MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
fume
From Middle English fume, from Old French fum (“smoke, steam, vapour”), from Latin fūmus (“vapour, smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”), from *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Doublet of thymus and thymos. More at dun, dusk, dust.
fumigate
First attested in 1530; borrowed from Latin fūmigātus, perfect passive participle of fūmigō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from fūmus (“smoke”).
frizz
From Middle English frysen, from Old French friser, frizer (“to frizzle, crisp, curl, ruffle, braid, touch lightly, graze, scratch”), of Proto-Germanic origin, perhaps via Old Frankish *fris (“curl”), from Proto-Germanic *frisaz (“frizzy, curly”). Cognate with Old Frisian frisle, frēsle ("the hair of the head, lock of hair, curl, ringlet"; > North Frisian friessle, fressle (“hair, horse's tail”), West Frisian frisseljen (“braid of hair, braid”)), Old English frīs (“crisped, curled”).
From Middle English fryse, from the verb. See above.
baffle
The origin of the verb is uncertain; it is possibly:
* from French bafouer, baffoüer (“to abuse, revile; to confuse, baffle; to deceive; to flout; to scorn”), imitative of someone making a disdainful sound by expelling air quickly through pouted lips (compare Occitan baf (interjection expressing disdain)); or
* from French befer, beffer, beffler (“(obsolete) to deceive; to mock, ridicule”) (compare Old French befe, beffe, buffe (“deception; mockery”); beferie (“deceit; quibbling”)), possibly from bafouer: see above.
The noun is derived from the verb.
Cognates
* Italian beffare (“(verb) to deride, mock”), beffa (“(noun) banter; mockery”)
* Occitan bafar (“(verb) to deride, mock”), bafa (“(noun) banter; mockery”)
* Old Spanish bafa (modern Spanish befa (“(noun) banter; mockery”))
* Spanish befar (“(verb) to deride, mock”)
The origin of the verb is uncertain; it is possibly from Scots bauchle (“to annoy; to cause harm or trouble to; to disgrace; to jilt; to treat with contempt”), from bauchle (“useless or worn-out person or thing; clumsy work, bungle; clumsy or untidy person; contemptible person; laughing stock”); further etymology uncertain, possibly related to bauch (“feeble, sorry; backward, foolish”, adjective), possibly related to Old Norse bagr (“awkward, clumsy”), bāgr (“hard up, poor; uneasy”)
The noun is derived from the verb.
perplexity
From Middle English perplexite, borrowed from Middle French perplexité or post-classical Latin perplexitās, from perplexus (“entangled”). By surface analysis, perplex + -ity.
understanding
From Middle English understandinge, understondinge, from Old English understanding (“intelligence, understanding”), from Proto-West Germanic *undarstandingu, from Proto-Germanic *understandingō, equivalent to understand + -ing (gerund ending). Cognate with Middle Dutch onderstaninge, Middle Low German understandinge, Middle High German understandunge.
From Middle English understandyng, understondynge, understondinde, undirstondend, understandande, from Old English understandende, from Proto-West Germanic *undarstandandī, from Proto-Germanic *understandandz, present participle of Proto-Germanic *understandaną (“to stand between, intercede, understand”), equivalent to understand + -ing (present participle ending).
embalm
From Middle English enbawmen, from Middle French embaumer, from Old French embasmer. See balm.
shtetl
From Yiddish שטעטל (shtetl, “small town, village”), from שטאָט (shtot, “city”) + ־ל (-l, “diminutive suffix”) (compare German Städtl, Swabian Städtele), from Old High German stat, from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis. Doublet of stead.
petal
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon), from πέταλος (pétalos, “broad, flat”), from Proto-Hellenic *pétalos, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out”), whence Latin pandō and Proto-Germanic *faþmaz (“embrace”) (English fathom).
sexa-
From a form of Latin sex (“six”) (as in sexāgintā (“sixty”)). By surface analysis, sex- + -a-. Piecewise doublet of hexa-.
chilia-
From Latin chilias, itself from Ancient Greek χίλιοι (khílioi, “thousand”). Doublet of kilo-.
icosa-
From Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”).
twi-
From Middle English twi-, from Old English twi- (“two, double”), from Proto-Germanic *twi- (“two-, double-”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-, double-”) (compare Proto-Germanic *twiz- (“twice”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).
Compare twin, twice, two, and see more details at two. Further related to the prefixes bi-, di-, and dis-.
Cognate with German zwie- (“twice”), Swedish tve- (“twi-, double”), Russian дву- (dvu-), двух- (dvux-) Old Prussian dwi- (“twi-”), Latin bi-, bis (“twice”) (< Old Latin dui-, duis).
septua-
From a form of Latin septem (“seven”) used in septuāgintā (“seventy”).
sesqui-
From Latin sēsqui- (“1½ times; increased by 50%”), from semi- (“half”) and -que (“and; also”).
vigesimal
From Latin vīgēsimus (“twentieth”), variant of Latin vīcēsimus (“twentieth”), from Latin vīgintī (“twenty”), (from *vīcēnssos, from Proto-Indo-European *wi(h₁)ḱm̥ttós, with the -imus ending of decimus (“tenth”)) + -al (suffix forming an adjective). Compare Latin vīgintī (“twenty”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wih₁ḱm̥ti, from *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti(h₁), *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti (“two tens; two decades”).
Whitsunday
Inherited from Middle English Whitsonday, from whit (“white”) + Sonday (“Sunday”), from Old English hwīt sunnandæg, probably from the white clothes worn by newly baptized Christians as Pentecost was a traditional date of baptism in early medieval England. Doublet of White Sunday.
questionnaire
Borrowed from French questionnaire, from Late Latin quaestionarius, from quaestio (English question) + -arius, from quaerō (“to question”) (English query).
quickness
From Middle English quiknes, qwiknes, quyknesse, cwicnesse, equivalent to quick + -ness.
Democritus
From Ancient Greek Δημόκριτος (Dēmókritos).
quinine
The noun is either:
* derived from Spanish quina (“quinine”) (a clipping of quinaquina (“Cinchona bark”)) + English -ine (suffix forming names of chemical substances, especially (among others) alkaloidal substances); or
* borrowed from French quinine, from quin(quina) (“Cinchona bark”) + -ine (feminine form of -in (suffix forming nouns)).
Spanish quinaquina and French quinquina are both derived from Quechua kina-kina, a reduplication of kina (“bark; (specifically) Cinchona bark”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Hesiod
Semi-learned borrowing from Latin Hēsiodus, from Ancient Greek Ἡσίοδος (Hēsíodos).
edition
From French édition, from Latin ēditiō, from ēdere (“to publish”).
Hippocrates
Borrowed from Latin Hippocratēs, from Ancient Greek Ἱπποκράτης (Hippokrátēs). Compare Middle English Ypocras.
fully
From Middle English fully, fulliche, volliche, from Old English fullīċe (“fully”), equivalent to full + -ly. Compare German völlig (“fully”), Swedish fullt (“fully”).
mankind
From Middle English mankynde, alteration (due to kynde = “kind, nature, sort”) of earlier mankyn, from Old English mancynn. Equivalent to man + kin, and/or man + -kind. Cognate with Scots mankind, Middle High German mankünne, Danish mandkøn, Icelandic mannkyn (“mankind”). See also mankin.
lee
From Middle English lee, from Old English hlēo, hlēow (“shelter, protection”), from Proto-West Germanic *hlaiw (whence also Proto-Slavic *xlěvъ), from Proto-Germanic *hlaiwaz (compare German Lee (“lee”), Swedish lä, Danish læ, Norwegian le, Old Norse hlé, Dutch lij), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (compare Welsh clyd (“warm, cozy”), Latin calēre (“to warm up”), Lithuanian šiltas (“warm, pleasant”), Sanskrit शरद् (śarad, “autumn”)).
From Old English lēa, the dative case of lēah (“meadow”), originally to denote someone who lived near a meadow.
From Irish Laoi, perhaps from an ancient personal name.
From Chinese:
* Mandarin: 李 (Lǐ), and other less common surnames such as 黎 (Lí).
* Cantonese: 李 (lei5), and other less common surnames such as 利 (lei6).
* Hokkien: 李 (Lí), Teochew: 李 (li2).
* Hakka: 李 (Lí).
Transcription of Korean 이(李) (I) and 리(李) (Ri).
evoke
From French évoquer, from Latin ēvocō (“to call out, summon”), from ex (“out”) and vocō (“call”). Akin to voice.
oblivious
From Middle English oblivious, from Latin oblīviōsus (“forgetful, oblivious”), formed from oblīvium (“forgetfulness, oblivion”) + -ōsus (“full of, overly, prone to”), from oblīvīscor (“to forget”).
oblivion
Inherited from Middle English oblivion, from Anglo-Norman oblivion, from Latin oblīviō (“forgetfulness”), from oblīvīscor (“to forget”).
hendeca-
From Ancient Greek ἕνδεκα (héndeka, “eleven”).
Arthur
From the name of the legendary king, from Middle English Arthure, from Medieval Latin Arthurus, probably from Middle Welsh arth (“bear”).
Other suggestions include Old Welsh arth (“bear”) and ur (“man”), or a Latinized (Romano-British) name; compare Latin Artorius, itself possibly of Etruscan origin, or more likely Messapic-Illyrian related to Proto-Albanian *artsa (“bear”).
mourner
From Middle English mourner, mornere, equivalent to mourn + -er.
drastic
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek δρᾰ́ω (drắō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Ancient Greek -τις (-tis)
Ancient Greek -σῐς (-sĭs)
Ancient Greek δρᾶσῐς (drâsĭs)
▲
Ancient Greek -σῐς (-sĭs)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Ancient Greek -κός (-kós)
?
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τος (-tos)
▲
Ancient Greek -κός (-kós)
?
Ancient Greek -τῐκός (-tĭkós)
Ancient Greek δρᾱστῐκός (drāstĭkós)der.
English drastic
From Ancient Greek δραστικός (drastikós, “active, efficient”), from δρᾶσις (drâsis, “strength, efficacy”), itself from δράω (dráō, “to do”).
critical
From Latin criticus + -al, from Ancient Greek κριτικός (kritikós, “of or for judging, able to discern”), from
κρίνω (krínō, “to separate, judge”); also the root of crisis.
defecate
Borrowed from Latin dēfaecātus, the perfect passive participle of dēfaecō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix). See also faeces; cognate with French déféquer.
brainwashing
Calque of Chinese 洗腦 /洗脑 (xǐnǎo, literally “wash brain”). First use appears c. 1950.
viaticum
From Latin viāticum (“travelling-money, provisions for a journey”), from viāticus (“of a road or journey”), from via (“road”). Doublet of voyage.
Carolina
From Latin Carolus (“Charles”) + -ina (feminine diminutive suffix).
The U.S. states are named for Charles I of England.
devote
Borrowed from Latin dēvōtus, past participle of Latin dēvoveō (“dedicate by a vow, sacrifice oneself, promise solemnly”). Doublet of devow; see also devout. Displaced native Middle English ēstful, from Old English ēstful.
devour
Inherited from Middle English devouren, from Old French devorer (Modern French dévorer), from Latin dēvorō, from vorō.
operate
From Latin operātus, perfect passive participle of operor (“to work, labor, toil, have effect”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
netsuke
From Japanese 根付 (netsuke). Literally 根 (ne, “root”) + 付け (tsuke, “attach”).
purulent
Borrowed from Middle French purulent, from Latin pūrulentus, from pūs (“pus”).
persnickety
From Scots persnickety, whence also pernickety. More at pernickety.
Provo
From Dutch Provo, shortened from provoceren (“to provoke”), from French provoquer.
Seth
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Σήθ (Sḗth), from Biblical Hebrew שֵׁת (Šet, literally “chosen one, appointed, placed”).
From Ancient Greek Σήθ (Sḗth), from Egyptian s-t:X (stẖ).
strongly
From Middle English strongliche, strangliche, from Old English stranglīċe (“strongly”), equivalent to strong + -ly.
notably
From Middle English notably, notabili, notablelyche, equivalent to notable + -ly.
subsequent
Borrowed from Middle French subséquent, from Latin subsequentis, form of subsequēns, present participle of
subsequor (“to follow, to succeed”).
vainglory
From Middle English waynglori (“worthless glory”), from Old French vaine glorie, from Medieval Latin vāna glōria, from Latin vāna (“empty, groundless, boastful”) + glōria (“fame, ambition, boasting”), apparently modelled after similar terms in Germanic languages. Compare Old English īdel wuldor (“vain glory”) and īdelġielp (“vainglory”).
vainglorious
From Middle English veinglorious, from Old French vain glorios, from Latin vānus (“empty”) + glōriōsus.
valuation
From Middle French valuation, noun of action from valuer, from Old French valoir.
in silico
From in and silicon (from Latin silex (“flint, pebble, stone; crag, rock”)) + Latin -ō, by analogy with English in vitro (“in glass, referring to an experiment conducted in a test tube”). The silico component refers to silicon chips which were used for computing at the time when the term was coined.
kongsi
Borrowed from Hokkien 公司 (kong-si, “company”). See also Hokkien 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê), English British East India Company, Dutch Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (“Dutch East India Company”, literally “United East India Company”).
manualiter
From Latin manuāliter (“manually”), from manuālis (“manual, hand”).
temerarious
Learned borrowing from Latin temerārius (“accidental, casual, rash, reckless”), from temerē (“by chance, at random, rashly”).
epicentre
From epi- (“over, on top”) + centre, from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on”) + κέντρον (kéntron, “centre”).
Sense of “center of an activity (particularly a disaster)” (1908) by generalization from earthquakes, possibly influenced by epidemic.
vantage
From Middle English vantage, by apheresis from advantage; see advantage.
consecutive
From French consécutif, from Medieval Latin cōnsecūtīvus, from Latin cōnsecūtus (“followed up”), from Latin cōnsequor (“to travel”).
negotiate
c. 1598; borrowed from Latin negōtiātus, perfect active participle of negōtior (“to do business, trade”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from negotium (“business”) + -or, from nec (“not”) + otium (“leisure, ease, inactivity”).
monger
The noun is derived from Middle English mongere, mangere (“dealer, merchant, trader”), from Old English mangere (“dealer, merchant, trader”), from Proto-West Germanic *mangārī (“dealer, merchant, monger”), from Latin mangō (“dealer, trader”) + Proto-West Germanic *-ārī (suffix forming agent nouns, especially denoting occupations). The further etymology of mangō is uncertain; the following possibilities have been suggested:
* From Ancient Greek μαγγανεύω (manganeúō, “to use charms or philtres; to cheat, play tricks; to dress food artificially to make it appear better”), from μάγγᾰνον (mángănon, “means of bewitching, charm, philtre”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meng- (“to dress, embellish, trim”); or from Arabic ن ج ل (n j l, root relating to pouring out or thrusting)) + -εύω (-eúō, suffix forming denominative verbs of activity or condition).
* From Latin *manicō, *manigō (“deal, trade; to handle, manage (?)”), from manus (“hand”); further etymology uncertain, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon, signal”), or *mon-u-.
The verb is either derived from the noun, or is a back-formation from mongering (adjective or noun).
semelfactive
Learned borrowing from New Latin semelfactīvus, from to Latin semel (“once, a single time”) + factum (“event, occurrence”) + adjectival suffix -īvus.
dromos
From Ancient Greek δρόμος (drómos, “running; racetrack”).
scupper
Uncertain. Perhaps from Middle English scope (“scoop”) or Dutch schop (“shovel”) + -er; or from Dutch scheppen (“to draw off”).
Viking
Borrowed from Old Norse víkingr (“Viking”). Already in Old English as wīċing and Old Frisian wītsing, but assumed extinct in Middle English and borrowed anew in the 19th century; any survivals in dialect through the Middle Ages are unknown.
Old Norse víkingr itself is from Old Norse vík (“inlet, cove, fjord”) + -ingr (“one belonging to, one who frequents”) (the -r is the nominative desinence). Thus, “one from or who frequents the sea’s inlets”.
The Old English and Anglo-Frisian form, existing since at least the eighth century, could also have been derived from or influenced by Old English wīc (“camp”), on account of the temporary encampments which were often a prominent feature of the Vikings’ raids.
Others proposals were made, like e.g. deriving víkingr from the root related to the verb víkja or deriving both English and Old Norse words to *wīkingaz related to víkja or wīc.
seafaring
From Middle English safarinde, see farand, se farinde, equivalent to sea + faring (“travelling; journeying; going”). Compare Old English sǣ-līþende (“seafaring”). Cognate with Dutch zeevarend (“seafaring”), German Low German seefahrend (“seafaring”),
German seefahrend (“seafaring”), Danish søfarende (“seafaring”), Swedish sjöfarande (“seafaring”).
arsenal
From Italian arsenale, from Arabic دَار الصِّنَاعَة (dār aṣ-ṣināʕa, “manufacturing shop”), from دَار (dār) + صِنَاعَة (ṣināʕa).
wrath
The noun is derived from Middle English wraththe, wreththe (“anger, fury, rage; animosity, hostility; deadly sin of wrath; distress, vexation; punishment; retribution (?)”) [and other forms], from Old English wrǣþþu (“ire, wrath”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *wraiþiþu (“anger, fury, wrath”), from *wraiþ (“angry, furious, wroth; hostile, violent; bent, twisted”) (from Proto-Germanic *wraiþaz (“angry, furious, wroth; hostile, violent; bent, twisted”), from Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist”)) + *-iþu (suffix forming abstract nouns). Effectively analysable as wroth + -th (abstract nominal suffix).
The verb is derived from Middle English wratthen (“to be or become angry, to rage; to quarrel; to cause wrath, offend; to become troubled or vexed; to cause grief or harm, grieve, vex”) [and other forms], from wraththe, wreththe (noun) (see above) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).
Cognates
* Danish vrede (“anger, wrath”)
* Dutch wreedte (“cruelty”)
* Icelandic reiði (“anger”)
* Swedish vrede (“anger, ire, wrath”)
ratiocination
Borrowed from French ratiocination, from Latin ratiōcinātiō (“argumentation, reasoning, ratiocination; a syllogism”), from ratiōcinātus (“reckoned”) + -tiō (suffix forming a noun relating to some action or the result of an action). Ratiōcinātus is the perfect passive participle of ratiōcinor (“to compute, reckon; to argue, infer”), from ratiō (“reason, explanation”) (from reor (“to calculate, reckon”), possibly from Proto-Italic *rēōr, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- (“to put in order”)) + -cinor, modelled after vāticinor (“to foretell, prophesy”), equivalent to ratiocinate + -ion.
attenuate
The verb is first attested in 1530, the adjective in 1626; borrowed from Latin attenuātus, the perfect passive participle of attenuō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + tenuo (“to make thin”), itself from tenuis (“thin”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).
armadillo
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-der.
Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmosder.
Latin arma
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin armō
▲
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Latin armātus
Old Spanish armado
Spanish armado
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Indo-European *-elós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -ulus
Latin -ellus
Old Spanish -iello
Spanish -illo
Spanish armadillobor.
English armadillo
Borrowed from Spanish armadillo, diminutive of armado (“armored”) in reference to its protective plates.
Andean
From Ande(s) + -an, from Spanish, perhaps from Quechua andi (“high crest”).
billet
From Middle English bylet, from Anglo-Norman billette (“list, schedule”), from bille + -ette, from Latin bulla (“document”).
From Middle French billette (“schedule”), from bullette, diminutive form of bulle (“document”), from Medieval Latin bulla, hence cognate with etymology 1 above.
From Middle English billet, bylet, belet, billette, from Old French billette, from bille (“log, tree trunk”), from Vulgar Latin *bilia, probably of Gaulish origin (compare Old Irish bile (“tree”)).
dentifrice
From Middle English dentifricie, from Latin dentifricium (“powder for rubbing the teeth”), from dens (“tooth”) + fricāre (“to rub”). Compare French dentifrice.
Latinize
From Latin latīnizō. By surface analysis, Latin + -ize.
Russell
Inherited from Middle English Russel, from Anglo-Norman Russel. Doublet of Rousseau/Roussel. Equivalent to russel.
mutton
From Middle English motoun, moton, from Old French mouton (“sheep”), from Vulgar Latin moltō, from Gaulish *multon-, from Proto-Celtic *moltos (“ram, wether”). Doublet of mouton.
merde
Borrowed from French merde (“shit”). Doublet of mierda and merd.
pisser
From Middle English pissere; equivalent to piss + -er (agent noun). The sense referring to a urinal formed from piss + -er (patient suffix).
cartel
In the business sense, borrowed from German Kartell, first used by Eugen Richter in 1871 in the Reichstag. In the political sense, which was the vehicle for this metaphor, the English sense, like the German sense, was borrowed from French cartel in the sixteenth century, from Italian cartello, diminutive of carta (“card, page”), from Latin charta.
gesture
From Medieval Latin gestūra (“a mode of action”), from Latin gerō (“to bear; (reflexive) bear oneself, behave, act”), past participle gestus. By surface analysis, Latin gest- + -ure.
emphasis
From Latin emphasis, from Ancient Greek ἔμφασις (émphasis, “significance”), from ἐμφαίνω (emphaínō, “to present; to indicate”), from ἐν- (en-, “in”) + φαίνω (phaínō, “to show”).
mercaptan
Etymology tree
German Mercaptanbor.
English mercaptan
Borrowed from German Mercaptan, from Danish mercaptan; coined by organic chemist William Christopher Zeise in 1832 from mer(curius) (“mercury”) + captan(s) (“capturing”), because the thiolate group bonds very strongly with mercury compounds.
flora
From Latin Flōra (goddess of flowers).
From Latin Flōra (Roman goddess of flowers).
milliardaire
From French milliardaire (“milliardaire, billionaire”). Equivalent to milliard + -aire.
contusion
Borrowed from Middle French contusion, from Latin contūsiōnem, accusative singular of contūsiō, from contūsus, past participle of contundō (“to beat”), from com- + tundō (“to beat”).
habitant
From French habitant.
From Middle English habytaunt, from Middle French habitant. By surface analysis, habit (“to inhabit”) + -ant.
mycelium
From New Latin mycelium; synchronically, myc- + -el- + -ium, where the infix -el- is of unknown origin, perhaps introduced from a rebracketing of epithelium.
Auckland
After William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland, patron of the founder of the city, after Bishop Auckland, formerly North Auckland in the UK, the site of Auckland Castle, from Ackland, possibly from Old Norse alka (“auk”) or from Middle English ak (“oak”) + land; similar, if not the same, to Oakland. In view of an earlier form, Alclit, this may represent an adaptation of a Cumbric [Term?] form, equivalent to Proto-Brythonic *alo- (“rock”) + Proto-Brythonic *clọ:tā, a river name.
vegetative
From Middle French végétatif, from Medieval Latin vegetativus, from past participle stem of vegetare.
inactive
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Indo-European *n̥-
Proto-Italic *ən-
Latin in-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti
Proto-Italic *agō
Latin agō
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHwósder.
Latin -īvus
▲
Ancient Greek ἐνεργητῐκός (energētĭkós)sl.
Latin āctīvus
Latin ināctīvuslbor.
French inactifder.
English inactive
From French inactif. See also earlier unactive.
persistent
From Latin persistentem, present participle of persistō (“continue steadfastly”). By surface analysis, persist + -ent.
bummer
From German Bummler (“a drifter, a stroller, a rambler, a loiterer, a laggard”), from bummeln (“loaf, loiter, stroll, ramble”).
Arie
Borrowed from Hebrew אַרְיֵה (aryé, “lion”).