MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
college
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-der.?
Proto-Italic *lēks
Latin lēx
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin lēgō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂
Proto-Italic *-ā
Latin -a
Latin collēga
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin collēgiumbor.
Old French college
Middle French collegebor.
Middle English college
English college
From Middle English college, from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium. Doublet of collegium.
fraction
Etymology tree
Middle English fraccioun
English fraction
From Middle English fraccioun (“a breaking”), from Anglo-Norman, Old French fraccion, from Medieval Latin fractio (“a fragment, portion”), from earlier Latin fractio (“a breaking, a breaking into pieces”), from fractus, past participle of frangere (“to break”) (whence English frangible), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (English break). Doublet of frazione.
consume
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *upó
Proto-Italic *supo
Latin sub
Latin sub-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁em-der.
Proto-Italic *emō
Latin emō
Latin sūmō
Latin cōnsūmōder.
Old French consumerbor.
Middle English consumen
English consume
From Middle English consumen, from Old French consumer, from Latin cōnsūmere, cōnsūmō, from con- (“with, together”) + sūmō (“take; consume”), from sub- + emō (“to buy, take”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁em- (“to take, distribute”), possibly related to the root *nem- (“to take or give one's due”).
toro
Borrowed from Japanese 灯籠.
Borrowed from Māori.
Japanese トロ
Borrowed from Spanish Toro.
consumption
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *upó
Proto-Italic *supo
Latin sub
Latin sub-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁em-der.
Proto-Italic *emō
Latin emō
Latin sūmō
Latin cōnsūmō
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Latin cōnsūmptiōder.
Old French consumpcionbor.
Middle English consumpcioun
English consumption
From Middle English consumpcioun, from Old French consumpcion, from Latin cōnsūmptiō, from cōnsūmō + -tiō, from con- (“with, together”) + sūmō (“take; consume”). Equivalent to consume + -tion.
minimum
Learned borrowing from Latin minimum, neuter form of minimus (“least, smallest”).
mega
From the prefix mega-, from Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas, “great, large, mighty”).
micro
From micro-, typically as shortened forms for modern words formed with the prefix, ultimately from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”).
crook
From Middle English croke, crok, from Old English *crōc (“hook, bend, crook”), from Proto-West Germanic *krōk, from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“bend, hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *greg- (“tracery, basket, bend”).
Cognate with Dutch kreuk (“a bend, fold, wrinkle”), Middle Low German kroke, krake (“fold, wrinkle”), Danish krog (“crook, hook”), Swedish krok (“crook, hook”), Icelandic krókur (“hook”).
Compare typologically Czech křivák (< křivý < Proto-Slavic *krivъ, whence also *krivьda).
From Middle English crooken, croken, crokien, from Old English *crōcian, from Proto-West Germanic *krōkōn (“to bend, wrinkle”), from the noun (see above). Cognate with Dutch kreuken (“to crease, rumple”), German Low German kröken (“to bend, offend, suppress”).
* The English surname is derived from the noun crook (“bend, hook”).
* The places in Durham and Cumbria are of Brythonic origin, from crug (“hill, mound”).
staff
From Middle English staf, from Old English stæf (“letter of the alphabet”), from Proto-West Germanic *stab, from Proto-Germanic *stabaz. Cognate with Dutch staf, German Stab, Danish stav, Swedish stav.
Sense of "group of military officers that assists a commander" and similar meanings, attested from 1702, is influenced by or is even from German Stab.
kaj
From Armenian քաջ (kʻaǰ), քաջք (kʻaǰkʻ).
accusement
Etymology tree
Middle French acusementbor.
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Proto-Italic *ad-
Latin ad-
Proto-Italic *kaussā
Old Latin caussa
Latin causa
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin accūsārelbor.
Old French acuserbor.
Middle English acusen
English accuse
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥tom
Proto-Italic *-məntom
Latin -mentum
Old French -mentbor.
Middle English -ment
English -ment
English accusement
From Middle French acusement; later uses reformed from accuse + -ment.
cauliflower
From 16th century cole-florye, equivalent to cole (from Latin caulis) + flower, reformed to more closely match the Latin etymon. Cognate with French chou-fleur, Italian cavolfiore.
enumerate
First attested in 1600–1650; borrowed from Latin enumerātus, the perfect passive participle of enumerō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix). Participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.
gamble
From earlier gamel, from Middle English *gamlen, *gamelen, variant of Middle English gamenen, from Old English gæmnian, gamnian, gamenian (“to joke; play”), related to Old English gamen (“joy; mirth; pleasure; entertainment; pastime; sport; game”), equivalent to game + -le. Compare Old Danish gammel, Middle High German gamel (“pleasure; fun”). More at game.
From the Old Norse byname gamall (“old”), which was occasionally used in North England during the Middle Ages as a personal name.
vodka
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wed-
Proto-Indo-European *-r̥
Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥
Proto-Balto-Slavic *wandō
Proto-Slavic *voda
Old East Slavic вода (voda)
Russian вода́ (vodá)
Proto-Slavic *-ьka
Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂der.
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ
Proto-Slavic *-ъka
Russian -ка (-ka)
Russian во́дка (vódka)bor.
English vodka
Borrowed from Russian во́дка (vódka), from вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka, “-let: forming diminutives”). The archaic Russian name for vodka was хле́бное вино́ (xlébnoje vinó, “grain wine”); V. Pokhlyobkin's research suggests the present name derived from expressions concerning the dilution of the initial pure distilled spirit such as "vodka of grain wine".
Cognates include Sanskrit उदक (udaka), Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) → English hydro-, English whisky and English water.
octillion
From French octillion. By surface analysis, oct- (“eight”) + -illion.
mania
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *men-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *mn̥yétorder.
Proto-Hellenic *məňňómai
Ancient Greek μαίνομαι (maínomai)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ία (-ía)
Ancient Greek μᾰνῐ́ᾱ (mănĭ́ā)der.
Latin maniabor.
English mania
Borrowed from Latin mania, from Ancient Greek μανία (manía, “madness”).
From Latin Mania, related to manes (“spirits of the dead”).
marathon
From French marathon, coined in 1894 by linguist Michel Bréal for the first modern time Olympic Games after Ancient Greek Μαραθών (Marathṓn), a town northeast of Athens. Phidippides the Greek ran the distance from Marathon to Athens to deliver a message regarding the Battle of Marathon. The modern sport of marathon running is based on a run approximately the same distance. The toponym itself comes from μάραθον (márathon, “fennel”) and refers to the prevalence of the plant in the area.
From Ancient Greek Μαραθών (Marathṓn). Doublet of marathon.
net
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *neHd-
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Germanic *natją
Proto-West Germanic *nati
Old English nett
Middle English net
English net
From Middle English net, from Old English net, nett, from Proto-West Germanic *nati, from Proto-Germanic *natją (“net”), from Proto-Indo-European *neHd- (“to knot, turn, twist”).
Cognates
Cognate with North Frisian näät (“net”), Saterland Frisian Nät (“net”), West Frisian and Dutch net (“net”), German and Luxembourgish Netz (“net”), Yiddish נעץ (nets, “net”), Danish, Elfdalian, Faroese, and Icelandic net (“net”), Norwegian Bokmål nett (“net”), Norwegian Nynorsk net, nett (“net”), Swedish nät (“net”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹 (nati, “net”).
From Middle English net, nette, from Old French net, from Latin nitidus. Doublet of neat and nitid.
Borrowed from Middle French nettoyer (“to cleanse”).
navel
From Middle English navel, navele, from Old English nafola, from Proto-West Germanic *nabulō, from Proto-Germanic *nabalô (“navel”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nóbʰōl (“navel”), diminutive of *h₃nebʰ- (“hub; navel”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian nâle (“navel”), Dutch navel (“navel”), German Nabel (“navel”), Vilamovian nowuł (“navel”), Yiddish נאָפּל (nopl, “navel”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, and Norwegian Nynorsk navle (“navel”), Icelandic nafli (“navel”), Swedish navel (“navel”); also Irish imleacán (“navel”), Scottish Gaelic ilmeag, imleag (“navel; nave”), Latin umbilīcus (“navel”), Greek αφαλός (afalós), ομφαλός (omfalós, “navel”), Old Prussian nabis (“navel”), Armenian անիվ (aniv, “wheel”), Central Kurdish ناوک (nawik, “navel”), Persian ناف (nâf, “navel”), Sanskrit नाभि (nābhi, “navel; centre”),
Doublet of omphalos. More at nave.
side
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-der.
Proto-Germanic *sīdaz
Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ
Old English sīde
Middle English side
English side
From Middle English side, from Old English sīde (“side, flank”), from Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ (“side, flank, edge, shore”), derived from *sīdaz, probably from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“long, lasting”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Siede (“side”), West Frisian side (“side”), Dutch zijde, zij (“side”), German Low German Sied (“side”), German Seite (“side”), Danish and Norwegian side (“side”), Swedish sida (“side”).
The LGBTQ slang sense was coined by sex therapist and author Joe Kort in 2010 and popularized in 2013. The sense was coined by analogy with top and bottom and based on the metaphor of a box which has a top, bottom, and sides.
From Middle English side, syde, syd, from Old English sīd (“wide, broad, spacious, ample, extensive, vast, far-reaching”), from Proto-West Germanic *sīd, from Proto-Germanic *sīdaz (“drooping, hanging, low, excessive, extra”), from Proto-Indo-European *sēy- (“to send, throw, drop, sow, deposit”). Cognate with obsolete Dutch zijd (“wide, vast”), Low German sied (“low”), Swedish sid (“long, hanging down”), Icelandic síður (“low hanging, long”).
From Latin Side, from Ancient Greek Σίδη (Sídē).
Chichewa
Etymology tree
Proto-Bantu *kɪ̀-
Chichewa chi-
Chichewa Chi-
Chichewa -cheŵa
Chichewa Chicheŵáder.
English Chichewa
From Chichewa Chicheŵa, from chi- (“language”) + Cheŵa.
sloop
Borrowed from Dutch sloep. Doublet of chalupa and shallop.
mast
From Middle English mast, from Old English mæst (“mast”), from Proto-West Germanic *mast, from Proto-Germanic *mastaz (“mast, sail-pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *mazdos (“pole, mast”).
Cognate with Dutch mast, German Mast, and via Indo-European with Latin mālus, Russian мост (most, “bridge”), Irish adhmad.
From Old English mæst (“fallen nuts, food for swine”) and mæstan (“to fatten”), from West Germanic; probably related to meat.
From French masse, with -t probably after Etymology 1, above.
* As a Dutch surname, from the noun mast (“mast (pole on a ship)”).
* Also as a Dutch surname, from the noun mast (“fodder”).
* As a German and Alemannic German surname, from the noun Mast (“fat”), itself related to the sense of "fodder" above.
accustomance
From Middle English acustumaunce, from Old French accoustumance (Modern French accoutumance). By surface analysis, accustom + -ance.
switch
Perhaps from Middle Dutch swijch (“twig”), first attested in c. 1592. The mechanical device for altering the direction of something sense is first attested in c. 1797, pertaining to pivoted rails on minecart railways, which were once wooden.
jib
Attested since the 1680s (also spelled jibe and gybe), perhaps from Dutch gijben (a variant of gijpen (“to turn sails suddenly”), whence certainly the form jibe) or else from Danish gibbe (“jib, jibe”), related to Swedish gippa (“jib, jibe, jerk, make jump”). Compare also Middle High German gempeln (“to spring”), Swedish guppa (“to move up and down”), Swedish gumpa (“to jump, spring”). See jump.
From Middle English gibbe (“a swelling or protrusion in the body”), from Old French gibbe and/or Medieval Latin gibba (“hump”).
simultaneous
From Medieval Latin simultaneus, from simultim (“at the same time, extended”), from Latin simul (“together, at the same time”); compare similar.
jibe
Uncertain; possibly from Old French giber (“to engage in horseplay; to play roughly in sport”). Compare English jib (“usually of a horse: to stop and refuse to go forward”), Old Norse geipa (“to talk nonsense”).
The noun is derived from the verb.
requiem
From Middle English requiem, from Latin requiem, the first word of the introit for the traditional requiem mass, an alternative accusative case of Latin requiēs (“rest, repose”), from re- (“again”) + quiēs (“rest, quiet”).
acentric
From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”, privative prefix) + κέντρο (kéntro, “a point, a center”). By surface analysis, a- + centric.
acephal
From Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). Compare French acéphale, Late Latin acephalus. Doublet of acephalus.
acephalocyst
From Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”) + κύστις (kústis, “bladder”).
acephalous
From French acéphale, from Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). By surface analysis, a- + -cephalous.
acerb
From Latin acerbus, from Latin ācer (“sharp”): compare French acerbe. See acrid.
Charles
From French Charles, from Old French Charles, Carles, from Latin Carolus, from and also reinfluenced by Frankish and Old High German Karl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”); compare the English word churl and the German Kerl. In reference to the Ecuadorian island, a clipping of the original name King Charles's Island, granted in honor of Charles II of England.
Christopher
From Late Latin Christophorus, from Koine Greek Χρῑστόφορος (Khrīstóphoros, “carrier of Christ”), from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós, “Christ”) + φόρος (phóros, “carrier, bearer”), from φέρειν (phérein, “to carry, to bear”) + -ος (-os, “-er: forming agent nouns”), from the legend of Saint Christopher carrying the infant Jesus across a river.
Daniel
From Middle English Daniel, Daniell, from Ancient Greek Δᾱνῑήλ (Dānīḗl), from Hebrew דָּנִיֵּאל (daniyél, literally “God is my judge”), name borne from the prophet whose story is told in the Book of Daniel.
ship
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sek-?
Proto-Indo-European *-éyti
Proto-Indo-European *skey-der.?
Proto-Germanic *skipą
Proto-West Germanic *skip
Old English scip
Middle English schip
English ship
From Middle English ship, schip, from Old English sċip, from Proto-West Germanic *skip, from Proto-Germanic *skipą, from Proto-Indo-European *skēyb-, *skib-. More at shift.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian skip, Dutch schip, German Schiff, Yiddish שיף (shif), Danish skib, Norwegian skip, Swedish skepp. Related also to Lithuanian skiẽbti (“to rip up”), Latvian škibît (“to cut, lop”).
Compare typologically boat, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd-.
From Middle English schippen, schipen, from Old English sċipian, from Proto-West Germanic *skipōn, from Proto-Germanic *skipōną, from Proto-Germanic *skipą (“ship”). Doublet of equip.
textile
Borrowed from Latin textile, substantive use of textilis (“woven”), from texō (“weave”).
peat
Inherited from Northern Middle English pete (recorded in Latin text as peta), of uncertain origin; perhaps from a Celtic language such as an unattested Pictish or Brythonic source, in turn possibly from Proto-Brythonic *peθ (“portion, segment, piece”); if so, it would be a doublet of piece.
Probably from Middle Dutch pete (“godmother or godfather”) (modern Dutch peet (“godparent, old woman, grandmother; godchild”)), related to dialectal German Pfette, Pfetter (“godfather; godchild”)), German Pate (“godfather, sponsor”), Patin (“godmother”). Or alternatively, related to pet (“a favourite”).
From a Middle English pet-form of Peter.
visa
From 1831, "official signature or endorsement on a passport," from French visa, from Latin charta vīsa (“paper that has been seen”) from feminine perfect passive of Latin vidēre (“to see”). Compare vision, video, vista.
smegma
From Latin, borrowed from Ancient Greek σμῆγμα (smêgma), alternative form of σμῆμα (smêma, “soap, detergent”), from σμάω (smáō, “to wipe, clean”).
acerbic
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós
Proto-Italic *akris
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Proto-Italic *akriðos
Latin acerbusder.
English acerbic
Attested since the 17th century, from Latin acerbus (“sour, bitter”).
acerbitude
Learned borrowing from Latin acerbitudo, from acerbus (“bitter, severe”)
jambe
From Middle English jambe, jaumbe, French jambe. Doublet of gam, gamb, gamba, and jamb.
jambon
Borrowed from French jambon (“ham”). Doublet of gammon and jamon.
harp
From Middle English harpe, from Old English hearpe (“harp”), from Proto-West Germanic *harpā, from Proto-Germanic *harpǭ (“harp”). Cognate with Scots hairp (“harp”), West Frisian harpe, harp (“harp”), Low German Harp (“harp”), Dutch harp (“harp”), German Harfe (“harp”), Danish harpe (“harp”), Swedish harpa (“harp”).
splinter
From Middle English splenter, splinter, from Middle Dutch splinter, equivalent to splint + -er.
Borrowed from Dutch and North German Splinter.
protagonist
From Ancient Greek πρωταγωνιστής (prōtagōnistḗs, “a chief actor”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “a combatant, pleader, actor”). By surface analysis, prot- (“first”) + agonist (“combatant, participant”).
android
Learned borrowing from New Latin androides, from Ancient Greek ἀνδρός (andrós, genitive of ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man, human”)) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, itself from εἶδος (eîdos, “form, image, shape, appearance, look”)). By surface analysis, andr- + -oid.
proctor
Inherited from Middle English procatour, procutour, contraction of procuratour; compare proxy. Doublet of procurator and procurer.
birthday
From Middle English birthdai, birtheday, from Old English ġebyrddæġ (“birthday”), influenced by Old Norse burðr, equivalent to birth + day. Compare Saterland Frisian Gebuursdai (“birthday”), Dutch geboortedag (“birthday”), Low German Geboortsdag (“birthday”), German Geburtstag (“birthday”), Norwegian bursdag, gebursdag (“birthday”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English nativitee (“birth, nativity, birthday”), from Old French nativité, nativited, from Latin nātīvitas.
acerose
From Latin acerōsus (“chaffy”), aceris + -ōsus, from root of acus (“chaff”).
acerous
From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κέρας (kéras, “horn”).
acervate
From Latin acervātus, perfect passive participle of acervō (“heap or pile up”), from acervus (“heap”).
acescent
Borrowed from Latin acēscēns, acēscentis, present participle of acēscēre (“to turn sour”), inchoative of acēre (“to be sour”): compare French acescent.
acetabuliferous
Latin acetabuliferosa, from acetabulum (“little cup”) + -ferous
acetabuliform
From New Latin acetabuliformis, from acetabulum (“saucer”) + -form.
acetabulum
Learned borrowing from Latin acētābulum (“vinegar saucer, 1/48 congius”), from acētum (“vinegar”) + -bulum (“-bule: a vessel for”).
acetarious
From Latin acētāria (“salad”, plural noun) + -ous, the former from acētum (“vinegar”), from aceō (“to be sour”).
needle
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-trom
Proto-Indo-European *-tlom
Proto-Indo-European *(s)néh₁tlom
Proto-Germanic *nēþlą
Proto-Germanic *-ō
Proto-Germanic *nēþlō
Proto-West Germanic *nāþlu
Old English nǣdl
Middle English nedle
English needle
From Middle English nedle, from Old English nǣdl, from Proto-West Germanic *nāþlu, from Proto-Germanic *nēþlō, from pre-Germanic *neh₁-tleh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin, twist”).
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Näddele (“sewing needle”), Dutch naald (“needle”), German Nadel (“needle, pin, crochet hook”), nähen (“sew”), Luxembourgish Nol (“needle”), Vilamovian nöłd (“needle”), Yiddish נאָדל (nodl, “needle, pin”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, Swedish nål (“needle”), Elfdalian ną̊l (“needle”), Faroese, Icelandic nál (“needle”), Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰 (nēþla, “sewing needle”), Finnish neula (“needle”). Further related with Welsh nyddu, Latin nēre, Sanskrit स्नायति (snāyati, “wraps up, winds”). Related to snood.
Englishwoman
From Middle English Englishwoman, equivalent to English + -woman. Compare Englishman.
cryptology
From crypto- + -logy, from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”) + λόγος (lógos, “word”); originally after Latin cryptologia, which is apparently first recorded in an English context.
acetic
From French acétique, from Latin acētum (“vinegar”), from acēre (“to be sour”). By surface analysis, acet- + -ic.
acetification
Circa 1733. Directly or via French acétification, from New Latin acētificātiō, from acētum (“vinegar”) + -ficātiō, from faciō (“to make”).
acetify
From Latin acetum (“vinegar”) + -fy or back-formation from acetification.
Christmas
The proper noun is derived from Middle English Cristemasse, Criste-mas (“Christmas Day; season of Christmas; Christmas festivities”) [and other forms], from Old English Cristes mæsse (“Christmas”, literally “Christ’s mass”), from Crist (“Christ”) + -es (possessive marker) + mæsse (“a mass (celebration of the Eucharist)”). The English word is analysable as Christ + -mas (suffix denoting a holiday or sacred day). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Kristmisse (“Christmas”), West Frisian Krystmis (“Christmas”), Dutch Kerstmis (“Christmas”), German Low German Karstmis (“Christmas”).
The noun, adjective, and verb are derived from the proper noun.
Adjective etymology 1, adjective sense 1 (“red and green in color”) refers to these colors being traditionally associated with Christmas.
homogeneous
From Medieval Latin homogeneus, from Ancient Greek ὁμογενής (homogenḗs, “of the same race, family or kind”), from ὁμός (homós, “same”) + γένος (génos, “kind”). Compare homo- (“same”) and -ous (adjectival suffix).
armistice
From Late Latin armistitium, from Latin arma (“arms, weapons”) + sistēre (from sistō (“to halt, stand still”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand up”)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). The word is cognate with French armistice, Italian armistizio, Portuguese armistício, Spanish armisticio.
chop
From Middle English choppen, chappen (“to chop”), of uncertain origin, possibly onomatopoeic, or a variant of chap (“to become cracked”).
Cognate with Scots chap (“to chop”). Compare also Saterland Frisian kappe, kapje (“to hack; chop; lop off”), Dutch kappen (“to chop, cut, hew”), German Low German kappen (“to cut off; clip”), German kappen (“to cut; clip”), German dialectal chapfen, kchapfen (“to chop into small pieces”), Albanian copë (“piece, chunk”), Old English *ċippian (in forċippian (“to cut off”)). Perhaps related to chip.
From Middle English choppe (“jaw, jawbone”), related to Middle English cheppe (“one side of the jaw, chap”). Perhaps ultimately related to Etymology 1 above.
Borrowed from Hindi छाप (chāp, “stamp”). Closely related to the similarly descended Malay word cap, which likely reinforced the English usage within the Malay world.
Derived from Ukrainian Чоп (Čop)
hilarity
From Latin hilaritās (“cheerfulness”), from hilaris (“cheerful”), from Ancient Greek ἱλαρός (hilarós, “cheerful”). By surface analysis, Latin hilar(ō) + -i- + -ty.
destructive
From Middle English destructyve, from Middle French destructif, from Latin dēstrūctīvus, from past participle of dēstruere (“to tear down, destroy”) + -īvus.
cheesy
From Middle English chesy, equivalent to cheese + -y. Doublet of caseic.
Compare German käsig (“cheesy”).
respective
Borrowed from Medieval Latin respectivus, from Latin respectus. By surface analysis, respect + -ive.