MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
crisscross
From Middle English crist-crosse, crists-crosse (“Christ's cross”).
By surface analysis, an apophonic reduplication of cross.
sophomore
From earlier sophumer, from the obsolete sophom, sophum (“sophism or dialectical exercise”), from Ancient Greek σόφισμα (sóphisma). Likely influenced by Ancient Greek σοφός (sophós, “wise”) + μωρός (mōrós, “fool”). Compare oxymoron (literally “sharp-dull”), a similar contradiction.
effervescence
Borrowed from French effervescence. By surface analysis, ef- + Latin ferv- + -escence.
effervesce
From Latin effervescere (“to boil up”). By surface analysis, ef- + Latin ferv- + -esce.
puri
Etymology tree
Sanskrit पूर (pūra)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀽𑀭 (pūra)
Hindi पूरी (pūrī)bor.
English puri
From Hindi पूरी (pūrī), a kind of fried flatbread.
From Balinese ᬧᬸᬭᬷ (puri), from Old Javanese purī (“palace, royal residence”), from Sanskrit पुरी (purī), पुर् (pur, “stronghold, fortress”), from ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(t)pĺ̥H (“city, fortress, stronghold”). Compare to English polis (“a Greek city-state”).
From Odia ପୁରୀ (puri).
chapati
From Hindi चपाती (capātī), from Sanskrit चर्पटी (carpaṭī). From a derivative of Sanskrit *चर्प (carpa, “flat”).
paratha
Borrowed from Hindustani पराठा (parāṭhā) / پَراٹھا (parāṭhā). Doublet of parotta.
exposition
From Middle English exposicioun, from Old French esposicion, from Latin expositiō, from expōnere (“to put forth”). The sense meaning "exhibition" is a later semantic loan from French exposition.
bittersweet
From Middle English bitterswete, biterswete, equivalent to bitter + sweet. Cognate with Saterland Frisian bitterswäit (“bittersweet”), West Frisian bittersoet (“bittersweet”), Dutch bitterzoet (“bittersweet”), German bittersüß (“bittersweet”), Danish bittersød (“bittersweet”), Swedish bittersöt (“bittersweet”).
ramble
An altered form (with dissimilation of mm to mb) of dialectal rammle, from Middle English *ramlen, *ramelen, frequentative of Middle English ramen (“to roam, ramble”); compare Swedish ramla (“to stumble; fall; make a noise; rumble”), Danish ramle (“to stumble; collapse; thunder; boom”); equivalent to roam + -le.
"mid-15 c., perhaps frequentative of 'romen' 'to walk, go' perhaps via 'romblen' (late 14 c.) 'to ramble.' The vowel change perhaps by influence of Middle Dutch 'rammelen,' a derivative of 'rammen' 'copulate,' 'used of the night wanderings of the amorous cat.' Meaning 'to talk or write incoherently' is from 1630s".
fondue
Unadapted borrowing from French fondue (“melted”), from fondre (“to melt”).
foresight
From Middle English forsight, forsyght, forsichte (since 14th c.), a calque of Latin providentia. By surface analysis, fore- + sight. Compare Scots foresicht, Saterland Frisian Foarsicht, archaic Dutch voorzicht (now voorzichtigheid), German Vorsicht (all “caution, foresight”).
peroration
From Latin perōrō (“to speak at length, to conclude a speech”) (from per- (“very”) + ōrō (“to speak, to orate”) (English orate)) + -ation (“action (nominalizer)”) (from Latin -ātiō).
insurrection
From Late Middle English insurreccion (“uprising against a government, rebellion, revolt; civil disorder, riot; illegal armed assault”) [and other forms], from Middle French insurrection, Old French insurreccïon (modern French insurrection), and from their etymon Latin īnsurrēctiōnem (rare), the accusative singular of īnsurrēctiō (“rising up, insurrection, rebellion”), from īnsurgō (“to rise up”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’) + surgō (“to arise, get up; to rise”) (from sub- (prefix meaning ‘(from) beneath, under’) + regō (“to direct, govern, rule; to guide, steer; to manage, oversee”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to right oneself, straighten; just; right”))).
distaff
From Middle English distaf (“distaff”), from Old English distæf (“distaff”), from *dis- (“bunch of flax”) (cognate with Middle Low German dise (“bunch of flax on a distaff”)) + stæf (“staff”) (from Proto-Germanic *stabaz (“staff, stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ-). Senses 3 and 5 (“anything traditionally done by or considered of importance to women only”; “a woman, or women considered as a group”) refer to the fact that spinning was traditionally done by women.
solemnity
From solemn + -ity, from Middle English solemnity (“observance of formality and ceremony”), frequently in the phrases in solemnity, with solemnity, which from Old French solemnite, from Latin sollemnitās, from sollemnis. (Compare solemn.)
untrammeled
From trammel (“fishing net; shackle”), from Old French tramail (“net for catching fishes”), from Late Latin tremaculum.
adenosine
From German Adenosin, corresponding to aden(ine) + (rib)os(e) + -ine.
Ekaterina
From Serbo-Croatian and Russian Екатерина (Jekaterina).
zeolite
From Swedish zeolit, and its source, New Latin zeolites, from Ancient Greek ζέω (zéō, “to boil, bubble”) + -lite.
monostich
From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, single”) + στίχος (stíkhos, “line”). See stich.
bonfire
PIE word
 *péh₂wr̥
 From Middle English bonnefyre (“a fire in which bones are burnt, bonfire”) [and other forms], by surface analysis, bone + fire. Replaced earlier Middle English bale-fyre, from Old English bǣlfȳr (see balefire). The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) notes that bonfires, originally lit as part of midsummer celebrations, were not generally associated with the burning of bones. However, the first edition of the OED (under the title A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 1887) stated that “for the annual midsummer ‘banefire’ or ‘bonfire’ in the burgh of Hawick [in Roxburghshire, Scotland], old bones were regularly collected and stored up, down to c. 1800”. The verb is derived from the noun. Cognate with Scots banefire (“bonfire”).
Solomon
From Latin Solomōn (variant of Salomon), from Ancient Greek Σολομών (Solomṓn), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (šĕlōmōʰ), from שָׁלוֹם (šālōm, “peace”). Doublet of Shlomo and Suleiman.
queenly
From Middle English queenly, quenly, from Old English cwēnlīċ, equivalent to queen + -ly.
everlasting
From Middle English ever-lasting (“(adjective) eternal, perpetual; constant; (adverb) eternally; (noun) eternity”), from ever (“at all times, always, constantly; eternally, perpetually; regularly; etc.”) + lasting (“continuing, lasting; eternal; etc.”).
* Ever is derived from Old English ǣfre (“ever”), possibly from ā (“always, ever”) + in fēore (“in life”). Ā is from Proto-West Germanic *aiw (“eternity; long time”), from Proto-Germanic *aiwaz (“long time; eternity”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“life, vital force; long time; eternity”); and fēore is the dative singular of feorh (“life”), from Proto-West Germanic *ferh (“life; kind of tree”), from Proto-Germanic *ferhwą (“body; life; tree”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak tree”) (as the oak represented life and vitality in Germanic mythology).
* Lasting is derived from lasten (“to continue, last; etc.”) + -ing (suffix forming present participle forms of verbs, often used as adjectives)); and lasten from Old English lǣstan (“to follow, pursue; to carry out, perform”), from Proto-West Germanic *laistijan (“to follow, pursue; to carry out, perform”), from Proto-Germanic *laistijaną (“to follow, pursue”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to trace, track”).
By surface analysis, ever (adverb) + lasting (adjective).
sincerity
From Middle English sinceritie, from Old French sincerité and Medieval Latin sincēritās; both from Latin sincēritās, from sincērus + -tās. Equivalent to sincere + -ity.
triumphant
From Old French, from Latin triumphāns, present participle of triumphō (“to triumph; to exult, rejoice”). By surface analysis, triumph + -ant (adjectival suffix).
faintly
From Middle English feintli, feintliche, equivalent to faint + -ly.
Otsukimi
Borrowed from Japanese お月見 (o-tsukimi).
Gilbert
From Old French Gislebert, from Proto-Germanic *Gīslaberhtaz, from *gīslaz (“pledge”) + *berhtaz (“bright, famous”).
Darren
Unknown. A twentieth-century invention, possibly from a rare Irish surname of obscure meaning, possibly from Dara or Daragh, meaning "oak". It is also the name of an old silver mine near Aberystwyth, Wales.
* The name became popular, particularly in the UK, because of a character in the 1960s American TV series Bewitched, actually spelled Darrin.
* (person with sense of entitlement): As a rhyming equivalent for Karen.
memorable
From Middle English memorable, memorrable, from Latin memorābilis, from memorō (“to bring to remembrance”), from memor (“mindful, remembering”). By surface analysis, memory + -able, see memory. Doublet of memorabile (singular of memorabilia).
righteousness
From earlier rightwiseness, from Middle English rightwisnes, from Old English rihtwīsnes (“justice”), equivalent to righteous + -ness.
Fernando
From Spanish Fernando, a contraction of Ferdinando, equivalent to English Ferdinand. From Proto-Germanic *fardiz (“journey”) or *friþuz (“peace”) + *nanþaz (“daring”) (from the root of *ninþaną (“to be daring”)).
requisite
From Latin requīsītus, perfect passive participle of requīrō (“to require, seek, ask for”), from which English require.
rustle
From Middle English rustelen, russelen, of uncertain origin, but probably from Old English hrūxlian, hristlan, hrystlan, hristlian (“to make a noise”). Compare also Scots reesle (“to crackle; rattle; rustle”), West Frisian risselje, Dutch ritselen (“to rustle”), Afrikaans ritsel (“to rustle”), German rascheln (“to rustle”).
rump
From Middle English rumpe, from Old Norse rumpr (“rump”), from Middle Low German rump (“the bulk or trunk of a body, trunk of a tree”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rumpō (“trunk of a tree, log”). The ultimate origin could be related to Proto-Germanic *hrimpaną (“to wrinkle”) (Dutch rimpel and German rümpfen (“to wrinkle”)); outside of Germanic, compare Ancient Greek ῥάμφος (rhámphos, “crooked beak”).
Cognate with Icelandic rumpur (“rump”), Swedish rumpa (“rump”), Dutch romp (“trunk, body, hull”), German Rumpf (“hull, trunk, torso, trunk”).
In the sense of remnant, first attested in the Rump Parliament of 1648; its original meaning here was a reference to the rotten, unclean hindquarters of an animal, gradually morphing to refer to the "remnant" aspect of the Parliament rather than its perceived unsavory nature.
Hugo
From Old French Hugo, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *hugi (“thought, mind, spirit”).
Bruno
From Italian, German etc continental European Bruno, name of medieval Italian and German saints and royalty, Latinized form of Old High German brūn (“brown”), from Proto-West Germanic *brūn. The surname is mostly borrowed from Italian Bruno. Doublet of Brown.
amant
Borrowed from French amant, from Latin amantem, present participle of amō.
Angus
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Aonghas, perhaps literally "one choice".
Raleigh
From Old English rā, rāha (“roe deer”) + lēah (“woodland, clearing”). Equivalent to roe + -ley (“lea”).
malfeasant
From malfeasance, after such pairs as assistance, assistant, or adapted from French malfaisant.
polarization
Borrowed from French polarisation. By surface analysis, polarize + -ation or polar + -ization.
trusting
From Middle English trustyng, trostinge, tristynge, equivalent to trust + -ing.
proving
From Middle English provyng, pryvynge, equivalent to prove + -ing.
From Middle English provyng, prevyng, provynge, prevynge, preovyng, prufunge, preofunge, from Old English *prōfung, equivalent to prove + -ing.
reliquary
Borrowed from Middle French reliquaire (modern French reliquaire), from Late Latin reliquiarium, from rēliquia (“a relic”) (English relic), noun use of reliquus (“abandoned, left behind, relict”), from relinquō (“to relinquish”), from re- (“again”) and linquō (“to leave”), from Proto-Indo-European *leikʷ-.
paved
From Middle English paved, ypavyd, equivalent to pave + -ed.
relic
From Middle English relik et al., from Old French relique, from Latin reliquiae (“remains, relics”), from relinquō (“to leave behind, abandon, relinquish”), from re- + linquō (“to leave, quit, forsake, depart from”). Doublet of relict, derelict, and relinquish.
lordship
From Middle English lordshipe, laverdschipe, from Old English hlāfordsċiepe, equivalent to lord + -ship. Cognate with Scots lairdschip. Piecewise doublet of lairdship.
bully
From 1530, as a term of endearment, probably a diminutive ( + -y) of Dutch boel (“lover; brother”), from Middle Dutch boel, boele (“brother; lover”), from Old Dutch *buolo, from Proto-Germanic *bōlô (compare Middle Low German bôle (“brother”), Middle High German buole (“brother; close relative; close relation”) (whence German Buhle (“lover”)), Old English Bōla, Bōlla (personal name), diminutive of expressive *bō- (“brother, father”). Compare also Latvian bālinš (“brother”). More at boy.
The term acquired a negative connotation during the 17th century; first ‘noisy, blustering fellow’ then ‘a person who is cruel to others’. Possibly influenced by bull (“male cattle”) or via the ‘prostitute's minder’ sense. The positive senses are dated, but survive in phrases such as bully pulpit.
mantle
From Middle English mantel, from Old English mæntel, mentel (“sleeveless cloak”), from Proto-West Germanic *mantel; later reinforced by Anglo-Norman mantel, both from Latin mantellum (“covering, cloak”) (French manteau), diminutive of mantum (Spanish manto), probably from Gaulish *mantos, *mantalos (“trodden road”), from Proto-Celtic *mantos, *mantlos, from Proto-Indo-European *menH- (“tread, press together; crumble”). Compare Icelandic möttull. Doublet of manteau.
stony
From Middle English stony, stoni, stani, from Old English stāniġ, stǣniġ (“stony, rocky”), from Proto-Germanic *stainagaz (“stony”), equivalent to stone + -y. Cognate with Scots stany (“stony”), West Frisian stienich (“stony”), Dutch stenig (“stony, metalled”), German steinig (“stony, rocky, gravelly”), Swedish stenig (“stony, rocky, pebbly”).
peristalsis
From Ancient Greek δύναμις περισταλτική (dúnamis peristaltikḗ, “the action of the bowels by which their contents are propelled”), from περιστέλλω (peristéllō, “to wrap around”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + στέλλω (stéllō, “to make ready, to prepare”).
indispensable
Borrowed from Middle French indispensable, from Medieval Latin indispensābilis, corresponding to in- + dispensable.
evict
From Middle English evicten, evycten, borrowed from Latin ēvictus, past participle of ēvincō (“to vanquish completely”). Doublet of evince.
elegiac
From Middle French élégiaque, from Latin elegīacus, from Ancient Greek ἐλεγειακός (elegeiakós).
brunet
From French brunet. Compare also Middle English brunet, burnet (“brown”), from Old French brunet, which is the same word.
French Brunet
physical chemistry
Calque of Russian физи́ческая хи́мия (fizíčeskaja xímija). Coined by polymath Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752.
Boi
From Portuguese bumba-meu-boi, from boi (“bull”).
gild
From Middle English gilden, gulden, from Old English gyldan (“to gild, to cover with a thin layer of gold”), from Proto-West Germanic *gulþijan, from Proto-Germanic *gulþijaną, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą (“gold”).
pannier
From Middle English panere, panȝere, panyere, from Old French panier, paniere, from Latin pānārium (“a bread basket”), from pānis (“bread”). Doublet of panary.
putz
Borrowed from Yiddish פּאָץ (pots, “penis, fool”); compare similar semantic developments in futz.
Borrowed from Pennsylvania German Putz; compare German Putz (“ornament, decoration, finery”), putzen (“to clean; decorate”). Compare the above.
Borrowed from German Putz or Pütz.
insectivore
From French insectivore. In the zoological sense, coined by English philosopher and historian of science William Whewell in 1840 as an adaptation of Cuvier's coinage, French insectivore. The French terms reflect scientific New Latin origins. By surface analysis, insect + -i- + -vore.
Tooele
From Shoshone tuuwɨɨta (“black bear; the name of a Gosiute chief”).
sea mile
As a former Scandinavian unit of distance, a calque of Danish sømil, Norwegian Bokmål sjømil, and Swedish sjömil, from Danish sø (“sea, nautical, maritime”) + mil (“Danish mile or league”).
sapiential
From Middle English sapyencyall, from Old French or Late Latin/Ecclesiastical Latin sapientiālis, from Latin sapientia (“wisdom”) + -ālis (“-al”).
ogive
From late Middle English ogif, egeve, egeove, from Old French ogive, œgive, augive. Doublet of ogee.
dreich
The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:
* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and
* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).
The noun is probably partly derived:
* from the adjective; and
* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).
(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)
Cognates
* German Low German drēg, drēge
* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)
* North Frisian drech
* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))
* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))
* Saterland Frisian drjooch
* Scots dreich
* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)
gloze
From Middle English glosen, from Old French gloser, from Medieval Latin glossa. More at gloss.
Lapith
Borrowing of Ancient Greek Λαπίθης (Lapíthēs).
hangnail
A corruption of agnail (literally “painful (anguished) nail”), by folk-etymological reanalysis as hang + nail; from Middle English agnail, from Old English angnæġl, from ang- (“tight/painful”) + næġl (“nail”). The first part is from Proto-Germanic *anguz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰus (“narrow, tight”), while the second is from Proto-Germanic *naglaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃negʰ-. The first component, ang- is also the origin of anguish, anger, and angst, while næġl is the origin of nail. Compare more "pure" Scots angernail, and similarly folk-influenced dialectal variants wrangnail and ragnail, all meaning "hangnail" and from Middle English. Cognate with Old High German ungnagel and Old Frisian angneil, o(n)gneil.
Original sense of “loose strip of tissue”; the sense of “pointed corner of nail” is modern, and is connected with the reanalysis, due to stockings catching or “hanging” on the nail.
sinew
From Middle English synwe, synewe (“tendon; ligament or other connective tissue; muscle; nerve; leaf vein”), from Old English sinu (“tendon, sinew; nerve”), from Proto-West Germanic *sinu, from Proto-Germanic *sinwō, *senawō (“sinew”), from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”), from *(s)neh₁- (“to twist (threads), spin, weave”).
The word is cognate with sinnow (“sinew”), Scots senon, sinnon, Saterland Frisian Siene (“sinew”), West Frisian senuw, sine (“sinew; nerve”), Dutch zenuw (“nerve, sinew”), German Sehne (“tendon, sinew; cord”), Icelandic sin (“tendon”), Danish sene (“tendon, sinew”), Swedish sena (“sinew”), Avestan 𐬯𐬥𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (snāuuar, “tendon, sinew”), Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “tendon; nerve; cord”), Latin nervus (“tendon, sinew; nerve”), Sanskrit स्नावन् (snāván, “sinew, tendon; muscle”), Tocharian B ṣñor (“sinew”). Doublet of nerve and neuron.
sinewy
Inherited from Middle English synwy, synewy, synowy (“tendonous”); equivalent to sinew + -y.
pelf
From Late Middle English pelf, pelfe (“stolen goods, booty, spoil; forfeited property; money, riches; property; valuable object”), possibly from Anglo-Norman pelf (a variant of pelfre (“booty, loot”)) and Old French peufre (“frippery; rubbish”); further etymology uncertain, possibly a metathesis of Old French felpe, ferpe, frepe (“a rag”). The English word is perhaps related to Late Latin pelfa, pelfra, pelfrum (“forfeited or stolen goods”), Middle French peuffe and French peufe, peuffe (“old clothes; rubbish”) (Normandy), and pilfer.
throng
From Middle English throng, thrang, from Old English þrang, ġeþrang (“crowd, press, tumult”), from Proto-Germanic *þrangwą, *þrangwō (“throng”), from *þrangwaz (“pressing, narrow”), from *þrinhwaną (“to press, to push; to force”), from Proto-Indo-European *trenkʷ- (“to beat; pound; hew; press”). Cognate with Dutch drang, German Drang. Compare also German Gedränge (“throng”) and Persian ترنجیدن (Trenjidan, “to beat, to push”).
Compare typologically crowd (see there for more).
reactionary
Borrowed from French réactionnaire, equivalent to reaction + -ary. Used in the time of the French revolution to refer to a person opposing the revolution; as in favoring a reaction against the revolution.
Sibir
From Russian Сиби́рь (Sibírʹ).
saponify
From French saponifier, from Late Latin sāpō, sāpōnem (“soap”).
come through
Conflation of Middle English þurȝcomyn (v. inf.), with inseparable prefix, and comen thurgh, a verb-adverb/preposition combination. Cf. German durchkommen, where the prefix is separable. Equivalent to come + through.
paralogism
Borrowed from Middle French paralogisme, from Late Latin paralogismus, from Ancient Greek παραλογισμός (paralogismós).
buffer
Agent noun from obsolete verb buff (“make a dull sound when struck”) (mid-16c.), from Old French buffe (“blow”).
The “boatswain's mate” sense is said to be popularly explained by the mate being a “buffer”, that is intermediary, between officers and men, but various other explanations have also been proposed.
crochet
From French crochet, from Middle French crochet, from Old French crochet, crokét (“curved instrument, hook”), diminutive of Old French croc (“hook”), from Old Frankish *krōk (“hook”) or from Old Norse krókr (“hook, bend, bight”), both from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerg- (“tracery, basket, twist”). Cognate with Middle English crōc (“crook, hook”), Middle Dutch croec, crōc (“curl”). Doublet of crocket, croquet, and crotchet. More at crook, crooked.
poach
From Middle English pochen (“to poach (eggs)”), from Old French pocher "to put (egg yolks) in pockets" (i.e. in bags formed by the whites), from Old French poche (“pocket”).
From Old French pocher, pochier (“to trample, poach into”). Doublet of poke.
boo-boo
* Possibly from bug-a-boo, an imaginary evil goblin.
* Possibly from bubo, a swollen lymph node especially obvious in sufferers of bubonic plague.
* Possibly from the sound a baby or young toddler might make.
* Possibly borrowed from French bobo (“boo-boo”)
ichor
Sense 1 (“liquid said to flow in place of blood in the veins of the gods”) is borrowed from Medieval Latin ichor, from Ancient Greek ῑ̓χώρ (īkhṓr, “fluid running through the veins of gods, ichor; watery part of blood, lymph, serum; watery part of milk, whey; gravy; pus; naphtha”); further etymology unknown, probably from Pre-Greek.
Sense 2.4 (“fetid, watery discharge from a sore”) is from Middle English icor, icore [and other forms], from Medieval Latin ichor; see further above.
diva
From Italian diva (“diva, goddess”), from Latin dīva (“goddess”), female of dīvus (“divine, divine one; notably a deified mortal”), from Old Latin deivā, from Proto-Italic *deiwā (“goddess”), feminine of *deiwos (“god”), from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).
Rocco
From the Italian form of the name of French 14th century saint Roch, of Germanic origin. The meaning is obscure; Old High German hruoh (“crow”) (from Proto-Germanic *hrōkaz), hrok (“rest”) (modern Ruhe) and rohōn (“to roar”) (modern röhren) have been suggested.
pasteurize
Borrowed from French pasteuriser. From Louis Pasteur, the inventor of the process, + -ize.