MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
didactic
From French didactique, from Ancient Greek διδακτικός (didaktikós, “skilled in teaching”), from διδακτός (didaktós, “taught, learnt”), from διδάσκω (didáskō, “to teach, educate”). By surface analysis, didact + -ic.
elative
From Latin ēlātus (“exalted, lofty, high”) + -ive. Possibly borrowed from German, which has produced a great deal of pioneering Semitist literature, and where Elativ is a common term for absolute superlative in all languages.
delectable
From Middle English delectable, from Middle French délectable, from Old French delectable, from Medieval Latin delectare (“to delight”). By surface analysis, delect + -able. Piecewise doublet of delightable.
alkaline
First attested in 1677. From alkali + -ine, ultimately from Arabic اَلْقِلْي (al-qily, “alkali, ashes of the saltwort”), related to قَلَى (qalā, “to roast in a pan, fry”).
posse comitatus
From Late Latin posse comitātūs (“force of the county”, literally “power of the county”).
pika
From French, from an Evenki word which Peter Simon Pallas transcribes as piika or peeka, but which cannot be found in modern dictionaries. Probably ultimately onomatopoeic.
Compare typologically German Pfeifhase (< pfeifen (+ Hase) << Latin pīpō), Czech pišťucha, Russian пищу́ха (piščúxa) (akin to пища́ть (piščátʹ), писк (pisk)).
plod
From Middle English *plodden (found only in derivative plodder), probably originally a splash through water and mud, from plodde, pludde (“a puddle”) (whence modern plud). Compare Scots plod, plodge, plodder, dialectal Dutch plodden, plodderen, dialectal German ploddern, Danish pladder (“mire”).
From Middle English plod. Cognate with Danish pladder (“mire”).
maquis
Borrowed from French maquis, from Corsican machja (related to Italian macchia), ultimately from Latin macula. Doublet of macula.
carom
Etymology tree
Sanskrit कर्मार (karmā́ra)der.
Marathi करंबळ (karambaḷ)der.
Malay karambalbor.
Portuguese carambolabor.
Spanish carambolabor.
French caramboleder.?
English carom
Probably derived from French carambole (the red ball in billiards).
fumitory
From late Middle English fumyter (with remodelling of suffix), from Old French fumeterre, from Latin fūmus terrae.
palmistry
From Middle English palmestrie. Equivalent to palm + -ist + -ry.
all your base are belong to us
Mistranslation of Japanese 君達の基地は、全てCATSがいただいた (literally “we (CATS) have taken all of your bases”). This grammatically incorrect "Engrish" phrase originated in the English subtitles of the 1991 European Sega Mega Drive version of the 1989 Japanese arcade game Zero Wing and became a catchphrase and meme on the Internet in the early 2000s.
ditty
From Middle English dite, ditee, from Old French ditie or dité, from ditier, from Latin dictāre (participle dictatus).
jingle
The verb, which is older than the noun, is from Middle English gyngle. Onomatopoeic; compare jangle.
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 靜樂／静乐.
competent
From Middle English competent, conpetent, from Old French competent (modern French compétent), from Latin competens, competentem, present participle of competō (“coincide, be equal to, be capable of”). Compare Dutch competent (“competent”), German kompetent (“competent”), Danish kompetent (“competent”).
longevous
From Latin longaevus, from longus (“long”) + aevum (“age”).
aspic
Borrowed from French aspic, from Latin aspis, and possibly influenced by French basilic (“basilisk”). The culinary sense may come from association with the snake due to the traditional colors and cold temperature of aspic, in addition to the fact that the gelatin was often molded in a shape similar to a coiled snake.
gelatin
Borrowed from French gélatine (“jelly, gel”), from Italian gelatina (“jelly, gel”), from gelare (“to freeze”), from Latin gelō (“to freeze”).
linnet
From Old French linette, from lin (“flax”), from the bird's fondness for the seeds of flax, the source of linen and Old English līnete, līnetwige (“linnet”) (> dialectal English lintwhite).
Linnean
From Linne + -ean, with Linne in turn being from Swedish Linné.
rarity
From rare + -ity, borrowed from Middle French rarité, from Latin rāritās; compare French rareté. See also rare.
weevil
From Middle English wevel, from Old English wifel (“beetle”), from Proto-West Germanic *wibil, from Proto-Germanic *wibilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *webʰel-, from *(h₁)webʰ- (“to wave, to weave”), said to be from the woven appearance of a weevil’s larval case, + *-el-, *-l̥- (diminutive or attributive suffix); see also wave and weave.
Compare Old Saxon *wivil (“beetle”); Middle Low German wevel; Old High German wibil, wipil (modern German Wiebel (“beetle; chafer”)); Lithuanian vãbalas (“beetle; weevil”); Old Norse vifill, as in tordyfill (“dung beetle, scarab”) (whence Dutch tortwevel; Icelandic tordýfill, Norwegian tordivel, Old English tordwifel, Swedish tordyvel); dialectal Russian ве́блица (véblica, “intestinal worm”).
Keim
* As a Jewish surname, from Yiddish קײַם (kaym), a name from Hebrew קיים (“existing, enduring, tough”).
* As a German surname, from the noun Keim (“sprout, shoot”). Sometimes also a pet form of Joachim.
Compare Kaim.
grandiose
From French grandiose, from Italian grandioso, from Latin grandis (“great, grand”) (English grand). Possibly from grand + -ose, though to be debated. Doublet of grandioso.
bastion
First attested in 1562. From French bastion, from Old French bastille (“fortress”).
au naturel
Unadapted borrowing from French au naturel (“in the natural state; cooked plainly”), from au (“at the; in the; to the”) + naturel (“natural”) (ultimately borrowed from Latin nātūrālis (“of or relating to nature”), from nātūra (“natural world, nature”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship)). Nātūra is derived from nāscor (“to be born; to grow, spring forth”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”)) + -tūra (suffix forming action nouns denoting activities or their results).
Guantanamo Bay
From Guantanamo + bay.
Borrowed from Spanish Guantánamo, from Taíno, literally "land between rivers."
homologue
Borrowed from French homologue. Ultimately from Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos). By surface analysis, homo- + -logue.
Glagolitic
Learned borrowing from New Latin glagoliticus, from Old Church Slavonic глаголица (glagolica), from глаголъ (glagolŭ, “word, speech”), Glagolitic spelling ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰻⱌⰰ (glagolica).
indisputable
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Indo-European *n̥-
Proto-Italic *ən-
Latin in-
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is-
Proto-Italic *dis-
Latin dis-
Proto-Indo-European *pewH-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *puHtós
Proto-Italic *putos
Latin putus?
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin putō
Latin disputo
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin disputābilis
Latin indisputābilislbor.
English indisputable
Learned borrowing from Latin indisputābilis. By surface analysis, in- + disputable.
paco
From Spanish paco.
Borrowed from Spanish Paco, diminutive of Spanish Francisco. See also Spanish Pancho.
popolo
Borrowed from Hawaiian pōpolo from Proto-Polynesian *polo; cognate with Māori poroporo and pōporo (Solanum aviculare), Tongan polo (“Solanum nigrum”) and Tuvaluan 'opolo (“capsicum”). Skin color meaning comes from analogy to the color of its berries.
scruple
From Old French scrupule, from Latin scrūpulus (“(literally) a small sharp or pointed stone; uneasiness of mind, anxiety, doubt, trouble; scruple”) and scrūpulum (“one twenty-fourth of an ounce”), diminutives of scrūpus (“a rough or sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness”); perhaps akin to Ancient Greek σκύρος (skúros, “the chippings of stone”), from ξυρόν (xurón, “razor”), from ξύω (xúō, “to scrape”), from Proto-Indo-European *ksew-. Doublet of escropulo and escrupulo.
erudition
First attested in the 15th Century. From Middle French érudition, from Latin eruditio (“an instructing, learning, erudition”), from erudire (“to instruct, educate, cultivate”, literally “free from rudeness”), from e (“out”) + rudis (“rude”). By surface analysis, erudite + -ion.
naughty
From late Middle English noughti, naughty (“evil, immoral, wicked”), from nought (“evil, immoral”) + -ī̆ (suffix forming adjectives). Analysable as naught + -y.
knotty
From Middle English knotti, knotty (“having a knot in it; full of knots; tied together (?); resembling a knot, knotlike; having knobs or protuberances; bulging, convex; of a tree, branch, etc.: full of knots, gnarled; of a plant cutting to be grafted or planted: full of buds or eyes; having joints (?); having swollen joints; of flesh: glandular; of flesh: granular, lumpy, especially, having many swellings; mangy, scurfy (?); having pimples (?); of cauterization: carried out on glandular tissue; (figuratively) of a question or problem: difficult, intricate”) [and other forms], from knotte (“knot; pattern of intersecting lines; coil of a snake”) (from Old English cnotta (“knot”), from Proto-Germanic *knuttô (“knot”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gned- (“to bind”)) + -i (suffix forming adjectives from nouns). The English word may be analysed as knot + -y (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘having the quality of’).
Cognates
* Dutch knoestig (“knotty”)
* German knotig (“knotty”)
* Swedish knotig, knutig (“knotty”)
inasmuch
Univerbation of in + as + much ("to such a degree"), from Middle English in als mikel, a Northern form.
imprudent
From Middle French imprudent, from Latin imprūdens (“not foreseeing, ignorant”), prefix im- (“not”) + prūdens (“foreseeing, skilled, judicious”).
gewgaw
From earlier gugaw, gygaw, from Middle English givegove (“gewgaw, trifle”), a reduplication of Middle English give, geove (“gift”), from Old English giefu, geofu, geafu (“gift”), from Proto-Germanic *gebō (“gift”). Compare Icelandic gyligjöf (“showy gifts, gewgaw”). More at give.
telluric
A borrowing of French tellurique, from Latin tellus (“earth; earthy”) and Tellus (“Earth, Gaia”) and -ique (forming adjectives). Subsequently also from tellurium, originally in telluric oxide from German Telluroxyd.
cockle
From Middle English cokel, cokkel, kokkel, cocle, of uncertain origin. Perhaps a diminutive of Middle English cokke, cok (“cockle”), from Old English cocc (found in sǣcocc (“cockle”)) + -le; or perhaps from Old French coquille, from Vulgar Latin *cocchilia, from conchylia, from Ancient Greek κογχύλιον (konkhúlion), diminutive of κογχύλη (konkhúlē, “mussel”), of Pre-Greek substrate origin.
From Middle English cockil, cokil, cokylle, from Old English coccel (“darnel”), of unknown origin, perhaps from a diminutive of Latin coccus (“berry”).
trompe l'oeil
Borrowed from French trompe-l’œil (literally “deceives the eye”), from trompe (“deceives”, third-person singular present indicative of tromper) + l’ (“the”, prevocalic form of le) + œil (“eye”).
docent
From Latin docēns, present participle of doceō (“to teach”). In the meaning of a university grade, as used in some Central European countries, it is clipped version of private docent, privat-docent, from German Privatdozent, from German Dozent.
reprieve
First use appears c. 1513 in the writings of Robert Fabyan. In the sense of “to take back to prison”, from Middle English repryen (“to remand, detain”) (1494), possibly from Middle French repris, in the form of reprendre (“take back”); a cognate to reprise. The sense has become generalized, but does retain connotations of punishment and execution. The noun's first use appears c. 1592.
inked
From Middle English inked, ynkid (“written in ink”), equivalent to ink + -ed.
cognac
Borrowed from French cognac, from Cognac, a city in France, from Medieval Latin Comniacum, from the name Cominius + Gallo-Roman suffix -acum, from Proto-Celtic *-ākom.
From French Cognac, from Occitan Conhac, from Medieval Latin Comniacum, from the name Cominius, Cominia + Gallo-Roman suffix -acum (from Latin -ācea).
tela
Learned borrowing from Latin tēla (“web”). Doublet of toile.
morbilliform
From Medieval Latin morbillus (“measles”) + -form. See morbilli for more.
morbilli
From Medieval Latin morbillus, from Latin morbus (“disease”) + -illus (“diminutive suffix”).
thereat
From Middle English thereat, ther-at, þeratte, þerat, from Old English þǣræt, from Proto-West Germanic *þārat, from Proto-Germanic *þarat, equivalent to there + at.
theretofore
From Middle English ther-to-fore, þeretofore, þer to-fore, þer toforn, þær toforen, from Old English þǣr tōforan, equivalent to there + tofore.
saccharine
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćárkaraH
Proto-Indo-Aryan *śárkaraH
Sanskrit शर्क॑रा (śárkarā)
Pali sakkharābor.
Ancient Greek σάκχᾰρον (sákkhăron)bor.
New Latin saccharon
New Latin saccharum
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English saccharine
From New Latin saccharum (“sugar”) + English -ine (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Saccharum is derived from saccharon (“syrupy liquid from bamboo or reeds”), from Ancient Greek σάκχαρον (sákkharon), from Pali sakkharā (“sugar; gravel; granule, grain; crystal; potsherd”), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar; cotton sugar, sugarmaple; gravel, grit, pebbles; potsherd”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ (“boulder; gravel”).
thereunder
From Middle English therunder, þer-under, þar under, from Old English þǣrunder, equivalent to there + under. Cognate with Dutch daaronder (“thereunder”), German darunter (“thereunder”), Swedish därunder (“thereunder”).
therewith
c. 1200, from Middle English therwith, from Old English þǣrwiþ (“therewith, in return, in exchange, against”), equivalent to there + with. Cognate with Danish derved (“therewith”), Swedish därvid (“therewith, thereby”). Parallel with Dutch daarmee, German damit (“therewith”), though etymologically different. See also theremid.
saccharin
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćárkaraH
Proto-Indo-Aryan *śárkaraH
Sanskrit शर्क॑रा (śárkarā)
Pali sakkharābor.
Ancient Greek σάκχᾰρον (sákkhăron)bor.
Latin saccharon
Latin saccharum
German -in
German Saccharinbor.
English saccharin
From German Saccharin, coined in 1879 by the Russian-born chemist Constantin Fahlberg (1850–1910) who discovered it, from Latin saccharon, saccharum + -in.
fraught
From Middle English fraught, fraght, freght (“transport of goods or people (usually by water); charge for such transport; facilities for such transport; cargo or passengers of a ship; ballast of a ship; goods in general; (figurative) burden; charge”), from Middle Dutch vracht, vrecht, or Middle Low German vracht, vrecht (“cargo, freight; charge for transport of goods”), from Proto-Germanic *fra-aihtiz, from *fra- (intensifying prefix) + Proto-Germanic *aihtiz (“acquisition; possessions, property”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to come into possession of, obtain; to own, possess”)). Doublet of freight.
Cognates
* Danish fragt
* Old English ǣht (“livestock; property; possession; power”)
* Old High German frēht (“earnings”) (modern German fracht)
* Swedish frakt
The verb is derived from Middle English fraughten, fraghten, freghten (“to hire (a ship, etc.) for transporting goods; to load (a ship, etc.) with cargo or passengers; to store, stow away; (figurative) to provide an ample supply of (goods, income, etc.)”), from Middle Dutch vrachten, vrechten, from vracht, vrecht (noun) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming infinitives of verbs).
The adjective is derived from Middle English fraught, fraght (“burdened, loaded”), the past participle of fraughten, fraghten (verb) (see above).
miscellany
Borrowed from French miscellanées, from Latin mīscellānea, from miscellus (“mixed”), from misceō (“to mix”).
potlatch
The noun is borrowed from Chinook Jargon potlatch, pátlač (“to give; gift; gift-giving ceremony, potlatch”), from Nootka Jargon pa'chatle, pa'chēētle, pah-chilt (“to give, give me”), from Nootka p̕ačiƛ (“to give a gift during a potlatch ceremony”).
Sense 1 of the verb (“to give; especially, to give a gift during a potlatch ceremony”) is borrowed from Chinook Jargon potlatch, pátlač (see above); sense 2 (“to carry out or take part in a potlatch ceremony”) is derived from the noun.
riddle
From Middle English redel, redels, from Old English rǣdels, rǣdelse (“counsel, opinion, imagination, riddle”), from Proto-West Germanic *rādislī (“counsel, conjecture”). Analyzable as rede (“advice”) + -le. Akin to Old English rǣdan (“to read, advise, interpret”). Cognate with Dutch raadsel, German Rätsel.
From Middle English riddil, ridelle (“sieve”), from Old English hriddel (“sieve”), alteration of earlier hridder, hrīder, from Proto-West Germanic *hrīdrā, from Proto-Germanic *hrīdrą, *hrīdrǭ (“sieve”), from Proto-Germanic *hrid- (“to shake”), from Proto-Indo-European *krey-. Akin to German Reiter (“sieve”), Old Norse hreinn (“pure, clean”), Old High German hreini (“pure, clean”), Gothic 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hrains, “clean, pure”). More at rinse.
From Middle English riddel, ridel, redel, rudel, from Old French ridel ("a plaited stuff; curtain"; > Medieval Latin ridellus), from rider (“to wrinkle”), from Old High German rīdan (“to turn; wrap; twist; wrinkle”). More at writhe. Doublet of rideau.
From Middle English ridlen, from the noun (see above).
cadence
Borrowed from Middle French cadence, from Old Italian cadenza (“conclusion of a phrase of music”), from Latin *cadentia (literally “a falling”), form of cadēns, the present participle of cadō (“to fall, to cease”). The Latin verb is inherited, via Proto-Italic *kadō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱad-e- (“to fall”, thematic present). Doublet of cadenza and chance.
monologue
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mender.
Proto-Hellenic *mónwos
Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos)
Ancient Greek μονο- (mono-)
Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-
Ancient Greek λόγος (lógos)
Byzantine Greek μονόλογος (monólogos)der.
Middle French monologueder.
▲
Ancient Greek μονο- (mono-)der.
English mono-
English -logue
English monologue
First attested in c. 1550. Borrowed from Middle French monologue, modeled on dialogue, ultimately from Byzantine Greek μονόλογος (monólogos). By surface analysis, mono- + -logue.
posthumous
From Latin posthumus, a variant spelling of postumus, superlative form of posterus (“coming after”), the ⟨h⟩ added by association with humus (“ground, earth”) referring to burial.
satiate
First attested in the 1440–1450s, in Middle English; borrowed from Latin satiātus, perfect passive participle of satiō (“to fill full, satiate, satisfy”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from satis (“sufficient”).
Clyde
From Scottish Gaelic Cluaidh, the name of a river in Scotland, of uncertain origin. Possibly influenced by clut (“the cleansing one”).
Severn
From Middle English Severne, from Old English Sæfern, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *Sabrinā (compare Welsh Hafren), perhaps from *samaros (“summer fallow”). Doublet of Sabrina.
chalco-
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós, “copper”). Despite the appearance in English of a possible relation of chalco- to chalk, and any plausible semantic and cognate connections between limestones and ores in ancient times, the terms are not related by any known cognation. Note also the hard ch sound (/k/) in chalco- and words generated therefrom, which differs from the soft ch sound in chalk.
hearsay
From Middle English hyere-zigginge (1340), here sey (ca. 1438), from the phrase heren seien (“to hear [people] say”). Compare equally old Middle High German hœrsagen (14th c.), whence modern Hörensagen.
Pericles
From Latin Periclēs, from Ancient Greek Περικλῆς (Periklês, “far-famed”), from περί (perí, “around”) + κλέος (kléos, “glory”).
sharpshooter
sharp + shooter, a calque of German Scharfschütze.
aileron
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-?
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-der.
Proto-Italic *aksis
Latin axis
Latin *axla
Latin āla
Old French aile
Middle French aisle
French aile
French -er-
Proto-Indo-European *-ōder.
Proto-Indo-European *-Hōder.?
Latin -ō
Frankishinflu.
Old French -on
Middle French -on
French -on
French -eron
French aileronbor.
English aileron
Borrowed from French aileron, diminutive of aile (“wing”), also refers to the extremities of a bird's wings used to control their flight. It first appeared in print in the 7th edition of Cassell's French-English Dictionary of 1877, with its lead meaning of "small wing". In the context of powered airplanes it appears in print about 1908, in the French aviation journal L'Aérophile.
reformation
From Middle English reformacioun, reformation, from Middle French reformation and Latin refōrmātiō, refōrmātiōnis (“reform, change”), from refōrmō (“transform, reshape”), from re- + fōrmō (“shape, form”). By surface analysis, reform + -ation.
Rubicon
From Latin Rubicō, Rubicōn (“the Rubicon”), possibly from rubeus (“red, reddish”), from rubeō (“to be red”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), an allusion to the colour of the river caused by mud deposits.
The noun is derived from the phrase cross the Rubicon (“to make an irreversible decision or to take an action with consequences”). Julius Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon, a small river in northeastern Italy, on 10 January 49 B.C.E., indicated his intention to start a civil war with Pompey. Rubicon is derived from Latin Rubicō, Rubicōn (“the Rubicon”), possibly from rubeus (“red, reddish”), from rubeō (“to be red”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), an allusion to the colour of the river caused by mud deposits.
The verb is derived from the noun.
ain
From (Scots) Middle English aȝen.
Borrowed from French Ain.
hlaford
Learned borrowing from Old English hlāford. Doublet of lord and laird.
prognosticate
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *pér
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *próder.
Ancient Greek πρό (pró)
Ancient Greek προ- (pro-)
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃tisder.
Ancient Greek γνῶσῐς (gnôsĭs)
▲
Ancient Greek -σῐς (-sĭs)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Ancient Greek -κός (-kós)
?
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τος (-tos)
▲
Ancient Greek -κός (-kós)
?
Ancient Greek -τῐκός (-tĭkós)
Ancient Greek γνωστῐκός (gnōstĭkós)
▲
Ancient Greek προ- (pro-)
▲
Ancient Greek γνῶσῐς (gnôsĭs)
Ancient Greek πρόγνωσῐς (prógnōsĭs)
▲
Ancient Greek -τῐκός (-tĭkós)
Ancient Greek προγνωστῐκός (prognōstĭkós)der.
Medieval Latin prognosticus
Proto-Italic *-āzi
▲
Latin -ereinflu.
Latin -āre
Medieval Latin prognosticareder.
English prognosticate
From Medieval Latin prognosticare; see prognostic for more.
tiding
From a merger of Middle English tiding, tidinge, from Late Old English tīdung, with Middle English tidinde, tidende, from or influenced by Old Norse tíðindi (“news, tidings”), both connected to Old English tīdan (“to befall; happen”). Though it is sometimes assumed that the form in -ind/-end is original and later assimilated to -ing, the cognates Dutch tijding and German Zeitung point to inheritance from Proto-West Germanic *tīdungō. By surface analysis, tide (“time”) + -ing.
culminate
First attested in 1647; borrowed from Medieval Latin culminātus, perfect passive participle of culminō (“to crown”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from Latin culmen (“peak, the highest point”), older form columen (“top, summit”), from Proto-Italic *kolamen, from a Proto-Indo-European base *kol-, *kelH- (“to project, rise; peak, summit, top”), whence also English hill and holm.
First attested in 1846; borrowed from Medieval Latin culminātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
Bogdan
From Proto-Slavic *Bogъdanъ, a calque of Ancient Greek Θεόδωρος (Theódōros, “Theodore”, literally “gift of God”).
disclaim
From Middle English disclaimen, from Anglo-Norman disclaimer, from Old French desclamer (French déclamer), des- + clamer.