MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
skulduggery
An alteration of Scots sculduddery, sculdudrie (“adultery, unchaste behaviour; obscenity, lewdness”), of long-uncertain origin (probably a euphemism). Relation to skull is speculative at best and likely folk etymology. The American spelling skullduggery is in keeping with terms such as skillful and willful.
isle
From Middle English ile, yle (with s added, similar to English island), borrowed from Old French ille, idle, isle, from Latin insula. Not related to island. Doublet of insula.
sickle
From Middle English sikel (also assibilated in sichel), from Old English sicol, siċel, from Proto-West Germanic *sikilu, itself borrowed from Latin sēcula (“sickle”) or sīcīlis (“sickle”). Cognate with Dutch sikkel, German Sichel. Remotely related with English scythe and saw.
Probably an Americanized form of German Sickel.
permission
From Middle English permision, permission, permissioun, permyssion, from Middle French permission, from Latin permissiō. Equivalent to permit + -ion. Mostly replaced native English leave, from Old English lēaf (“permission”).
opprobrium
PIE word
 *h₁epi
Learned borrowing from Latin opprobrium, obprobrium (“a reproach, a taunt; disgrace, shame; dishonour; scandal”, noun), from opprobrō, obprobrō (“to reproach, upbraid; to taunt”) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Opprobrō, obprobrō are derived from ob- (prefix meaning ‘towards’) + probrum (“disgrace, shame; abuse, insult”, noun) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forward; toward”) + *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”), in the sense of something brought up to reproach a person).
The plural form opprobria is borrowed from Latin opprobria.
Cognates
* French opprobre
* Italian obbrobrio
* Portuguese ouprobio (obsolete), opróbrio
* Spanish oprobrio (obsolete), oprobio
itinerant
From Late Latin itinerantem, present active participle of itineror (“travel”), from itiner-.
By surface analysis, Latin itiner- + -ant.
assail
From Middle English assailen, from Old French assaillir, assalir, from Late Latin assalīre, from Latin ad (“at, towards”) + salīre (“jump”). See also assault.
archive
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́ρχω (ắrkhō)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Ancient Greek -ᾱ (-ā)
Ancient Greek -η (-ē)
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρχή (ărkhḗ)
Ancient Greek *ἀρχεῖος (*arkheîos)
Ancient Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheîon)bor.
Latin archīvumbor.
French archives
French archiveder.
English archive
First appears c. 1603 in a translation by Philemon Holland. From French archive(s), from Latin archīvum, from Ancient Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheîon, “town hall”).
cadenza
Borrowed from Italian cadenza, from Latin cadentia. Doublet of cadence and chance.
blouse
1828, from French blouse (“a workman's or peasant's smock”), see that for more.
More at blee, fold.
concerto
Borrowed from Italian concerto, deverbal from concertare. Doublet of concert.
solo
Borrowed from Italian solo, from Latin sōlus, probably related to se (“himself”).
philology
Inherited from Middle English Philologie, from Latin philologia, from Ancient Greek φιλολογίᾱ (philologíā, “love of argument or reasoning, love of learning and literature”).
metate
Borrowed from Spanish metate, from a Nahuan language, from Proto-Nahuan *mətla-tl.
culinary
Borrowed from French culinaire, itself a borrowing from Latin culīnārius, from culīna (“kitchen”).
stad
From Afrikaans and Dutch stad (“city, town”), from Middle Dutch stat, from Old Dutch stad, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“place”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing, position”). Doublet of stead.
Borrowed from Norwegian Stad.
sundry
The adjective is derived from Middle English sondri, sondry, syndry (“individually; occasionally; separately; variously”) [and other forms], from Old English syndriġ (“alone, distinct, separate, single; sundry, various; concerning a single person, own, particular, peculiar, private; exceptional, remarkable, set apart, special; (distributive) one each”) [and other forms], from sundor (“differently; privately; separate, separately”) (from Proto-Germanic *sundraz (“alone, isolated; separate”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *senH- (“apart; for oneself; without”)) + -iġ (“suffix forming adjectives”). The English word is analysable as sunder + -y.
The noun and pronoun are derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Dutch zonderlijk (“separate”) (rare), Dutch afzonderlijk (“separate”)
* Low German sunderig (“single; special”)
* Middle High German sunderig (“private; separate; special”)
* Swedish söndrig (“broken; tattered”)
From Middle English sondri, sondry, syndri (“individually; now and then, occasionally; physically apart, separately; variously”) [and other forms], from Old English syndrige [and other forms], from Old English syndriġ (adjective): see further at etymology 1.
Cognates
* Old High German suntarīgo
refrigerate
From participle stem of Latin refrigerō (“to make cold”), from re- + frigerō.
shanty
From Canadian French chantier (“lumberjack's headquarters”). An alternative theory that the word derives from Irish seantí (meaning "old house") is not considered likely by lexicologists.
* (unlicensed pub): New Zealand from 1848.
From French chantez, imperative of chanter (“to sing”).
burka
From Hindustani برقع / बुरक़ा (burqā), from Classical Persian برقع (burqa'), from Arabic بُرْقُع (burquʕ).
From Russian бу́рка (búrka); further etymology is disputed.
ambit
From Late Middle English ambyte, borrowed from Latin ambitus (“circuit; circumference, perimeter; area within a perimeter; ground around a building; cycle, orbit, revolution”) (compare Late Latin ambitus (“neighbourhood; wall of a castle, monastery, or town; cloister; parish boundary”)), from ambīre + -tus (suffix forming verbal nouns from verbs). Ambīre is the present active infinitive of ambiō (“to go around, to skirt; to encircle, surround”), from ambi- (“prefix meaning ‘both, on both sides’”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“front; face; forehead”)) + eō (“to go, move”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”)). The English word is a doublet of ambitus.
magnum
From Latin magnum, neuter of magnus (“great”).
* (bottle): Ellipsis of magnum bonum.
* (handgun): Name registered 1935 by Smith & Wesson Inc., of Springfield, Massachusetts.
horror
From Middle English horer, horrour, from Old French horror, from Latin horror (“a bristling, a shaking, trembling as with cold or fear, terror”), from horrere (“to bristle, shake, be terrified”). Displaced native Old English ōga.
squamous
From Middle English squamous, from Latin squāmōsus, from squāma (“scale(of a fish or reptile)”).
reparation
Borrowed from Latin reparātiō, reparātiōnis.
mythology
First attested as Middle English in 1412. From Middle French mythologie, from Latin mythologia, from Ancient Greek μυθολογία (muthología, “legend”) μυθολογέω (muthologéō, “to tell tales”), from μυθολόγος (muthológos, “legend”), from μῦθος (mûthos, “story”) + λέγω (légō, “to say”). By surface analysis, myth + -ology or mytho- + -logy.
cathedral
From Middle English cathedral, chathedral, cathiderall, from Old French [Term?], from Latin cathedrālis, from cathedra + -ālis, from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra, “chair of a teacher, throne”).
Ellipsis of cathedral church, from Middle English chirche cathederall, cathedrall chirch, calque of Late Latin ecclēsia cathedrālis (“church serving as the bishop's or archbishop's office”), from Latin ecclēsia + cathedrālis. Displaced Old English hēafodċiriċe (literally “main church, head church”).
basilica
Borrowed from Latin basilica, from Ancient Greek βᾰσῐλῐκή (băsĭlĭkḗ), from βᾰσῐλῐκὴ στοά (băsĭlĭkḕ stoá, “royal hall”), ultimately from βασιλικός (basilikós, “royal”), from βασιλεύς (basileús, “king, chief”). Doublet of basoche.
chapel
From Middle English chapele, chapel, from Old French chapele, from Late Latin cappella (“little cloak; chapel”), diminutive of cappa (“cloak, cape”). Doublet of capelle.
(printing office): Said to be because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey.
vicar
From Middle English vicar, viker, vikyr, vicaire, vicare, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman vikare, vicare, vikaire, vikere and Old French vicaire (“deputy, second in command”), from Latin vicārius (“vicarious, substitute”). Doublet of vicarious.
rector
Inherited from Middle English rectour, rector, from Old French rector, rectour and Latin rēctor.
Americanized form of German Richter.
Pentecost
From Middle English Pentecoste (“feast of the descent of the Holy Spirit, Pentecost; season of Pentecost, Whitsuntide; Jewish festival celebrating giving of the law to Moses”), from Old English Pentecosten, also influenced by Anglo-Norman pentecoste, Middle French pentecoste, and Old French pentecoste (“Christian feast of Pentecost; Jewish festival of Pentecost”) (modern French Pentecôte). Both the Old English and Old French words are derived from Ecclesiastical Latin Pentēcostē (“Christian feast of Pentecost; Jewish festival of Pentecost”), from Koine Greek πεντηκοστή (pentēkostḗ, “Christian feast of Pentecost; Jewish festival of Pentecost”), from Ancient Greek πεντηκοστή (pentēkostḗ, “fiftieth”), a noun use of the feminine form of πεντηκοστὸς (pentēkostòs, “fiftieth”, adjective), short for πεντηκοστὸς ἡμέρα (pentēkostòs hēméra, “fiftieth day”) (referring to the Jewish festival falling on the fiftieth day after the second day of the Passover), used in the Bible to translate Hebrew שָׁבוּעוֹת (shāvū'ót, “weeks”). Πεντηκοστὸς (Pentēkostòs) is derived from Proto-Hellenic *penkʷēkontstós, from *pénkʷe (“five”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe (“five; hand”)) + *-kontstós (suffix forming ordinal numbers from twentieth to ninetieth) (whence ; from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”)).
The surname is from Old French and Middle English Pentecost, a personal name perhaps given to one born on Pentecost; also an altered form of Pankhurst. Compare Pancoast.
shindig
Origin uncertain; perhaps an alteration of shindy, or from Scottish Gaelic sìnteag (“jump, leap”).
duomo
Learned borrowing from Italian duomo. Doublet of dome and domus.
familiar
From Middle English familiar, familier, from Latin familiāris (“pertaining to servants; pertaining to the household”). By surface analysis, family + -ar. Piecewise doublet of familial. Displaced native Old English hīwcūþ.
scrivener
From Middle English scryvener, alteration of scryveyn, from Anglo-Norman scrivein (“professional penman, copyist”), from Old French escrivain, from Vulgar Latin *scriba, *scribanem, from Latin scriba, from scrībō (“to write”).
Cupid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kwep-
Proto-Indo-European *kup-yé-tider.
Proto-Italic *kupiō
Latin cupiō
Proto-Indo-European *-Hōder.
Latin -ēdō
Latin -īdō
Latin cupīdō
Latin Cupīdōder.
English Cupid
From Latin Cupīdō, personification of cupīdō (“desire, desire of love”), from cupidus (“eager, greedy, passionate”), from cupiō (“to desire”).
umpire
From a Middle English rebracketing of a noumper as an oumper, from Old French nonper (“odd number, not even (as a tie-breaking arbitrator)”), from non (“not”) + per (“equal”), from Latin par (“equal”). Doublet of nonpareil.
stable
From Middle English stable, borrowed from Anglo-Norman stable, from Latin stab(u)lum.
From Middle English stable, from Anglo-Norman stable, stabel, from Latin stabilis (“firm, steadfast”) (itself from stare (“stand”) + -abilis (“able”)). Displaced native Old English staþolfæst.
souq
From Arabic سُوق (sūq, “market”), from Aramaic שוקא or ܫܘܩܐ (šūqā’, “street, market”), from Akkadian 𒋻 (sūqu, “street”), from 𒊓𒆸 (s(i)āqu, “narrow”). Doublet of shuk.
bazaar
From Middle French bazar or Italian bazar, from Ottoman Turkish بازار (bazar), from Persian بازار (bâzâr).
sheila
From Arabic شَيْلَاء (šaylāʔ).
Anglicized spelling of Irish Síle, equivalent to Cecilia. Doublet of Cecilia.
serviceable
From Middle English servisable, from Old French servisable, from servise. By surface analysis, service + -able.
overweening
From Middle English overweninge, equivalent to overween + -ing. Cognate with obsolete Dutch overwanig, overwaand (“presumptuous; cocky; conceited”).
From Middle English overweninge, equivalent to overween + -ing.
Kansas
From a Siouan ethnonym cognate to Kansa; related to Arkansas, which see for more information.
Horace
From Latin Horatius, a Roman family name of obscure origin, possibly from Etruscan. Doublet of Horatio.
ora
Unadapted borrowing from Latin.
Learned borrowing from Old English ora. Doublet of ore.
* (given name): First appeared in the 19th century when similar sounding names like Cora, Dora and Nora were in fashion. Possibly shortened from Aurelia, sometimes spelled Ora Lee, or, Aura Lea, in the American civil war song.
* (Italian commune): Borrowed from Italian Ora
furnish
From Middle English furnysshen, from Old French furniss-, stem of certain parts of furnir, fornir (Modern French fournir), from Germanic, from Frankish *frumjan (“to complete, execute”), from Proto-Germanic *frumjaną (“to further, promote”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“front, forward”).
Cognate with Old High German frumjan (“to perform, provide”), Old High German fruma (“utility, gain”), Old English fremu (“profit, advantage”), Old English fremian (“to promote, perform”). More at frame, frim.
Fahrenheit
From German Fahrenheit, named after Prussian scientist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.
mixture
From Middle English, borrowed from Old French misture, from Latin mixtūra (“a mixing”), from mixtus, perfect passive participle of misceō (“mix”); compare mix.
importance
From Middle English importaunce, from Middle French importance, from Medieval Latin importantia. By surface analysis, import (“to be important”) + -ance.
curb
From Middle French courbe (“curve, curved object”), from Latin curvus (“bent, crooked, curved”). Doublet of curve.
narcotic
From Middle English narcotyk, from Middle French narcotique (from Old French narcotique, noun use of adjective) and directly from Medieval Latin narcōticum, from Ancient Greek ναρκωτῐκόν (narkōtĭkón), neuter of ναρκωτῐκός (narkōtĭkós), from Ancient Greek ναρκόω (narkóō, “to benumb”), from νάρκη (nárkē, “numbness, torpor”).
From Middle French narcotique or German narkotisch and directly from Medieval Latin narcōticus, from Ancient Greek ναρκωτῐκός (narkōtĭkós).
dermis
From New Latin dermis, from Ancient Greek δέρμα (dérma, “skin, hide”), from δέρω (dérō, “to skin, to flay”).
border
Etymology tree
Old French bordeurebor.
Middle English bordure
English border
Inherited from Middle English bordure, from Old French bordeure, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *bord, equivalent to modern French bord (“a border”) + -er.
Akin to Middle High German borte (“border, trim”), German Borte (“ribbon, trimming”). Doublet of bordure. More at board.
Further cognate to English board, Old Norse barð (“edge”), Swedish bård (“edge”), also English beard, German Bart (“beard”) (edge of the face) etc.
composition
From Middle English composicioun, borrowed from Old French composicion, from Latin compositiō, compositiōnem.
dense
From Middle French dense, from Latin dēnsus, from Proto-Indo-European *dens- (“thick, dense”) (whence also Ancient Greek δασύς (dasús)).
district
From French district, from Medieval Latin districtus (“a district within which the lord may distrain, also jurisdiction”), from Latin districtus, past participle of distringere (“to draw asunder, compel, distrain”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringere (“to draw tight, strain”). Doublet of Detroit.
publication
From Middle English publicacioun, from Old French publicacion, from Latin pūblicātiō. By surface analysis, public + -ation.
supply
From Middle English supplien, borrowed from Old French soupleer, souploier, from Latin suppleo (“to fill up, make full, complete, supply”).
The Middle English spelling was modified to conform to Latin etymology.
construction
From Middle English construccioun, construction, from Old French construction, from Latin cōnstructiō, from cōnstruere.
Morphologically construct + -ion.
wicket
From Middle English wiket, from Anglo-Norman and Old Northern French wiket, from Old East Old Norse víkjask (“to move oneself, move around”), reflexive of víkja, víkva, ýkva (“to yield, turn, move, go”), from Proto-Germanic *wīkwaną (“to yield, bend, turn”). Compare modern French guichet, ultimately from the same Old Norse source.
poetaster
Learned borrowing from New Latin poētaster. By surface analysis, poet + -aster.
notice
Borrowed from Middle French notice, from the Latin nōtitia. Doublet of notitia.
fault
From Middle English faute, faulte, from Anglo-Norman faute, Old French faute, from Vulgar Latin *fallita (“shortcoming”), feminine of *fallitus, in place of Latin falsus, perfect passive participle of fallō (“deceive”). Displaced native Middle English schuld, schuild (“fault”) (from Old English scyld (“fault”)), Middle English lac (“fault, lack”) (from Middle Dutch lak (“lack, fault”)), Middle English last (“fault, vice”) (from Old Norse lǫstr (“fault, vice, crime”)). Compare French faute (“fault, foul”), Portuguese falta (“lack, shortage”) and Spanish falta (“lack, absence”). More at fail, false.
gentle
From Middle English gentil (“courteous, noble”), from Old French gentil (“high-born, noble”), from Latin gentilis (“of the same family or clan”), from gens (“[Roman] clan”). Doublet of gentile, genteel, and jaunty.
hoon
Borrowed from Hokkien 分 (hun). Doublet of fen and fan.
Borrowed from Hindi हून (hūn, “pagoda, a gold coin of Southern India”), from Sanskrit हून (hūna, “a kind of gold coin from a particular kingdom”).
From the Dutch surname de Hoon, from Middle Dutch hoon (“dangerous”), from Old Dutch *honi (“despicable”).
hyper-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úp
Proto-Indo-European *-er
Proto-Indo-European *upér
Proto-Hellenic *hupér
Ancient Greek ῠ̔πέρ (hŭpér)
Ancient Greek ῠ̔περ- (hŭper-)der.
English hyper-
From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”) (English over), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Doublet of over-, super-, sur-, and uber-.
girt
From Middle English girten (“gird, encircle”).
From Middle English girt, gert, a metathetic variant of gret (“great”). More at great.
purlin
Uncertain. Information on the etymology is scant at best. According to Websters it comes from 15th-century English. According to the Oxford Concise Dictionary, it is "Middle English, perhaps of French origin". Other sources reference Middle English or 15th-century English.
SMERSH
Borrowed from Russian СМЕРШ (SMJeRŠ), an acronym of «Смерть шпионам!» («Smertʹ špionam!», “Death to spies!”).
chuck
From Middle English chuk, of onomatopoeic origin, imitative of a hen's cluck.
From Middle English chukken, from the noun (see above).
From earlier chock, likely imitative, but perhaps also from Middle English chokken (“to thrust, pierce, cram”), from Picard Old French chuquier (“to collide, strike”, intransitive verb), from Middle Dutch schocken (“to bump, shake”). Doublet of shock and shuck.
Shortening of Edmonchuk. So named because of the large Ukrainian population; -чук (-čuk) is a common suffix in Ukrainian surnames.
Walloon
Borrowed from Middle French Wallon / wallon, from Frankish *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“foreigner”).
Cognate to English Welsh/Wales, the second part of Cornwall, and first part of walnut, as well as Gaul and Wallachia.
kissaten
Borrowed from Japanese 喫茶店(きっさてん) (kissaten, literally “tea-drinking shop”).
Nebuchadnezzar
Learned borrowing from Biblical Hebrew נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר (Nəḇûḵaḏneʾṣṣár), a corruption of earlier נְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר (Nəḇûḵaḏreʾṣṣár), from Akkadian 𒀭𒀝𒃻𒁺𒋀 (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, “Nabu protect my heir”).
ocha
From Japanese お茶 (ocha), from 御 (o-, honorific prefix) + 茶 (cha, “tea”), from Middle Chinese 茶 (MC drae), whence English cha.
tango
Borrowed from Rioplatense Spanish tango, probably from a Niger-Congo language (compare Ibibio tamgu (“to dance”)).
From translingual Tango (representing the letter T), from English tango (see above).
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from Italian Tango, probably a patronymic surname from a Germanic personal name.
* Borrowed from Japanese 丹後 (Tango), the name of an old province of central Japan.
syringe
From Middle French syringe (“syringe”), from Latin sȳringem, accusative of sȳrinx (“reed, panpipe”), from Ancient Greek σῦριγξ (sûrinx, “pipe, syrinx”). Doublet of syrinx.
dietary
From Medieval Latin diētārium (“book prescribing diet”), from Latin diaeta (“diet”).
chiefly
From Middle English chefly; equivalent to chief + -ly (adverbial suffix).
specific
From Old French specifique, from Late Latin specificus (“specific, particular”), from Latin speciēs (“kind”) + -ific.
autarchy
From Medieval Latin autarchia, from Koine Greek αὐταρχία (autarkhía, “absolute power, sovereignty, autocracy”), from αὔταρχος (aútarkhos, “autocratic”), from αὐτ- (aut-, “self”) + ἄρχω (árkhō, “to rule, govern”).
Kirwan
Anglicized form of Irish Ó Ciardhubháin (“descendant of Ciardhubhán”), a personal name composed of ciar (“dark”) + dubh (“black”) + the suffix -an.
capacity
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kap-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *kapyéti
Proto-Italic *kapjō
Old Latin kapiō
Latin capiō
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂-k-s
Proto-Italic *-āks
Latin -āx
Latin capāx
Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ts
Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts
Proto-Italic *-tāts
Latin -tās
Latin capācitāsder.
Old French capacitebor.
Middle English capacite
English capacity
From Middle English capacite, from Old French capacite, from Latin capācitās, from capāx (“able to hold much”), from capiō (“to hold, to contain, to take, to understand”).
propane
From clipping of propionic acid + -ane, from French propionique, from Ancient Greek πρό (pró) + πίων (píōn, “fat”). Analyzable as prop- + -ane, borrowing or calque of German Propan.
trance
From Middle English traunce, from Anglo-Norman transe (“fear of coming evil; passage from life to death”), from transir (“to be numb with fear; to die, pass on”), from Latin trānseō (“to cross over”).
The verb is derived from Middle English traunce, trauncen, trancen (“to move about (?); to prance (?); to trample the ground”) (whence modern English trounce with the same senses, which see for more). The noun is probably derived from the verb.
Taoiseach
Borrowed from Irish Taoiseach (“chieftain, leader; prime minister of Ireland”).
The plural form Taoisigh is borrowed from Irish Taoisigh.
hug
From earlier hugge (“to embrace, clasp with the arms”) (1560), probably representing a conflation of huck (“to crouch, huddle down”) and Old Norse hugga (“to comfort, console”), from hugr (“mind, heart, thought”), from Proto-Germanic *hugiz (“mind, thought, sense”), cognate with Icelandic hugga (“to comfort”), Old English hyġe (“thought”) (whence high (Etymology 2)).
Syriac
From Latin Syriacus (“Syrian”), from Ancient Greek Συριακός (Suriakós, “Syrian”, adjective), from Συρία (Suría) [the Greek name for Aram, and probably based on the name Ἀσσυρία (Assuría, “Assyria”)] + -ακός (-akós).
swastika
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्वस्तिक (svastika), from सु- (su-, “good, well”) + अस्ति (asti), a verbal abstract of the root of the verb "to be", स्वस्ति (svasti) thus meaning "well-being" — and the diminutive suffix क (ka); hence "little thing associated with well-being", corresponding roughly to "lucky charm". First attestation in English in 1871, a Sanskritism that replaced the Grecian term gammadion. From 1932 onwards it often referred specifically to the version used by the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (also called the "hooked cross", or German Hakenkreuz).
Borrowed from Sanskrit स्वस्तिका (svastikā).