MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
muller
From mull (“to mix (clay and sand) under a roller to prepare a mould”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns). Mull is possibly derived from mull (“(chiefly Northern England) to grind to powder, crumble, powder, pulverize”), from Middle English mollen, mullen (“to moisten (something); to soften (something) by making wet; to become liquid; to drizzle; to crumble or soften (something) by grinding; to fondle or pet (something)”), from Old French moillier, muillier (“to make wet”) (modern French mouiller), and from its etymon Vulgar Latin *molliāre, *mulliāre (“to make wet”), from Latin molliāre, the present active infinitive of molliō (“to soften”), from Latin mollis (“soft”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to melt; to soften”) or *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”)) + -iō (suffix forming factitive verbs from adjectives).
The noun is derived from Late Middle English molour, moler; further origin uncertain, possibly:
* from mull (“(Northern England) something reduced to fine particles”, noun) or mull (“(chiefly Northern England) to grind to powder, crumble, powder, pulverize”, verb) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns) (see etymology 2); or
* from an unattested Anglo-Norman or Middle French noun, from Old French moldre, moudre (“to grind”) (modern French moudre), from Latin molere, the present active infinitive of molō (“to grind, to mill”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”); or
* a variant of mullet (“(obsolete) stone for grinding”) + -er; mullet is derived from French molette (“pestle”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Probably from Angloromani mul-, the preterite stem of mer- (“to die”) (compare mullered, mullo (“dead”, adjective); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die; to disappear”)) + English -er (suffix forming frequentative verbs).
Borrowed from German Müller, the surname of Franz Müller (1840–1864), a German tailor who was convicted and hanged for the robbery and murder of Thomas Briggs, a British banker, on a train. Müller was found in possession of, among other things, Briggs’ top hat, which he had altered by reducing the height of the crown by half and resewing it to the brim.
Borrowed from German Müller (“miller”). Doublet of Miller.
talpa
Inherited from Middle English talpa, from Latin talpa (“mole”). Doublet of taupe.
Franciscan
Learned borrowing from Late Latin Franciscānus (“(noun) friar of the order of Saint Francis; (adjective) of or from the order of Saint Francis”) + English -an (suffix forming agent nouns; and meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Franciscānus is derived from Franciscus (“the given name Francis, the name of Saint Francis of Assisi (c. 1181 – 1226)”) + Latin -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’, denoting relationships of origin, position, or possession); and Franciscus from Francia (“region inhabited or ruled over by the Franka, Frankia”) (apparently a nickname from Francis’s father, an Italian merchant who worked in France) + -iscus (suffix forming adjectives).
aphylactic
From French aphylactique, probably coined by Nicolas Auguste Tissot in his 1881 book Mémoire sur la réprésentation des surfaces et les projections des cartes géographiques (Treatise on surface representations and map projections).
Ultimately from a- + Ancient Greek φυλακτικός (phulaktikós, “serving to preserve”) (see φύλαξις (phúlaxis)), since an aphylactic projection preserves neither angle nor area.
muskeg
From Cree ᒪᐢᑫᐠ (maskek).
talea
Borrowed from Medieval Latin tālea (1940s), from Latin tālea (“cutting; scion”).
witenagemot
Learned borrowing from Old English witena ġemōt (literally “assembly of the wise”).
anabasius
From Ancient Greek ἀνάβασις (anábasis, “going out, mounting”).
tonus
Borrowed from Latin tonus (“strain, tension”). Doublet of tone, tune, and ton (fashion/style).
stunning
From Middle English stunnyng, stunnynge, stounyng, equivalent to stun + -ing.
From Middle English stunnyng, stonyng (also stoniynge, stonyynge), equivalent to stun + -ing.
immovable
Etymology tree
Middle English immevable
English immovable
From Middle English immevable, immoveable. Equivalent to im- + movable.
unchangeable
Inherited from Middle English unchaungeable; equivalent to un- + changeable.
Ignacio
Borrowed from Spanish Ignacio. This surname is mostly found in the Philippines.
ex cathedra
Borrowed from Latin ex cathedrā (“from the (teacher's) chair”).
go figure
Calque of Yiddish גיי װייס (gey veys).
tripos
Alteration of tripus, as though with a Greek ending. For the examination: the word is supposed to refer to the three-legged stool formerly used at the examinations for these honours, though some derive it from the three brackets formerly printed on the back of the paper.
The etymon of tripus is the Ancient Greek τρίπους (trípous, “triple-footed”), (from τρι- (tri-, “three”) and πούς (poús, “foot”)).
quinella
From American Spanish quiniela (“sporting bet or pool”); US from 1942.
belfry
From Middle English belfry, bellfray, belfray, berfrey, barfray, from Old French belfroi, berfroi, berfrey, from Late Latin berfrēdus, from Frankish *bergafriþu, from Proto-Germanic *bergafriþuz, equivalent to barrow + frith. English forms containing bel- as opposed to ber- were preferred due to false association with English bell. Cognate with Middle High German bërcvrit, bërvrit (“defensive tower”) (modern German Bergfried), Middle Dutch bergfrede, bergfert. Doublet of bergfried.
craftily
From Middle English craftyly, craftily, craftiliche, from Old English cræftiġlīċe (“craftily, skillfully”), equivalent to crafty + -ly.
anankastic
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀναγκαστικός (anankastikós), from ἀναγκάζω (anankázō, “to force, to compel”).
commoner
From Middle English comoner, comyner, cumuner, equivalent to common + -er.
Minsk
From Russian Минск (Minsk) or Belarusian Мінск (Minsk).
Ho Chi Minh City
Calque of Vietnamese Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Named after Vietnamese communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh.
Taipeh
Postal Romanization of 臺北／台北 (Táiběi).
Bandar Seri Begawan
Unadapted borrowing from Malay Bandar Seri Begawan. Literally: "Port/City of the Revered Ruler".
Ulan Bator
Borrowed from Russian Улан-Ба́тор (Ulan-Bátor), from Mongolian ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ (Ulaɣanbaɣatur).
Islamabad
From Urdu اسلام آباد (islām ābād). Equivalent to Islam + -abad.
henchman
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *hangistaz
Proto-West Germanic *hangist
Old English henġest
Proto-Indo-European *mon-
Proto-Germanic *mann-
Proto-West Germanic *mann
Old English mann
Old English *henġestmann
Middle English henxman
English henchman
Inherited from Middle English henxman (“page, attendant”), from Old English *henġestmann, *hengstmann (“groom”, literally “horseman”), from henġest (“stallion, horse, steed, gelding”) + mann (“man”). Akin to archaic German Hengstmann (“groom”) and Icelandic hestamaður (“horseman, groom”).
Thimphu
Borrowed from Dzongkha ཐིམ་ཕུ (thim phu).
Bishkek
Borrowed from Kyrgyz Бишкек (Bişkek).
Dushanbe
From Tajik Душанбе (Dušanbe).
Ashgabat
Borrowed from Turkmen Aşgabat, from Classical Persian عِشْقآبَاد (išq-ābād, literally “city of love”), compound of عِشْق (išq, “love”) + آبَاد (ābād, “city”).
Alternatively, some historians believe that the city was originally named after Ashk/Arshk, the founder of the Arsacid Dynasty, and hold that the term عِشْق (išq) was a reinterpretation influenced by folk etymology.
Baku
From Classical Persian بَاکُو (bākū). For further etymology, see Baku on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Borrowed from Japanese 獏 (“spirit that feeds on nightmares”).
Santiago
From Spanish Santiago, elision of earlier Sant'Iago and Sant Iago, from Latin Sanctus Iācōbus (“Saint James or holy James”), the latter word deriving from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (ya‘ăqṓḇ, “Jacob”, literally “he will/shall heel”), from עָקֵב (‘āqḗḇ, “heel”) and the Biblical account of the patriarch Jacob's birth in Genesis 25:26. Piecewise doublet of Saint James.
The Guan Yu sense among Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines is due to a syncretic association of the deified Chinese general with St. James, who are both known for their assertiveness and heroism, which non-Chinese and people in the Philippines like Jose Rizal during the 19th century first associated with and/or surmised the Chinese folk deities venerated by Chinese Filipinos on Chinese altars and prints with popular Christian or Muslim figures.
San Salvador
From Spanish San Salvador (“Holy Savior”), various places named in honor of Jesus Christ, from Spanish salvador, from Latin salvator, from salvāre (“to save”) + -tor (suffix forming agent nouns).
Tegucigalpa
Borrowed from Spanish Tegucigalpa, from Classical Nahuatl.
Kingston
In the case of settlements outside England, from king's + -ton (“town”), in reference to monarchs of the British Empire. In the case of settlements within England, a development from earlier Old English Cinges tūn or Cynges tūn (“king's town or manor”), in reference to various monarchs. Sometimes derived from other places already named Kingston or, particularly in America, from people with the surname King. Doublet of Kingstown, Kingstone, Conington, and Cunnington. Cf. also Kingsville, Kingsburg, Conisbrough, Coniston, Coniston Cold, Queenstown, Queenston, Princeton, Princetown, and Princes Town.
In particular, the community founded in New Brunswick in 1783 in the aftermath of the American Revolution may have been named as a sign of loyalty to George III; its parish was named for the community. The village in Nova Scotia was named for its district (Kings County) and the unrealized hope that it would become a town. The surname is derived from the various locations named Kingston.
San Jose
Borrowed from Spanish San José (“Saint Joseph”) (Anglicized with removal of accent).
blake
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ-der.
Proto-Germanic *blaikaz
Proto-West Germanic *blaik
Old English blāc
Middle English blake
English blake
From Middle English blak, blac (“pale”), from Old English blāc (“pale, pallid, wan, livid; bright, shining, glittering, flashing”) and Old Norse bleikr (“pale; yellow, pink; any non-red warm color”); both from Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“pale; shining”). Compare Scots bleg (“light, drab”). More at bleak.
A surname derived from either Old English blæc (“black”) or from Old English blāc (“pale, fair, shining, white”), or as an anglicisation of Irish Ó Bláthmaic.
calico
Etymology tree
Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട് (kōḻikkōṭŭ)bor.
Portuguese Calicutbor.
English Calicut
English calico
From Calicut, from where the cloth was originally exported, from Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട് (kōḻikkōṭŭ, “Kozhikode”), from കോഴി (kōḻi, “palace”) + കോട് (kōṭŭ, “fortified palace”).
coverlet
From Middle English coverlite, from Anglo-Norman cuver-lit, formed on cuvrir (“to cover”) + lit (“bed”). Cognate with Catalan cobrellit.
doleful
From Middle English doleful, doolful, deolful, equivalent to dole + -ful.
frosty
From Middle English frosty, forsty, from Old English forstiġ, fyrstiġ (“frosty”), from Proto-West Germanic *frostag, *frustīg, By surface analysis, frost + -y.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian froastich (“frosty”), Dutch vorstig (“frosty”), German Low German fröstig (“frosty”), German frostig (“frosty”), Swedish frostig (“frosty”). Compare also Saterland Frisian froasterch (“frosty”), German Low German frösterg (“frosty”).
gentlemanly
From Middle English gentilmanly; equivalent to gentleman + -ly (adjectival suffix).
From Middle English gentilmanly; equivalent to gentleman + -ly (adverbial suffix).
hebdomadal
From Latin hebdomadālis. According to The Poly-Olbion Project, coined by John Selden in 1612.
guttural
From Middle French guttural, from New Latin gutturālis, from Latin guttur (“throat”) + -ālis.
cippus
Borrowed from Latin cippus (“stake, post”). Doublet of cep.
cuneus
Learned borrowing from Latin cuneus. Doublet of coign and coin.
juk
Borrowed from Cantonese 粥 (zuk1) or Korean 죽 (juk). Doublet of zhou and jook.
Koch
Borrowed from German Koch (“cook”), an occupational surname. Doublet of Cook and Kok.
well-nigh
From Middle English wel-neigh (“physically close to; near in time to; almost, nearly; closely”) [and other forms], from Old English wel nēah, wel nēh, from wel (“well”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose; to want”)) + nēah, nēh (“close, near”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to attain, reach”)). Synchronically a univerbation of well (“completely, fully; to a significant degree”) + nigh (“close by, near”).
Phyllis
From the masculine Ancient Greek Φύλλις (Phúllis) or from the feminine
Φυλλίς (Phullís).
Gwen
A female given name from Welsh, shortened from Gwendolen or Guinevere. Doublet of Wendy.
Diego
Borrowed from Spanish Diego, from an Iberian Didacus, of uncertain origin.
From Spanish Diego.
Daria
Feminine form of Darius, of Old Persian origin. Name of an early Christian saint.
sere
From Middle English ser, sere, seare, seer, seere, seir, seyr (“dry, withered; emaciated, shrivelled; brittle; bare; dead, lifeless; barren, useless”), from Old English sēar, sīere (“dry, withered; barren; sere”), from Proto-West Germanic *sauʀ(ī), from Proto-Germanic *sauzaz (“dry, parched”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews-, *sh₂ews- (“to be dry”).
Cognate with Dutch zoor (“dry and coarse”), Greek αὖος (av́os, “dry”), Lithuanian sausas (“dry”), Middle Low German sôr (Low German soor (“arid, dry”)), Old Church Slavonic соухъ (suχŭ, “dry”). Doublet of sear and sare.
From Latin serere, present active infinitive of serō (“to entwine, interlace, link together; to join in a series, string together”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, tie together; to thread”).
From Old French serre (modern French serre (“talon”)), from serrer (“to grip tightly; to shut”) (modern French serrer (“to squeeze; to tighten”)), from Vulgar Latin serrāre (“to close, shut”), from Late Latin serāre, present active infinitive of serō (“to fasten with a bolt; to bar, bolt”), from sera (“bar for fastening doors”), from serō (“to bind or join together; entwine, interlace, interweave, plait”); see further at etymology 2.
From Middle English ser, sere, schere, seer, seere, seir, seyr, seyre (“different; diverse, various; distinct, individual; parted, separated; many, several”), from Old Norse sér (“for oneself; separately”, dative reflexive pronoun, literally “to oneself”), from sik (“oneself, myself, yourself, herself, himself; ourselves, yourselves, themselves”), from Proto-Germanic *sek (“oneself”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”). The English word is cognate with Danish sær (“singular”), især (“especially, particularly”), German sich (“oneself; herself, himself, itself; themselves”), Icelandic sig (“oneself; herself, himself, itself; themselves”), Latin sē (“herself, himself, itself; themselves”), Scots seir, Swedish sär (“particularly”).
ankylosis
From Ancient Greek ἀγκύλωσις (ankúlōsis, “a stiffening of the joints”), from ἀγκυλόω (ankulóō, “to crook, bend”), from ἀγκύλος (ankúlos, “bent, crooked”). By surface analysis, ankyl- + -osis.
ankylosaurus
From taxonomic name Ankylosaurus, from ankylo- + -saurus, from Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος (ankúlos, “crooked”) + New Latin -saurus, from Ancient Greek σαῦρος (saûros, “lizard”). The word was coined in 1908 without explanation by Barnum Brown and may refer to his mistaken belief that its back was sharply bent in a manner similar to the stegosaurus or to his attention to the fusion of his specimens' rear ribs to their vertebrae, a condition medically known as ankylosis.
wellspring
From Middle English wellespring, from Old English wiellspring, wiellġespring (“spring, fount, fountain”), corresponding to well + spring. More at well, spring.
fire and brimstone
Calque of Biblical Hebrew גׇּפְרִ֣ית וָאֵ֑שׁ (gofrit va’esh) and Ancient Greek πυρὸς καὶ θείου (puròs kaì theíou), appearing in both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. "brimstone" is an old word for sulfur.
hellfire
From Middle English helle fire, helever, from Old English hellefȳr, equivalent to hell + fire. Cognate with West Frisian helfjoer (“hellfire”), Dutch hellevuur (“hellfire”), German Höllenfeuer (“hellfire”).
lemman
From Middle English lemman, lefmon, leofmon, from Old English lēof + mann, equivalent to lief + man.
marginalia
From New Latin marginālia (cf. margināle (neuter singular (adjective / noun)), from Medieval Latin neuter plural of marginālis (“on the periphery”), from Latin margō (“border, edge”). By surface analysis, marginal + -ia. Compare margin.
sapor
From Middle English sapour, sapoure, from Latin sapor. Doublet of savour /savor.
Letzeburgesh
From Luxembourgish Lëtzebuergesch.
toa
Borrowed from Dieri toa (“sign, mark, stick, messenger”), thoa, thuwa.
Borrowed from Māori toa.
Borrowed from Māori toa. Doublet of koa.
Livonia
Etymology tree
Proto-Finnic *liiva
Estonian liivder.
Latin Livoniabor.
English Livonia
From Latin Livonia, from Estonian liiv (“sand”).
Baltic
From Latin Balticus, from Latin Balthae (“dwellers near the Baltic sea”), equivalent to Balt + -ic. The ultimate origin is uncertain, but possibilities include:
* From North Germanic *baltaz (“strait”), in reference to the narrow entranceway of the sea. This word itself could be borrowed from Lithuanian baltas (“white”) or related to Proto-Germanic *baltijaz (“belt”) (see below).
* Related to Lithuanian baltas (“white”) and Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp, bog, mud”), which are from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“white”).
* Related to Latin balteus (“belt”) (compare Proto-Germanic *baltijaz), referring to the Danish straits, "the Belts". This is suggested by Adam of Bremen, who in the 11th century first recorded the name (Balticus, eo quod in modum baltei longo tractu per Scithicas regiones tendatur usque in Greciam).
More at Baltic.
stoniness
From Middle English stonines, stonynez, equivalent to stony + -ness.
Alcyone
Latin Alcyonē, from Ancient Greek Ἀλκυόνη (Alkuónē), from Ancient Greek ἀλκυών (alkuṓn), which is considered to be of Pre-Greek origin.
smarting
From Middle English smertyng, smertinge, from Old English smeortung, smertung (“smarting, itching”), equivalent to smart + -ing.
schoolmaster
From Middle English skolemayster, scolemaister, scol-meister, equivalent to school + master.
guttate
Partly borrowed from Latin guttātus, partly from gutta + -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
soundly
From Middle English soundly, soundely, from Old English ġesundlīċe (“safely, prosperously, gladly”), equivalent to sound + -ly. Originally meaning "safely", the present sense came in the 16ᵗʰ century.
searcher
From Middle English serchour, sercher, from Old French cercheor; equivalent to search + -er.
suspire
Late Middle English, from Latin suspīrāre. Cognate with Old French sospirer (modern soupirer) and Spanish suspirar.
respire
From Middle English respiren, borrowed from Old French respirer or Latin respīrō (“to blow back, breathe out”), from re- (“back”) + spīrō (“to breathe, blow”).
suspiration
Learned borrowing from Latin suspīrātiō, suspīrātiōnem (“sighing”).
curmur
From Scots curmur, likely onomatopoeic, similar to murmur.
convoke
Borrowed from Middle French convoquer, from Latin convocare, from con- (“with”) + vocō (“to call”). Doublet of convocate.
urinator
From Latin ūrīnātor (“diver”), from ūrīnārī + -tor (suffix forming a (masculine) agent noun). Ūrīnārī is the present active infinitive of ūrīnor (“to plunge under water, dive”), possibly from ūrīna (“urine; water (?)”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to moisten; to flow”).
busily
From Middle English busily, busiliche, bisili, bisiliche, equivalent to busy + -ly.
headless
From Middle English heedles, hevedles, from Old English hēafodlēas (“headless”), equivalent to head + -less. Cognate with Dutch hoofdloos (“headless”), Danish hovedløs (“headless”), Swedish huvudlös (“headless”), Icelandic höfuðlaus (“headless”). Piecewise doublet of chefless and chiefless.
introversion
From New Latin intrōversio, from intrōvertere (“to turn within”), from Classical Latin intro (“within”) and vertere (“to turn”). Equivalent to introvert + -sion or intro- + -version.
per procurationem
Borrowed from Latin per procurationem (“by the agency of/on the instruction of/by proxy”).
equuleus
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *HéHḱus
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos
Proto-Italic *ekwos
Latin equus
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Indo-European *-elós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -ulus
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Indo-European *-éyos
Proto-Italic *-ejos
Proto-Italic *-eos
Latin -eus
Latin -uleus
Latin equuleuslbor.
English equuleus
Learned borrowing from Latin equuleus.
Eridanus
Learned borrowing from Latin Ēridanus, from Ancient Greek Ἠρῐδᾰνός (Ērĭdănós).
Procyon
From Latin Procyōn, from Ancient Greek Προκύων (Prokúōn), from πρό (pró, “before”) + κύων (kúōn, “dog”), in reference to it preceding the "Dog Star" Sirius.
Salome
From Ancient Greek Σαλώμη (Salṓmē), from Hebrew שְׁלוֹמִית (sh'lomít) (belonging to the same root as שָׁלוֹם (shalóm, “peace”)).
prandial
Borrowed from Late Latin prandialis, or Latin prandium (“late breakfast; lunch”) + English -al (suffix forming adjectives). Prandium is possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₃mós (“first”) (from *preh₃-) + *h₁ed- (“to eat”) + Latin -ium (suffix forming nouns).
dvornik
Borrowed from Russian дворник (dvornik, “concierge; one who takes care of the pavement and yard in front of a house”), from двор (dvor, “courtyard”).
dyscrasy
From Middle English discrasie, from Old French discrasie, from Medieval Latin dyscrāsia, from Ancient Greek δυσκρασία (duskrasía, “bad temperament”), from δυσ- (dus-, “dys-”) + κρᾶσις (krâsis, “mixing, tempering”). By surface analysis, dys- + -crasy.
notary
From Middle English notarie, from Old French notarie (French notaire), from Latin notārius.
liberality
From Middle English liberalite, from Old French liberalité, from Latin līberālitās (“a noble, kind, or friendly disposition; generosity”), equivalent to liberal + -ity.
lissom
From Middle English lithsum, equivalent to lithe + -some. Doublet of lithesome.
unison
From Middle English unisoun, from Middle French unisson, from Medieval Latin ūnisonus (“having the same sound”), from ūni- + sonus (“sound”).
logistic
From French logistique, from Ancient Greek λογιστικός (logistikós, “practiced in arithmetic; rational”), from λογίζομαι (logízomai, “I reason, I calculate”), from λόγος (lógos, “reason, computation”), whence English logos, logic, logarithm, etc.; modern mathematical use influenced by related logarithmic.
Sense of “logistic function” by Pierre François Verhulst (1845) in French, then borrowed into English. Verhulst does not explain his choice of naming, but he contrasts it with the logarithmic curve (also from λόγος (lógos)), and it is presumably by analogy with arithmetic and geometric (other divisions of mathematics), as his discussion of arithmetic growth and geometric growth precede his discussion of logistic growth.
The term logistic and logistical also found occasional mathematical use in English prior to 1800, from the same Greek origin.
From French logistique, from loger (“to lodge”) or logis (“lodging place”).
positivist
Perhaps borrowed from French positiviste. Equivalent to positive + -ist, after positivism.
anonymity
From Latin anonymus or its etymon Ancient Greek ἀνώνυμος (anṓnumos, “anonymous”) + -ity. Compare French anonymité.
Lyons
From Old French Lyons (nominative of Lyon), from the Roman name, Latin Lugdūnum (“fort of Lug”), named after Lugus, a Celtic deity, from Proto-Celtic *Lugus.
Lyon
From French Lyon (supplanting earlier Lyons, derived from the Old French nominative form), from the Roman name, Latin Lugdūnum (“fort of Lug”), named after Lugus, a Celtic deity, from Proto-Celtic *Lugus.
From Middle English lyon (“lion”), as a nickname, or from a sign often used outside of roadside inns and adopted as a family name by those who lived there (compare Bush). Doublet of Leo, leu, lev, and lion.
griddle
From Middle English gridil, from Anglo-Norman gredil, variant of Old French greil, from Latin crāticulum, diminutive of crātis. Doublet of grill (“grid of wire”), from the same Old French and Latin sources, doublet of grate.
Alsace
From Medieval Latin Alsatia, from Old High German ali sazzo (“inhabitant of the other”) (referring to the opposite bank of the Rhine), from Proto-West Germanic *alljas (“other”) + *sittjan (“to inhabit”, literally “to sit”).