MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
muddy
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English muddi, moddy, muddy (“covered with or full of mud, muddy”), from mud, mudde (“mud; turbid water”) + -i (suffix forming adjectives). Mud, mudde is possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch modde, and/or Middle Low German modde, mudde, from Proto-Germanic *mud-, *mudra- (“mud”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mū-, *mew- (“moist”). The English word is analysable as mud + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives). Doublet of muddle.
The verb is derived from the adjective.
cognates
* Middle Low German moddich, muddich (German Low German muddig (“muddy; mouldy”))
cathectic
Borrowing from Ancient Greek καθεκτικός (kathektikós, “capable of retaining”)
cathect
Back-formation from cathexis and cathectic. A loan creation coined by British psychoanalyst James Strachey translating Freud’s German besetzen.
Bengal
Borrowed from Portuguese Bengala, from Classical Persian بَنْگَالَه (bangāla), from Middle Bengali বাঙ্গালা (baṅgala), said to be from the Vanga Kingdom, of uncertain ultimate origin. Vangalam has been attested in medieval South India. Doublet of Bangla.
orchidectomy
From Latin orchis (wrongly interpreting orchid- as the stem), from Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis, “orchid, testicle”) + -ectomy.
Seattle
Named after Chief Seattle, from Lushootseed siʔaɬ.
somnolent
First attested in 1615. Borrowed from French somnolent, from Old French sompnolent, from Latin somnolentus, from somnus (“sleep”).
bronchus
Learned borrowing from Late Latin bronchus, from Ancient Greek βρόγχος (brónkhos, “trachea, throat”).
coal black
From Middle English colblak, colblake, cole-blak, cole-blake, coleblacke, colle blake, from the phrase blak as cole (“black as coal”).
unilateral
A modern creation (circa 1802), from New Latin ūnilaterālis (“one-sided”), from Latin ūnus (“one”) + laterālis (“sided, lateral”), equivalent to uni- + lateral.
coterminous
From Latin conterminus, from con- (“with”) + terminus (“border, end”), equivalent to co- + terminous. The spelling with co- instead of con- is probably influenced by the related prefix co-.
bronchitis
From Late Latin bronchus, from Ancient Greek βρόγχος (brónkhos, “windpipe”) + -itis.
wonga
Borrowed from Angloromani [Term?], from Romani angar (“coal”), from Sanskrit अङ्गार (áṅgāra, “charcoal, coal”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hángāras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óngʷl̥. The English term coal was itself used as a slang term for money in England in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Tierra del Fuego
Borrowed from Spanish Tierra del Fuego (literally “Land of Fire”), reportedly named so by Ferdinand Magellan after the many fires lit up by the local population.
arpeggio
Borrowed from Italian arpeggio, from arpeggiare (“to play a harp”).
gingerly
The second element is -ly; the first element may be Anglo-Norman gençur or Old French gençor, gensor, comparative forms (also attested as positives) of gent (“beautiful, noble, pleasant, courteous”). The Oxford English Dictionary notes, however, that there is a gap of a few centuries between the last appearance of gençor, etc., and the first appearance of gingerly.
The adjective is derived from the adverb, possibly because -ly is also a suffix forming adjectives.
demantoid
From German Demantoid, from archaic/obsolete Demant (“diamond”) + -oid, from Middle High German diemant, from Old French diamant.
usurper
From Middle English usurper, usurpour, usurpur, from Middle French usurpeur; equivalent to usurp + -er.
grass-green
From Middle English grasgrene, from Old English græsgrēne, from Proto-West Germanic *grasagrōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grasagrōniz, equivalent to grass + green.
homesickness
Calque of German Heimweh (“homesickness”, literally “home-woe”), equivalent to home + sickness.
namaskar
Borrowed from Sanskrit नमस्कार (namaskāra), from नमस् (namas, “bow, obeisance”) + कार (kāra, “action”).
lapis lazuli
From Middle English lapis lazuli, from Medieval Latin lapis (“stone”) + lazulī, genitive singular of lazulum (“lapis lazuli, azure, the sky”), from Arabic لَازُوَرْد (lāzuward, “lapis lazuli, azure”), from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard). Compare azure, of the same origin.
magnolia
Borrowed from translingual Magnolia, from French Magnol + -ia. Named after French botanist Pierre Magnol (1638–1715). The surname is a form of the male given name Magne, from Latin magnus, which in turn from Proto-Italic *magnos, from Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂nós, from *méǵh₂s (“great”).
.
hanker
With a secondary frequentative suffix -er, ultimately pointing to Proto-Germanic *hankōną, an iterative to *hanhaną (“to hang”). Related to Dutch hunkeren (“to crave”), which continues the zero-grade iterative.
hesitant
Etymology tree
Latin haereō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin -tō
▲
Latin -tō
Latin -itō
Latin -titō
Latin haesitō
Latin haesitānsbor.
English hesitant
Borrowed from Latin haesitans, present participle of haesitare (“to stick fast, to hesitate”).
zeitgeist
Unadapted borrowing from German Zeitgeist (literally “spirit of the age”).
bronchial
Borrowed from Latin bronchiālis. By surface analysis, bronchium + -al.
herrenvolk
From German Herrenvolk, from Herr (“lord, master, gentleman”) + -en- + Volk (“folk, people”).
oxter
Apparently from Middle English *oxtere, *oxte, from Old English ōxta, ōhsta, related to Old English ōxn (“armpit”), Old English eax (“axis, axle”), and eaxl (“shoulder”). See also axis and axon.
brevity
First attested in English in 1509; either:
* Borrowed directly from Latin brevitās; or
* from Anglo-Norman brevité, from Old French brieveté, from Latin brevitātem, accusative of brevitās, from brevis (“short”).
By surface analysis, brief + -ity.
Dalton
From Old English dæl (“valley”) + tun (“settlement”). Equivalent to dale + town.
choler
From Middle English coler (“yellow bile”), from Old French colere (“bile, anger”), from Latin cholera (“bilious disease”), from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”). Doublet of cholera.
choleric
From Middle English colerik (“(adjective) of or relating to, or dominated by, choler; of diseases: caused by excessive or toxic choler; of persons or their temperament: dominated by choler, irascible, quick to anger, choleric; of weather or zodiac signs: favourable to choler; (noun) person dominated by choler, person who is irascible or quick to anger; etc.”), from Anglo-Norman coleric, colerik, colerique, Middle French colerique, and Old French colerique (“(adjective) of or relating to choler; of persons or their temperament: dominated by choler, irascible, quick to anger; angry, enraged; (noun) person dominated by choler; person who is irascible”) (modern French cholérique), and from their etymon Late Latin cholericus (“quick to anger”), Latin cholericus (“person having cholera”), from Ancient Greek χολερικός (kholerikós, “of or relating to cholera”), from χολέρᾰ (kholéră, “cholera”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, suffix meaning ‘of or relating to’). Χολέρᾰ (Kholéră) is possibly from Pre-Greek, or from χολή (kholḗ, “bile; gall”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green; yellow”). By surface analysis, choler + -ic (suffix meaning ‘of or relating to’). Piecewise doublet of choleraic.
Adjective sense 2.1 (“of or relating to cholera; affected by cholera”) and noun sense 2.1 (“person suffering from cholera”) are probably influenced by French cholérique (“(adjective) of or relating to cholera; affected by cholera; (noun) person with cholera”).
Abel
Etymology tree
Biblical Hebrew הָ֑בֶל (háḇel)bor.
Ancient Greek Ἅβελ (Hábel)bor.
Latin Abē̆lder.
Old English Ābel
Middle English Abel
English Abel
From Middle English Abel, from Old English Ābel, from Latin Abel, from Ancient Greek Ἅβελ (Hábel), from Biblical Hebrew הֶבֶל (Héḇel, “Abel”), possibly from the homonymous word הֶבֶל (heḇel, “breath, vapor; vanity”) or from Akkadian 𒌉𒍑 (ablu, “son”).
insipient
From Middle English insipient, incipient, from Old French insipient, ultimately from Latin īnsipiēns.
exigent
From Latin exigēns, present active participle of exigō (“demand, require”). Doublet of exigeant.
gephyrophobia
From Ancient Greek γέφυρα (géphura, “bridge”) + -phobia.
cassette
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kap-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *kapyéti
Proto-Italic *kapjō
Proto-Italic *kapsos
Latin capsa
Old Northern French casse
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tosder.?
Latin -ittus
Old French -ete
Middle French -ette
French cassettebor.
English cassette
Borrowed from French cassette.
pasquinade
From Middle French, from Italian pasquinata, from Pasquino, name given to a statue in Rome on which lampoons were posted.
clench
From Middle English clenchen, from Old English clenċan (“to clinch; hold fast”), a variant of Old English clenġan (“to adhere; remain”), from Proto-Germanic *klangijaną, causative of *klinganą (“to stick; adhere”). Related to cling.
zootomy
From New Latin zōotomia, corresponding to zoo- + -tomy.
caput
Learned borrowing from Latin caput (“the head”). Doublet of cape, capo, chef, and chief, and distantly of head and Howth.
vox
From Latin vōx (“voice”). Doublet of voice.
Borrowed from Spanish Vox, from Latin vox (“voice”).
Yokohama
Borrowed from Japanese 横浜(よこはま) (Yokohama).
epithelium
From New Latin epithēlium. By surface analysis, epi- + thel- + -ium.
lustre
From Middle French lustre. See luster (etymology 1).
From Middle English lustre, from Latin lustrum, from Old Latin *loustrom, of uncertain origin. More at lustrum.
From Latin lustra (“wilds, woods”), thought to derive from unattested *dustrum, from unattested Ancient Greek *δύστρον (*dústron, “place animals wallow”), from δύω (dúō, “to plunge, to wallow”).
tattle
From Middle Dutch tatelen, tateren (“to babble, chatter”) (modern Dutch tatelen, tateren (“to talk, chatter”)), originally imitative. The word is cognate with Saterland Frisian tätelje (“to talk nonsense, babble”), Middle Low German tāteren, tadderen (“to babble, chatter”) (whence modern German Low German tatern (“to chatter”)), Low German tateln, täteln (“to cackle, gabble”). Compare also Middle English dadel, dadull (“tattling, gossip”), and its alteration twaddle.
riffraff
From Old French rif et raf (“one and all”), of Germanic origin. The first word is from rifler (“to scrape off”) and the last is from raffler, related to rafler (“to plunder”).
canner
From Middle English canner (“maker of cans”), originally from the noun canne and equivalent to can + -er (occupational suffix). The modern senses reflect other meanings of the suffix -er.
outermost
From Middle English uttermost, uttirmest, uttermast, outemast, alteration (due to Middle English outre (“outer”)) of Old English ūtemest, ȳtemest (“outermost”), equivalent to outer + -most. Doublet of uttermost.
smoot
From Middle English *smote, *smotte, from Old Norse smátta (“narrow passageway, gap”), from Proto-Germanic *smēhtǭ (“narrow path”), from Proto-Germanic *smēhaz (“small, narrow”).
innermost
From Middle English innermost, innermest, in-nermast, alteration (due to Middle English inner, innere (“inner”)) of Old English innemest (“innermost”), equivalent to inner + -most.
shish kebab
From Turkish şiş kebap, from şiş (“skewer”) + kebap (“kebab”).
arteriole
From French artériole, from Latin arteriola, from Latin artēria.
infectious
Borrowed from New Latin īnfectiōsus. By surface analysis, infect + -ious.
dermatitis
From Ancient Greek δερματῖτις (dermatîtis), from δέρμα (dérma, “skin, hide”), from δέρω (dérō, “to skin, flay”). Equivalent to dermato- + -itis.
eczema
Learned borrowing from Latin eczema, from Ancient Greek ἔκζεμᾰ (ékzemă, “cutaneous eruption”), from ἐκζέω (ekzéō, “to boil out, break out”) + -μᾰ (-mă, nominal suffix).
rectum
Borrowed from New Latin rectum, clipping of Latin rectum intestinum (literally “the straight intestine”), rectum, neuter of rectus (“straight”). See right.
tiptoe
From Middle English tipto, typto; equivalent to tip + toe. Compare fingertip.
diss
Originated in Jamaican English or African American Vernacular English, probably originally a clipping of disrespect or disparage, both from the prefix dis-, ultimately from Latin dis-.
From Arabic دِيس (dīs).
mastoid
Borrowed from New Latin mastoīdēs, from Ancient Greek μᾰστοειδής (măstoeidḗs, “like a breast”), from μᾰστός (măstós, “a woman's breast”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”).
fetch
The verb is derived from Middle English fecchen (“to get and bring back, fetch; to come for, get and take away; to steal; to carry away to kill; to search for; to obtain, procure”) [and other forms], from Old English feċċan, fæċċan, feccean (“to fetch, bring; to draw; to gain, take; to seek”), a variant of fetian, fatian (“to bring near, fetch; to acquire, obtain; to bring on, induce; to fetch a wife, marry”) and possibly related to Old English facian, fācian (“to acquire, obtain; to try to obtain; to get; to get to, reach”), both from Proto-Germanic *fatōną, *fatjaną (“to hold, seize; to fetch”), from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to step, walk; to fall, stumble”).
The English word is cognate with Dutch vatten (“to apprehend, catch; to grasp; to understand”), German fassen (“to catch, grasp; to capture, seize”), English fet (“(obsolete) to fetch”), Faroese fata (“to grasp, understand”), Danish fatte (“to grasp, understand”), Swedish fatta (“to grasp, understand”), Icelandic feta (“to go, step”), West Frisian fetsje (“to grasp”).
The noun is derived from the verb.
Uncertain; the following possibilities have been suggested:
* From fetch-life (“(obsolete, rare) a deity, spirit, etc., who guides the soul of a dead person to the afterlife; a psychopomp”).
* From the supposed Old English *fæcce (“evil spirit formerly thought to sit on the chest of a sleeping person; a mare”).
* From Old Irish fáith (“seer, soothsayer”).
prognostic
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *pér
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *próder.
Ancient Greek πρό (pró)
Ancient Greek προ- (pro-)
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃tisder.
Ancient Greek γνῶσῐς (gnôsĭs)
▲
Ancient Greek -σῐς (-sĭs)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Ancient Greek -κός (-kós)
?
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τος (-tos)
▲
Ancient Greek -κός (-kós)
?
Ancient Greek -τῐκός (-tĭkós)
Ancient Greek γνωστῐκός (gnōstĭkós)
▲
Ancient Greek προ- (pro-)
▲
Ancient Greek γνῶσῐς (gnôsĭs)
Ancient Greek πρόγνωσῐς (prógnōsĭs)
▲
Ancient Greek -τῐκός (-tĭkós)
Ancient Greek προγνωστῐκός (prognōstĭkós)der.
Medieval Latin prognosticusder.
English prognostic
From Medieval Latin prognosticus, from Ancient Greek προγνωστικός (prognōstikós, “foreknowing”), from πρό (pró) + γνωστικός (gnōstikós, “of or for knowing, good at knowing”), from γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō, “to learn to know, to perceive, to mark, to learn”).
solicit
From Middle English soliciten, solliciten, from Old French soliciter, solliciter, borrowed from Latin sollicitō (“stir, disturb; look after”), from sollicitus (“agitated, anxious, punctilious”, literally “thoroughly moved”), from sollus (“whole, entire”) + perfect passive participle of cieō (“shake, excite, cite, to put in motion”).
hog
From Middle English hog, from Old English hogg, hocg (“hog”), possibly from Old Norse hǫggva (“to strike, chop, cut”), from Proto-Germanic *hawwaną (“to hew, forge”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, hew, forge”).
Cognate with Old High German houwan, Old Saxon hauwan, Old English hēawan (English hew). Hog originally meant a castrated male pig, hence a sense of “the cut one”. (Compare hogget for a castrated male sheep.) More at hew.
Alternatively from a Brythonic language, from Proto-Celtic *sukkos, from Proto-Indo-European *suH- and thus cognate with Welsh hwch (“sow”) and Cornish hogh (“pig”).
modify
From Middle English modifien, from Middle French modifier, from Latin modificare (“to limit, control, regulate, deponent”), from modificari (“to measure off, set bound to, moderate”), from modus (“measure”) + facere (“to make”); see mode.
kugel
Borrowed from Yiddish קוגל (kugl), from Middle High German kugel(e) (“ball”), referring to the roundish appearance of some puddings. Further etymology uncertain; see German Kugel for more.
Borrowed from German Kugel (“solid ball”). Further identical to etymology 1 above, which see. The German term is Weihnachtskugel or Christbaumkugel, but the simplex can be used for short in context.
refrain
Inherited from Middle English refreynen, from Anglo-Norman refrener, Old French refrener, from Latin refrēnāre, from re- + frēnāre, from frēnum.
From French refrain, from the Old French verb refraindre (“to break off, repeat”), from Latin re- (“back, again”) + frangō (“break”); compare Occitan refranhs (“a refrain”), refranher (“to repeat”). See refract and the verb refrain.
Samantha
It was recorded in the 17th century in England.
Most probably a feminine form of Samuel, possibly influenced by Anthea. Other suggestions include Aramaic ܫܡܥܢܬܐ (šemʿanta, “listener”, noun), from ܫܡܥ.
In India, Samantha can be interpreted as a variant spelling of Samanta, from Sanskrit समन्त (samanta, “universal, adjacent”).
duodenum
From Medieval Latin duodēnum digitōrum (“space of twelve digits”) in reference to its length, from duodēnī (“twelve each”) + digitōrum, genitive plural of digitus (“finger; toe; digit”).
sated
From Middle English satet, satyt, saded. Equivalent to sate + -ed.
kir
Borrowed from French kir, named after Félix Kir, mayor of Dijon.
ethnic cleansing
Possibly a calque of Serbo-Croatian etničko čišćenje, though this is probably attested later. Popularized by (and still often associated with) the wars in former Yugoslavia during the 1990s; however, versions of the phrase have been attested since the 1860s in various languages (with the earliest attestation translating directly to the phrase being Romanian purificare etnică from 1941) and it probably arose independently on numerous occasions.
matron
From Middle English matrone, from Old French matrone, from Latin mātrōna (“married woman”), from māter (“mother”). Doublet of matrona.
piracy
From Medieval Latin pīrātia, from Classical Latin pīrāta + ia, or Ancient Greek πειρατεία (peirateía).
The sense of “unauthorized duplication” developed in England between 1660 and 1710. The English Crown granted strict monopolies over book printing to specific guilds, such as the Stationers’ Company. Printing a book without permission was framed as an unlawful attack on the Crown’s authority and revenues. By labeling rogue printers as “pirates”, authorized booksellers equated them with sea robbers operating outside the bounds of civilized society. By the passage of the Statute of Anne in 1710, this usage was deeply entrenched in public consciousness as the definitive descriptor for the unauthorized duplication of books, and was later applied seamlessly to new media as they emerged.
pylorus
From Latin pylōrus, from Ancient Greek πυλωρός (pulōrós, “gatekeeper”).
dabai
Borrowed from Chinese 大白 (dàbái). Coined during the COVID-19 pandemic when they were ubiquitous in China.
From Malay.
morn
From Middle English morn, morwen, from Old English morgen, from Proto-West Germanic *morgan, *morgin, from Proto-Germanic *murganaz, *murginaz, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥kéno, *mr̥kóno, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥Hko, from *mer- (“to shimmer, glisten”).
See also West Frisian moarn, Low German Morgen, Dutch morgen, German Morgen, Danish morgen, Norwegian morgon; also Lithuanian mérkti (“to blink, twinkle”), Sanskrit मरी॑चि (márīci, “ray of light”), Greek μέρα (méra, “morning”). Doublet of morrow and morgen. See also morning.
amortize
From Middle English amortisen, from Old French amortir (via the stem amortiss-), from Vulgar Latin *admortīre, derived from Latin mortuus (“dead”).
tumour
From Middle English tumour, from Old French tumour, from Latin tumor (“swelling”), from tumeō (“bulge, swell”, verb), from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Related to English thumb.
caboose
From Dutch kabuis, kombuis (“galley, kitchen”) or German Low German Kabüüs (“galley”), from Middle Dutch cabûse and Middle Low German kabûs, kabûse respectively.
Cognate with German Kabüse, Kombüse, Danish kabys, Swedish kabyss, French combuse (< Middle Dutch kabuys). Probably related to English boose (“a stall or shed”).
utilise
From French utiliser, from Italian utilizzare, from utile (“useful”), from Latin ūtilis, from ūtī (“use”). Attested c. 1810.
phantasmagoria
Borrowed from French phantasmagorie, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma, “ghost”) + possibly either ἀγορά (agorá, “assembly, gathering”) + the suffix -ia or ἀγορεύω (agoreúō, “to speak publicly”).
scoop
From Middle English scope, schoupe, a borrowing from Middle Dutch scoep, scuep, schope, schoepe (“bucket for bailing water”) and Middle Dutch schoppe, scoppe, schuppe ("a scoop, shovel"; > Modern Dutch schop (“spade”)), from Proto-Germanic *skuppǭ, *skuppijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to cut, to scrape, to hack”). Cognate with Old Frisian skuppe (“shovel”), Middle Low German schōpe (“scoop, shovel”), German Low German Schüppe, Schüpp (“shovel”), German Schüppe, Schippe (“shovel, spade”). Related to English shovel.
piccalilli
First attested in the from 1845. Unknown. Presumably variant of pickle, which itself is from Middle English pekille (“spicy sauce served with meat or fish”) or pikel, from Middle Dutch pekel (“brine”); perhaps influenced by dialectal variants.
Alternatively, may be related to paco lilla (“ginger-spiced pickle”), in 18th century British cookbook The Art of Cookery (1747–1843; e.g., 1805 edition) by Hannah Glasse (1708–1770), also referred to as “Indian pickles”, which suggests an Indo-Aryan source; compare mulligatawny, of Tamil origin, which also features turmeric prominently, and curry, of Tamil or Middle English origin (or blend). No relation to Piccadilly.
hypophysis
From Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + φύσις (phúsis, “nature”), from φύω (phúō, “to bring forth”).
pituitary
1610s, from Latin pītuītārius (“mucous”), from pītuīta (“clammy moisture, phlegm, mucus, slime”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *peyH- (“to be fat, swell”). Taken as the name for the gland because it was believed that it channeled mucus to the nose. As a noun by 1899.
buckra
From Efik mbakara or Ibibio mbakara; compare Gullah buckra (“white person”). Doublet of bakkra.
rajah
Borrowed from Hindi राजा (rājā) and Urdu راجا (rājā), from Sanskrit राजन् (rājan, “king, prince”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrā́ȷ́ā (“king”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrā́ȷ́ā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵ-ō, from *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”). Doublet of Rex, rex, and roy.
discomfort
From Middle English discomforten, from Anglo-Norman descomforter, equivalent to dis- + comfort.
rani
From Hindustani رانی (rānī) / रानी (rānī), from Sanskrit राज्ञी (rā́jñī, “queen, princess”). Doublet of Regina.
From Sanskrit राज्ञी (rājñī, “a queen, princess, the wife of a king”), through Hindi रानी (rānī).
sine die
Unadapted borrowing from Latin sine diē (literally “without a day”).
antibiotic
Borrowed from French antibiotique; by surface analysis, anti- + -biotic.
feisty
1896, American, feist (“small, aggressive dog”) + -y; the term feist (now rare) itself originally meant “stink”, and earlier “fart”, from Middle English, from Old English, from Proto-Germanic, presumably from Proto-Indo-European – see feist for details.
monetary
From Middle French monétaire, from Late Latin monētārius (“pertaining to money”), from Latin monētārius (“of a mint”), from monēta (“mint, coinage”), from the presence—from 273 BC to AD 84—of the chief Roman mint at the Templum Iunonis Monetae (“Temple of Juno Moneta”), q.v. Doublet of minter.
bask
Inherited from Middle English basken, from Old Norse baðask (“to take a bath”, literally “to bathe oneself”), mediopassive form from underlying baða (“to bathe”) + sik (“oneself”), from Proto-Germanic *baþōną and *sek. Doublet of English bathe.
vitriol
From Middle English vitriol, from Old French vitriol, from Medieval Latin vitriolum (“sulfuric acid”), from vitrum (“glass”).
Falk
* As a German, Jewish and Scandinavian/North Germanic surname, from the nouns Falke, Yiddish פֿאַלקאַן (falkan), falk (“falcon”). Compare Valk.
* As an English surname, variant of Faulks.
Ixion
From Latin Ixīōn, from Ancient Greek Ἰξίων (Ixíōn, literally “strong native”).