MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
joy
The noun is from Middle English joye, borrowed from Old French joie, from Late Latin gaudia, neuter plural (mistaken as feminine singular) of Latin gaudium (“joy”), from gaudēre (“to be glad, rejoice”). Doublet of jo and gaudy (“Oxford college reunion”). Displaced native Old English ġefēa.
The interjection is from the noun.
The verb is from Middle English joyen, joȝen, joien, from Old French jöir, from the Old French noun (see above).
via
Borrowed from Latin via (“road”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-. Possible doublet of way.
The sense in electronics is also explained as vertical interconnect access.
Borrowed from Latin viā (“by the way (of)”), ablative singular of via (“way, road”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.
Compare typologically Polish drogą, Russian путём (putjóm).
crystal
From Middle English crystal, cristal, criȝstall, representing a merger of Old English cristalla (from Latin crystallus) and Anglo-Norman cristall, Old French cristal (from Latin crystallum). The Latin is derived from Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”), from Proto-Indo-European *krews- (“hard, hard outer surface, crust”).
diamond
From Middle English dyamaunt, from Old French diamant, from Late Latin diamās, from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμᾱς (adámās, “diamond”). Doublet of adamant. The printing sense is a calque of Dutch diamant, used by Dirck Voskens who first cut it around 1700; compare pearl, ruby (“size of type between pearl and nonpareil”).
* As a female given name, from diamond (gemstone).
* As a German surname, Anglicized form of Diamant.
* As a Irish surname, Anglicized form of Irish Ó Diamáin.
sunrise
From Middle English sonne-rys, sunne ryse, equivalent to sun + rise. Compare Middle English son risyng, sunne rijsyng, sonne-rysing (“sunrise”, literally “sun rising”).
envelope
PIE word
 *h₁én
From French enveloppe. The engineering sense is derived from flight envelope. The verb is from the noun.
symphonia
From Ancient Greek σῠμφωνῐ́ᾱ (sŭmphōnĭ́ā). Doublet of sinfonia, symphony, tsampouna, and zampogna. By surface analysis, sym- + -phonia.
lyra
From Ancient Greek λῠ́ρᾱ (lŭ́rā) or Modern Greek λύρα (lýra). Doublet of lira, Lyra, and lyre.
Borrowed from Latin Lyra/lyra, from Ancient Greek λύρα (lúra, “a lyre; the constellation Lyra”). Doublet of lira, lyra, and lyre.
alce
Learned borrowing from Latin alcē. Doublet of Alcis, Algiz, and elk.
Possibly from Ancient Greek ἀλκή (alkḗ, “courage, prowess; guard, defense”).
harpe
From Ancient Greek ἅρπη (hárpē).
From Middle English harpe.
teeth
From Middle English teth, plural of tothe, from Old English tēþ, nominative plural of tōþ, from earlier *tœ̄þ, from Proto-Germanic *tanþiz, nominative plural of *tanþs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dóntes, nominative plural of *h₃dónts.
liber
From Latin liber (“the inner bark of a tree; book”). See libel.
liberator
From Latin līberātor (“one who sets free”), from līberāre, past participle līberātus (“to set free”); see liberate.
libra
From Latin lībra (“pound”), partially via Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese libra. Doublet of arratel, libbra, Libra, lira, litra, litre, livre, and rottol.
From Latin lībra (“scales, balance”), calque of Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zugón), calque of Akkadian 𒀯𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈 (ᵐᵘˡzibānītum, “scales”), from Sumerian 𒀯𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾 (ᵐᵘˡZI.BA.AN.NA, “scales”). Doublet of arratel, libbra, libra, lira, litra, litre, livre, and rottol.
heuristic
Irregular formation from Ancient Greek εὑρίσκω (heurískō, “I find, discover”) (compare the proper Greek term εὑρετικός (heuretikós)).
calamari
Borrowed from Italian calamari, plural of calamaro, from Latin calamarius, from calamus, from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed, ink pen”).
Borrowed from Italian Calamari.
cafeteria
Borrowed from Mexican Spanish cafetería (“coffeehouse”), from cafetera (“coffee maker”), from French cafetière, from café, from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve) (Turkish kahve), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee”). Doublet of cafetière.
anaconda
From New Latin anacandaia (“python”), originally referring to a species of constrictor found in Sri Lanka, from Sinhalese හෙනකඳයා (henakaⁿdayā, “whip snake”), from හෙණ (heṇa, “lightning, thunderbolt”) + කඳ (kaⁿda, “stem, trunk, body”) or from Tamil ஆனைக்கொன்றான் (āṉaikkoṉṟāṉ, “having killed an elephant”), from ஆனை (āṉai, “elephant”) + கொன்றான் (koṉṟāṉ, “having killed”).
bottomless
From Middle English botemles, botmeles, equivalent to bottom + -less.
Cognate with West Frisian boaiemleas (“bottomless”), Dutch bodemloos (“bottomless”), German Low German boddenloos (“bottomless”), German bodenlos (“bottomless”), Swedish bottenlös (“bottomless”), Icelandic botnlaus (“bottomless”).
anal
Borrowed from Latin ānālis. By surface analysis, anus + -al.
Psychological sense shortened from anal-retentive.
dress
PIE word
 *dwís
The verb is from Middle English dressen, dresse (“to arrange, put in order”), from Anglo-Norman, Old French dresser, drecier (modern French dresser), from Late Latin *dīrēctiāre (“to guide, direct”), from Classical Latin dīrēctus, whence English direct. Further akin to Latin regō.
The noun is derived from the verb.
Compare typologically adorn (<< Latin ōrnō < ōrdō, whence also ōrdinō, English order, ornament); Russian наряжа́ть (narjažátʹ), наря́д (narjád) (akin to ряд (rjad), поря́док (porjádok)).
gale
From Middle English galen, from Old English galan (“to sing, enchant, call, cry, scream; sing charms, practice incantation”), from Proto-Germanic *galaną (“to roop, sing, charm”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, scream, charm away”). Cognate with Danish gale (“to crow”), Swedish gala (“to crow”), Icelandic gala (“to sing, chant, crow”), Dutch galm (“echo, sound, noise”). Related to yell.
From Middle English gale (“a wind, breeze”), possibly from Old English galan, possibly an unknown North Germanic origin, related to Icelandic gola (“a breeze”), Danish gal (“furious, mad”), both from Old Norse gala (“to sing”), and thus ultimately related to the above word (etymology 1).
From Middle English gaile, gawl, gawwyl, gaȝel, gagel, from Old English gagel, gagelle, gagille, gagolle (“gale; sweet gale”), from Proto-West Germanic *gagul, from Proto-Germanic *gagulaz (“gale; sweet-willow”). Cognate with Scots gaul, gall (“bog-myrtle”), Dutch gagel (“wild myrtle”), German Gagel (“myrtle-bush”), Icelandic gaglviður (“sweet-gale; myrtle”).
From Middle English gavel (“rent; tribute”), from Old English gafol.
Bache
* As an English and German surname, spelling variant of Bach.
* As a German and French surname, from a pet form of Bartholomaeus.
* Americanized from the Norwegian and Danish surname Bakke.
Possibly a dialectal form of Middle English *becck, *betch, from to Old English *becc (“stream”), from Proto-Germanic *bakjaz (“brook”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰog- (“flowing water, stream”). Cognate with Old Norse bekkr (“brook”). More at beck.
Bann
From Irish an Bhanna (“the river goddess”), from ban (“woman”) + dia (“goddess, deity”).
Borrowed from German Bann.
berg
Borrowed from Afrikaans berg. Doublet of barrow and bergh.
From German Berg or Swedish berg, either term meaning hill or mountain.
flatulence
From French flatulence, ultimately from Latin flō (“breathe, blow”).
Boden
* As a north/Low German surname, derived from the personal name Bode, from the noun meaning "messenger" (Old Saxon bodo).
* As a German surname, from the noun Boden (“bottom”). Compare Bottom.
* As a Swedish surname, from the noun bod (“small hut”). Compare Bodin.
* As an Irish surname, from Ó Buadáin (“descendant of Buadán”), see Bowden.
* As an English surname, variant of Bawden.
just
From Middle English juste, from Old French juste, from Latin iūstus (“just, lawful, rightful, true, due, proper, moderate”), from Proto-Italic *jowestos, related to Latin iūs (“law, right”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-. Compare Scots juist (“just”), Saterland Frisian juust (“just”), West Frisian just (“just”), Dutch juist (“just”), German Low German jüst (“jüst”), German just (“just”), Danish just (“just”), Swedish just (“just”). Doublet of giusto.
Variation of joust, presumably ultimately from Latin iuxta (“near, besides”).
egg on
* From Middle English eggen (“to incite; urge on; instigate”), from Old Norse eggja (“to incite”), from egg (“edge”). More at edge.
* A variant of the archaic "edge on."
zotheca
Ultimately from Ancient Greek ζωθήκη (zōthḗkē).
metropolis
Borrowed from Late Latin mētropolis, from Ancient Greek μητρόπολις (mētrópolis, “mother city”), from μήτηρ (mḗtēr, “mother”) + πόλις (pólis, “city (state)”). By surface analysis, metro- + -polis. Doublet of metropole.
exaggerate
Borrowed from Latin exaggerātus, perfect passive participle of exaggerō (“to heap up, increase, enlarge, magnify, amplify, exaggerate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from ex- (“out, up”) + aggerō, aggerāre (“to heap up”), from agger (“a pile, heap, mound, dike, mole, pier, etc.”), from aggerō, aggerere (“to bear, carry to (some place), bring together”), from ad- (“to, toward”) + gerō (“to carry”).
top
From Middle English top, toppe, from Old English topp (“top, highest part; summit; crest; tassel, tuft; (spinning) top, ball; a tuft or ball at the highest point of anything”), from Proto-West Germanic *topp, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“braid, pigtail, end”), of unknown ultimate origin. Compare typologically Latin apex (<< Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep- (“to join, attach, fasten, fit”)).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Top (“top”), Cimbrian sòpf (“braid”), Dutch top (“top, summit, peak”), German Topp (“top of a mast”), Zopf (“braid, pigtail, plait, top”), Luxembourgish Zapp (“plait, tress”), Vilamovian cöp (“braid, plait”), Yiddish צאָפּ (tsop, “braid”), Danish top (“top”), Icelandic toppur (“top”), Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish topp (“top, peak, summit, tip”), Italian zuffa (“brawl”).
The sense of a spinning toy is separated from this, obscurely related to Dutch top and dop in this sense, against Standard Dutch tol, and French toupie having this sense.
Borrowed from Dutch and German Top.
obviate
First attested in 1567; borrowed from Latin obviātus, perfect passive participle of obviō (“to block, to hinder”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
Borrowed from Latin obviātus, see Etymology 1, -ate (noun-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
spice
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti
Proto-Italic *spekjō
Late Latin speciō
Late Latin -iēs
Late Latin speciēs
Old French espicebor.
Anglo-Norman specebor.
Middle English spice
English spice
Inherited from Middle English spice, from Old French espice (modern épice), from Late Latin speciēs (“spice, good, ware”), from Latin speciēs (“kind, sort”). Doublet of species.
libido
Learned borrowing from Latin libīdō (“lust, desire”). Used originally in psychoanalytic contexts.
placebo
Inherited from Middle English placebo, borrowed from Latin placēbō (“I will please”), the first-person singular future active indicative of placeō (“to please”).
herb
From Middle English herbe, erbe, from Old French erbe (French herbe), from Latin herba. Initial h was restored to the spelling in the 15th century on the basis of Latin, but it remained mute until the 19th century and still is for many speakers. Doublet of yerba.
Khmer
From Khmer ខ្មែរ (khmae).
Attributed to the Pali term khemara (“one who is wholesome”). The elision form, ក្មេរ (kmera), is found in ancient stone inscriptions, or a borrowing from Northern Khmer เขมร (/⁠khmɛːr⁠/).
Phnom Penh
From Khmer ភ្នំពេញ (phnum pɨñ, literally “Penh’s hill”).
hierophant
From Ancient Greek ἱεροφάντης (hierophántēs, from ἱερός (hierós, “holy”) + φαίνω (phaínō, “I show, make known”)).
tsarina
Via Italian czarina or Spanish czarina, from German Czarin, Zarin, feminine form of Czar, Zar. By surface analysis, tsar + -ina.
tartan
The noun is an unadapted borrowing from Scots tartan, from Old Scots tartane, tertane, probably from Old French tertaine, tiretaine (“cloth of wool mixed with cotton or linen”), probably from tiret (“kind of precious cloth”) + -aine modelled after futaine (“woven cloth made from cotton mixed with linen or silk”). Tiret is derived from tire (“kind of silk cloth”), from Medieval Latin tyrium (“cloth dyed with Tyrian purple”), a noun use of Latin tyrium, an inflection of tyrius (“of Tyre, Tyrian”), from Latin Tyrus (“Phoenician city of Tyre (in modern Lebanon)”) (from Ancient Greek Τῠ́ρος (Tŭ́ros), from Phoenician 𐤑𐤓 (ṣr)) + -ius (suffix forming adjectives).
Another suggestion is that the Scots noun is from Middle English tartaryn (“rich cloth (probably silk) imported from the East, probably from China through Tartary”), from Old French (drap) tartarin (literally “cloth of Tartary”), from Medieval Latin Tartarīnus (“of Tartary or the Tatars”), from Latin Tartarus, Tatarus (“Tatar person”) + -īnus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). However, the Oxford English Dictionary notes that tartarin referred to a more expensive fabric.
Noun etymology 1, noun sense 2.2 (“type of fly used in fly fishing”) may refer to its use in Scotland: see the 1837 quotation. Etymology 1, noun sense 2.3 (“young person who is a member of a Protestant gang in Northern Ireland”) is from the fact that they were traditionally supporters of Rangers Football Club based in Glasgow, Scotland.
The adjective is from an attributive use of the noun, while the verb is also derived from the noun.
Borrowed from French tartane, from Italian tartana; further origin uncertain, said to be from Arabic طَرِيدَة (ṭarīda, “type of fast ship”) but according to the Oxford English Dictionary there is insufficient evidence for this.
Borrowed from Hebrew תַּרְתָּן (tartān) (translated into English in versions of the Old Testament of the Bible: see the quotations), from the Assyrian dialect of Akkadian 𒌉𒋫𒉡 (tur-ta-nu).
wag
From Middle English waggen, probably from Old English wagian (“to wag, wave, shake”) with reinforcement from Old Norse vaga (“to wag, waddle”); both from Proto-Germanic *wagōną (“to wag”). Related to English way.
The verb may be regarded as an iterative or emphatic form of waw (verb), which is often nearly synonymous; it was used, e.g., of a loose tooth. Parallel formations from the same root are the Old Norse vagga feminine, cradle (Swedish vagga, Danish vugge), Swedish vagga (“to rock a cradle”), vugge (“to rock a cradle”), Dutch wagen (“to move”), early modern German waggen (dialectal German wacken) to waver, totter. Compare waggle, verb
clothes
From Middle English clothes, cloþes, plural of cloth, cloþ (“cloth, garment”), from Old English clāþas (“clothes”), plural of clāþ (“cloth”), equivalent to cloth + -es. Cognate with Scots clathes, claes (“clothes”), Danish klæder, Norwegian Bokmål klær, Norwegian Nynorsk klede, German Kleider.
bare
From Middle English bare, bar, from Old English bær (“bare, naked, open”), from Proto-West Germanic *baʀ, from Proto-Germanic *bazaz (“bare, naked”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰosós, from *bʰos- (“bare, barefoot”).
Cognate with Scots bare, bair (“bare”), Saterland Frisian bar (“bare”), West Frisian baar (“bare”), Dutch bar (“bare”), German bar (“bare”), Swedish bar (“bare”), Icelandic ber (“bare”), Lithuanian basas (“barefoot, bare”), Polish bosy (“barefoot”).
From Middle English baren, from Old English barian, from Proto-Germanic *bazōną (“to bare, make bare”).
naked
From Middle English naked, from Old English nacod, from Proto-West Germanic *nak(k)wad, from Proto-Germanic *nakwadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“naked”). Doublet of nude (remotely).
ton
Variant of tun (“cask”), influenced by Old French tonne (“ton”).
Borrowed from French ton (“manner”), from Latin tonus. Doublet of tone, tune, and tonus.
naturism
Borrowed from French naturisme. By surface analysis, natur(e) + -ism.
whole
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos
Proto-Germanic *hailaz
Proto-West Germanic *hail
Old English hāl
Middle English hol
English whole
From Middle English whol, hol, hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”), from Old English hāl (“healthy, safe”), from Proto-West Germanic *hail, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, safe, sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”).
The spelling with wh-, attested since ca. 1400, represents an excrescent /w/, which developed in words with initial /(h)ɔː/, /(h)oː/ in southwestern dialects of Middle English. While this pronunciation did not establish itself in the standard language (except in one), the spelling survived in whole and whore, in the former case likely reinforced by a desire to disambiguate from hole.
Cognates
Compare West Frisian hiel, Low German heel/heil, Dutch heel, German heil, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål hel, Norwegian Nynorsk heil; also Welsh coel (“omen”), Breton kel (“omen, mention”), Old Prussian kails (“healthy”), Old Church Slavonic цѣлъ (cělŭ, “healthy, unhurt”). Related to hale, health, hail, hallow, heal, and holy. False cognate of Ancient Greek ὅλος (hólos).
neger
Perhaps from Middle French nègre, from Spanish negro; or perhaps a variant of nigger.
anecdote
Late 17ᵗʰ c., from French anecdote, from Ancient Greek ἀνέκδοτος (anékdotos, “accounts unpublished”), from ἀν- (an-, “not, un-”) + ἔκδοτος (ékdotos, “published”), from ἐκδίδωμι (ekdídōmi, “I publish”), from ἐκ- (ek-, “out”) + δίδωμι (dídōmi, “I give”).
Virtually identical cognates in other European languages – French anecdote, German Anekdote, Spanish anécdota, among others.
value
From Middle English valew, value, from Old French value, feminine past participle of valoir, from Latin valēre (“be strong, be worth”), from Proto-Italic *walēō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong”).
vehicle
Borrowed from French véhicule, from Latin vehiculum (“a carriage, conveyance”), from vehere (“to carry”).
Persia
From Latin Persia, from Ancient Greek Περσίς (Persís), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /⁠pārsa⁠/).
rude
From Middle English rude, from Old French rude, ruide, from Latin rudis (“rough, raw, rude, wild, untilled”).
batman
From bat (“packsaddle”) + man. The element bat is from French bât, from Old French bast, from Late Latin bastum, possibly from Ancient Greek βαστάζω (bastázō, “to bear, carry, lift”).
From Ottoman Turkish بطمان (batman). Cognate with Chagatai [script needed] (bātmān).
direct
Borrowed from Latin dīrēctus, perfect passive participle of dīrigō (“straighten, direct”), from dis- (“asunder, in pieces, apart, in two”) + regō (“make straight, rule”). Compare dress. Doublet of derecho.
For the meaning development compare with Russian напра́вить (naprávitʹ, “to direct, to turn, to aim, to level, to point”), отпра́вить (otprávitʹ, “to send, to dispatch, to forward”) connected with пра́вить (právitʹ, “to govern, to rule, to drive, to steer”).
felon
The adjective is derived from Middle English feloun, felun (“base, wicked; hostile; of an animal: dangerous; of words: angry, harsh, slanderous; of things: dangerous, deadly; false, fraudulent; unlucky”) [and other forms], from Old French felon (“bad, evil, immoral”) (compare fel (“evil; despicable, vile”)), from Early Medieval Latin fellōnem; further etymology uncertain.
Doublet of fell (“of a strong and cruel nature; fierce; grim; ruthless, savage”).
Etymology 1, adjective sense 3 (“obtained through a felony”) is derived from the noun.
The noun is derived from Middle English feloun, felun (“criminal, specifically one who has committed a felony, felon; cruel, hostile, violent, etc., person; deceiver; evildoer, monster, sinner; traitor; bold or fierce warrior; deceit, falseness; wickedness, wrongdoing; treachery”) [and other forms], from feloun, felun (adjective): see above.
Cognates
* Catalan felló (adjective)
* French félon (adjective, noun)
* Italian fellone (adjective, noun)
* Occitan felon, felhon, fellon (adjective)
* Spanish felón (adjective, noun)
From Middle English feloun, felone (“type of carbuncle or sore with pus; swelling on a hawk’s body”), possibly from Old French *felon, from Latin fel (“bile, gall; bitterness; poison; venom”): see etymology 1.
practical
From Middle English practical, practicale, praktycall, from Medieval Latin practicālis.
ob
From Latin ob, abbreviation of obolus.
From Russian Обь (Obʹ).
mood
From Middle English mood, mode, mod, from Old English mōd (“mind,” in poetry also “heart, spirit, courage”), from Proto-West Germanic *mōd, from Proto-Germanic *mōdaz (“sense, courage, zeal, anger”), from Proto-Indo-European *moh₁-, *meh₁- (“endeavour, will, temper”).
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Moud (“courage”), West Frisian moed (“courage; mind; spirit; will; intention”), Dutch moed (“bravery, courage; mood”), German Mut, Muth (“bravery, courage; mood”), German Low German Mood (“boldness, bravery, courage”), Luxembourgish Mutt (“courage”), Yiddish מוט (mut, “bravery, courage”), Danish and Swedish mod (“courage”), Faroese and Icelandic móður (“anger, wrath; fierce mood”), Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk mot (“courage”), Gothic 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs, “mood; anger”), Vandalic *muths (“mind”); also Latin mōs (“behavior, conduct, manner; inclination, temperament; humour, will”), Bulgarian сме́я (sméja, “to dare”), Czech smět (“to be allowed; may”), Macedonian сме́е (smée, “to be allowed”), Polish śmieć (“dare”), Russian сметь (smetʹ, “to dare”), Serbo-Croatian сме̏ти, смје̏ти, smȅti, smjȅti (“to dare, venture”), Slovak smieť (“to be allowed; may”), Slovene smeti (“to be allowed; may”) Ukrainian смі́ти (smíty, “to dare”).
Alteration of mode, from Latin modus, with specialized uses in grammar, music and logic.
trait
Borrowed from Middle French trait (“line, feature”), from Latin tractus (“drawing, pulling”), from Latin trahō. Doublet of tract.
lady
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz
Proto-West Germanic *hlaib
Old English hlāf
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *daigijǭder.
Old English dǣġe
Old English hlǣfdīġe
Middle English lady
English lady
From Middle English lady, laddy, lafdi, lavedi, from Old English hlǣfdīġe (“mistress of a household, wife of a lord, lady”, literally “bread-kneader”), from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + dǣġe (“kneader”), related to Old English dǣġe (“maker of dough”) (whence dey (“dairymaid”)). Compare also lord. More at loaf, dairy, dough. Unrelated to lad.
ordinance
From Middle English ordinaunce (ca. 1300), from Old French ordenance (“decree, command”) (modern French ordonnance), from Medieval Latin ordinantia, from ordinans, the present participle of ordino (“put in order”) (whence ordain). Doublet of ordonnance.
bonjour
Borrowed from French bonjour (“good afternoon/good day/good morning”).
Borrowed from French Bonjour.
rand
From Middle English rand, from Old English rand (“edge, border, margin, rim, shore”), from Proto-West Germanic *rand, from Proto-Germanic *randaz, *randō (“edge, rim, crust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rem- (“to rest, prop or support oneself”). Cognate with Dutch rand (“edge, border, outskirts, rim”), German Rand (“edge, border, margin, rim, outskirts”), Swedish rand (“rand, stripe, edge, verge”). Related to rind.
Named after Witwatersrand; the last element is Afrikaans rand (“ridge”), from Dutch rand, from Old Saxon rand, from Germanic *randaz. Compare Etymology 1, and Rand.
The sense of currency is because of gold that was extracted from the Witwatersrand rocks.
From Afrikaans rand, from English rand; compare English rand.
marriage
From Middle English mariage, from Old French mariage, from marier (“to marry”), from Latin marītō (“marry”, verb, literally “give in marriage”), from marītus (“lover”, “nuptial”), from mas (“male, masculine, of the male sex”). Equivalent to marry + -age. Doublet of maritage. Displaced native Old English sinsċipe.
vain
From Middle English veyn, from Old French vain, from Latin vānus (“empty”).
vane
From Middle English vane, Southern Middle English variant of fane, from Old English fana (“cloth, banner, flag”), from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“something woven; weave; tissue; fabric; cloth”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Foone (“flag, banner”), Dutch vaan (“banner, flag”), German Low German Fahn (“flag”), German Fahne. Doublet of obsolete fane (“weathercock; banner”) and fanon.