MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
warlock
From Middle English warloghe, warlowe, warloȝe, from Old English wǣrloga (“traitor, deceiver”, literally “truce-breaker”), from Proto-West Germanic *wārulogō (“liar”), equivalent to Old English wǣr (“covenant, truce, pact, promise”) (from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁- (“true”); whence also Latin vērus) + loga (“liar”), from Proto-Germanic *lugô, related to Old English lēogan (whence English lie). The hard -ck ending originated in Scottish and Northern English, like the sense "male magic-user" (from the notion that such men were in league with the Devil and had thus broken their baptismal vows / betrayed Christianity). Cognate with Old Saxon wārlogo (“liar, unfaithful or insidious one”).
A few writers alternatively propose a derivation from Old Norse varðlokkur (“incantations, charms”, literally “ward songs”), but as the OED notes, this is implausible due to the extreme rarity of the Norse word, the semantic difference, and because forms without hard -k, which are consistent with the Old English etymology (“traitor”), are attested earlier than forms with -k, and forms with -ð- are not attested.
Thomas
Inherited from Middle English Thomas, from Latin Thōmās m (as in the Vulgate), from Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς m (Thōmâs), the Biblical Greek transcription of Aramaic תאומא or תאמא (“twin”), the nickname of one of the Twelve Apostles.
In the gospel of John (11:16, 20:24), the Aramaic nickname is also translated into Greek, as δίδυμος m (dídumos). Used as a given name since the Middle Ages, e.g. Thomas the Presbyter (7th century), Thomas the Slav (8th century), Thomas of Bayeux (died 1100).
(infidel or doubter): In reference to the doubting Apostle.
Joseph
From Middle English Ioseph, ultimately from Biblical Hebrew יוֹסֵף (Yoséf, literally “(God) shall add”); a son of Jacob. Doublet of Yusuf.
waiter
From late 14th century Middle English waiter, wayter (“attendant, watchman”). By surface analysis, wait + -er. Sense of "servant who waits at tables" is from late 15th century, originally in reference to household servants; in reference to inns, eating houses, etc., it is attested from 1660s. Feminine form waitress first recorded 1834.
The London Stock Exchange sense harks back to the early days of trading in coffee-shops.
inebriation
Learned borrowing from Latin inēbriātiō, inēbriātiōnem (“drunkenness”).
parameter
From French paramètre, from New Latin parametrum (“parameter”), from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”).
tier
From Middle French tier, from Old French tire (“rank, sequence, order, kind”), probably from tirer (“to draw, draw out”). Alternatively, from a Germanic source related to Middle English tir (“honour, glory, power, rule”), Old English tīr (“glory, honour, fame”), Old Norse tírr (“glory, honour, renown”).
tele-
From Ancient Greek τῆλε (têle, “at a distance, far off, far away, far from”).
thermo-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer-der.
Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós)der.
English thermo-
From Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós, “warm, hot”).
andro-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr
Proto-Hellenic *anḗr
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νδρός (ăndrós)der.
English andro-
From Ancient Greek ἀνδρός (andrós), genitive of ἀνήρ (anḗr).
resist
From Middle English resisten, from Middle French resister and Old French resistre, and their source, Latin resistere, from re- + sistere (“cause to stand”).
re-
Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *wre-
Latin re-der.
Old French re-bor.
Middle English re-
English re-
From Middle English re-, from Old French re-, from Latin re-, red- (“back; anew; again; against”), see there for more. Displaced native English ed-, eft-, a-, with-/wither-, gain-/again-.
bio-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-der.
Ancient Greek βῐ́ος (bĭ́os)
Ancient Greek βῐο- (bĭo-)der.
English bio-
From Ancient Greek βιο- (bio-), combining form and stem of βίος (bíos, “life”). By surface analysis, bi- (“life”) + -o-.
penta-
PIE word
 *pénkʷe
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe
Proto-Hellenic *pénkʷe
Ancient Greek πέντε (pénte)
Ancient Greek πεντᾰ- (pentă-)lbor.
English penta-
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πεντᾰ- (pentă-, “five”), from πέντε (pénte, “five”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe. Compare Persian پنج, Northern Kurdish pênc, Ossetian фондз (fonʒ), Pashto پنځه (pindzə), Sanskrit पञ्च (páñca). Doublet of five, which was inherited from Proto-Germanic.
hepta-
PIE word
 *septḿ̥
Etymology tree
Proto-Afroasiatic *sṗɣ?
Proto-Semitic *šabʕ-bor.?
Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥
Proto-Hellenic *heptə́
Ancient Greek ἑπτᾰ́ (heptắ)bor.
English hepta-
From Ancient Greek ἑπτά (heptá, “seven”).
quadri-
From Latin quadri- (“four”), from quattuor (“four”). Doublet of tetra-.
quin-
From one combining form of Latin quinque (“five”). See, e.g., quindecim.
mucus
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk-der.
Proto-Italic *moukos
Latin mūcuslbor.
English mucus
Learned borrowing from Latin mūcus.
Partly displaced Old English slīm, whence modern slime.
lord
From Middle English lord and lorde (attested from the 15th century), from earlier (14th century) lourde and other variants which dropped the intervocalic consonant of earlier lowerd, louerd, loverd, laford, and lhoaverd; from Old English hlāford < hlāfweard, a compound of hlāf (“bread”) + weard (“guardian”); see loaf and ward. The term was already being applied broadly prior to the literary development of Old English and was influenced by its common use to translate Latin dominus. Compare Scots laird (“lord”), preserving a separate vowel development (from northern/Scottish Middle English lard, laverd), the Old English compound hlāf-ǣta (“servant”, literally “bread-eater”), and modern English lady, from Old English hlǣfdīġe (“bread-kneader”). The Middle English word laford was borrowed by Icelandic, where it survives as lávarður. Doublet of hlaford and laird.
See lord.
In reference to the God of the Jewish Tanakh and Christian Bible, originally a translation (attested from the late Old English form hlāford) of the Vulgate Latin Dominus (“master of a house; lord”), translating the New Testament and the Septuagint's Ancient Greek ὁ κύριος or Κύριος (ó kýrios, "the supreme one; Lord, Kyrios"), both in reference to Hebrew אֲדֹנָי (ʾdny, "my lord; my Lord, Adonai") from אדון (ʾdwn, "lord, patron; Lord") + י- (-y, "my"), cognate with Phoenician 𐤀𐤃𐤍 (ʾdn, "lord; Lord, Adon"). Adonai appears in the Tanakh both directly and as a euphemism read aloud during occurrences of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (YHWH, "I Am that I Am; Jehovah"). See the usage notes below. Displaced the earlier term Drighten.
orb
From Middle English orbe, from Old French orbe, from Latin orbis (“circle, orb”). Compare orbit.
From Old French orb (“blind”), from Latin orbus (“destitute”).
pane
From Middle English pane, pan, from Old French pan, from Latin pannus, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“fabric”). Doublet of pagne and pannus.
ani
Borrowed from Portuguese ani or Spanish aní, both from Old Tupi any.
From Armenian Անի (Ani).
apportion
From Middle French apportionner, from Old French aporcioner, from Late Latin apportionare, from Latin ad + portio. By surface analysis, ap- + portion.
appreciable
From French appréciable. By surface analysis, appreci(ate) + -able.
appreciate
Originated 1645–55; from Medieval Latin appreciātus (“valued or appraised”), later variant of Late Latin appretiātus (“appraised”), the perfect passive participle of appretiō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from a(d) (“toward”) + preti(um) (“price”) + -ō (first conjugation verb-forming suffix).
Cognate to French apprécier. Latin root also origin of English appraise, which has various Romance cognates; see also precious.
ciao
Borrowed from Italian ciao (“hello, goodbye”), from Venetan ciao (“hello, goodbye, your (humble) servant”), from Venetan s-ciao / s-ciavo (“servant, slave”), from Medieval Latin sclavus (“Slav, slave”), related also to Italian schiavo, English Slav, slave and Old Venetan S-ciavón (“Slav”), from Latin Sclavus, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *slověninъ. Not related to Vietnamese chào (“hello, goodbye”). Doublet of Slav and slave.
cheer
From Middle English chere, from Anglo-Norman chere, from Old French chiere (“head, face; appearance; reception, hospitality; meal, dinner, food”) (Modern French chère), from Late Latin cara (“head”).
health
Inherited from Middle English helthe, from Old English hǣlþ, from Proto-West Germanic *hailiþu, from Proto-Germanic *hailiþō, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, hale”). Cognate with Old High German heilida. Analyzable as whole, hale, or heal + -th (abstract nominal suffix). More at heal. Doublet of wholth.
From Middle English heleð (“man, hero, fighter”), from Old English hæleþ (“man, hero, fighter”), from Proto-West Germanic *haliþ, from Proto-Germanic *haliþaz (“man, hero”). Cognate with West Frisian held (“hero”), Dutch held (“hero”), German Held (“hero”), Norwegian Nynorsk hauld (“freeman”).
toast
From Middle English tost, from the verb tosten (see below).
Sense 3 is according to the Oxford English Dictionary a figurative application of sense 1 dating to 1674. It began as an epithet for a lady being supposed to flavour a bumper like a spiced toast placed in that drink. (In this context, a bumper is a drinking vessel filled to the brim.)
From Middle English tosten, from Old French toster (“to roast, grill”), from Latin tostus (“grilled, burnt”), from verb torreō (“to burn, grill”).
bottom
PIE word
 *bʰudʰmḗn
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- ~ *dʰubʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-mḗn
Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn
Proto-Germanic *butmaz
Proto-West Germanic *botm
Old English botm
Middle English botme
English bottom
From Middle English botme, botom, from Old English botm, bodan (“bottom, foundation; ground, abyss”), from Proto-West Germanic *butm, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz, *budmaz (“bottom; ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (“bottom”).
Cognates
Cognate with Yola bothom, bottom (“bottom”), Saterland Frisian Boudem (“floor; ground”), West Frisian boaiem (“floor; ground”), Dutch bodem, boom, boôm (“bottom; ground, soil”), German Boden (“floor; ground; soil”), Limburgish baom (“bottom; ground, soil”), Luxembourgish Buedem (“bottom; earth, soil”), Vilamovian bödum (“bottom; ground”), Danish bund (“bottom”), Elfdalian buottn (“bottom”), Faroese botnur (“bottom”), Icelandic and Norwegian Nynorsk botn (“bottom”), Norwegian Bokmål botn, bunn (“bottom”), Swedish botten (“bottom”); also Irish and Scottish Gaelic bonn (“base, bottom; sole (of foot)”), Latin fundus (“bottom”) (whence fund, via French), Ancient Greek πυθμήν (puthmḗn, “bottom of a cup or jar; the bottom of the sea; butt of a tree”), Albanian buzë (“rocky chasm”), Armenian անդունդ (andund), անդունդք (andundkʻ, “abyss, chasm”), Northern Kurdish bin (“bottom”), Persian بن (bon, “bottom”), Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, “bottom”).
The noun sense “posterior of a person” is first attested in 1794; the verb sense “to reach the bottom of” is first attested in 1808. The term bottom dollar (“the last dollar one has”) is first attested in 1882.
* As an English surname, from the noun bottom. Compare Botham.
* As a French name, mistranslated from Lafond, in which Old French la fond (“the fountain”) is confused with modern le fond (“the bottom”).
bum
Attested since the 1300s, as Middle English bom (found in John Trevisa's 1387 Translation of the 'Polychronicon' of Ranulph Higden, "his bom is oute"), of uncertain origin. Sometimes suggested to be a shortening of botme, botom, bottum (“bottom”), but this is contradicted by the fact that bottom is not attested in reference to the buttocks until the late 1700s. Suggested by some old and modern references to be onomatopoeic.
Compare also Old Irish, Scottish Gaelic bun (“base, bottom”).
The anal sex senses (noun and verb), as well as the adjective (esp. the first) sense, are expletive-avoiding (i.e. Bowdlerized) shortenings of bumfuck.
1864, back-formation from bummer, from German Bummler (“loafer”), from bummeln (“to loaf”).
alcohol
Etymology tree
Akkadian 𒎎𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕 (guḫlum)bor.
Aramaic כוחלא (kuḥlā)bor.
Arabic كُحْل (kuḥl)
Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥūl)bor.
Medieval Latin alcoholder.
Middle English alcofol
English alcohol
First attested in the 15th century from Middle English alcofol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, derived from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol transmitted in medical or alchemical literature of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”), which in Andalusian Arabic also bore the form كُحُول (kuḥūl), قُحُول (quḥūl); bearing thus the meaning of stibnite first, then generalized in meaning to a powder obtained by triturating a material, then also to liquids obtained by boiling down, and specialized to mean spirit of wine, ethanol, in the 18th century, then the narrow chemical sense after 1850. Doublet of alcool and kohl.
Various old etymological notes.
* Bartholomew Traheron in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo introduces the word as a term used by "barbarous" (Moorish) authors for "fine powder": the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre.
* William Johnson in his 1657 Lexicon Chymicum glosses the word as antimonium sive stibium. By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including "alcohol of wine", the distilled essence of wine.
* Libavius in Alchymia (1594) has vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum.
* Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.
* Some authorities, including Rachel Hajar, suggest that the ultimate etymon was the Arabic term اَلْغَوْل (al-ḡawl, “bad effect, evil result of headache”) (as used in Qur’an verse 37:47, but this word is rather poetical and could for topical reasons not have been picked up from Arabic by Medieval writers, and aside from that the relation to stibium is well documented.
constellation
PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Middle English constellacioun, constillacioun (“(astrology) position of the moon or a planet in relation to the ascendant sign of the zodiac; horoscope; (astronomy) formation of fixed stars, constellation; (astronomy) elevation or position of the sun”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French constellation (modern French constellation), or directly from its etymon Late Latin cōnstēllātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnstēllātiō (“collection of stars supposed to exert an influence upon human affairs, constellation”), from Latin con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of several objects) + stēlla (“star; meteor; planet”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”)) + -ātiō (suffix forming nouns).
smitten
From Middle English smiten, from Old English smiten, ġesmiten, from Proto-Germanic *smitanaz, past participle of Proto-Germanic *smītaną (“to hurl; fling”), equivalent to smite + -en (past participle ending).
tattoo
From earlier tattaow, tattow, a borrowing from a Polynesian language, e.g. Samoan tatau (“tattoo; to tap, to strike”).
From earlier tap-to, borrowed from Dutch taptoe, from tap (“tap; faucet on a cask”) + toe (“to; shut”). More at tap, to.
From Hindi टट्टू (ṭaṭṭū).
hectare
Borrowed from French hectare, formed from Ancient Greek ἑκατόν (hekatón, “hundred”) + are, equivalent to hect- + are.
contra-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Proto-Indo-European *-teros
Proto-Italic *-teros
Proto-Italic *komterosder.
Proto-Italic *komterād
Latin contrābor.
English contra-
From Latin contrā (“against”). Doublet of counter-.
counter-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Proto-Indo-European *-teros
Proto-Italic *-teros
Proto-Italic *komterosder.
Proto-Italic *komterād
Latin contrāder.
Old French contre-
Anglo-Norman countre-bor.
Middle English counter-
English counter-
From Middle English counter-, cownter-, countre-, from Anglo-Norman countre-, from Old French contre, ultimately from Latin contra (“against”).
homo-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-European *somHós
Proto-Hellenic *homós
Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós)der.
English homo-
From Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”). By surface analysis, hom- + -o-.
From homosexual, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”).
From homologue, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”).
vagabond
From Old French vagabond, from Late Latin vagābundus, from Latin vagari (“wander”). Compare moribund.
Etymology tree
Old French vagabondder.
English vagabond
memoria
Borrowed from Latin memoria, from memor (“mindful, remembering”). Doublet of memoir and memory.
arrive
From Middle English arriven, ariven, from Old French ariver, from Early Medieval Latin adrīpāre (“to land, come ashore”), derived from Latin rīpa (“shore, river-bank”). Displaced native oncome, tocome.
For the semantic evolution, compare Old English ġelandian, ġelendan, lendan (“to arrive at land; land”) > Middle English alenden, landen (“to arrive; arrive at shore; land”).
arrival
From Middle English arivaile, arivaille, arrival, arryvaile, arryvaylle, aryvayle, aryvaylle, from Middle French arrivaille, from arriver; equivalent to arrive + -al.
depart
From Old French departir, from Late Latin departiō (“to divide”), from dē- (“away from”) + partiō (“part, divide”).
taxation
From Middle English taxacioun, from Anglo-Norman taxacion, from Latin taxātio (“rating, appraisal”).
By surface analysis, tax + -ation.
inox
From French inox. By surface analysis, a clipping of inoxidable or of inoxidizable.
perfect number
Calque of Latin numerus perfectus, with this use of perfectus itself a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τέλειος (téleios).
marcher
From Middle English marcher, marchere, marcheyre, marchier, marchowrys pl; equivalent to march (from Anglo-Norman and Old French; akin to Old English germearc, Gothic marka (“boundary”)) + -er (inhabitant suffix).
furlong
PIE word
 *dlongʰos
From Middle English furlong, forlong (“unit of distance about one-eighth of a mile; quantity of land equal to one square furlong; racetrack for foot races; foot race”) [and other forms], from Old English furlang, furlung, from furh (“a furrow”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig; to open; to rip up”) + lang (“long”, adjective) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”)), originally the typical length of a furrow in an average field.
quart
From Middle English quart, quarte, from Old French quarte, carte, from Latin quartus (“one-fourth”). Cognate with Spanish cuarto (“quarter; room, quarters”).
From Middle English quarte, querte, from Old Norse kyrt, *kvirt, neuter of Old Norse kyrr, kvirr (“quiet, still, peaceful”), from Proto-Germanic *kwerruz (“calm, satisfied, pacified”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₂- (“heavy”). Cognate with Scots quert, quart (“alive, in good health, sound”), Scots querty (“vivacious, active, in good spirits”), Danish kvær (“quiet”), Norwegian Nynorsk kvar, kvær, kverr (“still, quiet”), Icelandic kyrr (“still, calm, unmoving”).
component
Borrowed from Latin compōnēns, compōnēntis, present participle of compōnō (“assemble, put together”).
distant
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is-
Proto-Italic *dis-
Latin dis-
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sth₂éh₁yeti
Proto-Italic *staēōder.
Latin stō
Latin distō
Latin distānsder.
Old French distantbor.
Middle English distaunt
English distant
Inherited from Middle English distaunt, from Old French distant, from Latin distāns.
heterogeneous
From Medieval Latin heterogeneus, from Ancient Greek ἑτερογενής (heterogenḗs, “of different kinds”), from ἕτερος (héteros, “other, another, different”) + γένος (génos, “kind”). Compare hetero- and -ous.
nous
Borrowed from Ancient Greek νοῦς (noûs) or νόος (nóos, “mind”).
olla
Borrowed from Spanish olla, from Latin ōlla, aulla; akin to Sanskrit उखा (ukhā, “pot”), and probably also Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌽𐍃 (auhns, “oven”).
defective
From Middle English defectif, defective, from Old French defectif, from Late Latin dēfectīvus.
defect
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *de
Proto-Indo-European *-h₁
Proto-Indo-European *déh₁
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin de-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁k-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁kyéti
Proto-Italic *θakjō
Proto-Italic *fakjō
Latin facio
Latin dēficiō
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Proto-Italic *-tus
Latin -tus
Latin dēfectusbor.
English defect
Borrowed from Latin defectus (“a failure, lack”), from deficere (“to fail, lack, literally 'undo'”), from past participle defectus, from de- (“of, from”) + facere (“to do”).
coat of arms
From Middle English cote of armes, from Old French cote a armer, cote d'armes, originally a tunic embroidered with heraldic arms.
combine
PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English combynyn, from Middle French combiner, from Late Latin combīnāre (“unite, yoke together”), from Latin con- (“together”) + bīnī (“two by two”).
combination
PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English combinacioun, combynacyoun, from Old French combination, from Late Latin combīnātiō. Morphologically combine + -ation.
foreigner
From Middle English forner, foreyner, foroner, forenere, augmentation of earlier forein (“foreigner”), from the adjective. Equivalent to foreign + -er. Use of the -er suffix may be due to analogy with Middle English straunger (“stranger”). Displaced native Old English elþēodiġ.
crepe
Borrowed from French crêpe, from Latin crispus. Doublet of crisp and crape.
puzzle
The verb, of uncertain origin, is attested first. Apparently cognate with Scots pousle, pouzle, poozle (“to trifle; poke or potter around aimlessly; search about with uncertainty”), Saterland Frisian puzelje (“to work hard and continuously”), West Frisian peuzelje (“to trifle, work slowly; eat slowly and daintifully, snack”), Dutch peuzelen (“to perform insignificant work, dawdle; pick at, eat with relish in small pieces, snack”), German Low German pusseln (“to tinker, fiddle; trifle”) and pöseln (“to work hard, toil; to slave away; suffer at work; work slowly and ineffectively”), German posseln, bosseln (“to perform trivial work, tinker”), Danish pusle (“to busy oneself with light work or chores; to be occupied with a task requiring ingenuity, care, and patience; to tinker”), Swedish pyssla (“to do light work; tinker; putter or potter around”), Norwegian Nynorsk pusla, putla (“to potter about”), Faroese putla (“to trifle; potter about; do one's work slowly; be dilatory”), Faroese puss (“damage, trick”).
* An early form of the word is pusle, which is similar to Old English puslian (“to pick out the best bits, carefully select, cull”). It is possible that the meaning of the word evolved from “to pick out the best bits”, to “to think long and carefully in bewilderment while choosing what to pick out”, to “to think long and carefully in bewilderment”. However, there is no evidence in Middle English or modern English of any intermediate words with these meanings.
* Alternatively, it has been suggested that the word is from pose (“(obsolete) to interrogate, question”) + -le (frequentative suffix). However, the Oxford English Dictionary notes that early forms of the word are all spelled with -u-, and that a sound change in Middle English from ō to u “is not easily accounted for”.
* Finally, it has been suggested that the past participle form of the word is attested by Middle English poselet. This is thought to be unlikely by the Oxford English Dictionary as poselet is attested in only one quotation with the meaning “jostled, pushed”, which does not have any connection with the current senses of the word.
The noun appears to be derived from the verb.
chapter
From Middle English chapitre, from Old French chapitre, from Latin capitulum (“a chapter of a book, in Medieval Latin also a synod or council”), diminutive of caput (“a head”); see capital, capitulum, and chapiter, which are doublets of chapter.
junction
From Latin iūnctiō (“union, joining, uniting”), from iungō (“join, attach together”). Equivalent to join + -tion.