MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
caravanserai
Borrowed either:
* from Middle French carvansera, carvassera (modern French caravansérail, carauanserrail (obsolete), caravansara (obsolete)); or
* directly from its etymon Ottoman Turkish كاروانسَرای (karvanseray), كَروانسَرای (kervanseray) (modern Turkish kervansaray), from Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (kārvān-serā); or
* directly from its etymon Persian کاروانسرای (kârvânsarây), from کاروان (kârvân, “caravan; convoy”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”)) + سرای (sarây, “courtyard, hall; dwelling, house; inn; mansion, palace”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross over; to pass through; to overcome”).
Cognates
* Dutch karavanserai, carewansera (obsolete)
* German Karawanserei, Caravansera (obsolete)
* Italian caravanserraglio, carvasarà (obsolete), carvanserà (obsolete)
* Portuguese caravançará, caravançarai
* Spanish caravasar
Chirag
Borrowed from Persian چراغ (čirāġ, čarāġ, “lamp, lightsource”).
consolidation
From Latin cōnsolidātiō, cōnsolidātiōnem, from cōnsolidō.
mara
Borrowed from Old Norse mara, from Proto-Germanic *marǭ, cognate with Old English mare or mære. Doublet of mare. See nightmare.
Borrowed from Sanskrit मार (māra).
From New World Spanish mara.
From Hebrew מָרָא (mara, “bitterness”), derived from Hebrew מַר (mar, “bitter”). The modern given name may also be shortened from Maria or Tamara.
From Sanskrit मर (mara), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). Doublet of mortality.
ponto
From Portuguese ponto (“point”), Old Galician-Portuguese ponto, from Latin punctum, from pungō (“to prick, to puncture”). Doublet of point, pointe, puncto, punctum, punt, and punto.
floruit
Unadapted borrowing from Latin flōruit (“he/she/it flourished”), from flōreō (“bloom, flourish”), from flōs (“flower”).
mummer
From Middle English mummer, mommer, equivalent to mum + -er, perhaps conflating with Old French momeor (“jester, entertainer”), from mommer (“to wear a mask”), from momon (“mask”). Compare German Mumme (“mask”), 16th Century German mummen (“to disguise oneself”), Middle Dutch mommen, mummen (“to go about in a mask, to disguise”), Middle Low Saxon mommen (“to wear a mask, to disguise”), Dutch mom (“mask”) and mimmen (“to mask”) as well as Spanish momo (“grimace”).
Perhaps both of the conflated terms are from the same ultimate root, as note Middle Low Saxon mummen (“to speak indistinctly, to disguise oneself”), Dutch mommen (“to speak indistinctly”), German mummen (“to speak indistinctly”), English mump (“to grimace, mumble”).
kenning
From Middle English kenning, kening (“instruction, teaching; experience, knowledge; sight, view”), from kennen (“to make known, point out, reveal; to direct, instruct, teach; to know, perceive”) + -ing. Kennen is derived from Old English cennan (“to make known, declare”), from Proto-West Germanic *kannijan, from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”), the causative form of *kunnaną (“to know, be familiar with, recognize; to be able to, know how”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).
Compare Danish kending (“acquaintance”), and see further at ken. By surface analysis, ken + -ing.
From ken (“to beget, bring forth”), from Middle English kennen (“to beget, conceive (offspring); to give birth to”), from Old English cennan, gecennan (“to beget (offspring); to give birth to; to bring forth, produce”); see further at etymology 1.
A learned borrowing from Old Norse kenning, from kenna (“to know; to perceive”), from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”); see further at etymology 1. Compare can, keen, ken.
lascar
From Hindustani لشکر / लश्कर (laśkar), from Persian لشکر (laškar). Doublet of askari.
berdache
From French bardache, from Italian bardassa, perhaps from Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”). Doublet of bardash.
kapu
From Hawaiian kapu, from Proto-Polynesian *tapu, from Proto-Oceanic *tabu, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *tambu. Doublet of taboo.
estimable
From Middle English estimable, estymable, from Old French estimable, from Latin aestimābilis. Equivalent to esteem + -able and estimate + -able.
Althing
Borrowed from Icelandic Alþingi, from Old Norse alþingi, from allr (“all”) + þing (“Thing”). Compare Thing, thing.
vulgar fraction
Calque of New Latin fractiō vulgāris, from Latin vulgāris (“common”), originally in contrast to specialised forms such as “astronomical” (sexagesimal) fractions.
common fraction
Originally a calque of New Latin fractiō vulgāris. See vulgar fraction.
grob
From Middle English grobben, variant of grubben. More at grub.
kob
Probably from Kanuri kob (“antelope”) or another related Central Sudanic form.
From Afrikaans kob, from Dutch kobbe (“fish, goby, lumpfish”).
kut
From Korean 굿 (gut), romanized as kut under the McCune-Reischauer romanization system.
From Arabic ٱلْكُوت (l-kūt).
Ben Wa ball
From the earlier ben-wa which was borrowed from Japanese. Compare the synonym rin-no-tama, also from Japanese.
architectonic
From Latin architectonicus, from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτεκτονικός (arkhitektonikós), from ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn, “architect”).
ligger
Inherited from Middle English liggere; equivalent to lig + -er. Doublet of ledger.
Many senses (especially sense 5) are likely formed anew from lig rather than continuations of the preceding senses.
cloud-cuckoo-land
Calque of Ancient Greek Νεφελοκοκκυγία (Nephelokokkugía), from Aristophanes.
mojado
Borrowed from Spanish mojado (literally “wet”), from espalda mojada.
kaross
From Afrikaans karos, from Khoekhoe karo.s (“dried skin”).
divided
From Middle English divided, devided, devidid, past participle of Middle English dividen (“to divide”), equivalent to divide + -ed.
tiredness
From Middle English tiredness, terednesse, equivalent to tired + -ness.
seriatim
From Medieval Latin seriatim, from Latin seriēs (“row, chain”) + -ātim, adverbial suffix.
barite
Alteration of baryte, from French barote, 1782 coinage from Ancient Greek βαρύτης (barútēs, “heaviness”), from βαρύς (barús) + -της (-tēs). By surface analysis, bar- + -ite.
barytes
From Ancient Greek βαρύτης (barútēs, “heaviness”), from βαρύς (barús, “heavy”).
vaaljapie
From Afrikaans [Term?], from Dutch vaal (“pale, cloudy”) + japie (“Jack or Jim”).
mampoer
Borrowed from Afrikaans, from Mampuru, the name of a Pedi chief.
wors
From Afrikaans wors, from Dutch worst (“sausage”). Doublet of wurst.
ur-
From German ur-, from Middle High German ur-, from Old High German ur- (“out; without”), from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out”), from Proto-Indo-European *uds- (“up, out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“upwards, away, out, outwards”). Doublet of a- and or-. Cognate also with Dutch oer- and Dutch oor-.
eleventy
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ís?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos
Proto-Germanic *ainaz
Proto-Germanic *lībaną
Proto-Germanic *-lif
Proto-Germanic *ainalif
Proto-West Germanic *ainalif
Proto-West Germanic *ainalifun
Old English endleofan
Middle English elleven
English eleven
English -ty
Old English hundendleftiġ
English eleventy
From eleven + -ty, from Old English hundendleftiġ (also spelled hundendleofantiġ, hundendlyftiġ, and hundælleftiġ). See twelfty for more. Popularized in the 20th century by J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy.
mead-bench
Calque of Old English medusetl or medubenċ.
zao
From Hokkien 走 (cháu, “to run”), with Pinyin-based spelling.
rupa
From Sanskrit रूप (rūpá, “form, shape, figure”).
salo
From Russian са́ло (sálo) or Ukrainian са́ло (sálo), ultimately from Proto-Slavic *sadlo.
From Italian Salò.
sloboda
Borrowed from Russian слобода́ (slobodá), which is related to a common Slavic word for “freedom”, in reference to such settlements' initial freedom from taxes and forced labor duties.
Borrowed from Slovak Sloboda.
boomslang
From Afrikaans boomslang, from Dutch boomslang, composed of boom (“tree”) + slang (“snake”).
zob
Claimed by Swedish scholar Jan Ivarsson (quoted in Green's Dictionary of Slang) to derive from French zob (“dick, cock”), itself from Arabic زُبّ (zubb).
gord
From Proto-Slavic *gordъ. Doublet of yard and garth.
dikkop
From Afrikaans dikkop, from dik (“thick”) + kop (“head”).
cutpurse
From Middle English cutte-purs; equivalent to cut + purse: originally, purses were worn by a strap at the girdle, which the thief would cut.
Josephine
From French Joséphine, diminutive of Josèphe, feminine form of Joseph. Popularized in English by Josephine Bonaparte, the empress of Napoleonic France.
jukskei
From Afrikaans juk (“yoke”) + skei (“yoke-pin”).
negotiator
Borrowed from Latin negōtiātor (“merchant, banker”), equivalent to negotiate + -or.
pooka
From Old Irish púca (“goblin, sprite”), perhaps from a (nearly) identical Old Irish form, ultimately from Old English pūca (“demon”). Doublet of bucca and puck.
Borrowed from Hawaiian puka (“hole”).
Boggabri
From Gamilaraay bagaaybaraay (“having creeks”), from bagaay (“creek”) + -baraay (“having”).
betaine
Etymology tree
Latin bēta
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English betaine
From New Latin, from Latin bēta (“beet”) + -ine.
kisel
From Russian кисе́ль (kisélʹ), ultimately from Proto-Slavic *kyselь.
From Belarusian Кісель (Kisjelʹ) or Russian Кисель (Kiselʹ), ultimately from Proto-Slavic *kysělъ.
gobbet
From Middle English gobet, from Middle French gobet (“mouthful, piece”), diminutive of gobe. See gober.
disobedient
From Middle English disobedient, dysobedyent, from Old French desobedient; morphologically, from dis- + obedient.
Ceylon
Borrowed from Portuguese Ceilão, from Old French Seilan (Marco Polo), from Persian سیلان (saylān), ultimately from Pali sīhaḷa, from Sanskrit सिंहल (siṃhala). Doublet of Sinhala.
Leeds
* The large city in West Yorkshire is from Old English Loidis, from Latin *Lādenses, most likely based on an early river-name derived from Proto-Celtic *lāto (“rut, heat”) (cf. Welsh llawd (“heat, ardour”)).
* The village in Kent is from Middle English Hledes, probably from a stream-name.
Durst
From the German surname, from Durst (“dryness, thirst”).
Pompey
From Middle English Pompey, anglicization of Latin Pompeius.
From French Pompey; earliest attested name: Pompangio (896).
Augustan
From the Latin Augustānus, from Augustus, a Roman emperor who ruled a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta.
Hashemite
From Arabic هَاشِمِيّ (hāšimiyy, “Hashemite”) with English suffix -ite, from هَاشِم (hāšim, “Hashim”). The name signifies "breaker of bread", from هَشَمَ (hašama, “to destroy, smash”).
vinyard
From Middle English vyneȝerd, from Old English wīnġeard, by surface analysis, vine + yard.
resuscitation
From Middle English resuscitacion, from Old French ressuscitacion and Latin resuscitātio. Equivalent to resuscitate + -ion.
puto
From Tagalog puto (and other Philippine languages), from Malay putu as in Malay kuih putu (“Kue putu”), from Tamil புட்டு (puṭṭu, “a Tamil dish”).
minced
From Middle English mynced, ymynced, y-mynsed. By surface analysis, mince + -ed.
confederacy
From Middle English confederacie, from Anglo-Norman confederacie, from Latin cōnfoederātiō. Doublet of confederation.
pointillism
From French pointillisme, from pointiller (“to dot, to mark with points”), from point (“dot, point”).
moko
Borrowed from Māori moko.
Borrowed from Māori mokopuna.
tabla
From Hindustani طبلہ / तबला (tablā), from Arabic طَبْلَة (ṭabla). Cognate of Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese tambor.
namu
From Māori namu. Compare Malay nyamuk (“a mosquito”).
kono
From Māori [Term?].
Borrowed from Japanese 河野 (Kōno) or 高野 (Kōno).
nescient
Ultimately from Latin nesciēns (“ignorant, unknowing”), the present participle of nesciō (“to don’t know, to be ignorant of”).
nasi
Borrowed from Malay nasi.
Borrowed from Arabic نَسِيء (nasīʔ, literally “postponement”).
syncopate
From Medieval Latin syncopātus, past participle of syncopō, from Late Latin syncopa, from Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “cut”).
excommunicate
From Ecclesiastical Latin excommunicātus, perfect passive participle of excommunicō (“excommunicate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix). By surface analysis, ex- + communicate.
From Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin excommunicātus, perfect passive participle of excommunicō (“put out of the community”). See -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more. Displaced native Old English āmǣnsumian.
stirrup
From Middle English stirop, stirope, from Old English stiġrāp (“stirrup”), a compound of stiġe ("ascent, descent, a going up or down"; related to stīġan (“to climb”)) and rāp (“rope”), equivalent to sty + rope.
Cognate with Dutch stegereep, stegelreep (“stirrup”), Old Saxon stigerēp (“stirrup”), Middle High German stereip, stegreif ("stirrup"; > German Stegreif (“improvisation”)), Icelandic stigreip (“stirrup”).
scala
Borrowed from Latin scāla (“ladder”). Doublet of scale.
* As an Italian surname, from Scala.
* As a Slavic and Jewish surname, from Polish Skała, Czech Skála, Carpathian Rusyn and Slovak Skala.
coumarin
From coumarou (“tonka bean, Dipteryx odorata (syn. Coumarouna odorata)”) + -in, or from French coumarine.
cresol
From creosote + -ol, from Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas, “flesh”) + σωτήρ (sōtḗr, “preserver”).
spina
Unadapted borrowing from Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine”). Doublet of spine.
aioli
Borrowed from French aïoli, from Occitan alhòli, from alh (“garlic”) + òli (“oil”).
supplicate
PIE word
 *upó
From Late Middle English supplicaten (“to request (that someone do something)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin supplicātus (“prayed”) + Middle English -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs). Supplicātus is the perfect passive participle of supplicō (“to pray, supplicate; to beg, humbly beseech”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) for more), from sup- (variant of sub- (prefix meaning ‘below, beneath, under’)) + plicō (“to bend, flex; to fold; to roll up”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold; to plait, weave”)).
supplication
From Middle English supplicacioun, supplication, from Old French supplication, from Latin supplicatio, supplicationem, from supplicare (“to supplicate”). By surface analysis, supplicate + -ion.
stoep
Borrowed from Afrikaans stoep, from Dutch stoep, from Middle Dutch stoep. Doublet of stoop.
whoredom
From Middle English horedom, hordom, from Old Norse hórdómr, ultimately corresponding to whore + -dom. Cognate with Swedish hordom (“whoredom”), Middle Dutch hoerdom (“whoredom”).
l'esprit de l'escalier
Borrowed from French esprit de l’escalier (literally “mind of the staircase”), with the definite article le (“the”) at the beginning of the term. It refers to a description of the phenomenon in the essay Paradoxe sur le comédien (Paradox of the Actor, completed 1778 and published 1830) by the French encyclopedist and philosopher Denis Diderot (1713–1784).
During a dinner at the home of the statesman Jacques Necker (1732–1804), Diderot was left speechless by a remark made to him. He wrote: « l’homme sensible, comme moi, tout entier à ce qu’on lui objecte, perd la tête et ne se retrouve qu’au bas de l’escalier » (“a sensitive man, such as myself, overwhelmed by the argument levelled against him, becomes confused and can only think clearly again at the bottom of the stairs”), that is, when one is already on the way out of the house.
gali
Borrowed from Hindustani گَلی (galī) / गली (galī).
salah
Borrowed from Malay salah.
As an Islamic/Arabic surname, as well as a Jewish adoption of it, from صَلاة (ṣalāh, “prayer”) or صَلاح (ṣalāḥ, “righteousness”).
pandan
Borrowed from Malay pandan, ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋdan. Doublet of hala via Hawaiian.
kalo
Borrowed from Hawaiian kalo. Doublet of taro, from Maori.
tolu
From Spanish Tolú (“town in Colombia where the tree is found”), from tolúes (“name of a pre-Columbian people of the area”).
mneme
Borrowed from German Mneme which was coined by German evolutionary biologist Richard Semon in 1904. First attested in English in 1921 where it was capitalized Mneme. From Ancient Greek μνήμη (mnḗmē).
atua
From Māori atua. Compare Tahitian atua, Samoan atua, Hawaiian akua.
Ramazan
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish رمضان (ramazan) (Turkish ramazan), from Arabic رَمَضَان (ramaḍān).
cair
From Middle English cairen, kayren, from Old Norse keyra (“to whip, lash, fling, toss, prick on, drive”), from Proto-Germanic *kaurijaną (“to turn, sweep”). Cognate with Icelandic keyra (“to run, drive, urge”), Swedish köra (“to drive, go, run”), Danish køre (“to drive”), Norwegian Bokmål kjøre (“to drive”), Norwegian Nynorsk køyra (“to drive”), Old English ċierran (“to turn, change, go, come”). More at char.
deuteride
From deutero- + -ide. From deuterium, from Ancient Greek δεύτερος (deúteros, “second”).
afterward
Inherited from Middle English afterward, from Old English æfterweard; equivalent to after + -ward.
riotous
Inherited from Middle English riotous, from Anglo-Norman riotous; equivalent to riot + -ous.
sesterterpene
From Latin sēstertius (“two and a half”) + terpene. By surface analysis, sester- + terpene.
uno flatu
Borrowed from Latin ūnō flātū (“in one breath”, “at one blast”), ablative of time-within-which of ūnus flātus (“a single blast of wind or expulsion of breath”).
fenestrane
From Latin fenestra (“window”) + -ane, from the apparent similarity of the structure to a windowpane.
kilat
Unadapted borrowing from Malay kilat (“lightning-quick, (slang) impressive”).
fulmine
Borrowed from French fulminer, from Latin fulminō (“lighten, illuminate”). More at fulminate.
lor
From Cantonese 囉 /啰 (lo¹) and Hokkien 囉 /啰 (--lo͘, indicating resignation), which is itself borrowed from Cantonese.
byrnie
From Middle English brinie, burne (whence also, without metathesis, obsolete English brinie), from Old Norse brynja. Cognates include Old English byrne, Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (brunjō) (whence Old Church Slavonic брънѩ (brŭnję)), German Brünne, French broigne.
mandi
Unadapted borrowing from Malay mandi (“to take a bath”).
Unadapted borrowing from Arabic مندي (“a Yemeni dish of spiced meat and rice”), itself from the Arabic word ندى (nada), meaning "dew", reflecting the moist ('dewy') texture of the meat.
Borrowed from Hindi मंडी (maṇḍī).
naga
Borrowed from Sanskrit नाग (nāga, “serpent, snake”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nogʷós (“naked”) and cognate with naked.
nock
From Middle English nokke, attested since the 14th century, probably from a Scandinavian/North Germanic language (compare Swedish nock (“notch”), but compare Dutch nok, from Middle Dutch nocke (“tip, point”). Both could be related to nook (“corner, recess”).
From the Middle English phrase atten okes (“at the oaks”).
streaming
From Middle English stremyng, stremynge, stremande, equivalent to stream + -ing.
From Middle English stremynge, equivalent to stream + -ing.
faeder
Learned borrowing from Old English fæder (“father”). Doublet of ayr, father, padre, pater, and père.
ecky-becky
Borrowed from Bajan ecky-becky. According to Bajan lore, the word ecky-becky is of African origin and can be traced back to a time before Africans came to Barbados. In one Igbo community in West Africa a French man allegedly named Equé Bequé, or something similar, attempted to settle there and colonize the village, but failed, as he had no money or army. From then on, the Igbo people called any poor Caucasian "Ecky-becky." This word would later be taken by these people to Barbados when they were captured along with other African tribes and brought into slavery.
edubba
Learned borrowing from Sumerian 𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀 (e₂-dub-ba-a /⁠edubak⁠/, “school”, literally “house of tablets”).
eloge
From French éloge, from Latin ēlogium. Doublet of elogy.
kampung
Borrowed from Malay kampung (“enclosure; quarter of a town occupied by a certain nationality; village”). Doublet of kampang.
Cognates
* Dutch kampoeng
rotan
Borrowed from Malay rotan (“cane”), doublet of rattan.
Borrowed from Russian рота́н (rotán, “Amur sleeper”).
roti
From Hindi रोटी (roṭī)/Urdu روٹی (roṭī), from Sanskrit रोटिका (roṭikā, “bread”).
susu
Possibly from West African Igbo isusu / esusu (“pooling the funds”) or Yoruba esúsú (“revolving loan fund”).
jati
Borrowed from Sanskrit जाति (jāti). Doublet of gens, genesis, and kind.
marga
Borrowed from Sanskrit मार्ग (mārga). Doublet of marg.
From Jamaican Creole mawga, derived from English meagre.
derma
Learned borrowing from New Latin derma, from Ancient Greek δέρμα (dérma, “skin, hide”). Doublet of derm.
Borrowed from Yiddish דערמע (derme), plural of דאַרם (darm, “intestine”), from Middle High German [Term?], from Old High German darm, from Proto-West Germanic *þarm, from Proto-Germanic *þarmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to bore”).
sexennium
From Latin sexennium, from sexennis (“6-year”) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns).
barack
From Hungarian barack (“apricot, peach”), probably an ellipsis of barackpálinka, a compound with pálinka (“brandy”).
rapine
From Middle English rapyne, from Old French rapine, from Latin rapīna, from rapiō. Doublet of ravine.
dele
From Latin dēlē, second person singular imperative of dēleo (“delete”). Alternatively, a clipping of deleatur.
femerell
Borrowed from Middle English fumerelle, from Old French fumeraille; ultimately derived from Latin fumus (“smoke”). Likely a doublet of fumarole.
sangoma
Etymology tree
Proto-Bantu *ngòmà
Zulu íngoma
Zulu isángomabor.
English sangoma
Borrowed from Zulu isángoma (“diviner, witch doctor, sangoma”), possibly from i- + sa- (prefix meaning ‘of’) + íngoma (“dance song performed at a festival; hymn”). The English word is cognate with Afrikaans sangoma, Swazi sángoma.
ceili
Borrowed from Irish céilí (“Irish dancing session”), Scottish Gaelic ceilidh.
concoct
From Latin concoquō (“boil, prepare, digest”) (influenced by the participle concoctus), from con- (“together”) + coquō (“cook”).
Borrowed from Latin concoctus, perfect passive participle of Latin concoquō (compare Etymology 1).
flotilla
From Spanish flotilla, diminutive of flota (“fleet”), from French flotte.
lyceum
From Latin Lyceum, from Ancient Greek Λύκειον (Lúkeion) (the name of a gymnasium, or athletic training facility, near Athens where Aristotle established his school), from Λύκειος, from Proto-Greek *λύκη), "light." The meaning of the epithet "Lyceus" later became associated with Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddess of Lycia (Λυκία) and who was identified with the wolf (λύκος). Doublet of lycée and Lyceum.
Learned borrowing from Latin Lycēum, from Ancient Greek Λύκειον (Lúkeion). Doublet of lyceum and lycée.
Abbott
An occupational surname for someone employed by an abbot. In the U.S., sometimes an anglicization of Italian Abate, Spanish Abad or German Abt. Doublet of Abad.
peacefully
From Middle English peesfully, peasfullie, paisfulike, paisfullic, equivalent to peaceful + -ly.
bren
From Middle English brennen, from Old Norse brenna, brinna, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to set on fire”). Cognate with German brennen, Swedish bränna. Doublet of burn; see there for more.
Borrowed from Czech Břeň.
mistle
From Middle English mistel (“mistletoe”), from Old English mistel (“mistletoe”), from Proto-West Germanic *mistil (“mistle”), from Proto-Germanic *mistilaz (“mistle”).
nameless
From Middle English nameles, equivalent to name + -less. Cognate with Dutch naamloos (“nameless”), German namenlos (“nameless”), Danish navnløs (“nameless”), Swedish namnlös (“nameless”), Icelandic nafnlaus (“nameless, anonymous”).
witting
Partly from Old Norse vitand, partly from the present participle of wit.
Borrowed from German Witting. It could also be a variant of Whiting.
Peshawar
Borrowed from Urdu پشاور (piśāvar), a corruption of Classical Persian پَرَشَاوَر (parašāwar), ultimately from Sanskrit पुरुषपुर (puruṣapura).
Lahore
Borrowed from Urdu لاہَور (lāhaur), further etymology is disputed. There are multiple interpretations of this name's origin:
* A legend claims it to be from Sanskrit लव (lava, “Lava”) + पुर (pura, “fortress; city”), literally “city of Lava”, from Ramayana, a Hindu epic.
* From Punjabi لوہار (lohār, “blacksmith”) / ਲੋਹਾਰ (lohār), ਲੁਹਾਰ (luhār).
* Corruption of Sanskrit रवावर (ravāvara), ultimately from इरावती (irāvatī, “the Ravi River”).
The earliar Urdu variants of the name include لہاور (lahāvar /⁠lhavr⁠/), لوہاوور (lūhāvor /⁠lvhavvr⁠/) and لہانور (luhanvar /⁠lhanvr⁠/), among others.