MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
reverend
Borrowed from Middle French révérend, from Old French, from Latin future passive participle reverendus (“that is to be respected”), from deponent verb revereor (“to honor, revere”).
irie
Borrowed from Jamaican Creole irie, which is perhaps from English all right. Compare a'ight.
syllepsis
From Latin syllepsis, from Ancient Greek σύλληψις (súllēpsis), from συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō).
potpourri
From French pot-pourri (“stew, potpourri”), a calque of Spanish olla podrida (“stew”, literally “rotten pot”). Doublet of olla podrida.
childlover
From child + lover, a calque of Ancient Greek παιδοφίλης (paidophílēs).
shenanigan
The origin of the noun is uncertain. As the earliest attestations are from California, U.S.A., in the 1850s towards the end of the California gold rush (see the quotations), it is possible that the word derives from one of the following:
* Irish sionnachuighim (“to play tricks”, literally “to play the fox”); Irishmen were among the people participating in the gold rush. (See also the 31 December 1854 quotation suggesting it is an “Irish word”.)
* Spanish chanada, a shortening of charranada (“deceit, trick”); California was colonized by the Spanish Empire in the 18th century, and many people from Latin America also took part in the gold rush.
Other suggestions are set out in the table below.
possible etymologies
* From the East Anglian dialectal word nannicking (“playing the fool”).
* From French ces manigances (“these fraudulent schemes”).
* From German Scheinheilige (“sham holy men; sham holy actions”), scheinheilig (“hypocritical”) (18th c.)
* From Rhine Franconian schinägeln (“to work hard”), from the peddler’s argot term Schenigelei (“work”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
ria
From German Ria, from Spanish ría (“inlet, estuary”), from Galician ría, from Galician río, from Latin.
salutation
From Middle English salutacioun, from Old French salutacion, from Latin salutatio (“a greeting, a wishing health to”), from saluto (“wish one’s health, greet”), from salus (“well-being”). Compare the Latin greeting salve (literally “be well”).
detract
Borrowed from Middle French détracter, from Latin detractum, past participle of detraho.
varicella
From New Latin varicella, diminutive of variola (“pox”).
pock
From Middle English pok, from Old English poc, pocc (“pock; pustule; ulcer”), from Proto-West Germanic *pokk, from Proto-Germanic *pukkaz, *pukkǭ (“pock; swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bʰew- (“to grow; swell”). Cognate with Dutch pok (“pock”), Low German Pocke (“pock”), German Pocke (“pock”).
ileus
Learned borrowing from Latin īleus, from Ancient Greek εἰλεός (eileós, “intestinal obstruction”).
prostate
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *pér
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *próder.
Ancient Greek πρό (pró)
Ancient Greek προ- (pro-)
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti
Proto-Hellenic *hístāmi
Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi)
Ancient Greek προΐστημι (proḯstēmi)
Proto-Indo-European *-tósder.
Ancient Greek -της (-tēs)
Ancient Greek προστάτης (prostátēs)bor.
Medieval Latin prostatalbor.
Middle French prostatebor.
English prostate
From Middle French prostate, from Medieval Latin prostata, from Ancient Greek προστάτης (prostátēs, “one who stands before, protector, guardian”).
sinus
Learned borrowing from Latin sinus (“a bent surface, curve, hollow”). Doublet of sine.
deter
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *de
Proto-Indo-European *-h₁
Proto-Indo-European *déh₁
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin dē-
Proto-Indo-European *tres-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Proto-Indo-European *troséyeti
Proto-Italic *trozeō
Latin terreō
Latin dēterreōbor.
English deter
Borrowed from Latin dēterreō (“deter, discourage”), from de (“from”) + terreō (“to frighten”).
Borrowed from German Deter.
discern
From Middle English discernen, from Old French discerner, from Latin discernere (“to separate, divide, distinguish, discern”), from dis- (“apart”) + cernere (“to distinguish”); see certain.
reconciliation
From Middle English reconciliacioun (“act of reconciling; state of accord or harmony;”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman reconciliaciun, reconsiliacion, reconsiliaciun, and Middle French reconciliation, reconsiliacion, reconsiliation (“act of reconciling; result of this act; act of bringing about agreement or harmony; reconsecration of a desecrated place”) (modern French réconciliation), and from their Latin etymon reconciliātiō (“reinstatement, renewal, restoration; reconciliation”), from reconciliāre + -tiō.
magic realism
Calque of German Magischer Realismus, first referring to the anti-expressionist artistic movement New Objectivity (1925), later applied to literature, especially in Latin America where it is known as realismo mágico.
yr
Learned borrowing from Old English ȳr, the literal translation of which is uncertain: perhaps “yew” or “bow (made of yew)”, based on Old Norse ýr.
Hout Bay
From Afrikaans Houtbaai (literally “Wood Bay”).
domino
1801, borrowed from French domino (1771), originally the term for a hooded garment, itself from Medieval Latin domino, oblique case of dominus (“lord, master”); compare Medieval Latin dominicale (“a kind of veil”). By surface analysis, di- + -omino.
Mammon
From Late Latin mammona (“wealth”), from Hellenistic Ancient Greek μαμωνᾶς (mamōnâs), from Aramaic מָמוֹנָא (māmōnā, “money, wealth”). Compare Hebrew מָמוֹן (mamón, “money”).
abasia
From New Latin a- (“without”) + Ancient Greek βάσις (básis, “step”) + New Latin -ia (“pathological condition”).
abortus
Borrowed from New Latin abortus (“miscarriage”). Doublet of abort.
headway
Partly from Middle English hauedwei, from Old English hēafodweġ (“head-road, main-road”); partly as a shortening of ahead-way, the source of the nautical sense. By surface analysis, head + way.
alliteration
From New Latin allīterātiō, from allīterātus, from allīterō, from Latin ad (“to, towards, near”) and lītera (“a letter”).
sebum
Learned borrowing from Latin sēbum (“tallow, grease; suet”).
mistletoe
From Middle English mistelto, mistilto (“European mistletoe”), from Old English misteltān (“mistletoe”), from mistel (“mistletoe; basil; birdlime”) + tān (“sprig, shoot, twig”), possibly as a calque of Old Norse mistilteinn; equivalent to mistle + tan (“twig”). This was mistaken for the plural of tā (“toe”).
Cognate with Danish mistelten (“mistletoe”), Norwegian misteltein (“mistletoe”), Icelandic mistilteinn (“mistletoe”). Compare also the simplex form West Frisian mistel (“mistletoe”), Dutch mistel (“mistletoe”), German Mistel (“mistletoe”), Swedish mistel (“mistletoe”).
uvea
From Medieval Latin uvea, from Latin uva (“grape”) + -ea, partial calque of Ancient Greek ῥαγοειδής χιτών (rhagoeidḗs khitṓn, “[covering] like a grape”), from ῥάξ (rháx, “grape”).
vascular
From New Latin vasculāris, from Latin vasculum, diminutive of vas (“vessel”).
stanchion
From Old French estanson, estanchon, (Modern French étançon), from estance (“a stay, a prop”), from Latin stāns (“standing”), present participle of stō.
tonsil
Borrowed from French tonsille or Latin tonsillae (“the tonsils in the throat”, plural). First attested in the late 16th century,
brit
From Middle English brytten, brutten, from Old English brittian, bryttian (“to divide, dispense, distribute, rule over, possess, enjoy the use of”), from Proto-Germanic *brutjaną (“to break, divide”), from Proto-Germanic *breutaną (“to destroy, crush, break”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewd- (“to break”). Cognate with Icelandic brytja (“to chop up, break in pieces, slaughter”), Swedish bryta (“to break, fracture, cut off”), Danish bryde (“to break”), and outside the Germanic family with Albanian brydh (“to make crumbly, friable, soft”). Related to Old English brytta (“dispenser, giver, author, governor, prince”), Old English brēotan (“to break in pieces, hew down, demolish, destroy, kill”).
Probably from Middle English bret or birt, applied to a different kind of fish. See bret.
Borrowed from Hebrew בְּרִית
actuality
From actual + -ity.
* (television): Influenced by French actualité.
seaway
From Middle English seewey, from Old English sǣweġ (“a seaway, a path through the sea”), equivalent to sea + way. Compare Saterland Frisian Seegong (“seaway, swell”), German Seegang (“seaway, swell”).
antenatal
From Latin ante (“before”) + nātālis (“natal”), from nāscor (“to be born”), equivalent to ante- + natal.
cryptorchid
From crypt- + orchid, from Latin orchis (“testicle”).
marzipan
Borrowed from German Marzipan, from Italian marzapane, Venetan marzapane. Believed to be, with influence from pane (“bread”), derived from Arabic مَرْطَبَان (marṭabān, “spice box”) which comes from the name of a Burmese port known for its spice exports, Martaban, now called in Burmese မုတ္ထမ (muthta.ma.).
Whitehall
From Middle English whit (“white”) + halgh (“corner, nook; hall”).
pox
From the plural of Middle English pocke. See also pock. The curse sense involves metonymy: wishing a literal pox upon someone is the original form of pox-relevant curse, and the word pox itself also came to mean curse.
quinsy
From Middle English quinesye, from Old French quinencie, from Medieval Latin quinancia, from Ancient Greek κυνάγχη (kunánkhē, “canine quinsy”), from κύων (kúōn, “dog”) + ἄγχω (ánkhō, “throttle”). Doublet of cynanche.
puss
Probably from Middle Low German pūse, pūskatte or Dutch poes (“puss, cat”, also slang for “vulva”), ultimately from a common Germanic word for cat, perhaps ultimately imitative of a sound made to get its attention (compare Arabic بسة (bissa)).
Akin to West Frisian poes, Low German Puus, Puuskatte, Danish pus, dialectal Swedish kattepus, Norwegian pus.
Found also in several other European, North African and Asian languages; compare Romanian pisică, Persian پیشی (piši), Tamil பூசை (pūcai), Tagalog pusa
and Sardinian pisittu.
Of Celtic origin, from or akin to Irish pus (“mouth, lip”), from Middle Irish bus. Compare also Middle Low German pussen (“to kiss”), Middle High German bussen (“to kiss”).
deglutition
Borrowed from French déglutition or from Late Latin dēglūtītiō, from Latin dēglūtīre, dēgluttīre + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions). Dēgluttīre is derived from dēgluttiō (“to swallow down”), from dē- (prefix meaning ‘from, off’) + gluttiō (“to gulp down, swallow”). By surface analysis, de- (“down”) + Latin glut- + -ite + -ion.
Aust
From Latin Augusta.
* As a German surname, from Aust, shortened from August and Augustin.
* As an English surname, from the placename in England (see Etymology 2 above).
soc
From Middle English soke, sok, soc, from Old English sōcn. More at soke.
talon
From Middle English talon, taloun, from Old French talon (“heel, spur”), from Medieval Latin tālōnem, from Proto-Romance *tālōnis, from Latin tālus (“ankle”).
The surname derives from Old French talon (“heel”) as a nickname for a deformity, or for a swift runner; also diminutive of Talbot and Talleyrand. The modern given name is associated with English talon.
tambourine
From French tambourin (“little drum”), from French tambour (“drum”). Ultimately from Arabic طُنْبُور (ṭunbūr); see it and Persian تنبور for more.
tampon
First attested in 1848. Borrowed from French tampon, from Middle French tampon, a nasalised variant of tapon, a diminutive or augmented form of Old French tape (“plug, bung, tap”), from Frankish *tappō (“stopper, plug”), from Proto-Germanic *tappô (“plug, tap”). Cognate with Old High German zapfo (“stopper”), Old English tæppa (“stopper”). Doublet of tampion. More at tap.
tankard
From Middle English tan(c)kard(e), denoting 'a large tub for carrying liquid', perhaps related to Dutch tanckaert, from Middle Dutch tanckaert, meaning the same thing, but of uncertain ultimate origin. The OED suggests an alteration of Medieval Latin *kantard, from Latin cantharus (“tankard”). Klein suggests French tant quart (“as much of a quarter”).
Meaning "drinking vessel" is first recorded late 15th century.
tantalize
From Tantalus (Ancient Greek Τάνταλος (Tántalos)) in Greek mythology, who was condemned to Tartarus in the underworld. There, he had to stand for eternity in water that receded from him when he stooped to drink, beneath fruit trees whose branches were always out of reach. Derived as Tantalus + -ize.
mutable
From Middle English mutable, from Old French mutable, from Latin mutabilis (“liable to change”). By surface analysis, muta- + -able.
decrepit
From Middle English decrepyt (ante 1439), from Middle French décrépit, from Latin dēcrepitus (“very old”), from crepō (“to creak”).
syndicate
Anglicized from French syndicat (“office of a syndic; board of syndics; trade union”) on the basis of -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office, a group formed of people of this same office), equivalent to syndic (“syndic; representative; (especially) chief magistrate of Geneva”) + -at (“-ate”, forms nouns denoting rank or office), from Medieval Latin *syndicātus, from syndicus (“representative of a corporation or town; syndic”) (from Ancient Greek σύνδικος (súndikos, “advocate for a defendant”), from σύν (sún, “beside; with”) + δίκη (díkē, “judgment; justice”)) + -ātus (“-ate”). By surface analysis, syndic + -ate.
Compare Italian sindacato (“syndicate; trade union; audit, control, supervision”), Occitan sendegat, Portuguese sindicato (“trade union”), Spanish sindicado, sindicato (“office of a syndic; syndicate; trade union”).
From the noun or French syndiquer, either on the basis of -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Sudeten
Via German Sudeten-; the name was used by Ptolemy as Σούδητα ὄρη (Soúdēta órē), but is of uncertain origin. Illyrian has been suggested.
escheat
From Middle English escheat, achete, eschete (“the reversion of property to the state”), from Anglo-Norman eschete and Old French eschet, escheit, escheoit (“that which falls to one”), past participle of escheoir (“to fall”) (modern French échoir), from Late Latin *excadēre (“fall away, fall out”), from (Latin) ex- + cadere (“fall”). Doublet of cheat.
lackey
Borrowed from Middle French laquais, which is probably (via Old Occitan lacai?) from Spanish lacayo, itself perhaps from Italian lacchè and Greek λακές (lakés), from Turkish ulak. Another possibility is through French, from Catalan alacay, from Arabic الْقَائِد (al-qāʔid). See French laquais.
garnison
Inherited from Middle English garnisoun, from Middle French garnison, from Old French garnison, from garnir, guarnir (“to protect, provision”).
looking
From Middle English lokynge, from earlier lokinde, lokende, from Old English lōciende, present participle of Old English lōcian (“to look”), equivalent to look + -ing.
From Middle English lokynge, lokinge, from Old English lōcung (attested in Old English þurhlōcung), equivalent to look + -ing.
Edith
Inherited from Old English Ēadġȳþ, from Proto-Germanic *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *gunþiz (“battle”). Name of a 10th century English saint.
Rudolph
Borrowed from German Rudolph, Rudolf (compare Proto-Germanic *Hrōþiwulfaz).
Asgard
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems-
Proto-Indo-European *-us
Proto-Indo-European *h₂émsus
Proto-Germanic *ansuz
Proto-Norse *ᚨᛊᚢᛉ (*asuʀ)
Old Norse áss
Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos
Proto-Germanic *gardaz
Old Norse garðr
Old Norse Ásgarðrlbor.
English Asgard
Learned borrowing from Old Norse Ásgarðr. Agartha may be a corruption of this.
refund
From Middle English refunden, refounden, from Old French refondre, refonder, refunder (“to restore; pay back”), from Latin refundere; prefix re- (“re-”) + fundere (“to pour”): compare French refondre, refonder. See fuse (“to melt”), and compare refound (“to cast again”), and refuse.
Aristoteles
Via Latin Aristotelēs from Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs).
exclaim
From Middle French exclamer, from Latin exclāmō, exclāmāre (“call out”), from ex- + clāmō (“to call”).
Disney
English surname of Norman origin, from Old French de (“of, from”) + Isigny (a place in Calvados). For the placename, see Isigny-sur-Mer. In modern use, it is also derived from the name of Walt Disney, whose surname has the aforementioned origin.
Sudetenland
Borrowed from German Sudetenland, named after the Sudeten mountain range, but encompassing a far greater area.
tetanus
From Latin tetanus, from Ancient Greek τέτανος (tétanos), from τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”).
toh
From Hokkien 倒 (tó, “to fall down, to collapse, to go bankrupt”).
Borrowed from Hokkien 卓 (Toh), Hokkien 杜 (Tō͘), etc.
scurvy
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English scurvi, scurvy, variants of scurfi (“having scurf, scabby”), from scurf (“skin disease causing scabs or scales; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease, etc.”) + -i (suffix forming adjectives). Scurf is derived from Old English scurf, from Proto-Germanic *skurf- (“to gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever; to divide, separate”). By surface analysis, scurf (“skin disease; flakes of skin that fall off due to a skin disease; crust-like formations on the skin”) + -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives).
The noun is derived from the adjective. It was used to translate the similar-sounding Dutch scheurbuik, French scorbut, Middle Low German schorbūk (“scurvy (disease)”), etc.
sputum
From New Latin, from Latin sputum (“that which is spit out, spittle”), from spuere (“to spit”).
rheum
From Middle English reume, rewme, from Anglo-Norman reume, from Late Latin rheuma, from Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma, “stream, humour”). Doublet of stream.
Quetzalcoatl
Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl Quetzalcōātl (literally “quetzal-feather snake”).
custody
Borrowed from Latin custōdia (“a keeping, watch, guard, prison”), from custōs (“a keeper, watchman, guard”). Doublet of custode.
Thu
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from Vietnamese Thư, the local romanization of the Chinese surname 舒 (Shū).
* Borrowed from Norwegian Thu, a surname predominantly found in Western Norway.
microcephalic
From French microcéphalique, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”).
tapestry
From Middle English tapestrie, from Old French tapisserie (“tapestry”), from Ancient Greek τάπης (tápēs), from an Iranian source.
tariff
From Italian tariffa (“arithmetical table; list of customs duties”), from Arabic تَعْرِيف (taʕrīf, “notification, explanation”). Equivalent to Portuguese and Spanish tarifa and the French tarif and first attested in 1592.
tattered
From Middle English tatered, tatird, from Old Norse tǫturr. Originally, it was derived from the noun, but it was later reanalysed as a past participle (tatter + -ed), whereafter the verb came into being. Compare tatter.
tatter
From Middle English tater, from Old Norse tǫturr, from Proto-Germanic *tat(t)uraz (“tuft, patch”). Cognate with Icelandic tötur (“rag, tatter”).
scarcely
From Middle English scarcely, scarsly, scarsely, scarsliche, scarseliche, equivalent to scarce + -ly.
anagoge
From Latin anagōgē, from Ancient Greek ἀναγωγή (anagōgḗ, “elevation”).
simper
Uncertain; compare (probably from) Danish simper / semper (“coy”), German zimper (“elegant, dainty”).
vicus
Borrowed from Latin vīcus (“village”). Doublet of wick.
mizzen
From Middle English mesan, meseyn, myson, from Middle French misaine, modified from Old French migenne (through influence from Italian mezzana), from Old Catalan mitjana, feminine of mitjan, ultimately from Latin medianus. Doublet of mean and median.
bellicose
Etymology tree
Old Latin duellum
Latin bellum
Proto-Indo-European *-ikos
Proto-Italic *-ikos
Latin -icus
Latin bellicusder.
Latin bellicum signumclip.?
Latin bellicum
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed-der.
Latin -ōsus
Latin bellicosusder.
Middle English bellicose
English bellicose
From Middle English bellicose, from Latin bellicosus.
agonistic
From Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστικός (agōnistikós).
attain
The verb is derived from Middle English atteinen, atteynen (“to achieve, attain; to be adequate or sufficient; to affect; to come or get to (a place), reach; to corrupt, taint; to overcome, overpower; to overtake; to succeed; to tamper with; (law) to bring to justice, punish”), from ataign-, a stem of Anglo-Norman ataindre, and Old French ataindre, attaindre (“to reach”) (modern French atteindre), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere, the present active infinitive of attingō (“to come into contact with, touch; to affect; to arrive at, reach; etc.”), from ad- (prefix indicating a nearing or reaching) (appearing as at- due to assimilation with the following t, inducing gemination) + tangō (“to grasp, touch; to arrive at, reach; to attain; etc.”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to grasp; to touch”)). Doublet of attainder and attinge.
The noun is derived from the verb.
beaker
From Middle English bekyr, biker, from Old Norse bikarr (“cup”), from Old Saxon bikeri (“cup”), from Proto-West Germanic *bikārī, from Late Latin bīcārium (“wine vat, jug”), of disputed origin. Possibly from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos, “earthenware jug, wine jar”), or from Latin bacarium (“wine vat, vase”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bieker (“mug, cup, beaker”), Dutch beker (“beaker, cup”), German Becher (“beaker, cup, goblet”), Danish bæger (“beaker”), Italian bicchiere (“cup, glass (for drink)”). Doublet of pitcher.
fistula
Learned borrowing from Latin fistula (“pipe, ulcer, catheter”). Doublet of fester.
regent
From Middle English regent, from Anglo-Norman regent, Middle French regent, and their source, Latin regēns (“ruling; ruler, governor, prince”), present participle of regō (“to govern, to steer”).
provender
From Middle English provendre, from Old French provendre, variant of provende (“allowance, provision”), from Late Latin praebenda (“a payment, in Medieval Latin also an allowance of food and drink, pittance, also a prebend”). Doublet of prebend.
amphora
From Latin amphora (“large wine vessel, Roman unit of liquid measure”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, Greek units of liquid measure”), ultimately from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 (a-pi-po-re-we, “carried on both sides”).
antechamber
From Middle French antichambre, with remodelling after ante- and chamber. By surface analysis, ante- + chamber.
amphimacer
From Latin amphimacrus, from Ancient Greek ἀμφίμακρος (amphímakros, “long at both ends”); see amphi-, macro-.
attercop
From Middle English attercoppe, from Old English ātorcoppe (“spider”), corresponding to atter (“poison, venom”) + cop (“spider”). The latter is still to be found in the English word cobweb. Cognate to Danish edderkop (“spider”) and Norwegian edderkopp (“spider”).
attrition
15th century, from Middle English attricion, attricioun, from Middle French attricion, attrition and its etymon, Latin attrītiō (“a rubbing against”), from the verb attrītus, past participle of atterō (“to wear”), from ad- (“to, towards”) + terō (“to rub”). By surface analysis, attrit + -ion.
Averil
A rare variant of the 7th century saint's name Everild, from Old English eofor (“boar”) + hild (“battle”).
lump
From Middle English lumpe, from a Germanic base akin to Proto-Germanic *limpaną (“to glide, go, hang loosely”). Compare Dutch lomp (“rag”), German Low German Lump (“rag”), German Lumpen (“rag”) and Lump (“ragamuffin”).
spritz
From Italian spritz, a shortening of Austrian German Gespritzter (“spritzer”).
bohemian
Borrowed from French bohémien (“person from Bohemia”), from Bohême (“Bohemia”), equivalent to Bohemia + -an.
Bohemia
Latinized translation of French Bohême, from Late Latin Boiohaemum, compound of Boio- (“the Boii”), the Celtic tribe previously inhabiting the area and Germanic *haimaz (“home”) (more at home). The endonym is from Proto-Celtic *boyos and could ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”) (compare Proto-Celtic *bāus (“cattle”), genitive *bowos), a reference to cattle owners, or from *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit”), i.e. “warrior, strong hitter” (compare Proto-Celtic *binati (“to strike, hit”)).
Bohemia was abandoned by the Boii c. 60 BCE and settled by the Germanic Marcomanni shortly thereafter. Related to Bavaria.
antipathic
From French antipathique. By surface analysis, anti- + -pathic.
Perhaps independently from anti- + -pathic, after German antipatisch.
harassment
Borrowed from Middle French harassement. By surface analysis, harass + -ment.