MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Daphne
From Ancient Greek δάφνη (dáphnē, “laurel, bay”).
From translingual Daphne, from Ancient Greek δάφνη (dáphnē, “laurel”).
bicorne
From French bicorne, from Latin bicornis. Doublet of bicorn.
projector
Partly from Latin projector (“person who throws away”); partly directly from project + -or.
substantiate
From Medieval Latin substantiatus (“given substance”), from the verb substantiare, first used 1657.
fremd
From Middle English fremde, fremede (“strange, foreign”), from Old English fremde, fremede, fremeþe (“foreign, strange”), from Proto-West Germanic *framiþī, from Proto-Germanic *framaþiz (“foreign, not one's own”).
Cognate with Scots fremmit, frempt (“fremd”), West Frisian frjemd (“strange, fremd”), Dutch vreemd (“strange, foreign”), German fremd (“fremd, strange, foreign”), Swedish främmande (“foreign, outlandish, strange”). More at from.
kipfel
From German Kipfel, diminutive of Kipf (“wagon post”), from Old High German kipfa, chipf, from Latin cippus (“post”).
lambrequin
Borrowed from French lambrequin, from Middle French lambequin, from Middle Dutch lepperkijn, lappekijn, from Old Dutch lappakīn (“little cloth”). Compare modern English lapkin.
korrigan
Borrowed from Breton korrigan, from korr (“dwarf”) + -ig (diminutive suffix) + -an (hypocoristic suffix).
kathakali
Borrowed from Malayalam കഥകളി (kathakaḷi).
pellicule
Borrowed from Latin pellicula (“small skin or hide”), from Latin pellis (“a skin”) + Latin -cula. Cognate with French pellicule, Spanish película.
pelisse
Borrowed from French pelisse, from Late Latin pellicia, from Latin pellis (“skin”). Doublet of pilch.
acoel
From group name Acoela, from Ancient Greek ἄκοιλος (ákoilos, “not hollow”).
mumbo jumbo
Probably from Mandinka maamajomboo (“mask; masked dancer”); or perhaps from /l/-vocalization in the words mumble and jumble.
exhilarate
From Latin exhilarō (“to delight, to gladden, to make merry”), from ex- (“out, away”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”)) + hilarō (“to cheer, to gladden”), from hilaris (“cheerful, light-hearted, lively”), from Ancient Greek ἱλαρός (hilarós, “cheerful, merry”), from ἵλαος (hílaos, “gracious, kind, propitious”), from Proto-Indo-European *selh₂- (“comfort, mercy”). By surface analysis, ex- + Latin hilar(ō) + -ate.
exilarch
From exile + -arch, a calque of Biblical Hebrew רֹאשׁ גָּלוּת (rôš galûṯ).
reflexion
From Middle English reflexion, reflexioun, from Middle French reflexion and its etymon Late Latin reflexiō; the variant spelling reflection is due to influence from correction.
rathe
From Middle English rathe, from Old English hraþe, from Proto-West Germanic *hraþō, *hradō (“quickly”), from *hraþ, *hrad (“quick”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“quick; to move quickly”). Cognate with German Low German radd, ratt (“rashly; quickly; hastily”), and German gerade (“now, just, exactly”); compare Dutch rad (“quick, swift”), Norwegian rad (“quick, direct”), Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰 (raþiza, “easier”).
* As a German surname, variant of Rath.
* As a southern German surname, from a pet form of the name Konrad.
* As a French surname, variant of Ratte.
glatt
Borrowed from Yiddish גלאַט (glat, “smooth”). Doublet of glad.
South German and Jewish surname, from the adjective glatt (“sleek, smooth”).
zoic
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ζωϊκός (zōïkós), from ζῷον (zōîon, “animal”).
Heil
As a German surname, shortened from Heinrich. As a German and Dutch surname, from the name Heila, from hail (“whole”).
cabochon
Borrowed from French cabochon, diminutive form of caboche (“head”), from Old French caboce, from Latin caput (“head”).
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Borrowed from Sinhalese ශ්රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ (śrī jayawardhanapura kōṭṭē). "Jayawardenepura" (ජයවර්ධනපුර (jayawardhanapura)) was the name of Kotte when it was conquered by Prince Sapumal in the 13th century, meaning "the resplendent city of growing victory", from Sanskrit जय (jaya, “victory”) + Sanskrit वर्धन (vardhana, “growth”) + Sanskrit पुर (pura, “city”).
Baldwin
From Proto-West Germanic *Balþawini, from Proto-Germanic *Balþawiniz (“bold friend”).
pasta e fagioli
Borrowed from Italian pasta e fagioli (literally “pasta and beans”). Doublet of pasta fazool, a borrowing from Neapolitan.
cannellini
From Italian cannellini, diminutive of cannella (“cinnamon”), so named because of its resemblance to an Italian cinnamon candy
arrabbiata
From Italian, feminine of arrabbiato (“angry”) referring to its spiciness; see rabbia (“anger”) for more.
bougie
Borrowed from French bougie (“wax candle”), after the Algerian city Bougie (Béjaïa), and the tapered, hand-dipped candles it made. The medical instruments were originally made from waxed linen. Doublet of bugia.
Probably of French origin.
dryad
From Old French driade (“wood nymph”), from Latin Dryas, Dryadis, from Ancient Greek Δρυάς (Druás, “dryad”), from δρῦς (drûs, “oak”), from Proto-Indo-European *derew(o)- (“tree, wood”); cf. Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”).
adjure
From Middle English adjuren, from Latin adiūrō (“beg earnestly”), from ad- (“near, at; towards, to”)' + iūrō (“swear by oath”).
afforestation
From Medieval Latin afforestātiō, from afforestāt-, past participial stem of afforestō (“to convert into a forest”) (from Latin ad- + Late Latin forestis (“forest”) + -ō (suffix forming verbs)), + Latin -iō (suffix forming action nouns). By surface analysis, afforest + -ation.
afforest
First attested in the 16th century. From Medieval Latin afforēstō, from Latin ad (“towards”) + forēsta (“forest”).
Esperantist
Calque of Esperanto esperantisto. Equivalent to Esperanto + -ist.
reticular
Borrowed from New Latin rēticulāris, from Latin rēticulum (“little net”).
anatomic
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-
Proto-Hellenic *aná
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νᾰ́ (ănắ)
Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-)
Proto-Indo-European *temh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō)
Ancient Greek ἀνατέμνω (anatémnō)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Ancient Greek -ᾱ (-ā)
Ancient Greek -η (-ē)
Ancient Greek ἀνατομή (anatomḗ)
Ancient Greek *ἀνατομία (*anatomía)bor.
Latin anatomiader.
French anatomie
Proto-Indo-European *-ikos
Proto-Italic *-ikos
Latin -icuslbor.
Old French -ique
Middle French -ique
French -ique
French anatomiquebor.
Latin anatomicusbor.
English anatomic
From French anatomique or its etymon Latin anatomicus, from Ancient Greek ἀνατομικός (anatomikós, “skilled in anatomy”). By surface analysis, anatomy + -ic.
anthracite
Via Latin from Ancient Greek ἀνθρακῖτις (anthrakîtis, “a kind of coal”), from ἄνθραξ (ánthrax, “charcoal”). By surface analysis, anthrac- + -ite.
antivenin
From French antivenin (“antivenom”), from anti- + venin (“venom”), popularized by Albert Calmette & al.'s 1894 work creating serums to treat snakebites. Equivalent to anti- + venin (“venom; biochemical toxin found in certain snakes”). Doublet of antivenom and antivenene.
attorney general
From Anglo-Norman and Law French, (modern French avocat général or procureur général), hence the unusual order of adjective following noun, instead of idiomatic English *general attorney. Compare court martial, notary public, secretary general, surgeon general.
Lucian
From Latin Lūcianus, either a derivative of the Roman praenomen Lūcius, from lūx (“light”); or from Ancient Greek Λουκιανός (Loukianós), of obscure meaning.
Samosata
From Latin Samosata, from Ancient Greek Σαμόσατα (Samósata). Doublet of Samsat.
holocoen
Borrowed from German Holocoen.
Equivalent to holo- (“all”) + Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós, “together”). Confer abiocoen.
auditor
From Anglo-Norman auditour, from Latin audītor (“hearer, auditor”).
authoritatively
From Middle English auctoritatively, auctoritativeli; compare Medieval Latin auctoritātīve; equivalent to authoritative + -ly.
broon
Conserved from Middle English broun, from Old English brūn as opposed to the Standard English pronunciation.
padrone
From Italian padrone, from Latin patronus. Doublet of patron, Patronus, patroon, and pattern.
bolognese
From Italian bolognese (literally “from Bologna”).
From Italian bolognese.
carbonara
From the Italian carbonara, shortening of alla carbonara (literally “in the manner of charcoal burners”, or “in the manner of the Carbonari”), ultimately from carbone (“coal”).
Borrowed from Italian Carbonara.
puttanesca
Borrowed from Italian puttanesca (feminine of puttanesco, literally “whorish, sluttish”), from puttana (“whore”).
cappuccio
Borrowed from Italian cappuccio. Doublet of capuche.
Borrowed from Italian Cappuccio.
kohlrabi
Borrowed from German Kohlrabi, from Kohl (“cabbage”) + Italian rape (“turnips”), from cavoli rape, the plural of cavolo rapa (“cole rape”).
deek
Borrowed from Angloromani [Term?], from Romani dikhel; compare Hindi देखो (dekho, “look”).
communist bandit
Calque from Chinese 共匪 (gòngfěi).
ponzu
Borrowed from Japanese ポン酢 (ponzu), in turn from Dutch pons (“punch”, obsolete, superseded by punch), from English punch, ultimately from Sanskrit पञ्च (páñca, “five”). Doublet of cinque, fin (“five currency units”), finnuf, five, pimp (“five”), punch (“beverage”), and sengi (“currency”); related to Pompeii.
Olympia
From Ancient Greek Ὀλυμπία (Olumpía), from Ὄλυμπος (Ólumpos, “Olympus”).
wor
Likely ultimately a borrowing into Northumbrian Old English from Old Norse várr (“our”) (from the same Proto-Germanic root *unseraz that produced Standard English our). Compare Scots wir.
infimum
Borrowed from Latin infimum (“lowest part”), from infimus (“lowest”).
borzoi
Borrowed from Russian борзо́й (borzój), from бо́рзый (bórzyj, “swift”), from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus (whence English brief, brace and merry).
spying
Inherited from Middle English spyinge, spiyng, spyeng, equivalent to spy + -ing.
tricenarian
From Latin trīcēnārius, equivalent to tricenary + -an.
lamba
From Malagasy (Highlands dialect).
Borrowed from Punjabi ਲੰਬਾ (lambā).
catalpa
* A variant of catawba that originated when Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, the describing botanist, incorrectly transcribed the name.
* Sometimes alternatively said to derive from Creek kvtvrpv.
catawba
From Catawba catawba (“catalpa tree”). See also catalpa.
attainder
From Anglo-Norman ataindre ("to reach"), with infinitives used as nouns being frequent in Law French. Doublet of attain and attinge.
attaint
From Middle English atteinte, from Old French ateint, past participle of ateindre; in some senses influenced by taint.
basalt
From Late Latin basaltes, a misspelling of Latin basanites, from Ancient Greek βασανίτης (basanítēs), from βάσανος (básanos, “touchstone”), from Egyptian bḫn (“a hard stone”), b-x:n-O39
episcopate
From Late Latin episcopatus, from Latin episcopus, from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos, “watching over”).
fauvism
From French fauvisme, attributed to French art critic Louis Vauxcelles.
firewater
A calque of a Native American language term, probably Ojibwe ishkodewaaboo (“alcohol”), from ishkodew- (“fire”) + -aaboo (“liquid”, glossed in older works as “water”). A number of other Algonquian, Siouan and Athabaskan languages also refer to whiskey with compounds that mean "fire-water" (on which basis noted Algonquianist Leonard Bloomfield even reconstructed a Proto-Algonquian word for it, *eškwete·wa·po·wi, although this could not have existed). The motivation of the name is not entirely clear: It may refer to the “burning” feeling of ingesting high-proof alcohol. Low-quality spirits also often included ingredients such as pepper, tobacco juice, molasses, etc. Alternatively it may refer to the flammability of alcohol.
Non-alcohol-related senses are simply fire + water.
veracious
From Latin verac- + -ious, stem of vērāx (“truthful”), from vērus (“true”).
headsman
From Middle English heddysman, equivalent to head + -s- + -man. Cognate with Scots hedisman, heidisman (“head man; chief; commander”). Compare also Danish høvedsmand (“captain”), Swedish hövitsman (“captain”), Icelandic höfuðsmaður (“captain”), German Hauptmann (“captain”).
varicosity
Borrowed from Latin varicōsitās, from varicōsus, from varix (“varicose vein”).
hemorrhoid
From Middle English emerowdes, emeroides, emeroydez, from Old French emorroides, from Latin haemorrhoidae, from Ancient Greek αἱμορροΐς (haimorrhoḯs),
a feminine adjective from αἱμόρροος (haimórrhoos, “flowing with blood”), from αἷμα (haîma, “blood”) and the root of ῥέω (rhéō, “flow”). Doublet of emerod.
believable
From Middle English bilevable, beleevable, equivalent to believe + -able.
ramus
Borrowed from Latin rāmus (“branch”).
Borrowed from New Latin Ramus, from Middle French de La Ramée.
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from French Ramus, from Old French ramu (“branch”), a topographic surname for someone who lived in a wooded place.
* Borrowed from Dutch Ramus, from a personal name composed of the Proto-Germanic elements *hrabnaz (“raven”) and *waldą (“might, power, force”).
aikido
Borrowed from Japanese 合(あい)気(き)道(どう) (aikidō, “aikido”, literally “way of adapting the spirit”), from 合(あい) (ai, “together, unify”) + 気(き) (ki, “spirit; breath”) + 道(どう) (dō, “way”). Doublet of hapkido.
stade
From Latin stadium, from Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion), a 600-foot racetrack, a distance of 600 Greek feet. Cognate with French stade. Doublet of stadium, stadion, and estadio.
From Spanish estado, from Latin status (“standing”), in reference to it being roughly the height of a grown man. Doublet of estate, state, status, and estado.
From Dutch stad. Doublet of stead.
From German Stade, a town in Hanover.
From Old English staed. Cognate with German Gestade (“shore”).
Borrowed from German Stade.
Henriette
From French Henriette, feminine form of Henri (“Henry”) coined in the seventeenth century; in English more popular as Harriet and Henrietta.
Carlisle
From Middle English Carlele, from Middle English Carleol, Carleul, from Cumbric [Term?] (compare Caer Ligualid in the Historia Brittonum, Middle Welsh Caer Liwelydd, Welsh Caerliwelydd, all suffixed with -ydd), composed of Proto-Brythonic *kaɨr (“fort”) + Proto-Brythonic [Term?] (> Latin Luguvalium), from Proto-Celtic *Luguwalos (personal name, literally “strength of Lugus”), from *Lugus + *walos (“strength”).
The absence of a suffix comparable to Welsh -ydd in the underlying Cumbric form is unexplained; see w:Cumbric/Absence of -ydd.
Norris
An Anglo-Norman surname, from Old French norreis (“a northerner, a migrant from the north”). More at French norois.
Wallace
An Old English byname for a Welshman or Breton, from Anglo-Norman waleis (“foreign”); see wielisc.
Malcolm
Royal name in Scotland, anglicised from various historical Goidelic names equivalent to Scottish Gaelic Maol Chaluim or Calum, Irish Maol Colm, Middle Irish Máel Coluim, Old Irish Máel Columb (literally “devotee of [Saint] Columba”); proper nouns derived from máel (“tonsured”) from Proto-Celtic *mailos, and columb (“dove”) from Latin columbus.
Cynthia
Borrowed from Latin Cynthia, from Ancient Greek Κυνθία (Kunthía), feminine of Κύνθιος (Kúnthios, “Cynthian (of or pertaining to Mount Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, celebrated as the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis)”).
Marguerite
Borrowed from French Marguerite in the 1860s. Doublet of Margaret, ultimately from the Ancient Greek μαργαρίτης (margarítēs, “pearl”).
From French marguerite. Doublet of Margaret (and various forms, q.v.), margarita, margarite, and Margherita, and related to margarine.
Lionel
A Middle English diminutive of French Léon, Latin Leo (“lion”), or of the Middle English nickname Lion + -el (diminutive suffix).
From Old French [Term?], diminutive of lion.
Cyrus
From Latin Cȳrus, from Ancient Greek Κῦρος (Kûros), from Old Persian 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 (kuruš). As a saints' name it has been identified by folk etymology with Ancient Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord”).
From Latin Cȳrus, from Ancient Greek Κῦρος (Kûros), perhaps from Urartian 𒆳𒄣𒊑𒀀𒉌 (ᴷᵁᴿqu-ri-a-ni /⁠Quriani⁠/), a land possibly in the upper reaches of the Kura river.
Cain
From Hebrew קַיִן (Káyin, “craftsman”), present since Old English.
Seymour
From a Norman surname from a place in Normandy, from Old French Saint-Maur, from Late Latin Sanctus Maurus (“Saint Maurus”). The name is cognate to Murry and Maurice.
Eton
From Old English *Ēatūn, from ea (“river”) + tun (“town”). See also the doublet Eaton.
Luigi
Borrowed from Italian Luigi. Doublet of Ludovico, Luis, Ludwig, and other cognates. The verb sense emerged shortly after the December 2024 killing of American healthcare CEO Brian Thompson; the accused is Luigi Mangione.
reserate
Borrowed from Latin reserō, reserātus (“I unlock, open”).
troth
From Middle English troth, trothe, trouthe, trowthe, a variant of treuth, treuthe, treouthe (“allegiance, fidelity, faithfulness, loyalty; oath, pledge, promise; betrothal or marriage vow; betrothal; honour, integrity; holiness, righteousness; confidence, trust; creed, faith; fact, reality, truth”), from Old English trēowþ, trīewþ (“truth, veracity; faith, fidelity; covenant, pledge”), from Proto-Germanic *triwwiþō (“contract; promise”), equivalent to true + -th (abstract nominal suffix). See more at truth.
resentiment
From French ressentiment, from an archaic usage of the verb ressentir, via Old French sentir from Latin sentiō, sentīre (“to feel”). Doublet of resentment and ressentiment.
Marcia
From Latin Marcia, feminine form of Marcius, a derivative of Marcus, ultimately from Mārs, the god of war.
reassure
From Old French rasseürer (French rassurer), from re- + asseürer; as if re- + assure.
Horatio
From Latin Horātius, a Roman gens name of uncertain meaning, possibly “timekeeper”. Doublet of Horace.
requite
The verb is derived from Middle English requiten (“to repay”), and then partly from both of the following:
* From re- (prefix meaning ‘again; back, backward’) + quiten (“to pay, pay for; to repay; to acquit (someone of a charge), exonerate; to prove (oneself) innocent; to answer, reply; to atone for (a sin); to compensate, make amends; to depart, leave; to equal, match; to fulfil (an obligation); to give back, return; to give up, relinquish; to release, set free; to render (a service); to reward; to give retribution, take revenge”) (from Old French quitter (“to free, liberate”) (modern French quitter), from quitte (“free, liberated”) + -er (suffix forming verbs)). Quitte is derived from Latin quiētus (“at rest; quiet”), the perfect passive participle of quiēscō (“to repose, rest; to sleep; to be quiet or still”), from quiēs (“rest, repose; sleep; calm, peace, quiet”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest; peace, rest”)) + -scō (suffix forming verbs with the sense ‘to begin to do [something]’).
* From Old French requiter, requitter (“to free or liberate again”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + quitter (see above).
The noun is derived from the verb.
karakul
Named after the town Qorakoʻl, from Uzbek, meaning black lake.
Borrowed from Turkic. Literally, “black lake”. Doublet of Karakol.
kepi
From French képi, from Switzerland German Käppi, diminutive of Kappe, from Middle High German kappe, from Old High German kappa, from Latin cappa. Akin to English cap.
kirsch
Borrowed from French kirsch, from German Kirschwasser (“cherry water”). Doublet of cerise and cherry.
KTV
From Chinese KTV. Late 1980s Taiwanese Pseudo-English initialism from Japanese カラオケ (karaoke) + English TV. Modelled after the earlier MTV "movie TV", which in turn repurposed the initialism from the earlier meaning "music TV", copied from the American cable TV network of that name. This term is chiefly used in mainland China, Taiwan and Cambodia and Chinese speakers globally.
mustachio
Borrowed from the Italian dialectal mustaccio (from Neapolitan) or mustacchio, ultimately from Ancient Greek.
muslin
From French mousseline, from Italian mussolina, from Mussolo (“Mosul”), that is Mosul in northern Iraq (compare 1875 Knight, Edward H., Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary, V2 p1502: "Muslins are so called from Moussol in India."). Doublet of mousseline.
unwholesomely
From Middle English unholsomli, equivalent to unwholesome + -ly.
wholesomely
From Middle English holsumly, holsumliche, equivalent to wholesome + -ly.
wholesomeness
From Middle English holsumnesse, equivalent to wholesome + -ness.
optative
From Middle French optatif, from Late Latin optātīvus, a calque of Ancient Greek εὐκτική (euktikḗ, “related to wishing”), from Latin optātus, past participle of optāre.
level up
From level + up. The video game sense is a calque of Japanese レベルアップ (reberu appu) using the SOV word order.
inion
From Ancient Greek ἰνίον (iníon, “occipital bone; back of the head”). Compare -ion (“anthropometric landmark”).
seriatum
From Latin seriatum, neuter of Medieval Latin or New Latin seriatus (“arranged in serial order”).
putto
Borrowed from Italian putto (“cupid, putto; boy”), from Latin putus (“boy”), a variant of pūsus (“(little) boy”), from puer (“boy, lad; child”), from Proto-Italic *puweros, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, little; smallness”).
The plural form putti is also borrowed from Italian putti.
pedalo
Borrowed from French pédalo, a genericized trademark. By surface analysis, pedal + -o.
Erie
Etymology tree
French Ériébor.
English Erie
From French Érié, from the shortening of an Erie word rendered in French as Erieehronon, Eriechronon, and Riquéronon and said to mean “long tail” or “long-tailed”, in reference to the eastern cougar (Puma concolor cougar).
piccata
From Italian piccata (“larded”), past participle of piccarsi (“prick oneself”).
gyrovague
Early 19th century, borrowed from French gyrovague, from Medieval Latin gȳrovagus (“wandering aimlessly”).
Clarissa
Borrowed from Italian Clarissa, from Medieval Latin Clarissa; see there for more. Popularized in English by Samuel Richardson's 1748 novel Clarissa. Doublet of Clarisse.
Borrowed from Italian clarissa, from Medieval Latin Clarissa; see there for more. Doublet of Clarisse, Clare, and Clarist.
Roderick
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *hrōþiz
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Celtic *rīxsbor.
Proto-Germanic *rīks
Proto-Germanic *Hrōþirīksder.
English Roderick
Medieval English name from Proto-Germanic *Hrōþirīks, revived after Walter Scott used it in a poem in 1811, where it is a translation of its Spanish cognate Rodrigo. Roderick is also used to anglicize Scottish Ruairidh and Welsh Rhydderch.
Pembroke
Ultimately from Proto-Brythonic *Penn-broɣ (literally “land's head, land's end”), whence Welsh Penfro.
Aladdin
From Arabic عَلَاءُ الدِّين (ʕalāʔu d-dīn, “nobility of the faith”).
Whitney
From Old English hwītan, dative of hwīt (“white”) + īeġ (“island”), "white island".
Mozart
Borrowed from German Mozart. First recorded in the 14th century as Middle High German Mozahrt, from motzen (“to roll in filth”); originally used as a given name with the -hart suffix, as a name for dirty or sloppy people.
maharani
From Hindustani مہارانی / महारानी (mahārānī), from Sanskrit महा (mahā, “great”) and राज्ञी (rājñī, “queen”).
crawfish
1620s, folk etymology from Middle English crevis, from Old French crevice (French écrevisse), influenced by fish. Compare crayfish.
fauteuil
Unadapted borrowing from French fauteuil, from Germanic. Cognate with Old English fealdestōl (“folding-chair”). Doublet of faldistory, faldstool, and foldstool.
Nuremberg
From German Nürnberg, from Medieval Latin Norinberga. The second element is from Berg, origins of the first element unclear.
malamute
Borrowed from Inupiaq malimiut, so called because the dogs were bred by the Malamute people of western Alaska. First attested in 1884.
From Inupiaq malimiut.