MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
consociation
PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from Latin cōnsociātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnsociātiō (“alliance; association, union”), from cōnsociō (“to make common; to associate; to connect, join (in), unite; to agree with; to share”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions). Cōnsociō is derived from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several things) + sociō (“to ally, associate; to join, unite; to share in”) (from socius (“associated; joining in, sharing, partaking; akin, kindred, related; allied, confederate, leagued, united”, adjective), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”)).
Tenochtitlan
Borrowed from Spanish Tenochtitlán, from Classical Nahuatl Tenochtitlan.
chalchihuitl
Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl chalchihuitl.
sarai
Borrowed from Persian سرای (sarây, “courtyard; dwelling; palace”).
From Persian سرای (sarây, “courtyard; dwelling; palace”).
From Hebrew שרי (Saráy), from the plural form of שר (“master, chief”).
korma
From Hindustani قورْمَہ (qorma) / क़ोरमा (qormā), from Classical Persian قورْمَه (qōrma) (from which Iranian Persian قُرْمِه (ġorme)), from Turkic (likely Ottoman Turkish قاورمه (kavurma, “roasted meat”), verbal noun of قاورمق (kavurmak)).
mooli
Borrowed from Hindi मूली (mūlī, “[Indian] radish”) (feminine of मूल (mūl)), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀫𑀽𑀮 (mūla), from Sanskrit मूल (mūla).
sene
From Old French sene.
From Samoan sene, in turn from English cent.
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from Serer Sène; this surname is predominantly found in the Thiès Region of Senegal.
* Possibly a respelling of French Sené, a nickname from Old French sené (“sage, wise”).
limoncello
Borrowed from Italian limoncello, a diminutive of limone (“lemon”).
Metcalf
Possibly from Old English *metecealf (“meat calf”), a calf to be fattened up for eating. The use as a surname could have started off as a jocular nickname for an individual thought to be as "fat as a prize-calf"; or else in reference to the occupation involved in fattening up such a calf.
chimo
From Inuktitut ᓴᐃᒧ (saimo, “goodbye; peace be with you”).
Benedictus
From Ecclesiastical Latin benedictus (“blessed, praised”), from benedīcō (“to speak well (of)”).
Lena
The female name is from the Scandinavian, German and Russian pet form of Helena, Magdalena and Yelena (also spelled Elena).
The river in Yakutia is from Russian Лена (Lena), from Evenki Елюенэ (Jeljujenə, “the Large River”). Compare to Yakut Өлүөнэ (Ölüöne).
(Norwegian river): Probably related to Old Norse leir (“clay”) (see the references).
(Town in Toten): From Old Norse lein.
Kensington
From the Old English personal name Cynesige + -ing- + -ton (“Estate associated with Cynesige”).
The town in Prince Edward Island is named after the borough in London.
orant
Learned borrowing from Latin orans, orantis, noun use of the present participle of orare (“pray”). By surface analysis, Latin or- + -ant. Doublet of orans.
pellicle
From Latin pellicula, from pellis (“skin”). Doublet of pellicule.
pellage
From French pellage, from Latin pellicula, from pellis (“a skin”). By surface analysis, pell + -age.
nullity
From Middle French nullité and its etymon Medieval Latin nūllitās, from Latin nūllus. By surface analysis, null + -ity.
Steele
From Middle English stele (“steel”); either a metal worker or a person considered to be as hard as steel.
Willoughby
From Old English weliġ (“willow”) and Old Norse byr (“settlement”).
alcool
Borrowed from French alcool (“alcohol”). Doublet of alcohol and kohl.
gurges
From Middle English gurges, from Latin gurges. Doublet of gorge and gour.
explorator
From Middle English exploratour (“scout or spy”), from Middle French explorateur and its etymon Latin explōrātor.
cursus
Learned borrowing from Latin cursus. Doublet of course and cour.
Pelosi
Borrowed from Italian Pelosi, from peloso (“hairy”), from Latin pilōsus.
Arab street
Calque of Arabic شَارِع عَرَبِيّ (šāriʕ ʕarabiyy).
viola da gamba
Borrowed from Italian viola da gamba (“viol for the leg”), as opposed to viola da braccio (“viol for the arm”).
felicitate
From Latin fēlicitātus, perfect passive participle of fēlīcitō (“to felicitate”) (from fēlīx (“happy”)), see -ate (verb-forming suffix). Compare French féliciter.
From Latin fēlicitātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more.
fichu
Borrowed from French fichu (“(noun) triangular scarf; (adjective) got up, put together”) (in the sense of something thrown on without much thought), from ficher (“to drive something (such as a nail) by its point”), ultimately from Latin fīgō (“to fasten, fix; to pierce, transfix; to drive (a nail)”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to set up”).
brewster
Circa 1300, from Middle English brewestere; equivalent to brew + -ster.
Nunavimmiut
Borrowed from Inuktitut Nunavimmiut.
Nunavummiut
Borrowed from Inuktitut ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥᐅᑦ (nonafommiot).
Sina
Anglicization of Irish Síne and Scottish Gaelic Sìne. Doublet of Jane.
From Persian سینا (sinâ).
sugoi
Borrowed from Japanese すごい (sugoi, “amazing, splendid, fantastic, great”). This word originally meant "dreadful, ghastly", but underwent an ameliorative semantic shift, similar to English terrific.
moringa
Probably from Tamil முருங்கை (muruṅkai, “drumstick”), from the shape of the fruits.
Joachim
Derived from Latin Iōākīm, from Ancient Greek Ἰωακείμ (Iōakeím), Ἰωακίμ (Iōakím) (2 Kings 24:1), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוֹיָקִים (yəhôyâqîm, literally “may Yahweh raise up”). The Septuagint in 2 Kings 24 mentions "Ιωακιμ" and his son "Ιωαχιμ" (יהויכין), but the latter does not seem to be the source of the name Joachim, as in the Vulgate it is "Ioachin", and in Greek the father of Mary is Ιωακειμ, not Ιωαχιμ.
florescence
From Latin florēscō, from flōreō (“to bloom, flower”) + -ēscō, from flōs (“flower”), from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“flower, blossom”), from *bʰel- (“to bloom”), as if through the form flōrēscentia.
floret
From Old French florete, diminutive of flor (“flower”). Doublet of fleuret and floweret.
forsythia
From New Latin, named in honor of Scottish horticulturist William Forsyth, who brought the shrub over from China. Forsyth's own name is from Irish Fearsithe, meaning "man of peace."
semiology
From New Latin semaeologia, from Ancient Greek σημεῖον (sēmeîon, “sign”) + -logia (“-logy”). By surface analysis, semio- + -logy.
Looney
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Luanaigh (“descendant of Luanach”), a personal name based on Middle Irish lúan (“light, warrior's halo, warrior”).
scornfully
Etymology tree
Middle English scorn
Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós
Proto-Germanic *fullaz
Proto-Germanic *-fullaz
Old English -ful
Middle English -ful
Middle English scornful
Proto-Indo-European *leyg-
Proto-Germanic *līkąder.
Proto-Germanic *-līkaz
Proto-Germanic *-ê
Proto-Germanic *-līkê
Old English -līċe
Middle English -ly
Middle English scornfully
English scornfully
Inherited from Middle English scornfully; equivalent to scornful + -ly (adverbial suffix).
biscotti
Borrowed from Italian biscotti, plural of biscotto (“cookie, biscuit”); doublet of biscuit.
stilbene
From Ancient Greek στίλβω (stílbō, “to shine, shimmer”), due to its use as a phosphor.
scarceness
Inherited from Middle English scarsnesse; by surface analysis, scarce + ness.
seaward
From Middle English seaward, seward (attested only as an adjective), equivalent to sea + -ward.
conche
Borrowed from French conche.
Possibly named after the abbey of the village of Conches-en-Ouche in Normandy.
An alternative hypothesis proposes a derivation from an otherwise unknown French term equivalent to English bight or roadstead.
carene
From Latin carēnum or caroenum, from Ancient Greek κάροινον (károinon), q.v.
From Medieval Latin carēna (“40-day fast; remission of such a fast”), from Late Latin quadragēna (“40-day period, Lent”) or quarantena (“40-day period”), from Latin quadrāgēnus (“40 each”), from quadrāgintā (“four tens, forty”). Doublet of quadragene.
From French carène (“keel”), from Latin carīna (“keel”).
costate
Borrowed from Latin costātus, from costa (“rib”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
alyssum
Borrowed from taxonomic name Alyssum, from Ancient Greek ἄλυσσον (álusson).
Eastaughffe
From (town) east + Danish toft meaning "homestead" with an enclosure.
Eastoft
From (village) Danish eski (“ash tree”) (from Old Norse aska) + toft (“homestead, hillock”).
Sinae
From Latin Sinae, from Ancient Greek Σῖναι (Sînai), q.v. See also Sino-.
spatha
From Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “any broad blade, of wood or metal”). Doublet of spade, spathe, and epee.
prenex
Borrowed from Late Latin praenexus (“bound up in front”), from Latin prae- (“before”) and nexus, past participle of nectō (“to bind”).
curable
From Middle English curable, curabyll, from Old French curable. By surface analysis, cure + -able.
Dodona
From Latin Dōdōna, from Ancient Greek Δωδώνη (Dōdṓnē).
Arta
The place in Greece is from Ancient Greek Άρτα (Árta). The place in Djibouti is from Arabic عرته or Somali Carta.
Preveza
From Byzantine Greek Πρέβεζα (Prébeza), from Albanian prevëzë (“crossing”) or Italian prevesione (“provision, supply”).
blench
From Middle English blench and blenchen, from Old English blenċan (“to deceive, cheat”), from Proto-Germanic *blankijaną (“to deceive”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ-. Cognate with Icelandic blekkja (“to deceive, cheat, impose upon”).
inheritable
Inherited from Middle English enheritable (“inheritable”), from Anglo-Norman enheritable; equivalent to inherit + -able.
rubato
Borrowed from Italian rubato (“robbed, stolen”), since the time is "borrowed".
rubai
Borrowed from Arabic رُبَاعِيّ (rubāʕiyy).
larn
A variant of standard English learn, possibly continuing Northern Middle English larn, a variant of lernen (“to learn”). Compare Scots larn. More at learn.
spikenard
From Middle English spikenard, spikenarde, from Anglo-Norman spicanarde, from Medieval Latin spīca nardī, from Latin spica (“spike”) + nardi (“nard”). Equivalent to spike + nard.
calamus
Learned borrowing from Latin calamus (“reed, cane”), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Doublet of culm, haulm, helm (Etymology 4, stalk), qalam, and shawm.
camphire
Malapropism in the English Bible of the Hebrew כֹּפֶר / כּוֹפֶר (kōp̄er, “henna”) by confusion with camphor. The Hebrew is from Akkadian 𒇒𒌓𒀀 (kupru, “bitumen, pitch”) from Akkadian 𒅗𒉺𒊒 (kapāru, “to smear, to daub on”).
batta
From Hindi भत्ता (bhattā).
Borrowed from Punjabi ਬੱਤਾ (battā).
artemisia
From taxonomic name Artemisia, from Latin artemisia, from Ancient Greek ἀρτεμισία (artemisía), from Ἄρτεμις (Ártemis, “Artemis, the goddess”).
Brunswick
From the Germanic personal name Bruno, in the genitive case, something akin to *Brunos + Middle Low German wîk (“village, settlement”).
geopolitics
From geo- + politics, calque of Swedish geopolitik, coined in 1900 by Rudolf Kjellén.
bodge
Inherited from Middle English bocchen (“to mend, patch up, repair”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Middle Dutch botsen, butsen, boetsen (“to repair, patch”) (Dutch botsen (“to strike, beat, knock together”)), related to Old High German bōzan (“to beat”), See beat; or perhaps from Old English bōtettan (“to improve, repair”), Old English bōtian (“to get better”). Compare botch. More at boot.
Perhaps from boggle.
Perhaps from botch (“patch, or a measurement of capacity equivalent to half a peck”). There is a hypothesis that bodges, defined as rough sacks of corn, closely resembled packages of finished goods the bodgers carried when they left the forest or workshop. Another hypothesis (dating from 1879) is that bodger was a corruption of badger, as similarly to the behaviour of a badger, the bodger dwelt in the woods and seldom emerged until evenings.
Other hypotheses include German Böttcher (“cooper (profession)”), a trade that uses similar tools), and similar Scandinavian words, such the Danish bødker. These words have similar origins to butt, as in water butt (“rain barrel”). Or possibly it may have been a derogatory term used by workers in furniture factories, referring to the men who worked in the woods that produced the “incomplete” chair parts. The factory workers would then take the output of that "bodged job" and turn it into a finished product.
The Oxford English Dictionary Supplement of 1972 has two definitions for bodger. One is a local dialect word from Buckinghamshire, for a chair leg turner. The other is Australian slang for bad workmanship. The etymology of the bodger and botcher (poor workmanship) are well recorded from Shakespeare onwards, and now the two terms are synonymous.
scourer
From Middle English scourer, skourer, scowrrere, equivalent to scour + -er.
farse
From Medieval Latin farsa. Doublet of farce.
From Old French farsir. Doublet of farce.
tumescence
First attested 1725, from French tumescence, from Latin tumescēns (“swelling”), present participle of tumēscō (“to begin to swell”), from tumeō (“to swell”) + -ēscō (incohative suffix) (English -esce, in this form -escence), stem from Proto-Indo-European *tum-éh₁- (“to be swelling”), stative stem of *tum- (“to swell”).
ephemeris
From New Latin ephēmeris, from Ancient Greek ἐφημερίς (ephēmerís, “diary, calendar”), from ἐφήμερος (ephḗmeros, “daily”).
autotomy
From auto- + -tomy, after German Autotomie or French autotomie.
telpochcalli
Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl telpochcalli (“house of youth”).
Byzantium
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ-der.
Thracian *būzasder.
Ancient Greek Βῡ́ζᾱς (Bū́zās)
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Ancient Greek -ῐος (-ĭos)?
Ancient Greek -ῐον (-ĭon)
Ancient Greek Βῡζᾰ́ντῐον (Būzắntĭon)bor.
Latin Bȳzantiumbor.
English Byzantium
From Latin Bȳzantium, from Ancient Greek Βῡζᾰ́ντῐον (Būzắntĭon), named after its legendary founder, Byzas.
simuland
From the supine of Latin simulare. (The construction is parallel to dividend, operand, subtrahend, etc.)
Platon
Borrowed from French Platon, Greek Πλάτων (Pláton) or Russian and Ukrainian Платон (Platon).
From Middle English Platon, from Latin Platōn and its etymon Ancient Greek Πλάτων (Plátōn).
Asthana
Borrowed from Hindi अस्थाना (asthānā). This surname is predominantly found in Uttar Pradesh.
dolce far niente
Borrowed from Italian dolce far niente (literally “sweet doing nothing, sweet idleness”).
euouae
From the vowels in the last two words of the final phrase of the Gloria Patri doxology in Latin: “[…] in saecula saeculōrum. Āmēn.” (literally “[…] into ages of ages (for ever and ever). Amen.”). In liturgical works used in Gregorian chant, instead of repeating the words, the letters were printed under musical notes to indicate how the syllables of the words should be sung in different melodies.
Karambelkar
Borrowed from Marathi करंबेळकर (karambeḷkar).
maharishi
From Sanskrit महर्षि (maharṣi, “great seer”) from महा (mahā, “great”) + ऋषि (ṛṣi, “saint, seer”).
cohere
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Latin haereō
Latin cohaereōbor.
English cohere
Borrowed from Latin cohaereō (“cohere, cling (closely) together, harmonise, be consistent (with), be in agreement with”).
amanita
From the genus name, from Ancient Greek ἀμανίτης (amanítēs), mushrooms.
hormogonium
From Ancient Greek ὁρμή (hormḗ, “first movements”) + -gonium.
numeracy
From numerate + -cy, from Latin numerus; coined with numerate in 1959 by the UK Committee on Education, presided over by Sir Geoffrey Crowther.
numerate
From Latin numerātus, perfect past participle of numerō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix, of participial origin)). By surface analysis, Latin numerus + -ate.
From Middle English numerat, numerate, from Latin numerātus, perfect past participle of numerō (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix, of participial origin)).
numeration
From Middle English numeracioun, from Latin numerātiō. By surface analysis, numerate + -ion.
secondarily
From Middle English secundarili. By surface analysis, secondar(i) + -ly.
soe
From Middle English sō (“large tub, vat”), from Old English sā (“a tub, pail, vessel”) and/or Old Norse sár (“large cask”) (acc. s.sá), both from Proto-Germanic *saihaz (“bucket, vat”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyk- (“to reach, grasp”). Cognate with Swedish så (“large wooden water vessel”).
Borrowing from Burmese စိုး (cui:) and/or Teochew 蘇 /苏 (sou¹) or Hokkien 蘇 /苏 (So͘).
Borrowed from Dzongkha སྲོས་ (sros).
seemly
From Middle English semly, semely, semelich, from Old Norse sœmiligr (“seemly”); equivalent to seem + -ly. Cognate with Icelandic sæmilegur (“seemly, passable”), Danish sømmelig (“seemly”).
Prince of Darkness
Calque of Latin prīnceps tenebrārum, used in the epic poem Paradise Lost (1667).
filthy lucre
From filthy + lucre, which appears in the Tyndale Bible, and four times in the King James Version of the Bible, as a calque of Ancient Greek αἰσχρόν κέρδος (aiskhrón kérdos) and related terms such as αἰσχροκερδής (aiskhrokerdḗs, “[a person] given to filthy lucre”): see the quotations and Citations:filthy lucre.
Attic salt
Attic + salt; a calque of Latin sāl Atticus or sāl Atticum. In classical times “salt” was a frequent metaphor for “wit”.
Prolog
From French Prolog, abbreviation of Programmation en Logique.
euphuism
From Euphues (Ancient Greek ευφυής (euphuḗs, “graceful, witty”)) + -ism, after the titular character in John Lyly’s didactic romance Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578). Lyly adopted the name from Roger Ascham’s The Scholemaster (published 1570), which describes Euphues as a type of student who is “apte by goodness of witte, and appliable by readiness of will, to learning, hauving all other qualities of the mind and parts of the body, that must an other day serue learning, not troubled, mangled, and halfed, but sound, whole, full & able to do their office”.
insectile
From Latin īnsectum (“insect”) + -ile, from the neuter of Latin -ilis (adjective-forming suffix), after reptile.
proper motion
proper (in the sense of "its own") + motion; from Latin proprius.
dipinto
Borrowed from Italian dipinto (literally “painting”).
Borrowed from Italian Di Pinto.
incommode
Learned borrowing from French incommoder (“to bother, disconcert, incommode”), from Latin incommodāre, the present active infinitive of incommodō (“to inconvenience”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + commodō (“to accommodate, adapt; to bestow, provide; to hire, lend”) (from com- (a variant of con- (prefix indicating completeness or intensification)) + modō (the ablative or singular of modus (“manner, method, way; bound, limit; measure”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”))). The English word is analysable as in- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + commode (“(archaic or obsolete) to provide (someone or something) with an appropriate, suitable, or necessary thing; to meet the requirements of (someone or something), suit; to repair (something)”).
The adjective is a learned borrowing from French incommode (“causing discomfort; inconvenient; troublesome; undesirable, unwanted, unwelcome”), from Latin incommodus (“inconvenient; disagreeable, troublesome; unfit, unsuitable, unseasonable”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + commodus (“becoming, suitable; comfortable, commodious; convenient; useful; opportune, timely; friendly, pleasant”) (from com- (a variant of con-) + modus): see further at etymology 1. The English word is analysable as in- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + commode (“(obsolete) convenient, opportune; suitable”).
The noun is derived from the adjective.
antanaclasis
From Ancient Greek ἀντανάκλασις (antanáklasis, “reflection, bending back”), from ἀντί (antí, “against”) + ἀνά (aná, “up”) + κλάσις (klásis, “breaking”).
phreatic
From Ancient Greek stem of φρέαρ (phréar, “well, spring”).
godown
Borrowed from Malay gudang, from Tamil கிடங்கு (kiṭaṅku, “store room”) or Telugu గిడ్డంగి (giḍḍaṅgi, “store room, warehouse”).
Fraser
Scottish surname thought to be from Norman, but not corresponding to any obvious places in France; perhaps a corrupted transcription of a Middle Irish name. More at Fraser.
reclamation
Borrowed from Middle French réclamation, from Latin reclamatio. Equivalent to reclaim + -ation.
haecceity
From Medieval Latin haecceitas (“thisness”) coined by Duns Scotus (from haec (“this, these”)) + -ity.
dalmatic
From Middle French dalmatique, from Ecclesiastical Latin, derived ultimately from the name of the province of Dalmatia.
crorepati
Borrowed from Hindustani करोड़पति / کروڑ پتی (karoṛpati).
rencontre
From Middle French rencontre.
From Middle English rencontren, from Middle French rencontrer.
Cili
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 慈利 (Cílì).
jumbo
From Jumbo (1860–1885), the name given to a large African elephant from East Africa that was purchased in 1882 by American showman P. T. Barnum (1810–1891) for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Compare Swahili jambo (“matter, thing”) and jumbe (“chief, headman”).
From jumbo, from the 19th-century elephant, Jumbo, from Swahili jumbe (“chief”) jambo (“thing”)
Waheed
Borrowed from Arabic وَحِيد (waḥīd).
kluge
From US military slang, possibly from German klug (“clever”), or perhaps from Dutch Low Saxon klütje (“(little) dumpling, clod”), Jutland Danish klyt (“piece of bad workmanship, klud(g)e”); compare standard Danish kludder (“mess, disorder”). (Compare English klutz.)
According to the OED, an "invented word" influenced by bodge and fudge.
Compare kludge.
From the German surname meaning "clever one, "from klug (“clever”) + -e.
roborant
From Latin rōborāns, present participle of rōborō (“to strengthen”).
Muir
From Scots muir (“moor”). A derivation from Scottish Gaelic muir (“ocean”) has also been suggested.
McAndrew
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Mac Aindreis (“son of Andrew”).
rada
Borrowed from Polish rada, from Middle High German rât. Compare German Rat, Icelandic ráð and Dutch raad. Doublet of rede.
Feminine form of dialectal Bulgarian and Ukrainian рад (rad, “glad, thankful”), from Proto-Slavic *radъ.
trichina
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek τρίχινος (tríkhinos, “of hair”), from θρίξ (thríx, “hair”).
homonymous
Adapted borrowing of Latin homōnymus (“having the same name”) + -ous, from Ancient Greek ὁμώνυμος (homṓnumos). By surface analysis, homonym + -ous.
mense
From earlier mensk, from Middle English menske (“courtesy, honour”), from Old English mennisċu (“the human condition, humanity”) and/or Old Norse menska (“humanity”). More at mennish, mensch.
speleothem
From Ancient Greek σπήλαιον (spḗlaion, “cave”) + θέμα (théma, “what is laid down”).
corporeity
From French corporéité or Medieval Latin corporeitas, from Latin corporeus, from corpus (“body”).
apodyterium
From Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀποδυτήριον (apodutḗrion), from ἀποδύω (apodúō, “strip oneself”).
Marchi
Borrowed from Italian Marchi. Compare Marco, Marko, Markovic. Sometimes also Italianized from Slovene Mrak (from mrak (“murkiness, cloud”)) and Makovec (from mak (“poppy”)).
beast with two backs
First attested in English by William Shakespeare, see quotations.
Supposedly a calque of French la beste à deux doz (in modern French, la bête à deux dos) from Gargantua and Pantagruel, 1534, by François Rabelais.
planktonic
From plankton + -ic, after German planktonisch. From Ancient Greek πλαγκτόν (planktón, “drifting”), neuter nominative of πλαγκτός (planktós), from πλάζομαι (plázomai, “to wander, drift”), from πλάζω (plázō, “to cause to wander, drive astray”).
camote
From Spanish camote, from Classical Nahuatl camohtli. Compare Tagalog kamote.
Advent calendar
Probably a calque of German Adventskalender, the modern tradition having originated in 19th-century Germany.
minacious
From Late Latin minacia (“threat”) + -ious, from Latin minax (“threatening”) + -ia (suffix forming abstract nouns). Cf. Italian minaccioso, attested 1532.
Franglais
From French franglais, blend of français (“French”) + anglais (“English”).
aureate
Borrowed from Latin aureatus (“adorned or decorated with gold”). Equivalent to Latin aureus (“golden, gilded”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
Jadon
From Hebrew יָדוֹן (yadón, “Jadon”).
authigenic
From Ancient Greek αὖθι (aûthi, “on the spot”) + -genic.
Braden
Anglicised from an Irish surname Ó Bradáin (“descendant of Bradán”), from a personal name meaning "salmon".
papilio
From the genus name and its source, Latin pāpiliō. Doublet of papillon and pavilion.