MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Chilaw
Borrowed from Tamil சிலாபம் (cilāpam).
surpoose
Ultimately from Classical Persian سرپوش (sar-pōš, literally “head-cover”), but likely transmitted through an Indic language.
Acomb
Inherited from Northern Middle English Acom, Akom, from Old English ācum, dative singular of āc (“oak”).
The traditional local pronunciations reflect the regular development of word-initial Old English /ɑː/ to /ja~jɛ/ that occured in most traditional dialects of the North of England (north of the Humber–Lune line); compare yan (“one”).
lugao
Borrowed from Hindustani لَگاؤ (lagāo) / लगाओ (lagāo, “moor!”, imperative mood).
Berzasca
Unadapted borrowing from Romanian Berzasca.
Gillow
From Welsh cil (“retreat”) + llwch (“loch, lough”).
Boffey
Habitational surname of Norman origin, from the village of Beaufour-Druval, in Normandy.
Kinnan
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Mac Fhionnáin (“son of Fionnán”), a diminutive of fionn (“fair, blond”) or of Ó Cianáin (“descendant of Cianán”), from which Keenan, or of Ó Cuinneáin (“descendant of Cuinneán”), from which Cunneen.
Krog
* As a Danish and Norwegian surname, from krog (“corner, nook”).
* As a Danish, north German and Norwegian surname, from German Krug (“pub, inn”), which is also found in Swedish krog.
* Also as a north German surname, from Middle Low German kroch (“enclosed piece of pasture”), from Proto-Germanic *kruftaz (“a hill; a curve”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to bend; arch, crook, curve”). Likely related to crop.
* As a Serbo-Croatian surname, from krug (“ring, circle”, also "wooded area, forest").
McPheeters
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Mac Gille Pheadair (“son of the servant of (Saint) Peter”).
Beeby
From Old English bēo (“bee”) + Old Norse býr (“farmstead”).
Thottam
Borrowed from Malayalam തോറ്റം (tōṟṟaṁ).
Asmodeus
From Ancient Greek Ἀσμοδαῖος (Asmodaîos). Believed to ultimately come from an unattested Avestan *𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (*aēṣ̌madaēuua, from a compound of 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬀 (aēšəma, “wrath”) + 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (daēuua, “demon”)). Doublet of Ashmedai: a borrowing from Hebrew.
Zweifach
Borrowed from German Zweifach, a Jewish Ashkenazi surname.
Detheridge
Habitational surname from the village of Ditteridge, in Wiltshire, from Old English dīċ (“ditch; dike”) + hryċġ (“ridge”).
Ditteridge
From Old English dīċ (“ditch; dike”) + hryċġ (“ridge”).
Rosensaft
Borrowed from German Rosensaft, a Jewish Ashkenazi ornamental surname, from Rosen (“rose”) + Saft (“juice, sap”).
Aberlour
From Pictish *aber (“estuary”) + Lour, a river-name.
Pentland
Scottish habitational surname from a minor place near Edinburgh, perhaps from Middle English pent (“confined, enclosed”) + land (“land”). Another possibility is Cumbric *pant (“hollow”) or Cumbric *penn (“head, summit, top”) + Cumbric *lann (“enclosure”).
Nabhan
Borrowed from Arabic نبهان. This surname is predominantly found in Egypt.
Oster
Borrowed from German Oster or Swedish Öster.
Derived from Ukrainian Осте́р (Ostér)
Dorcely
Borrowed from French Dorcély. This surname is predominantly found in Haiti.
curiara
Borrowed from Spanish curiara, itself borrowed from a Cariban language; compare Kari'na kurijara, Ye'kwana kudiyada.
Great Replacement
Calque of French Grand Remplacement. Coined by French novelist, conspiracy theorist and writer Renaud Camus in 2010.
acuphenometry
From Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “to hear”) + φαίνομαι (phaínomai, “to appear”) + -metry.
Compare French acouphène, Italian acufene, Spanish acúfeno, and so on. The expected English spelling would be acouphenometry (cf. acoustic), but this term is mainly used by non-native speakers.
Brundish
From Old English burna (“stream”) + edisċ (“eddish; pasture”).
Ma'bar
From Arabic مَعْبَر (maʕbar, literally “a crossing”); this was the name used in medieval Islamic texts.
Dilloughery
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Dubhluachra (“descendant of Dubhluachra”), a personal name composed of the elements dubh (“black”) + luachair (“rushes; rushland”).
panchangam
From Sanskrit पञ्चाङ्गम् (pañcāṅgam).
Bramhill
Variant of Bramhall, itself Old English brōm (“broom”) + healh (“corner, angle, nook”).
panbiotism
From pan- (“all”) + Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life”) + -ism. Initially coined by Paul Carus in contradistinction with Ernst Haeckel's panpsychism, the belief all physical matter is ensouled.
Gallaga
Borrowed from Spanish Gallaga, a surname of Basque origin. This surname is predominantly found in Mexico.
Harbold
From a Norman personal name composed of the Proto-Germanic elements *harjaz (“army”) + *balþaz (“strong, bold”).
Lisby
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from Danish Lisby, a habitational surname.
* An English habitational surname, perhaps a variant of Lusby or from a lost place in England.
Wetton
Recorded as Wetindona in a 13ᵗʰ century Charter, from Old English wǣt (“wet”) + dūn (“hill”).
Ecton
From the Old English personal name Ecca + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
God Emperor
Its use in reference to the Emperor of Japan is a calque of Japanese 天皇 (tennō, literally “heavenly sovereign/emperor”), referring to the emperor's descent from the sun goddess Amaterasu.
In reference to Donald Trump, from Trump-supporting Internet users humorously depicting him as the God-Emperor of Mankind, a character from the British science fiction tabletop game Warhammer 40,000.
Itaboraian
From Portuguese Itaboraí, specifically referring to the Itaboraí Formation (Formação Itaboraí), which is near the city of Itaboraí, Brazil.
Rabanal
Borrowed from Spanish Rabanal. This surname is predominantly found in Peru and in the Philippines.
Sahakyan
Borrowed from Armenian Սահակյան (Sahakyan).
maneki-neko
From Japanese 招き猫 (maneki neko, literally “beckoning cat”).
Fotheringhay
From Old English fōdring (“grazing”) + īeġ (“island; low-lying land”).
samizdatchik
From Russian самиздатчик (samizdatčik), from самиздат (samizdat, “samizdat”) + suffix -чик (-čik).
tamizdat
Borrowed from Russian тамизда́т (tamizdát, literally “published there”), from там (tam, “there”) + изда́ть (izdátʹ).
Reames
Habitational surname of Norman origin, from a small village in Normandy.
Tangmere
From Old English tange (“tongs, fangs”) + mere (“lake, pool”).
Saintbury
Recorded in the 12ᵗʰ century as Seynesbury, from the Old English personal name Sǣwine + byriġ (“fortified place”).
Erlitou
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 二里頭 (Èrlǐtóu, literally “two Li head”).
Loch Alsh
From Scottish Gaelic Loch Aillse (“foaming lake”).
Vipond
Habitational surname of Norman origin, from the village of Vieux-Pont, in Normandy.
Okoye
Borrowed from Igbo Okoye, a variant of Okorie.
Farebrother
From Old English fæġer (“fair, beautiful”) + brōþor (“brother”), a nickname given to the brother of a fair person, or else to the better-looking of a pair of brothers. Alternatively, the surname may have been a nickname for a brother-in-law; compare French beau-frère (“brother-in-law”).
Great Bear Lake
Calque of Chipewyan Sahtú (“bear water”), from the grizzly bear, a large bear species.
hao siao
From Hokkien 嘐潲 (hau-siâu, “fake”). Compare Tagalog hawsyaw.
Great Slave Lake
From being the larger of the two former Slave Lakes, from being named after the Slavey people, from French Esclave, from esclave (“slave”), from Cree term for slaves, from being a Cree exonym for the Slavey people.
Slave Lake
From being a lake named after the Slavey people, from French Esclave, from esclave (“slave”), from Cree term for slaves, from being a Cree exonym for the Slavey people.
Lesser Slave Lake
From being the smaller of the two former Slave Lakes, two extremely large lakes. From being named after the Slavey people, from French Esclave, from esclave (“slave”), from Cree awokanek (“slaves”), from being a Cree exonym for the Slavey people, known among themselves as the Sahtu or Dene Tha'.
Wimblington
From the Old English Wynnbeald, + -ing (“belonging to”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
Swavesey
From Old English Swǣf (“Swabian”) + -s- + hȳþ (“landing-place”).
Beanland
From Old English bēan (“bean”) + land (“land”), a topographic surname for someone who lived by a land on which beans were grown.
vodki
From Russian во́дки (vódki), genitive of во́дка (vódka).
McCalvey
Anglicized form of Irish Mac an Chalbhaigh (“son of the bald (man)”), from calbhach (“bald”).
McNevin
Two main origins:
* Anglicized form of Irish Mac Naoimhín (“son of Naoimhín”), a diminutive of naomh (“saint”).
* Anglicized form of Irish Mac Cnáimhín (“son of Cnáimhín”), a diminutive of cnámh (“bone”)
Westrup
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from German Westrup, a habitational surname.
* English surname, a variant of Westrop.
Threapland
From Old English þrēap (“contention, strife, dispute”) + land (“land”).
Westrop
Habitational surname from a minor place in Wiltshire, from Old English west (“west”) + þrop (“village”).
Clatworthy
From Old English clāte (“burdock, clotbur”) + worþig (“piece of land, estate”).
Leworthy
Habitational surname from two minor places in Devon, from either the Old English personal name Leofa or hlēo (“shelter”) + worþig (“piece of land, estate”).
Tsitouris
Borrowed from Greek Τσιτούρης (Tsitoúris) < Turkish çıtır (“young, attractive”).
Sudell
Topographic surname from Old English sūþ (“south”) + dæl (“dale”).
Weidenfeld
Borrowed from German Weidenfeld, a Jewish Ashkenazi surname.
Hanania
From Hebrew חֲנַנְיָה (khananyá). Compare Ananias.
daloyet
Borrowed from Hindi ढलैत (ḍhalait), from Hindi ढल (ḍhal, “a shield”).
Corrin
Two main origins:
* Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Mac Odhráin (“son of Odhrán”), a byname from a diminutive of odhar (“dun”).
* A variant of Curran.
Cobbold
From the Old English personal name Cūþbeald, which is composed of the elements cūþ (“famous, renowned”) and beald (“bold, brave”). Probably a doublet of Keble and its variants.
Hogben
From Middle English huckbone (“hip bone”), a nickname for someone with a deformed hip who probably walked crookedly.Alternatively, a Viking name based on the norse for "high village" ie "hogbyn", which is the earliest recorded spelling of the name. Interestingly, there is a village in Kent called Hogben's Hill".
Stukeley
Habitational surname from the villages of Great and Little Stukeley, in Cambridgeshire, from Old English *styfic (“clearing in a wood”) + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”).
Nilgiri
From Tamil நீலகிரி (nīlakiri).
Oldknow
Habitational surname from a now lost village, from Old English eald (“old”) + cnoll (“summit, knoll”).
Fuchi
From Mandarin 富基 (Fùjī), Wade–Giles romanization: Fu⁴-chi¹.
Sauromatic
From Ancient Greek Σαυρομᾰτῐκός (Sauromătĭkós, “Sarmatian”), from Σαυρομάτης (Sauromátēs, “a Sarmatian”), as used by Herodotus.
Seidenberg
Borrowed from German Seidenberg, a Jewish Ashkenazi surname.
lying flat
From lying (verb) + flat (adjective), a calque of Chinese 躺平 (tǎng píng, “to lie flat; (figurative, neologism) to be unwilling to struggle, to quiet quit”).
Yedukondalu
Borrowed from Telugu ఏడుకొండలు (ēḍukoṇḍalu, “seven hills (of Tirumala); alternative name for Venkateswara”).
Avuvi
From Ewe avuvi (“puppy”), from avu (“dog”) + the diminutive suffix -vi, which may be related to vi (“little; child”); or the equivalent in another Gbe language.
T'ien-ching
From Mandarin 天津 (Tiānjīng) Wade–Giles romanization: Tʻien¹-ching¹.
From Mandarin 天京 (Tiānjīng) Wade–Giles romanization: Tʻien¹-ching¹.
apkallu
Learned borrowing from Akkadian 𒉣𒈨 (apkallum).
Veliky Novgorod
Borrowed from Russian Великий Новгород (Velikij Novgorod, literally “great Newtown”).
Bohai Sea
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 渤海 (Bóhǎi), from 渤 (Bó, “ancient sea name”) + 海 (hǎi, “sea”), with sea pleonastically distinguishing the meaning in English.
hypothetical imperative
From German hypothetischer Imperativ, used by Immanuel Kant.
Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Calque of Portuguese República da Guiné-Bissau.
sozine
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῴζειν (sōízein, “to save”).
New Russia
Calque of Russian Новоро́ссия (Novoróssija).
stormtroop
From storm + troop, a calque of German Sturmtruppe, a compound of Sturm (“storm”) + Truppe (“troop”).
Mountfort
Habitational surname of Norman origin, from the village of Montfort-sur-Risle, in Normandy. See French mont (“mountain, hill”), fort (“strong”). Compare Mountford.
hodonym
From Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodós, “road”) + ὄνυμα (ónuma, “name”), equivalent to hod- + -onym.
Bainton
Various origins:
* The village in the East Riding of Yorkshire was recorded as Bagentone in the Domesday Book, suggesting a derivation from the Old English personal name Bǣga + -ing (“belonging to”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
* The hamlet in Oxfordshire was recorded as Baditone in the Domesday Book, suggesting a derivation from the Old English personal name Bada + -ing (“belonging to”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
Garnsey
* English surname of Norman origin, from Great Gornhay in Tiverton, Devon, from the Old English personal name Gārmund, see Garman.
* Also as a habitational surname of Norman origin, from the village of Germisay, in Lorraine. It could also be a habitational surname from Guernsey in the Channel Islands. The second element of both of these is probably Old Norse ey (“island”).
Dorricott
Topographic surname for someone who lived near an enclosure for wild animals, from Old English dēor (“wild animal, beast”) + cot (“cottage, shelter”).
Labrado
Borrowed from Spanish Labrado. This surname is predominantly found in the Philippines.
O'Gorman
Anglicized form of Irish Ó Gormáin (“descendant of Gormán”), a diminutive form of gorm (“dark blue; noble”). Compare Gorman.
Stanworth
Habitational surname from a minor place in Lancashire, from Old English stān (“stone”) + worþ (“enclosure”).
Biddlecombe
Habitational surname from a minor place in Somerset, from the Old English personal name *Bitel + cumb (“short, straight valley, combe”).
Cranganore
From Portuguese Cranganor, from Malayalam കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂർ (koṭuṅṅallūṟ)
Cuddalore
From Tamil கடலூர் (kaṭalūr).
Cuttack
Borrowed from Odia କଟକ (kaṭaka).
Cevallos
Borrowed from Spanish Cevallos, a variant of Ceballos. This variant is predominantly found in Ecuador.
Winterborne Stickland
Winterborne is a variant of Winterbourne, Stickland comes from Old English sticol (“steep”); a number of villages and parishes in Dorset have Winterborne in their name.
lilapsophobia
From Ancient Greek λαῖλαψ (laîlaps, “hurricane”) + -o- + -phobia.
chelev
From Yiddish חלבֿ (kheylev), from Hebrew חֵלֶב (khélev).
Aljanah
Borrowed from Arabic الْجَنَاح (al-janāḥ, “the wing”).
Abererch
From Welsh Abererch, at the mouth of the Afon Erch, as the village once was before changes in the coastline.
Gloriana
Coined by English poet Edmund Spenser to represent Elizabeth I in his poem The Faerie Queene (1590), from Latin glōria (“glory”) + -ana, from Latin -āna, feminine of -ānus (“of or pertaining to”).
Britomartis
From Ancient Greek Βριτόμαρτις (Britómartis).
Bharara
Borrowed from Punjabi ਭਰਾਰਾ (bharārā).
Koryo-saram
From Korean 고려사람 (goryeosaram), via Russian корё-сара́м (korjó-sarám).
Mieses
Borrowed from Spanish Mieses. This surname is predominantly found in the Dominican Republic.
Prinkey
Americanized spelling of Dutch and German Prinke, a variant of Brinke.
Wolfenden
Habitational surname from a minor place in Lancashire, from the Old English personal name Wulfhelm, which is composed of the elements wulf (“wolf”) and helm (“helmet; protection”), + denu (“den, valley”).
Utrera
Borrowed from Spanish Utrera, a habitational surname. This surname is predominantly found in Mexico and Venezuela.
Dowthwaite
Habitational surname from a lost place in Yorkshire, from the Old Norse personal name Ufi + þveit (“clearing, glade”); the initial d- may come from Old French de (“of”), an element which later became fused into the surname. Compare Outhwaite.
Stebbing
From the Old English personal name *Stybba + -ing (“belonging to”).
Jutla
Borrowed from Punjabi ਜੁਟਲਾ (juṭlā).
Croall
Scottish surname, perhaps of Norman origin from the village of Crieul, near Vienne. See also Croll.
Batna
Borrowed from Arabic باتنة (bātinah), from Central Atlas Tamazight ⴱⴰⵜⵏⴰ (batna).
Canigou
From French Canigou, from Catalan Canigó.
Agreda
Borrowed from Spanish Ágreda, a habitational surname. This surname is predominantly found in Peru.
Aguiluz
Borrowed from Spanish Aguiluz. This surname is predominantly found in Honduras and El Salvador.
Borroto
Borrowed from Spanish Borroto. This surname is predominantly found in Cuba.
Aspden
Habitational surname from a place in Lancashire, from Old English æspe (“aspen”) + denu (“den, valley”).
Bartnick
Borrowed from Eastern German Bartnick, from Polish Bartnik, from Polish bartnik.
Jabara
Borrowed from Arabic جبارة (jabbāra). This surname is predominantly found in Iraq.
Omartian
From Armenian Օմարտյան (Ōmartyan).
Birley
From Old English būr (“chamber, room”) + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”). Equivalent to bower + -ley (“lea”).
arbitragist
Borrowed from French arbitragiste. By surface analysis, arbitrage + -ist.
Scowen
Topographic surname for someone who lived by a plantation of elderberry trees, from Cornish skawen (“elderberry tree”). Compare Boscawen.
Tregelles
From the Cornish habitational surname from tre (“homestead; settlement”) + kelli (“grove, copse; hazel grove”).
Varellas
Borrowed from Greek Βαρελλας (Varellas).
Dennehy
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Duineachdha (“descendant of Duineachaidh”), a personal name whose first element is duine (“human being”).
alopecia androgenetica
From alopecia (“loss of hair”) + andro- (“men”) + Latin genetica (“genetic”).
sangaku
From Japanese 算額 (sangaku, literally “calculation tablet”).
From Japanese 散楽 (sangaku).
McCleary
Anglicized form of Irish Mac an Chléirigh (“son of the cleric”), from cléireach (“clerk, cleric”).
Parsa
Borrowed from Persian پارسا (pârsâ, “pious, devout”).
All Cannings
Recorded as Caninge 1086 (DB), Aldekanning in 1205; from Old English eald (“old”), Cannings is from the family or followers of Cana + -ingas.
Kampuchea Krom
From Khmer កម្ពុជាក្រោម (kampuciə kraom, literally “Lower Cambodia”).
Kaplowitz
Germanized form of Polish Kaplowicz, a Jewish surname.
roujiamo
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 肉夾饃 /肉夹馍.
leaderman
From leader + man, a literal translation of the Russian лидировщик (lidirovščik).
Akbash
From Turkish Akbaş, a place name and surname, or from the equivalent phrase ak baş (literally “white head”), both from Ottoman Turkish آق باش (ak baş) with the same set of meanings.
Amora
From Hebrew אָמוֹרָא (āmorā), from Aramaic.
Stammaim
A modern coinage on the pattern of Amoraim, Tannaim, etc, from Hebrew סְתָם (stam, literally “plain”), used to describe the anonymous commentary in the Talmud.
Marwood
From Old English ġemære (“border, limit”) + wudu (“wood”).
Washoe
From English Wa She Shu, from Washo Wá꞉šiw ʔítlu (“Wašišiw”) Literally, “people from here”.
Staite
From Old English stæþ (“riverbank”), a topographic surname for someone who lived near a landing place, on the banks of a river or estuary.
Selley
Variant spelling of Sealey or a habitational surname from Selly Oak, which is from Old English sċylfe (“deck of a ship”) + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”). Equivalent to shelf + -ley (“lea”).
perezhivanie
Borrowed from Russian переживание (pereživanije), from пережива́ть (pereživátʹ) + -а́ние (-ánije).
Ditta
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from Italian Ditta, a short form of the personal name Benedetta.
* Borrowed from Urdu دتہ. This surname is predominantly found in Pakistan.
Selwood
From Old English sealh (“willow”) + wudu (“wood”).
Theakston
From the Old English personal name *Þeodec + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
Thirkettle
From the Old Norse personal name Þorketill, which is composed by the elements Þórr (“Thor”) + ketill (“sacrificial cauldron”). Compare Torquil.
linothorax
From Ancient Greek λινοθώραξ (linothṓrax).
cuissette
From Middle English quischete, Old French cuissete (modern French cuissette).
schynbald
From Middle English schynbalde, schynbawde, from shin. The second element may be Old French baldrel, baudrel.
Puglisevich
From Maltese Puglisevich, from Serbo-Croatian Puljizević.
Anglicised spelling of Puljizević. The earliest reference to this surname in Malta is in a notarised document from 1814 testified by Andrea Puglisevich, then a resident of Valletta but originating from the Dubrovnik region. The coat of arms shows two roosters, a sun, and a Cyrillic acronym, possibly relating to IHS.
Oakleigh
Variant of Oakley, from Old English āc (“oak”) + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”), thus a clearing in an oak forest; equivalent to oak + -leigh "lea".
Stavridis
Borrowed from Greek Σταυρίδης (Stavrídis).
Fishkin
Borrowed from Belarusian Фишкин (Fiškin), a Jewish surname.
passguard
From French passe-garde, used with the meaning "armor projecting up from a shoulder-piece" since a least the 1800s. It has been suggested that the application of the term (in both English and French) to neck guards is, however, an error, and that the original meaning was "elbow armor".
Odisho
From Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܥܲܒ݂ܕܝܼܫܘܿܥ (ˁaḇdīšōˁ, “Servant of Jesus”). Name is bore by Assyrians.
Pande
Borrowed from Hindi and Nepali पाण्डे (pāṇḍe).
Pincus
Borrowed from Hebrew פִּינְחָס (Pīn'ḥās). Compare the personal name Phinehas.
Melhuish
Habitational surname from a minor place in Devon, from Old English mǣle (“variegated, brightly coloured”) + hīwisċ (“hide (of land)”).
Satyal
Borrowed from Nepali सत्याल (satyāl).
Etton
From the Old English personal name Ēata + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).
braconniere
From French braconnière, from Middle French braconniere, bragonniere, from Old Italian braconi, from braca.
Bramel
Variant of Bramhall, itself Old English brōm (“broom”) + healh (“corner, angle, nook”).
McGroarty
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic and Irish Mac Rabhartaigh (“son of Rabhartach”), a byname from rabhartach (“having high tides, surging, swelling; vehement, impetuous”).
Ailsworth
From the Old English personal name *Ægel + -s- + worþ (“enclosure”).
barrabora
Borrowed from Russian барабора (barabora), from Itelmen [Term?].
Xuhui
The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 徐匯 /徐汇 (Xúhuì, literally “Xu Confluence”), a clipping of 徐家匯 /徐家汇 (Xújiāhuì, literally “Xu Family Confluence”) in reference to the prominence of the Xu family in the area during the Ming dynasty and the previous junction of several streams and canals in the district's Xujiahui neighborhood.
Jing'an
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 靖安.
The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 靜安 /静安 (Jìng'ān, literally “Quiet & Peaceful”) after the most prominent local monastery.
Minhang
From the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 閔行 /闵行 (Mǐnháng).
Changning
The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 長寧 /长宁 (Chángníng, literally “Long Pacified”).
Putuo
The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 普陀 (Pǔtuó), a clipped transcription of Sanskrit पोतलक (Potalaka, literally “Brilliance”), the name of the palace of the god or bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (known in China as the goddess or bodhisattva Guanyin) in the influential Flower Garland Sutra. The island in Zhejiang has been a center of Buddhist pilgrimage related to the worship of Guanyin since at least the Tang dynasty.
Yangpu
From the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 楊浦 /杨浦 (Yángpǔ, literally “Poplar Bank”), a 1950 clipping of earlier 楊樹浦 /杨树浦 (Yángshùpǔ, literally “Poplar Tree Bank”), after the name of a creek that formerly ran through the area beside present-day Lanzhou Rd.
Fitt
From Middle English fit (“proper, suited”), a nickname for a polite and amiable person.
Qingpu
The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 青浦 (Qīngpǔ, literally “Verdant Bank”), a 1542 combination of the name of 青龍 /青龙 (Qīnglóng), the principal local town at the time, and 浦 (pǔ, literally “riverbank”) after the many streams flowing into the Wusong River (now Suzhou Creek) in the area.
Fengxian
The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 奉賢 /奉贤 (Fèngxián, literally “offer to the worthy”), a 1726 modification of the earlier name 齊賢 /齐贤 (Qíxián, literally “equal to the worthy”).
multangle
From Renaissance Latin multangulum, use as noun of neuter of Classical Latin multangulus.
Bacilio
Borrowed from Spanish Bacilio. This surname is predominantly found in Mexico and Peru.
Schachtman
Variant of German Schachtmann, a Jewish Ashkenazi surname.