MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
the
From Middle English þe, from Old English þē m (“the, that”, demonstrative pronoun), a late variant of sē, the s- (which occurred in the masculine and feminine nominative singular only) having been replaced by the þ- from the oblique stem.
replaced words, cognates
Originally neutral nominative, in Middle English it superseded all previous Old English nominative forms (sē m, sēo f, þæt n, þā pl); sē is from Proto-West Germanic *siz, from Proto-Germanic *sa, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian die (“the”), West Frisian de (“the”), Dutch de (“the”), German Low German de (“the”), German der (“the”), Danish de (“the”), Swedish de (“the”), Icelandic sá (“that”) within Germanic and with Sanskrit स (sá, “the, that”), Ancient Greek ὁ (ho, “the”), Tocharian B se (“this”) among other Indo-European languages.
From Middle English the, thy, thi, from Old English þē̆, probably a neuter instrumental form ("by that, thereby")—alongside the more common þȳ and þon—of the demonstrative pronoun sē ("that"). Compare Dutch des te ("the, the more"), German desto ("the, all the more"), Norwegian fordi and Norwegian av di ("because"), Icelandic því (“the; because”), Faroese tí, Swedish ty.
absent
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó
Proto-Italic *ap
Latin abder.
Latin ab-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt
Proto-Italic *som~*ezom
Latin sum
Latin absum
Latin absēnsder.
Old French ausentder.
Middle French absentbor.
▲
Latin absēnsbor.
Middle English absent
English absent
From Middle English absent, from Middle French absent, from Old French ausent, and their source, Latin absens, present participle of absum (“to be away from”), from ab (“away”) + sum (“to be”).
From Middle English absenten, from Old French absenter, from Late Latin absentāre (“keep away, be away”).
absentation
From Medieval Latin absentatio, from Latin absento (“to be absent”). Equivalent to absent + -ation.
absinthium
From Middle English absinthium, from Latin absinthium, from Ancient Greek ἀψίνθιον (apsínthion). Doublet of absinthe.
absist
Latin absistere (“desist”); from ab (“from, away from”) + sistō (“stand”).
absolutely
From late Middle English absolutly, equivalent to absolute + -ly.
First attested in 1425.
absolution
From Middle English absolucion, absolucioun, from Old French absolution, from Latin absolūtiōnem, accusative singular of absolūtiō (“acquittal”), from absolvō (“absolve”). See also absolve.
absolutism
First attested in 1753 (in the theological sense); attested in 1830 in the political sense. From absolute + -ism, based after French absolutisme.
absolve
First attested in the early 15th century. From Middle English absolven, from Latin absolvere (“set free, acquit”), from ab (“away from”) + solvō (“loosen, free, release”). Doublet of assoil.
absolvent
An adaptation of the Latin absolvēns (“absolving”, stem: absolvent-), from absolvō (“to absolve”).
absonous
From Latin absonus, from ab- (“away”) + sonus (“sound”).
absorpt
From Latin absorptus, perfect passive participle of absorbeō (“absorb”).
absque hoc
Learned borrowing from Latin absque hoc (literally “without this”).
abstain
First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“to hold”). See also tenable.
abstemious
From Latin abstēmius (“abstaining from wine”); from ab, abs (“from”) + tēmus, a root of tēmētum (“intoxicating drink, especially strong mead or wine”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *temH- (“dark (referring to the colour of wine)”)) + -ous.
absterge
From French and Middle French absterger or from Medieval Latin abstergēre (“wipe off or away”); formed from Latin abs- + tergeō (“to wipe off”).
absterse
From Middle English absterse, from Latin abstersus, perfect passive participle of abstergeō (“wipe off, wipe away”); formed from abs- + tergeō (“wipe”).
abstersion
From Middle English abstersioun, from either Old French or Medieval Latin abstertion, from Latin abstersus, past participle of abstergēo (“to wipe off or away”).
abstinency
From Classical Latin abstinentia; compare -y (suffix forming abstract nouns) and earlier abstinence, a doublet.
abstinent
First attested in the late 14th century as Middle English abstinent, abstynent, from Old French abstinent, from Latin abstinēns, present participle of abstineō. See abstain.
From Middle English abstinent (adjective form).
abstractive
From Middle English abstractif, from Medieval Latin abstractivus, from Latin abstractus (“drawn away”) + -ivus (“-ive”). Equivalent to abstract + -ive.
abstringe
Borrowed from Latin abstringō, from ab- (“away”) + stringō (“to bind, to tie”).
abstrude
From Latin abstrūdō (“push away, hide”). See abstruse.
abstruse
PIE word
 *h₂epó
Learned borrowing from Latin abstrūsus (“concealed, hidden; having been concealed”), an adjective use of the perfect passive participle of abstrūdō (“to conceal, hide; to push or thrust away”), from abs- (from ab- (prefix meaning ‘away; from; away from’)) + trūdō (“to push, shove; to thrust”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to push; to thrust”)).
Cognates
* Catalan abstrús
* German abstrus (“abstruse”)
* Italian astruso (“abstruse”)
* Middle French abstruse (modern French abstrus, abstruse (“(derogatory, literary) abstruse”)
* Portuguese abstruso (“abstruse”)
* Spanish abstruso (“abstruse”)
absume
Learned borrowing from Latin absūmō (“diminish”); formed from ab (“from, away from”) + sūmō (“take”).
absurdity
First attested around 1472. From Middle English absurdite, then from either Middle French absurdité, or from Late Latin absurditas (“dissonance, incongruity”), from Latin absurdus + -itas (“quality, state, degree”). Equivalent to absurd + -ity.
abuna
From Amharic አቡነ (ʾäbunä), Arabic أَبُونَا (ʔabūnā, “our father”).
From Portuguese Abunã.
From Ge'ez አቡነ (ʾäbunä, “our father”), from Arabic أَبُونَا (ʔabūnā, “our father”), from أَبُو (ʔabū), a form of أَب (ʔab, “father”), and ـنَا (-nā, “our”).
abundantly
From Middle English abundantly, abundauntli, habundantly, habundauntliche, equivalent to abundant + -ly.
abusage
From abuse + -age.
First appeared in Middle English, c. 1450–1475, meaning “sexual misconduct”: cf. abuse (“forcing of undesired sexual activity”). Later in the 16th century, a general synonym of abuse. The word was partly repopularized after the appearance of a grammar titled Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English in 1942.
abusion
From Middle English abusioun, from Old French abusion, from Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”), from abūtor (“misuse”). Doublet of abusio.
abusive
First attested in the 1530s. From French abusif, from Latin abūsīvus, from abusus + -ivus (“-ive”). Equivalent to abuse + -ive.
abut
From Middle English abutten, from Medieval Latin abuttare and Old French abuter, aboter, abouter (“to touch at one end, to come to an end, aim, reach”), from Old French but (“end, aim, purpose”); akin to Old Norse butr (“piece of wood”). Equivalent to a- (“to”) + butt (“boundary mark”).
From Middle English abutten, from Old French aboter (“to touch at one end, border on”), abouter (“to join end to end”), abuter (“to buttress, to put an end to”), from a- (“towards”) + bout (“end”), boter, bouter (“to strike”), buter (“to strike, finish”). Equivalent to a- (“towards, change to”) + butt (“push”)
aby
From Middle English abyen, abien, abiggen, from Old English ābyċġan (“to buy; pay for; buy off; requite; recompense; redeem; perform; execute”), from Proto-Germanic *uzbugjaną, equivalent to a- + buy. Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbugjan). Not related to abide.
From Old Norse á (“river”) + býr (“town”). Literally "Town on a River" or "River Town". Cognate with Swedish Åby and Danish Aaby, both other towns.
abyssal
First attested in the 1690s. From Medieval Latin abyssalis, from Latin abyssus (“abyss”) + -alis (“-al”). Equivalent to abyss + -al.
academe
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek Ἀκάδημος (Akádēmos)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ία (-ía)
Ancient Greek Ἀκαδήμεια (Akadḗmeia)der.
New Latin acadēmī̆abor.
English academe
From New Latin academia, from Ancient Greek Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía); Doublet of academia, academy, and Akademeia. Academe (frequently capitalized) is a poetic name for the garden or grove near ancient Athens where Plato taught, supposedly named for its former owner, the hero Ἀκάδημος (Akademos; Ἑκάδημος, Hekademos).
acajou
Borrowed from French acajou (“cashew”), from Old Tupi akaîu. Doublet of cashew.
acaleph
Borrowed from Latin acalephe, from Ancient Greek ἀκαλήφη (akalḗphē, “stinging nettle”).
acantha
From Ancient Greek ἄκανθα (ákantha, “thorn”), from ἀκή (akḗ, “point”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).
acanthine
From Latin acanthinus, from acanthus + English -ine (“relating to”).
acanthocarpous
From acantho- (“having thorns”) + -carpous (“relating to fruit”), from Ancient Greek ἄκανθος (ákanthos) and κᾰρπός (kărpós) respectively.
acanthopodious
From Latin acanthopodius. This is the only English word in -podious in the English Wiktionary, as of December 2024.
acanthopterygian
From New Latin, from acanthus (“thorn”), (from Ancient Greek ἄκανθος (ákanthos)) + Ancient Greek πτερύγιον (pterúgion) diminutive of πτέρυξ (ptérux, “wing, fin”), from πτερόν (pterón, “feather, wing”).
acardiac
From Ancient Greek ἀκάρδιος (akárdios, “without a heart”) + -ac, after cardiac; by surface analysis, a- + cardi- + -ac.
acaridan
From taxonomic name Acaridae + -an, from Ancient Greek ἀκαρί (akarí, “mite”). By surface analysis, acarid + -an.
acarus
Learned borrowing from taxonomic name Acarus, from Ancient Greek ἀκαρί (akarí, “cheese mite, tick”).
accend
From Middle English accenden, from Latin accendere (“to kindle”), formed from ad- + candere (“to shine”).
accensor
Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin accēnsor, from accendō (“light, kindle”) + -tor (agent noun suffix). Compare accend.
accept
First attested about 1380. From Middle English accepten, borrowed from Old French accepter, or directly from Latin acceptō, acceptāre (“receive”), frequentative of accipiō, formed from ad- + capiō (“to take”). Displaced native Old English onfōn.
acceptable
From Middle English acceptable, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French acceptable, from Late Latin acceptābilis (“worthy of acceptance”).
Morphologically accept + -able.
acceptance
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Proto-Italic *ad-
Latin ad-
Proto-Indo-European *kap-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *kapyéti
Proto-Italic *kapjō
Old Latin kapiō
Latin capiō
Latin accipiō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin -tō
Latin acceptārelbor.
Old French accepterder.
Middle French acceptancebor.
▲
Old French accepterder.?
Middle English accepten
English accept
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -iader.
Old French -ancebor.
Middle English -aunce
English -ance
English acceptance
* First attested in 1528–1530. Probably partly from Middle French acceptance (from Old French accepter (“accept”)) and partly from accept + -ance.
acceptation
From Middle English acceptacioun, acceptation, from Middle French acceptacion and Late Latin acceptātiō. By surface analysis, accept + -ation.
accepter
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Proto-Italic *ad-
Latin ad-
Proto-Indo-European *kap-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *kapyéti
Proto-Italic *kapjō
Old Latin kapiō
Latin capiō
Latin accipiō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin -tō
Latin acceptārelbor.
Old French accepterder.?
Middle English accepten
English accept
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āsjos
Latin -āriusnom.
Latin -āriusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -ere
English -er
English accepter
From accept + -er; in the sense “respecter,” from Middle French accepteur.
acceptilation
From Latin acceptilatio (“entry of a debt collected, acquittance”), from past participle of accipere (compare accept) + latio (“a carrying”), from latus, past participle of ferre (“to carry”).
acception
From Middle English accepcioun, from Middle French accepcion (Modern French acception) and Latin acceptiō, acceptiōnis (“acceptance”). By surface analysis, accept + -ion.
accessary
From Middle English accessarie, axcessary, excercary, from Medieval Latin accessārius.
From Medieval Latin accessārius.
accessibility
From accessible + -ity, after Late Latin accessibilitas, from Latin accessibilis.
accessible
First attested in 1400, from French, from Late Latin accessibilis, from accessus, perfect passive participle of accēdō (“approach”), equivalent to access + -ible.
acciaccatura
Borrowed from Italian acciaccatura, from the verb acciaccare (“to crush”).
accidence
* First attested in the late 14th century.
* (grammar): First attested in the mid 15th century.
* From Middle English accidence, accidens, from Latin accidentia (“accidental matters”), from accidēns, present participle of accidere (“to happen”)
accidental
From Middle English accidental, from Anglo-Norman accidentel, Middle French accidentel, accidental, and their source, Late Latin accidēntālis; corresponding to accident + -al.
accidie
From Middle English accidie, from Anglo-Norman accidie, Old French accide, accidie, from Late Latin accīdia, alteration of acēdia (“sloth, torpor”), from Ancient Greek ἀκήδεια (akḗdeia, “indifference”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κῆδος (kêdos, “care”). Doublet of acedia.
accipient
Learned borrowing from Latin accipiēns (“receiving”, stem: accipient-), the present active participle of accipiō (“to receive”), whence accept.
accismus
Unadapted borrowing from Latin accismus, from Ancient Greek ακκισμός (akkismós, “prudery”).
accite
Borrowed from Medieval Latin accitō (“summon”), from Classical Latin acciō (“call forth”), formed from ad + cieō (“summon, call”). The sense “excite, induce” is likely from or reinforced by conflation with excite.
acclamation
* First attested in 1541.
* Borrowed from Latin acclāmātiō, acclāmātiōnis (“calling, exclamation, shout of approval”), from acclamo (“shout approval or disapproval of, shout out at”), from ad (“toward”) + clamo (“cry out”)
* Compare French acclamation.
acclimate
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Proto-Italic *ad-
Latin ad-
Old French a-
French a-
Proto-Indo-European *ḱel-
Proto-Indo-European *-éyti
Proto-Indo-European *ḱley-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥néyti
Proto-Hellenic *klíňňō
Ancient Greek κλῑ́νω (klī́nō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Ancient Greek -μᾰ (-mă)
Ancient Greek κλῐ́μᾰ (klĭ́mă)bor.
Latin climalbor.
Middle French climat
French climat
Proto-Italic *-āzi
▲
Latin -ereinflu.
Latin -āre
Old French -ier
Middle French -er
French -er
French acclimaterbor.
English acclimate
1792, from French acclimater.
acclivity
First attested in 1614. From Latin acclīvitās, from acclīvis (“ascending”), from ad + clīvus (“slope”).
accloy
From Middle English acloyen, from Old French encloyer, encloer (“to drive in a nail”), from Medieval Latin inclavare, from Latin in- + clavus (“nail”).
accolade
First use appears c. 1591 in the publications of Thomas Lodge, borrowed from French accolade, from Occitan acolada (“an embrace”), from acolar (“to embrace”), from Italian accollato, via Vulgar Latin *accollō (“to hug around the neck”), from Latin ad- + collum (“neck”) (English collar) + -āta.
accombination
From Latin; the first part is equivalent to ad; the second part to combination.
accordion
Etymology tree
Vulgar Latin *accordāre
Old French acorder
Middle French accorder
French accorder
French accordbor.
German Akkord
German -ion
German Akkordeonbor.
English accordion
First attested in 1831. Borrowed from German Akkordeon, from Akkord (“harmony”), from French accord, from Old French acorder, based on Italian accordare (“to tune”). See also accord.
accostable
Originally from French accostable, in later usage partly recoined from accost + -able.
accoucheur
Attested since 1727. Borrowed from French accoucheur, from accoucher (“to go to childbed, be delivered”), from Old French culcher (“to lie”), from Latin collocō (“to place, put, set in order, assign”), from con- + locō (“to put, place, set”). See accouchement.
accoy
From Middle French acoyer, from coy (“quiet, calm”). By surface analysis, a- + coy.
accresce
From Latin accrescere. Doublet of accrease. See accrue.
accroach
From Middle English acrochen, from Old French acrochier (“to hook in”), from a + croche (“hook”).
achene
From French achène and its source, New Latin achena, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “a-”) + χαίνω (khaínō, “to gape”).
plural
From Middle English plurelle, from Old French plurel (“plural”), Borrowed from Latin plūrālis (“of or belonging to more than one, belonging to many”, adjective), from plūs, plūris (“more”) + -ālis.
avatar
First use appears c. 1784, in The Hindu Wife; or, The Enchanted Fruit, by William Jones. Borrowed from Hindustani अवतार (avtār) / اوتار (avtār), from Sanskrit अवतार (avatāra, “descent of a deity from a heaven”), a compound of अव (ava, “off, away, down”) and the vṛddhi-stem of the root तॄ (tṝ, “to cross”) (whence तरति (tarati)).
In the computing sense, some use appeared in video games in the 1980s, such as the online roleplaying game Habitat (1985) by Lucasfilm Games (today LucasArts), by Chip Morningstar and Randy Farmer, later versions of the Ultima series (following religious use in Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar (1985)), and the pen and paper role-playing game Shadowrun (1989). Also popularized by the novel Snow Crash (1992) by Neal Stephenson.
Borrowed from Sanskrit अवतार (avatāra).
alien
From Middle English alien, a borrowing from Old French alien, aliene, from Latin aliēnus (“belonging to someone else”, later “exotic, foreign”), from Latin alius (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos. Related to English else.
Borrowed from Mandarin 阿蓮 (Ālián) Wade–Giles romanization: A¹-lien².
definition
From Middle English diffinicioun, from Middle French definition, from Latin dēfīnītiō, from dēfīniō. Equivalent to define + -ition.
season
From Middle English sesoun, seson (“time of the year”), from Old French seson, saison (“time of sowing, seeding”), from Latin satiō (“act of sowing, planting”) from satum, past participle of serō (“to sow, plant”) from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow, plant”). Akin to Old English sāwan (“to sow”), sǣd (“seed”). Doublet of saison. Displaced native Middle English sele (“season”) (from Old English sǣl (“season, time, occasion”)), Middle English tide (“season, time of year”) (from Old English tīd (“time, period, yeartide, season”)).
From French assaisonner.
autumn
Inherited from Middle English autumpne, from Middle French automne, from Old French automne, autonne, from Latin autumnus. Some of the verbal senses are from Latin autumnāre.
summer
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-eh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-der.
Proto-Germanic *sumaraz
Proto-West Germanic *sumar
Old English sumor
Middle English somer
English summer
From Middle English somer, sumer, from Old English sumor m, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar m, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz m, derived from Proto-Indo-European *semh₂- (“summer”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer, West Frisian simmer, Saterland Frisian Suumer, Dutch zomer, Low German Sommer, German Sommer, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer, Swedish sommar, Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar; Welsh haf, Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-), Middle Persian ḥʾmyn (hāmīn), Northern Kurdish havîn, Central Kurdish ھاوین (hawîn).
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-eh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-der.
Proto-Germanic *sumaraz
Proto-West Germanic *sumar
Old English sumor
Middle English somer
English summer
From Middle English somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.
spring
From Middle English springen, from Old English springan (“to spring, leap, bounce, sprout forth, emerge, spread out”), from Proto-West Germanic *springan, from Proto-Germanic *springaną (“to burst forth”), from Proto-Indo-European *spre(n)ǵʰ- (“to move, race, spring”), from *sperǵʰ- (“to hurry”).
Cognates
* Saterland Frisian springe
* West Frisian springe
* Dutch springen
* German Low German springen
* German springen
* Danish springe
* Swedish springa
* Norwegian springe
* Faroese springa
* Icelandic springa (“to burst, explode”).
Other possible cognates include Lithuanian spreñgti (“to push (in)”), Old Church Slavonic прѧсти (pręsti, “to spin, to stretch”), Latin spargere (“to sprinkle, to scatter”), Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, “to hasten”), Sanskrit स्पृहयति (spṛháyati, “to be eager”). Some newer senses derived from the noun.
From Middle English spryng (“a wellspring, tide, branch, sunrise, kind of dance or blow, ulcer, snare, flock”); partly from Old English spring (“wellspring, ulcer”), from Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz (“a wellspring, fount”); and partly from Old English spryng (“a jump”), from Proto-West Germanic *sprungi, from Proto-Germanic *sprungiz (“a jump”). Further senses derived from the verb and from clippings of day-spring, springtime, spring tide, etc. Its sense as the season, first attested in a work predating 1325, gradually replaced Middle English lenten, lente, from Old English lencten (“spring, Lent”) as that word became more specifically liturgical. Compare fall.
Haus
From the German and Ashkenazi surname, from the noun Haus (“house”). Compare Hausmann, House.
libre
The obsolete “unconstrained” sense is borrowed from French libre (“at liberty”; “free” as in “clear”, “vacant”, “without obligation”), from Latin līber (“free, unrestricted”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“people”), whence obsolete English lede (“person(s)”), English leud, and German Leute.
The software and the unenslaved senses are either borrowed from the above French, or from its Spanish cognate libre, of the same meaning and Latin etymon.
de
Borrowed from Russian дэ (dɛ).
Borrowed from French de (“of”).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 德 (dé, “virtue, manliness”).
From Bengali [Term?].
color
From Middle English colour, color, borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Old French colour, color, from Latin color. Doublet of couleur.
Displaced English blee, Middle English blee (“color”), from Old English blēo. Also partially replaced Old English hīew (“color”) and its descendants (English hue), which is less often used in this sense.
The spelling color was popularized in modern American English by Noah Webster, to match the spelling of the word's Latin etymon, and make all American spellings of the derivatives consistent (colorimeter, coloration, colorize, colorless, etc).
en
The name of the letter comes from Latin en. The typographic sense dates to 1793.
From French en.
From Old English hine.
het
From Middle English hette (simple past), het (past participle), from Old English hǣtte (simple past), (ġe)hǣted (past participle), conjugations of hǣtan (“to read”); see heat (“to make hot”).
van
From Cornish.
From Turkish Van, from Ottoman Turkish وان (Van), from Middle Armenian Վան (Van).
die
From Middle English deyen, probably from Old Norse deyja, from Proto-Germanic *dawjaną (“to die”). Displaced native Old English sweltan, whence Modern English swelt, and Old English steorfan, whence modern starve.
From Middle English dee, from Old French de (Modern French dé), from Latin datum, from datus (“given”), the past participle of dō (“to give”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to lay out, to spread out”). Doublet of datum.
Replaced Old English tasul, tesul (“die”), from Latin tessella (“die, cube”).
Borrowed from Latin die (“[in a] day”), locative of Latin dies (“day”).