MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
ravin
The noun is derived from Middle English ravin, ravine, raven (“rapine, robbery; rape; force, violence; greed, rapacity; stolen goods, booty, plunder; prey, quarry; pursuit of prey; predatoriness, voracity”), from Anglo-Norman ravein, raveine, ravine (“rapine, robbery; rape; force, violence; greed, rapacity; impetuousness; stolen goods”), Middle French ravine, and Old French ravine (“rapine, robbery; force, violence; impetuousness”), from Latin rapīna (“pillage, plunder, robbery, rapine; booty, plunder”), from rapiō (“to abduct, carry off; to grab, snatch; to rape; to steal”) (from Proto-Italic *rapjō (“to seize, take away”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to snatch”)) + -īna (suffix forming abstract nouns).
The adjective is derived from Middle English ravin, ravine (“predatory; ravenous”), from Middle English ravin, ravine (noun): see above.
The verb is not attested before the 16th century, but words like Middle English raviner, ravinour (“plunderer; robber; rapist; predator”), ravening (“act of robbery; predatoriness, rapacity”, noun), and ravening, ravining (“(adjective) savage, ravening; (noun) preceded by ‘the’: the devil”) suggest that it existed in the 14th and 15th centuries, and was probably derived from the noun. Compare Middle French raviner (“to make furrows”), Old French raviner (“to take by force; to rush; to stream”) (modern French raviner)
scatolia
From Ancient Greek σκῶρ (skôr, “excrement”) + -olia.
nimmer
From Middle English nimere, equivalent to nim (“to filch, steal”) + -er. Cognate with Dutch nemer (“taker”), German Nehmer (“taker”).
Borrowed from German Nimmer.
Nosferatu
Possibly from a Romanian word for vampire (cf. nesuferit). The term achieved popular currency through Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula and F. W. Murnau's 1922 German film Nosferatu. See also: Wikipedia's article on the etymology of the word (and the references there).
decoct
From Latin dēcoquō (“to boil down”), from dē- + coquō (“to cook”).
meid
Borrowed from Afrikaans meid, from English maid. Doublet of maid.
xyston
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ξυστόν (xustón, “spear, javelin”), of unknown origin. Potentially from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰasto- or *ǵʰasdʰo- (“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”) (whence also gad, goad, and yard), but this is likely a substrate word in view of the various irregularities.
koel
From Hindi कोयल (koyal), from Sanskrit कोकिल (kokila) which is of onomatopoeic origin.
teinture
Borrowed from French teinture. Doublet of tainture, tinctura, and tincture.
Sacha
Borrowed from French Sacha.
Various origins, including:
* Polish Sacha
* Czech Šácha
palmier
Borrowed from French palmier, ellipsis of feuille de palmier (“palm tree leaf”), the original name of this pastry.
intonate
First attested in 1795; borrowed from Medieval Latin intonātus, perfect passive participle of intonō (“to vocalize, chant”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from in- (inchoative prefix) + tonus (“pitch, tone”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix); doublet of intone. Cognate with French entonner, Italian intonare.
First attested in 1631; borrowed from Latin intonātus, perfect passive participle of intonō (“to thunder forth”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
oker
From Middle English oker, okur, okir, okyr, ocker, from Old Norse ókr (“usury”), from Proto-Germanic *wōkraz (“progeny, earnings, profit”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- (“to add, increase”). Cognate with Scots ocker (“usury”), Icelandic ókur (“usury”), Swedish ocker (“usury”), German Wucher (“usury”), Dutch woeker (“usury”), Old English wōcor (“increase, growth, fruit, usury”), Gothic 𐍅𐍉𐌺𐍂𐍃 (wōkrs, “interest, usury, tax”), Latin augere (“to increase”). More at eke, wax.
Paphian
From Latin Paphius [from Ancient Greek Πάφιος (Páphios), from Πάφος (Páphos, “Paphos”) + -ιος (-ios)] + English -an.
duka
Etymology tree
Aramaic דּוּכָּנָאbor.
Arabic دُكَّان (dukkān)bor.
Swahili dukabor.
English duka
From Swahili duka, from Arabic دُكَّان (dukkān), from Aramaic דּוּכָּנָא (dukkānā, “dais”), from Akkadian 𒆠𒍇 (/⁠takkannu, dakkannu, dukkannu⁠/, “dais, platform, bench; niche, bedroom, private chambers or quarters”), ultimately from Sumerian 𒆠𒍇 (/⁠daggan⁠/, “chamber, doorway or its frame, niche in a wall”).
apparat
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Proto-Italic *ad-
Latin ad-
Proto-Indo-European *perh₃-der.
Latin parō
Latin apparō
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Proto-Italic *-tus
Latin -tus
Latin apparātusder.
Russian аппара́т (apparát)bor.
English apparat
Borrowed from Russian аппара́т (apparát, “apparatus, apparat”). Doublet of apparatus.
dhole
Related to Kannada ತೋಳ (tōḷa, “wolf”).
encephalon
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos, “within the head”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”).
barbacoa
Borrowed from Spanish barbacoa (whence also barbecue), from Taíno barbakoa (“framework of sticks”), the raised wooden structure the natives used to either sleep on or cure meat. Originally “meal of roasted meat or fish”.
God bless you
From Middle English God blesse you, God blisse you. A clause in the present subjunctive inherited intact from a time when English was freely productive of it. Diachronically it is not a shortening; synchronically it is often surface-analyzed as such; present-day English has a heavy need for the modal auxiliary (may) to ensure syntactic clarity, whereas earlier English could more easily drop it.
lambic
First attested as allambique; probably (via Belgian Dutch lambiek) from French alambic (“alembic”). Doublet of alembic and ambix.
purpresture
From 1150–1200, Middle English purpresture, from Anglo-Norman purpresture; alteration of Old French porpresure (“enclosure, occupied space”), from porprendre (“to seize, occupy, enclose”), from por- (“for”) + prendre (“to take”); from Latin prehendere.
rhyme or reason
Calque of Middle French n'y avoir ryme ne raison (Eustache Deschamps), attributed to the poet Edmund Spenser in a conversation with Queen Elizabeth I.
dracone
Borrowed from Latin dracō (“dragon”, stem dracōn-). Doublet of Draco, Dracon, dragon, and dragoon.
pantaloon
Borrowed from French pantalon, from Italian Pantalone (a character in Commedia dell'arte), from Spanish Pantaleon (surname).
bakemeat
From Middle English bake mete, baken mete; equivalent to bake + meat.
atta
From Hindi आटा (āṭā, “flour, farina, dough”).
dithyramb
From Latin dithyrambus, from Ancient Greek δῑθύραμβος (dīthúrambos). According to the American Heritage Dictionary, it is of non-Indo-European origin (Pre-Greek substrate, Illyrian/Phrygian), related to θρίαμβος (thríambos) and ἴαμβος (íambos). Brandenstein also compares Sanskrit अङ्ग (aṅga, “member”).
hemeral
From Ancient Greek ἡμέρα (hēméra, “day”).
Knollenorgan
Borrowed from German Knollenorgan (literally “tuber organ”), from Knolle + -n- + Organ, because they resemble tubers.
tumefy
From French tuméfier, from Latin tumefaciō, ultimately from tumeō, from Proto-Indo-European *tum-éh₁- (“to be swelling”), stative stem of *tum- (“to swell”).
Eloi
From French Éloi, from Medieval Latin Eligius, chiefly after Saint Eligius, from Latin ēligere (“to pick, to choose from”) + -ius (“-y: forming adjectives and names”).
meristics
From Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”) + -ist + -ics.
vallecula
1859 borrowing from Late Latin vallecula (“a little valley, glen, dell”), diminutive of vallēs (“a valley, vale”).
Galatia
Learned borrowing from Latin Galatia, from Ancient Greek Γαλατία (Galatía).
pardo
Borrowed from Portuguese pardao (an obsolete spelling of pardau), from Sanskrit प्रतापः (pratāpaḥ), which was written on the coins.
Borrowed from Spanish Pardo.
lask
From Middle English lasken (“to diminish, weaken (the blood or other body fluids, body tissues, etc.); to thin (the blood through bloodletting); to alleviate (pain, sickness); to grow weak; to shorten (one’s life)”) [and other forms], from Old Northern French *lasquer, Old French lascher, laschier (“to let go of, release; to loosen, relax”) (modern French lâcher (“to let go of, release; to loosen”)), from Vulgar Latin *lascāre, *lassicāre, from Latin *laxicāre, the frequentative of Latin laxāre, the present active infinitive of laxō (“to relax, weaken; to release, undo; to make wide, open”), from laxus (“free, loose, slack; roomy, spacious, wide”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leg-, *(s)leh₁g- (“faint; weak”).
From Middle English laske (“lax, weak; of the bowels: loose”), from Old Northern French *lasque, Old French laske, lasche (“not taut or tight, limp”) (modern French lâche (“loose, slack”)), from Old French lascher, laschier (“to let go of, release; to loosen, relax”): see further at etymology 1.
patana
From Sanskrit पतन (patana). The spellings patina and patena are probably by conflation.
Hebraism
From Middle French hebraisme or Latin Hebraismus; equivalent to Hebra- + -ism.
for ever and ever
Arising in the King James Bible, an approximate translation from Ancient Greek εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων (eis toùs aiônas tôn aiṓnōn, “to the aeons of the aeons”) and Hebrew לעולם ועד (“forever and until”), as well as Latin in saecula saeculorum and per omnia saecula saeculorum (themselves from the Greek).
atman
From Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātmán, “soul; self; ego; essence”). Doublet of edder (“blood vessel”) and cognate with Old English ǣþm (“breath”).
Bactria
From Latin Bactria, from Ancient Greek Βακτρίᾱ (Baktríā), from Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-t-r-i-š /⁠bâxtriš⁠/). Compare Persian باختر (bâxtar) and Hindi बाख़्त्र (bāxtra), बाख़्तर (bāxtar).
fauchon
Borrowed from French fauchon, from Old French fauchon (cognate with Italian falcione), from Vulgar Latin *falciōnem, from Latin falx. See also -on.
gleeman
From Middle English gleman, gleoman, from Old English glēomann, glīġman, corresponding to glee (“music; minstrelsy; entertainment”) + man. Cognate with Scots gle-man, gleman (“gleeman, minstrel”).
merengue
Borrowed from Spanish merengue, from French meringue. Doublet of meringue.
venin
From French venin (“venom”), from Latin venēnum (“juice; venom”). Doublet of venene and venom.
pelmeni
Borrowed from Russian пельме́ни (pelʹméni, singular пельме́нь (pelʹménʹ)), which in turn is borrowed from Permic (Komi/Udmurt) пельнянь (peľňaň).
Holy Book
From Middle English holy boke, holi boc, haly boke, haliȝ boc, from Old English hāliġ bōc, equivalent to holy + book.
apastron
From English ap- (prefix meaning ‘away from, separate’) + Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́στρον (ắstron, “fixed star”), modelled after aphelion. Ἄ̆στρον (Á̆stron) is derived from ᾰ̓στήρ (ăstḗr, “celestial body (including a star, planet, meteor, etc.)”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs- (“to burn; to glow”)) + -ον (-on, suffix forming nominative, accusative and vocative singular nouns).
petun
From French pétun, from Tupian.
From French pétun or English petun, an early name for tobacco, which the people grew and traded.
galop
From French galop; named after the fastest running gait of a horse (see gallop), a shortened version of the original term galoppade.
gome
From Middle English gome (“man”), from Old English guma (“man”), from Proto-West Germanic *gumō, from Proto-Germanic *gumô (“man”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ (“earthling”), shortened variant of *dʰǵʰm̥mō (“earthling”). Cognate to Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma) and Latin homō. Doublet of hombre, homo, ombre, and omi. See also human.
ustav
Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic оуставъ (ustavŭ). Cognate of устав in modern Bulgarian and modern Russian.
asado
Borrowed from Spanish asado (“grilled”), from Latin assātus (“roasted”), past participle of Latin assō (“to roast, broil”), from assus (“roasted”) + -ō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-. Partially borrowed from Tagalog asado from the same origin.
branchia
From Latin branchia, from Ancient Greek βράγχια (bránkhia, “gills”).
captainship
From Middle English capitainship; equivalent to captain + -ship. Piecewise doublet of chieftainship.
Europanto
A blend from Latin Eurōpa (“Europe”) + Ancient Greek πᾰντός (păntós), from πᾶς (pâs, “all, whole”). Literally, “all Europe”.
Irina
From Russian Ири́на (Irína), akin to English Irene.
marais
Borrowed from French marais (and in Louisiana, Louisiana French marais).
From French Marais.
gynaeco-
From Ancient Greek γυναικός (gunaikós), genitive of γυνή (gunḗ).
Acadia
Two possibilities:
* from Italian Arcadia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρκαδία (Arkadía, “Arcadia”), a place of rural peace in pastoral poetry
* from Mi'kmaq akadie (“fertile land”)
Yosemite
From Utian yohhe'meti or yos se'meti (“those who kill”), referring to the Miwok tribe that inhabited the Yosemite Valley.
Kozani
Borrowed from Greek Κοζάνη (Kozáni), likely ultimately derived from Proto-Slavic *koza (“goat”).
gunnel
From Middle English gonnewalle, itself from gonne (“gun”) + wale, as it used to support the ship's guns; equivalent to gun + wale.
gemsbok
From Afrikaans gemsbok, from Dutch gemsbok, from gems (“chamois”) + bok (“buck”), the former from German Gämse, of uncertain origin.
anacoloutha
From Ancient Greek ἀνακόλουθος (anakólouthos, “inconsequent”).
branle
From French branler (“to shake”); see further at brawl, etymology 2.
diremption
From Latin dirēmptiō (“a separation”), from dirimō (“to separate”) + -iō (“abstract noun suffix”).
biwa
Borrowing from Japanese 琵琶 (biwa). Doublet of bipa and pipa.
kieselguhr
Borrowed from German Kieselguhr, older spelling of Kieselgur, from Kiesel (“pebble, gravel”) + Gur (“guhr”).
natatorium
Borrowed from Late Latin natatorium, noun use of the neuter singular of Latin natātōrius (“for swimming”). Equivalent to natatory + -ium.
plagal
From Late Latin plagalis, from plaga, from plagius, from Byzantine Ancient Greek πλάγιος (plágios, “plagal”), πλάγιος (plágios, “oblique”).
ecstatica
From New Latin ecstatica, from Ancient Greek ἐκστατικός (ekstatikós).
akousma
From Ancient Greek ἄκουσμα (ákousma, “oral instruction”).
Alina
Borrowed from Italian Alina, or a Latinate form of French Aline, ultimately from diminutives of the same Germanic name Adela, Adele.
Papal States
On the model of Italian Stati Pontifici, plural of Stato Pontificio; compare the dated direct calque Pontifical States. The plural is typical in English and reflects the Papal States’ highly regionalised administration, but in various European languages, including contemporary Italian, the singular is more common.
unloose
From Middle English unlosen (“to loosen, untie; to uncover, unwrap; to extend; to free, liberate, release; to disengage; to detach oneself; to make (someone) weak; to abolish; to destroy”) [and other forms], from un- (intensifying prefix) + losen (“to free, let loose, release; to loosen, untie; to come undone or unfastened; to open; to relax; to remove; to melt; to resolve; to break up, disintegrate; to detach, disengage; to destroy; to say, tell; to absolve of sin”) (from los (“free; loose, untied; exempt; absolved of sin; inattentive, undisciplined; of the tongue: lacking restraint, unbridled; limp, weak; wavering”), from Old Norse lauss (“loose”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to separate; to set free; to untie”)). The English word is analysable as un- (intensifying prefix) + loose. Compare Middle English unlesen (“to loosen, release”), from Old English onlīesan (“to release, deliver, liberate, unloose”).
dubok
Borrowed from Russian дубо́к (dubók), from дуб (dub, “oak tree”).
dolcissimo
From Italian dolcissimo, superlative of dolce (“sweet”).
physio
Clippings. Ultimately from Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis, “nature”).
humblebee
From Middle English humbul-be, humbulbe, hombul-be, from *humbul (“bumblebee”) + be (“bee”).
See also West Frisian hommel (“bumblebee”), Dutch hommel (“bumblebee”), German Low German Hummel (“bumblebee”), German Hummel (“bumblebee”), Swedish humla (“bumblebee”), Norwegian humle (“bumblebee”); also cognate with Dutch hommelbij (“bumblebee”), Danish humlebi (“bumblebee”). Compare also English humble (“to hum”).
nostrification
First attested in 1885; learned borrowing from Latin noster (“our, ours”, oblique stem in nostr-) -ification.
cornicle
From Latin corniculum, diminutive of cornū. By surface analysis, Latin corn(ū) + -i- + -c(u)le.
chirurgy
From Middle English cirurgie, from Old French cirurgie, from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of surgery.
adelgid
Borrowed from New Latin Adelges + -id, first attested in 1928. The Latin term is adapted from a purported Ancient Greek *ἀδελγεῖν (*adelgeîn, “to suck”), which is unattested; it is likely there was some confusion with ἀμελγεῖν (amelgeîn, “to milk, to suck up moisture, to drink”).
Compare French adelge.
Abraham's bosom
From Middle English Abraham bosom, abraham bosum, Abrahames boseme, Abrahames bosum, Abrahams bosum, Abrahamys bosum, from translation of Late Latin sinus Ābrahae, from translation of Ancient Greek κόλπος Ἀβραάμ (kólpos Abraám).
chirurgeon
From Middle English cirurgien, borrowed from Old French cirurgiien, itself borrowed from Vulgar Latin *chīrurgiānus or formed from the root of cirurgie, borrowed from Latin chirurgia, ultimately from Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós). Doublet of surgeon.
clockmaker
From Middle English clockemaker, clokkemakyer, equivalent to clock + maker.
parison
From French paraison, from parer (“pare”). Doublet of paration.
Hsinchu
From Wade–Giles romanization of Mandarin 新竹 (Hsin¹-chu²).
kia quen
Borrowed from Chinese 夾棍 /夹棍 (jiāgùn).
unmannerly
From Middle English unmanerli (“of a person: disorderly, unruly; of conduct: inappropriate, improper”), from un- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + manerli, manerly (“well-mannered; modest; customary; moral”). Manerli is derived from maner (“kind, sort; form, nature; circumstances; method, manner; outward behaviour, manners; morals; custom, usage; cause, reason”) (from Anglo-Norman, Old French manere (“fashion, manner, way”), from Latin manuārius (“of or pertaining to the hand”), from manus (“hand”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”)) + -li (suffix forming adjectives). The English word is analysable as un- + mannerly, and is cognate with Danish umanerlig, German unmanierlich, Middle Dutch onmanierlijc (modern Dutch onmanierlijk), Swedish omanerlig, West Frisian ûnmanearlik.
From Middle English unmanerli (“discourteously, rudely; excessively, unrestrainedly”) [and other forms], from un- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + manerli, manerly (“with good manners, courteously; in accordance with custom or propriety, appropriately, becomingly, properly; respectfully”). Manerli is derived from maner (“kind, sort; form, nature; circumstances; method, manner; outward behaviour, manners; morals; custom, usage; cause, reason”) (see further at etymology 1) + -li (suffix forming adverbs). The English word is analysable as un- + mannerly, and is cognate with Middle Dutch onmanierlike (modern Dutch onmanierlijk).
Quonset
Named after Quonset Point, the place they were manufactured; the placename derives from an Algonquian language.
unsay
From Middle English unseyen, unseien, from Old English onseċġan (“to deny, renounce”), from Proto-West Germanic *andasaggjan (“to unsay, renounce, deny”), equivalent to un- + say. Cognate with Dutch ontzeggen (“to deny”), German entsagen (“to renounce, abjure”).
parotitis
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek παρωτῖτις (parōtîtis, “(disease of the) parotid gland”), from παρωτίς (parōtís, “gland behind the ear”). By surface analysis, parot(id) + -itis.
Dorian
Constructed like the French Doriens. From the Latin root of Dōres + -ian. Compare Ancient Greek Δωριεύς (Dōrieús, “of Doris”).
mukula
Borrowed from various Bantu languages, where the mu- or m- represents the noun class prefix.
petro-
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πέτρᾱ (pétrā)der.
Latin petrader.
English petro-
* From Latin petra (“stone, rock”), from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra, “stone, rock”).
* Clipping of petroleum.
Jingzhe
Borrowed from Mandarin 惊蛰 (Jīngzhé), from 惊 (jīng, “rouse, startle, stir”) + 蛰 (zhé, “hibernate”), literally “rouse [insects] from [their] hibernation”.
enation
From Latin enatus (ēnātus) (from ēnāscor (“spring forth”)) + English + -ion.
apikoros
From Hebrew אֶפִּיקוֹרוֹס (epikóros, “heretic”), from Ancient Greek Ἐπίκουρος (Epíkouros, “Epicurus”), but later associated with Aramaic אַפְקֵר (ʾap̄ḳēr, “to abandon”).
eutaxy
From Ancient Greek εὖ (eû, “good”) + τάξις (táxis, “arrangement; ordering”).
Rainer
Variant of Rayner, a patronymic surname from a medieval given name from Proto-Germanic *raginą (“counsel by the gods”) + *harjaz (“army”). Also borrowed from modern German.
rivage
From Anglo-Norman rivage, Middle French rivage, from Late Latin rīpāticum.
romusha
From Japanese 労務者 (rōmusha, “laborer; forced laborer”). Compare Indonesian romusa.
ball-buster
Unknown. By surface analysis, ball + buster.
Possibly derived from Yiddish בעל־הביתטע (baleboste, “mistress, lady of the house”), in which case synonyms like ball-breaker and ball-wracker may be secondary derivations. See also Beelzebub for connotations of the same supposed first element. Any deverbal formation conflated with back-breaking may have reinforced the native development.
corbeau
Borrowed from French corbeau m (“raven”). Doublet of corbel.
From French Corbeau.
stravaig
Possibly borrowed from Scots stravaig (“(verb) to wander idly, roam; to traverse; (noun) roaming about; casual ramble, stroll”), probably an aphetic form of English extravage (“(obsolete, rare) to go beyond the scope of something, digress; to talk wildly, ramble”), influenced by Scots vaig (“to wander idly, roam”). Extravage is a learned borrowing from Medieval Latin extrāvagārī (“to stray outside limits, wander”) (whence extravagate), from Latin extrā (“beyond, outside of”, preposition) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰs (“out”)) + vagārī (the present active infinitive of vagor (“to ramble, roam, stroll about, wander”), from vagus (“rambling, roaming, strolling, wandering”) (further etymology uncertain) + -or (the first-person singular present passive indicative of -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs))).
vranyo
From Russian враньё (vranʹjó, “lying, lies”), from врать (vratʹ, “to lie”) (contrasted with ложь (ložʹ)).
espagnole
From French (sauce) espagnole (“Spanish [sauce]”). Doublet of Española.
esquamulose
From e- (prefix forming adjectives with the sense of lacking something) + squamulose; squamulose is derived from New Latin squāmulōsus (“squamulose”), from Latin squamula (“small scales”) (diminutive of squāma (“scale of a fish or reptile; item shaped like a scale, flake”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’). The English word is analysable as e- + squamula + -ose.
poka-yoke
Borrowed from Japanese ポカヨケ (poka yoke), from ポカ (poka, “a blunder”) + よける (yokeru, “to dodge, avoid”).
gizzing
From Arabic غَزَلَ (ḡazala, “to display amorous behavior, to court”).
Georgium Sidus
Learned borrowing from Latin Geōrgium Sīdus. Coined by German-born British astronomer and composer William Herschel in 1781, after King George III.
blende
From German Blende, from blenden (“deceive”) (because it resembles galena).
quag
Uncertain. Most often suggested to be an alteration of Middle English quabbe (“a marsh, bog”), from Old English *cwabbe (“that which shakes or trembles, something soft and flabby”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwabbā (“soggy ground”); this is supported by 1590s attestations of quabmire for quagmire (other earlier variants are quamire, from the 1550s, and quavemire from the 1520s). It has alternatively been suggested to be related to quake, as quaggy ground quakes when trod.
Compare typologically Russian тряси́на (trjasína) (see for more).
Wampanoag
From Massachusett Wôpanâak, wôpanâak.
marula
From Tswana morula (“marula tree”), or from a closely related language.
Sieg Heil
Unadapted borrowing from German Sieg Heil, from Sieg (“victory”) + Heil, a common chant at political rallies in Nazi Germany, translating as “victory brings salvation” or alternatively as “salvation [to] victory” on the model of Heil Hitler.
tenebrific
From New Latin tenebrificus, from Latin tenebrae (“darkness”) + -i- + -ficus (“making, causing”).
hyaloid
From Ancient Greek ὑαλοειδής (hualoeidḗs), from ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-id”).
crataegus
Borrowed from translingual Crataegus, from Ancient Greek κράταιγος (krátaigos, “Crataegus heldreichii”).