MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
brotherless
From Middle English brotherles, from Old English brōþorlēas, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþerlaus, equivalent to brother + -less. Cognate with West Frisian broerleas (“brotherless”), Dutch broederloos (“brotherless”), German bruderlos (“brotherless”).
daughterless
From Middle English doughterles, dowhterles, douterles, equivalent to daughter + -less. Cognate with Dutch dochterloos (“daughterless”).
Gelug
Borrowed from Tibetan དགེ་ལུགས་པ (dge lugs pa).
wahala
From Yoruba wàhálà, from Hausa wàhalā̀, from Arabic وَهْلَة (wahla, “fright, terror”).
cacomistle
Borrowed from Spanish cacomixtle, itself borrowed from Classical Nahuatl tlahcomiztli.
dolmus
From Turkish dolmuş, from dolma (“filling”) + -muş (“to be ~ed”).
selamlik
From Ottoman Turkish سلاملق or modern Turkish selamlık, from Arabic سَلَام (salām).
teriyaki
Borrowed from Japanese 照(て)り焼(や)き (teriyaki).
mutasarrif
From Ottoman Turkish متصرف (mutasarrıf, “governor of a sanjak”) (modern Turkish mutasarrıf), from Arabic مُتَصَرِّف (mutaṣarrif, “autonomous one, governor of a province”), from تَصَرَّفَ (taṣarrafa, “to act, to act independently”).
adays
From Middle English a- + day + -s (“genitive ending”), from Old English a (“on”) + dæges (genitive of "day").
pome
From Middle English pome (“fruit, meatball”), from Old French pome (“apple”), from Latin pōmum. For the verb, compare French pommer. Doublet of pomme.
Sts'Ailes
From Halkomelem Stsʼaʼí:les (the name of a village, literally “beating heart”). Doublet of Chehalis.
salep
Borrowed from French salep, from Turkish salep, from Arabic سَحْلَب (saḥlab, “type of orchid”). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the Arabic word is said to be a contraction of خُصَى الثَعْلَب (ḵuṣā aṯ-ṯaʕlab, “fox testicles”) (الثَعْلَب (aṯ-ṯaʕlab, “fox”) + خُصًى (ḵuṣan, “testicles”)), referring to the testicle-like root tubers.
pulvinus
Unadapted borrowing from Latin pulvīnus. Doublet of pillow and polverine.
Islay
Derived from Scottish Gaelic Ìle, but probably ultimately of non-Indo-European (substrate) origin, along with other uncertain names in Scotland such as Skye, Lewis, and Arran. The silent s in this word, as in island, is due to an unetymological association with isle.
Borrowed from Spanish islay.
farer
From Middle English farere (attested in Middle English weyfarere, weifarere (“wayfarer”)), equivalent to fare (“to journey, travel”) + -er. Compare Old English fara (“traveller, farer”). Doublet of Führer.
aethrioscope
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-der.
Proto-Hellenic *áitʰō
Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō)
▲
Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr)influ.?
Ancient Greek αἰθήρ (aithḗr)
Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti
Proto-Hellenic *sképťomai
Ancient Greek σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Hellenic *-ós
▲
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)influ.
Ancient Greek -ός (-ós)
Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós)
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *-eyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-esyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō)
English aethrioscope
From Ancient Greek αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “air; ether”) in combination with σκοπέω (skopéō, “examine, inspect”).
Langobard
Learned borrowing from Latin langobardus (“a Lombard”), from Lombardic *langbart, from Proto-Germanic *langabardaz, derived from the elements *langaz (“long”) + *bardaz (“beard”). Doublet of Lombard.
affamish
From French affamer, from Latin ad + fames (“hunger”). Compare famish.
affeer
From Middle English afferen, aferen, from Old French aferer, afuerer, afeurer, aforer, from Medieval Latin afforāre.
esthesis
From the Ancient Greek αἴσθησις (aísthēsis, “perception”).
anteriority
From Middle French antériorité, from Late Latin anteriōritās, corresponding to anterior + -ity.
potomania
From Latin pōtō (“to drink (liquor)”) + -mania.
hammam
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حمام (hamam), from Arabic حَمَّام (ḥammām).
Elmo
From an Italian contraction of Erasmo, cognate with Erasmus. Also a German short form of Elmar.
* By folk etymology seen as a short form of Elmer.
isobath
From iso- + Ancient Greek βαθύς (bathús, “deep”) (see bathy-).
stone dead
From Middle English stone-dede, stan-ded, standed, equivalent to stone + dead. Compare English stone-cold, stonehard, etc.
Zea
Borrowed from Galician and Spanish Zea, probably a variant of Cea, named after several placenames in the Iberian peninsula.
teosinte
From French téosinte, from Spanish teocinte, from Classical Nahuatl teocintli, apparently from teōtl (“god”) + cintli (“dried maize”).
secularly
From Middle English secularelie, seculerli, seculerly, equivalent to secular + -ly.
Bharatanatyam
Borrowed from Tamil பரதநாட்டியம் (paratanāṭṭiyam), from भरत (bharata, “name of Bharata Muni”) + नाट्य (nāṭya, “dance”).
Falun Gong
Transliteration from Mandarin 法輪功／法轮功 (Fǎlún Gōng) via Hanyu Pinyin. "法輪" is a Chinese term referring to the Buddhist concept dharmachakra, and "功" means gong, a high-level or advanced type of spiritual meditation practice in China.
lingzhi
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 靈芝 /灵芝 (língzhī). Doublet of reishi.
Borrowed from Dzongkha གླིང་གཞི་ (gling gzhi).
unkissed
From Middle English on-kyst, unkest, unkissid, unkist, unkyste. By surface analysis, un- + kissed.
Cohen
From Hebrew כֹּהֵן (kohén, “cohen”).
From Hebrew כוהן \ כֹּהֵן (kohén, “cohen”).
Haida
From Southern Haida X̲aayda /ħaːjd̥a/; compare Northern Haida xaad /ħaːd̥/.
cyclus
From Latin cyclus. Doublet of chakra, chakram, charkha, chukker, cycle, kike, and wheel.
tabiya
From Arabic تَعْبِئَة (taʕbiʔa) or تَعْبِيَة (taʕbiya, “mobilization, arrangement”).
boza
From Turkish boza. Derived from Ottoman Turkish بوزه (boza), from Karakhanid بخسى (buxsıː) or Karakhanid بخسم (buxsum). Nişanyan argues that the direction of interaction between Persian buχsum and the Turkish is unclear.
eleemosynous
From Latin eleēmosyna f (“alms”) + -ous.
Kokborok
Borrowed from Kokborok Kok Borok, from kok (“language”) + borok (“people”).
Mosko
* As a Polish, Ukrainian, Slovak Moško), Belarusian Мосько (Mosʹko)) and Jewish surname, from a Slavic pet form of Moses.
* As a Greek surname, a variant of Moskos, from a personal name derived from μόσχος (móschos, “musk”). Compare Mosco.
Prue
Two possible origins:
* A nickname for a valiant warrior, from Middle English prou (“brave, valiant”), itself from Old French proux.
* An Americanized spelling of French Prou, Prouix, both related to the above.
Compare Prowse.
milha
From Portuguese milha (“Portuguese mile”), from Latin mīlia (“Roman mile”), plural of mīlle (“thousand”) from its length of 1000 Roman paces, from Proto-Indo-European *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo-. Doublet of mile and milla.
insudate
Borrowed from Latin insūdātum, from the perfect passive participle of insūdō (“to sweat in”), see -ate (noun-forming suffix).
glossarium
Unadapted borrowing from Latin glōssārium. Doublet of glossary.
maltster
From Middle English maltestere, malstere; equivalent to malt + -ster.
Kanak
First attested in 1910, borrowed from French canaque, from English kanaka (“Pacific islander”), from Hawaiian kanaka (“person”).
Borrowed from Sanskrit कनक (kanaka).
dynein
From dyne + -in, from the Ancient Greek δῠ́νᾰμῐς (dŭ́nămĭs, “force”).
diapente
From Latin diapente, from Ancient Greek διά (diá, “through, across”) + πέντε (pénte, “five”).
diatessaron
From Latin diatessarōn, from Ancient Greek διά (diá, “through, across”) + τεσσάρων (tessárōn) (genitive plural of τέσσαρες (téssares, “four”)).
Baha
From Arabic بَهَاء (bahāʔ, “splendor, glory”).
prorogation
From Anglo-Norman prorogation, Middle French prorogation, and their source, Latin prōrogātiō (“extension, postponement”).
stonehard
From Middle English ston-hard, ston-harde, from Old English *stānheard, equivalent to stone + hard.
thyroglossal
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-der.
Proto-Hellenic *tʰurā
Ancient Greek θῠ́ρᾱ (thŭ́rā)
Ancient Greek -εος (-eos)
Ancient Greek θῠρεός (thŭreós)
Proto-Indo-European *weyd-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *wéydos
Proto-Hellenic *wéidos
Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *-ēs
Ancient Greek -ης (-ēs)
Ancient Greek -ειδής (-eidḗs)
Ancient Greek θῠρεοειδής (thŭreoeidḗs)bor.
New Latin thyreoīdēsbor.
English thyroid
Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-)der.
Latin -o-bor.
English -o-
English thyro-
Proto-Hellenic *glṓťťā
Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssă)
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālisbor.
Old French -albor.
▲
Latin -ālis
Old French -elbor.
▲
Latin -ālisbor.
Middle English -al
English -al
English glossal
English thyroglossal
From thyro- + glossal. Back-formation from "thyroglossal duct", from New Latin ductus thyroglossalis.
thyroglossal duct
Calque of New Latin ductus thyroglossalis
Kumyk
From Russian кумык (kumyk), from Kumyk къумукъ (qumuq).
amphictyony
From Ancient Greek ἀμφικτυονία (amphiktuonía), from ἀμφί (amphí, “around, near”) + κτίζω (ktízō, “I found, people”).
doomer
From Middle English domere, from Old English dōmere (“judge”), equivalent to doom + -er. The more recent sense was popularized via a meme, “30 Year-Old Boomer”. The derivations of which are other words that end in -oomer, describing various personality types.
Lchashen
From Armenian Լճաշեն (Lčašen).
filet mignon
Unadapted borrowing from French filet (“fillet”) mignon (“tender”).
fleshless
From Middle English fleschles, flechles, equivalent to flesh + -less. Cognate with West Frisian fleisleas (“meatless”), Dutch vleesloos (“meatless”), German fleischlos (“meatless”).
perone
From French péroné, from Ancient Greek περόνη (perónē, “fibula”).
meros
From Ancient Greek μηρός (mērós, “thigh”).
From Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”).
paparazza
From Italian paparazza, changed from paparazzo to reflect feminine gender (both actual and grammatical), as is morphologically standard in Italian.
sacculus
Unadapted borrowing from Latin sacculus (“a little sack or bag”), diminutive of saccus (“a sack, bag, purse”). Doublet of saccule.
voetganger
Borrowed from Afrikaans voetganger, from Dutch voetganger, from Middle Dutch voetganger.
fullwidth
From full + width, as a calque of Japanese 全角 (zenkaku).
Father Frost
Calque of Russian Дед Моро́з (Ded Moróz), literally "Grandfather Frost".
Kallikantzaros
Borrowed from Greek καλλικάντζαρος (kallikántzaros).
all-knowing
From all- + knowing. Partially a calque of Latin omnisciens (literally “all-knowing”)
oolong
1850s. From either Mandarin 烏龍 /乌龙 (wūlóng) due to hypercorrection, or directly from Hokkien 烏龍 /乌龙 (o͘-liông), from 烏 /乌 (o͘, “black”) + 龍 /龙 (liông, “dragon”). See also pouchong from Hokkien 包種茶 /包种茶 (pau-chióng-tê, literally “tea of the wrapped kind”).
periculum
Learned borrowing from Latin periculum. Doublet of peril.
cacolet
From French cacolet, from Béarnais Occitan cacoulet (“mule chair”).
vectis
Naturalized into medical English and ISV from Latin vectis.
Borrowed from Latin Vectis.
Eiland
Borrowed from Dutch eiland and North German Eiland. Compare Eilander.
Attila
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀττίλα (Attíla), of uncertain further origin. Traditionally thought to have been derived from East Germanic, such as a Gothic *𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰 (*attila, literally “little father”), from 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta, “father”) + -𐌹𐌻𐌰 (-ila). Displaced native Old English Ætla.
A more recent explanation by Bonnman-Fries (2025) suggests a Yeniseian origin, specifically an Arinic language. The proper name is explained as deriving from a Common Yeniseian adjective complex *atɨ-λa (“quite swift, quite fast”); see there for more. Compare also Bactrian Χιγγιλο (Khingilo), Brahmi 𑀔𑀺𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀺𑀮 (Khiṇgila), the name of a leader of the Alchon Huns, which could prove that the diminutive -ila is of Hunnic origin.
hidato
A trademark, from Hebrew חידאתו (ḥidató), probably from חִידָה (ḥida, “riddle, quiz”).
melissopalynology
From melisso- + palyno- + -logy, from Ancient Greek μέλισσα (mélissa) and Ancient Greek πάλη (pálē). By surface analysis, melisso- + palyno- + -log + -y.
PASOK
Borrowed from Greek ΠΑΣΟΚ (PASOK), from πανελλήνιο (panellínio, “panhellenic”) + σοσιαλιστικό (sosialistikó, “socialist”) + κίνημα (kínima, “movement”).
enwrap
From Middle English enwrappen, inwrappen (“to wrap in”), equivalent to en- + wrap. Compare also Middle English inwlappen (See lap, “to enwrap”). More at en-, wrap. Cognate via Old French with envelop, envelope. Doublet of envelop.
Scheldt
Derived from an adjective corresponding to Old English sċeald (“shallow”), from or related to Proto-Germanic *skala-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to dry out, wither”).
Modern English shoal, Low German schol, Frisian skol, and Swedish (obsolete) skäll, "thin".
saccus
Unadapted borrowing from Latin saccus (“a sack, bag”), from Ancient Greek σᾰ́κκος (sắkkos, “coarse cloth of hair; sack, bag”), from Semitic. Doublet of sac, sack, saco, and sakkos.
cingulum
Borrowed from Latin cingulum (“girdle”), from cingō (“to gird”).
miscellaneous
Borrowed from Latin miscellāneus, from miscellus (“mixed”), from misceō (“mix”).
Smriti
Borrowed from Sanskrit स्मृति (smṛ́ti).
gote
From Middle English gote (“a drain”), from Old English *gote (“drain, gutter”), from Proto-West Germanic [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *gutō (“gutter”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).
Cognate with Dutch goot (“a gutter, drain, gully”), German Gosse (“a gutter”). Related to Old English gutt (“gut, entrails”), Old English ġēotan (“to pour, pour forth, shed, gush, flow, flood, overwhelm, found, cast”). More at gut, yote.
Kashub
From Kashubian Kaszëb or Polish Kaszub.
MacDonald
From Scottish Gaelic Mac Dhòmhnaill, equivalent to "son of Donald".
fatawa
Borrowed from Arabic فَتَاوَى (fatāwā).
Meyer
* As a German and Alemannic German surname, from the noun Meier (“leaseholder of a manor”). Compare Maier, Mayer, Meier, Myer.
* As a Jewish surname, from Yiddish מאיר (mir). Compare Majer, Major, Mayor, Meir.
* As a Dutch/West Flemish surname, variant of Meijer.
madrilene
From French (consommé) madrilène (literally “consommé in the style of Madrid”).
overleap
From Middle English overlepen, from Old English oferhlēapan, equivalent to over- + leap. Compare Dutch overlopen (“to spill over; overflow”), German überlaufen (“to overrun; overflow”).
matrona
Borrowed from Latin mātrōna (“matron”), from māter (“mother; matron”). Doublet of matron.
Romagna
From Italian Romagna, compare Romagnol Rumâgna.
anapodoton
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀναπόδοτον (anapódoton), alternative form of ἀνανταπόδοτον (anantapódoton) (whence anantapodoton), from ἀν- (an-, “not”) + ἀνταποδίδωμι (antapodídōmi, “to give back, correspond with”).
Papeete
From Tahitian pape (“water”) + Tahitian ʻete (“basket”) (cognate with Māori kete, Niuean kato, 'Are'are kato, Hawaiian ʻeke (“sack”). This probably refers to the mountains condensing and collecting rain in the Papeete basin.
Dakasian
From Armenian Դաքեսյան (Dakʻesyan), Դագասյան (Dagasyan).
Otago
From Māori Ōtākou. The spelling of Sense 1 reflects a South Island dialectal realization of the ⟨k⟩ phoneme as [ɡ].
Lepanto
Ultimately from Italian Lepanto (“Naupactus/Lepanto”).
exhortatory
From Middle English, from Late Latin exhortātōrius. By surface analysis, exhort + -atory.
entryism
Previously spelt entrism, borrowed from French entrisme but reconstructed as entry + -ism.
abacost
From French. A contraction of à bas le costume (“down with the western suit”)
foulness
From Middle English foulnesse, foulnes, from Old English fūlnes (“foulness”), equivalent to foul + -ness. Compare Dutch vuilnis (“rubbish; garbage; trash”).
exode
From Latin exodium, from Ancient Greek ἐξόδιον (exódion).
meshugge
From Yiddish משוגע (meshuge, “crazy”), from Hebrew מְשׁוּגָּע (m'shugá, “crazy”), a form of שׁוּגַּע (shugá, “be driven mad”) and שִׁיגַּע (shigá, “drive mad”). First came into use in English around 1880.
chirurgical
From Middle English cirurgical, from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin chirurgicālis.
noil
Inherited from Middle English *noyel, from Old French noiel, variant of noel, from either Early Medieval Latin nōdellus (“buckle”, diminutive of nōdus "knot") or Late Latin nucālis (“nut-like”, derivative of nux "nut"). Doublet of newel and noyau.
indument
Borrowed from Latin indumentum (“a covering”). See indue, and compare induement.
oreillette
From French oreillette. Compare Middle English horete. Also compare Spanish orejera (“ear armor”), using a different suffix.
polnoglasie
Learned borrowing from Russian полногла́сие (polnoglásije).
zero-grade
From zero + grade, as in gradation (“apophony”). Possibly after German Nullstufe.
police state
Likely a calque of German Polizeistaat adopted following the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 and the ensuing Demagogenverfolgungen, culminating in the crackdown of liberal and anarchical movements popular in the 1840s during the German revolutions of 1848–1849. Equivalent to police + state.
practiser
From Middle English practisour, from practisen + -our or Middle French practiseur; equivalent to practise + -er.
rissole
From French rissole. Australian slang noun, from phonetic similarity; Australian slang verb, euphemistic for arsehole (verb).
shoad
From Middle English shode, schode, from Old English ġescēad (“separation, distinction, discretion, understanding, argument, reason, reckoning, account, statement, accuracy, art, manner, method”), from Proto-Germanic *skaidą (“separation, distinction”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, divide, separate”). Related to Old English scādan (“to separate, divide, part, make a line of separation between”). More at shed.
voulge
From French voulge, vouge, of uncertain origin, but perhaps from or related to Medieval Latin vidubium. (Some references suggest a comparison to Latin vanga instead.)
Glyfada
From Ancient Greek Γλυφάδα (Glupháda).
morra
From Italian morra; further etymology is unknown.
Borrowed from Italian Morra.
replicable
Borrowed from Middle French replicable, repliquable, from repliquer + -able; equivalent to replique (“to replicate”) + -able.
mugolio
From Italian mugolio, from mugo (“mountain pine”) + olio (“oil”), originally denoting the oil exuded or extracted from the mountain pine, and later applied to the syrup.
resect
Borrowed from Latin resectus, past participle of resecare (“to cut off”), formed in turn from re- + secare (“to cut”).
succade
From Middle English socade, from Middle French succade (“sweet candied fruit”), sucrade, from Old Occitan sucrado (“sweet, sugary, sugared”), from past participle of sucra (“to sugar”), from sucre (“sugar”), from Old Italian zucchero. (See zucchero for additional etymology.)
ultramontane
Borrowed from Middle French ultramontain, from Late Latin ultramontanus.
erf
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *arbiją
Proto-West Germanic *arbī
Old English ierfe
Middle English erve
English erf
From Middle English erve, erfe, from Old English yrfe, ierfe (“heritage, bequest, inheritance, property, inherited property, property that passes to an heir, cattle, livestock”), from Proto-West Germanic *arbī, from Proto-Germanic *arbiją (“heritage”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to change ownership”) (whence also *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”)).
Cognate with Dutch erf (“inheritance, patrimony, ground, courtyard”), German Erbe (“heritage, legacy, inheritance”), Danish arv (“heritage, inheritance”), Swedish arv (“heritage, inheritance”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi, “inheritance”), Latin orbus (“orphan”), Ancient Greek ὀρφανός (orphanós, “orphan”), Old English ierfa (“heir”). Related to orf and odal and athel.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *arbiją
Proto-West Germanic *arbī
Old Dutch ervi
Middle Dutch erve
Dutch erfbor.
English erf
Borrowed from obsolete Dutch erf (“hereditament, plot of land”). Doublet of erf above.
weren
From Middle English weren, from Old English wǣron, plural past indicative of bēon, and wǣren, plural past subjunctive of bēon, equivalent to were + -en.
plainchant
From French plain-chant, from plain + chant, calque of Latin cantus planus.
false consciousness
Calque of German falsches Bewusstsein, as used by Friedrich Engels in a letter to Franz Mehring (1893).
horizontalism
From horizontal + -ism. The sense “equitable distribution of power” is a calque of Spanish horizontalidad, originating from the 2001 protests in Argentina.
heykel
Borrowed from Classical Persian هَیکَل (haykal), from Arabic هَيْكَل (haykal).
Yurok
Borrowed from Karok [Term?] (“downriver [people]”), as they live on the Klamath River downstream of the Karuk, whose name means "upriver [people]".
kawali
Borrowed from Tagalog kawali, from Malay kuali, from Tamil குவளை (kuvaḷai, “wide-mouthed vessel; cup”).
balsamine
From Latin balsamina (“balsam plant”) (perhaps via French balsamine), from Ancient Greek βαλσαμίνη (balsamínē). The Latin name of the unrelated balsam plant must have been applied to Impatiens balsamina soon after it arrived in Europe- Leonhart Fuchs referred to it as balsamina as early as 1542.
barye
From French French barye, from Ancient Greek Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús, “heavy”).
Vahagn
Borrowed from Armenian Վահագն (Vahagn). Doublet of Verethragna.
Republic of Armenia
Calque of Armenian Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն (Hayastani Hanrapetutʻyun)
shieldmaiden
From shield + maiden. Calque from Old Norse skjaldmær (“shieldmaiden”).
baryton
From the German Baryton, from bary- + Ton. Doublet of baritone and barytone.
noctule
Borrowed from French noctule, a latinised scientific borrowing of the Italian nottola (refers to various birds or bats), inherited from Late Latin noctula, diminutive of Classical Latin noctua (“night-owl”), ultimately from Latin nox (“night”), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts. Per the OED, first attested in English in 1771.
Arpitan
A neologism coined by Joseph Henriet, a word meaning "mountaineer" or "shepherd" deliberately chosen to "sound like Occitan," based on a local derivative of Latin Alpes (“the Alps, mountain highlands”). Aligned with Franco-Provençal arpetan, New Latin arpitanus. Also see Arpitania and Franco-Provençal.
kobza
Borrowed from Ukrainian ко́бза (kóbza), itself from Proto-Turkic *kopuŕ.
Doublet of komuz and cobza.
Borrowed from Polish Kobza or Ukrainian Кобза (Kobza).
cinquedea
Borrowed from Italian cinquedea (literally “five fingers”), named after its width.
half-
From Middle English half-, from Old English healf-, from Proto-Germanic *halba- (“half-”), from *halbaz (“half”). Cognate with Dutch half- (“half-”), German halb- (“half-”), Swedish halv- (“half-”), Icelandic hálf- (“half-”). More at half.
Christianism
From Latin christianismus; compare French christianisme, equivalent to Christian + -ism.
waterboard
From Middle English water boarde, waterbord, equivalent to water + board. Compare West Frisian wetterboard (“waterboard”), Dutch waterbord (“waterboard”), German Wassertafel (“waterboard”), Danish vandbræt (“waterboard”), Swedish vattenbräda (“waterboard”), Icelandic vatnsbretti (“waterboard”).
deglaze
From French déglacer (literally “de-ice”), influenced by glaze.
annus horribilis
From the Latin annus (“year”) + horribilis (“of horrors”), on the model of annus mirabilis.
musophobia
From Latin mūs (“mouse”) or Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse”) + -phobia.
wasta
Borrowed from Arabic وَاسِطَة (wāsiṭa)
malbec
Borrowed from French malbec, said to be named after a Hungarian winemaker who brought it to France.
Borrowed from French Malbec.
delvauxite
Borrowed from French delvauxite, from J S P J Delvaux de Feuffe (1782-1863), Belgian chemist, + -ite.
cristate
First attested in 1661; borrowed from Latin cristātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
maledicta
From Latin maledicta, plural of maledictum (“curse, insult”).
laith
From Middle English lathe, from Old English hladan or Old English hleadan, or from or potentially reinforced by Old Norse hlaða (“barn, storehouse”), from Proto-Germanic *hlaþǭ (“loader”), from *hlaþaną (“to lade, load”). Cognate with Icelandic hlaða (“barn”), Swedish lada (“barn”), Danish lade (“barn”).
Borrowed from Arabic لَيْث (layṯ).
Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic laith.
emancipatrix
From Latin ēmancipātrīx. By surface analysis, emancipate + -trix.