MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
bower
From Middle English bour, from Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą (“room, abode”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Búur (“storage room, utility room; cage”), German Bauer (“birdcage”), Old Norse búr (“cage”) (Danish bur, Norwegian Bokmål bur, Swedish bur).
From Middle English boueer, from Old English būr, ġebūr (“freeholder of the lowest class, peasant, farmer”) and Middle Dutch bouwer (“farmer, builder, peasant”); both from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz (“dweller”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw- (“to dwell”).
Cognate with German Bauer (“peasant, farmer”), Dutch boer, buur, and Albanian burrë (“man, husband”). Doublet of bauer, Boer, and boor. More at neighbour.
From German Bauer. A doublet of etymology 2 and of the German-origin surname Bauer.
personable
From Late Middle English personable, personabil (“having a pleasing appearance, handsome”), and then from both of the following:
* For sense 1 (“having a pleasing appearance”) and sense 2 (“having a pleasant manner”) (these senses are not found in Old French or Medieval Latin), probably from person, personne, persoun (“individual, person”) + -āble (suffix meaning ‘able or worthy to be’ forming adjectives).
* For sense 3.1 (“synonym of personal”) and sense 3.2 (“being a legal person”), from Middle French personable and Old French personable, and from their etymon Medieval Latin personābilis (“personal”), possibly from Medieval Latin persōna (“person”) + Latin -ābilis (suffix meaning ‘able or worthy to be’).
By surface analysis, person + -able (suffix meaning ‘relevant or suitable to’).
palmitic acid
From being an acid discovered in saponified palm oils. From French palmite (“pith of the palm tree”) + -ic. From Latin palma (“palm tree”).
inconspicuous
Learned borrowing from Late Latin incōnspicuus. Equivalent to in- + conspicuous.
gnomic
From French gnomique, ultimately from Ancient Greek γνωμικός (gnōmikós), from γνώμη (gnṓmē, “thought, judgement”), akin to γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō, “know”). By surface analysis, gnome + -ic.
Alicia
A Latinization of Alice, which is in turn from Old French Adelais, Germanic Adalheid.
paillette
Borrowed from French paillette, from paille (“straw”) + -ette.
Marte
Borrowed from Spanish Marte. This surname is mostly found in the Dominican Republic.
wider
From Middle English widder, widdur, widere, from Old English widdra; equivalent to wide + -er.
resurrect
From Latin resurrēct-, past participial stem of resurgō, after resurrection.
insomnia
Borrowed from Latin īnsomnia, from Latin in- (“without”) + somnus (“sleep”, noun) + -ia, equivalent to in- + somn- + -ia.
banquette
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg-der.
Proto-Germanic *bankiz
Proto-West Germanic *banki
Lombardic bankbor.
Italian banca
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tosder.?
Late Latin -ittus
Italian -etta
Italian banchettabor.
French banquettebor.
English banquette
Borrowed from French banquette, the diminutive form of banc; by surface analysis, bank + -ette.
touching
From Middle English touchynge, equivalent to touch + -ing.
From Middle English touching, touchinge, touchynge, equivalent to touch + -ing.
prothesis
From Late Latin prothesis, prosthesis, alteration (dropping the ‘s’) from Ancient Greek πρόσθεσις (prósthesis, “addition, augmentation”), (English prosthesis) from προστίθημι (prostíthēmi, “to add”), from πρός (prós, “towards”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “to place”), from Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti + *dʰédʰeh₁- (“to be putting, to be placing”).
However, often confused for a descendant of the Ancient Greek word πρόθεσις (próthesis, “a preposing, preposition”) (without the σ (s)), which is instead the source of a different term – see alternative etymology, below.
From Ancient Greek πρόθεσις (próthesis, “a preposing”), from προτίθημι (protíthēmi, “to prepose”), from πρό (pró, “before”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “to place”), from Proto-Indo-European *pro + *dʰédʰeh₁ti (“to be putting, to be placing”).
quebracho
Borrowed from Spanish quebracho, from quebrar (“to break”) + hacha (“axe”).
oxalate
From French oxalate, equivalent to oxalic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).
boba
From Chinese 波霸 (bōbà), from Cantonese 波霸 (bo1 baa3, “tapioca pearls” [literally: “big balls]”), from 波 (bo1) (itself from English ball) and 霸 (baa3, “chief, top”).
aubergine
Unadapted borrowing from French aubergine, from Catalan albergínia, from Arabic اَلْبَاذِنْجَان (al-bāḏinjān, “the aubergine”), from Classical Persian بَادِنْجَان (bādinjān), from بَاتِنْگَان (bātingān), from Sanskrit वातिङ्गण (vātiṅgaṇa, “the plant that cures the wind”), from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *waẓVtV. Cognate with Malayalam വഴുതനങ്ങ (vaḻutanaṅṅa), Hindi बैंगन (baiṅgan). Doublet of brinjal.
Fata Morgana
Borrowed from Italian fata Morgana (“Morgan le Fay”), from fata (“fairy”) + Morgana (“Morgan”).
dainty
From Middle English deynte (as noun), from Old French deintié, from Latin dignitātem. Doublet of dignity.
nomination
From Middle English nominacion, nomination, from Middle French nominacion and its etymon Latin nōminātiō, from the verb nōminō (“to name; to nominate”). By surface analysis, nominate + -ion.
conducive
From conduce + -ive, 1640s, from Latin condūcere, patterned after forms like conductive.
tarnish
From Middle English ternysshen, from Old French terniss-, stem of ternir (“to make dim, make wan”), borrowed from Old High German *ternen, tarnen, from Proto-West Germanic *darnijan (“to conceal”). Doublet of dern and darn.
sully
From Middle English sulen, sulien (“to become dirty; to defile, pollute, taint”), from Old English sylian (“to soil, pollute; to sully”), from Proto-West Germanic *sulwōn, *sulwijan (“to make dirty; to sully”), from Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid, muck”), perhaps conflated partially with Old French souillier (“to soil”) (modern French souiller) from the same Germanic source. The word is cognate with Danish søle (“to sully”), West Flemish seulewen (“to sully”) (Middle Dutch soluwen (“to sully”)), German sühlen (“to sully”), Old Saxon sulian (“to sully”), Swedish söla (“to sully”). Also compare Middle English sulpen (“to defile, pollute”), Old English solian (“to soil, become defiled, make or become foul”), and see more at soil.
testicular
From Medieval Latin testicularis, from Latin testiculum (“testicle”), diminutive of testis.
rotate
Borrowed from Latin rotātus, perfect passive participle of rotō (“revolve”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from rota (“wheel”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).
surge
The verb is from Middle English ^((please verify)) surgen, possibly from Middle French sourgir, from Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”), from Old Catalan surgir, from Latin surgō, contraction of surrigō, subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb), from sub (“from below; up”) + regō (“to stretch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent. Doublet of source and sourd.
The noun is from the verb.
From Middle English sourge, of uncertain origin. In the earliest examples, translating Old French sourgeon (modern French surgeon), from sourge- (which the Middle English term is probably from), the present stem of sourdre, from Latin surgō (“to rise”).
murmur
From Middle English murmur, murmor, murmour, from Old French murmure (modern French murmure), from Latin murmur (“murmur, humming, muttering, roaring, growling, rushing etc.”).
cellular
From New Latin cellulāris, from cellula (“cell”) + -āris.
quijada
Borrowed from Spanish quijada.
Borrowed from Spanish Quijada.
quilate
From Spanish and Portuguese quilate, from Arabic قِيرَاط (qīrāṭ, “carat”), from Ancient Greek κεράτιον (kerátion, “hornlet, carob seed”). Doublet of carat and ceratium.
quince
From Middle English quynce, coince, a variant of coins, coin (“quince”), from Old French cooing (modern coing), from Late Latin cotōneum, from Latin mālum cotōneum, a variant of mālum Cydonium (“Cydonian apple”), translating Ancient Greek μηλοκυδώνιον (mēlokudṓnion).
temper
From Middle English temperen, tempren, from Old English ġetemprian, temprian, borrowed from Latin temperō (“(transitive) to divide or proportion duly, to moderate, to regulate; (intransitive) to be moderate, temperate”), from tempus (“time, fit season”). Compare also French tempérer. Doublet of tamper. See temporal.
fowler
From Middle English foulere, fouler, from Old English fuglere (“fowler”), from Proto-West Germanic *fuglārī, equivalent to fowl + -er. Doublet of veuglaire.
loving
Inherited from Middle English lovyng(e) (“love”), inherited from Old English lufung. By surface analysis, love + -ing.
Monica
From Latin Mŏnĭca, name of the mother of St. Augustine, of uncertain meaning but probably Berber or Phoenician origin.
neath
From Old English neoþan, from Proto-Germanic *niþanē.
From Welsh Nedd.
realise
From real + -ise, possibly from French réaliser and Middle French réaliser (“to make real; to convert (something) into assets or cash”). See realize.
armhole
From Middle English arme hole, armehole, arm hole, arm-hole, armhole, arm-hool(e), armole, harmehole; equivalent to arm + hole.
harmful
From Middle English harmful, from Old English *hearmful (suggested by hearmfullīċ (“harmful; hurtful”)), equivalent to harm + -ful.
Cognate with German harmvoll, Danish harmfuld, Swedish harmfull.
uneven
From Middle English uneven, from Old English unefen (“unequal, unlike, dissimilar, diverse, irregular”), equivalent to un- + even. Cognate with Dutch oneven (“unequal, uneven, odd”), German uneben (“uneven, rough, irregular, bumpy”).
centesis
From Ancient Greek κέντησις (kéntēsis, “the act of pricking”), from κεντέω (kentéō, “I prick”).
diplomatic
From French diplomatique and its etymon New Latin diplōmaticus. By surface analysis, diplomat + -ic.
amnion
From Latin amnion (“membrane around a fetus”), from Ancient Greek ἀμνίον (amníon).
incredible
From Middle English incredible, from Latin incrēdibilis (“that cannot be believed”), from in- (“not”) + crēdibilis (“worthy of belief”), from crēdō (“believe”), equivalent to in- + credible.
tantric
From tantra + -ic; pronunciation influenced by Sanskrit तान्त्रिक (tāntrika).
quintal
Late Middle English, from Anglo-Norman quintal, from Middle French quintal, from Old French and Medieval Latin quintale and quintallus (“various medieval hundredweights”), from Arabic قِنْطَار (qinṭār, “100 rottols”), from Classical Syriac ܩܰܢܛܺܝܪܳܐ (qanṭīrā) and ܩܰܢܛܺܝܢܳܪܳܐ (qanṭīnārā), from Byzantine Greek κεντηνάριον (kentēnárion), from Latin centēnārium (“100 Roman pounds”), from the neuter of centēnārius (“having 100 things”). Use for various non-English units, borrowed from French quintal, Spanish quintal, Portuguese quintal, etc. The apparent relation to quint- (“five, fivefold”) and -al (forming adjectives) is accidental, although it possibly influenced the eventual spelling of the term. Doublet of centenary, centner, and kantar.
conscientious
From Middle French conscientieux, from Medieval Latin cōnscientiōsus. Its English equivalent could possibly be analyzed as conscient + -ous. See more at conscience.
texture
Borrowed from Middle French texture, borrowed from Latin textūra (“a weaving, web, texture, structure”), from textus, past participle of texere (“to weave”). See text. Doublet of tessitura.
bumpkin
From Dutch boomken (“shrub, little tree”), equivalent to boom + -kin. Note that the English word boom is etymologically related to the aforementioned in the sense of "large stem", or "big tree". Compare German Baumke, Bäumchen.
burgoo
Of unclear origin. Apparently from the dialectal term burgood (“yeast”).
* Perhaps ultimately from Welsh burym (“yeast”) + cawl (“cabbage, gruel”),
* Or perhaps from Arabic بُرْغُل (burḡul).
* Or, from an alteration of ragout.
Shirley
English place name from Old English sċīr (“county”) + lēah (“meadow”). Equivalent to shire + -ley (“lea”). More at shire, leigh.
glower
From an alteration (possibly Scots) of glore, from Middle English glōren, glouren (“to gleam; to glare, glower”); or from glow (“to stare”) (obsolete), and ultimately from a Scandinavian (North Germanic) language. Cognate with Low German gloren (“to flicker; to glimmer”), Dutch gloren, Icelandic glóra. Equivalent to glow + -er (a fossilized frequentative suffix). See more at glare.
From Middle English glouere, equivalent to glow + -er.
explicit
Borrowed from French explicite, from Latin explicitus (“disentangled, easy”), variant of explicātus.
Abbreviated from Latin explicitus est liber (“the book is set in order, ended”).
haute couture
Unadapted borrowing from French haute couture (“haute couture, high fashion”), from haute (“high, elegant”) + couture (“sewing”).
sciagraphy
From Ancient Greek σκιά (skiá, “shadow”) + -graphy.
Clotho
From Latin Clōthō, from Ancient Greek Κλωθώ (Klōthṓ), from κλώθω (klṓthō, literally “to spin”).
Atropos
From Ancient Greek Ἄτροπος (Átropos, “inflexible, not turning”), from ᾰ̓- (ă-, “not”) + -τροπος (-tropos, “turned”).
ergonomics
From ergo- (prefix indicating work) + -nomics (suffix indicating the rules of a discipline), probably modelled after Polish ergonomia (“ergonomics”) (used by Polish scientist Wojciech Jastrzębowski (1799–1882) in an 1857 article), from Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon, “work”) + νόμος (nómos, “custom; law, ordinance”). The English word is widely regarded as having been introduced by British psychologist K. F. Hywel Murrell at a meeting at the Admiralty in London in July 1949, which led to the establishment of the Ergonomics Research Society (now The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors) on 17 September 1949.
Morgan le Fay
From Old Welsh or Old Breton Morgen (a female given name unrelated with the male one Morgan, literally “sea-born”) + Old French la fee (“the fairy”).
sprezzatura
Borrowed from Italian sprezzatura (“nonchalance”), which was coined by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528. The term gained currency in English in the mid-20th century, often to describe art.
Erinys
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἐρῑνῡ́ς (Erīnū́s). Possibly "the angry spirits" from ὀρῑ́νω (orī́nō, “to raise, stir, excite [towards anger]”).
Euterpe
From Ancient Greek Εὐτέρπη (Eutérpē).
Gaia
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Γαῖᾰ (Gaîă, “Gaea, the Earth personified as a goddess”), from γαῖᾰ (gaîă, “the Earth”), probably related to γῆ (gê, “earth, land; country”).
Sense 1 was coined by the British scientist, environmentalist, and futurist James Lovelock (1919–2022) in his book Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (1979), at the suggestion of the British novelist, playwright, and poet William Golding (1911–1993): see the quotation.
Ganymede
From French Ganymède, from Latin Ganymēdēs, from Ancient Greek Γανυμήδης (Ganumḗdēs, “meant to please”), from γάνυμαι (gánumai, “to rejoice, to be glad”) + μήδεα (mḗdea, “thought, intention”). Doublet of catamite.
bearer
From Middle English berer, berere, from Old English berere (attested in Old English wæterberere (“waterbearer”)), equivalent to bear + -er.
Possibly an occupational surname for a carrier or porter, from Middle English berere, but no evidence has been found that this surname became hereditary. Alternatively, it could be a variant of other surnames, such as Berrier, Berrow, or Berard.
Orpheus
From Ancient Greek Ὀρφεύς (Orpheús), built from an uncertain root with the -εύς (-eús) suffix. Perhaps root-cognate to Ancient Greek ὀρφανός (orphanós, “orphan”).
architrave
First attested 1563, borrowed from Italian architrave, from archi- (“main”) + trave (“beam”).
trave
From Middle English trave, from Middle French trave, from Latin trabem, accusative of trabs (“beam, thing made using beams”).
forgetful
From Middle English *forgetful, *forȝetful (suggested by derivative forgetfulnesse, forȝetfulnesse (“forgetfulness”)), equivalent to forget + -ful.
contemplate
First attested in the 1590s; borrowed from Latin contemplātus, the perfect active participle of contemplor (“to observe, survey, gaze (at), contemplate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix). See also template.
doldrums
From obsolete doldrum (“slothful or stupid person”) plus the plural suffix -s. Doldrum is possibly derived from dull or Middle English dold (past participle of dullen, dollen (“to make or become blunt or dull; to make or become dull-witted or stupid; to make or become inactive”), from dul, dol, dolle (“not sharp, blunt, dull; not quick-witted, stupid; lethargic, sluggish”); see further at dull), modelled after tantrum.
Hecate
Via Latin Hecatē from Ancient Greek Ἑκάτη (Hekátē), possibly the feminine equivalent of Ἑκατός (Hekatós) or ἑκάεργος (hekáergos), an obscure epithet of Apollo, variously interpreted as "one who works/operates from afar", "one who drives off", "the far reaching one" or "the far-darter". Some rather suggest that the name derives from Ancient Greek ἑκών (hekṓn, “will”).
Helios
From Ancient Greek Ἥλιος (Hḗlios), from ἥλιος (hḗlios, “sun”).
Hephaestus
Borrowed from Latin Hephaestus, from Ancient Greek Ἥφαιστος (Hḗphaistos), a pre-Greek word of unknown origin.
Hercules
From Latin Herculēs, from Etruscan 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌂𐌋𐌄 (hercle), from Ancient Greek Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), apparently cognate of Ἥρα (Hḗra, “Hera”) and, according to Haudry, from Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ (“year, season”) + κλέος (kléos, “glory”).
Heracles
From Ancient Greek Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), from Ἥρα (Hḗra, “Hera”) + κλέος (kléos, “glory”).
Hermes
From the Ancient Greek Ἑρμῆς (Hermês), itself of disputed meaning and origin, possibly of non-Indo-European substrate origin or from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together”).
Hestia
From Ancient Greek Ἑστία (Hestía), from ἑστία (hestía, “hearth”).
Vesta
From Middle English Vesta, from Latin Vesta, related to Ancient Greek ἑστία (hestía, “to dwell”) and Ἑστία (Hestía, “Hestia”), all from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-; see also Old High German and Old English wesan (“to be”), Gothic wisan, Sanskrit वसति (vasati, “abide dwell”).
Vesta itself came to mean chaste, pure, or virgin, based from this goddess.
Melpomene
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Μελπομένη (Melpoménē), from μέλπω (mélpō, “to sing”).
portico
From Italian portico, from Latin porticus (“porch”), from porta (“gate”). Doublet of porch, portego, and porticus.
Menoetius
From Ancient Greek Μενοίτιος (Menoítios). The name "Menoetius" literally means "defying fate" or "ruined strength".
Moira
From the Ancient Greek μοῖρα (moîra).
Anglicized from Irish Máire, a cognate of Mary. Doublet of Maura.
From Irish Maigh Rath.
Oceanus
From Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós). Doublet of ocean.
Polyhymnia
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Πολυύμνια (Poluúmnia), Πολύμνια (Polúmnia)
Tethys
From Ancient Greek Τηθύς (Tēthús).
Odysseus
From Ancient Greek Ὀδυσσεύς (Odusseús). Doublet of Ulysses.
Diana
Borrowed from Late Latin Diāna, short form of Latin Dīāna, derived by syncope from Old Latin Dīvāna, equivalent to dīvus + -āna; roughly akin to Proto-Italic *deiwā (“goddess”) + Proto-Indo-European *-néh₂.
Originally an Old Italic divinity of light and the moon; later identified as the Roman counterpart to Greek goddess Artemis. Cognate of Attic Greek Διώνη (Diṓnē), similarly syncopated from older Ancient Greek Διϝωνη (Diwōnē), whence via Latin Diōne is derived English Dione used in various ways across astronomy, chemistry, biology, and as a given name. From the same root Proto-Indo-European *dyúh₃onh₂- also potentially cognate to English June via Latin Jūnō.
Minerva
Learned borrowing from Latin Minerva.
Borrowed from Italian Minerva.
durable
From Middle English durable, from Old French durable, from Latin dūrābilis (“lasting, permanent”), from dūrō (“harden, make hard”).
puberty
From Middle English puberte, from Old French puberté, from Latin pūbertās (“the age of maturity, manhood”).
puberulent
From the Latin puberulentus, see puber (“downy, adult”), -ulentus (“abounding in”).
gnocchi
From Italian gnocchi, plural of gnocco (“dumpling”, literally “lump”), related to nocchio (“knot (in wood)”), a borrowing from Lombardic knohha (“knuckle, bone, knot”), from Proto-Germanic *knukô (“bone”), *kneukaz (“tuber, knuckle”), from Proto-Indo-European *gnew- (“knot, bundle”). Cognate with Middle High German knoche (“bone, knot”) (modern German Knochen), Middle Dutch knoke (“knuckle, knob, knot”), Swedish knoge (“knuckle”). More at knuckle.
Irving
Variant of the Scottish habitational surname Irvine, probably from a Celtic word cognate with Welsh ir, yr (“fresh”) + afon (“river”).
stronger
From Middle English strongere, strengere (“stronger”), from Old English strongra, strengra (“stronger”), from Proto-Germanic *strangizô (“*stronger”), comparative of Proto-Germanic *strangaz (“strong”), equivalent to strong + -er. More at strong.
entendre
Extracted from double entendre, corresponding to French entendre (“to understand, to mean”); doublet of intend.
infantry
From Middle French infanterie, from older Italian, possibly from Spanish infantería (“foot soldiers, force composed of those too inexperienced or low in rank for cavalry”), from infante (“foot soldier”), originally "a youth", either way from Latin īnfāns (“child”); see there for more.
heath
From Middle English heth, heeth, hethe, from Old English hǣþ (“heath, untilled land, waste; heather”), from Proto-West Germanic *haiþi, from Proto-Germanic *haiþī (“heath, waste, untilled land”), from Proto-Indo-European *kayt- (“forest, wasteland, pasture”).
Cognate with Dutch heide (“heath, moorland”), German Heide (“heath, moor”), Norwegian hei (“heath”), Swedish hed (“heath, moorland”), Old Welsh coit (“forest”), Welsh coed (“forest”), Latin būcētum (“pastureland”, literally “cow-pasture”) -cetum (“place of, grove of”).
microscope
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mey-der.?
Ancient Greek μῑκρός (mīkrós)
Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti
Proto-Hellenic *sképťomai
Ancient Greek σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Hellenic *-ós
▲
Ancient Greek -ος (-os)influ.
Ancient Greek -ός (-ós)
Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós)
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *-eyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-esyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin mīcroscopiumlbor.
Italian microscopiobor.
English microscope
From New Latin microscopium and Italian microscopio, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + σκοπέω (skopéō, “to look at”), equivalent to micro- + -scope.
Rebecca
The Vulgate (Latin) form of biblical Rebekah, from Hebrew רִבְקָה (Rivka, “enchantingly beautiful, captivating, snare”).
Andromeda
Borrowed from Latin Andromeda, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἀνδρομέδα (Androméda), Ἀνδρομέδη (Andromédē).
asp
From Middle English aspe, from Old French aspe, from Latin aspis, aspidis (“asp, viper”), from Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield; Egyptian cobra Naja haje”); compare Middle English aspide.
From Middle English aspe (aspen (in compounds)), from Old English æspe (æspan (in compounds)), from Proto-West Germanic *aspu, from Proto-Germanic *aspō, from Proto-Indo-European *Hosp-.
See also Dutch esp, German Espe, Swedish and Norwegian Bokmål asp, Norwegian Nynorsk osp; also Welsh aethnen, Latin abiēs (“fir”), Latvian apse, Polish osa, Old Armenian ոփի (opʻi, “poplar”).
culvert
Origin obscure, with a number of possible etymologies suggested:
* a dialectal word,
* a word related to the name of the now-forgotten inventor,
* a derivation from French couvert (“covered”), although couvert is not used in this sense and the French translation of culvert is ponceau or buse de drainage,
* a derivation from an unrecorded Dutch word, possibly *coul-vaart, a combination of Dutch coul-, from French couler (“to flow”), and Dutch vaart (“a trip by boat, a canal”).
clasp
Noun dated ca. 1300 and verb dated ca. 1400; from Middle English claspe (“metal catch or hook used to hold things together”), possible metathesis of clapse, which comes from or related to Old English clyppan (“clasp”) (also see clip (verb)). Related to English enclasp (“embrace, hold tightly in one's arms”). Compare hasp, of very similar meaning but older known provenance.