MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
morose
From French morose, from Latin mōrōsus (“particular, scrupulous, fastidious, self-willed, wayward, capricious, fretful, peevish”), from mōs (“way, custom, habit, self-will”). See moral.
nexus
From Latin nexus (“connection, nexus; act of binding, tying or fastening together; something which binds, binding, bond, fastening, joint; legal obligation”), from nectō (“to attach, bind, connect, fasten, tie; to interweave; to relate; to unite; to bind by obligation, make liable, oblige; to compose, contrive, devise, produce”) + -tus (suffix forming verbal nouns).
genetic
Coined from genesis, similarly to antithesis, antithetic. Reflects Ancient Greek γενετικός (genetikós), from γένεσις (génesis) + -κός (-kós). Ultimately from Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”). By surface analysis, gene + -tic or gen(esis) + -etic.
jest
From Middle English geste (“idle tale”), from Old French geste (“acts, exploits”), from Latin gesta (“acts, deeds”). Doublet of gest.
hilarious
Learned borrowing from Latin hilaris (“cheerful”) + -ious, from Ancient Greek ἱλαρός (hilarós, “cheerful, merry”).
damage
From Middle English damage, from Old French damage, from Vulgar Latin *damnāticum from Classical Latin damnum. Compare modern French dommage. Largely displaced native Middle English scath (whence unscathed). Cognate with Spanish daño.
user
From Middle English usere, equivalent to use + -er. Cognate with Scots usar, uiser (“user”).
share
From Middle English schare, schere, from Old English sċearu (“a cutting, shaving, a shearing, tonsure, part, division, share”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaru, from Proto-Germanic *skarō (“a division, detachment”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian skar, sker (“a share in a communal pasture”), Dutch schare (“share in property”), German Schar (“band, troop, party, company”), Icelandic skor (“department”). Compare shard, shear. Doublet of eschel.
From Middle English share, schare, shaar, from Old English sċear, sċær (“ploughshare”), from Proto-Germanic *skaraz (“ploughshare”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Cognate with Dutch schaar (“ploughshare”), dialectal German Schar (“ploughshare”), Danish (plov)skær (“ploughshare”). More at shear.
* As an English surname, perhaps a variant of Shear.
* As a Serbo-Croatian surname, Americanized from Šare, Sare.
yearly
From Middle English yeerly, yerely, from Old English ġēarlīċ, ġērlīċ (“yearly, of the year, annual”), equivalent to year + -ly (adjectival suffix) or -ly (adverbial suffix). Cognate with Scots yerelie (“yearly”), Saterland Frisian jierelk (“yearly”), West Frisian jierliks (“yearly”), Dutch jaarlijks (“yearly”), Afrikaans jaarliks (“yearly”), German jährlich (“yearly”), Danish årlig (“yearly”), Norwegian Bokmål årlig (“yearly”), Norwegian Nynorsk årleg (“yearly”), Swedish årlig (“yearly”), Icelandic árlegur (“yearly”).
bald
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-der.
Proto-Germanic *balluz
Old English *beall
Middle English bal?
Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰḗlH-o-m
Proto-Germanic *bēlą
Proto-West Germanic *bāl
Old English bæl?
Middle English balled
English bald
From Middle English balled, ballid, bald (“bald”), of uncertain origin. Probably formed from Middle English bal, balle (“ball, round object, knoll, head”). Compare Old Danish bældet (“bald”).
An alternate etymology has Old English bǣl (“fire, flame; funeral pyre”), from Proto-Germanic *bēlą. Compare Albanian balë (“white spot on the forehead”) and ballë (“forehead”).
* As a Dutch and German surname, from the personal name Baldo, or related to Baldwin, where the first element is from the root of bold.
* As an English and Scottish surname, related to bald.
feckless
From Scots feckless, variant of Scots fectless (“ineffectual”) (an aphetic variant of effectless), equivalent to effect + -less.
grandee
Borrowed from Spanish grande (adjective), from Latin grandis (“large, great”). Doublet of grand and grande.
draconian
From Latin Dracō (stem Dracōn-) + -ian, from Ancient Greek Δράκων (Drákōn), after the Athenian lawmaker Draco, known for making harsh laws. See δράκων (drákōn, “dragon”).
From Latin dracō (“dragon”) (stem dracōn-) + -ian.
From Latin Dracō (stem Dracōn-) + -ian.
nostrum
Learned borrowing from Latin nostrum (“ours”), nominative neuter of noster (“our, ours”).
prosaic
From Middle French prosaïque, from Medieval Latin prosaicus (“in prose”), from Latin prosa (“prose”), from prorsus (“straightforward, in prose”), from Old Latin provorsus (“straight ahead”), from pro- (“forward”) + vorsus (“turned”), from vertō (“to turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn, to bend”).
malfeasance
From Old French malfaisance, derived from malfaire, maufaire (“to do evil”), from Latin malefaciō (“to do evil”), from male (“evilly”) + faciō (“to do, make”).
Jakarta
Borrowed from Indonesian Jakarta, from Sanskrit जयकर्ता (jayakartā, “that which causes victory”).
Java
Borrowed from Javanese Jawa, via Franco-Italian and Latin, possibly from Sanskrit यव-द्वीप (yava-dvīpa, “island of barley”), used in reference to the coffee grown on Java and nearby islands since at least 1850. The programming language (initially called Oak) is a reference to java, the blend of coffee from the island.
From French java.
Jerusalem
From Old English Hierusalem or Old French Jherusalem or Late Latin Ierusalem, Hierusalem, from Latin Hierosolyma, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim).
Juneau
From French Juneau.
The Alaskan city was named after Joe Juneau, whose French surname derives from jeune (“young”).
Kabul
Borrowed from Classical Persian کَابُل (kābul), of unknown origin. See the Persian entry for more.
Kathmandu
From Nepali काठमाडौं (kāṭhmāḍa͠u), from Sanskrit काष्ठमण्डप (kāṣṭhamaṇḍapa), from काष्ठ (kāṣṭha, “wood”) + मण्डप (maṇḍapa, “pavilion”).
Khartoum
Possibly from Arabic خُرْطُوم (ḵurṭūm, “elephant trunk”), but more likely from Arabic قُرْطُم (qurṭum, “safflower”).
Kiev
From Russian Ки́ев (Kíjev), from Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ), which folk-etymology derives from the name of city's legendary founder Kyi. Other proposals derive it from Proto-Slavic *kyjь (“stick, club, hammer”) (compare to Russian кий (kij)). See also at the article about Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ).
Lagos
Borrowed from Portuguese Lagos (literally “lakes”). Piecewise doublet of Lakes.
Lhasa
From Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).
temple
From Middle English temple, from Old English templ, tempel, borrowed from Latin templum (“shrine, temple, area for auspices”). Compare Old High German tempal (“temple”), also a borrowing from the Latin.
From Middle English temple, from Old French temple, from Vulgar Latin *temp(u)la, from Latin tempora (“the temples”), plural of tempus (“temple, head, face”). See temporal bone.
Borrowed from Latin templum (“a small timber, a purlin”); compare templet and template.
solstice
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥
Latin sōl
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti
Proto-Italic *sistō
Latin sistō
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin sōlstitiumlbor.
Old French solsticebor.
Middle English solstice
English solstice
From Middle English solstice, from Old French solstice, from Latin sōlstitium.
Liguria
From Occitan Ligúria, from Latin Liguria, from Ancient Greek Λίγυς (Lígus).
Lisbon
Etymology tree
Paleo-Hispanicbor.?
Tartessianbor.?
Phoeniciander.?
Latin Olisīpō
Vulgar Latin Olisiponabor.
Arabic لِشْبُونَة (lišbūna)bor.
French Lisbonnebor.
English Lisbon
As the capital of Portugal, from French Lisbonne, from Arabic لِشْبُونَة (lišbūna), from Latin Olisīpō, the origin of which is uncertain. Older spellings include Ulixbona and Ulixbuna (in the Visigothic era); Ὀλισσιπών (Olissipṓn) or Ὀλισσιπόνα (Olissipóna) (by Greek writers), Olisippo (by Pliny the Elder), and Ulyssippo (by Pomponius Mela of Hispania), the last of which relates to the first-century Roman folk etymology that it was founded by and named after Ulysses; another common folk etymology is the Phoenician 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤑 𐤏𐤁𐤀 (ʿlyṣ ʿbʾ /⁠ʿaliṣ-ʿuboʾ⁠/, “safe harbour”), but there is not much evidence for such words. Another possibility, based on hydronymy of the area, derives the name from Paleo-Hispanic's appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.
In other senses, with reference to the Portuguese city.
Liverpool
From Old English *Liferpōl, from lifer (“thick water”, literally “liver”) + pōl (“pool”). Compare Old English lifrig (“thick, clotted”, literally “livery”).
Los Angeles
An anglicized form of Spanish Pueblo de los Ángeles (City of the Angels), a clipping of Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (“Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porziuncola”), taken from the Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí's name for the nearby Los Angeles River, first sighted by the Portolá expedition on August 2, the feast day of the dedication of the chapel of Porziuncola (from Latin portiuncula, “little portion”) in Santa Maria degli Angeli (Italian for “Saint Mary of the Angels”) near Assisi, Italy, where St Francis began his order.
Majorca
From Latin īnsula maior (“larger island”); the intermediate form was *Maiōrica.
Maine
The US state is from French Maine, named by its French explorers after the province in France with the same name; unrelated to the name of the river that flows through it. From Old French Cemaine, from Latin *Cenomania, from the name of the Gaulish Cenomani tribe of Gallia Celtica. The word was rebracketed as ce (“this”) + Maine, and the ce- was lost by the 12th century.
From French Maine, from earlier Maienne, from Latin Meduāna, of uncertain origin. Doublet of Mayenne. Unrelated to the French province of the same name.
From Irish An Mhaing
From Old Irish Maine.
Manila
From Spanish Manila, from Tagalog Maynila, from may (“there is”) + nila (“indigo”), Tagalog nila from Sanskrit नील (nīla).
Marseilles
From Old French Marseilles (nominative of Marseille), from Latin Massilia, Marsilia, from Ancient Greek Μασσαλία (Massalía), probably from a pre-Latin language of Italy, perhaps Ancient Ligurian mas (“spring”).
Melanesia
From French Mélanésie (coined by Jules Dumont d'Urville), from Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “dark”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”), referring to the skin color of the inhabitants.
Milan
Inherited from Middle English Milane, Melan, etc., from Old English Mæġelan, Megelan, Mediolana burg, etc. under influence from early forms of French Milan, from Medieval Latin Mediolāna etc., from Latin Mediolānum, q.v. As American settlements, typically after the Italian city. Doublet of Milano.
Borrowed from Slavic.
Montevideo
There is general agreement that the first two syllables come from Spanish or Portuguese monte (“hill”), in reference to the prominent hill to the west of the city. Beyond that, explanations differ. Two of the most popular stories are that the name comes from a reading of the abbreviated MONTE-VI-D-E-O ("sixth hill from east to west"), or that it comes from a Portuguese sailor's shout of "Monte vide eu".
Nairobi
From Maasai enkare nyrobi (“cold water, cold river”), the name of the Nairobi river.
Nassau
Borrowed from German Nassau, from German nass (“wet”). The Bahamian city is named after the German one.
power-up
Calque of Japanese パワーアップ (pawā-appu), itself a wasei eigo (和製英語; pseudo-anglicism) derived from power + up.
cross
From Middle English cross, cros, from Old English cros (“rood, cross”), from Old Norse kross, from Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (crucī). In this sense displaced native Middle English rode, from Old English rōd (“cross”); see English rood. Doublet of crouch (“cross”) and crux. Compare Welsh croes, Irish crois.
The sense of "two intersecting lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles" without regard to religious signification develops from the late 14th century.
Cognates
*Icelandic kross (“cross”)
*Faroese krossur (“cross”)
*Norwegian Nynorsk kross, kors (“cross”)
*Danish kors (“cross”)
*Swedish kors (“cross”)
*North Frisian kross, korss (“cross”)
*Saterland Frisian Krjuus, Kjus (“cross”)
*West Frisian krús (“cross”)
*Dutch kruis (“cross”)
*German Low German Krüüz (“cross”)
*German Kreuz (“cross”)
* As an English surname, from the noun cross, as in crossroads. Also a calque of this word in various European languages, such as French Lacroix, German Kreutz, Serbo-Croatian Križ. Compare Crouch, Crozier, Kriz.
* As an Irish surname, shortened from McCrossen.
* As a German surname, Americanized from Kross, from Middle Low German krus (“pitcher, vessel”), which is possibly an old Germanic borrowing of Ancient Greek κρωσσός (krōssós, “pitcher, pail, urn”). Also a variant of Kress.
pun
From Middle English ponnen, ponen, punen, from Old English punian, pūnian (“to pound, beat, bray, bruise, crush, grind”), from Proto-Germanic *punōną (“to break to pieces, pulverize”). See pound. As a kind of word play, from the notion of "beating" the words into place.
From Hindi [Term?].
step-
From Middle English step-, from Old English stēop- (“deprived of a relative, step-”, prefix), from Proto-West Germanic *steupa-, from Proto-Germanic *steupa- (“orphaned, step-”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp- (“to push, strike”).
Cognate with Scots step- (“step-”), West Frisian stiep- (“step-”), Dutch stief- (“step-”), Low German steef- (“step-”), German stief- (“step-”), Swedish styv- (“step-”), Icelandic stjúp- (“step-”). Related to Old English stīepan (“to deprive, bereave”). Not, however, related to the familiar English noun or verb step.
consanguinity
From Middle English consanguinytee, consanguinite, consanguinyte, from Old French consanguinité and Latin cōnsanguinitātem, accusative of Latin cōnsanguinitās, from cōnsanguineus, from Latin com- (“together”) + sanguineus (“of or pertaining to blood”), from Latin sanguis (“blood”).
kinsman
From Middle English kynnesman, equivalent to kin + -s- + -man.
kinswoman
From Middle English kynneswomman; equivalent to kin + -s- + -woman.
cohort
From Latin cohors (stem cohort-); borrowed into Old English as coorta, but reintroduced into Middle English as cōhort and chōors via Old French cohorte. Doublet of court.
nice
From Middle English nyce, nice, nys, from Old French nice, niche, nisce (“simple, foolish, ignorant”), from Latin nescius (“ignorant, not knowing”); compare nesciō (“to know not, be ignorant of”), from ne (“not”) + sciō (“to know”).
Borrowed from French Nice, from Latin Nīcaea, from Ancient Greek Νῑ́καια (Nī́kaia), named for a 4th-century-BCE victory of its colonizing Phocaean Greeks over local Ligurians, probably the Vediantii, from νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”) + -ῐᾰ (-ĭă, “-ia: forming place names”). Doublet of Iznik and Nicaea.
Nicosia
From Medieval Latin and Old French Nicosia, from Byzantine Greek Λευκωσία (Leukōsía), variant of Λευκουσία (Leukousía), equivalent to λευκός (leukós, “white”) or λεύκη (leúkē, “poplar”) + οὐσία (ousía, “property, estate”), but deriving from various Ancient Greek forms including Λευτεῶν (Leuteôn), Λευκοθέον (Leukothéon), and Λευκούπολις (Leukoúpolis) adapting an early or pre-Greek name variously recorded as Λέδραι (Lédrai), Λῆδρον (Lêdron), Λεδρῶν (Ledrôn), Λήδρα (Lḗdra), etc. Doublet of Lefkosia.
Normandy
From Middle English Normandie, Normandye, from Old English Normandiġ, from Old French Normendie, from normant + -ie. Compare Old Norse Norðmanndi (“Normandy”). Normant refers to the Germanic words for 'north' and 'man', as the original Normans were of Scandinavian origin. More at Norman.
Orleans
From French Orléans, ultimately from Latin Aurelianum, from the name of the Roman emperor Aurelian, who rebuilt the city. More at Aurelius.
Oslo
From Norwegian Oslo, from Old Norse Ósló, Ásló f or n. The first element is disputed, but is likely from ǫ́ss, áss (“god; one of the Æsir”), from Proto-Germanic *ansuz. Another theory is that it comes from áss (“hill, beam”), from Proto-Germanic *ansaz, but this is unlikely. The second element is ló f or n (“meadow”), from Proto-Germanic *lauhō f, *lauhaz m (compare the suffix -ley in English place-names).
Oxford
From Middle English Oxenford, Oxneford, from Old English Oxnaford (“Oxford”, literally “oxen's ford”), equivalent to ox + ford. Compare Old Norse Öxnafurða.
Padua
From Medieval Latin Padua, from Venetan Padoa, from Latin Patavium.
Palermo
From Italian Palermo, from Sicilian Palermu, from Arabic بَلَرْم (Balarm), from Latin Panormus, from Ancient Greek Πάνορμος (Pánormos), from πᾰν- (păn-, “all”) + ὅρμος (hórmos, “port”) for its natural harbor.
Philadelphia
From Latin Philadelphia, from Ancient Greek Φιλαδέλφεια (Philadélpheia), from φιλάδελφος (philádelphos, “brother/sibling-loving”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming placenames”), from the combining form of φῐλέειν (phĭléein, “to love”) + ἀδελφός (adelphós, “brother, sibling”). In reference to the city in Turkey, named for the loyal Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon. In reference to the city in Jordan, named for the incestuous Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt. In reference to the American city, named for the ancient towns as well as the Quaker William Penn's aim of fostering religious tolerance. Doublet of Filadelfia.
Piedmont
Derived from Italian Piemonte (“mountain foot”), from Medieval Latin Pedemontium, Pedemontis, from Latin ad pedem montium.
Polynesia
Borrowed from French Polynésie (coined by Charles de Brosses in 1756), from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”). According to Moon Handbooks Tahiti, de Brosses first used the term to refer to all Pacific islands. The present restricted use was established by J. S. C. Dumont d'Urville in 1832.
flotsam
From Anglo-Norman floteson, from Old French flotaison (“a floating”), from floter (“to float”), of Germanic origin (See float.), + -aison, from Latin -atio.
flood
From Middle English flod, from Old English flōd, from Proto-West Germanic *flōdu, from Proto-Germanic *flōduz, from *plew- (“to flow”). Cognate with Scots flude, fluid, Saterland Frisian Floud, Dutch vloed, German Flut, Danish flod, Icelandic flóð, and Gothic 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (flōdus).
import
From Middle English importen, from Old French emporter, importer, from Latin importō (“bring in from abroad, import”, verb), from in (“in, at, on; into”) + portō (“to carry, bear; convey”).
From Italian importare, and French importer, from Latin importō.
incarcerate
The adjective is first attested in 1528, the verb in 1575; borrowed from Medieval Latin incarcerātus, perfect passive participle of incarcerō (“to imprison”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from Latin in- (“in”) + carcer (“a prison”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix). Common participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.
Quito
Borrowed from Spanish Quito. Named after the Quitu tribe. The name is a combination of two Tsafiki words: quitso (“center”) + to (“the world”); roughly translating as "center of the world."
Quezon City
Named after Filipino president Manuel Quezon, whose surname is ultimately from Hokkien. See Quezon & city.
Rhodes
From French Rhodes, from Latin Rhodus, from Ancient Greek Ῥόδος (Rhódos), of uncertain etymology. Possibilities include a pre-Greek name (cf. Phoenician 𐤄𐤓𐤏𐤃 (hrʿd), "snake"), ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), and ῥοιά (rhoiá, “pomegranate”).
From rodes, the plural form of Middle English rode, from Old English rod, rodu.
The Rh- form—a 16th century spelling modification—was created by analogy with the unrelated Rhodes, Greece.
Riyadh
From Arabic الرِّيَاض (ar-riyāḍ, literally “the meadows”).
Rome
From Middle English Rome, from Old English Rōm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō and influenced by Late Latin Rōma (“Rome, Constantinople”), from Classical Latin Rōma (“Rome”). In Roman mythology, the name was said to derive from Romulus, one of the founders of the city and its first king.
The name appears in a wide range of forms in Middle English, including Rom, Room, Roome, and Rombe as well as Rome; by early modern English, it appeared as Rome, Room, and Roome, with the spelling Rome occurring in Shakespeare and common from the early 18th century on. The final spelling was influenced by Norman, Middle French, Anglo-Norman, and Old French Rome. Doublet of Roma and Rum.
Saint Petersburg
Calque of Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg) equivalent to Saint Peter + -s- + -burg, from German Sankt Petersburg (“Saint Peter's City”), referring to Saint Peter the Apostle and alluding to its founder Tsar Peter the Great. Doublet of Peterborough.
Sardinia
Borrowing from Latin Sardinia and Ancient Greek Σαρδώ (Sardṓ), which in turn derive from a pre-Roman substrate language, *sard, *shard. It is connected by some scholars to the name of the Sherden or Shardana, an ethnic group amongst the Sea Peoples. A Phoenician inscription found in Nora and dated to the 9th century B.C.E. identifies the island as Shardan.
Savoy
From French Savoy, Savoie, from the Roman name, Late Latin Sapaudia. See sappinus (“type of fir”).
Seoul
Borrowed from Korean 서울 (Seoul, literally “capital city”), originally from Claude-Charles Dallet's French-based romanization of Korean, reinforced by the 1959 South Korean Ministry of Education romanization of Korean, which transcribed the Korean vowel ㅓ (/⁠ʌ⁠/) with the digraph "eo" and which was official until 1984.
Note that English Seoul predates the Revised Romanization romanization of Seoul. The two romanization systems simply produce identical forms.
Seville
From Spanish Sevilla (possibly through a Middle French form), from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /⁠sefela⁠/, “plain, valley”). Compare Hebrew שפלה (shfela, “lowland”), Arabic سافل (safil, “lowly”).
Siberia
Adopted in the 16th century, probably via Latin Sibēria, from Russian Сиби́рь (Sibírʹ) + -ia.
In origin the Tatar name of a 14th-century fortress at Qashliq (Tobolsk) which became the capital of the 16th-century Khanate of Sibir, in 16th century Russian usage extended to the entire area of what is now Tyumen Oblast, and with the ongoing Russian conquest of Siberia by the 19th century to the larger area of Russia's Asian territories beyond the Ob River.
The figurative sense in English arises in the 19th century (attested in 1841 according to the OED).
Sicily
From Middle English Sicilie, Sicilye, from Old English Sicilia, from Latin Sicilia, from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía), from Σίκελος (Síkelos, “Sicel”). Doublet of Sicilia.
Silesia
Etymology tree
Late Latin Silesialbor.
English Silesia
Uncertain. Two theories are prominent: a relation to the Germanic Silingi tribe, whose name is attested in Ancient Greek Σιλίγγαι (Silíngai). Or, from Old Polish ślęg, śląg meaning "dampness, humidity, moisture." More at Ślęża and Silesia.
Stuttgart
Unadapted borrowing from German Stuttgart, from Old High German stuotgarten (“stud farm”), from stuot (stud) + garten (garden).
Syracuse
From French Syracuse, from Latin Syrācūsae, from Ancient Greek Συρᾱ́κουσαι (Surā́kousai) attested from 8th century BC, from a Pre-Greek name, possibly Phoenician 𐤔𐤄𐤓𐤀𐤇 (šhrʾḥ, “to feel ill”) in reference to the ancient port's proximity to a swamp. With modified form of suffix -εις (-eis). As a surname, an anglicized form of Italian Siracusa. Doublet of Siragusa. Compare Sicilian Saragusa.
Johannesburg
Borrowed from Dutch Johannesburg. By surface analysis, Johannes + -burg.
Durban
From D'Urban, from French d'Urbain, from Urbain, from Latin Urbanus, from urbanis, from urbs.
* The city in South Africa is named after Benjamin D'Urban.
Oran
Ultimately Borrowed from Arabic وَهْرَان (wahrān), from a Berber term meaning "lion".
Anglicized from Old Irish saints' name Odrán, diminutive of odur (“dun, sallow”) (compare Irish Odhrán).
Hanoi
From Vietnamese Hà Nội, which is a Sino-Vietnamese word, 河內.
Hanover
From German Hannover, meaning "on the higher ridge", from Middle Low German hoch (“high”) (from Old Saxon hōh) + over (“edge, shore”).
Munich
Ultimately from German München or Münichen (the earliest attested form, common in the late Middle Ages), probably via French Munich, like many other city names (Cologne, etc). First attested in the early 1600s; compare the slightly earlier English form Miniken (whence minikin) which is attested prior to 1566 and derives directly from the German name.