MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
add oil
Calque of Chinese 加油 (jiāyóu), particularly in Hong Kong contexts via its Cantonese pronunciation gaa1 jau4-2, sometimes credited to shouts of support during the Macau Grand Prix. Compare cooking with gas, gas up, fuel up, etc.
mbuna
Borrowed from Tonga (Malawi) mbuna (“cichlid”).
beskozyrka
From Russian бескозы́рка (beskozýrka).
unkenreflex
Borrowed from German Unkenreflex, from Unke (“fire-bellied toad”) and Reflex (“reflex”).
Joconde
Borrowed from French La/la Joconde, itself a calque of Italian la Gioconda using Middle French joconde, feminine of jocond, from Latin iūcundus. Doublet of Gioconda.
Thought to be named after the Mona Lisa (French La Joconde).
mapo doufu
From Mandarin 麻婆豆腐 (mápó dòufu).
simcha
From Yiddish שׂמחה (simkhe), from Hebrew שִׂמְחָה (simkhá, literally “happiness”).
gynecophile
From gyneco- + -phile; ultimately from Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ, “woman, female”) and φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved”).
korophilia
From Ancient Greek κόρος (kóros, “boy, youth”) and φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved”).
korophile
From Ancient Greek κόρος (kóros, “boy, youth”) and φῐ́λης (phĭ́lēs, “lover”).
lucifugal
From Latin lūx, lūcis (“light”) + Latin fugiō, fugere (“to flee”) + -al.
tonir
Borrowed from Armenian թոնիր (tʻonir). Doublet of tandoor.
sprent
From Middle English sprenten, from Old Norse *sprenta (for later spretta), from Proto-Germanic *sprantijaną, causative of Proto-Germanic *sprintaną (“to jump up; bounce”), from Proto-Indo-European *sprend-, *sprendʰ- (“to flinch; jump”), from Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to twitch; fidget; flinch; jump; be quick”). Cognate with Middle High German sprenzen (“to sprinkle; splash”), Swedish spritta (“to startle”), Icelandic spretta (“to spring forth; emerge; arise; develop”).
From Middle English sprent, sprend (“sprinkled”), past participle of Middle English sprengen (“to sprinkle”), from Old English sprengan (“to cause to spring; scatter”), from Proto-Germanic *sprangijaną, causative of *springaną (“to spring; jump”). More at spring.
lustsome
From Middle English lustsum, from Old English *lustsum (attested only in Old English lustsumlīċ (“pleasant, delectable”)), from Proto-Germanic *lustusamaz (“delightful, desirous”), equivalent to lust + -some. Cognate with Middle Low German lustsām (“friendly, lovely”),
obsolete Dutch lustzaam (“pleasant, beautiful, charming”), obsolete German lustsam (“pleasing, graceful”).
lucksome
From Middle English luxom, *luksom, equivalent to luck + -some.
latesome
From Middle English latesom, latsom, latsum, from Old English lætsum (“slow; late”), equivalent to late + -some.
Xitsonga
Borrowed from Tsonga Xitsonga (“Tsonga language”).
rosemaler
From rosemaling + -er; or borrowed from Norwegian Bokmål rosemaler, from rose (“rose”) + male (“to paint”) (cognate with Old Danish malæ (Danish male), Old Norse mála, Old Swedish mala (Swedish mala), from Middle Low German mālen (“to paint”)) + -er (“-er, suffix indicating a person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb”).
Berengar
A Germanic name, with the constituents ultimately going back to Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”) and *gaizaz (“spear”).
rosemaled
From rosemaling + -ed, modelled after Norwegian Bokmål rosemalt.
Sanshou
Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 散手 (sànshǒu).
tulou
Borrowed from Mandarin 土樓／土楼 (tǔlóu).
Horan
Anglicized form of Irish Ó hUghróin (“descendant of Ughrón”) or Ó hOdhráin (“descendant of Odhrán”).
Javadd
Borrowed from Arabic جَوَاد (jawād, literally “generous”).
Taxila
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Τάξιλα (Táxila), from Sanskrit तक्षशिला (takṣaśilā).
three marks of existence
Calque of Pali tilakkhaṇa, Sanskrit त्रिलक्षण (trilakṣaṇa).
armatoloi
From Greek αρματολοί (armatoloí), plural of αρματολός (armatolós).
Brecqhou
From Old Norse brekka (“slope, escarpment”); compare French Bricquebec and Old Norse holmr (“island, islet”).
clumse
From Middle English clumsen, clomsen, cloumsen, from Old Norse *klumsa (compare Old Norse klumsa (“lock-jawed”)), whence also dialectal Norwegian klumsa (“to make speechless or benumbed”), dialectal Swedish klumsen (“numb with cold”). Compare related Low German verklamen, Dutch kleumen, verkleumen, German verklomen.
sigheh
Borrowed from Iranian Persian صیغه (siġe), from Classical Persian صیغه (sīġa), from Arabic صِيغَة (ṣīḡa).
lion dance
Calque from Chinese 獅子舞／狮子舞 (shīziwǔ).
winged word
Calque of Ancient Greek ἔπεα πτερόεντα (épea pteróenta), often used by Homer (said to have been born c. 750 B.C.E.), to whom the Iliad and Odyssey are attributed: from ἔπεᾰ (épeă) (plural of ἔπος (épos, “something spoken: song, speech, story”)) + πτερόεντα (pteróenta) (plural of πτερόεις (pteróeis, “feathered; winged”), from πτερόν (pterón, “feather; wing”) + -εις (-eis, suffix forming adjectives with the sense of being full of, tending to, or thoroughly possessing a quality)).
daymeal
Perhaps a continuation of Old English dæġmǣl, or alternatively borrowed from Old Norse dagmál (“a division of the day around 8 or 9 a.m.; breakfast-time”), equivalent to day + meal. Compare also Old English dæġmete.
gemwright
Probably a modern calque of Old English ġimwyrhta (“jeweler”), equivalent to gem + wright.
Ambraciot
An adaptation of the Latin Ambraciōtēs and the Ancient Greek Ἀμβρᾰκῐώτης (Ambrăkĭṓtēs).
anderun
From Persian اندرون (andarun, “interior; women's apartment”).
teno-
From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn).
Pannotia
From Ancient Greek παν- (pan-, “all”) + νότος (nótos, “south”).
aporophobia
From Spanish aporofobia, from Ancient Greek ἄπορος (áporos, “indigent, poor”) + -phobia, by analogy with xenophobia. Term coined by the Spanish philosopher Adela Cortina in the 1990s.
snelly
From Middle English snelly, snellych, snellik, snellich, from Old English snellīċe (“rapidly, quickly, with activity”), from snellīċ (“moving quickly; swift”), equivalent to snell + -ly.
Bhadrakali
Unadapted borrowing from Sanskrit भद्रकाली (bhadrakālī, “Bhadrakali”).
dwalm
From Old English dwolma (“confusion”), from or related to Proto-Germanic *dwalaz (“confused, stunned”).
Kanchipuram
Borrowed from Tamil காஞ்சிபுரம் (kāñcipuram), from Sanskrit [Term?], compound of काञ्ची (kāñcī) + पुरम् (puram).
wild men
From Middle English wilde men, wylde men, plural of Middle English wilde man (“wild man”).
istinja
From Arabic اِسْتِنْجَاء (istinjāʔ).
sulam
Borrowed from Tamil சூலம் (cūlam), in turn from Sanskrit शूल (śūla) or Sanskrit त्रिशूल (triśūla).
whoreman
From Middle English horeman, equivalent to whore + man. Compare Danish horkarl (“whoremonger”), Swedish horkarl (“whoremaster; fornicator”).
Fisker
From North Germanic (Scandinavian) Fisker. Doublet of Fisher.
Vaikuntha
Borrowed from Sanskrit वैकुण्ठ (vaikuṇṭhá).
klepton
From Ancient Greek κλέπτ(ης) (klépt(ēs), “thief”) + -on, after taxon.
Zayton
From Arabic زَيْتُون (zaytūn, “olive”), derived from Quanzhou's former Chinese nickname 刺桐城 (Cìtóngchéng, “Tung Tree City”), after the trees which had been extensively planted there in the 10th century by Liu Congxiao.
teruoth
Borrowed from Hebrew תְּרוּעוֹת (t'ru'ót), plural indefinite form of תְּרוּעָה (t'ru'á), whence teruah.
teruah
Borrowed from Hebrew תְּרוּעָה (t'ru'á).
wildsome
From wild + -some, perhaps continuing Middle English wyld-som, wyld-some.
periegete
Borrowed from Koine Greek περιηγητής (periēgētḗs, “a writer of periegeses; a guide”), from Ancient Greek περι- (peri-, “around, surrounding”) + ἡγητής (hēgētḗs, “a guide”) (from ἡγέομαι (hēgéomai, “to lead”) + -τής (-tḗs, suffix forming agent nouns)), from περιηγεῖσθαι (periēgeîsthai, “to lead around”).
Cheget
From Russian Чегет (Čeget), named after Mount Cheget in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia.
aquabics
Borrowed from Japanese アクアビクス (akuabikusu), from English aqua- + aerobics.
Trumper
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from German Trümper.
* Occupational surname for one who played the horn or trumpet, from Old French trompeur.
vonce
Borrowed from Yiddish וואַנץ (vants, “bedbug”), by analogy to the English slang term roach. Attested since the 1950s.
Uncertain; possibly from German Schwanz (“tail, slang for penis”) or Yiddish שוואַנץ (shvants, “penis”).
cupidinous
From Latin *cupīdinōsus, from cupīdō, cupīdinis (“desire; greed”).
sound plural
Calque of Arabic جَمْع سَالِم (jamʕ sālim).
Drumpf
From German Drumpf, an old form of the surname of the Trump family. Coined by British-American comedian and television host John Oliver in February 2016 in his segment "Donald Trump" of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. The form has been confirmed by German officials.
Yiannopoulos
Borrowed from Greek Γιαννόπουλος (Giannópoulos).
anosmatic
From French anosmatique (“anosmatic”), coined by French anthropologist, anatomist and physician Pierre Paul Broca (1824–1880) in Revue d’Anthropologie (2nd Series), volume II, page 398); analysable as an- + osmatic.
lithium-ion battery
Calque of Japanese リチウムイオン電池 (richiumu ion denchi). Lithium-ion batteries were first commercially produced and marketed in Japan.
stenopaeic
From Ancient Greek στενός (stenós, “narrow”) (see steno-) + ὀπαῖος (opaîos, “perforated”), from ὀπή (opḗ, “opening”). First attested in 1855 (see quotations) in relation to the works of Franciscus Donders, who coined the original term as Dutch stenopaeische (1853-1854).
vyanjanabhakti
Coined as the counterpart to svarabhakti, from Sanskrit व्यञ्जनभक्ति (vyañjanabhakti), compound of व्यञ्जन (vyañjana, “consonant”) + भक्ति (bhakti).
Gaas
* (surname): Possibly borrowed, among other languages, from French Gaas (itself from Occitan).
minyen
From Yiddish מנין (minyen), from Hebrew מִנְיָן.
oneg
Borrowed from Hebrew עונג / עֹנֶג ('óneg, “pleasure”).
prochein ami
From late Middle English, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French prochain (“next”) + ami (“friend”); now sometimes spelt prochain ami following the French spelling.
shanzhai
First use appears c. 2000s, from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 山寨 (shānzhài), literally mountain fort, suggesting a lair of bandits or counterfeiters.
see Naples and die
Calque of Italian vedi Napoli e poi muori, popularized by a 3 March 1787 letter by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published in his 1816–1817 Italienische Reise. Unknown further derivation, although probably originally in reference to its relative wealth and prosperity as the capital of the Kingdom of Naples in addition to its famous scenery. Compare the various Chinese idioms beginning 生在蘇州 /苏州 (Sūzhōu)... praising the surpassing beauty of Suzhou's residents, Hangzhou's scenery, Guangzhou's cuisine, and Liuzhou's coffins and tombs.
gaiwan
From Mandarin 蓋碗 /盖碗 (gàiwǎn, literally “lidded bowl”).
paramyotonia
From para- (“paradoxical”) + myo- + -tonia, after German Paramyotonie.
quatsch
From German Quatsch. Attested in English from the beginning of the 20th century.
Haratin
From Arabic حَرَاطِين (ḥarāṭīn).
obnubilous
Inherited from the Middle English obnubilous (“indistinct, obscure, muddled”). By surface analysis, ob- + Latin nubil- + -ous.
cafiso
From Italian cafiso, from Sicilian cafisu, from Arabic قَفِيز (qafīz), from Aramaic קְפִיזָא and Classical Syriac ܩܦܝܙܐ (qəp̄īzā), of uncertain derivation from Egyptian, Akkadian, and similar units.
venire facias de novo
Borrowed from Latin venire facias de novo (“that you make/cause to come anew”), from the opening words of the writ.
Huginn
From Old Norse Huginn (“thought”), from hugr, from Proto-Germanic *hugiz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).
stud horse
From Middle English *studhors, *stode-hors, from Old English stōdhors, from Proto-West Germanic *stōdahross, equivalent to stud + horse. Cognate with Middle High German stuotros. Compare German Stutpferd.
Thurii
Borrowed from Latin Thuriī, from Ancient Greek Θούριοι (Thoúrioi).
Ivanov
Borrowed from Bulgarian Ива́нов (Ivánov).
Borrowed from Macedonian И́ванов (Ívanov).
Borrowed from Russian Ивано́в (Ivanóv).
Sospita
From Latin Sospita (“One who Saves, Salvatrix, Savior”).
shorinji kempo
Borrowed from Japanese 少林寺拳法 (Shōrin-ji kenpō, literally “Shaolin Temple martial art/kung fu”).
Tusculan
From Latin Tusculānus, from Tusculum + -ānus. By surface analysis, Tusculum + -an.
rottolo
Variant of Italian rotolo, from Arabic رُطْل (ruṭl), variant of classical رِطْل (riṭl), from Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra).
overheap
From Middle English overhepen (“to give overabundantly; exaggerate”), equivalent to over- + heap.
tremulation
From Medieval Latin tremulātus (past participle of tremulāre) + -ion.
planidium
From the Ancient Greek πλανάω (planáō, “to wander”) + -idium.
tulipant
Borrowed from Turkish tülbent (/⁠tylˈbænt⁠/), from Classical Persian دلبند (dulband), also the root of turban and tulip.
Callipolis
From Latin Callipolis, from Ancient Greek Καλλίπολις (Kallípolis, “City of Beauty”). Doublet of Kallipolis, Gallipoli, and Gelibolu.
mungaree
Borrowed from Italian mangiare (“to eat”). Doublet of mangarie.
massymore
Probably from Spanish mazmorra (“dungeon”) (Portuguese masmorra). Doublet of mattamore.
Philodemus
Borrowed from Latin Philodemus, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Φιλόδημος (Philódēmos).
Mouse
The surname is sometimes an Americanized spelling of German Maus. The metonym for Disney comes from its icon Mickey Mouse.
yuanyang
Borrowed from Mandarin 鴛鴦 /鸳鸯 (yuānyāng, literally “male (鴛) and female (鴦) mandarin duck”).
From Mandarin 元陽 /元阳 (Yuányáng).
From Mandarin 原陽 /原阳 (Yuányáng).
yuanyang hudie pai
Borrowed from Mandarin 鸳鸯蝴蝶派 (yuānyāng-húdié pài, literally “Mandarin ducks and butterflies school”).
human flesh search engine
Calque from Chinese 人肉搜索 (rénròu sōusuǒ).
Alhena
From Arabic الهَنْعَة (al-hanʕa, “the brand (on the neck of the camel)”).
chalcedonius
From Latin chalcēdōnius, from Ancient Greek χαλχηδόνιος (khalkhēdónios), cognate to Arabic كَرْكَنْد (karkand).
tinea cruris
From Latin tinea crūris (literally “leg (ring)worm”).
cobra effect
From cobra + effect, a calque of German Kobra-Effekt, coined by the German economist Horst Siebert (1938–2009) in a 2001 book, from an anecdote about an incident during the British rule of colonial India in the 19th century in which the government, concerned about the large number of venomous cobras in Delhi, offered a bounty for each dead cobra turned in, which eventually led to enterprising people breeding more cobras for the income. When the government discontinued the programme the breeders set their cobras free, which led to an increase in the cobra population.
dengbej
From Northern Kurdish dengbêj, from deng (“sound, voice”) + bêj- (“say”), present stem of gotin (“to say”).
commedia dell'arte
Unadapted borrowing from Italian commedia dell'arte (literally “comedy of the art”).
Ah Beng
Borrowed from Hokkien 阿明 (a-bêng), which is a common Chinese male name.
mevushal
Borrowed from Hebrew מבושל / מְבֻשָּׁל (m'vushál, literally “cooked”).
Hormuz
Borrowed from Persian هرمز (hurmuz /hormoz), from a stage between Classical Persian هُرْمُز (hurmuz) and Modern Iranian Persian هُرْمُز (hormoz), historically mediated through Portuguese Ormuz. Doublet of Ahura Mazda and Aramazd.
More information
The mixed‐vowel English historical spelling reflects a complex intersection of Renaissance exploration and English transliteration:
* The Portuguese ‘O’: The Portuguese spelling Ormuz (often Ormus in early modern European texts) was established during their 16th‐century occupation of the island. Because the stress in the early modern Persian source IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /hurˈmuz/ falls on the final syllable, the unstressed first vowel had likely already laxed and lowered in spoken Safavid Persian—a shift accelerated by the phonetic environment of the surrounding consonants /h/ and /r/. The Portuguese accurately recorded this phonetic reality with a laxer ‘o’, while their native Romance phonology naturally discarded the foreign initial aspirate /h/.
* The English ‘H’ and ‘u’: The initial ‘H’ was restored by 17th‐century English and Italian writers (such as Pietro della Valle and Samuel Purchas) attempting to closer approximate the native Arabic and Persian aspiration, grafting it onto the established Portuguese base. The English retention of the second vowel (‘u’) from the Portuguese orthography serendipitously reflected not only the Classical Persian ḍamma (the short ‘u’ vowel marker in هرمز), but also the historically attested variant spelling هرموز (hormūz), which employs the letter waw to explicitly denote a long ‘u’. This transliteration persisted in English regardless of how the vowel lowered to ‘o’ in contemporary spoken Iranian Persian.
joba
From Cantonese 組爸 /组爸 (zou² baa⁴).
Azetium
From Latin *Azētium, reconstructed from numismatically attested Ancient Greek Ἀζητῖνοι (Azētînoi) and Ezetium in medieval transcriptions.
Marr
* As a Scottish surname, from the district of Mar in Aberdeenshire, itself named after the clan (see also Clan Mar).
* As an English surname, from placenames derived from Old Norse marr (“marsh, pool, fen”).
* As a Chinese surname, Romanized from 馬 /马 (mǎ), see Ma.
zemidjan
From French zémidjan, from Fon zěmìjàn.
haymonger
From Middle English heimongere, heymonger, heymongere; equivalent to hay + monger.
Sadr
From Arabic صَدْر (ṣadr, “bust”).
planetality
From planet + -ality from Latin planeta, planetes, from Ancient Greek πλανήτης (planḗtēs, “wanderer”).
Rachid
Borrowed from French Rachid, itself from Arabic رَاشِد (rāšid).
Hillier
* As an English occupational surname for a roofer, from the noun hellier (“one who heles, thatches”).
* As a French surname, from the personal name Hillier, vernacular form of Hilaire.
araeosystyle
From Latin araeostylos, from Ancient Greek ἀραιόστυλος (araióstulos). By surface analysis, Ancient Greek ἀραιός (araiós, “widely spaced”) + sy- + -style.
Almach
From Arabic العَنَاقُ الأَرْض (al-ʕanāqu l-ʔarḍ, “caracal, desert lynx”).
nomen sacrum
Unadapted borrowing from Latin nomen sacrum (“holy name”).
amblosis
Borrowed from Latin amblosis, from Ancient Greek ἄμβλωσις (ámblōsis).
Negara Brunei Darussalam
From Malay Negara Brunei Darussalam, from negara (“country”) + Brunei + Arabic دَار اَلسَّلَام (dār as-salām, “house of peace”).
Kingu
Learned borrowing from Akkadian 𒀭𒆥𒄖 (ᵈkin-gu).
Atholl
From Scottish Gaelic Athall, possibly from Middle Irish aith- (“second, further”) + Fódla, a poetic name for Ireland.
Tyrconnell
From Irish Tír Chonaill (“Land of Conall”), named after the ancient Irish king Conall Gulban.
mimosa salad
Calque of Russian сала́т мимо́за (salát mimóza), from its resemblance to mimosa flowers scattered on the snow in spring.
amakweta
Apparently from a variant form of Xhosa abakwetha, showing a different plural class prefix.
Cephalus
From the Ancient Greek κέφᾰλος (képhălos, “a species of mullet”).
ptilo-
Representing the Ancient Greek πτῐ́λον (ptĭ́lon, “feather”, “down”). Compare the English -ptile, the French ptil-, and the New Latin ptilo-.
Spitzenkorper
Borrowed from German Spitzenkörper, from Spitze (“point”) + Körper (“body”).
Tilsit
From German Tilsit, from the name of the Tilse River, from Old Prussian tilzi (“soggy”).
Hauptvermutung
From German Hauptvermutung, from haupt- (“main, chief, primary”) + Vermutung (“conjecture”).
pudgala
From Sanskrit पुद्गल (pudgala, “body, soul”).
yusheng
From Mandarin 魚生 /鱼生 (yúshēng).
mukbang
Borrowed from Korean 먹방 (meokbang, literally “eating broadcast”).
Yining
The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 伊寧 /伊宁 (Yīníng).
Tacheng
From Mandarin 塔城 (Tǎchéng).
Wusu
From Mandarin 烏蘇 /乌苏 (Wūsū).
Alexandria Eschate
From Latin Alexandria Eschate, from Ancient Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη (Alexándreia Eskhátē, “farthest Alexandria”) in reference to its position relative to the other settlements established during the conquests of Alexander the Great.
Ajman
From Arabic عَجْمان (ʕajmān), related to عَجَم (ʕajam, “foreigner”), because the area was at one time inhabited by Persians.
Ras al-Khaimah
From Arabic رَأْس ٱلْخَيْمَة (raʔs l-ḵayma, “headland of the tent”).
Cleon
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Κλέων (Kléōn), from κλέω (kléō, “to recount, celebrate”).
coppy
From a diminutive (with + -y) of Middle English *cop, found in Middle English copstole, copstule (“a kind of stool”).
From Middle English copy, a back-formation from copies, copyes, koppis (“coppice, copse”), mistaken as a plural.
la-la
From Hokkien 啦啦 (la-la), from 蜊 (lâ, “clam”).
calcifugous
Borrowed from New Latin calcifugus (“limestone-phobic”). By surface analysis, calci- + -fugous.
Camorrista
From Italian camorrista, from camorra + -ista (“-ist”).
caprify
From Latin caprifīcus + -ify. By surface analysis, capri- + -fy.
Chekist
From Russian чеки́ст (čekíst) from Чека́ (Čeká) + -ист (-ist).
thelony
From Latin telōnium, from Ancient Greek τελώνῐον (telṓnĭon, “custom house”), from τέλος (télos, “due, tax, toll”).
teleiotic
From Byzantine Ancient Greek τελειωτικός (teleiōtikós, “perfective, effective”), from Koine Greek τελειωτής (teleiōtḗs, “accomplisher, finisher”), from Ancient Greek τελειοῦν (teleioûn, “to perfect, to complete”).
Eamon
Borrowed from Irish Éamonn (“Edmund”). Doublet of Edmund.
Kalachakra
Borrowed from Sanskrit कालचक्र (kālacakra).
handplay
Combat sense: perhaps from Middle English *handpleie, from Old English handplega (“fighting”), equivalent to hand + play. Compare swordplay.
Samarra
Borrowed from Arabic سَامَرَّاء (sāmarrāʔ).
Entz
From German Enz or Alemannic German Enz.
From Hungarian Entz.
thrownness
Calque of German Geworfenheit as thrown + -ness.
humification
Borrowed from New Latin hūmificatiō. By surface analysis, humus + -ification, following humify.
Doberge cake
The cake and its name are Frenchifications by New Orleans baker Beulah Levy Ledner of the Dobos torte, named for its creator, Hungarian József Dobos.
spekkoek
Borrowed from Dutch spekkoek, literally “bacon cake”, since its dark and light layers are thought to resemble streaky bacon.
jingju
Borrowed from Mandarin 京劇／京剧 (jīngjù).
aktionsart
From German Aktionsart, from Aktion (“action”) + Art (“kind, sort”). Attested in English from the 19th century.
Michaelmas term
From Michaelmas + term; Michaelmas is from Michael (“the name of the biblical archangel”) + -mas (suffix indicating a holiday or sacred day), meaning the feast day of St Michael. Michael is derived from Late Latin Michahel, from Koine Greek Μιχαήλ (Mikhaḗl), from Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mîḵāʾēl, “who is like God?”); while -mas is from mass, from Middle English masse, from Old English mæsse (“mass (celebration of the Eucharist)”), from Vulgar Latin *messa (“Eucharist; dismissal”), from Late Latin missa, a noun use of the feminine past participle of Latin mittere, the present active infinitive of mittō (“to dispatch, send; to discharge, release; to dismiss”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange”). The Christian feast day of Michaelmas, 29 September, occurs a few days before the start of this term.
Easter term
From Late Middle English ester term (“Christian season of Easter; spring quarter of the year”), from ester (“Easter”) + term, terme (“limit of a span of time; point in time”). Ester is derived from Old English ēastre, apparently from Ēastre (name of a goddess whose festival was celebrated at the vernal equinox), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“to become light; to dawn”); terme is borrowed from Old French terme, from Latin terminus (“a bound, boundary, limit, end; in Medieval Latin, also a time, period, word, covenant, etc.”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥ (“stump, end, boundary”) (whence also thrum). By surface analysis, Easter + term. The Christian feast day of Easter, which falls between 22 March and 25 April, often occurs during this term. As regards sense 1 (“fourteenth day of the first lunar month of spring”), Easter is the first Sunday following this day.
navaratna
Borrowed from Sanskrit नवरत्न (navaratna) meaning "nine gems".
typo-
Borrowed from Latin typo-, from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos).
navratna
Borrowed from Hindi नवरत्न (navratna), from Sanskrit नवरत्न (navaratna).
Caiaphas
Borrowed from Latin Caiāphās, from Ancient Greek Καϊάφας (Kaïáphas), from Hebrew קַיָפָא (qayafa).
qurbani
Borrowed from Urdu قُرْبَانی (qurbānī), from Classical Persian قُرْبَانِی (qurbānī), ultimately from Arabic قُرْبَان (qurbān).
obsequence
Probably from Latin obsequentia, equivalent to obsequy + -ence.