MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
oblate
From French oblat and its source, Ecclesiastical Latin oblātus (“person dedicated to religious life”), nominalization of oblātus, perfect passive participle of offerō (“to offer”); see -ate (noun-forming suffix).
Borrowed from Latin oblātus, perfect passive participle of offerō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix). Doublet of offer.
oft
From Middle English oft (also ofte, often > Modern English often), from Old English oft (“often”), from Proto-West Germanic *oftu, *oftō, from Proto-Germanic *uftō (“often”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian oafte (“oft, often”), West Frisian oft, ofte (“oft, often”), Dutch oft (“oft, often”), German oft (“oft, often”). More at often.
onyx
From Middle English onix (c. 1300), earlier oniche (c. 1250), from Old French oniche or onix, from Latin onyx, from Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux, “onyx”). Doublet of unguis.
opal
In Florio’s A World of Words 1598 as opale, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”). Distantly related to over.
opine
Borrowed from Middle French opiner, from Latin opīnor (“to hold as an opinion”), from *opīnus (“thinking, expecting”), only in negative nec-opīnus (“not expecting”) and in-opīnus (“not expected”); akin to optō (“to choose, desire”), and to apīscor (“to obtain”); see optate and opt.
Derived from Ancient Greek ὀπός (opós, “juice of a plant”) + -ine.
orate
Partly borrowed from Latin ōrātus, perfect passive participle of ōrō (“to speak; to pray”) and/or partly back-formation from oration, from Latin ōrātiō (“speech, discourse, oration”); either way, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix). By surface analysis, Latin or- + -ate.
ossify
Back-formation from ossification, or modeled on French ossifier and formed from Latin os, ossis (“bone”) + -ify.
ouzel
From Middle English osel, from Old English ōsle, from Proto-West Germanic *ą̄slā, *amslā, from Proto-Germanic *amslǭ. Cognate with German Amsel.
For the spelling, compare Early Modern English bloud (“blood”).
ovate
Borrowed from Latin ōvātus, from ōvum (“an egg”) + -ātus; see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix).
Ultimately from a Celtic language, see Proto-Celtic *wātis.
Borrowed from Latin ovātus, perfect passive participle of ovō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
oxalic
Borrowed from French oxalique, from Oxalis (“the sorrel plant”).
oxeye
From ox + eye. Apparently in some senses, specifically Buphthalmum, translated from Arabic عَيْن الْبَقَر (ʕayn al-baqar, literally “ox-eye”), as also the case for French œil-de-bœuf.
paean
From Latin paeān (“a hymn, especially a victory hymn, to Apollo or another god”), from Ancient Greek παιᾱ́ν (paiā́n, “a chant or song, especially a thanksgiving or victory hymn, to Apollo under the name Παιᾱ́ν (Paiā́n)”), from the phrase Ἰὼ Παιᾱ́ν (Iṑ Paiā́n, “O Paean!, Thanks to Paean!”). According to Homer, Paián or Paean was the name of the physician of the gods; its further etymology is unclear. It has been suggested that Παιᾱ́ν is derived from *παιάϝων (*paiáwōn, “one who heals illnesses through magic”), from *παῖϝα (*paîwa), *παϝία (*pawía, “to blow”), related to παίω (paíō, “to hit, strike”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pēu-, *pyu-, *pū- (“to hit; to cut”)), or from παύω (paúō, “to bring to an end; to abate, to stop”) (from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, little; smallness”)), or that it may be a Pre-Greek word.
Compare Middle French and French paean (also French péan), Italian peana, Portuguese peã, péan.
pall
From Middle English pal, palle, from Old English pæl, pæll, from Old French paile and Latin pallium (“cloak; covering”) (and thus a doublet of pallium), probably from palla (“piece of cloth worn as apparel”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to cover, wrap; hide, skin; cloth”)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns).
Formed by aphesis from appal, appall (“(obsolete) to make pale; to weaken; to become weak; to lose flavour or become stale”), possibly under the influence of the figurative meaning of the unrelated noun pall.
Alternatively, the word may be derived from Middle English pallen (“to diminish, impair, weaken; to become faint; to lose spirit”), formed by aphesis from apallen (“to become or make faint or tired; to become indifferent; to fade or cause to fade away; to dim, weaken; to become stale; to be frightened; to frighten; to become pale”), from Old French apalir (“to become or cause to become pale”), possibly from Latin pallidus (“pale, pallid; pale with fright, frightened; mouldy, musty”), from palleō (“to be pale, turn pale; to be anxious or fearful; to fade or change colour”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pel-, *pelH- (“grey; pale”)) + -idus (suffix meaning ‘tending to’ forming adjectives).
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Hungarian Páll, a variant of Pál.
* Borrowed from Telugu పాల్ (pāl), a rendition of the personal name Paul.
pard
From Middle English parde, from Old French, from Latin pardus, from Ancient Greek πάρδος (párdos), possibly of Iranian origin and related to other Sanskrit and Ancient Greek terms (see leopard).
patina
Borrowed from Italian patina, from Latin patina (“dish, pan”), itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek πατάνη (patánē), either from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread”) or from Pre-Greek. Doublet of paten, patena, and patine.
peal
From Middle English pele, peil, probably an apheretic variant of Middle English apel, appel, from Old French apel (“an appeal; pealing of bells”). Compare appeal.
penna
From Latin penna (“feather”). Doublet of panne, pen, and pinna.
pew
From Middle English pewe, from Old French puiee, puïe (“balustrade, balcony”), from Latin podia, plural of podium (“parapet, podium”), from Ancient Greek πόδιον (pódion, “little foot”), from πούς (poús, “foot”). Doublet of podia.
phenol
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.
Proto-Hellenic *pʰáňňō
Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō)der.
French phènebor.
English phenol
From French phène, from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to clear”), as it was used for illumination, name given by Auguste Laurente in 1836.
By surface analysis, pheno- + -ol.
phenyl
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.
Proto-Hellenic *pʰáňňō
Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō)der.
French phéno-
Proto-Indo-European *swel-der.?
Ancient Greek ῡ̔́λη (hū́lē)der.
French -yle
French phénylebor.
English phenyl
Borrowed from French phényle, derived from the root of Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to shine”) plus ὕλη (húlē, “wood; material, substance”). Equivalent to phen- + -yl.
phloem
First attested in 1872. From German Phloëm, coined by Swiss botanist Carl Nägeli in 1858 from Ancient Greek φλόος (phlóos, “husk, bark”) + a Greek-sounding ending -em (cf. System).
pica
Borrowed from Latin pīca (“jay; magpie”). Doublet of pie (“magpie”).
* (pathology): From the idea that magpies will eat almost anything.
From Medieval Latin pica (“pica: a service book”), possibly from Latin pīca (“magpie”) after the piebald appearance of the typeset page (cf. pie (“disordered type”)). The relation to the printer's measure is unclear, as no edition of the text in pica type is known. The French pica derives from English rather than vice versa.
pilfer
From earlier pilfre, from Middle English pilfre (“booty”), from Old French pelfre (“plunder, booty, spoils”), of unknown origin. Compare pelf.
pinner
From Middle English pynner, pynnere, pinnere, equivalent to pin + -er.
Variant of pinder, from Middle English pindere, pyndere, pundere, pendere, equivalent to pend (“to pen”) + -er.
pith
The noun is derived from Middle English pith, pithe (“soft interior; pith, pulp”) [and other forms], from Old English piþa [and other forms], from Proto-Germanic *piþô, from earlier *piþō (oblique *pittan); further etymology unknown. Doublet of pit (“seed or stone inside a fruit”).
The verb Middle English pethen (“to give courage or strength”), derived from the noun pith (noun), did not survive into modern English.
Cognates
* Dutch peen (“carrot”)
* Middle Low German peddek, peddik, piddek (“bone marrow; medulla; spinal cord; inner part of a horn or quill; (figurative) core, essence”) (the last spelling rare) (Low German Peddik (“core; pulp”))
* West Frisian piid (“pulp, kernel”)
plasm
From Late Latin plasma (“mold”) or Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma, “something formed”), in some cases via German Plasma or French plasme, like English plasma.
plumb
From Middle English plumbe, plumme, from Old French *plombe, from Latin plumba, plural of plumbum.
pomade
From French pommade, from Italian pomata (“ointment, pomade”), from pomo (“apple”) + -ata (“-ade, -ate: forming nouns”), from Latin pōmum (“fruit, apple”). Doublet of pomatum, pomate, and pomace. Early pomades tended to be various kinds of fat mixed with apples for a more pleasing scent.
pomp
The noun is derived from Middle English pomp, pompe, from Old French pompe, from Latin pompa (“pomp”), from Ancient Greek πομπή (pompḗ, “a sending, a solemn procession, pomp”), from πέμπω (pémpō, “to send”).
The verb is derived from Middle English pompen, from pomp, pompe (see above).
From Middle English pompen. Possibly an alteration of pampen (English pamp), from Middle Low German pampen (“to pamper oneself, live luxuriously”), from Old Saxon *pampōn, from Proto-Germanic *pampōną (“to swell”), from Proto-Indo-European *bamb- (“round object”).
ponce
Uncertain, but probably an aphetic form of French alphonse (“kept man”), from the male given name Alphonse. Also sometimes connected to pounce or French pensionnaire (“pensioner, person living without working”).
From French panse (“belly”).
From Spanish Ponce.
poplin
An alteration (taken as related to Pope) of French papeline, a distortion of Poperinge, a town in Flanders which was a centre for textile production.
popper
From Middle English poppere, equivalent to pop + -er (suffix forming agent noun).
Etymology 1 sense 8 ("capsule of amyl nitrite") is derived from the popping sound when the capsule is broken open; from which etymology 1 sense 9 also derives.
posit
Borrowed from Latin positus, perfect participle of pōnō (“put, place”). Noun sense 3 (type of number format) was coined by American computer scientist and businessman John Gustafson in 2017.
preen
From Middle English pren, from Old English prēon, from Proto-Germanic *preunaz (compare Icelandic prjónn (“pin, knitting-needle”), Danish pryne (“needle, eel-spear”)), of uncertain origin, but perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *brewn- (“protrusion, tip, edge”) (compare Lithuanian briaunà (“edge”), Albanian brez (“belt, girdle”)). Cognate with German Pfriem.
The verb is from Middle English prenen, from pren (“a preen”), akin to German pfriemen.
Variant of prune (by influence of preen above). Attested in Chaucer (c. 1395) in the variants preyneth, prayneth, proyneth, prunyht, pruneth, from Old French proignier (“to trim the feathers with the beak”).
propyl
Etymology tree
French propionique
Proto-Indo-European *swel-der.?
Ancient Greek ῡ̔́λη (hū́lē)der.
French -yle
French propyl-der.
English propyl
From the chemical prefix propyl-, from propylic or directly from earlier French propylique, from prop(ionique) + -yle + -ique, where -yle, as in French méthylène, is from ὕλη (húlē, “wood, substance”).
prow
From Middle French proue, proe, from Ligurian prua, proa, from Latin prōra, from Ancient Greek πρῷρα (prōîra).
From Middle English prow, from Old French prou, from Late Latin prode; more at proud.
puffin
From Middle English poffin, poffoun, puffon, equivalent to puff + -ing, or perhaps ultimately from Middle Cornish (compare Breton poc'han (“puffin”)).
pug
The noun is borrowed from Hindi पग (pag, “step; (less common) foot; leg”), from Old Hindi पगु (pagu), from Sanskrit पद्ग (padga), from पद् (pad, “step; foot”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to step; to walk; to fall; to stumble”)) + ग (ga, stem at the ends of compounds denoting going or moving) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to step”)).
The verb is derived from the noun.
From Late Middle English pugge (“husk of grain”); further etymology unknown, possibly related to pug (verb) (see etymology 5). However, the latter is only attested much later.
purine
Etymology tree
German Purinbor.
English purine
Borrowed from German Purin.
purl
from Middle English pirle (“whirligig”), Middle Italian pirla (“whipping top”).
From Old Norse purla (“to babble”), possibly ultimately from an imitative Germanic base related to Dutch polder, Norwegian puldra (“to gush”) and pulla (“to bubble”), Old English polr (“marsh”).
purvey
From Middle English purveyen, from Anglo-Norman purveer, purveir et al., Old French porveeir, porveoir, from Latin prōvidēre (“to provide”). Doublet of provide; compare prudent.
pyrite
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥
Proto-Hellenic *pāwər
Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr)
Proto-Indo-European *-tósder.
Ancient Greek -της (-tēs)der.
Ancient Greek -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs)
Ancient Greek πῠρῑ́της (pŭrī́tēs)bor.
Latin pȳritēsder.
Old French pyriteder.
English pyrite
Recorded since 1555, from Old French pyrite (12th century), from Latin pȳritēs, from Ancient Greek πυρίτης λίθος (purítēs líthos, “stone of fire, flint”) (so called because it glitters), notably the first part: adjective πυρίτης (purítēs, “of or in fire”), from πῦρ (pûr, “fire”). Analyzable as pyr- + -ite
quip
From a shortening of earlier quippy, perhaps from Latin quippe (“indeed”), ultimately quid (“what”).
rabat
From French rabat.
Apparently from French rabattre (“to lower”), which often denotes a folding or swinging motion downwards.
From Arabic الرَّبَاط (ar-rabāṭ).
From Maltese rabat (“suburb”), from Arabic رَبَض (rabaḍ, “outskirts, suburb”).
rabbet
From Middle English rabeten, from Old French raboter, rabouter (“to thrust back”, verb), from Old French re- + boter, bouter. Doublet of rebut.
The noun is from Middle English rabet, from Old French rabot, from the verb.
radix
PIE word
 *wréh₂ds
Learned borrowing from Latin rādīx (“a root”). Doublet of radish.
raj
Borrowed from Hindi राज (rāj), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-. Doublet of rex, rich, and others.
Proprialisation of raj (“(India) reign, rule”, noun), borrowed from Hindustani
राज / راج (rāj, “reign, rule; empire, kingdom; country, state; royalty”), from Sanskrit राज्य (rājyá, “empire, kingdom, realm; kingship, royalty, sovereignty; country”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to right or straighten oneself; to govern, rule; just; right”). Doublet of Reich.
ramify
Borrowed from Middle French ramifier, from Medieval Latin ramificō (“to branch, ramify”), from Latin rāmus (“a branch”) + -ficō (causative suffix).
rankle
From Middle English ranklen, ranclen, from Old French rancler, räoncler, draoncler (“to ulcerate, to form a boil”), from Old French draoncle (“a boil”), from Latin dracunculus (“little serpent”), diminutive of Latin dracō (“serpent, dragon”).
rarefy
From Middle English rarefien, from Old French rarefier (French raréfier), from Latin rarefacere (“make rare”). By surface analysis, rare + -fy.
raster
From German Raster, from Latin rāster, from rāstrum (“rake”, noun), from rādō (“to scrape”, verb).
ream
From Middle English reme, rem, from Old English rēam (“cream”), from Proto-West Germanic *raum, from Proto-Germanic *raumaz (“cream”), from Proto-Indo-European *réwgʰmn̥ (“to sour [milk]”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Room (“cream”), West Frisian rjemme (“cream”), Dutch room (“cream”), German Low German Rahm, Rohm (“cream”), German Rahm (“cream”), Swedish römme (“cream”), Norwegian rømme (“sour cream”), Faroese rómi (“cream”), Icelandic rjómi (“cream”). See also ramekin.
From Middle English reme, from Old French raime, rayme (“ream”) (French rame), from Catalan raima (“ream”), from Arabic رِزْمَة (rizma, “bundle”).
From the German surname, Anglicized from Riehm, Röhm, Roehm.
reaver
From Middle English revere (also revour, reiver, refar, reavere), from Old English rēafere (“reaver; robber; spoiler”), equivalent to reave + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Roower, Dutch rover, German Räuber, Swedish rövare, Icelandic raufari.
reb
From Yiddish רב (reb).
Borrowed from Russian РЭБ (REB), abbreviation of радиоэлектронная борьба (radioelektronnaja borʹba, “radio-electronic combat”).
rebut
Inherited from Middle English rebutten, rebouten, from Old French reboter, rebuter, rebouter, etc., from re- + boter, buter, bouter (“to butt”). Entered English around 1302-1307.
reck
From Middle English recken, rekken, reken, from Old Norse rœkja (compare Old English rēċċan, rēċan (“to care, reck, take care of, be interested in, care for, desire”); whence English retch), from Proto-Germanic *rōkijaną (“to care, take care”), from Proto-Indo-European *rēǵ-, *rēg- (“to care, help”). Cognate with obsolete Dutch roeken, Low German roken, ruken (“to reck, care”), German geruhen (“to deign, condescend”), Icelandic rækja (“to care, regard, discharge”), Danish røgte (“to care, tend”), Swedish rykta (“to groom”). See reckon.
recuse
From Late Middle English recusen, from Old French recuser (modern French récuser (“to challenge; to impugn; (formal) to make an objection; (law) to recuse”), and from its etymon Latin recūsāre, the present active infinitive of recūsō (“to decline, refuse, reject; (law) to object to, protest”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’, denoting opposition or reversal) + causa (“cause, reason; (law) case, claim; etc.”) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs). Doublet of rouse and possibly ruse.
Cognates
* Catalan recusar
* French récuser
* Italian ricusare
* Old Occitan recuzar
* Portuguese recusar
* Spanish recusar
remit
From Middle English remitten, from Latin remittere (“to send, send back”). Compare Old French remettre, remetre, remitter.
renal
Etymology tree
Late Latin rēn
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Late Latin -ālis
Late Latin rēnālislbor.
English renal
Learned borrowing from Late Latin renalis, from Latin rēnēs (“kidneys”).
ret
From Middle English retten, reten; perhaps from Middle Dutch rēten, reeten (compare Middle Low German rōten; Middle High German rōzen), or from Old Norse reyta (compare Norwegian røyta, Swedish röta); all from Proto-Germanic *rautijaną (“to make mellow or soft”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewd- (“to tear; rend; rip”). Related to rot.
rhesus
From New Latin rhēsus, arbitrary formation from Latin Rhēsus, from Ancient Greek Ῥῆσος (Rhêsos), mythical Thracian king.
ribose
From German Ribose, formed from Ribonsäure, the first element of which comes from a rearrangement of English arabinose.
rick
From Middle English *rykke, from Old English hrycce (“rick, heap, pile”), cognate with Scots ruk (“rick”), Norwegian ruka (“rick, haystack”). Related also to Old English hrēac (“rick, stack”), from Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”). Further relations: Dutch rook, Icelandic hraukur, Irish cruach. Doublet of croagh.
From earlier wrick, from Middle English wricken, wrikken (“to move back and forth”), probably from Middle Dutch *verwricken or Middle Low German vorwricken. Cognate with West Frisian wrikke, wrikje, Dutch wrikken, Low German wricken, German wricken, Danish vrikke, Swedish vricka.
From Middle English *rikken (attested only as palatised variant Middle English richen (“to pull, tug; to move, proceed, run; to twist, turn”)), from Old Norse rykkja (“to move, rock, throw”), from Proto-Germanic *rukkijaną (“to rock, move”). Cognate with English rock. Possibly merged with Middle English wrikken (“to move to and fro, move back and forth”), see Etymology 2 above.
riffle
Possible alteration of ruffle, from Middle English ruffelen, akin to Low German ruffelen (“to crumple”).
From Danish [Term?] (“a groove”).
Compare rifle (“to score, to make grooves”) and the past participle riflet (“scored, grooved, rifled”), riffeln with the same meaning. Also see rifle (“a rifled gun”).
roil
Origin uncertain. Possibly from French or Middle French rouiller (“to rust, make muddy”), from Old French rouil (“mud, rust”), from Vulgar Latin *robicula, from Latin robigo (“rust, blight”)
rondo
Unadapted borrowing from Italian rondò, itself an unadapted borrowing of French rondeau. Doublet of rondeau; see there for further etymology.
ruff
From Old French roffle, rouffle (earlier romfle, ronfle), or from Italian ronfa (“card game similar to whist”); these words are possibly from Old French triomphe (“a triumph, victory”), Italian trionfo (“triumph; trump card”), from Latin triumphus (“hymn to Bacchus; celebration, triumph”), ultimately from Ancient Greek θρῐ́ᾰμβος (thrĭ́ămbos, “hymn to Dionysius, thriambus”). The verb is derived from the noun. Doublet of trump.
rummer
Partly from Dutch roemer, rummer (West Flanders); partly from Middle Low German römer; partly from German Römer (“Roman person or thing”), named because it was made in glassworks dating from the Roman era. See also roemer; and for the etymology compare Romeware.
rumpus
Unknown. First use appears c. 1745. The OED indicates: "perhaps an arbitrary formation". Possibly an alteration of rumbustical or rumbustious (“boisterous, noisy”) + Latin -us (“nominative suffix”). The use of the verbal form first appears c. 1839.
rune
Etymology tree
Proto-Celtic *rūnābor.?
Proto-Germanic *rūnō
Proto-Germanic *rūnǭ
Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo)
Old Norse rúnbor.
English rune
Borrowed from Old Norse rún, which is from Proto-Germanic *rūnō (“letter, literature, secret”), which is borrowed either from Proto-Celtic *rūnā or from the same source as it; compare Dutch rune, German Rune, Raune, Danish rune and Swedish runa. Compare roun.
; Finnic epic poem
; "code point"
rut
From Middle English rutte (noun) and rutten (verb), from Old French rut (“noise, roar, bellowing”), from Latin rugītus, from rugīre (“to roar”).
Probably from Middle English route, from Middle French route (“road”), from Old French route. See also rutter.
ruth
From Middle English reuþe, ruthe, reuthe, rewthe, reowthe, corresponding to rue + -th (abstract nominal suffix), perhaps after early Scandinavian (compare Old Norse hrygð, hryggð (“ruth, sorrow”)).
From Ruth the Moabite, Hebrew רות, of uncertain origin, possibly meaning "companion". Also associated with the English noun ruth (“compassion”) by Puritans.
rutile
From Latin rutilus (“red”) because of its common color, named in 1803.
rutty
From Hindi रत्ती (rattī), literally “the seed of the plant Abrus precatorius.”
sachem
Borrowed from Narragansett sachem; compare Mi'kmaq saqamaw (“chief”) and Unami sakima (“chief”), all ultimately from Proto-Algonquian *sa·kima·wa. Doublet of sagamore.
sage
From Middle English sage, from Old French sage (11th century), from Vulgar Latin *sapium, from Latin sapere (“to taste, to discern, to be wise”).
The noun meaning "man of profound wisdom" is recorded from circa 1300. Originally applied to the Seven Sages of Greece.
From Middle English sauge, from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia, from salvus (“healthy”), see safe. Doublet of salvia.
Borrowed from Japanese sage (sage), from 下げる (sageru, “to lower”). From 2channel.
* As an English and French surname, from sage, a nickname for a wise person. The given name, in general use since the 1990s, is also associated with the sage plant. Compare Desage, Lesage.
* As an Irish surname, variant of Savage.
* As a German surname, from a placename derived from the noun sege (“sedge”) (see sedge).
saker
From Middle English sacre, from Middle French sacre, from Old Spanish sacro, from Arabic صَقْر (ṣaqr).
samba
Borrowed from Brazilian Portuguese samba, from a Bantu language. Doublet of semba.
sambar
Borrowed from Hindi सांभर (sāmbhar), साँभर (sāmbhar), from Sanskrit शम्बर (śambara, “a kind of deer”).
From Tamil சாம்பார் (cāmpār), from Marathi सांभार (sāmbhār)/सांबार (sāmbār, “curry”), from Old Marathi सांबार (sāṃbāra), from Sanskrit सम्भार (sambhārá, “materials required for a particular purpose, provision; collection of spices”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sambʰārás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sambʰārás, from Proto-Indo-European *sem-bʰor-ó-s, from *sem- (“together, one”) + *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-ós (deverbal suffix). Doublet of Anbar and ambar.
sapper
Borrowed from Middle French sappeur (French sapeur). By surface analysis, sap + -er.