”, “lucidity”), from Latin perspicuus (“clear”, “transparent”; “evident”); compare perspicacity and the French perspicuité. By surface analysis, perspicuous + -ity.
hydraulic
From French hydraulique, from Latin hydraulicus, from Ancient Greek ὑδραυλικός (hudraulikós, “of a water organ”), from ὕδραυλις (húdraulis, “water organ”), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”) + αὐλός (aulós, “pipe”).
zeal
From Middle English zele, from Old French zel, from Late Latin zēlus, from Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal, jealousy”), from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to search”). Related to jealous.
league
From Middle English liege, ligg, lige (“a pact between governments, an agreement, alliance”), from Middle French ligue, from Italian lega, from the verb legare, from Latin ligō (“to tie”).
From Middle English lege (“league”), from Late Latin leuca, leuga (“the Gaulish mile”), from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *lougā (compare Middle Breton leau, lew, Breton lev / leo (“league”)). Doublet of legua.
compass
From Middle English compas (“a circle, circuit, limit, form, a mathematical instrument”), from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus (“a circle, a circuit”), from Latin com- (“together”) + passus (“a pace, step, later a pass, way, route”); see pass, pace.
From Middle English compassen (“to go around, make a circuit, draw a circle, contrive, intend”), from Old French compasser; from the noun; see compass as a noun.
eighteen
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw
Proto-Germanic *ahtōu
Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥
Proto-Germanic *tehun
Proto-Germanic *ahtōutehun
Anglian Old English eahtatēne
Middle English eightetene
English eighteen
From Middle English eightetene, eiȝtene, ehtetene, from Old English eahtatīene, eahtatēne, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōutehun. Cognate with West Frisian achttjin, Dutch achttien, German achtzehn, Danish atten.
Equivalent to eight + -teen
deuce
From Middle English dewes (“two”), from Anglo-Norman, from Old French deus, from Latin duo. The word was used by Ford Motor Co. in 1932 to describe a two-seater car model.
Compare Late Latin dusius (“phantom, specter”); Scottish Gaelic taibhs, taibhse (“apparition, ghost”); or from Old French deus (“God”), from Latin deus (compare deity).
tennis
From Middle English tennys, teneys, tenis, from Old French tenez (second-person plural imperative of tenir (“to hold”)).