MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
chatelaine
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Borrowed from French châtelaine, the feminine form of châtelain (“castle-keeper, castellan; one living in a castle”), from Medieval Latin castellanus (“occupants of a castle”), from castellum (“castle, fort”) (diminutive of castrum (“castle, fort”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut off, separate”)) + -ānus (“of or pertaining to”). By surface analysis, Old French chatel + French -aine.
selva
Borrowed from Portuguese selva, from Latin silva. Doublet of silva.
Borrowed from Catalan and Italian Selva.
pinfold
From Middle English pinfold, punfold, punfald, variants of Middle English pundfold, pundfald, from Old English pundfald (“pinfold”), equivalent to pound (“pen, enclosure”) + fold.
kyphosis
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κύφωσις (kúphōsis).
araucaria
From taxonomic name Araucaria, after Spanish Arauco (“Chilean province”), from Mapudungun rag ko.
baryta
From New Latin baryta, from 18c. Latinization of French barote, 1782 coinage from Ancient Greek βαρύτης (barútēs, “heaviness”), from βαρύς (barús) + -της (-tēs).
Limburger cheese
From Dutch and German Limburger (“of the region of Limburg”).
paregoric
Borrowed from Ancient Greek παρηγορικός (parēgorikós, “soothing”), from παρηγορέω (parēgoréō, “to console, comfort”).
paresis
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek πάρεσις (páresis, “letting go, paralysis”), from παρίημι (paríēmi, “relax”), from παρα- (para-) + ἵημι (híēmi, “let go”).
paynim
From Middle English paynym, paynyme, from Anglo-Norman paienime, peinime et al., from Late Latin paganismus (“paganism”), from Latin paganus (“pagan”). Doublet of paganism.
peculation
From Latin pecūlātiō (“embezzlement”) from pecūlor (“to defraud the public”), related to pecūlium (“property in cattle, private property”), from pecū (“cattle, money”).
cohesive
From Latin cohaesus, past participle of cohaereō, + -ive.
synchysis
Borrowed from Latin synchysis, from Ancient Greek σύγχυσις (súnkhusis, “a mixing”).
pomelo
Of uncertain etymology, though possibly a variant of earlier pampelmoes, from French, Dutch, Portuguese sources ultimately equivalent to "thick lemon" or transcribing the Tamil பம்ப ளிமாசு (pampa ḷimācu, “big citrus”). Alternatively, possibly from pome (“apple”) + melon or some cognate; though such a compound is currently unattested, some early variant spellings seem to show influence from pome.
prosthetic
From New Latin prostheticus, from Ancient Greek προσθετικός (prosthetikós, “adding; repletive; giving additional power”), from πρόσθεσις (prósthesis, “addition”), from προστίθημι (prostíthēmi, “I add”), from πρός (prós, “towards”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I place”). By surface analysis, prosth- + -etic.
scandalous
From Late Middle English scandalouse (“disgraceful, shameful”), borrowed from Old French scandaleux (“scandalous”) (modern French scandaleux), from Medieval Latin scandalōsus, from Ecclesiastical Latin scandalum (“scandal”) + Latin -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of; prone to’ forming adjectives). Scandalum is derived from Ancient Greek σκᾰ́νδᾰλον (skắndălon, “offence, scandal; snare, trap”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Pre-Greek or Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”) (referring to a device for climbing or jumping on, such as might be used by someone setting a trap). By surface analysis, scandal + -ous (suffix forming adjectives from nouns, denoting presence of a quality in any degree (typically an abundance), or a relation to the nouns).
cenote
From Spanish cenote, from Yucatec Maya tsʼonoʼot (“hole with water”).
sinkhole
From Middle English sinkehole, sinkeholl, equivalent to sink + hole.
peri
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پری (peri), from Persian پری (pari).
pericarp
From French péricarpe, from New Latin pericarpium, from Ancient Greek περικάρπιον (perikárpion, “pod, husk, shell”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). By surface analysis, peri- + -carp.
peripeteia
From Late Latin peripetia, and its source Ancient Greek περιπέτεια (peripéteia), from περιπίπτω (peripíptō, “to change suddenly”), from περί (perí, “round, around, about”) + the stem of πίπτω (píptō, “to fall”).
periplus
From Latin periplūs (“account of a voyage”) and Ancient Greek περίπλους (períplous, “voyage, naval manouver, account of a voyage”), from περί (perí, “peri-: around”) + πλοῦς (ploûs, “voyage”), from πλεῖν (pleîn, “to swim”). Cf. French périple, Spanish periplo, & Italian periplo.
perizoma
Borrowed from Latin perizoma. from Ancient Greek περίζωμα (perízōma).
perscopate
From per- (“throughout, thoroughly”) + + Latin scōpātus, from scōpāre (“sweep”), from scōpa (“broom, bundle of sticks”) (classically only found as plural scōpae). By surface analysis, per- + scop(a) + -ate.
petechia
Learned borrowing from New Latin petechia, from Italian petecchie (“skin eruptions”, plural), probably from a popular Latin diminutive of petigo (“scab, eruption”) (from impetīgo).
phalera
From Latin phalerae, from Ancient Greek φάλαρα (phálara) (plural of φάλαρον (phálaron)).
phylarch
From Latin phylarchus, from Ancient Greek φύλαρχος (phúlarkhos), from φῡλή (phūlḗ, “large clan or tribe of ancient Greece”).
xantho-
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ξᾰνθός (xănthós, “yellow”).
onde
From Middle English onde, ande, from Old English onda, anda (“zeal, indignation, anger, malice, envy, hatred”), from Proto-West Germanic *anadō, from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, spirit, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”).
Cognate with Scots aynd, eind, end (“breath”), German Ahnd, And (“pain, anguish”), Danish ånd, ånde (“breath, spirit”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Latin anima (“breath, spirit”). More at animal.
From Middle English onden (Northern dialect ande), from Old Norse anda (“to breathe”).
effete
From Latin effētus (“exhausted”, literally “that has given birth”), 1620s.
pismire
From Middle English pissemyre, equivalent to piss + mire (“ant”). So called due to the smell of anthills. Compare English pissant, Old Frisian pisimme, Dutch pismiere, Swedish pissmyra.
pneuma
From Ancient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma, “wind, breath, spirit”), from πνέω (pnéō, “I blow, breathe”). Doublet of neume.
ponent
Borrowed from Italian ponente (“west”), ultimately from pōnēns, present participle of pōnō (“to place”).
pottle
From Middle English potell, potel, from Old French potel, diminutive of pot; see more at pot.
prebendary
From Medieval Latin praebendārius, from Late Latin praebenda (“literally ‘things to be supplied’; prebend”), neuter plural of gerundive of praebeō (“supply”), from prae- (“pre-”) + habeō (“have, hold”).
procacious
From Latin procax (“bold, impudent”), from proco (“ask, demand”), from procus (“suitor”).
proparoxytone
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek προπᾰροξῠ́τονος (propăroxŭ́tonos).
antiphrasis
Borrowed from Late Latin antiphrasis, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀντίφρασις (antíphrasis) (< phrazein "declare").
elocution
From Middle English elocucioun, ellocucioun, from Late Latin ēlocutiōnem. Doublet of elocutio.
rooibos
Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans rooibos (literally “redbush”), from Dutch rooi (“red”) + bos (“bush”). Compare related honeybush via Afrikaans heuningbos from heuning (“honey”) + bos (“bush”).
wah
From Nepali [script needed] (wah donka).
From Cantonese 嘩 /哗 (waa³) or Mandarin 哇 (wa).
Borrowed from Cantonese 華 /华 (waa6, waa4).
medic
Borrowed from Latin medicus m (“of or belonging to healing, curative, medical; as a noun, medicus, masculine, a physician, doctor, surgeon”), Late Latin medica f (“a female physician, midwife”), from mederi (“to heal”).
mascot
Borrowed from French mascotte, from Occitan mascòta (“sortilege”), feminine diminutive of masca (“witch”), from Old Occitan masca, from Medieval Latin masca (“specter, nightmare”). More at mask.
peirastic
From Ancient Greek πειραστικός (peirastikós, “tentative”), from πεῖρα (peîra).
pleuro-
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πλευρᾱ́ (pleurā́)bor.
Latin pleurader.
English pleuro-
From Latin pleura. By surface analysis, pleur- + -o-.
byre
From Middle English bire, bier, byr, from Old English bȳre.
orgiastic
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὀργιαστικός (orgiastikós, “exciting”), from ὀργιαστής (orgiastḗs, “orgy celebrator”), from ὀργιάζειν (orgiázein, “to celebrate orgies”), from ὄργια (órgia).
untimely
From Middle English untymely (also earlier untimliche), equivalent to un- + timely. First attested in the early 13th century. Compare Middle Danish utimelig, Old English untídlic (“unreasonable”).
to each his own
Calque of Latin suum cuique, short for suum cuique pulchrum est (“to each his own is beautiful”).
Miwok
Miwok means "the people" in the native Utian language.
pschent
From Ancient Greek ψχέντ (pskhént), from Late Egyptian pꜣ-sḫmtj (“the two powerful ones”), from pꜣ (“definite article”) + sḫmtj, dual of sḫmt (“powerful one”), from sḫm (“to be powerful, to have power over”).
ptosis
From Ancient Greek πτῶσις (ptôsis, “falling, fall”), from πίπτω (píptō, “to fall down”) + -σις (-sis, nominal suffix). First used in 1710.
pudor
Borrowed from Latin pudor (“sense of modesty or shame”), from pudet (“it shames”), as is pudency (via pudentia).
punkah
Borrowed from Hindi पंखा (paṅkhā, “fan”), from Sanskrit पक्षक (pakṣaka), from पक्ष (pakṣa, “wing”).
tokkurinage
Borrowed from Japanese 徳利投げ, "two-handed head twist down".
pyx
The noun is derived from Late Middle English pix, pixe (“vessel for holding a host, pyx; hip bone socket, pyxis”) [and other forms], from Late Latin pyxis (“vessel for holding a host”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries; box holding sample coins for testing; hip bone socket; sailor's compass”), from Koine Greek πυξίς (puxís), Ancient Greek πῠξῐ́ς (pŭxĭ́s, “box; box or tablet made of boxwood; cylinder”), from πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos, “box tree; boxwood”) + -ῐς (-ĭs, suffix forming feminine nouns). Doublet of box, piseog, and pyxis.
The verb is derived from the noun.
tsukaminage
Borrowed from Japanese つかみ投げ (tsukaminage), literally "lifting throw".
tsukidashi
Borrowed from Japanese 突き出し, literally frontal thrust out.
encaustic
From Ancient Greek ἐγκαυστικός (enkaustikós, “burning in”), from καίω (kaíō, “to burn”).
Hashem
From Hebrew הַשֵּׁם (hashém, literally “the name”), likely via Yiddish השם (hashem).
euphorbia
Borrowed from Latin euphorbia by 1601, reinforced by taxonomic name Euphorbia after 1753. Variant form euforbia is attested in Middle English.
quaestor
From Middle English questor, from Latin quaestor, from an old participle form of quaerō.
quarrons
Unknown. Possibly from Italian carogna (“carrion”) or French charogne, caroigne (“carrion”); hence from Latin caro (“flesh”). If so, cognate with English carrion, carnage.
quern
From Middle English quern, cwerne, from Old English cweorn (“quern, hand-mill, mill”), from Proto-Germanic *kwernō (“millstone”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”). Cognate with Tocharian B kärweñe, Lithuanian girna, Russian жёрнов (žórnov, “millstone”).
syncope
Learned borrowing from Late Latin syncopē, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, nominalization suffix), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”). Partly continues the (near-)doublets syncopis and sincopin, both from the Old French sincopin (“faintness”) (itself from Late Latin accusative syncopen), with the pathological meaning "a loss of consciousness accompanied by a weak pulse", attested from the fifteenth century.
Usage in the form syncope, with the phonological meaning "contraction of a word by omission of middle sounds or letters" attested from the 1520s. Syncopis and sincopin were "re-Latinized" to the form syncope in English in the sixteenth century. The musical usage first occurs after the 1660s, following the musical usage of syncopation and syncopate.
Havdalah
From Hebrew הבדלה (havdalá, “havdalah”, literally “separation”).
homological
From Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”), by surface analysis, homo- + logical.
pallet
From Middle English paillet, from Anglo-Norman paillete (“bundle of straw”), from Old French paille (“straw, chaff”), from Latin palea (“chaff”).
Said to be from Middle English *palet, from Middle French *palet, from Middle French pal (“pale”), ultimately from Latin palla (“a strip of cloth”).
Learned borrowing from French palette.
logistic curve
Calque of French courbe logistique, coined by Belgian mathematician Pierre François Verhulst in 1845. Verhulst did not explain his choice of the name logistique; see discussion at logistic.
drinker
From Middle English drinkere, drynkere, from Old English drincere (“drinker”), from Proto-Germanic *drinkārijaz (“drinker”), equivalent to drink + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Drinker (“drinker”), West Frisian drinker (“drinker”), Dutch drinker (“drinker”), German Low German Drinker (“drinker”), German Trinker (“drinker”), Danish drikker (“drinker”), Swedish drickare, drinkare (“drinker”).
Siddhartha
From Sanskrit सिद्धार्थ (siddhārtha, “one who has accomplished an aim or object, successful, prosperous”), from सिद्ध (siddha, “achievement”) + अर्थ (artha, “meaning, purpose”).
Stanislav
From Bulgarian and Russian Станислав (Stanislav) or Ukrainian Станіслав (Stanislav).
Mooney
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Maonaigh (“descendant of Maonach”), a personal name derived from maoineach (“rich, wealthy; precious, beloved”).
Bethany
From Ancient Greek Βηθανία (Bēthanía), from Aramaic בית עניא (beth anya, “house of wretchedness”). This etymology is highly disputed; see Bethany.
rann
Borrowed from Old Irish rann.
Borrowed from Southern German Rann.
rappel
Borrowed from French rappeler (“to pull through (a rope)”).
Borrowed from French rappel. Compare repeal.
rath
Borrowed from Old Irish ráth.
From Hindi रथ (rath), from Sanskrit रथ (ratha).
Borrowed from German Rath.
dekopon
Borrowed from Japanese デコポン (dekopon), from でこ (凸, deko, “uneven”) + ポンカン (ponkan, “a kind of tangerine”).
annotate
From Latin annotātus, past participle of annotāre (an alternative form of adnotāre), from ad- (“to”) + notāre (“to mark, note”). By surface analysis, an- + note + -ate.
leaden
From Middle English leden, leaden, from Old English lēaden (“leaden, of lead”). Cognate with West Frisian leaden (“leaden”), Dutch loden (“leaden”). By surface analysis, lead + -en.
dol
Clipping of Latin dolor (“sorrow, pain”). Doublet of dolor.
Borrowed from Uyghur دول (dol).
fustic
From Middle English fustik, from Middle French fustec, variant of fustet.
rax
From Middle English raxen, rasken (“to stretch oneself”), from Old English raxan, racsan (“to stretch oneself after sleep”), probably alteration, with formative s, of Old English rǣċan, ræċċan, reċċan (“to stretch, extend”), from Proto-Germanic *rakjaną (“to stretch”), from Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to make straight”). Related to Dutch rekken (“to stretch”), German recken (“to stretch”), Swedish räcka (“to suffice, reach, pass, last”).
recusant
Borrowed from Latin recūsans, recūsāntis, from recūsō (“to refuse, decline; to object to; to protest”). See recuse.
repine
Believed to have been formed (with uncertainty, due to the unusual formation) as re- + pine, with the verb giving rise to the noun (first attested in 1529 and 1593 respectively); compare the Middle English verb repinen (“(uncertain) to cause trouble to someone, grieve”) (from pīnen (“to cause pain, grieve, hurt, trouble; to starve, pine; to torment, torture”), from Old English pīnian), which may be related.
Sundanese
From Sundanese ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ (sunda).
omo-
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὦμος (ômos, “the shoulder”). By surface analysis, om- + -o-.
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὠμός (ōmós, “raw, crude, uncooked”).
Deneb
From Arabic ذَنَب الدَّجَاجَة (ḏanab ad-dajāja, “hen's tail”), from ذَنَب (ḏanab, “tail”) + دَجَاجَة (dajāja, “hen”).
wearily
From Middle English werily, werelye, equivalent to weary + -ly.
Thuban
From Arabic ثُعْبَان (ṯuʕbān, “snake”), the Arabic name for the constellation Alpha Draconis being الثُعْبَان (aṯ-ṯuʕbān).
riq'a
From Arabic رُقْعَة (ruqʕa).
risp
From Middle English rispen, from Old Norse rispa (“scratch”), from Proto-Germanic *ripsōną (“to rend; rip; tear open”), from Proto-Indo-European *reyb- (“to tear; snatch; pluck; reap”). Compare also Old Norse rifsa (“to plunder; reave”).
Micah
From Hebrew מִיכָה (mīḵāh), shortened form of מִיכַיְהוּ (mīḵāyᵊhū, “who is like Yahweh”).
rother
From Middle English rother, ruther, reother, from Old English hrūþer, hrȳþer, byforms of hrīþer, hrīþ (“neat; ox”), from Proto-Germanic *hrunþaz, *hrinþaz. Cognate with Dutch rund (“bovine”), German Rind (“bovine; beef”).
From Middle English rother, from Old English rōþor. See rudder.
# For the river in South Yorkshire: Probably 'the chief river', from Middle English Roder, from Proto-Brythonic *ro + Old Welsh *duβr.
# For the river in West Sussex: Back-formation from Rotherbridge.
# For the river in East Sussex: Back-formation from Rotherfield. Replaced Middle English Liminel, which is cognate with River Limden.
roun
Etymology tree
Proto-Celtic *rūnābor.?
Proto-Germanic *rūnō
Proto-West Germanic *rūnu
Old English rūn
Middle English roune
English roun
From Middle English roun, from Old English rūn, from Proto-Germanic *rūnō; more at round. Doublet of rune and round. The "rune" sense is likely a semantic loan from Old English rūn or one of its Germanic cognate.
From Old English rūnian.
rowel
From Middle English rowel, rowell, rowelle, from Old French roel, roiele (compare modern French rouelle), from Late Latin rotella, diminutive of Latin rota (“wheel”). Doublet of rotella.
ruga
Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).
runnel
From Middle English runel, rennel, rinel, from Old English rynel (“that which runs; runner; stream”), from Proto-Germanic *runilaz, equivalent to run + -el. Cognate with Scots rinel, rinnal (“stream; runnel”), Swedish rännel (“runner; runnel”).
rutilant
From Late Middle English rutilaunt (“shining with a gold or red colour”), from rutilāns (“reddening”), an adjective use of the present participle of rutilō (“to redden”) (from rutilus (“(yellowish) red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)). The English word is cognate with Italian rutilante, Portuguese rutilante, Spanish rutilante.
swan song
Calque of German Schwanenlied(from Schwan + Lied) or Schwanengesang; from the belief that the mute swan sings before dying.
Sabir
From Sabir sabir (“know”), in Molière's Le bourgeois gentilhomme, probably from Spanish saber, ultimately from Latin sapere.
Possibly a native Turkic formation; see Sabir. Cognate to Greek Σαβίνος (Savínos), Σάβιροι (Sáviroi).
Ultimately from Arabic صَابِر (ṣābir).
From Azerbaijani Sabir or Səbir.
Minoan
Sir Arthur Evans, not knowing the Minoan term for “Minoan” at the time, coined this name in the early 20th century, from Ancient Greek Μίνως (Mínōs), the mythical king of Crete. The actual name is probably reflected in Egyptian kftjw (perhaps reconstructible as *Káftayu) and Biblical Hebrew כַּפְתּוֹר (Kaftor, “Caphthor”).
sabkha
Borrowed from Arabic سَبْخَة (sabḵa, “salt flat”).
blowing
From Middle English blowynge, blowende, from Old English blāwende, from Proto-Germanic *blēandz, present participle of Proto-Germanic *blēaną (“to blow”), equivalent to blow + -ing.
From Middle English blowynge, blowyng, from Old English blāwung (“blowing”), equivalent to blow + -ing.
declaring
From Middle English declaring, declarynge, equivalent to declare + -ing (present participle ending).
From Middle English declaring, declaryng, declaringe, declarynge, equivalent to declare + -ing (gerund ending).
sacre
From Middle English sacren, sakeren (“to make holy, hallow”), from Old French sacrer (“to hallow, consecrate, anoint, dedicate”), from Latin sacrō (“to make sacred, consecrate”), from sacer (“sacred, holy”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂krós (“sacred”), from *seh₂k- (“to sanctify, to make a treaty”).
sadhu
From Sanskrit साधु (sādhú, “good; good man, holy man”).
stencil
Likely a nominalization of Middle English stencellen (“to garnish with bright hues”), borrowed from Middle French estinceller (“to glisten”), from Old French estenceler (“to spark”), from Old French estencele (“spark”), from Vulgar Latin *stincilla, from metathesis of Latin scintilla (“spark”).
The verb is from the noun.
splenetic
The adjective form of spleen, borrowed from Late Latin spleneticus, from Latin splen. Anger was traditionally believed to originate from the fluids of the spleen.
vaporous
From Middle English vaporous, from Late Latin vapōrōsus (“full of steam”), from Latin vapor (“exhalation; smoke; steam, vapour”) (possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *kwep- (“to boil; to smoke, steam; aroma; strong odour”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, overly, prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). The English word is analysable as vapour + -ous. Possibly a doublet of hope.
Cognates
* French vaporeux (“misty, vaporous; filmy, transparent”)
* Italian vaporoso (“flimsy, gauzy; fluffy; vaporous”)
* Portuguese vaporoso
* Spanish vaporoso (“airy; vaporous”)
sphagnum
Borrowed from translingual Sphagnum, which is from Ancient Greek σφάγνος (sphágnos).
Saracen
From Late Latin Saracenus, from Ancient Greek Σαρακηνός (Sarakēnós) - *Saraka[?] + -ινος. The source of the Greek has long been debated.
* In the 17th-19th centuries, the most widely accepted theory derived it from Arabic شَرْقِيِّين (šarqiyyin, “easterners”), as the Sarakenoi lived to the east of most Semitic peoples of the time.
* Some authors in the 15th-17th centuries derived it from Arabic سَارِقُون (sāriqūn, “plunderers”) (as mentioned in Wikipedia Saracen).
* In the 4th century CE, some authors (e.g. Eusebius) connected it (likely by folk etymology) to the biblical Sarah, claiming that the progeny of Hagar had chosen that name to imitate the nobler roots of Israelites. This might be the source of the pejorative use of the term, and its wide currency.
* Two theories based on place-names point at Saraka in Arabia, or Sarakēnē in Arabia Petrea. The latter, apparently in Sinai, may be related to the Bedouin tribe Sawārke/Sawārika. According to this theory, this was the first Arabic group with whom the Greek writers from Alexandria would have sustained contacts, and it served as a type that was later generalized to all Arabic groups.
sagittary
From Latin sagittarius, from sagitta (“arrow”). Doublet of Sagittarius.
sain
From Middle English sainen, seinen, senen, sinen, signen, from Old English sēnian, seġnian, from Proto-Germanic *segnōną (“to mark with a cross, bless”), from Latin signō, from signum. Cognate with Dutch zegenen (“to bless”), German segnen (“to bless”), Irish séan (“sign, omen”) and Scottish Gaelic seun (“a charm”).
saltimbanco
Borrowed from Italian saltimbanco. Used thus in English because of the association with street performers, seen by the settled population in English-speaking culture as not to be trusted. A more usual and more accurate English word, derived from similar sources, is mountebank.
sanjak
From Ottoman Turkish سنجاق (sancâk, “subdivision of a vilayet”, literally “flag, banner”), from Proto-Turkic *sančgak (“lance, streamer attached to a spear”).
sawney
(fool, idiot): From Sawney, a Scots variant of the personal name Sandy.
anatase
From French anatase, from Ancient Greek ἀνάτασις (anátasis, “extending, extension”), named for the length of its crystals.
Chamaeleon
Learned borrowing from Latin chamaeleon (“chamaeleon”), from Ancient Greek χαμαιλέων (khamailéōn). Doublet of chameleon. Named by Dutch explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman between 1595 and 1597.
Dorado
Named by Dutch explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman between 1595 and 1597. From Italian dorato (“gilded, golden”), ultimately from Latin deaurātus, the past participle of deaurō (“to gild”).
From Spanish dorado, from the verb dorar (“gild, give a golden color”).
majoritarily
From majority + -ary + -ly. Perhaps a calque of French majoritairement or equivalents in other Romance languages.
anadem
From Latin anadēma, from Ancient Greek ἀνάδημα (anádēma, “head-band”).
commendable
From Middle English commendable, from Middle French commendable, from Latin commendabilis, from commendare (“to commend, intrust to”), from com- + mandare (“to commit, intrust, enjoin”), from manus (“hand”) + dare (“to put”).