MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
defeatism
From defeat + -ism, after French défaitisme, coined in 1915 by Russian writer Grigorij Aleksinskij as a translation of Russian пораже́нчество (poražénčestvo), also coined by him as a derivation of порази́ть (porazítʹ, “to strike, defeat”).
ascertain
From Middle English acerteynen, from Old French acertener, from a- (“to, towards”) + certener (“make sure of”), from the adjective certain, from Latin certus (“certain, fixed”). Compare to Spanish acertar.
supplement
From Latin supplementum (“that which is added to supply a shortage”), from supplere (“to provide something”).
Anglo-
From New Latin Anglo-, from Late Latin Anglī, Anglus (“Anglo-Saxon(s)”), derived from Latin Anglia (“England”), ultimately from Germanic. Influenced by French anglo-. Displaced native Old English Angel-.
Dover
From Old English Dofras, from Latin Dubris, from Brythonic Dubras (“the waters”), from Proto-Celtic *dubros (“water”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰubrós (“dark”), from *dʰewb- (“deep”). Compare Tauber.
The village in Nova Scotia is likely named after the town in England.
sphincter
Etymology tree
Late Latin sphinctērlbor.
English sphincter
Learned borrowing from Late Latin sphinctēr (“the muscle of the anus”), from Ancient Greek σφῐγκτήρ (sphĭnktḗr, “lace, band; contractile muscle”), ultimately of Pre-Greek origin. Possibly related to sphinx (“the strangler”).
thyroid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-der.
Proto-Hellenic *tʰurā
Ancient Greek θῠ́ρᾱ (thŭ́rā)
Ancient Greek -εος (-eos)
Ancient Greek θῠρεός (thŭreós)
Proto-Indo-European *weyd-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *wéydos
Proto-Hellenic *wéidos
Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *-ēs
Ancient Greek -ης (-ēs)
Ancient Greek -ειδής (-eidḗs)
Ancient Greek θῠρεοειδής (thŭreoeidḗs)bor.
New Latin thyreoīdēsbor.
English thyroid
Borrowed from New Latin thyreoīdēs, from Ancient Greek θῠρεοειδής (thŭreoeidḗs, “shield-shaped”), from θῠρεός (thŭreós, “an oblong shield”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-form, -like”).
thyroid gland
From New Latin glandula thyreoidea, coined by Thomas Wharton in 1656.
compline
From Middle English compelin, cumplie, from Old French complie, from Latin complēta (hōra) (literally “finished hour”).
dissuasion
From Middle English dissuasioun, from Middle French dissuasion.
telemeter
From French télémètre (“device used for measuring distance”) coined by Selligue from télé- + -mètre, possibly from a blend of télescope and micromètre.
endocrine
From French endocrine, from endo- + Ancient Greek κρίνω (krínō, “to separate, also to secrete”).
teleost
From Ancient Greek τέλεος (téleos, “complete”) + ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”).
cobweb
From Middle English copweb, coppeweb. Compare Middle Dutch kopwebbe, German Low German Kobbenwebbe (Westphalian). By surface analysis, cob (“spider”, obsolete) + web.
Helen
From French Hélène, from Latin Helena, from Ancient Greek Ἑλένη (Helénē). Doublet of Elaine.
royalty
From Middle English royaltee, roialtee, royalte, from Old French roialté, roiauté, realté (compare earlier Old French realted (“realm, kingdom”)), from Vulgar Latin *rēgālitās, from Latin rēgālis, equivalent to royal + -ty. Doublet of regality.
disclaimer
Partly from Middle English discleymer, from Anglo-Norman desclamer; and partly from disclaim + -er.
warranty
From Middle English warantye, warantie, from Anglo-Norman warrantie, an Old Northern French variant of Old French guarantie (Modern French garantie). Doublet of guarantee and guaranty. More at warrant.
Bauer
* As a German and Jewish surname, from German Bauer (“farmer”). Compare Bower.
* Also as a German and Jewish surname, from the obsolete Middle High German noun (ge)būr (“neighbour”), from Old High German bur (“dwelling”).
From German Bauer. Doublet of Boer, boor, and bower.
tenfold
From Middle English tenfold, tenfolde, from Old English tīenfeald. Equivalent to ten + -fold.
tinker
From Middle English tynkere, perhaps from Old English *tincere, from tin (“tin”) + *cere, as in bēocere (“beekeeper”).
tarot
Borrowed from French tarot, from Italian tarocco. Compare tarok, German Tarock.
acquest
From Middle English aqueste (later conflating with enqueste), from Old French aquest, (French acquêt), from Vulgar Latin *acquaesitum, ultimately from Latin quaerere (“seek”). Doublet of acquis.
enquiry
From Middle English enquery, from the Old French verb enquerre, from Latin inquīrō, composed of in- (“in, at, on; into”) + quaerō (“to seek, look for”), of uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Italic *kʷaizeō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂- (“to acquire”). The alternative form inquiry was subsequently respelled to conform to the original Latin spelling, as opposed to the Old French spelling.
gastropod
From French gastéropode, from gastro- + -poda, New Latin, from Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastḗr, “stomach”) and πούς (poús, “foot”).
equivocate
From Late Middle English equivocaten, from Medieval Latin aequivocātus, perfect passive participle of aequivocō (“to be called by the same name”), from Late Latin aequivocus (“ambiguous, equivocal”). Compare French équivoque.
bitumen
From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. Doublet of bitume.
rhabdomancy
From rhabdo- + -mancy, first attested in 1646. From Latin rhabdomantīa, from Ancient Greek ῥαβδομαντεία (rhabdomanteía), from ῥάβδος (rhábdos, “rod”) + μαντεία (manteía, “divination”).
smock
From Middle English smok, from Old English smocc, smoc, from Proto-Germanic *smukkaz (“something slipped into”).
Akin to Old High German smocho, Icelandic smokkur, and from the root of Old English smugan (“to creep”), akin to German schmiegen (“to cling to, press close”). Middle High German smiegen, Icelandic smjúga (“to creep through, to put on a garment which has a hole to put the head through”); compare with Lithuanian smukti (“to glide”). See also smug, smuggle.
opossum
Etymology tree
Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-
Proto-Algonquian *aθemwa
Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-aʔθemwa
Powhatan aposoumbor.
English opossum
From Powhatan aposoum (“white animal”), from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-aʔθemwa (“white dog”); compare Ojibwe waabasim (“white dog”).
Mangan
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Mongáin (“descendant of Mongán”), a personal name derived from a diminutive form of mongach (“maned, long-haired”).
Borrowed from Japanese 満貫 (mangan), an orthographic borrowing from Mandarin 滿貫 /满贯 (mǎnguàn).
Zink
* As a German surname, from an obsolete derivative of Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peak, spike, tooth”).
* As a surname derived from various Romance languages, from Jacinctus, derived from the saint's name Hyacinthus. Comparable to Spanish Jacinto, Italian Giacinto.
plaintive
From Middle English pleintif, plentyff, from Old French pleintif (“aggrieved, lamenting”) (whence modern French plaintif), from plainte (“lament, complaint”); see plaint. Doublet of plaintiff.
moulin
Borrowed from French moulin, from Late Latin molinum (“mill”). Doublet of moline and mill.
Borrowed from French Moulin.
phylogeny
Borrowed from German Phylogenie, coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866, a neologism created as if borrowed from a Classic Greek word φυλογένεια (phulogéneia), composed from Ancient Greek φῦλον (phûlon, “tribe, genus, species”) + -γένεια (-géneia, “-geny (generation, production)”), equivalent to phylo- + -geny.
hidrosis
From New Latin hīdrōsis, from Ancient Greek ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs, “sweat”) + -ωσῐς (-ōsĭs); also synchronically held to end in the suffix -osis.
Halle
* As a German surname, variant of Hall.
* As a French surname, from the noun halle (“covered room”).
* As a Belgian and Dutch surname, from Halle, Belgium.
* As a Jewish surname, from Halle in Saxony, named after the river Saale.
utu
Borrowed from Māori utu.
From Sumerian 𒀭𒌓 (ᵈutu, “Utu”).
sudate
From Latin sūdāre, from Proto-Indo-European *sweyd-.
conjunctiva
From 1540s late Middle English, borrowing from Medieval Latin conjūnctīva (“serving to connect, connective”, feminine), ellipsis of membrāna conjūnctīva (“conjunctive membrane”).
mastery
From Middle English maistery, maistrie, mastere, mastry, from Old French maistrie, equivalent to master + -y.
donjon
A variant of dungeon remodelled on its etymon, Old French donjon.
temperament
Inherited from Middle English temperament, borrowed from Middle French tempérament, from Latin temperāmentum.
pericardium
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek περικάρδιον (perikárdion).
bree
From Middle English brewe, bre, bregh, from Old English brēġ (“eyelid”) (Anglian dialect). Compare West Saxon brǣw, brēaw, brēaġ (“eyelid”), from Proto-Germanic *brēwō. Cognate with Dutch (wenk)brauw, German Braue. Compare brae from the same source. Apparently related to brow.
From Middle English bre, breie (“broth; gravy”), apparently from Old English brīw, brīġ (“pottage; porridge”), from Proto-West Germanic *brīw (“porridge; mash”), whence also German Brei, Dutch brij. Alternatively, the word could be a cognate of German Brühe (“broth”), from Middle High German brüeje, from the verb brüejen (“to scald, boil”), from Proto-Germanic *brōaną, whence modern German brühen, Dutch broeien, Middle Low German brȫjen. This is less likely, however, since the verb is not attested in English nor in Old Norse. Both paths eventually lead to the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, toss, cook, brew”), whence also English broth and brew.
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Breaghaigh. This surname is also borrowed from Dutch Bree.
amianthus
From Ancient Greek ἀμίαντος (amíantos, “undefiled”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + μιαίνω (miaínō, “I defile”).
overdrive
From Middle English overdriven, from Old English oferdrīfan, equivalent to over- + drive. Cognate with Saterland Frisian uurdrieuwe (“to overdo, overstate”), Dutch overdrijven (“to exaggerate”), German Low German overdrieven, överdrieven (“to overdo, exaggerate”), German übertreiben (“to overdo, exaggerate”), Norwegian overdrive (“to exaggerate”).
eval
Derived from Latin aevum (“lifetime, age, eternity”) + -al.
aedeagus
From New Latin aedeagus, derived from Ancient Greek αἰδοῖα (aidoîa, “private parts, pudenda”) + ἀγός (agós, “leader”), from ἄγω (ágō, “I lead”).
valva
Borrowed from Latin valva (“double door, valve”). Doublet of valve.
demography
From demo- (“people”) + -graphy (“written representation of”) (From Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos, “people”) and Ancient Greek -γραφία (-graphía), from γραφή (graphḗ, “writing, drawing, description”)).
involucre
Borrowed from French involucre, from Latin involūcrum (“wrapper”). Doublet of involucrum.
glume
From Latin gluma (“husk of grain”). The root can also be seen in glubere (“to peel”).
sojourner
From Middle English sogorner, sojorner, sugyner, equivalent to sojourn + -er.
acquiet
From Late Latin acquietare, from Latin ad + quies (“rest”). Equivalent to a- + quiet. Doublet of acquit. See also quiet and aquiesce.
nacarat
Borrowed from French nacarat, from Spanish or Portuguese nacarado, ultimately derived from Arabic نَقَّارَة (naqqāra, “small drum”), from نَقَرَ (naqara, “to hollow out”). Related to English nacre, English naqareh and nagada.
merlon
Borrowed from French merlon, from Italian merlone (“merlon”), from merlo (“merlon”) + -one (suffix forming augmentatives). Merlo is derived from Late Latin merulus, merlus, possibly from Latin merula (“blackbird”) (as merlons resemble a row of birds perched on a wall), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“black; blackbird”). The English word is cognate with Italian mergolo (“battlement; pinnacle”), Portuguese merlão, Spanish merlón (“merlon”).
embrasure
From French embrasure, from embras(er) + -ure, from Old French embrasure (“cut at a slant, make a groove or furrow”), from em- + braser (“cut at a slant”).
actuate
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti
Proto-Italic *agō
Latin agō
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Proto-Italic *-tus
Latin -tus
Latin āctus
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin āctuō
Medieval Latin āctuātusder.
English actuate
From Medieval Latin āctuātus, perfect passive participle of āctuō (“actuate, implement”), from Latin āctus, perfect passive participle of agō (“do, act”).
alimony
Known since the 17th century, from Latin alimōnia (“food, support, nourishment, sustenance”) (English aliment, as in alimentary), itself from alō (“to nourish”) + -mōnia (“action, state, condition”).
tempestuous
From Late Middle English tempestious, tempestous, tempestuous (“stormy, turbulent, tempestuous”), from Anglo-Norman tempestous, and Old French tempesteus, tempestos, tempestous, tempestuose (modern French tempétueux), and directly from its etymon Latin tempestuōsus (“stormy, turbulent, tempestuous; impetuous”), from tempestās, tempestūs (“point or period of time; season; weather, specifically bad weather; storm, tempest”) (from tempus (“period of time; (rare) weather”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”) or *ten- (“to extend, stretch”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of; overly; prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). The English word is equivalent to tempest + -uous (a variant of -ous (suffix forming adjectives from nouns, denoting the presence of a quality, typically in abundance)).
tempt
From Middle English tempten, from Old French tempter (French: tenter), from Latin temptare, from tentare (“to handle, touch, try, test, tempt”), frequentative of tendere (“to stretch”). Displaced native English costning (“temptation”).
luminescent
From stem of Latin lumen (“light”) + -escent, equivalent to luminesce + -ent.
Benelux
Borrowed from Dutch Benelux, corresponding to a blend of Belgium + Netherlands + Luxembourg (1944).
environ
From Middle English enviroun (“round about in a circle or ring; all around”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman enviroun, environ [and other forms], and Middle French enviroun, environ [and other forms], from Old French environ (“around, surrounding; about, approximately, roughly”) (modern French environ), from en- (prefix meaning ‘in; into’) + viron (“circuit; circumference, compass; country round about”) (though first attested later) (from virer (“to bear, turn, veer”) (either from Latin gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle, revolve around”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve; an arch, vault”)), or from Latin vibrō (“to hurl, launch; shake; to tremble, vibrate”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyb-, *weyp- (“to shake; to tremble; to sway, swing; to rotate, turn, wind, wrap (around)”))) + -on (augmentative suffix)).
Cognates
* Catalan enviró, environ (both obsolete)
* Occitan environ
* Spanish environ (obsolete)
From Middle English envirounen, enviroun (“to surround in a circle or ring, or on the perimeter; to beset, besiege; to cover, enclose, envelop; to provide a setting or surrounding to; to move in a circle; to move around the perimeter; to go, move, or wander about (a place); to fill or pervade (a place); to run all the way through”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman envirouner [and other forms], Middle French environner, and Old French environner (“to arrange in a circle; to circumnavigate, travel around; to traverse, wander around; to encircle, encompass, surround”) [and other forms] (modern French environner), from environ (adverb) (see etymology 1) + -er (suffix forming verbs).
Cognates
* Catalan environar (obsolete)
* Old French avironer, avironner (Middle French avironer, avironner, Anglo-Norman avironer, aviruner)
* Spanish environar (obsolete)
From Late Middle English invyroun, Middle English enuyroun, enuyrown, from Anglo-Norman enviroun, environ, envirun, and Middle French environ (“circumference; surroundings; (in the plural) boundaries, frontiers”) (chiefly in the plural) (modern French environ), a noun use of Old French environ (adverb): see etymology 1.
alluvial
From Latin alluvius (“alluvial”), from alluviō (“an overflowing, inundation”), from alluō (“wash against”). By surface analysis, alluvium + -ial.
alluvium
From Medieval Latin alluvium (“matter deposited by flowing water”), neuter of alluvius (“deposited by a river”), from Latin alluviō (“washing upon, overflowing”). See also al-.
amputate
From Latin amputō (“prune, cut away”). The original sense of pruning (a tree, etc.) became obsolete. The OED considers uses related to anything other than an animal limb to be figurative uses of the modern sense.
appurtenance
From Middle English appurtenaunce, from Anglo-Norman apurtenance and Old French apartenance, from apartenir, from Latin appertineō (“to belong, to appertain”). More at appertain. By surface analysis, appertain + -ance.
Sahel
Borrowed from Arabic سَاحِل (sāḥil, “border of the desert, coastline”).
pinna
From Latin pinna (“dorsal fin; wing, feather”). Doublet of pen, penna, and panne.
tenement
From Middle English tenement, from Anglo-Norman tenement (“holding”), from Old French tenement, from Medieval Latin tenimentum, from Latin teneō (“hold”).
machinate
First attested in 1537; borrowed from Latin machinātus, perfect active participle of machinor (“to invent, devise; to scheme, plot”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from māchina (“machine, contrivance, device, scheme”), an early borrowing from Ancient Greek. See also machine.
granule
Borrowed from French granule or directly from Late Latin grānulum, diminutive of Latin grānum (“grain”); for more, see grain. By surface analysis, grain + -ule.
artificer
From Middle English artificer, from Middle French artificier, from Latin artificiarius.
recommendation
From Middle English recommendacioun, from Anglo-Norman recomendacion, from Medieval Latin recommendatio. By surface analysis, recommend + -ation.
seller
From Middle English seller, sellere, (also siller, sullar, sullere), from Old English *sellere, *syllere, equivalent to sell + -er (agent noun) (sense 1) and sell + -er (patient) (sense 2). Cognate with Danish sælger, Swedish säljare, Icelandic seljari (“a seller; dealer”).
mitosis
From German Mitose, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + -osis, probably in reference to the thread-like chromatin seen during mitosis.
conscription
From Middle French conscription, from Latin cōnscriptiō (“levying of troops”).
paraplegia
From New Latin paraplegia, from Ancient Greek παραπληγίη (paraplēgíē), Ionic Greek for παραπληξία (paraplēxía, “paralysis on one side”), from παραπλήσσεσθαι (paraplḗssesthai, “to be stricken on one side”), active παραπλήσσειν (paraplḗssein, “to strike on one side”), from παρά (pará, “beside”) + πλήσσειν (plḗssein, “to strike”).
moose test
From Swedish älgtest (which see for more), from German Elchtest; although a Swedish test, the word was coined in German and then calqued into Swedish.
repulsive
Borrowed from Middle French repulsif, from Medieval Latin repulsivus, from Latin repulsus. By surface analysis, repuls(e) + -ive.
Compare typologically Polish odpychający (< pchnąć), Russian отта́лкивающий (ottálkivajuščij) (< толкну́ть (tolknútʹ)).
smoothness
From Middle English smothenesse; equivalent to smooth + -ness. Compare Old English smēþnes (“smoothness, a smooth place, a level surface”).
Sumatra
From Portuguese Sumatra, from Arabic سُومَطْرَة (sūmaṭra), from Malay Sumatera, from Sanskrit समुद्र (samudra, “sea”). Mentioned in the 11th century in Sanskrit as समुद्रभूमि (samudrabhūmi, “land of Sumatra”), gradually replacing the earlier सुवर्णद्वीप (suvarṇadvīpa).
softness
From Middle English softnesse, from Old English sōftnes, alteration of earlier sēftnes. Equivalent to soft + -ness.
scallion
From Middle English scaloun (“shallot”), from Anglo-Norman scalun (variant of Old French eschaloigne), from a Proto-Romance derivation of Vulgar Latin *escalonia, from Latin Ascalonius (in caepa (“onion”) Ascalonius, "shallot"), from Ascalo (“Ascalon”), from Ancient Greek Ἀσκάλων (Askálōn, “Ascalon, an ancient port city in the Levant”), borrowed from Biblical Hebrew אַשְׁקְלוֹן (ʾašqəlôn).
Nihongo
From Japanese Nihongo, the romaji of 日本語(にほんご) (nihongo).
grill
1655, from French gril, from Middle French gril, from Old French greïl, graïl (“gridiron”), from graïlle (“grate, grating”), from Latin crātīcula (“gridiron”), diminutive of crātis (“hurdle, wickerwork”), q.v. Related to griddle, hurdle.
From Middle English grillen (“to anger, provoke”), from Old English grillan, griellan (“to annoy, vex, offend”), from Proto-West Germanic *gralljan (“to shout, make angry”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian grulje (“to make angry”), Dutch grillen (“to shudder, shiver”), Low German vergrellen (“to anger, provoke”), German grollen (“to rumble”) and perhaps also with French grouiller (“to swarm”).
From Middle English gril, grille (“harsh, rough, severe”), from Old English *grielle, from Proto-West Germanic *grallī (“angry”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to rattle, make a noise, grumble”). Cognate with German grell (“harsh, angry”), Danish grel (“shrill, glaring, dazzling”).
From Middle English grille, from Old English *grylla, *griella, from Proto-West Germanic *gralljō.
interrogate
Learned borrowing from Latin interrogātus, the perfect passive participle of Latin interrogō (“to inquire, interrogate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
sabat
Borrowed from Arabic سَابَاط (sābāṭ).
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Catalan Sàbat, a surname given to someone born on a Saturday.
* Borrowed from Polish Sabat.
* Borrowed from French Sabat, a nickname for a noisy or rowdy person, from Middle French sabat (“noise, racket”).
rectify
From Middle English rectifien, from Anglo-Norman rectifiier, rectefier (“to make straight”), from Medieval Latin rēctificō (“to make right”), from Latin rēctus (“straight”).
ara
Learned borrowing from taxonomic name Ara.
Borrowing from Dzongkha ཨ་རག་ (a rag), ultimately from Arabic عرق (ʕaraq). Doublet of arak.
From Japanese あら (ara).
From Spanish ARA.
From Latin āra (“altar”).
From Armenian Արա (Ara).
collective
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *léǵeti
Proto-Italic *legō
Latin legō
Latin colligō
Latin collēctus
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHwósder.
Latin -īvus
Latin collēctīvusder.
Middle French collectifder.
English collective
From Middle French collectif, from Latin collēctīvus, from collēctus, past participle of colligō (“to collect”), from com- (“together”) + legō (“to gather”). Compare French collectif. Doublet of colectivo.
receptacle
From Middle English receptacle, from Anglo-Norman receptacle and Middle French receptacle (“organ containing a fluid; gathering place; water basin”) (modern French réceptacle), from Latin receptāculum (“animal enclosure, container, place of refuge, receptacle, repository, reservoir, shelter”), from receptāre (“to harbour, to receive, to shelter”) or receptō (“to receive back or again, to recover”), frequentative of recipiō (“to receive; to hold back, to reserve”) (from re- (“back, again”) + capiō (“to hold”)) + -culum (suffix forming nouns from verbs, particularly nouns representing tools and instruments); cognate with Italian recettaculo, ricettaculo, Portuguese receptáculo, Spanish receptáculo.
enthrall
From Middle English enthrallen. By surface analysis, en- + thrall.
oviduct
Borrowed from New Latin ōviductus. By surface analysis, ovi- + duct.
alcaide
Borrowed from Spanish alcaide, from Arabic الْقَائِد (al-qāʔid, “leader”); Doublet of caid and Alkaid.
From Spanish.
apetalous
From New Latin āpetalus. By surface analysis, a- + petal + -ous.
arboretum
Borrowed from Latin arborētum (“place with trees growing, plantation of trees”), from arbor (“tree”).
ashamed
From Middle English ashamed, aschamed, from Old English āsċamod, past participle of Old English āsċamian (“to be ashamed”), equivalent to a- + shame + -ed.
calamitous
Borrowed from French calamiteux (“calamitous”) (see French -eux, English -ous), from Latin calamitōsus (“destructive, disastrous, ruinous, calamitous”), a contraction of calamitātōsus, from calamitāt- + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of; prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns); calamitāt- is the oblique stem of calamitās (“disaster, misfortune, calamity; damage, harm; loss”), from *calamis (“damaged”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat; to break”)) + -tās (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition or state). By surface analysis, calamity + -ous.