MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
slurp
From Middle Dutch slurpen, slorpen (“to sip, slurp”), from Old Dutch *slurpan, from Proto-West Germanic *slurp- (“to sip, slurp”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *srebʰ-, *srobʰ- (“to sip, slurp, gulp”). Cognate with West Frisian sloarpe, sloarpje, slurvje (“to slurp”), German schlürfen (“to sip, slurp”), Swedish slurpa (“to slurp”), Norwegian slurpe (“to slurp”). Compare also Saterland Frisian slubberje (“to slurp”), German Low German slubbern (“to slurp”), Middle High German sluppern (“to slurp”), Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic slupra (“to slurp”), Middle High German sürfeln, sürpfeln (“to sip, slurp”), Latin sorbeō (“to suck up, imbibe, absorb”). Often treated as onomatopoeic in modern writing.
smuggle
From earlier smuckle, either from Dutch smokkelen (“to smuggle”), a frequentative form of Middle Dutch smūken (“to act secretly, be sneaky”), from Old Dutch *smugan, or from Dutch Low Saxon or German Low German smuggeln; all are from Proto-West Germanic *smeugan (“to creep; slip through or into”).
cognates and related terms
Cognate with Saterland Frisian smuggelje (“to smuggle”), West Frisian smokkelje (“to smuggle”), German Low German smuggeln, smuckeln (“to move insidiously, smuggle”), German schmuggeln (“to smuggle”), Danish smugle (“to smuggle”), Swedish smuggla (“to smuggle”). Related also to Icelandic smjúga (“to creep, penetrate”), Swedish smyga (“to sneak, slip, crawl, lurk, steal”), German schmiegen (“to nestle, wrap, snuggle”), Old English smēogan, smūgan (“to creep, crawl, move gradually, penetrate”).
spook
Borrowed from Dutch spook (“ghost”), from Middle Dutch spooc (“spook, ghost”). Cognate with Middle Low German spôk, spûk (“apparition, ghost”), Middle High German gespük (“a haunting”), German Spuk, Danish spøge (“to haunt”), Swedish spöke (“ghost”).
stoke
From Middle English stoken, from Middle Dutch stoken (“to poke, thrust”) or Middle Low German stoken (“to poke, thrust”), from Old Dutch *stokon or Old Saxon *stokon, both from Proto-West Germanic *stokōn, from Proto-Germanic *stukōną (“to be stiff, push”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push, beat”).
Cognate with Middle High German stoken (“to pierce, jab”), Norwegian Nynorsk stauka (“to push, thrust”). Alternative etymology derives the Middle English word from Old French estoquer, estochier (“to thrust, strike”), from the same Germanic source. More at stock.
From a back-formation of stoker, apparently from Dutch stoker, from stoken (“to kindle a fire, incite, instigate”), from Middle Dutch stoken (“to poke, thrust”), from stock (“stick, stock”), see: tandenstoker. Ultimately the same word as above.
From Old English stoc (“place”).
comatose
* perhaps from French comateux
* From Ancient Greek κῶμα (kôma, “deep sleep”) (genitive κώματος (kṓmatos)). Equivalent to coma + -ose (“full of”)
jeopardy
From Middle English jupartie, jeupartie (“even chance”), from Anglo-Norman giu parti and Middle French jeu parti (“a divided game, i.e. an even game, an even chance”), from Medieval Latin iocus partītus (“an even chance, an alternative”), from Latin iocus (“jest, play, game”) + partītus, perfect passive participle of partiō (“divide”); see joke and party.
evidential
From Medieval Latin ēvidentiālis, from Latin ēvidentia + -ālis.
mariner
From Middle English mariner, maryner, from Anglo-Norman mariner, marinier, from Old French marinier, maronnier, from marin and Medieval Latin marinellus and marinarius (“sailor”), from marīnus (“marine”), from mare (“sea”) + -īnus (“-ine: forming adjectives”). Eclipsed Middle English marinel, marynell (“mariner, sailor”) from Old French marinel from the same sources. Equivalent to marine + -er.
debility
From Middle English debylite, from Old French debilité (French débilité), from Latin dēbilitās (“weakness”), from dēbilis (“weak”), from dē- + habilis (“able”).
pita
From Greek πίτα (píta, “pie”), more at pizza. Doublet of pide and pizza.
Borrowed from Spanish pita (“century plant”).
basto
From Spanish basto.
Borrowed from Portuguese and Spanish Basto. This surname is predominantly found in Colombia.
bedo
From Middle English bedon, from Old English bedōn (“to shut”), equivalent to be- + do.
impudent
From Middle English impudent, originally meaning immodest, shameless, from Latin impudēns (“shameless”), ultimately from in- + pudere (“to feel shame”).
tung
From Middle English tonge, from Old English tung, tunge (“tongue, language”), from Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ (“tongue”); along with Dutch tong, German Zunge, Swedish tunga, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.
From Chinese 桐 (tóng).
From Mandarin 東島 /东岛 Wade–Giles romanization: Tung¹-tao³.
virulent
PIE word
 *wisós
From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).
Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.
longer
From Middle English longer, longere, normalisation of Middle English lenger, lengere (“longer”), from Old English lengra (“longer”), from Proto-Germanic *langizô (“longer”), comparative of Proto-Germanic *langaz (“long”), equivalent to long + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian laanger (“longer”), West Frisian langer (“longer”), Dutch langer (“longer”), German länger (“longer”), Danish længere (“longer”), Swedish längre (“longer”), Icelandic lengri (“longer”).
pinochle
Perhaps from German Binokel, French binocle (literally “pince-nez”), a related card game.
boreen
Borrowed from Irish bóithrín, from bóthar (“road”) and -ín (diminutive suffix).
brogue
Borrowed from Irish bróg (“boot, shoe”), from Old Irish bróc (“shoe, greave, legging, hose, breeches”), likely from Old Norse brók (“breeches”), from Proto-Germanic *brōks (“breeches”). The "accent" sense may instead be derived from Irish barróg (“a hold (on the tongue)”).
Possibly from French brouiller.
Colleen
From the word colleen, from Irish cailín (“girl”), not used as a name in Ireland. Colleen can also be interpreted as a variant of Coleen, which was a product of marketing by the Hollywood film industry (to promote a new starlet in the 1920s).
Borrowed from Irish cailín.
drumlin
From Irish droim (“back, ridge”) + English diminutive suffix -lin (“variant of -ling”).
tilly
From Irish tuilleadh (“more”).
From French Tilly. Habitational surname from places in France named Tilly, brought to England by the Normans.
swelter
From Middle English swelteren, frequentative form of Middle English swelten (“to die; faint”), from Old English sweltan (“to die”), from Proto-West Germanic *sweltan, from Proto-Germanic *sweltaną (“to die”), from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to smolder; burn”), equivalent to swelt + -er (frequentative suffix).
veld
Borrowed from Afrikaans veld, or from its etymon Dutch veld (“field; open country”) (formerly spelled veldt), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *felþuz (“field, plain”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). Doublet of field.
torture
From Middle English torture, from Old French torture, from Late Latin tortūra (“a twisting, writhing, of bodily pain, a griping colic;” in Medieval Latin “pain inflicted by judicial or ecclesiastical authority as a means of persuasion, torture”), from Latin tortus (whence also tort), past participle of torquēre (“to twist”).
bona
Borrowed from Sabir bona (“good”), from Italian buono (“good”), from Latin bonus (“good”), from Old Latin duenos (“good”), from Proto-Italic *dwenos (“good”). Doublet of bonus.
session
From Middle English session, from Old French session, from Latin sessiō (“a sitting”), from sedeō (“sit”).
outer
From Middle English outre, outer, outter, uttre, from Old English ūtre, ūtera, ūterra (“outer”), equivalent to out + -er. Compare German äußere (“outer”), Danish ydre (“outer”), Swedish yttre (“outer”), Icelandic ytri (“outer”). Piecewise doublet of utter.
township
From Middle English towneship, townschip, tounshipe, tunscipe, from Old English tūnsċipe (“the inhabitants of a town; township”), equivalent to town + -ship.
surgery
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-
Proto-Indo-European *-ōr
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr
Proto-Hellenic *kʰéhər
Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír)
Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom
Proto-Hellenic *wérgon
Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon)
Ancient Greek -ουργός (-ourgós)
Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós)
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *-eyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-esyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek χειρουργέω (kheirourgéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Ancient Greek χειρουργῐ́ᾱ (kheirourgĭ́ā)bor.
Latin chīrūrgiader.
Old French surgie
Old French surgeriebor.
Middle English surgerie
English surgery
From Middle English surgerie, from Old French surgerie, from Latin chirurgia, from Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). Doublet of chirurgy.
catenary
From Latin catenarius, from Latin catēna (“chain”).
From Late Latin catenaria, in turn from Latin catēna (“chain”). Attested since 1788.
sensitive
From Middle French sensitif, from Medieval Latin sensitivus. By surface analysis, sense + -ite + -ive.
chayote
From Spanish chayote, from Classical Nahuatl chayohtli.
peyote
From Spanish peyote, from Classical Nahuatl peyotl.
commando
From Afrikaans kommando, from Portuguese comando (“command”), from Late Latin *commandare, from Latin commendare.
commandeer
Late 19th century. From Dutch commanderen (“to command”), partially through its descendant, Afrikaans kommandeer (“to command”). Ultimately from French commander, from Old French comander, from Latin commendare. Doublet of command.
spoor
Early 19th century, from Afrikaans spoor, from Dutch spoor (“track”).
Akin to Old English and Old Norse spor (whence Danish spor), and German Spur, all from Proto-Germanic *spurą. Compare spurn.
From the Dutch and English surname, from the noun spur. From being a maker of spurs.
trek
From Afrikaans trek, from Dutch trekken, from Middle Dutch trekken (weak verb) and trēken (“to trek, place, bring, move”, strong verb), from Old Dutch *trekkan, *trekan, from Proto-West Germanic *trekan, from Proto-Germanic *trekaną, *trakjaną (“to drag, haul, scrape, pull”), from Proto-Indo-European *dreg- (“to drag, scrape”).
braai
Borrowed from Afrikaans braai (“to grill”), from Dutch braden (“roast”).
kraal
From colonial Dutch kraal, from Portuguese curral. Doublet of corral.
laager
From South African Dutch lager (“camp”) (modern Afrikaans laer), from German Lager, from Middle High German leger, from Old High German legar, from Proto-Germanic *legrą. Doublet of lager and lair.
dorp
Borrowed from Dutch dorp, which see for more. Doublet of dorf and thorp, and possibly also of troop and troupe.
pashmak
From Persian پشمک (pašmak), diminutive of پشم (pašm, “wool”).
bubo
Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin būbō, from Ancient Greek βουβών (boubṓn, “groin, swelling”).
scope
From Italian scopo (“purpose”), from Latin scopus (“target”), from Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Etymologically related to skeptic and spectrum.
From Latin scopa.
calling
From Middle English callyng, kallyng, kalland, from Old English *cealliende and Old Norse kallandi, equivalent to call + -ing.
From Middle English calling, callynge, equivalent to call + -ing.
bunting
Possibly from dialect bunting (“sifting flour”), from Middle English bonten (“to sift”), hence the material used for that purpose.
Possibly from Germanic bundt (“to bind or tie together”).
From Middle English bunting, bountyng, buntynge (also as Middle English buntyle), of uncertain origin. Possibly a reference to speckled plumage, from an unrecorded Middle English *bunt (“spotted, speckled, pied”) akin to Dutch bont, Middle Low German bunt, bont, German bunt (“multi-coloured”) + -ing.
1922, apparently from Scots buntin (“plump, short and thick (esp. of children)”), itself an old term of endearment for children (1660s); the sense “plump” dates to the 1500s, and may be related to bunt (“belly of a sail”). Possibly related to butt (“(both noun and verb sense: buttocks; strike with head)”) or to bunny (“rabbit”). Compare with the nursery rhyme Bye, baby Bunting (1731), either of same origin or influenced this sense.
smudge
From Middle English *smogen (attested in the gerund smogynge (“soiling, smudging”)), of obscure origin. Compare Middle English besmudded, bismuddet (“filthy”), Middle English smod (“filth, obscene behaviour”), Middle Dutch smoddich (“filthy, dirty”), German schmutzig (“dirty, filthy”).
squeal
Inherited from Middle English squelen, probably from Old Norse skvala (“to squeal, bawl”), from Proto-Germanic *skwel- (“to chatter, babble, scream”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *skel-, from *kelh₁- (“to ring, resound, cry”). Compare Old Norse skval (“a squeal”, noun), Swedish skvallra (“to babble, chatter, tell on”).
dungarees
From dungaree + -s, from Hindi डूंगरी (ḍūṅgrī, “coarse calico”), from the name of a village.
girn
From Middle English gyrnen, a metathesised form of grinnen, grennen. More at grin.
minus
From Middle English mynus, from Latin minus, neuter form of minor, comparative form of parvus (“small, little”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (“few, small”).
costume
Borrowed from French costume, from Italian costume, from Latin consuētūdō (“custom, habit”). Doublet of consuetude, custom, and kastom.
Verb circa 1802, perhaps modelled on French costumer.
plumage
From Old French plumage (14c.), itself from plume (“feather”) (from Latin plūma (“feather, down”), from a Proto-Indo-European base *plews- (“to pluck, a feather, fleece”) + -age. By surface analysis, plume + -age.
excogitate
From Latin excōgitāre, from ex- + cōgitāre (“think”).
exuviae
Learned borrowing from Latin exuviae, from exuō (“cast off, undress”).
wampum
Clipping of wampumpeag (“wampum”), probably borrowed from Massachusett wampompeage (“string of white beads used as money”).
Compare peag (“string of white beads used as money”), also a clipping of wampumpeag.
Noun sense 3 (“common kingsnake”) is from the similarity of the snake’s appearance to a string of wampum.
Cognates
Penobscot wάpαpəyak (singular wάpαpi)
Unami òpapiàk (singular òpapi)
pecan
Borrowed from French pacane and at first spelt paccan. The French word derives from an Algonquian word, perhaps Miami (Illinois) pakani. Compare Cree pakan (“hard nut”), Ojibwe bagaan, Abenaki pagann, bagôn, pagôn (“nut; walnut, hazelnut”).
Chicago
Etymology tree
Proto-Algonquian *šek-
Proto-Algonquian *-a·kw-
Proto-Algonquian *-a
Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa
Miami šikaakwabor.
French Chécagoubor.
English Chicago
From French Chécagou, a transcription of Miami šikaakwa (“wild leek, ramp, Allium tricoccum; striped skunk”), from Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa; compare Ojibwe zhigaagawanzh /zhigaagawinzh (“onion, leek”), zhigaag (“striped skunk”). Doublet of skunk.
pone
Inherited from Middle English pone, from Anglo-Norman pone, from Late Latin pone, from Latin pōne, imperative of pōnere (“to place”).
Borrowed from Powhatan apones, appoans (“bread”), from Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n (“thing which has been baked or roasted”), whence also Abenaki abôn (“bread”).
Perhaps borrowed from Latin ponere.
succotash
Borrowed from Narragansett msíckquatash (“boiled corn kernels”).
tequila
Borrowed from Mexican Spanish tequila, from Tequila, a town in Jalisco.
From Spanish Tequila.
wigwam
Borrowed from Abenaki wigwôm (“house”) or Penobscot wigwom (“house”), from Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·ʔmi (“house”). Doublet of wickiup.
atoll
Borrowed from Portuguese atol, from Dhivehi އަތޮޅު (atoḷu), possibly from Prakrit *𑀲𑀁𑀢𑀻𑀞 (*saṃtīṭha), from Sanskrit *संतीर्थ (*saṃtīrtha, “level ford”). The traditional etymology from Persian آبتل (âb-tal, “water-hillock”) is unlikely.
coir
Borrowed from Tamil கயிறு (kayiṟu), Malayalam കയർ (kayaṟ).
hodad
Originally Californian surfer slang from the 1960s. Perhaps from the greeting Ho! Dad, though no evidence for this derivation is known. The suggestion that it derives from Western Hemisphere Spanish jodido (“fucked, difficult, annoying”) similarly lacks evidence; also the vowel change from -did to -dad is unexplained.
emmenagogue
From Ancient Greek ἔμμηνα (émmēna, “menses”) + ἀγωγός (agōgós, “leading”).
burd
From Middle English berde (“woman, lady, young lady”), possibly from Old English byrde, ġebyrde (“of noble birth”), from byrd, ġebyrd (“birth”), or from an unattested *byrde (“embroideress”). Possibly the origin of the English slang bird for a young woman.
bufo
From translingual Bufo marinus (now Rhinella marina), the cane toad, from Latin būfō (“toad”).
highly
From Middle English hiȝly, heȝly, heyȝliche, from Old English hēalīce (“highly”), equivalent to high + -ly. Cognate with Dutch hoogelijk (“highly”), German höchlich (“highly”), Danish højlig (“highly”), Swedish högligen (“highly”).
ecstatic
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐκστατικός (ekstatikós). By surface analysis, ecstasy + -tic.
decide
From Middle English deciden, from Old French decider, from Latin dēcīdere, infinitive of dēcīdō (“cut off, decide”), from dē (“down from”) + caedō (“cut”).
blissful
From Middle English blisful, bislvol, equivalent to bliss + -ful.
stipes
From Latin stīpes.
Americanized form of Dutch Stips.
polymer
From poly- + -mer, from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”) + μέρος (méros, “part”). Coined by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1833, though his definition was quite different from the modern one.
baramin
From Biblical Hebrew בָּרָא (bārāˀ, “he created”) + מיִן (mīʸn, “kind”) (misunderstood to mean "created kind"), coined by American creationist Frank Lewis Marsh in 1941.
septuagenarian
From Latin septuagenarius (“containing 70”) + -an (suffix forming adjectives and representative nouns), either directly or via French septuagénaire, from Latin septuagenus (“70 each”) + -arius (“-ary”), from Latin septuāginta (“seven tens, 70”).
snollygoster
19th-century American English. Possibly from snallygaster, a mythical beast that preys on poultry and children; possibly from Pennsylvania German schnelle geeschter, from German schnell (“quick”) + Geist (“spirit”).
Largely obsolete, it briefly resurfaced in 2009 in Britain as part of a debate over MPs' expenses.
beneficial
From Late Latin beneficiālis (“beneficial”), from Latin beneficium (“benefit, favor, kindness”).
nonagenarian
From Latin nōnāgēnārius (“containing ninety”) + -an (suffix forming adjectives and representative nouns), either directly or via French nonagénaire, from nōnāgēnī (“ninety each”) + -ārius (“-ary”), from nōnāginta (“nine tens, ninety”).
epopteia
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐποπτεία (epopteía).
peacemaker
Compound of peace + maker.
First attested in the Tyndale Bible from 1526, as a translation of Koine Greek εἰρηνοποιοί (eirēnopoioí, “peacemaker”), a hapax legomenon found in the New Testament. (The Wycliffe Bible from 1395 instead uses "pesible men", to translate Latin pacifici from the Vulgate)
macchia
From Corsican machja, related to Italian macchia and French maquis; ultimately from Latin macula. Doublet of macula, macule, and maquis.
blindfold
From Middle English blyndefolde, blyndfuld, blynfold, blindfeld, blindfelt, yblynfeld, variants of y-blyndfalled, blyndfelled, etc. ("stricken blind, blindfolded"), past participle of Middle English blindfellen (“to strike blind”), from blind (“to blind”) and fellen (“to fell”), equivalent to blind + felled. Later influenced by the unrelated verb fold.
foxhole
From Middle English foxhol, from Old English foxhol, equivalent to fox + hole.
shoo
From Middle English schew, schowe, show, showe, scou (“shoo!”, interjection). Compare Middle High German schū, schuo (“shoo!”, interjection) (modern German scheu! (“shoo!”)), Dutch schuwen (“to shun”), German scheuchen (“to scare, drive away”).
From Middle English scho, sheo, scheo, sȝheo, from Old English hēo (“she”). More at she.
epicene
From Late Middle English epicene, epicen, epicin, epcyn, episcen, epycen, epycene, epycyn, ypsen (“(grammar) having only one form for masculine and feminine gender, common”), from Late Latin epicoenos, epicoenus (“of a noun: applicable to either males or females”), Latin epicoenon (“noun applicable to either males or females; grammatical gender of such nouns”), from Ancient Greek ἐπίκοινος (epíkoinos, “common to many people, things, etc.; promiscuous, sluttish”) (compare γένος ἐπίκοινον (génos epíkoinon, “common gender”)), from ἐπι- (epi-, prefix meaning ‘on, upon; on top of; all over’) + κοινός (koinós, “common; general, public”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, near, with”) + *-yós (suffix forming adjectives from noun stems)).
menagerie
From French ménagerie, derived from ménager (“to keep house”), household. Housekeeping used to include taking care of domestic animals.
apoplectic
From French apoplectique, from Late Latin apoplēcticus, from Ancient Greek ἀποπληκτικός (apoplēktikós), from ἀπόπληκτος (apóplēktos), from ἀποπλήσσω (apoplḗssō), from ἀπό (apó, “of, from”) + πλήσσω (plḗssō, “I strike”).
refectory
Via Middle English refectori from Late Latin refectorium, from Latin reficere (“to remake, to rebuild”).
capitalize
From capital + -ize, the first element ultimately from Latin capitālis (“of the head”).
cacoepy
From Ancient Greek κακός (kakós, “bad”) + ἔπος (épos, “word”) + -ία (-ía, “-y”).
orthoepy
From Ancient Greek ὀρθοέπεια (orthoépeia), possibly via Latin orthoepia, from Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “correct”) + ἔπος (épos, “word”) + -ία (-ía, “-y”).
circumfluent
From Latin circumfluere, from circum- (“around”) + fluere (“flow”).
anaptyxis
Learned borrowing from New Latin anaptyxis, from Ancient Greek ἀνάπτυξις (anáptuxis).
inspissate
Formed from Late Latin inspissātus (“thickened, having been made thick or thicker”), the perfect passive participle of inspissāre (“to thicken”).
distress
The verb is from Middle English distressen, from Old French destrecier (“to restrain, constrain, put in straits, afflict, distress”); compare French détresse. Ultimately from Medieval Latin as if *districtiō, an assumed frequentative form of Latin distringō (“to pull asunder, stretch out”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringō (“to draw tight, strain”).
The noun is from Middle English distresse, from Old French destrece, ultimately also from Latin distringō.
loath
From Middle English lōth (“loath; averse, hateful”), from Old English lāð, lāþ (“evil; loathsome”), or Old Norse leið, leiðr (“uncomfortable; tired”) from Proto-Germanic *laiþaz (“loath; hostile; sad, sorry”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyt- (“to do something abhorrent or hateful”).
The word is cognate with Danish led (“disgusting, loathsome; nasty”), Dutch leed (“sad; (Belgium) angry”), French laid (“ugly; morally corrupt”), Catalan lleig (“ugly”), Icelandic leiður (“annoyed, vexed; sad; (archaic or poetic) annoying, wearisome”), Italian laido (“filthy, foul; obscene”), Old Frisian leed, Old High German leid (Middle High German leit, modern German leid (“uncomfortable”), Leid (“grief, sorrow, woe; affliction, suffering; harm, injury; wrong”)), Old Saxon lêð, lēth (“evil person or thing”), Swedish led (“bored; tired; (archaic) disgusting, loathsome; evil”).
readily
From Middle English redily, rediliche. By surface analysis, read(i) + -ly.
caress
From French caresse, from Italian carezza (“dear”), from Latin cārus (“dear”), from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂-, akin to Sanskrit काम (kāma, “love”). Doublet of karezza.
titillate
From Latin tītillātus, from tītillāre (“to tickle”).
pertinent
Inherited from Middle English pertinent, borrowed from Old French pertinent and Latin pertinēns, pertinentem.