MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
ug
From Middle English ugge, from Old Norse uggr (“fear, apprehension, dread”), related to Old Norse ógn (“terror, threat, dispute”) and agi (“terror, strife, fear, punishment”). More at awe.
From Middle English uggen, from Old Norse ugga (“to fear”), see above.
From Icelandic uggi (“fin”).
meso-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *me
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰe
Proto-Indo-European *médʰi
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos
Proto-Hellenic *métsos
Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos)der.
English meso-
From Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”). Doublet of mid- and medio-.
cotyledon
From Latin cotylēdōn, from Ancient Greek κοτυληδών (kotulēdṓn, “cup-shaped cavity”), from κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup”).
disponible
From French disponible and similar words in related languages. Doublet of disposable.
duc
From French duc. Doublet of doge, duce, duke, and dux.
Gummy Bears
Calque of German Gummibär, Gummibärchen, the name of the confectionery in Germany.
Stiefel
German and Jewish surname, from the noun Stiefel (“boot”). Also a pet form of Stefan.
joyfully
From Middle English joifulliche, joyfully, equivalent to joyful + -ly.
mayhem
Inherited from Middle English mayehem, late form of maym, from Anglo-Norman mahaim (“mutilation”), from Old French meshaing (“bodily harm, loss of limb”), from Proto-Germanic *maidijaną (“to cripple, injure”) (compare Middle High German meidem, meiden (“gelding”), Old Norse meiða (“to injure”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maidjan, “to alter, falsify”)), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change”). More at mad. The original meaning referred to the crime of maiming; the other senses derived from this.
Another possible etymology derives the Old French from Provençal maganhar, composed of mal (“evil”) and ganhar (“to obtain, receive”) (compare with Spanish ganar and Italian gavagnare and guadagnare), so literally "to obtain, receive something evil".
The sense "chaos" may have arisen by popular misunderstanding of the common journalese expression "rioting and mayhem".
trophy
From Middle French trophée, from Latin trophaeum (“a sign of victory, a monument”), tropaeum, from Ancient Greek τρόπαιον (trópaion, “monument of an enemy's defeat”), from neuter of τροπαῖος (tropaîos, “of defeat”), from τροπή (tropḗ, “a rout, a turning of an enemy”).
scrutiny
From Middle English scrutiny, from Medieval Latin scrūtinium (“a search, an inquiry”), from Vulgar Latin scrūtor (“to search or examine thoroughly”), from Late Latin scrūta (“rubbish, broken trash”), from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
milliner
The noun is a variant of Milaner (“(obsolete) inhabitant or native of Milan”) (referring to the importation and sale of women’s apparel, etc., made in Milan: see noun sense 1), from Late Middle English Milener, Miloner (“native of Milan”), from Milan + -er(e) (suffix denoting an inhabitant or resident).
The verb is derived from the noun.
engawa
Romanization of Japanese 縁側 (engawa) or 掾側 (engawa).
unwashed
From Middle English unwasched, unwasschyd, unwessched, a weak verb conjugation of earlier Middle English unwaschen (“unwashen”), equivalent to un- + washed.
forestall
From Middle English forestallen (“to forestall, intercept, ambush, way-lay”), from forestalle (“a forestalling, interception”), from Old English foresteall (“intervention, hindrance of justice, ambush”), from fore- (“ahead of, before”) + steall (“position”), equivalent to fore- + stall.
From Middle English forstal, from Old English foresteall (“an intervention, hindrance (of justice), ambush, assault, offence of waylaying on the highway, fine for such an offence, resistance, opposition”), equivalent to fore- + stall.
fundi
From a Nguni language; compare Zulu umfundisi (“teacher”). Ultimately from Proto-Bantu *-túnda.
From Swahili fundi. Ultimately from Proto-Bantu *-túnda.
bedtime
From Middle English bedtyme, bed-tyme, bedetyme, bedde tyme, equivalent to bed + time. Compare earlier Old English bedtīd (“bedtime”). Compare also West Frisian bêdtiid (“bedtime”), Dutch bedtijd (“bedtime”), Saterland Frisian Bädegungenstied (“bedtime”, literally “bed-goings-time”), German Low German Beddgahnstied, Bettgahnstiet (“bedtime”, literally “bed-goings-time”).
paleo-
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πᾰλαιός (pălaiós)der.
English paleo-
From Ancient Greek παλαιός (palaiós, “old”).
muffin
From earlier moofin, probably a diminutive of Low German Muffe ("small cake"; Muffen (plural)), from Middle Low German muffe (“small pastry”). An alternative, and phonologically less plausible theory suggests a connection to Old French (pain) moflet (“roll”, literally “soft (bread)”). Sense “vulva” influenced by muff.
planta
Borrowed from Latin planta (“sole of the foot”). Doublet of clan and plant.
feeder
From Middle English feedere, federe, fedare, equivalent to feed + -er.
morally
From Middle English morali, moralli, morally, equivalent to moral + -ly.
perry
From Middle English perre; from Old French peré; from Vulgar Latin *piratum; from Latin pirum.
Gondwana
Borrowed from Sanskrit गोण्डवन (goṇḍavana, “Forest of Gondi”). The continent was named after the region in India by Austrian scientist Eduard Suess in 1861.
habergeon
From Middle English hauberjoun, from Old French hauberjon, haubergeon, from Early Medieval Latin (h)alsbergum.
lexicology
From Ancient Greek λεξικός (lexikós, “of words”), from λέξις (léxis, “a saying, speech, word”), from λέγειν (légein, “to speak”). By surface analysis, lexico- + -logy.
velociraptor
From New Latin Velociraptor genus name, from vēlōx (“swift”) + raptor (“thief”).
The application to Deinonychus came about because Gregory S. Paul proposed that Velociraptor and Deinonychus were the same genus and this idea was taken up in the book leading to the Jurassic Park film series.
revisit
From Middle English revisite, from Middle French revisiter and Latin revīsitāre. By surface analysis, re + visit.
directive
From Middle French directif. The noun senses are from French directive (feminine form of the adjective).
tarragon
Borrowed from Middle French targon (cf. modern estragon), from Medieval Latin tragonia, from Arabic طَرْخُون (ṭarḵūn), ultimately from Ancient Greek δρακόντιον (drakóntion, “dragonwort, Dracunculus vulgaris”), from δράκων (drákōn, “dragon, serpent”). Doublet of estragon.
psychoanalysis
From international scientific vocabulary, after German Psychoanalyse. By surface analysis, psycho- + analysis.
parsley
From Middle English persely, from Old French peresil, from Latin petroselīnum, from Ancient Greek πετροσέλῑνον (petrosélīnon, “parsley”), from πέτρος (pétros, “rock, stone”) + σέλῑνον (sélīnon, “celery”). Displaced Old English petersiliġe, which goes back to the same root.
Altered form, later assimilated by folk etymology to the herb name parsley, of the medieval family name Passelewe, from Old French passer (“to pass”) + la (“the”) + ewe (“water”), probably a nickname for a ferryman or a person who travelled overseas.
knish
Borrowed from Yiddish קניש (knish), from Polish knysz and Ukrainian книш (knyš).
saman
Borrowed from Malay saman (“fine, financial penalty”), from English summons. Doublet of summons.
timeous
From earlier timous, from Middle English tymous, *tymwos, *tymwis (“early”), equivalent to timewise. Cognate with Scots timeous (“timely”). By surface analysis, time + -ous.
taka
From Bengali টাকা (ṭaka), from Sanskrit टङ्क (ṭaṅka).
til
From Middle English til, from Old English til (“to, until”), possibly from Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“goal”), or Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”). Compare to Old Frisian til.
Borrowed from Hindi तिल (til, “sesame”).
specifying
From Middle English specifieng, equivalent to specify + -ing.
From Middle English specifienge, equivalent to specify + -ing.
catheter
Borrowed from French cathéter, from Late Latin cathetēr, from Ancient Greek καθετήρ (kathetḗr, “surgical instrument for emptying the bladder”), from καθίημι (kathíēmi, “to descend, let down”) + -τήρ (-tḗr, suffix forming masculine nouns from verbs).
Edgar
From Old English Ēadgār, the name of early English kings, from Old English ēad (“rich”) + gār (“spear”). Compare Icelandic Auðgeir.
Hairstyle named after Major League Baseball player Edgar Martínez.
assurance
From Middle English assuraunce, from Old French asseürance, from asseürer; as if assure + -ance.
earthly
From Middle English erthely, erthlich, ierðlich, from Old English eorþlīċ, corresponding to earth + -ly. Cognate with Old Norse jarðligr (“earthly”).
sharply
From Middle English sharply, scharply, from Old English sċearplīċe (“sharply, smartly”), equivalent to sharp + -ly.
garrison
From Middle English garisoun, garysoun, from Old French garison, guarison, from guarir + -ison, ultimately of Germanic origin; thus a doublet of warison. Compare guard, ward; the modern meaning is influenced by (now obsolete) garnison.
whatsoever
From Middle English whatsoever. By surface analysis, what + so + ever.
arginine
From German Arginin, from Ancient Greek ἄργυρος (árguros, “silver”) and ἀργινόεις (arginóeis, “silvery, brightly shining”) in reference to arginine nitrate crystals' silver-white appearance when first refined from lupin seedlings by Ernst Schulze and Ernst Steiger in 1886.
Lucy
From Middle English Lucy, from Old French Lucie (notably after the Christian martyr Lucia of Syracuse), from Latin Lucia (feminine of Lucius, a Roman praenomen), from lux (“light”).
The name of the Australopithecus skeleton came from the Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”, which was being played repeatedly at the dig site camp at the time of the discovery. The slang term for LSD also derives from the song name, which many believe is essentially a reference to the drug.
gladly
From Middle English gladly, gladliche, from Old English glædlīċe (“gladly”); equivalent to glad + -ly. Compare Danish glædelig (“joyful”), Icelandic gleðilegur (“delightful”). More at glad, -ly.
disagreeable
Inherited from Middle English disagreable, from Middle French desagreable, from Old French desagraable (compare French désagréable). By surface analysis, dis- + agreeable.
recollection
Via French récollection or the verb recollect, both from Latin recollectus, the past participle of recolligere (“to collect again”), itself from re- + colligere (“to gather”).
prudent
Inherited from Middle English prudent, from Old French prudent, from Latin prūdēns, contracted from prōvidēns (“foresight”) (English providence), the present participle of prōvideō (“to forsee; to provide for”). Unrelated to prude. Doublet of provident.
hideous
From Middle English hidous, from Anglo-Norman hidous, from Old French hideus, hydus (“that which inspires terror”), from earlier hisdos, from Old French hisda (“horror, fear”), of uncertain and disputed origin. Probably from Proto-West Germanic *agisiþu (“horror, terror”), from Proto-West Germanic *agisōn (“to frighten, terrorise”), from Proto-Germanic *agaz (“terror, fear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰ- (“to frighten”). Cognate with Old High German egisa, egidī (“horror”), Old English egesa (“fear, dread”), Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis, “fear, terror”).
Alternative etymology cites possible derivation from Latin hispidosus (“rugged”), from hispidus (“rough, bristly”), yet the semantic evolution is less plausible.
sublime
PIE word
 *upó
Partly from the following:
* From Middle English sublimen, sublime, sublyme (“to exalt, extol, glorify, honour; (alchemy) to refine (a substance) by vaporizing in a closed container; to obtain (a substance) by cooling vapour obtained through sublimation; to extract (a pure substance) from a mixture by sublimation; to sublimate (a substance)”), from Middle French sublimer, Old French sublimer (“to exalt, glorify, honour; to refine (a substance) by vaporizing in a closed container; of a substance: to undergo sublimation”) (modern French sublimer), and from its etymon Latin sublīmāre, the present active infinitive of sublimō (“to elevate, raise; to soar”) (compare Late Latin sublimō (“to elevate, raise; to exalt, glorify, honour; to sublimate, vaporize”)), from sublīmis (“elevated, raised; exalted, uplifted, sublime; elevated in style”) (from sub- (prefix meaning ‘under; up to’) + possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bend”) (whence Latin līmen (“threshold”) and līmus (“askew; sideways”))) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).
* From sublime (adjective).
Cognates
* Catalan sublimar
* Italian sublimare
* Old Occitan sublimar
* Portuguese sublimar
* Spanish sublimar
The adjective is derived from Middle French sublime (“admirable, excellent, perfect; placed in a high position; reaching a great height; of a person: of high office or rank”) (modern French sublime), and from its etymon Latin sublīmis, sublīmus (“elevated, raised; exalted, uplifted, sublime”, adjective): see etymology 1.
The noun is derived from Middle French sublime (“elevated style in writing; quality in art or nature inspiring awe, reverence, etc.”) (modern French sublime), from the adjective: see further above.
Cognates
* Catalan sublim
* Italian sublime
* Portuguese sublime
* Spanish sublime
boldly
From Middle English boldely, boldeliche, baldeliche, from Old English bealdlīċe (“boldly, earnestly”), equivalent to bold + -ly.
rightly
From Middle English ryȝtly, rihtliche, from Old English rihtlīċe, from Proto-West Germanic *rehtalīkā, *rehtalīkō, from Proto-Germanic *rehtalīkê, *rehtalīkô (“rightly”), equivalent to right + -ly. Cognate with West Frisian rjochtlik, Dutch rechtelijk, German rechtlich, Swedish rätteligen, Icelandic réttilega.
centromere
Borrowed from German Centromer, corresponding to centro- + -mere (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”)).
kinetochore
From kineto- + Ancient Greek χῶρος (khôros, “space”).
remembrance
From Middle English remembraunce, from Old French remembrance, from remembrer (“to remember”), from Late Latin rememorārī (“to call to mind, to remember”). Equivalent to remember + -ance.
twilight
PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English twilight, twyelyghte, equivalent to twi- (“double, half-”) + light, literally ‘second light, half-light’. Cognate to Scots twa licht, twylicht, twielicht (“twilight”), Low German twilecht, twelecht (“twilight”), Dutch tweelicht (“twilight, dusk”), German Zwielicht (“twilight, dusk”). Compare Old English twēone lēoht (“twilight”).
rejoin
From Middle English rejoynen, partly from Middle French rejoin- (stem of rejoindre, from re- (“again”) + joindre (“to join”)) and partly from re- + joynen. By surface analysis, re- + join. Doublet of rejoinder.
From Middle English rejoynen, from Middle French rejoin- (stem of rejoindre, from re- (“again”) + joindre (“to join”)). By surface analysis, re- + join. Doublet of rejoinder.
centriole
From Latin centriolum, diminutive of centrum. English equivalent centri- + -ole.
frightful
From Middle English frightful (“afraid”), from Old English forhtfull (“fainthearted, timorous”). Equivalent to fright + -ful.
fet
From Middle English fetten, feten, from Old English fetian, fatian (“to bring, fetch”), probably a conflation of Proto-West Germanic *fetan, from Proto-Germanic *fetaną (“to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to walk, stumble, fall”); and Proto-West Germanic *fatōn, from Proto-Germanic *fatōną (“to hold, seize”), also from Proto-Indo-European *ped-.
Cognate with Dutch vatten (“to catch, grab”), German fassen (“to lay hold of, seize, take, hold”). Compare also Icelandic feta (“to find one's way”). More at fetch.
puff
From Middle English puff, puf, from Old English pyf (“a blast of wind, puff”), from Proto-West Germanic *puf(f)- (“to blow, puff”), of imitative origin. Cognate with Dutch puf (“puff, wind, fart”), Middle Low German puf, pof (“puff”).
From Middle English puffen, from Old English pyffan (“to breathe out, blow with the mouth”). Compare Dutch puffen, German Low German puffen, German puffen, Danish puffe, Swedish puffa.
leucine
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-European *lewkós
Proto-Hellenic *leukós
Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós)
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnusder.
Old French -inbor.
Middle English -in
English -ine
English leucine
Derived from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ine, equivalent to leuco- + -ine.
metabolize
From Ancient Greek μετᾰβολή (metăbolḗ, “change, mutation”) + -ize.
cleric
Borrowed from Late Latin clēricus, from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós), from κλῆρος (klêros, “a casting lots, drawing lots”). Many officers at Athens obtained their offices by lot, as opposed to election (Liddell and Scott). Doublet of clerk.
chop suey
From Cantonese 雜碎／杂碎 (zaap⁶ seoi³, “mixed and broken”).
peptide
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *pékʷ-ye-
Proto-Hellenic *péťťō
Ancient Greek πέσσω (péssō)bf.
Ancient Greek πέπτω (péptō)
Ancient Greek πεπτόν (peptón)der.
German Peptonbor.
English peptone
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idusder.
English -ide
▲
German Pepton
▲
Latin -idusder.
German -id
German Peptidbor.
English peptide
From peptone, partially hydrolyzed protein, or German Peptid, from German Pepton, from Ancient Greek πεπτόν (peptón, “cooked, digested”) derived from πέπτω (péptō, “soften, ripen, boil, cook, bake, digest”).
caryatid
From Middle French cariatide, from Latin caryatides, from Ancient Greek Καρυάτιδες (Karuátides), plural of Καρυᾶτις (Karuâtis, “a priestess of Artemis, female figures used as bearing-shafts”), from καρυατίζω (karuatízō, “dance the Karyatid festival dance”) from Καρύαι (Karúai, “a town in Laconia with a temple of Artemis and a festival”).
appropinquate
From Latin appropinquāre (“to approach”), from ad- ("towards") + propinquō (“draw near”), verbalization of propinquus (“near”); compare prope ("near").
brocade
From Occitan brocada and Spanish and Portuguese brocado, influenced by French brocart, from Italian broccato, from brocco, ultimately from Gaulish.
bramble
From Middle English brembel, from Old English bræmbel, from earlier brǣmel, brēmel, from dialectal Proto-West Germanic *brāmil, diminutive of *brām (English broom).
briar
From Middle English brere, from Old English brēr [Old Mercian], brǣr (“briar, bramble”); further origin unknown, perhaps related to Old French bruiere (“heather”) (French bruyère). Compare Old Norse brǫrr (“briar”), whence Icelandic brörr.
From French bruyère, assimilated with Etymology 1, above.
As a surname Middle English brere (“briar”).
klezmer
Borrowed from Yiddish קלעזמער (klezmer), from Hebrew כְּלֵי זֶמֶר (kléy zémer, “musical instruments”).
rowan
Originally Scots and northern English, from Middle English ron, rone, compare also Northern English raan, ran. At first referring to its fruits, of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse reynir.
Also related to Norwegian Bokmål rogn, Danish røn. Ultimately related to the root of red.
Anglicised from the Irish saints' name Ruadhán (“little red one”), or as a surname from Ó Ruadháin (“descendant of Ruadhán”).
manly
From Middle English manli, manlich, manly, from Old English *manlīċ (suggested by adverb manlīċe (“in a way befitting a person; nobly, stately”)), from Proto-West Germanic *mannlīk, from Proto-Germanic *mannlīkaz, equivalent to man + -ly (adjectival suffix).
Cognate with Old High German manlīh (“manly”) (whence German männlich), Dutch mannelijk, Old Norse mannligr (“human”) (Danish mandlig, Swedish manlig).
From Middle English manli, manlich, manly, from Old English manlīċe, equivalent to man + -ly (adverbial suffix).
English and Irish surname, variant of Manley.
Droge
Two possible origins:
* Borrowed from German Dröge, a nickname of uncertain derivation.
* Borrowed from Dutch Droge, a nickname from Middle Dutch drôge (“dry, boring, unfriendly”).
hin
From Middle English hin, from Latin hin, from Hebrew הִין, from Egyptian h:n-nw-w-W22 (hnw, “jar, unit of liquid volume”).
Borrowed from Khmer. Borrowed also from Dutch Hin.
bein
From Middle English been, beene, bene (“gracious, generous, pleasant”), of unknown origin. Perhaps from Old Norse beinn (“straight, right, favourable, advantageous, convenient, friendly, fair, keen”), from Proto-Germanic *bainaz (“straight”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit, beat”).
Cognate with Scots bein, bien (“in good condition, pleasant, well-to-do, cosy, well-stocked, pleasant, keen”), Icelandic beinn (“straight, direct, hospitable”), Norwegian bein (“straight, direct, easy to deal with”). See also bain.
sandur
Borrowed from Icelandic sandur (“sand”). Doublet of sand.
troposphere
Borrowed from French troposphère. Equivalent to tropo- + -sphere.
encumber
From Middle English encombren, from Old French encombrer, from en- + combrer (“to hinder”); see cumber. By surface analysis, en- + cumber.
Gilgamesh
Learned borrowing from Akkadian 𒄑𒂆𒈦 (Gilgāmeš), from Sumerian 𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌 (ᵈgilgameš₂ /⁠Gilgameš⁠/)
senile
1660s; borrowed from French sénile, from Middle French senile, from Old French senile, from Latin senīlis (“of or pertaining to old age”), from senex (“old man”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sénos (“old”).
gladius
From Latin gladius (“Roman short sword, gladius”). Doublet of glaive.
amputation
Borrowed from Middle French amputation, borrowed from Latin amputātiō (“pruning (of a tree)”).
arson
From Anglo-Norman and Old French arson, from the verb ardoir, from Latin ardeō (“to burn”). Compare ardent.
From Middle English arsoun, from Old French arçon, from Vulgar Latin *arciō (“saddlebow”), from Latin arcus (“bow”); compare Italian arcione, Portuguese arção, and Spanish arzón.
Messer
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from German Messer (“knife”), a metonymic occupational surname for a cutler.
* An English occupational surname for someone who kept watch over harvested crops, from Old French messier (“harvest warden”).
Borrowed from Italian messer, which is itself a truncated form of messere. Doublet of monsieur.
From German Messer.
ginseng
Borrowed from Hokkien 人參 /人参 (jîn-sim, “ginseng”). Doublet of ninzin.
vika
Borrowed from Pijin vika, from Vangunu [Term?], a Solomon Islands language.
curiously
From Middle English curiusly, curyously, curiosly, curiouseliche, curyouslyche, equivalent to curious + -ly.
wonderfully
From Middle English wonderfully, wunderfullie, wonderfulliche, equivalent to wonderful + -ly.
honestly
From Middle English honestly, honestlyche, honestliche, equivalent to honest + -ly.
wildly
From Middle English wildely, wijldeli, wildeliche, equivalent to wild + -ly.
lessen
From Middle English lessenen, lasnen, equivalent to less + -en (verbal suffix).
richly
Inherited from Middle English richely, from Old English rīċlīċe, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīlīkō, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijalīkô; by surface analysis, rich + -ly (adverbial suffix).
humbly
From Middle English humbely, humbliche, equivalent to humble + -ly. Displaced Old English ēaþmōdlīċe.
insouciance
From French insouciance, from in- (“not”) + souciant (“worrying”).
iconostasis
Borrowed from Byzantine Greek εἰκονόστασις (eikonóstasis), from εἰκών (eikṓn, “icon”) + στάσις (stásis, “fixture”).
dearly
From Middle English derely, deorliche, from Old English dēorlīċe (“worthily, richly”), equivalent to dear + -ly.
painfully
From Middle English peinfully, paynefully, equivalent to painful + -ly.
keenly
From Middle English kenely, kenliche, from Old English cēnlīċe (“keenly, boldly, courageously”), equivalent to keen + -ly. Cognate with Saterland Frisian köinlik (“boldly”), archaic German kühnlich (“bravely”).
ramen
Borrowed from Japanese ラーメン (rāmen), from Mandarin 拉麵 /拉面 (lāmiàn, “pulled noodles”). Doublet of laghman, lamian, and ramyeon.
Amata
From Latin amāta (“loved, beloved”); feminine perfect passive participle of amāre (“love”). It can also be interpreted as the feminine form of the saint's name Amātus.
civility
Borrowed from Latin civilitas: compare French civilité. English equivalent civil + -ity.
drow
From Shetlandic and Orcadian Scots drow, from Norn *drou, *drau (compare 18th c. Norwegian drau, modern drov, drauv), alternatively *drog, from Old Norse draugr (“malevolent revenant”); along the variation trow, intermixed with Norn troll, from Old Norse trǫll (“troll, malevolent supernatural being”), a partial synonym to draugr. L-vocalisation occurred in the early 15th century in Middle Scots, so trolly, knolls probably became *trowie, knowes around this time.