MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
raucous
Borrowed from Latin raucus (“hoarse, husky, raucous”).
zax
Inherited from Middle English sax (“knife”), from Old English seax, from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą. Doublet of sax.
grim
From Middle English grim, from Old English grimm, from Proto-West Germanic *grimm, from Proto-Germanic *grimmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to resound, thunder, grumble, roar”).
From Middle English grim, grym, greme, from Old English *grimu, *grimmu, grima, from Proto-Germanic *grimmį̄ (“anger, wrath”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to resound, thunder, grumble, roar”). Cognate with Middle Dutch grimme, Middle High German grimme f (“anger”), modern German Grimm m.
Calum
From Scottish Gaelic Calum, from Late Latin Columba (literally “dove”), the name of a sixth century Scottish saint, one of the patron saints of Scotland. Doublet of Colm.
cabal
From French cabale, from Medieval Latin cabbala, which in turn is derived from Hebrew קַבָּלָה (kabalá, “Jewish mysticism”, literally “reception, something received”) (such as knowledge). Doublet of Kabbalah, as well as, more distantly, ghibli.
Margaret
From the name of a legendary third century saint, from Middle English Margaret, from Old French Margaret (French Marguerite), from Latin Margarita, from Ancient Greek μαργαρίτης (margarítēs, “pearl”), ultimately from an Indo-Iranian source.
The same source, through folk etymology, has produced Old English meregrot (“pearl”, literally “stone or pebble of the sea”), related to Old Saxon merigrita, merigriota (“pearl”), Old High German merigrioz, equivalent to mer- + groat.
documentation
From document + -ation or Medieval Latin documentātio.
From German Dokumentation.
survey
From Middle English surveyen, from Old French sourveoir, surveer (“to oversee”), from sour-, sur- (“over”) + veoir, veeir (“to see”), from Latin videre. See sur- and vision. Related to supervision.
resource
Borrowed from Middle French ressource, from Old French resourse, resource (“a source, spring”), from resourdre, from Latin resurgō (“to rise again, spring up anew”). Equivalent to re- + source. See resourd, resurgent, source.
Donald
Name of Scottish kings and an early saint, from Scottish Gaelic Dòmhnall and reinforced by Medieval Latin Donvaldus ~ Donaldus, from Old Irish Domnall, from Proto-Celtic *Dubnowalos (“prince / chief of the world”). Doublet of Domhnall.
respond
From Middle English respounden, from Old French respondre, from Late Latin respondō, from Latin respondeō. Cf. Modern French répondre.
Stanley
From places in England, Old English stān (“stone”) + lēah (“meadow”). Equivalent to stone + -ley (“lea”).
* The given name has also been used as an anglicisation of Stanisław, Stanislav and related names.
The coastal town in Hong Kong is named after Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby.
Adrian
From Latin Hadrianus (“from the Roman harbor Hadria”) a place name ultimately from Etruscan 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌀 (hatria). Doublet of Hadrian. See Adria.
Stewart
Borrowed from Middle Scots stewart (“steward”), from Early Scots stewart, from Old English stiġweard.
latitude
Borrowed into Middle English from Old French latitude, from Latin lātitūdō (“breadth, width, latitude”), from lātus (“broad, wide”), from older stlātus. Possibly related with lateral, though this is uncertain.
propensity
Learned borrowing from New Latin prōpensitās. By surface analysis, propense (“inclined, disposed”) + -ity.
integrate
First attested in the 1450's as an adjective, first attested in 1638 as a verb; from Middle English integrat(e) (“intact, whole”), borrowed from Latin integrātus, perfect passive participle of integrō (“to make whole, renew, repair, begin again”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from integer (“whole, fresh”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix). See integer and integral.
dominate
Borrowed from Latin dominātus, perfect active participle of dominor (“to rule, have dominion”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from dominus (“lord, master”) + -or (verb-forming suffix).
Ultimately from Latin dominor (“rule, have dominion”), either from Latin dominātus, the perfect active participle of dominor (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), or via phonetic alteration of the synonym dominant, from Latin domināns, the present active participle of the same. Compare the pairs predominate / predominant and obstinate / obstinant.
Borrowed from Latin dominātus (“rule, command”), from dominus + -ātus, see -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office, a regime handled by people of such rank).
anthocaulus
From Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”) + καυλός (kaulós, “stem”).
aqua fortis
Learned borrowing from Latin aqua fortis (literally “strong water”).
sanity
From Middle English sanite, sanyte, sanytee, from Middle French sanité, from Latin sānitās, from sānus (“healthy”) + -itās (“-ity”). By surface analysis, sane + -ity.
scenic
From Middle French scénique, from Latin scēnicus, alternative form of scaenicus (“of or pertaining to the stage; theatrical, scenic”), from Ancient Greek σκηνικός (skēnikós, “theatrical”), from σκηνή (skēnḗ, “stage”).
acrylic
From acryl + -ic, from acrolein, from Latin acer (“sharp”) + olere (“to smell”).
collimate
First attested in 1623; borrowed from Latin collimātus, perfect passive participle of collīmō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), itself originating from a misreading of collīniō, collīneō.
Leviticus
Derived from the Latin Liber Lēvīticus which is from the Ancient Greek το Λευιτικόν (to Leuitikón), "of the Levites [priestly class]". In Jewish writings it is customary to cite the book by its first word, וַיִּקְרָא (Vayikrá, “and he called”).
pharmaceutical
From Latin pharmaceuticus (“of drugs”) + -al, from Ancient Greek φαρμακευτικός (pharmakeutikós, “of or by means of drugs or pharmacy”).
butyric acid
From Ancient Greek βούτυρος (boúturos, “butter”), from which it can be isolated.
Joshua
From Biblical Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshúa'), perhaps from הוֹשֵׁעַ (Hoshéa') with addition of יהוה (YHWH, “Yahweh”), thus meaning "Yahweh is salvation". See הוֹשִׁיעַ (hoshía', “to save”). By cognate a direct equivalent to Jesus via Latin Iēsūs and Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs) from Aramaic יֵשׁוּע (Yēšū́ʿ), akin to Hebrew יֵשׁוּעַ (Yeshúa'), a variant of Yehoshúa'. The Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament consistently render the two Hebrew names Yehoshúa' (whence Joshua) and Yeshúa' (whence Jeshua) into Koine Greek as Iēsoûs (whence Jesus).
ceilidh
The noun is borrowed from Scottish Gaelic cèilidh (“a pilgrimage; a social call, visit; a sojourn; a social gathering with dancing, etc., ceilidh”) and Irish célidhe (archaic), céilí (“a social call, visit; a social gathering with dancing, etc., ceilidh”), both from Old Irish célide (“social call, visit”), from céile (“companion, fellow; neighbour”) (ultimately from Proto-Celtic *kēiliyos (“companion; servant”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to settle”)) + -ide.
The plural form ceilidhean is borrowed from Scottish Gaelic cèilidhean.
The verb is derived from the noun.
furuncle
Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin fūrunculus (“a petty thief, pilferer; a pointed burning sore, boil”), diminutive of fūr (“a thief”).
furthermore
From Middle English furthermore, forthermore, forthermar (also as forther mo), equivalent to further + -more.
fusty
From Middle English fusty, equivalent to fust + -y. Compare Scots foosty.
caproic acid
From Latin caper (“goat”) because of its smell. From capr- + -oic and acid.
glib
A shortening of either English glibbery (“slippery”) or its source, Low German glibberig, glibberich (“slippery”) / Dutch glibberig (“slippery”).
From Irish glib.
mandatory
From Late Latin mandatorius (“of or belonging to a mandator”), from mandātor (“one who commands”), equivalent to mandate + -ory; see mandate.
illiberal
From Middle French illibéral, from Latin illiberalis, equivalent to il- + liberal.
sarcastic
Either from sarcasm + -astic or from French sarcastique, from French sarcasme, from Late Latin sarcasmus, ultimately from Ancient Greek σαρκασμός (sarkasmós, “sarcasm”), itself from Ancient Greek σάρξ (sárx, literally “meat, flesh”).
banco
From in banco, from Latin in banco.
Borrowed from Italian banco. Doublet of banc, bank, and bench.
cartilaginous
Borrowed from Latin cartilāginōsus (“full of cartilage, very gristly”), from cartilāgō (“cartilage, gristle”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”); compare French cartilagineux. Equivalent to cartilage + -ous, with modifications made to its morphology.
ignite
From Latin ignītus, past participle of igniō, ignire (“to set on fire, ignite”), from Latin ignis (“fire”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnis, and thus related to Sanskrit अग्नि (agní), Lithuanian ugnis, and Russian ого́нь (ogónʹ).
lucre
From Middle English lūcre, lucor, lucour, lucur (“gain in money, profit; money; wages; illicit gain; advantage, benefit”), from Old French lucre or Latin lucrum (“advantage, profit; love of gain, avarice”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“gain, profit”) + *-tlom (variant of *-trom (suffix forming nouns denoting tools or instruments)).
pellucid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Italic *per
Latin per
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Proto-Indo-European *lowkéyeti
Proto-Italic *loukeō
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-der.
Proto-Italic *loukēō
Latin lūceō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin lūcidus
Latin pellūciduslbor.
English pellucid
The adjective is a learned borrowing from Latin pellūcidus, perlucidus (“transparent, pellucid; very bright; very understandable”), from per- (prefix meaning ‘through; throughout; completely, thoroughly’) + lūcidus (“clear; full of light, bright, shining; (figuratively) easily understood, clear, lucid”) (from lūceō (“to shine; to become visible, show through; (figuratively) to be apparent, conspicuous, or evident”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to see; to shine”)) + -idus (suffix meaning ‘tending to’ forming adjectives)).
The noun is derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Late Latin pellucidum (“transparent substance”)
* Middle French pellucide (modern French pellucide (“pellucid”))
Sahara
From Arabic صَحَارَى (ṣaḥārā, “deserts”).
gradient
From Latin gradiēns, present participle of gradior (“to step, to walk”).
ingestion
Borrowed from Latin ingestionem, accusative of ingestio (“a pouring in”), action noun of the perfect passive participle of ingerere (“pour in”), from in- (“in, into”) + gero (“to carry, to bear”).
erythema
From New Latin erythēma, from Ancient Greek ἐρύθημα (erúthēma, “a redness or flush on the skin”), from ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”).
nouveau riche
An unadapted borrowing from French nouveau riche (literally “new rich”).
at sixes and sevens
From earlier on six and seven, from Middle English on sixe and sevene, of unknown origin, though it may have originated from the game of hazard and the Old French cinc (“five”) and sis (“six”), the riskiest numbers to shoot for, which were either misheard as as "six" and "seven" or increased by one each as a form of exaggeration.
flagellant
From Latin flagellāns, present participle of flagellāre (“to whip”).
momentary
From Middle English momentare, from Late Latin mōmentārius (“of brief duration”), from mōmentum (“a short time, an instant”). By surface analysis, moment + -ary.
grouch
From Middle English grouchen, variant of grucchen (“to complain, mumble, murmur”). See grutch.
earthhouse
Inherited from Middle English erthe hous, from Old English eorþhūs, from Proto-West Germanic *erþahūs, from Proto-Germanic *erþahūsą, equivalent to earth + house.
moult
From Middle English mouten, from Old English *mutian (cf. bemutian), from Latin mūtō, mūtāre. Doublet of mute and mutate. Un-etymological ⟨l⟩ was introduced into the spelling by mistakenly assuming a French origin with -l- (compare fault, vault and solder with correctly restored etymological ⟨l⟩).
inkling
From Middle English ningkiling, nyngkiling (“hint, slight indication; mention, whisper”), and then either:
* possibly a variant of nikking, nyckyng (“hint, slight indication; mention, whisper”), possibly from nikken (“to mark (a text) for correction (?)”) + -ing, -inge (suffix forming gerunds from verbs); or
* more likely from the rebracketing of an inklyng as a ninkiling, from Middle English inklen (“to mention (in a low voice); to tell (the truth)”) [and other forms] + -ing, -inge; inklen may be derived from inca, inke (“dread, fear; doubt; danger, risk (?)”), from Old English inca (“doubt, uncertainty; suspicion; fear; cause for complaint, grievance, grudge, ill-will, offence; quarrel; occasion, opportunity”), from Proto-Germanic *inkô (“ache; grief; regret”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eng-, *yenǵ- (“illness”). The English word would then be analysable as inkle + -ing.
Sense 3 (“desire, inclination”) may have been influenced by incline (“to tend to believe or do something”) or French enclin (“inclined, prone”).
grigio
From Pinot Grigio, Italian form of French Pinot gris, "gray Pinot".
teller
From Middle English tellere (“one who counts or enumerates; one who recounts or relates; teller”), equivalent to tell (verb) + -er.
rascal
Recorded since c.1330, as Middle English rascaile (“people of the lowest class, rabble of an army”), derived from 12th century Old French rascaille (“outcast, rabble”) (modern French racaille), perhaps from rasque (“mud, filth, scab, dregs”), from Vulgar Latin *rasicō (“to scrape”). The singular form is first attested in 1461; the present extended sense of "low, dishonest person" is from early 1586.
levigate
Borrowed from Latin lēvigātus, perfect passive participle of Latin lēvigō (“to smoothen”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from lēvis (“smooth”).
quoth
From Middle English quoth, quath, from Old English cwæþ (first and third person past indicative of cweþan (“to say, speak to, address, exhort, admonish”)), from Proto-Germanic *kwaþ (first and third person past indicative of Proto-Germanic *kweþaną (“to say”)). Unrelated to quote.
Viagra
Marketing name, perhaps from Sanskrit व्याघ्र (vyāghrá, “tiger”), or perhaps based on words such as vigour, virility, victory and Niagara.
soothsayer
From Middle English sothsaier, zothziggere, by surface analysis, sooth (“truth”) + sayer.
sooty
From Middle English sooty, soty, equivalent to soot + -y. Probably influenced by similar Middle English suti (“dirty, filthy”), derived from the same root as Old English besūtian (“to befoul”).
sonnet
Borrowed from Middle French sonnet, from Italian sonetto, from Old Occitan sonet (“a song”), diminutive of son (“song, sound”), from Latin sonus (“sound”).
sone
From Latin sonus (“sound”).
From Korean 소원(所願) (sowon, “wish”), a reference to the 2009 Girls' Generation song, "Tell Me Your Wish (Genie)."
pasteurise
Borrowed from French pasteuriser. From Louis Pasteur, the inventor of the process, + -ise.
comptroller
From late Middle English compteroller, a spelling variant of countreroller (from which controller) due to folk etymology: the word was thought to have an etymological connection with Middle French compte (“account”) (Middle French compteroleur is attested circa 1375). Originally the two spellings were equivalent and pronounced identically; the modern pronunciation with [mp] is based on the spelling.
controller
From Middle English countreroller, from Anglo-Norman contreroulour and Middle French contreroleur (French contrôleur), from Medieval Latin contrārotulātor, from *contrārotulāre (from which control). Doublet of comptroller. By surface analysis, control + -er.
craven
From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter (ultimately from Latin crepare), or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).
From Proto-Brythonic; equivalent to Welsh craf (“garlic”) + the suffix -an. Compare Cremona.
humorous
From Middle English humorous (compare Medieval Latin hūmorōsus), equivalent to humor + -ous.
flattery
From Middle English flaterye, flaterie, from Old French flaterie, from the verb flater (“to flatter”). By surface analysis, flatter + -y (forming abstract nouns).
Borrowed from Irish Ó Flaithre.
herbivorous
Adapted borrowing of New Latin herbivorus + -ous, from Latin herba (“grass”) and -vorus, from vorō (“to devour”).
insectivorous
From Latin insectum (“insect”) and -vorus, from vorō (“to eat”), equivalent to insectivore + -ous or insect + -i- + -vorous.
doughty
The adjective is derived from Middle English doughty (“brave, bold, valiant”), from Old English dohtiġ, dyhtiġ (“competent, good, strong, valiant”), from Proto-West Germanic *duhtīg.
The English word may be analysed as dought + -y, and is cognate with Danish dygtig (“virtuous, proficient”), Dutch duchtig (“severe, strict”), German tüchtig (“capable, competent, efficient; big; hard”), Icelandic dygðugur (“virtuous, stable”), Scots douchty, douchtie (“bold, valiant”), Swedish duktig (“efficient; good; capable, clever, smart”).
The noun is derived from the adjective.
glede
From Middle English glede, from Old English glida, from Proto-West Germanic *glidā, from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; akin to Icelandic gleða, Swedish glada. Compare glide.
From Middle English gleede, glede, from Old English glēd, glēde (“glowing coal, ember, fire, flame, instrument of torture”), from Proto-West Germanic *glōdi, from Proto-Germanic *glōdiz (“incandescence, glowing ember, burning ash”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”). Cognate with Scots gleed (“burning coal, ember”), Saterland Frisian Gloud (“blaze, fire”), Dutch gloed (“glowing heat”), German Glut (“glowing heat, embers”), Swedish glöd (“embers”), Scots glude (“glow from a fire”). More at glow.
loanword
A calque of German Lehnwort, equivalent to loan + word. Compare West Frisian lienwurd, Dutch leenwoord, Danish låneord, Swedish lånord, Icelandic lánsorð.
determinate
From Middle English determinate, determynat, determinat, from Latin dēterminātus, perfect passive participle of dēterminō (“to limit, set bounds”), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more.
From Middle English determinaten, from determinat + -en, see Etymology 1 and -ate (verb-forming suffix) for more. Compare French déterminer.
propound
From the Middle English proponen (“to put forward”), from Latin prōpōnere (“to put forward”), from prō- (“before”) + pōnere (“to put”). Doublet of propose. Compare expound.
malcontent
From Middle French malcontent, from mal- + content; compare Late Latin malecontentus.
cursory
Borrowed from Middle French cursoire (“rapid”), from Latin cursorius (“hasty, of a race or running”).
portrait
From Middle French portraict, pourtraict, nominal use of the past participle of portraire (“portray”), from Latin prōtrahō (< prō- + trahō).
Compare typologically English drawing.
customer
From Middle English custumer, from Old French coustumier, costumier (compare modern French coutumier), from Medieval Latin custumarius (“a toll-gatherer, tax-collector”, noun), from custumarius (“pertaining to custom or customs”, adjective), from custuma (“custom, tax”). More at custom. By surface analysis, custom + -er.
restrict
Borrowed from Latin restrictus, perfect passive participle of restringō (“draw back tightly; restrain, restrict”), from re- (“back, again”) + stringō (“press, tighten, compress”). Doublet of ristretto as an adjective.
efficient
1398, “making,” from Old French, from Latin efficientem, nominative efficiēns, participle of efficere (“work out, accomplish”) (see effect). Meaning “productive, skilled” is from 1787. Efficiency apartment is first recorded 1930, American English.
exalt
From Middle English exalten, from Old French exalter, from Latin exaltō.
vas
Borrowed from Latin vās (“vessel”) around 1645 through 1655. Doublet of vase.
glacial
Borrowed from French glacial, from Latin glaciālis, from glaciēs (“ice”). The sense "slow" refers to the speed of actual glaciers, typically around 1 meter per day.
unity
Etymology tree
Middle English unite
English unity
From Middle English unite, from Anglo-Norman, Old French unité, from Latin ūnitās, from ūnus (“one”) + noun of state suffix -itās, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *óynos (“one, single”), hence distantly related to one and an. By surface analysis, unite + -y. Displaced native Old English ānnes (literally “oneness”).
oneness
From Middle English oonnesse, onnesse, from Old English ānnes (“oneness, unity, agreement, covenant, solitude”), from Proto-West Germanic *ainnassī (“oneness”), equivalent to one + -ness. Cognate with Old High German einnissī, einnissa (“unity, oneness”).
terpene
From German Terpen, coined by August Kekulé in 1866 in analogy to German Terpentin, from Latin terebinthina. Piecewise doublet of terpin; compare also terebinth and turpentine.
turpentine
From Middle English terebentyne, terbentyne, turbentine, from Old French terbentine, turbentine, Latin terebinthīna, from terebintha, from Ancient Greek τερεβινθίνη (terebinthínē), from τερεβινθινος (terebinthinos), from τερέβινθος (terébinthos). Related to terpene and terpin; etymologically equivalent to terebinth + -ine.
fucoxanthin
From Latin fūcus (from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos, “seaweed”)) + ξανθός (xanthós, “yellow”) + -in.
grumble
Probably from Middle French grommeler, from Old French grumeler (“to murmur, grumble”), from Middle Dutch *grommelen ("to murmur, mutter, grunt"; > Modern Dutch grommelen (“to grumble”)), frequentative of Middle Dutch grommen (“to growl, grunt”). Cognate with Middle Low German grummelen (> Low German grummeln (“to grumble”)), German grummeln (“to grumble”), Norwegian dialectal grymja (“to growl, grunt”).
heliocentrism
Shortened from heliocentricism, from heliocentric + -ism, from Ancient Greek ἥλῐος (hḗlĭos, “sun”) + κέντρον (kéntron, “centre”), equivalent to helio- + -centrism.
papa-
Borrowed from Latin pāpa, from Ancient Greek πάππας (páppas).
terai
From Urdu ترائی (tarāī, “marsh”) (compare Hindi तराई (tarāī, “foothills”)), from earlier Prakrit *तलघट्टिका- (*talaghaṭṭikā-).
secede
From Latin secedere, from se- (“apart”) + cēdō (“to go”).
pandemonium
Coined by John Milton in Paradise Lost as Pandæmonium, from Ancient Greek πᾶν (pân, “all”) (equivalent to pan-) + Late Latin daemonium (“evil spirit, demon”), from Ancient Greek δαιμόνιον (daimónion, “deity”).
lapwing
From Middle English lapwynge, lapwynke, lappewincke, lapwynche, lhapwynche, from Old English hlēapewince (“lapwing”), from Old English hlēapan (“to leap”) + wincian (“to wink, make a sign”), due to its manner of flight. Cognate with West Frisian ljip (“lapwing”).
The modern form is influenced by folk etymology to resemble English wing.
dura mater
First attested c. 1400, borrowing from Medieval Latin dūra māter (literally “firm, strict mother”), ellipsis of dūra māter cerebrī (literally “hard mother of the brain”), calque of Arabic أُمّ الدِّمَاغ الصَفِيقَة (ʔumm al-ddimāḡ aṣ-ṣafīqa, literally “thick mother of the brain”).
incognito
Borrowed from Italian incognito, from Latin incognitus (“unknown”), from in- (“not”) + cognitus (“known”), perfect passive participle of cognoscere.
montage
, La matière denaturalisée. Destruction 2. (Denatured Matter. Destruction 2.; c. 1923), from the collection of the Fries Museum in Leeuwarden, Friesland, Netherlands. The work is a collage, a type of montage.]]
Unadapted borrowing from French montage (“assembly, set-up”).
aurora australis
From New Latin aurōra austrālis, from Latin aurōra austrālis (literally “southern dawn”).
aurora borealis
Learned borrowing from New Latin aurōra boreālis (lit. "northern dawn").
Hastings
The placename in England is derived from the Old English tribal name Hæstingas (“Hæsta's people, the family/followers of Hæsta”), which was later transferred to their settlement.
The family name has two possible sources:
* from the place name
* a patronymic surname derived from the Anglo-Norman personal name Hasten(c), Hastang
The later place names in other countries are named either after people with that family name, or after the town of Hastings in England.
transmute
From Latin trānsmūtāre, from trans + mūtāre.
terrain
Unadapted borrowing from French terrain, from Latin terrenum (“land, ground”), neuter of terrenus (“consisting of earth”), from terra (“earth”).