MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
harrow
From Middle English harwe, harow, from Old English *hearwa (perhaps ultimately cognate with harvest), or from Old Norse harfr/herfi; compare Danish harve (“harrow”), Dutch hark (“rake”). Akin to Latin carpere. According to the OED, the verb senses are partly derived from the noun sense, partly from a by-form of the verb harry, itself from Old English hergian.
From Middle English harrow, harrowe, haro, from Old French haro, harou, harau, harol, from Frankish *harot, *hara (“here; hither”), from *hēr. Akin to Old Saxon herod, Old High German herot, Middle Dutch hare.
From Old English hearg (“altar; grove, temple”), from Proto-Germanic *harugaz.
quietude
Borrowed from Middle French quiétude, from Late Latin quiētūdō, from Latin quiētus, perfect passive participle of quiēscō (“rest”).
sullen
From Middle English soleyn, from Anglo-Norman soleyn (“alone”), from Old French sole (“single, sole, alone”), from Latin sōlus (“by oneself alone”). The change in meaning from "single" to morose occurred in Middle English.
pole star
From pole (“either of the two points on the Earth’s surface around which it rotates; similar points on any other rotating object”) + star, possibly a calque of Latin stēllam polārem (“the Pole Star”).
clayey
From Middle English cleyy, cleyye (“clayish; messy; unclean”) [and other forms], either:
* from Middle English clei, cley (“clay; clayey soil; clay-containing material used as mortar or plaster”) [and other forms] + -i (suffix forming adjectives); clei, cley is derived from Old English clǣġ (“clay”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y-, *gley- (“to smear; to stick; glue; putty”); or
* from Old English clǣig (“clayey”), from clǣġ (“clay”) (see above) + -iġ (suffix forming adjectives).
The English word is equivalent to clay + -ey (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘having the quality of’), with the -e- included to avoid the occurrence of -yy.
Sense 4 (“of the human body, as contrasted with the soul”) may allude to the biblical account of God creating man from earth; see Genesis 2:7 (King James Version; spelling modernized): “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul.”
Sisyphus
From Ancient Greek Σίσυφος (Sísuphos).
discontinuity
From Late Latin discontinuitās, from discontinuus, equivalent to dis- + continuity.
backwards
From Middle English bakwardis, bakwardis, a variant of Middle English bakwarde, bakward (“backward”). Equivalent to backward + -s. Compare Saterland Frisian bäkove (“backwards”).
documentary
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deḱ-der.
Proto-Italic *dokeō
Latin doceō
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥tom
Proto-Italic *-məntom
Latin -mentum
Latin documentumbor.
French document
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āsjos
Latin -āriusder.
French -aire
French documentairebor.
English documentary
From French adjective and (hence) noun documentaire, from document, from Latin documentum. Equivalent to document + -ary.
jewellery
Inherited from Middle English juelrye, from Old French juelerye, equivalent to jewel + -ery.
you are what you eat
Semi-Calque of German Der Mensch ist, was er ißt (literally “The human/man is what he eats”), coined in 1850 by Ludwig Feuerbach in a review of Jacob Moleschott’s Lehre der Nahrungsmittel. Für das Volk (Erlangen, 1850). Compare German man ist, was man isst.
abessive
From Latin abesse (“to be absent”), infinitive of absum, from ab- (“away”) + sum (“be”, verb). Compare English absent.
dilate
First attested in 1393, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English dilaten, from Old French dilater, from Latin dīlātō (“to spread out”), from dī- + lātus (“wide”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix). Doublet of dilatate.
First attested in 1399, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English dilaten (“to delay, tarry”), borrowed from Latin dīlātus, perfect passive participle of Latin dīfferō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)). If so, Doublet of defer and differ; see also infer, relate and refer, collate and confer, delate and defer, as well as prefer and prelate among others. Alternatively, from Latin dīlātō, see Etymology 1.
First attested in 1471, in Middle English; borrowed from Latin dīlātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and Etymology 2 for more.
spancel
From Dutch or Low German spansel, from spannen (“to bind, harness”).
academia
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek Ἀκάδημος (Akádēmos)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ία (-ía)
Ancient Greek Ἀκαδήμεια (Akadḗmeia)der.
New Latin acadēmī̆abor.
English academia
Borrowed from New Latin acadēmīa, from Ancient Greek Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía), a grove of trees and gymnasium outside of Athens where Plato taught; from the name of the supposed former owner of that estate, the Attica hero Akademos. Doublet of academe, academy, and Akademeia. Modern sense of “the world of universities and scholarship” recorded from 1956.
Samatha
From Sanskrit समाधान (samādhāna) (śamatha) meaning "tranquility" and "concentration" (referring to Buddhist meditation) or "equality".
Calvary
From Middle English Calvarie, from Latin calvāria (“skull”).
From Late Latin calvāria (“skull”). Doublet of calavera and calvaria.
illative
From Late Latin illātīvus (“illative”), from Latin illātus, perfect passive participle of inferō (“carry or bring into somewhere; bury; conclude”), from in + ferō (“bear, carry; suffer”).
essive
From New Latin casus essīvus (from Latin esse), coined in New Latin by Rasmus Rask.
Christina
Name of an early martyr, shortened from Latin Chrīstiāna (“Christian (woman)”). Doublet of Kirsten.
glum
Probably from Middle Low German glum (“glum”), related to German dialectal glumm (“gloomy, troubled, turbid”). More at gloomy.
From Middle English glomen, glommen, glomben, gloumben (“to frown, look sullen”), from *glom (“gloom”). More at gloom. The noun is from Middle English glome, from the verb.
apple tree
From Middle English appeltre, appiltre, appultre, from Old English æppeltrēow, corresponding to apple + tree. Cognate with Danish æbletræ, Swedish äppelträd, Norwegian epletre, Icelandic eplatré.
Mennonite
Eponymous to Menno Simons, the second-generation leader of the denomination, + -ite. Menno's own name is of West Frisian origin and was originally spelled Minne (compare the name Mein, itself ultimately related to *magan (“to be able”)).
aasvogel
Borrowed from Afrikaans aasvogel (“vulture”) (obsolete form of aasvoël), from Dutch aasvogel, from aas (“carrion”) + vogel (“bird”).
codling
From Middle English codling, codeling, equivalent to cod + -ling.
* Some dictionaries, including Merriam-Webster online, list Middle English querdlyng, -lyng as equivalent to modern -ling.
* Some dictionaries, including Collins Online, state that the etymology is unknown.
strangle
From Middle English stranglen, from Old French estrangler, from Latin strangulō, strangulāre, from Ancient Greek στραγγαλόομαι (strangalóomai, “to be strangled”), from στραγγάλη (strangálē, “a halter”); compare στραγγός (strangós, “twisted”) and string. Displaced Middle English wirien, awurien (“to strangle”) (> English worry).
strangulation
From Latin strangulatio (“choking, suffocation”), from strangulare (“to choke, suffocate”); see strangle.
acnestis
From Late Latin acnestis, from Koine Greek ἄκνηστις (áknēstis, “spine”), from κνῆστις (knêstis, “spine, cheese-grater”), or from ἀ- (a-) + -κναίειν (-knaíein, “grate, scrape, scratch”) (only attested in compounds), or from incorrect segmentation of κατὰ κνῆστιν (katà knêstin, “on the spine”) (see Homer, Odyssey 10.161), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kneh₂-.
coagulate
From Middle English coagulaten (“(of blood) to clot or, make blood coagulate; (of tissue) to consolidate”), from coagulat(e) (“coagulated; (blood) clotted; (milk) curdled; (humor) thickened, viscous; (material) solidified, cohesive; (wine) boiled down, reduced”, also used as the past participle of coagulaten) + -en (verb-forming suffix), borrowed from Latin coāgulātus, the perfect passive participle of coāgulō (“to curdle, coagulate”), from coāgulum (“a means of curdling, rennet”), from cōgō (“bring together, gather, collect”) + -ulum (forms instrument nouns), from co- (“together”) + agō (“do, make, drive”). Doublet of quail. Displaced native Middle English irennen, from Old English ġerinnan, but not native curdle.
From Middle English coagulat(e) (“coagulated; (blood) clotted; (milk) curdled; (humor) thickened, viscous; (material) solidified, cohesive; (wine) boiled down, reduced”), also used as the past participle of coagulaten and of coagulate in Early Modern English, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.
From New Latin coāgulātum, substantivized from the nominative neuter singular of coāgulātus, see -ate (noun-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.
enamel
From Middle English enamel, from Anglo-Norman enamailler, from en- (“in-”) + amailler (“to enamel”), variant of Old French esmailler (“to enamel”), from esmal (“enamel”), from Early Medieval Latin smaltum, from Frankish *smalt, from Proto-Germanic *smeltaną (“to melt, smelt”).
From Middle English enamelen, from the noun (see above).
orison
From Middle English orisoun, from Anglo-Norman oreison, oresoun etc. and Old French oraisun etc., from Latin ōrātiō, ōrātiōnem (“discourse, prayer”) (whence also English oration).
acute accent
From Latin accentus (“accent”) acūtus (“sharp”), a calque of Ancient Greek προσῳδία (prosōidía, “accent”) ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp”).
Cognate to French accent aigu.
philanthropy
Borrowed from Late Latin philanthrōpia, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpía). By surface analysis, phil- + -anthropy.
smatter
The verb is derived from Middle English smateren, smatteren, smater, smatere (“to make dirty, defile; to talk idly, chatter; to speak foolishly”); further etymology uncertain, compare the following:
* Middle English smotten (“to corrupt, debase, defile”) (whence English smot (obsolete)), related to Late Middle High German smotzen, a variant of smutzen (whence modern German schmutzen (“to become dirty or soiled; to make dirty, soil”)), from smuz (“dirt”).
* Danish smadre (“to smash”), German schmettern (“to smash; to resound”) (from Middle High German smetern (“to chatter; to rattle; (dialectal) to make a smacking sound”)); Norwegian Bokmål smadre (“to smash”), Swedish smattra (“to make short, sharp, quickly repeating noises, patter, rattle”), possibly originally onomatopoeic. However, the Oxford English Dictionary says “real connection is very doubtful”.
The noun is derived from the verb.
needful
From Middle English needeful, nedeful, from Old English nēodful (“necessary; earnest; zealous”). Equivalent to need + -ful. Cognate with Dutch noodvol, German notvoll.
needy
From Middle English nedy, nedi (“necessitous”), from Old English nēdiġ, *nīediġ ("of need, obligated, compelled"; found in the derivative nīediġnes (“obligation”)), from Proto-Germanic *naudigaz (“of need, forced, compelled”), equivalent to need + -y. Cognate with Scots nedy, neidy (“needy, necessitous, impoverished”), Saterland Frisian niedich (“miserable, poor, wretched, needy”), Saterland Frisian nöödich (“necessary, needful”), West Frisian nedich (“needful, needed”), Dutch nodig (“necessary”), Middle Low German nōdich (“necessary, urgent, by requirement”), German nötig (“necessary, needful”), Danish nødig (“necessary”), Swedish nödig (“necessary”), Icelandic nauðugur (“constrained”).
parallax
From Middle French parallaxe, from Ancient Greek παράλλαξις (parállaxis, “alteration”) from παραλλάσσω (parallássō, “to cause to alternate”) from ἀλλάσσω (allássō, “to alter”) from ἄλλος (állos, “other”). By surface analysis, par- + all- + -ax.
Hellenistic Greek
See Hellenistic, from Ancient Greek Ἑλληνιστής (Hellēnistḗs, “a user of the Greek language”).
suppository
From Middle English suppositorie, from Anglo-Norman, from Medieval Latin suppositōrium, from Late Latin, neuter of suppositōrius (“placed beneath”), from Latin suppōnō (“to put under”).
Demotic Greek
From Greek δημοτική (γλώσσα) (dimotikí (glóssa), “[language] of the people”).
Katharevousa
From Greek καθαρεύουσα (katharévousa), feminine of καθαρεύων (katharévon), present participle of Ancient Greek καθαρεύω (kathareúō, “to be clean, pure”).
livelihood
From Middle English liflode, from Old English līflād (“course of life, conduct”), from līf (“life”) + lād (“course, journey”), later altered under the influence of lively, -hood. Compare life, lode.
subsumption
Borrowed from Latin subsūmptiō, from subsūmere + -tiō, from sub- + sūmō (“to take”).
pannage
Borrowed into Middle English from Old French pasnage (modern French panage), from Late Latin pasnadium, pastinaticum, from pastionare (“to feed on mast, as swine”), from Latin pastio (“a pasturing, grazing”). See pastor.
persuasive
From Middle French persuasif, from Medieval Latin persuāsīvus, from Latin past participle stem of persuādēre + -īvus.
porcelain
From Middle French porcelaine (“cowrie, wampum; china, chinaware”), from Old Italian porcellana (“cowrie; china, chinaware”), from porcella (“female piglet”) + -ana. The material was so called because of its resemblance to the shell of the cowrie. Why the cowrie was named with a word meaning “piglet” is unclear.
paralipomenon
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Παραλειπομένων (Paraleipoménōn, “of things omitted”) παραλείπω (paraleípō, “I leave remaining”).
paralyze
Partly a borrowing from French. Probably partly either (i) formed within English, by derivation. Or partly (ii) a borrowing from French, combined with an English element. Etymons: Middle English paralysie, -ize suffix; French paralyser.
Phrygian
From Latin Phrygiānus + English -an (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Phrygianus is derived from Phrygia + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’); and Phrygia is from Ancient Greek Φρῠγῐ́ᾱ (Phrŭgĭ́ā, “region in Anatolia”), from Φρῠ́ξ (Phrŭ́x, “person from Phrygia”) (further etymology unknown, possibly from Phrygian or related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to ascend, rise up; to be elevated, up high”)) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns).
portraiture
From Middle English portraiture, portrature, purtraiture, pourtreture, from Old French portraiture, pourtraiture and Anglo-Norman purtraiture.
Oakley
From Old English Āclēa, from āc (“oak”) + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”), thus a clearing in an oak forest; equivalent to oak + -ley (“lea”). Compare Ackley, Akeley and Oakleigh, which have the same origin.
clemency
From Middle English clemency, clemencie, from Latin clēmentia.
Gradually eclipsed Middle English clemence, from Old French clemence, from the same Latin origin.
eggs Benedict
Disputed. Likely from the given name or family name Benedict, with several individuals suggested as a possible eponym. A less common surmise suggests borrowing from French oefs bénédictine (“Benedictine (nuns’) eggs”). Attested since 1898.
pectin
From French pectine, coined in the 1830s by Henri Braconnot, from acide pectique "pectic acid", from Ancient Greek πηκτικός (pēktikós, “curdling”), from πηκτός (pēktós, “curdled”), from πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “stiffen”).
hemicrania
From Late Latin hemicrania (“pain in one half of the head”), from Ancient Greek ἡμικρᾱνίᾰ (hēmikrāníă), from ἡμι- (hēmi-, “hemi-, half”) + κρανίον (kraníon, “skull”) (from whence also cranium).
Cognate to megrim and migraine, which also derive from the Latin.
especial
From Middle English especial, via Old French especial, from Latin specialis, from species (“appearance, form, beauty”), from specere (“to look”). Doublet of special. Related to species.
esculent
Learned borrowing from Latin ēsculentus (“fit for eating, eatable, edible; good to eat, delicious; nourishing; full of food”) + English -ent (suffix forming adjectives with the sense of causing, doing, or promoting a certain action). Ēsculentus is derived from ēsca (“food; dish prepared for the table; bait”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’ forming adjectives).
gubernator
* From Latin gubernātor (“governor”), from gubernō (“to govern”) + -tor, thus a doublet of governor.
* Alternatively a back-formation from gubernatorial, from same Latin source.
superfluity
From superflu(ous) + -ity, Old French superfluite, from Medieval Latin superfluitas, from Latin superfluus.
clink
From Middle English clinken, from Old English *clincan (compare clynnan, clynian (“to sound; resound”)), from Proto-Germanic *klinganą (“to sound”).
Cognates include Middle Dutch klinken and German klingen. Related to cling (sound) and clang. May be further related to call.
Perhaps of onomatopoeic origin, as metal against metal.
tragus
Borrowed from Late Latin tragus, from Ancient Greek τράγος (trágos, “he-goat; part of the ear”); with reference to a tuft of hair, likened to a goat’s beard, that may grow on the tragus, especially in older men.
incontinent
From Middle English incontinent, from Old French incontinent, from Latin incontinens, from in + continens.
otalgia
Borrowed from Latin ōtalgia, from Ancient Greek ὠταλγία (ōtalgía).
adolescence
From Middle English adolescence, from Old French adolescence, from Latin adolēscentia, from adolēscēns (“young”); see adolescent.
collocation
Learned borrowing from Latin collocātiō (“a putting together”). By surface analysis, col- (“together”) + location. The technical sense in linguistics was established in 1951, although it may actually be earlier. First attested in 1605.
continence
Dated from the 14th century as Middle English contynence, from Old French continence, from Latin continentia (“a repression”). See also countenance.
cumbrous
From Late Middle English combrous (“causing obstruction; clumsy; obstructed; bothersome, difficult; burdensome, onerous; serious; causing trouble, troublesome; dangerous; immoral; unjust, wrongful; upset”) [and other forms], from komber, kumbre (“distress; destruction”) + -ous (suffix forming adjectives). The English word is analysable as cumber + -ous.
costal
From French costal and its etymon Medieval Latin costālis, from Latin costa (“rib”). As a Spanish unit, via Spanish costal. By surface analysis, costa + -al. Piecewise doublet of coastal.
nepotism
Borrowed from French népotisme, from Italian nepotismo, from Latin nepōs (“nephew”), a reference to the practice of popes appointing relatives (most often nephews) as cardinals during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
siphon
From Middle French siphon, from Old French sifon, from Latin sīphō, from Ancient Greek σίφων (síphōn, “pipe, tube”), of uncertain origin; possibly related to Latin tibia (“pipe, flute of bone”), with the irregular forms suggesting a non-Indo-European loan source, perhaps of the shape *twi-, *twibh.
sumptuary
From Latin sūmptuārius (“of or relating to expenditure, sumptuary; person in charge of household expenses”) + English -ary (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Sūmptuārius is derived from sūmptus (“charge, cost, expense”) + -ārius (suffix forming adjectives); and sūmptus from sūmō (“to catch, seize, take; to acquire, get, obtain; to apply, employ, use; to consume, spend”) (from sub- (prefix meaning ‘below, beneath, under’) + emō (“to acquire, procure; to buy, purchase”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁em- (“to distribute; to take”))) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs).
Cognates
* Middle French sumptuaire (modern French somptuaire)
* Italian sontuario
* Portuguese suntuário
* Spanish suntuario
snowy
From Middle English snowy, snawy, from Old English snāwiġ. By surface analysis, snow + -y.
rendezvous
Borrowed from French rendez-vous (“appointment”), noun derived from second person plural imperative of se rendre (“to go to”), literally, “[you (imperative)] go to, get yourself to [a place]”.
aorist
From Ancient Greek ἀόριστος (aóristos, “unbounded”).
popinjay
From Middle English popinjay, popyngeay, popingay, popejay, from Anglo-Norman papegai, papejoie et al., (northern) Old French papejai (“parrot”), probably from Old Occitan papagay (compare Occitan papagai, Catalan papagai), ultimately from Arabic بَبْغَاء (babḡāʔ, “parrot”), of imitative origin.
salaam
From Arabic سَلَام (salām, “peace”). Doublet of shalom, a borrowing from Hebrew.
terminus ante quem
From the Latin terminus (“boundary, limit”) and ante (“before”) and quem (“which”), the accusative of quī (“what”). Literally meaning "the limit before which".
terminus post quem
From Latin terminus post quem non licet (“the point after which is not allowed”).
serdar
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish سردار (serdâr), from Persian سردار (sardâr). Doublet of Sardar.
sirdar
Borrowed from Urdu سردار, Hindi सरदार (sardār), from Persian سردار (sardâr). Doublet of serdar and Sardar.
tendinitis
From New Latin from tendin-, stem of Medieval Latin tendo, from Late Latin tenon, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn, “tendon, sinew”). By surface analysis, tendon + -itis and tendo- + -itis but not actually formed in this way; similarly with tendinopathy § Etymology.
kendo
Borrowed from Japanese 剣道 (kendō, “the way of the sword”), from Middle Chinese 劍 (kjæ̀m, “sword”) + 道 (dáu, “way”). Doublet of kumdo.
entrails
From Middle English entraille, entrailles, from Old French entrailles, from Vulgar Latin intrālia, from Latin interānea, from interāneus, from inter. Compare Spanish entraña.
pitiable
From Middle French [Term?], from Old French piteable. By surface analysis, pity + -able.
debatable
From Old French debatable (French débattable), equivalent to debate + -able.
drip
From Middle English drippen, druppen, from Old English drypan, from Proto-Germanic *drupjaną (“to fall in drops, drip”), from Proto-Germanic *drupô (“drop”). Akin to West Frisian drippe (“to drip”),
Dutch druipen, druppelen (“to drip”), German Low German drüppen (“to drip”), German tropfen, tröpfeln (“to drip”), Norwegian Bokmål dryppe, Norwegian Nynorsk drypa (“to drip”).
From Middle English drippe, from the verb (see above). Compare West Frisian drip (“drip”), Dutch drup (“drip”), Danish dryp (“drip”).
(style, swagger): Compare the verb sense "to have a superabundance of valuable things".
operative
From Middle English operative, operatyfe, from Middle French operatif (modern French opératif) or its etymon Latin operātīvus. By surface analysis, operate + -ive.
thrift
From Middle English thrift, thryfte, þrift, from Old Norse þrift (“thriving condition, prosperity”). Equivalent to thrive + -t.
subsist
From Latin subsistō (“halt, stop”), from sub (“below”) + sistō (“stand, place”). Compare consist, desist, exist, insist, persist.
pothole
From dialectal pot (“pit, hollow, cavity”) + hole. The "cave" senses, attested since at least 1809 (as pot-hole), may be from Middle English pot, potte (“a deep hole for a mine, or from peat-digging”), of uncertain origin; perhaps related to English pit, pote, or pot. Compare Scots pott, patt (“a pit dug in the ground; coalpit”).
From pot + hole. Attested since at least 1811 (also as pot-hole), possibly continuing Middle English *pothol (attested in the plural, potholys).
fourth wall
A reference to the three walls of a box set, with the fourth wall being the imaginary wall separating the performers from the audience. Coined by philosopher and art critic Denis Diderot in 1758 and thus a calque of French quatrième mur.
slivovitz
From Serbo-Croatian šljȉvovica, шљи̏вовица (“slivovitz”), from šljȉva, шљи̏ва (“plum”) + -ica, -ица (suffix forming a feminine noun, often a diminutive). Šljȉva may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *sliwo-, the suffixed form of *(s)leh₃y- (“bluish”), describing the colour of the fruit.
cuspid
From Latin cuspid-, stem of cuspis (“point, apex”). Doublet of cusp and cuspis.
premolar
Clipping of premolar tooth, calque of Latin dens praemolaris. Equivalent to pre- + molar.
cardiac
From Middle French cardiaque, from Latin cardiacus, from Ancient Greek καρδιακός (kardiakós, “relating to the heart”), from καρδία (kardía, “heart”); by surface analysis, cardi- + -ac.
apnea
From a- + -pnea, from the New Latin apnoea, from the Ancient Greek ἄπνοια (ápnoia), formed from ἀ- (a-, “absence of”) + πνοή (pnoḗ, “breathing”).
idly
From Middle English idely, ydelly, idelliche, from Old English īdellīċe, equivalent to idle + -ly.
From Tamil இட்லி (iṭli), Kannada ಇಡ್ಲಿ (iḍli).