MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
saturnine
From Middle English saturnine, satournine, satournyne, saturnin, saturnyn, saturnyne (“pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Saturn; line on the palm of the hand associated with Saturn”), from Old French saturnine, saturnin (modern French saturnin (“of, pertaining to, resembling or containing lead, plumbic”)), or directly from its etymon Medieval Latin Sāturnīnus, from Sāturnus (“the Roman god Saturn; the planet Saturn”) + -īnus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’); analysable as Saturn + -ine. The English word is cognate with Italian saturnino (“saturnine”), Portuguese saturnino (“melancholy, saturnine; pertaining to the planet Saturn”), Spanish saturnino (“melancholy, saturnine; pertaining to the planet Saturn”).
Sense 1 (“having a tendency to be cold, bitter, gloomy, etc.”) refers to the fact that individuals born under the astrological influence of the planet Saturn were believed to have that disposition.
Kelly
Borrowed from Irish Ó Ceallaigh. Doublet of Kellogg and Callahan.
Gregory
Via Latin Grēgorius, from post-classical Ancient Greek Γρηγόριος (Grēgórios, “watchful, vigilant”), from Ancient Greek ἐγείρω (egeírō, “awaken, arouse”).
evilness
From Middle English yvelnesse, from Old English yfelnyss; equivalent to evil + -ness.
Jeff
From Jeffrey, a variant of Geoffrey, from Middle English Geffrey, from an Old French aristocratic name, Geoffroi [dʒɔfreʲ] (> West Middle French Geoffrey, East Middle French Geoffroy), itself from Proto-French forms (latinized in -us) Jotfredus, Jozsfredus, Josfredus (10th century) and Jof[f]redus, Jofridus, Jaufredus, Geffredus (11th century), and ultimately of Proto-Germanic origin. The second element is *friþuz (“peace, sanctuary”). The first element may be *gautaz (“a Geat, a Goth”) [making the Proto-Germanic term *Gautafriþu], as opposed to *gōdaz (“good”) or *gudą (“god”) in Godfrey; this would also make it related to Jocelyn. The name was introduced to England by the Normans in the 11th century.
sinful
From Middle English synful, senful, sunful, from Old English synful (“sinful, guilty, wicked, corrupt”), equivalent to sin + -ful. Compare Dutch zondevol (“sinful”), German sündevoll (“sinful”), Danish syndefuld (“sinful”), Swedish syndfull (“sinful”), Icelandic syndfullur (“sinful”).
reflection
From Middle English refleccion, refleccioun, refleccioune, reflection, from Middle French reflection, reflexion, and its source Late Latin reflexiō, from the participle stem of reflectō. The current spelling is influenced by reflect. Equivalent to reflect + -ion.
solely
From Middle English soly, sooly, soolly, equivalent to sole + -ly.
Carlos
Borrowed from Portuguese and Spanish Carlos. Doublet of Carl, Charles, and Karl.
Eugene
Borrowed from French Eugène, from Latin Eugenius, from Ancient Greek Εὐγένιος (Eugénios, “well born”), from εὖ (eû, “good, well”) + -γενής (-genḗs, “born a certain way”). Parallel to eugenics. Doublet of Yevgeny, Eugenius, and Owen.
Napoleon
From French Napoléon, from Italian Napoleone, name of an early saint, of uncertain origin; possibly from the Germanic clan name Nibelung. By folk etymology explained as Napoli (“Naples”) + leone (“lion”).
Borrowed from French Napoléon (“a given name, usually in reference to Napoleon Bonaparte”). In reference to coins, via French napoléon (“(slang) a coin that originally had the appearance of Napoleon's face in the obverse”). In reference to guns and possibly cards, a reference to Napoleon III.
Keith
* As a Scottish surname, from the placename in Moray, Scotland, from Scottish Gaelic Cèith, meaning "wood" or "from the battleground," which is probably borrowed from Pictish *ᚉᚓᚈ (cēt) meaning "wood", or a forest, from Proto-Brythonic *koɨd.
* As a German surname, from Middle High German kit (“sprout, offspring”) (compare kint).
Kamboj
Borrowed from Hindi कंबोज (kamboj), from Sanskrit कम्बोज (kamboja). Cf. Punjabi ਕੰਬੋਜ (kamboj, “Kamboj”).
rapeseed
From Middle English rape sede, rape seed, equivalent to rape (“rapeseed plant(s)”) + seed. As a meronym for the entire plant, from the need to distinguish the plant from the etymologically unrelated verb and act rape. In this context, rape is from Latin rāpa, from rāpum (“turnip”).
diffuse
From Middle French diffuser, from Latin diffūsus, past participle of diffundere, from dis- + fundere.
From Middle English *diffuse (attested in adverb diffuseli), from Latin diffūsus.
steady
From Middle English stedy, studi, stidiȝ, perhaps continuing Old English stæþþiġ, ġestæþþiġ (“steadfast, stable, firm, staid”), equivalent to stead + -y; or calquing Middle Low German or Middle Dutch stēdig. Cognate with Saterland Frisian stoadig (“steady”), West Frisian stadich (“slow”), Danish stedig, stadig, steeg, Swedish stadig, Icelandic stöðugur, German stätig, stetig.
Compare also Old English ġestedegian (“to bring to a standstill”) and Dutch steeds (“more and more”).
Adjective sense 8 is a semantic loan from Singapore Hokkien 在 (chāi, “confident, skilled”, literally “steady”).
creeping
From Middle English crepynge, crepinde, crepende, crepande, from Old English crēopende, from Proto-Germanic *kreupandz, present participle of Proto-Germanic *kreupaną (“to creep, crawl”), equivalent to creep + -ing.
From Middle English creping, crepynge, from Old English crēopung, equivalent to creep + -ing.
contumacy
From Latin contumācia, from contumāx (“refusing to appear in a court of law in disobedience of a summons; insolent, obstinate, stiff-necked”).
disobedience
From Middle English disobedience, dysobediaunce, from Old French desobedience. By surface analysis, dis- + obedience. Displaced native Old English unhīersumnes.
submission
From Middle English submissioun, from Old French soubmission, from Latin submissio, from submitto.
wrongdoing
From Middle English wrong doyng, wrong doynge, wrong doinge, equivalent to wrong + doing.
capitulate
The adjective is first attested in 1528, the verb in 1537; borrowed from Medieval Latin capitulātus perfect passive participle of Medieval Latin capitulō (“(originally; of a book, text) to draw up under distinct headings; (from the 15ᵗʰ c.) to bargain, parley, convene”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from capitulum (“heading, chapter, title”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix), diminutive of caput (“head”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-. Common participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.
divagate
First attested in 1599; borrowed from Latin dīvagātus, perfect active participle of dīvagor (“to wander here and there”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from Latin dis- (“in different direction”) + vagor (“to wander”). Cognate with French divaguer.
residual
Recorded since 1570. From residue, itself borrowed during the Middle English period from Old French residu (Modern French résidu), from Latin residuum (“a remainder”), the neuter inflection of residuus (“remaining, left over”), perfect participle of resideō (“to remain behind”), from re- (“back, again”) + sedeō (“to sit, to reside”).
ait
From Middle English eyt, eit, from Old English īġeoþ, īgoþ, iggaþ, iggoþ (“ait, eyot, islet, small island”), diminutive of īġ, ēġ, īeġ (“island”). More at eyot.
From Scots ait, ate, from Middle English ate, from Old English āte. More at oat.
homeopathy
From German Homöopathie, equivalent to English homeo- + -pathy.
heather
From Middle English hather, hathir, from Old English *hǣddre and hǣþ (“heather”), cognate with Scots hedder, hadder, heddir (“heather”), Saterland Frisian Heede (“heather”), West Frisian heide (“heather”), Dutch heide (“heather”), German Low German Heide, Heid (“heather”), German Heide (“heather”).
collector
Inherited from Middle English collectour, from Anglo-Norman collectour, from Late Latin collēctor, from Latin colligō (“to gather together”).
hoar
From Middle English hor, hore, from Old English hār (“hoar, hoary, grey, old”), from Proto-West Germanic *hair, from Proto-Germanic *hairaz (“grey”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“grey, dark”). Cognate with German hehr (“noble, sublime”), Herr (“sir, gentleman”), Scottish Gaelic ciar (“dusky”), and Russian се́рый (séryj, “grey”).
* As an English surname, from the adjective hoar (“greyish white”).
* Also as an English surname, from Ore in Sussex, or its source Old English ōra (“edge, brink”).
Compare Middle English Hore.
ninefold
From Middle English *nynefold, *niȝenfald, from Old English niġonfeald. Equivalent to nine + -fold.
ashen
From Middle English asshen, aisshen, esscen, from Old English æsċen (“made of ashwood”), equivalent to ash + -en (“made or consisting of”). Cognate with Scots aschin, eschin (“ashen”).
From Middle English asshen, axen (“ash-colored; pale; lifeless”). By surface analysis, ash + -en (“made or consisting of”).
stability
From Middle English stabletee, stabilite, from Old French stabilité, from Latin root of stabilitas (“firmness, steadfastness”), from stabilis (“steadfast, firm”). Displaced native Old English staþolfæstnes.
fissure
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *bʰinédti
Proto-Italic *findō
Latin findō
Proto-Indo-European *-tew-?
Proto-Indo-European *-r-eh₂?
Latin -tūra
Latin fissūrader.
Old French fissurebor.
Middle English fissure
English fissure
From Middle English fissure, from Old French fissure, from Latin fissūra (“a cleft, chink”), from findō (“to cleave, split, divide”) + -tūra (nominal suffix).
rhapsodic
From Latinized form of Ancient Greek ῥαψῳδῐκός (rhapsōidĭkós).
repudiation
From Latin repudiātiōnem, equivalent to repudiate + -ion.
analemma
From Ancient Greek ἀνάλημμα (análēmma, “pedestal of a sundial”).
anandrous
From Ancient Greek ἄνανδρος (ánandros). Equivalent to an- + -androus.
apprise
PIE word
 *h₂éd
Borrowed from French appris, apprise, the past participle form of apprendre (“to learn; to teach”), from Middle French apprendre, aprendre (“to learn”), from Old French aprendre, aprandre (“to learn; to educate, teach”), from Latin apprēndere, a variant of apprehendere, adprehendere, the present active infinitives of apprehendō, adprehendō (“to lay hold upon, grab, grasp, seize, take; to apprehend, arrest; to grasp with the mind, comprehend, understand; (Medieval Latin) to learn; to inform; to teach”), from ad- (prefix meaning ‘to; towards’) + prehendō (“to lay hold of, grab, grasp, seize, take; (figuratively, rare) of the mind: to apprehend, comprehend, grasp, seize”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to find; to hold; to seize, take”)). Doublet of apprehend.
From Middle English aprisen, apprisen (“to determine or estimate the value of (something), to appraise, evaluate; to regard (something) as important, valuable, or worthy, to esteem, prize; to praise or worship (God)”), and then either:
* from Old French apriser, aprisier (“to appraise, evaluate”), from à (“to”) + prisier, preisier (“to attribute a value to, to appraise, value”) (from Latin pretiāre, the present active infinitive of pretiō (“(Late Latin) to consider valuable, hold in high regard, to esteem, prize, value; (Medieval Latin) to estimate the worth of, appraise, assess, value”), from pretium + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs)); or
* from Old French à pris (“to (put a) price (on)”) (pris (“price; esteem, (positive) reputation”) is derived from Latin pretium).
Pretium (“cost, price; value, worth”) is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“before, in front; first”). The English word is a doublet of appraise, appreciate, praise, price, and prize.
apert
From Middle English apert, from Old French apert, from Latin apertus, past participle of aperire. Doublet of ouvert and overt.
cravat
From French cravate, an appellative use of Cravate (“Croat”), from Dutch Krawaat, from German Krawatte, from Serbo-Croatian Hr̀vāt/Хр̀ва̄т (“Croat”). The cravat is regarded as originating from a linen scarf worn by Croatian mercenaries which was adopted into French fashion in the 17th century. Doublet of Croat.
tumid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tum-der.
Latin tumeō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin tumidusbor.
English tumid
Borrowed from Latin tumidus (“swollen”).
severity
From Middle English severity, from Middle French severite (modern French sévérité), from Latin sevēritās. By surface analysis, severe + -ity.
articulation
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂r-tú-s
Proto-Italic *artus
Latin artus
Proto-Italic *-kelos
Latin -culus
▲
Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron)sl.
Latin articulus
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin articulō
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Medieval Latin articulātiōder.
Old French articulacionbor.
Middle English articulacioun
English articulation
From Middle English articulacioun, from Old French articulacion, from Medieval Latin articulatio. Equivalent to articulate + -ion.
convoy
From Middle English, from Old French convoier, another form of conveier, from Vulgar Latin *convio (compare Medieval Latin convio (“to accompany on the way”)), from Latin con- (“together”) + via (“way”).
attentive
From Middle English attentif, attentijf, from Old French attentif.
Luftwaffe
Unadapted borrowing from German Luftwaffe (literally “an air-weapon”).
incarnadine
The adjective is derived from French incarnadin, incarnadine, from Italian incarnadino, a variant of incarnatino (“carnation; flesh colour”), from incarnato (“embodied, incarnate”) + -ino (suffix forming adjectives denoting composition, colour, or other qualities). Incarnato is derived from Ecclesiastical Latin and Late Latin incarnātus (“having been made incarnate”), the perfect passive participle of incarnō (“to become or make incarnate; to make into flesh”), from in- (suffix meaning ‘in, inside, within’) + Latin carō (“flesh, meat; body”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs). By surface analysis, in- + Latin carn- + -ade + -ine.
The noun and verb are derived from the adjective.
Adjective senses 2 and 3 (“of the blood-red colour of raw flesh; (figurative) bloostained, bloody”) and noun sense 2 (“blood-red colour of raw flesh”) are due to William Shakespeare’s use of the word as a verb in Macbeth (c. 1606): see the quotation below.
Jonathan
Borrowed from Hebrew יְהוֹנָתָן (yəhōnāṯān), יוֹנָתָן (yōnāṯān, literally “God has given”), apparently with influence from Aramaic [Term?].
companion
From Middle English companion, from Old French compaignon (“companion”) (modern French compagnon), from Late Latin compāniōn- (nominative singular compāniō, whence French copain), from com- + pānis (literally, with + bread), a word first attested in the Frankish Lex Salica as a calque of a Germanic word, probably Frankish *galaibo, *gahlaibō (“messmate”, literally “with-bread”), from Proto-Germanic *gahlaibô. Compare also Old High German galeipo (“messmate”) and Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰 (gahlaiba, “messmate”); and, for the semantics, compare Old Armenian ընկեր (ənker, “friend”, literally “messmate”). More at co-, loaf. Displaced native Old English ġefēra (literally “fellow traveler”). Compare company and mate.
introspect
From Latin intrōspectus, past participle of intrōspiciō. By surface analysis, intro- + -spect.
j'accuse
Borrowing from French J'Accuse ("I accuse"), the title of an 1898 open letter from writer Emile Zola to the president of France during the Dreyfus Affair.
scunner
Borrowed from Scots scunner, skunner, from Old Scots skunnyr, skowner (“to shrink back; flinch”), from Middle English skoneren (“to feel sick or disgusted”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a frequentative of shun. If so, etymologically shun + -er (frequentative suffix). Compare also Middle English scurnen (“to flinch”), English scare, English scorn.
loyalty
From Middle English loialte, borrowed from Old French loialte, loiauté (Modern loyauté) from loial + -té, equivalent to loyal + -ty.
ethical
From ethic + -al, from Late Latin ethicus (“moral, ethical”), from Ancient Greek ἠθικός (ēthikós, “of or for morals, moral, expressing character”), from ἦθος (êthos, “character, moral nature”).
meth
From metheglin, from Welsh meddyglyn, from meddyg (“medicinal”) (from Latin medicus) + llyn (“liquor”) (cognate with Irish lionn and Gaelic leann).
spastic
Learned borrowing from Latin spasticus, from Ancient Greek σπαστικός (spastikós, “drawing in”). By surface analysis, spasm + -tic. Cf. French spastique and see also spasm.
urethra
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek οὐρήθρα (ourḗthra, “the passage for urine”), from οὐρέω (ouréō, “to make water”). Recorded in English since 1634.
malachite
From Middle French malachite, from Latin molochītis, from Ancient Greek μολόχη (molókhē, “[leaf of the ... ] mallow plant”).
midinette
Borrowed from French midinette, from midi (“midday”) + dinette, diminutive of diner (“dinner”).
kecapi
From Indonesian kecapi, from Sundanese ᮊᮎᮕᮤ (kacapi, “zither”), probably from Sanskrit कच्छपी (kacchapī, “lute”).
suling
Borrowed from Sundanese suling. Compare with Acehnese suléng and Malay seruling.
lignite
From French lignite, from Latin lignum (“firewood”) + -ite.
nolo contendere
Directly from Latin nōlō contendere (“I do not wish to contend”).
zaibatsu
Borrowed from Japanese 財閥(ざいばつ) (zaibatsu), coined from Middle Chinese 財 (d͡zoj, “wealth”) + 閥 (bjot, “powerful family”). Doublet of chaebol.
sedate
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English sedate (“not painful or sore”), and directly from its etymon Latin sēdātus (“calm, quiet, composed”), participial adjective from sēdō (“to allay, appease, calm, settle; to end, stop”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Compare English -ate (suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘characterized by [the thing specified]’).
The verb is partly derived from sēdāt-, a participial stem of sēdō (verb sense 2—“to make (someone or something) calm”; see above), and partly a back-formation from sedation (verb sense 1—“to give (a person) a sedative”) + English -ate (suffix forming verbs). It is first attested slightly later than the adjective.
scarcity
Inherited from Middle English scarsite, from Old Northern French escarsete; by surface analysis, scarce + -ity.
Ulotrichi
From Ancient Greek οὖλος (oûlos) and θρίξ (thríx).
singulative
From French singulatif, from Latin singillatim (“singly", "one by one”), from singulus (“single", "separate”), from Proto-Italic *sem-g-lo-, a diminutive form derived from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, together”).
dignify
From Old French dignifier, from Late Latin dignificare, from dignus (“worthy”) + ficare (in comp.), facere (“to make”). See deign and fact.
pleurisy
From Middle English pleuresi, pleresye, that borrowed from Old French pleuresie (French pleurésie), from Late Latin pleurisis, alteration of Latin pleuritis. By surface analysis, pleur- + -isy.
exorcism
From Old French exorciser, from Late Latin exorcizō, from Ancient Greek ἐξορκίζω (exorkízō, “to ward off, to charge under oath, adjure”), from ἐξ (ex) + ὅρκος (hórkos).
exorcise
From Middle English exorcisen, exorzisen, from Medieval Latin exorcizō, from Ancient Greek ἐξορκίζω (exorkízō, “to banish an evil spirit; bind by oath”), from ἐξ (ex) + ὅρκος (hórkos). Compare Old French exorciser.
exorcist
From Middle French exorciste, from Latin exorcista, from Ancient Greek ἐξορκιστής (exorkistḗs).
sunlight
From Middle English sonnelight, sunneliht, from Old English sunnan lēoht (“sunlight”), equivalent to sun + light. Cognate with Dutch zonlicht (“sunlight”), German Low German Sünnenlücht (“sunlight”), German Sonnenlicht (“sunlight”).
feague
From Dutch vegen (“to sweep, strike”), from Middle Dutch vēghen (“to cleanse”), from Old Dutch *fegōn (“to cleanse”), from Proto-West Germanic *faginōn, from Proto-Germanic *faginōną (“to decorate, make beautiful”), from Proto-Indo-European *pōḱ-, *pēḱ- (“to clean, to adorn”).
Cognate with Danish feje (“to sweep”), German fegen (“to cleanse, scour, sweep”), Icelandic fægja (“to polish”), Swedish feja (“to sweep”). More at fay, fair, fake.
Possibly from Dutch feeks, probably from vegen (“to sweep, strike”): see etymology of feague (verb) above. Compare Middle English vecke (“old woman”).
Scientology
From the stem of Latin scientia (“knowledge”), from sciō (“to know”), + -ology.
Kambujiya
From Old Persian 𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 (k-b-u-ji-i-y /⁠Kaᵐbūjiya⁠/). Supposed by some scholars to be related to Kamboja, although "there are also scholars who denounce a connection between Kamboja and Kambujiya … and who defend another etymology".
para-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-
Proto-Hellenic *pərai
Ancient Greek πᾰρᾰ́ (părắ)
Ancient Greek πᾰρᾰ- (pără-)der.
English para-
From Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside, next to”).
From French para-, from Italian para-, from para, imperative of parare (“to defend, shield, shroud”), from Latin parō (“to prepare”).
typography
From French typographie from Medieval Latin typographia from Ancient Greek τυπογράφος (tupográphos, “certified copy”) + -ίᾱ (-íā).
By surface analysis, type + -o- + -graphy.
Peking duck
Calque from Chinese 北京烤鴨／北京烤鸭 (Běijīng kǎoyā). Same as Peking + duck.
Peking
c. 1655 romanization of the Nanking court dialect Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ]. The early Portuguese and Jesuits such as Francis Xavier used the spelling Paquim; Abraham Ortelius used C. Paquin for his 1572 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas; Italian Jesuit Martino Martini used Peking in his 1654 Latin De Bello Tartarico Historia and 1655 Novus Atlas Sinensis, which were quickly translated into English and later used by Joan Blaeu for his 1665 Atlas Maior. Peter Heylyn's Cosmographie changed its spelling from Paquin in the 1652 edition to Peking in the 1658 edition, but both Pekin and Peking were used interchangeably in English until the Chinese Imperial Post adopted Peking as its official transcription in the 1890s.
Pisgah
From Biblical Hebrew פסגּה (Piṣgāh), a name for the peak of Mount Nebo, meaning literally “top of a mountain; summit”.
skosh
Borrowed from Japanese 少し (sukoshi, “a little bit”), originally US armed forces slang.
chamfer
Back-formation from chamfering, from Middle French chanfrain, from Middle French, Old French chanfraindre, possibly a compound of chant (“corner”), from Latin canthus (of either Celtic or Latin origin) + fraindre (“to break”), from frangō (“to break”).
florentine
From French florentin.
From Latin Flōrentīnus, from Flōrentia (“Florence”) + -īnus.
moiety
Borrowed from Middle French moytié, from Old French meitié (“half”) (modern French moitié (“half”)), from Late Latin medietās (“centre, midpoint; half”), from Latin medius (“half; middle”) + -tās (from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts (suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being)). Medius is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”), possibly from *me-dʰi- (“among; with”), from *me (“in the middle of; among; with”). The word is a doublet of mediety.
rationalization
First attested in 1831. From French rationalisation, equivalent to rational + -ization or rationalize + -ation.
Evropa
Unadapted borrowing from Latin Europa, with u spelled as v as in Classical Latin.
Inuk
Borrowed from Inuktitut ᐃᓄᒃ (inok, “person”).
overhead
From Middle English owerheved, over-hed, over hede (adverb), from Old English oferhēafod (adverb), equivalent to over- + head. Compare German Low German overhoopt, överhoopt, German überhaupt. Piecewise doublet of overchief.
ganglion
Borrowed from Ancient Greek γᾰγγλῐ́ον (gănglĭ́on, “encysted tumour on a tendon or aponeurosis”).
Croat
From Medieval Latin Croata, from Proto-Slavic *xъrvatъ (“Croat”), the Croatian autonym. It, in turn, is probably of non-Slavic origin: probably from an Iranian or Germanic language. Doublet of cravat.