MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
ledger
From Middle English liggere, ligger, leger (“large breviary; beam, plank; dweller, inhabitant”), from liggen, leggen, variants of līen (“to lie down; to bow, kneel, prostrate; to die; to be located (somewhere); to remain in place, stay”), from Old English liċġan (“to lie down; to be situated”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie down”). The word is cognate with Saterland Frisian Lägger (“floor board, joist, plank”), West Frisian lêger (“beam, plank”), Dutch legger (“daybook; layer”) (from leggen (“to lay”), liggen (“to lie down”)), and is related to English ledge, lie (“to be prostrate”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Two possible origins:
* English patronymic surname from either the Norman personal name Leodegar or the Old French equivalent Legier, both containing the Proto-Germanic elements *liudiz (“men, people”) and *garwaz (“ready, prepared”).
* English metonymic occupational surname for a stonemason, from ledger, itself a derivative of Old English leċġan (“to lay”).
lecithin
From French lécithine, coined in 1847 by Theodore Gobley, from Ancient Greek λέκιθος (lékithos, “egg yolk”).
brightly
From Middle English brightliche, from Old English beorhtlice, equivalent to bright + -ly.
annular
From Latin ānulāris (“ring-shaped”); (possibly through French annulaire), from ānulus (“ring”).
adios
Borrowed from Spanish adiós; see there for more. Doublet of adieu.
styrene
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek στύραξ (stúrax)der.
Latin styrax
French -ènebor.
English -ene
English styrene
From Latin styrax (or storax) + -ene.
ergotamine
Borrowed from German Ergotamin, corresponding to ergot + -amine.
commissar
Borrowed from Russian комисса́р (komissár), from German Kommissar (“commissioner”), from Latin commissarius, from commissus, past participle of committō (“to commit, entrust to”). Doublet of commissary.
rodomontade
From French rodomontade, a reference to Rodomonte, a boastful character in the Italian Renaissance epic poems Orlando innamorato (1483) and its sequel Orlando furioso (1506–1532). Doublet of rodomontado.
sike
From Northern Middle English sike, from Old English sīċ (see sitch), possibly also from or related to Old Norse sík; both from Proto-Germanic *sīką (“slow flowing water; trickle”). Cognate with Norwegian sik. Compare Scots sheuch.
From Middle English siken, from Old English sīcan (“to sigh”), from Proto-West Germanic *sīkan (“to sigh”). Doublet of sigh.
archaism
17th century, from New Latin archaismus, from Ancient Greek ἀρχαϊσμός (arkhaïsmós, “an antiquated phrase or style”), from ἀρχαίζω (arkhaízō, “to model one's style upon that of ancient writers”), from ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “old, ancient”), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).
mutilate
Learned borrowing from Latin mutilātus, the perfect passive participle of mutilō (“to mutilate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), itself from mutilus (“maimed”).
incomparable
From Middle English incomparable, from Middle French incomparable, from Old French [Term?], from Latin incomparābilis. By surface analysis, in- + comparable.
lamplight
From Middle English lampe lyght, laumpe-lyth, lombe-lyȝt, equivalent to lamp + light. Compare West Frisian lampeljocht (“lamplight”), Dutch lamplicht (“lamplight”), German Lampenlicht (“lamplight”), Danish lampelys (“lamplight”), Swedish lampljus (“lamplight”), Icelandic lampaljós (“lamplight”).
landsman
From land + -s- + man. In meanings 3 and 4, influenced by Yiddish לאַנדסמאַן (landsman). Compare also German Landsmann, Norwegian landsmann. Doublet of lantzman.
almucantar
From Middle English almicanteras, French almicantarat, almucantarat, from Medieval Latin almicantarath, almucantarath, from Arabic المقنطرات (almuqanṭarāt, “circles of celestial latitude”), from قَنْطَرَة (qanṭara, “arch”).
liquidate
Learned borrowing from Late Latin liquidātus (“liquid; clear”, adjective) + English -ate (suffix forming verbs, and forming adjectives with the sense ‘characterized by [the specified things]’). Liquidātus is the perfect passive participle of liquidō (“to turn into a liquid, melt; to make clear”), from Latin liquidus (“fluid, liquid; clear, transparent”) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs); while liquidus is from liqueō (“to be fluid or liquid; to be clear or transparent”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wleykʷ- (“to make wet; moist”)) + -idus (suffix meaning ‘tending to’ forming adjectives). By surface analysis, liquid (adjective) + -ate.
Verb sense 1.2.3 (“to kill; to abolish or eliminate”) is a semantic loan from Russian ликвиди́ровать (likvidírovatʹ); while verb sense 1.2.4 and verb sense 2 (business-related senses) were influenced by French liquider and Italian liquidare, all ultimately from Latin liquidus (see above).
lees
From Old French lies, from Medieval Latin lias (“lees, dregs”) (descent via winemaking common in monasteries), from Gaulish *ligyā, *legyā (“silt, sediment”) (compare Welsh llai, Old Breton leh (“deposit, silt”)), from Proto-Celtic *legyā (“layer”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie (down)”). Doublet of lias; also related to Loire and Leicester.
limpid
Etymology tree
Latin limpidusbor.
French limpideder.
English limpid
From French limpide, from Latin limpidus.
brinded
From Middle English brended (“burnt, branded”), from bren (“burned, branded”), from the past participle of brennen (“to burn”), from Old English bærnan (“to burn”). Also compare Old Norse brǫndóttr, Icelandic bröndóttr (“brindled”).
dhobying
From Hindi [script needed] (dhobi, “washerman”) + -ing.
glans penis
From New Latin glāns pēnis (“glans of the penis”), pēnis being a genitive.
liturgic
From Latin lītūrgicus, from Ancient Greek λειτουργικός (leitourgikós). By surface analysis, liturgy + -ic.
lighthearted
From Middle English lyght hertyd, liȝt-hertid, from light (adjective) + herted, hertid (“having a disposition”, adjective) (equivalent to light + hearted), from the noun herte. See more at light, heart, -ed.
likeliness
From Middle English liklinesse, lyklinesse; equivalent to likely + -ness.
noetic
Borrowed from Ancient Greek νοητικός (noētikós), ultimately from νοέω (noéō, “I see, understand”).
Locke
* As an English, Dutch and German surname, variant of Lock.
* As a Norwegian surname, Americanized from Løkke, from a farm name derived from Old Norse lykkja (“enclosure”).
* As a Chinese surname, variant of Lok.
stilb
Coined by the French physicist André Blondel around 1920, from Ancient Greek στίλβω (stílbō, “I glitter”).
mastaba
Borrowed from Arabic مَصْطَبَة (maṣṭaba).
scopolamine
Borrowed from German Skopolamin, from translingual Scopolia (“genus of plants”) + German Amin (“amine”).
talapoin
From French talapoin, from Portuguese talapão, from Mon တၠဳ ပိုဲ (tloe poi, “our lord”).
dullard
From Middle English dullard, dollard, equivalent to dull + -ard (pejorative agent suffix). Compare Faroese døll (“dullard, good-for-nothing, blockhead”), Norwegian Nynorsk døl (“idiot, simpleton”).
bolsa
Borrowed from Spanish bolsa (literally “purse”). Doublet of purse and bulse.
sympatry
From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with, in company with, together with”) + πᾰτρῐ́ς (pătrĭ́s, “fatherland”).
sedes
Borrowed from Latin sēdēs (“seat”). Doublet of see.
terrier
Borrowed from Middle French, from Old French chien terrier (“terrier dog”), from chien (“dog”) + Old French terrier (“of earth”, adjective), from Medieval Latin terrarius (“of earth”), from Latin terra (“earth”).
Borrowed from Anglo-Norman terrier, from Old French terrier (“of earth”, adjective), from Medieval Latin terrarius (“of earth”), from Latin terra (“earth”).
lewdly
From Middle English lewedly (“ignorantly, stupidly”); equivalent to lewd + -ly.
Bluetooth
From blue + tooth, calque of Old Norse Blátǫnn (modern Danish Blåtand).
* (networking): The networking standard is named after the king because the technology unites computers and mobile devices similarly to the way he united the Danish tribes.
Anthea
From Ancient Greek ἄνθη (ánthē, “blossom”).
haves
From have + -s, from Middle English heven, hebben, from Old English hebban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to take up, lift”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, from the root *kap-. See have for details.
melissophobia
From Ancient Greek μέλισσα (mélissa, “bee”) + -phobia. By surface analysis, melisso- + -phobia.
irrealis
Learned borrowing from New Latin irreālis (“intangible, immaterial”), from Latin in- (“un-: not”) + reālis (“real, material, composed of physical things”), from res (“thing”) + -ālis (“-al: forming adjectives”). Doublet of irreal.
beneficiary
From Latin beneficiarius (“enjoying a favor, granted a privilege”) from beneficium (“benefit”), perhaps via or influenced by French bénéficiaire (“beneficiary”). Indirectly, by way of the etymology of the Latin word beneficium, the English word beneficiary ultimately has the same origin as the English word benefactor, its near antonym.
reniform
Learned borrowing from Latin rēnis (the genitive singular of rēn (“kidney”); see further at that entry) + English -form (suffix meaning ‘having the form or shape of’), modelled after New Latin rēnifōrmis (“of seeds: kidney-shaped”).
organoleptic
From French organoleptique, from organo- + Ancient Greek ληπτικός (lēptikós, “disposed to take”), from λαμβάνω (lambánō, “to take”).
synchronous
Borrowed from Late Latin synchronus, from Ancient Greek σύγχρονος (súnkhronos, “contemporaneous”), from σῠν- (sŭn-, “with, together”) + χρόνος (khrónos, “time”). By surface analysis, syn- + chron- + -ous = synchrony + -ous; however, all related words (e.g., synchronic, synchrony, synchronicity, diachronous, diachronic, diachrony, diachronicity) were coined later, either as back-formations from, or otherwise by analogy with the surface analysis of, synchronous.
chronometer
From chrono- + -meter, possibly after the model of earlier French chronomètre (“metronome”), ultimately from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”) + μέτρον (métron, “meter, measuring device”).
perpetuity
From Middle English perpetuitee, perpetuite, perpetuyte, from Old French perpetüité, ultimately from Latin perpetuitās.
bosket
Borrowed from French bosquet, from Italian boschetto, diminutive of bosco (“wood”), from Late Latin busca, buscus or boscus, from Frankish *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz (compare Old High German busk). Doublet of bouquet.
lansquenet
Borrowed from French lansquenet, from German Landsknecht, from Lands (“of the land”) + Knecht (“servant”). Doublet of Landsknecht.
linguine
Borrowed from Italian linguine (literally “little tongues”), from lingua (“tongue”).
interrogative
From Late Latin interrogātīvus, equivalent to interrogate + -ive.
Yom Kippur
Borrowed from Hebrew יוֹם כִּיפּוּר (yom kipúr, literally “Day of Atonement”).
misty
From Middle English misty, mysty, misti, from Old English mistiġ (“misty, dark”), from Proto-West Germanic *mistig (“misty”), equivalent to mist + -y. Cognate with Scots misty, mistie (“misty”), West Frisian mistich (“misty, foggy”), Dutch mistig (“misty, foggy”), German Low German mistig (“foggy”).
Australasia
Borrowed from French Australasie, coined by French scholar and politician Charles de Brosses in 1756, from the Latin for “south of Asia”. By surface analysis, Austral- + Asia.
fettuccine
Borrowed from Italian fettuccine, plural of fettuccina (literally “little ribbon”), diminutive of fettuccia, from fetta + -uccia.
hearken
From Middle English herkenen (“to listen (attentively); to pay attention, take heed”) [and other forms], from Old English hercnian, heorcnian, hyrcnian, from *heorcian (“to hark”) infixed with -n-, from Proto-West Germanic *hauʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną (“to hear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared, hear well”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ṓws (“ear”) + *-yéti (denominative suffix), thus equivalent to hark + -en.
The spelling of the English word was probably influenced by hear; a similarly analogical pronunciation existed in Early Modern English.
littleness
From Middle English litelnes, litelnesse, from Old English lytelnysse, lȳtelnes, equivalent to little + -ness.
monoceros
From Old French monoceros, from Latin monocerōs.
First recorded by the astronomer Jakob Bartsch in 1624, but possibly created earlier by Petrus Plancius. From Latin monocerōs (“unicorn”).
apograph
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀπόγραφον (apógraphon), from ἀπογράφω (apográphō, “I copy”), from ἀπό (apó, “off, away from”) + γράφω (gráphō, “write”).
goety
From Latin goetia, from Ancient Greek γοητεία (goēteía, “witchcraft”), from γόης (góēs, “sorceror”).
Padishah
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پادشاه (padişah), from Classical Persian پادِشاه (pādišāh) / پادْشاه (pādšāh).
erlking
Partial calque of German Erlkönig (literally “alder-king”), a mistranslation of Danish ellerkonge (“king of the elves”).
lawfulness
From Middle English laufulnes, lahfulnesse, equivalent to lawful + -ness.
ancillula
From Latin ancillula, diminutive of ancilla (“handmaid”), a feminine diminutive of anculus (“servant”).
schadenfreude
An unadapted borrowing from German Schadenfreude (“joy in the misfortune of others”), from Schaden (“damage, misfortune”) + Freude (“joy”). The word gained popularity in English in the late 20th c. and likely entered mainstream usage through an episode of The Simpsons (more in citations).
Gladys
Anglicized from Welsh Gwladus, of uncertain origin, perhaps connected with gwlad (“country”).
Gascoigne
From Old French Gascoigne, the regional name of Gascony.
Toblerone
Brand name, from a blend of Tobler (“surname of one of the creators”) + Italian torrone (“form of nougat”).
historicity
Probably from French historicité, or from Latin historicus + -ity. Equivalent to historic + -ity.
beshrew
From Middle English beschrewen (“to curse, pervert”). By surface analysis, be- + shrew.
nide
Uncertain; possibly from Middle French nid (modern French nid (“nest”)), or its etymon Latin nīdus (“nest”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“nest”)). Doublet of nest.
shalwar
Borrowed from Hindi शलवार (śalvār)/सलवार (salvār) or Urdu شَلْوار (śalvār)/سَلْوار (salvār), from Classical Persian شَلْوَار (šalwār).
kamees
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *hamô
Proto-West Germanic *hamō
Proto-West Germanic *-iþi
Proto-West Germanic *hamiþibor.
Latin camisiabor.?
Arabic قَمِيص (qamīṣ)bor.
English kamees
Borrowed from Arabic قَمِيص (qamīṣ). Doublet of chemise.
peng
From romanizations of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 鵬 /鹏 (péng).
From Hokkien 冰 (peng, “ice”).
Etymology unknown, attested in the UK c. 2000. Documented possibilities include:
* From Jamaican Creole kushempeng (“high-quality marijuana”).
* From a clipping of penguin (“flightless sea bird”), deemed quintessentially cute.
* From Cantonese 又平又靚 /又平又靓 (jau⁶ peng⁴ jau⁶ leng³, “cheap and also good quality”), see also 平靚正 /平靓正 (peng⁴ leng³ zeng³, “low cost, high quality”), often heard from hawkers in major Chinatowns.
Borrowed from Mandarin 彭 (Péng).
indicia
From Latin indicia, plural of indicium (“a notice, information, discovery, sign, mark, token”), from index (“index”); see index.
lanai
From Hawaiian lānai.
From Hawaiian Lānaʻi, probably from lā (“day”) + naʻi (“conquest”), usually taken to reference an occasion when the wayward Mauian prince Kauluāʻau supposedly brought order to the island by expelling its ghosts and demons.
eye for an eye
Calque of Hebrew עין תחת עין (ayin tahat ayin), in reference to Exodus 21:23-25: "And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe" (King James Version; spelling modernized).
no man's land
Originally from Middle English Nomanneslond, which first appears c. 1350. Revived with new senses in a dispatch printed in the Times newspaper by Colonel Ernest Dunlop Swinton writing as "Eyewitness".
shawm
From Middle English shalmuse, from Old French chalemel (modern French chalumeau), from Late Latin calamellus, from Latin calamus (“reed”), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Doublet of caramel, chalumeau, and qalam, as well as related to calame, calamus, culm, and haulm.
connotate
First attested in 1596; borrowed from Medieval Latin connotātus, perfect passive participle of connotō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix). Doublet of connote.
sheeny
Seems to have originated in 1820s London. Could be a mockery of Yiddish שיין (sheyn, “beautiful, nice”), much used in praising wares.
amerce
From Anglo-Norman amercier, from Old French a (“at”) + merci (“mercy”), thus “at the mercy of”.
northeastern
From Middle English norþesterne, from Old English norþēasterne, equivalent to north + eastern.
gravestone
From Middle English graveston, gravestone, gravestan, equivalent to grave + stone.
melatonin
From mela- + tone + -in, ultimately from Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”).
dastard
From Middle English dastard (“a dullard”), most likely formed from *dast, a base derived from Old Norse dæstr (“exhausted, breathless”) + -ard. Compare Icelandic dasaður (“exhausted”), dialectal Swedish däst (“weary”), Middle Dutch dasaert, daasaardt (“a fool”), English dazed (“stupefied”).
shend
From Middle English shenden, from Old English sċendan (“to put to shame, blame, disgrace”), from Proto-West Germanic *skandijan (“to scold, berate”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kem- (“to cover”). Cognate with Dutch schenden (“to infringe, profane, defile”), German schänden (“defile”). Related to Old English sċand (“infamy, shame, scandal”). More at shand, shame.
damar
From Malay damar.
Compare Middle English dambre (“a kind of resin”).
shive
A parallel form of sheave, from Middle English schyve, from Proto-West Germanic *skībā, from Proto-Germanic *skībǭ, presumably through an Old English *sċīfe (though it is not attested before the Middle English period). Cognate with German Scheibe, late Old Norse skífa (“slice”), brauðskífa (“slice of bread”) (whence Danish skive (“disc, slice”)), Dutch schijf (“disc, slice”).
From Middle English schyfe, schyffe, from Proto-Germanic *skibō-; cognate with German Schäbe, Dutch scheef, and Low German Schääv, all ‘fragment of the woody core of flax or hemp’. The expected pronunciation would be /ʃɪv/; the pronunciation /ʃaɪv/ is probably due to the combined influence of Etymology 1 and the spelling.
chasten
From Middle English chastien, from Old French chastier (“punish”), from Latin castīgō. Doublet of chastise and castigate and related to chaste.
shofar
From the Hebrew שׁוֹפָר (shofár, “shofar”).
shoneen
Borrowed from Irish Seoinín (“Johnny”), from Seán (“John, John Bull”) + -ín (diminutive suffix).
medicaster
From French médicastre or Italian medicastro, from Late Latin medicaster, from Latin medicus (“a doctor, a physician; a surgeon”) + -aster (suffix forming nouns expressing incomplete resemblance, which are thus usually pejorative).
depository
From Medieval Latin dēpositōrium, from Latin dēpositum, past participle of dēpōnō.
faintness
From Middle English faintnesse, feintnesse, equivalent to faint + -ness.
in forma pauperis
Unadapted borrowing from Latin in fōrma pauperis (literally “in the manner of a pauper”).
sistrum
Borrowed from Latin sīstrum, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek σεῖστρον (seîstron), from σείω (seíō, “shake”).
skep
Late Old English sceppe, from Old Norse skeppa (“basket”). Cognate with Danish skæppe (“an old Danish unit of measure equalling 17.4 l”).
litigation
Borrowed from Latin lītigātiō, equivalent to litigate + -ion.
nazar
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish نظر (now Turkish nazar (boncuğu)), from Arabic نَظَر (naẓar).
labellum
From Latin labellum (“small lip”), diminutive of labrum (“lip”).
arroba
From Spanish and Portuguese arroba, from Old Spanish arroua and Old Galician-Portuguese arrova, from Andalusian Arabic and Arabic اَلرُّبْع (ar-rubʕ, “one-fourth”) in reference to its making up one fourth of a quintal.
assurgent
From Latin assurgens, present participle of assurgo (“rise up”).
pnictogen
From Ancient Greek πνικτός (pniktós) + -gen. The first element derives from Ancient Greek πνίγω (pnígō, “to choke, to stifle”) (a property of nitrogen), which is ultimately Pre-Greek. By surface analysis, pnicto- + -gen.
pnictide
From Ancient Greek πνίγειν (pnígein, “to choke, to stifle”) (a property of nitrogen), from Pre-Greek, + -ide. By surface analysis, pnicto- + -ide.
cordel
From Spanish cordel (“surveying rope, 50 varas”), from Catalan cordell (“cord, string”), from Vulgar Latin *cordellus (“little rope”), from Latin chorda (“rope, cord”) + -ellus (“-elle: forming diminutives”). Equivalent to cord + -el.
mecate
Borrowed from Spanish mecate, from a Nahuan language; cf. Classical Nahuatl mecatl.
compos mentis
From Latin compos (“in control, having mastery”) + mentis (“of mind”).
sny
Of obscure origin. Likely from late Middle English sniȝen, snyȝen (“to creep”), from Old Danish *snigæ (whence modern Danish snige), from Old Norse sníkja (“to crawl, creep”). If so, doublet of sneak.
First attested in 1711; its etymology is unknown; perhaps from Proto-Germanic *snōwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sneh₁- (“to wind; twist; braid; plait”). Compare snying and the Danish sno (“to twine”, “to twist”).
baston
From Middle English baston, from Old French baston. Doublet of baton.
From the French and English surname, from Old French bastun (“stick”).
battlement
From Middle English batilment, from Old French bataillement, earlier bastillement (“fortification”), from bastillier (“to fortify, to equip with battlements”), from bastille (“fortress”) (see bastion).
terato-
From Ancient Greek τέρας (téras, “monster”). Doublet of tera-.
sortilege
From Old French sortilège, from Medieval Latin sortilegium (“witchcraft”), from Latin sortilegus (“sorcerer, diviner”), from sors (“fate”) + legere (“choose”).
atbash
From the letters of the Hebrew alphabet aleph, tav, beth, shin.
tenrec
From French tanrec, from Malagasy tàndraka or trandraka related to Malay landak (“porcupine”); English from 18th century.
spahi
From French spahi, from Ottoman Turkish سپاهی (sipahi), from Classical Persian سِپَاهِی (sipāhī, “horseman, soldier”) (> sepoy), from سِپَاه (sipāh, “army”). Doublet of sepoy and sipahi.
spall
From Middle English spalle (“a chip”) (first documented in 1440), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from the Middle English verb spald (“to split”) (c.1400), from Middle Low German spalden, cognate with Old High German spaltan (“to split”).
From Italian spalla. Doublet of spauld and spatula.
marquee
From marquise, from French marquise. Ultimately from same root as march (“border country”), margin (“edge”). Ultimately cognate with marque.
aldosterone
From aldo- (“related to aldehydes”) + -sterone, modelled on German Aldosteron; coined in the 1950s.
interlace
From Middle English entrelacen, from Anglo-Norman entrelacer, from Old French inter- + lacer (“weave”).
rima
Borrowing from Latin rīma (“a cleft, crack, fissure, chink”).
kor
From Biblical Hebrew כֹּר (kōr).
* As a Scottish surname, variant of Caw, shortened from McCaw.
* As a German surname, possibly altered from Kohr, from a short form of Konrad, or from Kur, occupational surname from Middle High German kur (“official inspector”) (see modern Kurier (“messenger, courier”)).
* As a Dutch surname, from Gronings dialect kor (“wheelbarrow, hand-truck”).
* As a Polish surname, possibly a variant of several places derived from góra (“mountain”).
* As a Chinese surname, Romanized from 高 (gāo) (see Gao) or 高 (gāo) (see Xu).
tej
Borrowed from Amharic ጠጅ (ṭäǧ, “honey wine, mead”).
anthracene
Borrowed from French anthracène, coined by its co-discoverer Auguste Laurent in 1837, from Ancient Greek ἄνθραξ (ánthrax, “coal”) + -ene. By surface analysis, anthrac- + -ene.
testamentary
From Middle English testamentarie, from Anglo-Norman testamentarie and Latin testāmentārius (“of or belonging to wills”).
unwelcome
From Middle English unwelcome, unwelcum; equivalent to un- + welcome.
illegality
From French illégalité, equivalent to il- + legality or illegal + -ity.
Barney
From either the Old English personal name Bera (genitive singular Beran) or from Old English beren (“growing with barley”) + īeġ (“island”).
Casimir
From a Polish royal name and saint's name Kazimierz, of Slavic origin, meaning "proclamation of peace".