MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Palladian
From Latin Palladius (“of or relating to Pallas”) + -an (suffix forming adjectives from nouns). Palladius is derived from Pallas (from Ancient Greek Παλλάς (Pallás), genitive Παλλάδος (Palládos), an epithet of Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom) + -ius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns).
From Italian Palladio, the surname of Andrea Palladio (1508–1580) + -an (suffix forming adjectives from nouns).
Barnes
* As an English surname, from the place on the bank of the Thames, derived from the root of the noun barn.
* Also as an English surname, variant of Barne, from both a Middle English personal name from Old Norse Bjǫrn and Old English Beorn, and from the noun barn (“child”). Semantically compare Child.
* As an Irish surname, Anglicized from Ó Bearáin (literally “descendant of Bearán”), a byname from bior (“spear”).
* As a French surname, variant of Bernes, from a short form of a Germanic name derived from Frankish *berō (“bear”), similar to Bernhard.
* As a Jewish surname, variant of Parnes, from Yiddish פּרנס (prns), from Hebrew פַּרְנָס (“leader of a Jewish community, provider”).
umbrel
From Middle English umbrell, umbrel, probably from Anglo-Norman umbrail, from Old French ombrail, ombral, from ombrel (“shade”), from ombre + -el, from Latin umbra; compare French ombrelle. By surface analysis, umb(e)r + -el.
scholium
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σχόλιον (skhólion, “comment”), from σχολή (skholḗ, “discussion”).
undine
From German Undine, from New Latin undīna, from Latin unda (“wave”).
From German Undine (“undine”), first used as a given name in the novel Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and in 19th-century operas based on the book.
uraeus
From Latin uraeus, from Ancient Greek οὐραῖος (ouraîos). This is traditionally assumed to be from Egyptian jꜥrt (“cobra in threat posture”), i-a:r:*t-I12, from jꜥr (“to rise, climb”); however, on phonetic grounds, Gundacker, following Fecht, argues for an origin in Egyptian wrrt (“White Crown, uraeus”, literally “the great one”) instead.
betoken
From Middle English bitoknen, bitacnen, from Old English betācnian (“to betoken, signify, designate”), from Proto-West Germanic *bitaiknijan. Equivalent to be- + token. Cognate with Dutch betekenen (“to mean, signify”), German bezeichnen (“to call, designate”), Swedish beteckna (“to represent, designate, indicate”) and Danish betegne (“to represent, designate, indicate”).
nymphaeum
Learned borrowing from Latin nymphaeum, from Ancient Greek νυμφαῖον (numphaîon), a substantivisation of νυμφαῖος (numphaîos, “sacred to the nymphs”), from νύμφη (númphē, “nymph”).
agreeably
From Middle English agreablely, agreably; equivalent to agreeable + -ly.
commodious
From Middle English commodious (“convenient, advantageous”), from Anglo-Norman commodious, Old French commodieux, directly from Medieval Latin commodiosus (“convenient, useful”), irregularly from Latin commodus (“suitable, fit, convenient”), from com- + modus (“measure, manner”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”). Analyzable as commode (“to provide with an appropriate or necessary thing; to suit”) + -ious.
skiff
From Middle English skif, from Middle French esquif, from Old Italian schifo (“small boat”), from Lombardic skif (“boat”), from Proto-Germanic *skipą (“boat, ship”). Doublet of ship.
From Scots skiff (“light shower of rain or snow”), from skiff (“move lightly”); compare the derivative skiffle (whence English skiffle) and (English skift (“light dusting of snow”) from) Scots skift (“light shower of snow”), from skift (“move lightly”), perhaps related to shift/Old Norse skipta, or perhaps an onomatopoeic formation.
sirloin
From Middle English surloine, from Old French surlonge, from sur la longe (literally “above the loin”).
consistory
Inherited from Middle English consistorie, from Old Northern French consistorie (“secular tribunal”) (Old French consistoire), and Late Latin consistorium (“waiting room, meeting place of the imperial council”). Meaning "Church council" is from early 14th century.
prosciutto
Borrowed from Italian prosciutto (meaning 'ham', in general), from asciutto, with a change of prefix, or from a Vulgar Latin *perexsūctus, from per + Latin exsūctus.
Indochina
From Indo- + China, modelled after French Indochine. Name first proposed in the early 19th century by Scottish poet and orientalist John Leyden and later first used in Précis de Géographie universelle by Conrad Malte-Brun.
galingale
From Middle English galingale, from Old French galingal, from Arabic خَلَنْجَان (ḵalanjān), from Persian قولنجان (qulenjân, qulanjân), from Sanskrit कुलञ्जन (kulañjana), perhaps from Chinese 高良薑／高良姜 (gāoliángjiāng), from 高涼 /高凉 (Gāoliáng) (a prefecture or county in China) + 薑 /姜 (jiāng, “ginger”).
irrigate
First attested in 1615; borrowed from Latin irrigātus, perfect passive participle of irrigō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix). See also Middle English irrigat(e) (“watered, irrigated”).
crick
From Middle English crike, crykke (“muscular spasm of the neck”), attested since the 1400s. Likely related to Old Norse kriki (“bend; nook”), whence also crick (“creek”) and creek.
Uncertain. Possibly an alteration of creak; or perhaps from Middle English crikken, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *krakōn, or Proto-West Germanic *krakkjan
chiffon
Borrowed from French chiffon, from Middle French chiffe (“cloth, old rag”), from Old French chipe (“rag”), from Middle English chip, chippe (“chip, shard, fragment”), from Old English ċipp (“chip, splinter, shaving”); see chip.
burgess
From Middle English burgeis, from Anglo-Norman burgeis, of Proto-Germanic origin; either from Late Latin burgensis (from Latin burgus), or from Frankish *burg, both from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold, city”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ-. See also borough, bourgeois, burgish.
From Anglo-Norman burgeis (“town-dweller”), from Old French burgeis, a variant of borgeis, a toponym of mixed Germanic and Latin origins.
gefilte fish
From Yiddish געפֿילטע פֿיש (gefilte fish, “stuffed fish”), from געפֿילט (gefilt, “stuffed”), from Old High German [Term?]. (Compare German gefüllter (“stuffed”) + Fisch (“fish”).)
litheness
From Middle English lithnesse, lythnesse, lythnes, from Old English līþnes (“softness; gentleness; mildness; lenity; kindness”), equivalent to lithe + -ness.
lithesome
From Middle English lithsum, equivalent to lithe + -some. Doublet of lissom.
publican
From Middle English publican [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman publican, pupplican, Middle French publicain, and Old French publican, publicain, pupplican (“tax collector”) (modern French publicain), and from their etymon Latin pūblicānus (“tax collector”), from pūblicum (“state revenue”) + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’, usually indicating relationships of origin, position, or possession). Pūblicum is a noun use of the neuter form of pūblicus (“of or belonging to the people, state, or community; general, public”), ultimately from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”).
Sense 3.2 (“person excommunicated from the church; person who does not follow a Christian religion”) refers to Matthew 18:17 of the Bible: see the King James Version quotation under sense 1.
Cognates
* Catalan publicà
* Italian pubblicano
* Middle Dutch publicaen, puppilicaen, pupplicaen (modern Dutch publicaan (obsolete), publikaan)
* Middle High German publicān, publicāne (early modern German Publican).
* Middle Low German pūblicān
* Old Occitan publican, puplican
* Portuguese publicano
* Spanish publicano
gneiss
From German Gneis, from Middle High German gneist (“spark”), from Old High German gneisto (“spark”). More at gnast.
moderator
Learned borrowing from Latin moderātor. First attested as Middle English moderatour. By surface analysis, moderate + -or.
oxymel
From Middle English oximel, from Late Latin oxymel, oxymeli (“acid and honey”), from Ancient Greek ὀξύμελι (oxúmeli).
arithmancy
From Ancient Greek ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”) + -mancy.
snivel
From Middle English snivelen, snevelen, snyvelen, snuvelen, from Old English *snyflan (attested in the verbal noun snyflung (“mucus”)), from Proto-West Germanic *snuflijan, related to Old English snofl (“mucus”), ultimately from the root of snout. Akin to sniff, snuff. Compare sniffle.
Cognate with Middle Low German snuffelen, snüffelen (“to sniff, smell”), Danish snøvle (“to sniffle, snivel”), Norwegian Nynorsk snuvla (“to sniffle, snivel”), Swedish snövla (“to sniffle, snivel”).
Compare typologically Russian сопе́ть (sopétʹ), сопля́ (sopljá) akinness.
demonstrative
From Middle English demonstratif, from Middle French démonstratif, from Latin dēmōnstrātīvus. Equivalent to demonstrate + -ive.
Mohn
From the German surname:
* from the noun Mohn (“poppy”),
* also from the old personal name Monrad, composed of the elements *mundiz (“thought, mind, spirit”) and *rēdaz (“counsel”),
* also a variant of Moehn, from Möhn near Trier.
Borrowed from German Mohn or Yiddish מאָן (mon).
rit
From Middle English ritten (“to cut, score, slit, tear”), from Old English *rittan (“to cut, score, slit, tear,”) (compare Old High German rizzen), from Proto-West Germanic *rittjan, from Proto-Germanic *ritjaną (“to cut, scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *wrid-néh₂-; see *hrītaną.
Cognate with Middle Low German ritten (“to scratch”), German ritzen (“to scratch”). Compare with Proto-Slavic *rězati (“to cut, carve, engrave”)). See also rat.
ascus
From New Latin ascus, from Ancient Greek ἀσκός (askós, “a sac”). Doublet of askos.
scops owl
From Latin scops, from Ancient Greek σκώψ (skṓps, “a type of small owl”), from σκοπός (skopós, “watcher”), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “to look at”).
waterway
From Middle English waterwey, from Old English wæterweġ (“waterway”), from Proto-West Germanic *watarweg, equivalent to water + way. Compare Saterland Frisian Woaterwai (“waterway”), West Frisian wetterwei (“waterway”), Dutch waterweg (“waterway”), German Wasserweg (“waterway”), Danish vandvej (“waterway”), Swedish vattenväg (“waterway”).
dacoit
Borrowed from Hindustani ڈکیت / डकैत (ḍakait), from ڈاکا (ḍākā) / डाका (ḍākā, “gang-robbery”).
guqin
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 古琴 (gǔqín), made up of 古 (gǔ, “ancient”) and 琴 (qín, “stringed instrument”).
ushabti
Borrowed from Egyptian w-S-b-t:y-A53 (wšbtj, “ushabti”, literally “answerer”), by folk etymology from earlier SA-wA-b-t:y-A53 (šꜣwꜣbtj), perhaps from S-wA-b-M1 (šwꜣb, “persea (tree)”), which may have been the material they were originally made from. The variant forms shawabti, shabti are borrowed directly from the earlier Egyptian forms šꜣwꜣbtj and šꜣbtj, respectively.
usquebaugh
[Alt: A glass with a round bottom which tappers to the lip, served with usquebaugh.]
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wed-
Proto-Indo-European *-r̥
Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥der.
Proto-Celtic *udenskyos
Old Irish uisce
Irish uisce
Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós
Proto-Celtic *biwos
Proto-Celtic *-tūts
Proto-Celtic *biwotūts
Old Irish bethu
Irish beatha
Medieval Latin aqua vītaecalq.
Irish uisce beathabor.
▲
Old Irish uisce
Scottish Gaelic uisge
▲
Old Irish bethu
Scottish Gaelic beatha
Medieval Latin aqua vītaecalq.
Scottish Gaelic uisge-beathabor.
English usquebaugh
Borrowed from Irish uisce beatha and Scottish Gaelic uisge beatha (“whiskey or whisky”, literally “water of life”) (a calque of Medieval Latin aqua vītae (“distilled alcohol, liquor”, literally “water of life”)), from Irish uisce, Scottish Gaelic uisge (“water”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water”)) + Irish beatha, Scottish Gaelic beatha (“life”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”)), Doublet of whiskey and whisky.
ustulation
Borrowed from Latin ustulare (“burn, scorch, sear”) (with the suffix -ation added), from ust-, past participle stem of uro (“burn”). By surface analysis, ustulate + -ion.
mell
From Middle English melen, mælen, from Old English mǣlan (“to speak, talk”), from mǣl (“speech, talk, conversation; dispute, contest, battle”) and māl (“suit, case, action, terms, agreement, covenanted pay”), both from Proto-Germanic *mahlą (“meeting, congress, speech”), alteration of *maþlą (“meeting, congress, speech”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to meet, encounter”). Cognate with Scots mele (“to speak, converse, tell”), Danish mæle (“to speak, utter”), Icelandic mæla (“to speak, say”), Old High German mahalōn (“to charge, accuse, proscecute”), German vermählen (“to wed, marry”). More at blackmail.
From Middle English mellen, medlen, from Old French meller, mesler (“to mix, mingle”). Doublet of meddle.
From Middle English mel, mell, melle, from Latin mell-, mel. Doublet of mel.
vavasour
From Middle English vavasour, from Old French vavasour, from Medieval Latin vavassor, perhaps from vassus vassōrum (“vassal of vassals”).
tocopherol
From Ancient Greek τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”) + φέρειν (phérein, “to bear or carry”) + -ol.
Mycenae
From Latin Mycenae, Ancient Greek Μυκῆναι (Mukênai), the name of the Ancient Greek city, from Μυκήνη (Mukḗnē), a nymph in Greek mythology who lived around Mycenae. Doublet of Mykines.
Two traditional etymologies exist:
* According to Pausanias, Perseus, the legendary founder of the city, named it either after the cap of the sheath of his sword or after a mushroom he had plucked on the site (either way, the term would derive from Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs)).
* Homer connected the name to the abovementioned Mycene (or Mykene), daughter of Inachus, first King of Argos (Odyssey, 2.120). Homer was not alone in identifying Inachus as a river god, and thus Mycene as a nymph.
ventail
From Middle English ventaile (“mail over lower face and neck; lower front piece of helmet; air hole in helmet”), from Old French ventaille (“lower opening in helmet for air”). Related to aventail.
amrell
From Middle English ameral etc., from Anglo-Norman and Old French ameral etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).
appetizing
Calque of French appétissant, French -ant being equivalent to -ing. See also appetite
stomacher
Inherited from Middle English stomakere, stomachere, perhaps after Anglo-Norman *estomachier. Equivalent to stomach + -er.
autoschediastic
From Ancient Greek αὐτοσχεδιάζω (autoskhediázō, “to act or speak extemporaneously”), from αὐτοσχέδιος (autoskhédios, “personally near, offhand”).
distrain
From Middle English distreynen, from Old French destraindre, from Latin distringō (“to pull asunder”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringō (“to draw tight, strain”).
Columba
From Latin columba (“dove, pigeon”). The dove symbolizes the Holy Spirit in Christianity.
entente
Unadapted borrowing from French entente (“understanding”). Doublet of intent.
nasus
Borrowed from Latin nāsus (“the nose; the nozzle or spout”).
pell
From Latin pellis (“animal skin, pelt”), from Proto-Italic *pelnis, from Proto-Indo-European *pel-ni-. Distantly related to fell and film.
braze
From Middle English brasen, from Old English brasian, bræsian (“to cover with brass”), from bræs (“brass”).
1580s, "to expose to the action of fire", perhaps from French braser (“to solder, weld”), though the sense evolution is difficult to explain. Perhaps the English word is older, being unrecorded in Middle English but borrowed from Old French braser (“to burn”), which fits the meaning more closely. Old French braser derives from Old Norse brasa (“to braze, harden with fire”). Also possible is that the Middle English and English words were borrowed directly from Old Norse.
parricide
From Middle French parricide, from Latin parricīda, of uncertain origin, perhaps from pār (“equal”).
From Middle French parricide, from Latin parricīdium, of uncertain origin, perhaps from pār (“equal”).
hing
From Hindi हींग (hīṅg).
From Teochew 王 (hêng5).
chrematistic
From Ancient Greek χρῆμα (khrêma, “money”).
bewray
From Middle English bewraien, bewreyen, biwreyen, from Old English *bewrēġan, from Proto-Germanic *biwrōgijaną (“to speak about; tell on; inform of”). Cognate with Old Frisian biwrōgja (“to disclose, reveal”), Dutch bewroegen (“to blame; accuse”), Middle Low German bewrȫgen (“to accuse; complain about; punish”), Old High German biruogen (“to disclose, reveal”), Modern German berügen (“to defraud”).
wolfram
Borrowed from German Wolfram, of obscure origin. Generally assumed to be derived from Wolf (“wolf”) + Rahm (“cream, soot”), a calque of Latin lupi spuma (“wolf's froth”), coined by Georg Agricola in the 16th century and a term of contempt due to its lesser value compared to tin and its degradation to the tin smelting process. Else, possibly derived from a personal name, where the second element is derived from *hrabn (“raven”).
wolframite
From German Wolframit, from Wolfram (“tungsten”). By surface analysis, wolfram + -ite.
jussive
From Latin jussus, perfect participle of jubeō (“to order, command”). Related to Latin iūs (“law, order”). Latin juss- + -ive.
plumbago
Borrowed from Latin plumbāgō (“type of lead ore”), from plumbum (“lead”).
plumbic
From Latin plumbum (“lead”) + -ic, originally in calques of French plombique, from plomb (“lead”) + -ique (“-ic”). See also molybdic.
plumbous
From plumb- + -ous, from Latin plumbōsus (“of or related to lead”), from plumbum (“lead”) + -ōsus (“-ous: forming adjectives”).
retentive
Borrowed from Middle French rétentif, from Old French retentif, from Medieval Latin retentivus, from Latin retentus.
agnatha
From Agnatha, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “without”) + γνάθος (gnáthos, “jaw”).
deist
From French déiste, from New Latin deista, from Latin Deus (“God”) + -ista (“-ist”).
Borrowed from German Deist, from a small place called Deisten near Celle and Hanover.
Hellenize
From Ancient Greek ἑλληνίζω (hellēnízō, “to speak Greek, to make Greek, to become Greek”), from Ἕλλην (Héllēn, “Greek”).
joist
From Old French giste, feminine of gist, the past participle of gesir (“to lie down”).
Hellenism
Either via French hellénisme or Latin Hellēnismus or directly from Ancient Greek Ἑλληνισμός (Hellēnismós, “imitation of the Greeks”), from Ἕλλην (Héllēn, “a Greek”).
Hellenist
From Ancient Greek ἑλληνιστής (hellēnistḗs, “somebody who speaks Greek”), from ἑλληνίζειν (hellēnízein, “to speak Greek, to behave like a Greek, to become Greek, hellenize”) (infinitive of ἑλληνίζω (hellēnízō)), from Ἕλλην (Héllēn, “Greek”).
plumigerous
From Latin plumiger, from pluma (“feather”) + gerere (“to bear”).
plumiliform
From Latin plumula (“little feather”, dim. of pluma (“feather”)) + -form.
plumiped
From Latin plumipes, plumipedis, from pluma (“feather”) + pes.
plumose
From Latin plūmōsus (“feathered”), from plūma (“feather”): compare French plumeux. By surface analysis, plume + -ose.
mineralogy
From New Latin minerālogia, from Medieval Latin minera (“mineral”) + Latin -logia (“study”). By surface analysis, mineral + -logy.
vaward
Inherited from Middle English vawarde, late form of vantwarde, aphetism of Anglo-Norman avantwarde, a variant of Old French avant-guarde. Doublet of avant-garde and vanguard.
venality
From venal + -ity, from French vénalité or Latin vēnālitās, from vēnālis (“venal”), from vēnum; compare English vend.
venery
From Middle English venerie, borrowed from Middle French venerie, from Old French venerie (“hunting”), derived from vener, from Latin vēnor (“to hunt”).
From Middle English venery, venerie, venerye, borrowed from Medieval Latin veneria, from venus (“love”).
plumule
From Latin plūmula, diminutive of plūma (“feather”); compare French plumule. By surface analysis, plume + -ule.
vernissage
From French vernissage, derived from the earlier habit of the artists to varnish their paintings the day before the opening of an exhibition.
ras
From Amharic ራስ (ras). More at Etymology 2.
From Arabic رأس (raʔs, “head(land)”). Doublet of ras (Etymology 1) above, as well as of resh; further related to reis.
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Czech Raš and Polish Raś, a pet form of various Slavic personal names
* Borrowed from Spanish Ras, from ras (“level”); perhaps a topographic surname for someone who lived on flat land
* Borrowed from French and Catalan Ras, from ras (“shorn, peeled, bare”), hence a topographic surname for someone who lived on a barren or razed area
* Borrowed from Dutch Ras, nickname for a nimble person, from ras (“quick, swift”)
verst
Borrowed from Russian верста́ (verstá), partly through German Werst and French verste.
Chester
From Middle English Chestre, from Old English Ċeaster, from ċeaster, a borrowing from Latin castrum (“camp”). Doublet of Caister and castrum. The village in Nova Scotia is likely named after the city in Pennsylvania.
polliniferous
From pollen + -i- + -ferous, or directly from New Latin pollinifer, polliniferus.
videlicet
Borrowed from Latin vidēlicet, which itself is a contraction of vidēre licet, meaning "it is permitted to see".
Polonese
From French polonais. By surface analysis, Polono- + -ese.
From French Polonais. By surface analysis, Polono- + -ese.
polverine
From Italian polverino, from Latin pulvis (“dust”). Doublet of pulvinus.
polyacron
From Ancient Greek πολῠ- (polŭ-) and ᾰ̓́κρον (ắkron).
pervious
Borrowed from Latin pervius (“having a passage through; passable, penetrable, traversable”) + English -ous (suffix denoting the presence of a quality in any degree (typically an abundance)). Pervius is derived from per- (prefix denoting doing something all the way through or entirely) + via (“road, street; method, way; (figurative) course, route”) + -us (suffix forming adjectives)
acquisitive
From an alteration of Latin acquisītus (“acquired, gained”), or possibly from acquisite + -ive.
philotimia
From Ancient Greek φιλοτιμία (philotimía) from φιλο- (philo-, “love”) + τιμή (timḗ, “honour”); see philo-.
acquittance
From Anglo-Norman acquitance, Middle French aquitance, from acquiter (“to acquit”). Compare later acquittal.
acrania
From New Latin acrania, from a- + crānium + -ia.
guesthouse
From Middle English gest hous, gistenehus, gystehuse, gesthus, partly from Old English gæsthūs, ġesthūs (“guesthouse, hostel; guest-chamber”), from Proto-West Germanic *gastihūs; and partly from Old Norse gesthús (“guesthouse; guest-chamber”); both from Proto-Germanic *gastihūsą, corresponding to guest + house.
poliorcetics
Partly:
* borrowed from Late Latin poliorcetica (“siege engines”) + English -s (suffix forming pluralia tantum) (poliorcetica is derived from Koine Greek πολιορκητικά (poliorkētiká, “things related to sieges”), the neuter plural of πολιορκητικός (poliorkētikós, “relating to poliorcetics, poliorcetic”), from Ancient Greek πολῐορκέω (polĭorkéō, “to besiege, blockade”) (from πόλις (pólis, “city”) + ἕρκος (hérkos, “enclosure; fence”)) + -τῐκός (-tĭkós, suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘of or relating to’)); and
* from poliorcetic (“relating to poliorcetics”) + -s (suffix forming pluralia tantum).
Cro-Magnon
From French Cro-Magnon, from Occitan Cròs-Manhon.
Named after Abri de Cro-Magnon, a rock shelter in the commune of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, Dordogne, France, where the first skeletons were found in 1868.
sumpter
From Middle English, from Old French sommetier (“pack-horse driver”), from Late Latin *sagmatarius, from Latin sagma, from Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma, “pack-saddle”).
From Middle English sumpter (“carrier, or driver of pack animals”).
gallow
From Middle English *galowen, *galewen, *galwen (attested in begalewen (“to frighten”)), from Old English *gǣlwan, *gēlwan (attested in āgǣlwed, āgēlwed (“stupified, astonished, disconcerted”)), of unknown origin. Alternative forms gally, galley perhaps influenced by Middle English galyen, galien, variants of galen (“to cry out, shout, make a harsh cry”), from Old English galan (“to sing, call”). Compare also Old Norse gala (“to sing, shout, crow”), Old Norse gjalla (“to yell, shout”).
kino
18th century. Perhaps borrowed from Mandingo cano, or from a language of the East Indies.
From Russian кино́ (kinó, “movie; cinema”), via Kino-Eye and Dziga Vertov's identification of his film Man with a Movie Camera as "ABSOLUTE KINOGRAPHY".
receptor
From Middle English receptour, from Old French receptour or Latin receptōrius, from recipiō (“receive”), from re- (“back”) + capiō (“to hold”).
polychrest
From Ancient Greek πολύχρηστος (polúkhrēstos, “multipurpose, highly useful”), from πολύς (polús) + χρηστός (khrēstós, “useful”).