MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
cark
From Middle English carken (“to be anxious, worry”, intransitive), from Old English *carcian ("to be sorrowful, worry"; found in becarcian (“to worry about, care for”)), a frequentative form of Old English carian (“to care”), equivalent to care + -k.
The Middle English carken, also charken (“to load (sth.); to bear (crops); to burden, harass”, transitive), from Old Northern French carquier (“to load, burden”), from Latin carricāre (“to load”), related to Old French chargier (“to load”), is a different word often confused with the above.
From Middle English cark, kark (“worry”), from Old English carc (“sorrow, worry”).
untime
From Middle English untime, untyme, ontyme, from Old English untīma (“an unseasonable time”), from Proto-Germanic *untīmô, equivalent to un- + time. Cognate with Old Norse útími (dialectal Norwegian otime).
From Middle English untime, from Old English untīme.
temnospondyl
From translingual Temnospondyli, from Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō, “I cut”) + σπόνδυλος (spóndulos), Ionic/Attic form of σφόνδυλος (sphóndulos, “vertebra”).
Nova Iorque
Unadapted borrowing from Portuguese Nova Iorque. Doublet of New York.
advowson
From Middle English avowson, from Anglo-Norman avouson, from Latin advocātiō. Doublet of advocation.
burse
Borrowed from Middle French bourse, from Old French borse, from Latin bursa, from Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa). Doublet of purse, compare French bourse (“purse, fund”).
cartulary
From Middle English cartulari, borrowed from Medieval Latin chartulārium. Doublet of khaltura.
chimere
From Middle French chimarre, from Spanish zamarra. Cognate with French chamarre, simarre, Italian zimarra, of same origin. Doublet of simar, sable, and zimarra.
From Middle English chimere.
anellini
From Italian anellini (“little rings”) (ultimately: anello (“ring”) + -ino (“little”) + -i (“plural”)).
boline
Originally spelled bolline. From Italian bolino, which is a variant of bulino (“burin”). The bolino was conflated with the cortel bianco ("white knife"). Doublet of burin.
mether
From Cumbric numerals; compare Welsh mhedwar, the nasal mutation of pedwar (“four”).
From Irish meadar, from Old Irish metar, from Latin metrum. Doublet of metre, meter, and metron.
dhyana
From Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, literally “meditation”). Doublet of Zen and Chan.
compenetrate
First attested in 1636; borrowed from New Latin compenetrātus, perfect passive participle of compenetrō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix). By surface analysis, con- + penetrate.
glyn
Borrowed from Welsh glyn; compare glen. Doublet of glen.
From Welsh glyn (“valley”).
Erno
Probably an Americanized spelling of French Arnaud or a variant of German Erne.
ramson
Back-formation from ramsons; compare Middle English ramson (originally plural, taken as singular); Old English hramesan, plural of hramsa (“onion, broad-leafed garlic”), from Proto-West Germanic *hramusō, from Proto-Germanic *hramusô (“onion, leek”), from Proto-Indo-European *kermus-, *kremus- (“wild garlic”). Cognate with Scots ramps (“wild garlic”), Dutch rams (“ramson”), Danish rams (“ramson”), Swedish ramslök (“wild garlic”). See buckrams.
ramsons
From Middle English ramsons, ramsens, rampsons, ramesones, ramsouns, plural of Middle English ramson, ramsen (“wild garlic”), reinterpreted as a singular form, from Old English hramsan, nominative plural of Old English hramsa (“wild garlic”), from Proto-West Germanic *hramusō, from Proto-Germanic *hramusô (“onion; leek”), from Proto-Indo-European *kremus-, *kermus- (“wild garlic; onion”).
phasmid
From Latin phasma (“apparition, specter, phantom”) + -id (nominal suffix), from Ancient Greek φάσμα (phásma, “apparition, phantom”).
nux vomica
From Latin nux (“nut”) and vomica (“vomiting”).
witch hazel
See Middle English wiche, from Old English wiċe (“wych elm or rowan”), perhaps derived from the root of wīcan (“to give way”). Folk etymology refers to use by witches and other sorcerers of folkish magic using the plant in potions; however, compare German Zaubernuss (“witch hazel”, literally “magic nut”).
myotonia
From New Latin myotonia, from myo- + -tonia. By surface analysis, myo- + -tonia.
Cockayne
From Middle English cokayne (“cloud-cuckooland, Cockaigne”), a nickname for an idle dreamer.
Coe
English surname, from Middle English co and Old English ca (“jackdaw”), similar to caw, Scots ka.
manju
From Japanese 饅頭 (manjū), from Chinese 饅頭 /馒头 (mántou). Doublet of mandu, manti, and mantou.
Linus
From Latin Linus, Ancient Greek Λῖνος (Lînos), of uncertain meaning.
Ancient Greek Λῖνος (Lînos)
Thaddaeus
Borrowed from Latin Thaddaeus, from Ancient Greek Θαδδαῖος (Thaddaîos).
Nicodemus
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Νῑκόδημος (Nīkódēmos), from νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”) + δῆμος (dêmos, “people”).
chroma
From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”).
panchromium
From pan- + Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + -ium.
atony
Borrowed from New Latin atonia, from Ancient Greek ἀτονία (atonía, “languor”), from ἄτονος (átonos, “languid”), from ἀ- (a-, “privative”) + τόνος (tónos, “accent”), from τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”).
frounce
From Middle English frouncen, from Old French froncir "to wrinkle, frown", from Frankish *hrunkiju (“a wrinkle”), from Proto-Germanic *hrunkijō, *hrunkitō (“fold, wrinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).
Akin to Old High German runza "fold, wrinkle, crease" (German Runzel "wrinkle"), Middle Dutch ronse "frown", Old Norse hrukka "wrinkle, crease" (Icelandic hrukka "wrinkle, crease, ruck"). More at ruck₂.
carceral
From Late Latin carcerālis (“carceral”), from Latin carcer (“jail, prison”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, turn, in the sense of an enclosure”)) + -ālis (suffix forming relational adjectives).
castellan
From Middle English castelain, from Old French castelain (compare modern châtelain), from Latin castellanus (“pertaining to a castle, an occupant of a castle, or a governor of a castle”), from castellum castle, citadel, diminutive of castrum fortified place. See castle. By surface analysis, Old French castel + -an and castle + -an. Doublet of Castilian, castellano, castellanus, and chatelain /chatelaine.
Decapolis
Borrowed from Latin Decapolis, from Ancient Greek Δεκάπολις (Dekápolis), from δέκα (déka, “ten”) + πόλις (pólis, “city”).
Cabo Verde
Borrowed from Portuguese Cabo Verde (literally “green cape”), from cabo (“cape”) + verde (“green”).
agostic
From the supposed Ancient Greek ἀγοστέω (agostéō, “to clasp, hold”) + -ic.
Jiantizi
From Mandarin 簡體字 /简体字 (jiǎntǐzì).
autacoid
From aut- + Ancient Greek ἄκος (ákos, “remedy”) + -oid.
no less
From Middle English no lesse, na leasse. Compare none the less and Old English nōhte þon lǣssa (“none the less”).
kosha
Borrowed from Sanskrit कोश (kóśa, “sheath, vessel, container, layer”).
Avent
Perhaps a reduced form of the Anglo-Norman personal name or nickname Avenant, from Old French avenant (“fitting, apt; beautiful”).
tapet
From Old English teped, from Latin tapētum (later influenced by or re-borrowed from Latin). Doublet of tapetum.
sweer
From Middle English swere, sware, from Old English swǣr, swār (“heavy, of great weight, oppressive, grievous, painful, unpleasant, great, sad, feeling or expressing grief, grave, slow, dull, sluggish, slothful, indolent, inactive from weakness, enfeebled, weak”), from Proto-West Germanic *swār, from Proto-Germanic *swēraz, *swērijaz (“heavy”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“heavy”).
choucroute
Borrowed from French choucroute. Doublet of sauerkraut.
Essene
From Ancient Greek Ἐσσηνοι (Essēnoi); earlier etymology unknown
yellow peril
Of yellow + peril, modeled on earlier French péril jaune. Compare yellow as a racist term for East Asian people. Attested in English from the 1890s. The French cognate is attested from the 1880s.
Katahdin
From Abenaki Ktaden, Ktaaden (“great mountain”), from kta-, gita- (“great”) (compare Penobscot kta- (“great”)) + aden (“mountain”) (whence also monadnock). Cognate to Penobscot Ktàtən.
vrou
From Afrikaans vrou. Doublet of frau, frow, and vrouw.
knip
Probably from late Middle English *knippen, from Middle Dutch knippen, whence modern Dutch knippen (“to cut, clip, snip”). Doublet of gnip and nip.
speel
From Early Scots speill (“to climb”), of obscure origin. From or akin to Early Scots spelare (“acrobat, tumbler”). Probably from Middle Dutch spelen (“to play, walk a tight rope, do gymnastic tricks, juggle, perform as an actor or clown”), see spiel. Alternately, representing a continuation of Middle English spilen, from Old English spilian (“to play”).
Probably from Afrikaans speel. Compare Middle English spel (“a story; tale; narrative”). Doublet of spell and shpiel.
Perhaps continuing Middle English spilen (“to revel, play”), from Old English spilian (“to revel, play”), from Proto-West Germanic *spilōn. Cognate with Dutch spelen (“to play”), German spielen (“to play”), Luxembourgish spillen (“to play”), Icelandic spila (“to play”), Faroese spæla (“to play”), Swedish spela (“to play”), Danish spille (“to play”), Norwegian spille (“to play”).
actinal
From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖν- (aktís, aktîn-, “ray”) + -al. The usage was coined by Louis Agassiz (See quotations below.).
bepiss
From Middle English bipissen. Compare Dutch and German bepissen. By surface analysis, be- (“on, upon”) + piss.
alexandrine
From Middle French alexandrin. So called from its use in old French poems on Alexander the Great (Roman d'Alexandre, c. 1177).
Partly from Middle French alexandrin and partly from Latin Alexandrīnus.
From Middle French alexandrin.
From French Alexandrine. By surface analysis, Alexandra + -ine.
subsecive
From Latin subsecivus, from sub (“under”) and secare (“to cut”).
sainfoin
From French sainfoin, from sain (“healthy, healthful”) + foin (“hay”).
Dyaus Pita
Borrowed from Sanskrit द्यौष्पितृ (dyáuṣpitṛ́). Doublet of Jupiter.
Adnan
From Arabic عَدْنَان (ʕadnān, “settler”).
cheletropic
From Ancient Greek χηλή (khēlḗ) + + -tropic.
ariose
From Italian arioso (“airy, breezy”) (from aria (“air; aria, song”) (from Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr, “air; wind”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”)) + -oso) + -ose.
dvandva
Borrowed from Sanskrit द्वंद्व (dvaṃdvá).
bogatyr
Borrowed from Russian богаты́рь (bogatýrʹ), Old East Slavic богатꙑрь (bogatyrĭ), from a Turkic language, probably Khazar, from Old Turkic [script needed] (baɣatur, “hero”), from Proto-Turkic *bagatur (“hero”). Cognates include Turkish bahadır, Tatar баһадир (bahadir), Chuvash паттӑр (pattăr), Kyrgyz баатыр (baatır), Tuvan маатыр (maatır), Yakut баатыр (baatïr), Turkmen batyr, Middle Turkic baɣatur. Doublet of bahadur.
Adonic
From Ancient Greek Ἄδωνις (Ádōnis).
metaphysic
From Latin metaphysicus.
From Middle English methaphesik, methaphisik, methaphisique, metaphesyk, methafisik, metaphesyk, methephysyk, from Old French metafisique, methaphisique and Medieval Latin metaphysica, methephisica; equivalent to meta- + physic.
pitta
From Telugu పిట్ట (piṭṭa).
Borrowed from Sanskrit पित्त (pitta, “phlegm”).
Borrowed from Italian Pitta.
shaomai
Borrowed from Mandarin 燒賣 /烧卖 (shāomài).
Buxton
Two main origins:
* The town in Derbyshire derives from Old English būgan (“to bend, bow”) + stān (“stone”).
* The village in Norfolk derives from an unattested Old English personal name *Bucc + -s- + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
barbute
From Italian barbuta, perhaps because it left a wearer's beard (if any) visible.
Gottfried
Jewish and German surname, from Gott (“god”) + Friede (“peace”).
sans-culottide
Borrowed from French sans-culottide, equivalent to English sans-culotte + -ide.
sweven
From Middle English sweven, from Old English swefn (“sleep, dream, vision”), from Proto-West Germanic *swefn, from Proto-Germanic *swefną, *swefnaz (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos, *supnós (“dream”), from Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to sleep”).
Cognate with Dutch suf (“drowsy”), Middle High German swēb (“sleep”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål søvn (“sleep”), Faroese svøvnur (“sleep”), Icelandic svefn, svöfn (“sleep; dream”), Norwegian Nynorsk svebn, svemn, svevn, svøbn, svømn, sømn, søvn (“sleep”), Swedish sömn (“sleep”), Latin somnus (“sleep, slumber, drowsiness”), Sanskrit स्वप्न (svápna, “sleep; dream”), Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “sleep”).
tai chi
From Mandarin 太極／太极 (tàijí), Wade–Giles romanization: tʻai⁴-chi². Doublet of taegeuk.
Ashvamedha
Borrowed from Sanskrit अश्वमेध (áśva-medhá, “horse-sacrifice”), an oxytonic tatpuruṣa compound of अश्व (áśva, “horse”) and मेध (médha, “animal sacrifice”).
Dena'ina
Borrowed from Dena'ina Denaʼina (literally “the people”).
Kore
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κόρη (kórē, “girl, maiden, daughter”).
aven
Borrowed from French aven.
Borrowed from Norwegian Aven. It could also be a variant of Avon.
Vlach
From Proto-Slavic *volxъ (“speaker of a Romance language”), from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“non-Germanic foreigner, Celt; later Roman”). Presumably introduced into Slavic around the 7th century, but first recorded only in the 11th century in Byzantine Greek. In English used as a synonym of "Wallachian" from the 19th century. The word is etymologically distantly related to Wales/Welsh, Walloon, and Gaul. Doublet of Gaul and wealh.
forbode
From Middle English forbode, forbod, from Old English forbod (“a forbidding, prohibition”), from Proto-Germanic *frabudą (“prohibition”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, fully perceive”), equivalent to for- + bode. Cognate with Dutch verbod, German Verbot, Danish forbud, Swedish förbud. More at forbid.
From Middle English [Term?], from Old English forbēad/forbudon, past tense forms of forbēodan (“to forbid”). More at forbid.
corpus delicti
From New Latin corpus dēlictī (literally “body of the crime”).
figural
From Old French figural, from late Latin figūrālis, from figūra (“figure”).
uronic
Extracted from glucuronic, from glucose and Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).
Chukotian
Borrowed from Russian чукотский (čukotskij), with -ian suffix.
Salomon
Jewish, German, Dutch, Danish, Polish, French, Breton, Haitian, Mauritian, and Spanish (as Salomón) surname, all a variant of Solomon.
Chukotka
From Russian Чуко́тка (Čukótka).
Jewell
Medieval/Middle English form of a Breton saint's name, from Old Breton Judicaël "lord" + "generous." The second element is from hael (“generous, bountiful”) and identical to Welsh hael (“generous”) (see that entry for details).
surdo
Borrowed from Portuguese surdo (“deaf, muffled”). Doublet of surd.
fantastique
Unadapted borrowing from French fantastique. Doublet of fantastic.
Galloway
Etymology tree
Scottish Gaelic Gall-Ghàidhealaibhbor.
English Galloway
From Scottish Gaelic (eadar na) Gall-Ghàidhealaibh (literally “(among the) foreign Gaels”), a term used for Gaelic-speaking Norse settlers.
hypocentre
From hypo- + centre; from Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupo-, “under-, sub-”) and Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron, “centre”).
tain
From Middle English tein, teyne; compare Icelandic teinn (“a twig”).
Marin
From Serbo-Croatian Marin, from Latin Marinus, from marinus.
Vesna
Borrowed from Russian Весна (Vesna), Ukrainian Весна (Vesna), Serbo-Croatian Ве̏сна, etc. Doublet of Vasant and Basant, of Sanskrit origin.
duces tecum
Learned borrowing from Latin duces tecum, from duces (“you will lead, you will guide”) + tecum (“with you”).
campanula
From translingual Campanula, from Latin campānula, diminutive of campāna (“bell”).
Hypnos
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ὕπνος (Húpnos, literally “Sleep”).
campanulate
Borrowed from New Latin campānulātus, from campānula (“litte bell”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
Leichenhaus
Borrowed from German Leichenhaus, from Leiche (“corpse”) + -n- + Haus (“house”).
Jahannam
Borrowed from Arabic جَهَنَّم (jahannam). Doublet of Gehenna and Gehinnom.
jivanmukta
Borrowed from Sanskrit जीवन्मुक्ति (jīvanmukti, “emancipation while still alive”).
portance
From Middle French portance (“a carrying, support”), from porter (“to carry”), from Latin portare (“carry, bear, convey”).
lineic
From French linéique. Introduced to English by International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1992 in ISO 31 (Quantities and units).
DAF
Borrowed from French DAF (“Dictionnaire de l’Académie française”).
Borrowed from German DAF (“Deutsche Arbeitsfront”).
Borrowed from Persian and Arabic دَف (daf).
Borrowed from Hebrew דַּף.
Dragon Boat Festival
Calque of Chinese 龍船節 /龙船节 (Lóngchuánjié) or 龍舟節 /龙舟节 (Lóngzhōujié), an alternative name for 端午節 /端午节 (Duānwǔjié) from the races traditionally held on that day in southern China, now popularly connected with the legend of townspeople racing to throw zongzi into the Miluo River to preserve the body of the Chu poet and statesman Qu Yuan.
intenerate
From New Latin intenerātus, perfect passive participle of intenerō (from tener (“tender”)), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
cacodoxy
Borrowed from Ancient Greek κακοδοξία (kakodoxía). By surface analysis, caco- + doxa + -y.
virescent
Circa 1825, from Latin virescens, present participle of virescere (“to become green”), from virēre (“to be green”). By surface analysis, Latin vir(ere) + -escent.
pterion
From French ptérion, from ptère (“wing of the sphenoid bone”) + -ion, from Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, “wing”).
puccoon
From Virginia Algonquian i.e. Powhatan poughkone. Related to poke, pocan.
puckeroo
Borrowed from Māori pakaru (“broken”).http://books.google.com/books?id=lx5W9QiztAcC&pg=PA52&dq=%22puckeroo%22
vernage
Borrowed from Middle English vernage, from Anglo-Norman vernage, from Old Italian Vernaccia.
Grossman
From German Grossmann, from groß (“great, large, tall”) + Mann (“man; male adult”).
Nibley
From Old English hnybbe (“peak, top, summit”) + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”).
pardal
From Latin pardalis, from Ancient Greek πάρδαλις (párdalis), from an unattested Old Iranian word; compare Persian پلنگ (palang), Pashto پړانګ (pṙâng).
bhaji
Borrowed from Hindi भाजी (bhājī, “fried vegetables”).
khana
Borrowed from Hindustani کھانا (khānā) / खाना (khānā), from Sanskrit खादन (khādana), from खाद् (khād, “to eat”, root) + -अन (-ana), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰād-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₂ed-.
bistek
From Tagalog bistek, from Spanish bistec, from English beefsteak. Doublet of beefsteak and bifshtek.
sentine
Learned borrowing from Latin sentina (“bilge water, hold of a ship, dregs”).
Gagauzia
From Gagauz gagauz (“Gagauz”) + -ia.
Alutor
Borrowed from Russian алю́торский (aljútorskij), short for алю́торский язы́к (aljútorskij jazýk).
chowk
From Hindi चौक (cauk, “plaza, square, courtyard”), from Sanskrit चतुष्क (catuṣka, “quadrangular courtyard, crossway”).
protide
From proto- + -ide. From protium, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”).
Shea
Anglicised from Irish Ó Séaghdha.
From Bambara si.
adiate
Coined in the mid-19th century. Latin adīre + -ate, cf Dutch adiëren.
Osama
Borrowed from Arabic أُسَامَة (ʔusāma).
devadasi
From the Sanskrit देवदासी (devá-dāsī, “female servant of a deity”), from देव (devá, “deity, god”) and दासी (dāsī, “a female servant or slave”).
diapedesis
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek, from dia- + Ancient Greek πηδᾰ́ω (pēdắō, “I leap”).
Romola
From Italian Romola, feminine form of Romolo, from Latin Romulus.
Shanae
Anglicization of Irish Sinéad q.v. based on its modern Irish pronunciation.
Doublet of Ivanka, Jan, Janelle, Janet, Janey, Janine, Jeanette, Jeanie, Jeannette, Jeannine, Jen, Jenna, Jenny, Jessie, Jo, Jody, Juanita, Sinead, and Vanna.
Elvira
A medieval Spanish royal name, of probably Gothic origin, and debated meaning, possibly 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gailjan) + *𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (*wērei), thus "joyful sincerity". It became famous outside Spain after its appearance in Mozart's Don Giovanni (1787).
The place name Elvira is a contraction of the older Illiberi, new city.
Venizelos
From Greek Βενιζέλος (Venizélos).
desinence
Borrowed from French désinence, from Latin dēsinentia, present participle of dēsinō (“to stop, end, close, make an end”).
knur
Late Middle English knorre, variant of knarre; see knar (“knot on a tree trunk”).
Cognate with German Knorren (“knurl”) and Danish knor (“knurl”).
ghat
Borrowed from Hindi घाट (ghāṭ, “pier”), from Sanskrit घट्ट (ghaṭṭa, “a landing-place, steps on the side of a river leading to the waters”), from Dravidian. Compare Telugu గట్టు (gaṭṭu, “dam, embankment”), కట్ట (kaṭṭa, “dam, embankment”), derived from కట్టు (kaṭṭu, “to tie”).
synonymicon
From New Latin synōnymicon, from Ancient Greek συνωνυμία (sunōnumía, “synonym”).
subsultory
Borrowed from New Latin subsultōrius, as subsultim (“with leaps”) from subsilire (“to spring up”), from sub (“under”) + salire (“to leap”).
disme
From Middle French dixme, Old French disme (“tenth, tithe”), from Latin decimus (“tenth”). Doublet of dime.
gobemouche
From French gobemouche. See gober (“to swallow whole”) and mouche (“fly”).
lotic
From Latin lotus, past participle of lavare (“to wash”), + -ic.
kainga
Borrowed from Māori kāinga, probably from kā (“to burn, be alight”) + -nga (“deverbal noun suffix”).
ambiloquy
Borrowed from Medieval Latin ambiloquium, from ambo (“two”) + loquor (“speak”).
sativa
Ellipsis of translingual Cannabis sativa (“sativa form of marijuana”), from Latin sativa (“cultivated”)
trochoid
From Ancient Greek τροχοειδής (trokhoeidḗs), from τροχός (trokhós, “wheel”) + εἶδος (eîdos, “form, image”).
robinsonade
Borrowed from German Robinsonade, analyzable in English as Robinson + -ade, named after fictional character Robinson Crusoe, from Daniel Defoe’s 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe.
NRW
(North Rhine-Westphalia): Borrowed from German NRW.
straight up
From Middle English streight up (“straight, erect, not curved or crooked, direct, honest”), equivalent to straight + up.
astika
From Sanskrit आस्तिक (āstika, “orthodox, believing, pious, faithful”), from अस्ति (asti, “to be, exist”) + -क (-ka).
nastika
Borrowed from Sanskrit नास्तिक (nāstika, “heterodox”), from नस्ति (nasti, “to not exist”), negative of अस्ति (asti, “exists”).
baby mama
Formed in African-American Vernacular English, attested since c. 1986 and popularized in the 2000s. Possibly from or influenced by same term in Jamaican English, from Jamaican Creole baby-mother (“pregnant woman”) (1966), alternatively due simply to grammatical similarities between AAVE and Jamaican Creole.
equiparate
Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin aequiparātus, past participle of aequiparō (“put on a level with, compare”), from aequus (“equal”) + parō (“place”).
inficiate
Borrowed from Italian inficiare + English -ate (suffix forming verbs), from Medieval Latin īnficior, alteration of Classical Latin īnfitior (“to deny, contradict”), from *īnfitiae (“denial”) (see īnfitiās eō), from fateor (“to admit, acknowledge”).
Presumably originally a mistranslation by Italian speakers; compare aprimorate (“to elevate, improve”), taken from Portuguese in a similar manner.
Earlier mentions of the word in Randle Cotgrave and Henry Cockeram's Early Modern English dictionaries are likely unconnected to the modern borrowing from Italian.
harpagon
Adapted from Latin harpagō, gen. harpagōnis, from Ancient Greek ἁρπάγη (harpágē, “hook”), from ἁρπάζω (harpázō, “to snatch away, to carry off, to seize, to captivate”), of uncertain origin. Doublet of harpoon.
chuckwalla
Borrowed from Spanish chacahuala, from either Shoshone tcaxxwal or Cahuilla cháxwal.
malacia
From Latin malacia, from Ancient Greek μαλακία (malakía, “softness, sickness”). By surface analysis, malac- (“soft”) + -ia (“disease”).
thereagainst
From Middle English ther ageynste, ther agenst, þerageyns, ther-ayens, þare agaynes, þer-aȝens, equivalent to there (“that”) + against.
sanda
From Mandarin 散打 (sǎndǎ).
From Hindi सांडा (sāṇḍā).
Ultimately from Sanskrit षण्ढ (ṣaṇḍha, “eunuch, hermaphrodite”), which is often conflated with साण्ड (sāṇḍa, “bull”) in New Indo-Aryan languages due to sound change.
From Malay sanda.
gummi
From German Gummi (“brand name of German candy”), from Gummi (“India rubber”).
Chaldee
From Latin Chaldaea via Middle French Chaldee.
From Latin chaldaeus via Middle French Chaldee.
querele
Learned borrowing from Middle English querele (“altercation, dispute; argument, debate; armed combat; trial by combat; basis for dispute, complaint; claim, legal suit; a lament; illness”), whence modern English quarrel.
Sranan Tongo
Borrowed from Sranan Tongo Sranan Tongo, from Sranan (“Suriname”) + tongo (“tongue, language”).