MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
redness
From Middle English reednes, rednesse, from Old English rēadnes (“redness”), equivalent to red + -ness.
Korean Wave
Calque of Korean 한류(韓流) (Hallyu, “Korean current”), from Korean + wave.
ailurophile
From ailuro- (“cat”) + -phile (“lover”), from Ancient Greek αἴλουρος (aílouros, “cat”) + φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved”).
allocation
From Middle French allocacion, from Medieval Latin allocātiō. By surface analysis, allocate + -ion.
clem
Inherited from Middle English *clemmen, *clammen, from Old English clemman, clæmman (“to press, surround”), from Proto-West Germanic *klammjan (“to squeeze”). Cognate with Dutch klemmen (“to jam, pinch, stick”), German klemmen (“to jam, clamp; to be stuck, stick [to a surface]”).
From Old English clām (“paste, mortar, mud, clay, poultice”), from Proto-West Germanic *klaim, equivalent to cloam. Similar linguistic development led to the Northumbrian pronunciation of hyem, equivalent to the RP home.
defatigable
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *de
Proto-Indo-European *-h₁
Proto-Indo-European *déh₁
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin dē-
Latin fatīgō
Latin dēfatīgō
Latin dēfatīgātusder.
English defatigable
From Latin defatigatus, past participle of defatigare (“to tire or weary”).
privy council
From Middle English prive (“secret, private, confidential”) + counseil.
siddhi
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सिद्धि (siddhi).
Borrowed from Sanskrit सिद्धि (siddhi).
Manda
Borrowed from Hindi मन्दा (mandā). Also from a Czech derivative of the female personal name Magdalena.
mangelwurzel
From German Mangold (“chard”) + Wurzel (“root”), with the first part reinterpreted as Mangel, whence the archaic English name "root of scarcity".
galvanise
From French galvaniser, from galvanisme, named after Italian physiologist Luigi Aloisio Galvani (1737–1798). By surface analysis, galvano- + -ise.
deasil
From 1771, from Scottish Gaelic deiseil, deiseal (“southward, sunward; clockwise”) (adjective and adverb), from Old Irish dessel (“sunwise”), from dess (“right, south”) and sel (“turn”).
bedsheet
From Middle English bedeschette, bedshete, bed shete, equivalent to bed + sheet.
baksheesh
From Turkish bahşiş, from Persian بخشیش (baxšiš, “present; an honorary or pecuniary gratuity; drink-money”) or بخشش (baxšeš), from بخشیدن (baxšidan, “to give, grant, bestow”).
bandeau
Borrowed from French bandeau, from Old French bandel, diminutive form of bande. Doublet of bendel.
baccalaureat
From French baccalauréat or its source, Medieval Latin baccalaureatus, from Latin baccalaureus, an alteration of baccalarius (“young man aspiring to knighthood”) to resemble bacca lauri (“laurel berry”) (the ancient symbol of victory). Compare bachelor.
vuvuzela
Borrowed from Zulu vuvuzela (“to make a vu vu noise”), from the /vuː/ sound the horns make.
sibylline
From Latin sibyllinus, Sibillinus, from Sibylla. By surface analysis, sibyl + -ine.
bring owls to Athens
Calque from Ancient Greek proverb γλαῦκ’ εἰς Ἀθήνας (glaûk’ eis Athḗnas). The owl, which roosted in the rafters of the old Parthenon (the one burnt by Xerxes I), was the symbol of the city of Athens, and was sacred to its patron goddess, Athena. It was featured on Athens’ silver coins, and as Athens both mined its own silver and minted its own coins, bringing owls (either the real birds, or the coins) to Athens would be pointless.
xiexie
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 謝謝 /谢谢 (xièxie, “thank you”).
boko
Circa 1820. Multiple potential origins:
* From beak (“nose”)
* From French beaucoup (“very much”)
* Blend of beak (“nose”) + coconut
* From boke (“point; thrust”)
* From poke, as in poke one's nose into
From a word in the Boko language.
Borrowed from Hausa boko.
charver
Of uncertain origin; possibly from nineteenth-century Romani charver (“prostitute”), or Italian chiavare (“to nail, to attach, to fuck”), or from Romani ćhavo (“child”) and/or its derivatives, especially Spanish chava (“girl”), or from Spanish chabacanada (“vulgarity”). (Compare charva.)
burnt offering
PIE word
 *h₁epi
From Middle English brend offring, brend offringe, from brend (past participle of brennen (“to burn”)) + offring, offringe (“presentation of something as a religious offering; offering presented to God or another deity”), used in biblical texts to translate Late Latin holocaustum (“burnt offering wholly consumed by fire”) in the Vulgate version of the Bible. The English term is analysable as burnt + offering.
chrysoprase
From Ancient Greek χρυσός (khrusós, “gold”) and πράσινον (prásinon, “green”).
schizont
From German Schizont, from the present participle of Ancient Greek σχίζω (skhízō, “divide”). By surface analysis, schiz- + -ont.
zarf
Likely borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ظَرْف (zarf), ultimately from Arabic ظَرْف (ẓarf). Also influenced by Classical Persian ظَرْف (zarf) and Hindustani (Hindi ज़र्फ़ (zarf) / Urdu ظَرْف (zarf)).
taberna
From Latin taberna. Doublet of tavern and taverna.
From Spanish taberna, from Latin taberna. Doublet of tavern and taverna.
nub
Either directly from Middle Low German, or from knub, from a Middle Low German word (compare Low German Knubbel, Knobbel (“knot; lump”)). Compare knob.
Shan
From Burmese ရှမ်း (hram:), from Thai สยาม (sà-yǎam). Doublet of Siam.
From the pinyin romanization of Mandarin 陝／陕 (shǎn).
sourness
From Middle English sowrenesse, sournesse, from Old English sūrnes (“sourness”), equivalent to sour + -ness.
boricua
From Puerto Rican Spanish boricua, from Taíno *borīkē.
Arkhangelsk
From Russian Арха́нгельск (Arxángelʹsk).
poutine
Borrowed from Canadian French poutine (“French fries with cheese curds and gravy; any of various kinds of pudding”); further etymology uncertain, possibly either:
* a variant of French pouding (“pudding”), borrowed from English pudding (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to swell”)); or
* from a dialectal French word influenced by French pouding or English pudding, though this word has not been identified.
The Canadian French word is generally thought to have been coined by the Canadian restaurateur Fernand Lachance (1918–2004) as a name for the dish which is said to have been first served at his restaurant Lutin Qui Rit in Warwick, Quebec, in 1957.
LXX
From Medieval Latin LXX, a calque of Koine Greek οἱ Ο′ (hoi O′, “the 70”), used as an abbreviated title for the Septuagint, q.v.
Lindenbaum
Borrowed from German Lindenbaum, a Jewish Ashkenazi surname.
athel
From Middle English athel, ethel, hathel (“noble; nobleman, hero”), from Old English æþele (“noble”), from Proto-West Germanic *aþulī, from Proto-Germanic *aþulijaz (“of noble birth, noble”), from *aþalą (“nature; nobility”).
Cognates
Akin to Saterland Frisian eedel (“noble”), Oadel (“nobility”), West Frisian eal (“noble”), Dutch adel (“nobility”), edel (“noble”), German Adel (“nobility”), edel (“noble”), Yiddish אַדל (adl, “nobility”), איידל (eydl, “noble”), Elfdalian aðel (“noble; nobility”), Faroese aðal (“noble; nobility”), Icelandic aðal (“speciality, hallmark, characteristic”), aðall (“nobility”). Middle English form hathel due to conflation with Old English hæleþ (“hero”). See heleth.
From Arabic أَثَل (ʔaṯal).
Judea
From Latin Iūdaea, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαία (Ioudaía), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yehudá).
prostration
From Latin prōstrātiō, from prōstrātus, past participle of prōsternō.
disloyal
From Middle English, from Anglo-Norman desleal, desloial, equivalent to dis- + loyal.
snapper
From Middle English snaperen, likely formed with the frequentative suffix -eren (Modern English -er). For the stem compare Norwegian Nynorsk snåva (“to stumble”), Swedish snäva (“to stumble”), obsolete German schnappen (“to totter, to limp”), Middle High German snaben, Middle Low German snaven (“to stumble”).
combust
From Middle English combust (“burnt”), from Old French combust, from Latin combustus, the perfect passive participle of Latin combūrere (“to burn up”).
chaabi
From Arabic شَعْبِيّ (šaʕbiyy, “popular, folksy”).
guanxi
Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 關係 /关系 (guānxì, “relation, connection”).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 關西 (Guānxī).
litra
From Sicilian, from Medieval Latin litra, from Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra). Doublet of arratel, libbra, Libra, libra, lira, litre, livre, and rottol.
gramma
From Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma). Doublet of gram.
frigidaire
From Frigidaire, proprietary name of a brand of refrigerators, from Latin frīgidārium. Doublet of frigidarium.
ower
From Middle English owere, oȝere, awer, equivalent to owe + -er.
From Middle English ower, a variant of Middle English over. Compare Scots ower (“over”), English o'er (“over”). More at over.
Ilonggo
From Tagalog Ilonggo, from Spanish ilongo, from ilong + -o, the root referring to Hiligaynon ilong (“nose”), from the nose-like shape of the land between the Iloilo River and Batiano River where the Spanish Fort San Pedro is located. See also Spanish pampango.
anthill
From Middle English ametehul, amptehille, from Old English ǣmethyll, equivalent to ant + hill.
geas
Borrowed, like English geis, from Irish geis (“injunction; taboo, prohibition, spell”). The pronunciation resembles Irish geis, though the spelling matches its synonymous but heterophonous alternative form geas.
Wagner
Borrowed from German Wagner (literally “wainwright”), later conflated with wheelwright. See also the English surnames Wainwright and Wheelwright. Doublet of Wagoner.
As the name of a private military company, borrowed from Russian Ва́гнер (Vágner). Reportedly the call sign of Russian GRU officer and company founder Dmitry Utkin, which was ultimately named after German composer Richard Wagner.
hembra
Borrowed from Spanish hembra. Doublet of feme, femina, and femme.
plunk
Origin uncertain; possibly the same as plunk (etymology 1), or related to Dutch plenken (“(archaic) to wander around; (Limburg, archaic) to play truant”).
proxeny
From Ancient Greek προξενία (proxenía) derived from πρόξενος (próxenos).
geoduck
From Lushootseed gʷidəq, variously understood as reference to its deep digging or resemblance to male genitalia. The unusual spelling of the first syllable is thought to represent editorial hypercorrection of forms with goe- &c. (probably under influence from the common prefix geo-), despite the earlier attestation of forms with geo-. The spelling pronunciation /ˈdʒiːəʊdʌk/ once listed in dictionaries is now considered nonstandard. The common spelling of the second syllable is under influence from duck, originally with reference to the mollusc's resemblance to the body and neck of a dead duck.
caid
From Arabic قَائِد (qāʔid, “leader”), probably through French caïd (or at least influenced by it in pronunciation). Doublet of alcaide and Alkaid.
From Irish caid (“stuffed ball; football”).
bowk
From Middle English bolken, bulken, alteration of earlier balken, from Old English bealcan (“to belch; utter”). Compare Dutch bulken (“to roar”), German bölken. More at bolk.
balletomane
Borrowed from French balletomane. Equivalent to ballet + -o- + -mane.
geniture
From Old French géniture (the same word in modern French), or its source Latin genitura, from the base of gignere (“to beget”).
Kaaba
Borrowed from Arabic كَعْبَة (kaʕba, “cube”).
explicable
From Middle French explicable, from Latin explicabilis, from explicō (“unfold, explain”).
vicomte
From French vicomte. Doublet of vicecomes and viscount.
Hamish
Anglicized spelling of Scottish Gaelic Sheumais, vocative case of Seumas, from English James (see for more). Doublet of James etc.
chiastolite
From Ancient Greek χιαστός (khiastós, “arranged diagonally”) derived from χι (khi, “Greek letter X khi”) + -lite. So called from the resemblance of the crosscuts of its crystals to the Greek letter chi.
equipage
From Middle French equippage, from equipper. The "carriage" sense may be influenced by Latin equus (“horse”).
receptive
Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *wre-
Latin re-
Proto-Indo-European *kap-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *kapyéti
Proto-Italic *kapjō
Old Latin kapiō
Latin capiō
Latin recipiō
Latin receptus
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHwósder.
Latin -īvus
Medieval Latin receptivusbor.
Middle English receptive
English receptive
From Late Middle English receptive, receptyue (“capable of receiving something; acting as a receptacle”), borrowed from Medieval Latin receptivus (“capable of receiving something”), from Latin receptus (“retaken, having been retaken; received, having been received”) + -īvus (suffix added to the perfect passive participial stems of verbs, forming a deverbal adjective meaning ‘doing; related to doing’). Receptus is the perfect passive participle of recipiō (“to regain possession, take back; to recapture; to receive; to accept, undertake”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards; again’) + capiō (“to capture, catch, take; to take hold, take possession; to take on; to contain, hold; to occupy; to possess; to receive, take in; to comprehend, understand; to captivate, charm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“to hold; to seize”)).
Ophelia
Borrowed from Italian Ofelia, coined by the poet Jacopo Sannazaro in his poem Arcadia (1504), probably from the Ancient Greek ὠφέλειᾰ (ōphéleiă, “help, aid, succour”). The name was used by William Shakespeare for the daugher of Polonius and ill-fated love interest of Hamlet. The moon is named after this character. Doublet of anopheles
Sheffield
From the name of the River Sheaf, which is from Old English scēaþ (“boundary”), + Old English feld (“field, open land”).
beldame
Inherited from late (1400–1450) Middle English beldame, beldam, from Middle English bel (“attractive, fine, good”) (from Old French bel (“beautiful”), from Latin bellus) + dame, dam (“a mother, lady”), itself ultimately from Latin domina (“a mistress, lady”).
Homo sapien
Back-formation from the taxonomic name Homo sapiens, treated as if an English plural form.
Hanna
Variant spelling of Hannah or romanization of Hebrew חַנָּה (Ḥanâ), chiefly for the mother of Samuel, from חַנָּה (ḥanâ, “grace, gracious, graced with child”). As an Oklahoman town, named for Hanna Bullett, one of the initial settlers. As a Polish village, named for the queen Anna Jagiellon.
From anglicization of Irish Ó hAnnaidh (“descendant of Annadh”), from annadh (“delay”). As a ghost town in Missouri and unincorporated community in South Dakota, named for Ohio senator Mark Hanna. As an unincorporated community on Ute land in Utah, named for postmaster William P. Hanna.
Dunkirk
From Dutch Duinkerke, from duin (“dune”) + kerk (“church”).
Siam
Borrowed from Portuguese Sciam (“Thailand”), from Thai สยาม (sà-yǎam, “Siam, historical name”), from Pali suvaṇṇabhūmi (“land of gold”) or Sanskrit श्याम (śyāma, “dark”) or Mon ရာမည (rhmañña, “stranger”), the same root as Shan and probably Assam.
From Hokkien 閃 /闪 (siám, “to dodge”).
gadroon
From French godron, from Middle French goderon, from a form of godet (“vase with wavy edges”) + -(e)ron, from Dutch kodde (“piece of cylindrical wood”). Also probably related to goder (“to pucker”).
gauleiter
Borrowed from German Gauleiter, from Gau (“administrative division”) + Leiter (“leader”).
Pompeii
Borrowed from Latin Pompeiī, of Oscan origin, from Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe, “five”) + the Latin name-forming suffix -eiī, a reference to its five districts.
Related to cinque, five, pimp (“five”), ponzu, punch (“beverage”), and sengi (“currency”).
potager
From Middle English potager, from Middle French potager, from potage. The pronunciation is sometimes altered to imitate the pronunciation of French potager.
McLeod
From Scottish Gaelic MacLeòid (“son of Leòd”), from Old Norse Liótr (“the Ugly (one)”), from Old Norse ljótr (“ugly, scary”).
The combination tool was created in 1905 by Malcolm McLeod, a US Forest Service ranger.
Kendal
From Old English Cent + dæl = "valley of the river Kent".
apatite
From international scientific vocabulary, from German Apatit (“apatite”). Apatit was coined by the German geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817), as follows: Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πᾰ́τη (ăpắtē, “deceit, fraud”) (as it is often mistaken for other minerals) + German -it (suffix forming nouns denoting minerals or rocks; cognate with English -ite); the German word was first used in a 1786 book. Regarding minerals that were named for being deceptive and thus confused with others, compare also fool's gold.
besprenge
From Middle English besprengen, from Old English besprenġan, equivalent to be- (“about; all over”) + springe (“to sprinkle”).
besprent
From Middle English bespreynt, from Old English *besprengd, equivalent to be- + sprent.
audile
Irregular formation from Latin audire + -ilis. By surface analysis, audio + -ile.
grimly
From Middle English grymly, grimlich, from Old English grimliċ, corresponding to grim + -ly. Compare grimlike.
From Middle English grymly, grimliche, from Old English grimlīċe, equivalent to grim + -ly. Cognate with Icelandic grimmliga.
ashlar
From Middle English assheler, acheler, etc., from forms of Old French esselier (“wooden support, traverse beam”), from Medieval Latin ascelāris and assellāris (equivalent to a diminutive of early forms of ais (“plank”)), variant of *axillāris (attested only after the Renaissance), from Latin axilla (“little plank”) + -āris (“-ary: forming adjectives”), from axis (“axle, plank”) + -illa (“-ella: forming diminutives”).
cush
From cushty, from Romani kushto, kushti (“good”).
Borrowed from Biblical Hebrew כוש (kûš, “Ethiopia, Ethiopians”).
atwix
From Middle English atwix, atwixen, from a- + twix, twixt ("among"), from a- + tweox (“twofold”), from Proto-Germanic *twiskaz (“twofold, double”).
Keavy
Anglicised form of the Irish and Scottish Gaelic Caoimhe (“beautiful, precious”).
maugre
From Middle English maugre, from Anglo-Norman malgré, from mal (“bad”) + gre (“pleasure, grace”) (from Old French, from Latin gratum).
consilience
From Latin con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several objects) + saliō (“to bound, jump, leap”) (modelled after resiliēns (“rebounding”)) + -ence, influenced by concurrent. Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1840 in his book The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences.
midmorning
From mid- + morning. Compare Middle English midmorwen, midmorwe (“midmorning”).
Inari
From Japanese 稲荷 (Inari).
Borrowed from Japanese 稲荷.
scabrous
Borrowed from Latin scaber (“scabrous, rough; scabby, mangy, itchy”) (from scabō (“to scratch, scrape, abrade”), from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to scratch”)) + English -ous; compare French scabreux, Late Latin scabrōsus.
adjoint
From French adjoindre (“to join”), from late 19th C; see also adjoin. Doublet of adjunct.
In the case of category theory (which brings together concepts from numerous fields), the term is often confounded with adjunct and the relationship is called an adjunction. The origin of any particular usage may therefore be uncertain.
Mariolatry
From Latin Marīa or English Mary (“the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ”) + -o- + -latry, modelled after idolatry. The English word is cognate with French mariolâtrie, Italian mariolatria, Late Latin mariolatria.
membrana
From Latin membrāna (“membrane, parchment”). Doublet of membrane.
excursus
Learned borrowing from Latin excursus (“excursion”). Doublet of excurse.
enquire
From Old French enquerre, from en- + querre (“to search, to look for”), from Latin quaerere, of uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Italic *kʷaizeō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂- (“to acquire”).
crone
From Middle English crone, from Anglo-Norman carogne (compare central Old French charogne (a term of abuse, literally “carrion, carcass, old sheep, hag”), whence modern French charogne). Doublet of carrion.
bon vivant
Borrowed from French bon vivant (literally “one who lives well, good ‘liver’ (living person)”), from bon (“good”) + vivant (“person who is living”), agent noun of vivre (“to live”).
conjurer
From Middle English conjurer, from Anglo-Norman conjurour (“conjurer, conspirator”). Equivalent to conjure + -er.
eclampsia
Borrowed from New Latin eclampsia, from French éclampsie, from Ancient Greek ἔκλᾰμψῐς (éklămpsĭs, “sudden development, violent onset”, literally “brightness”), from ἐκλᾰ́μπω (eklắmpō, “to shine or beam forth; to burst forth violently”) + -σῐς (-sĭs, nominal suffix).
murid
From Arabic مُرِيد (murīd, literally “seeker”).
furtively
From Middle English furtyvely; equivalent to furtive + -ly.
manservant
From Middle English man servant, man servaunt; equivalent to man + servant.
lochan
Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic lochan, diminutive of loch (“lake”).
pratique
Originated 1600–10. Borrowed from Middle French practique, pratique, from Medieval Latin prāctica. Doublet of practice.
Seumas
Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic Seumas. Doublet of Hamish.
Brest
From Breton Brest (via French), from Proto-Celtic *brixs (“hill”), compare Scottish Gaelic bre.
Borrowed from Russian Брест (Brest).
dira
From Arabic ذِرَاع m (ḏirāʕ, “cubit”), from ذِرَاع f (ḏirāʕ, “arm”).
Arundel
From Old English hārhūne (“horehound”) + dell (“small valley”).
Amalek
Borrowed from Biblical Hebrew עֲמָלֵק (ʾĂmālēq).
Immanuel
From Hebrew עִמָּנוּאֵל (ʿimanuʾél), from עִמָּנוּ אֵל (ʿimánu ʾél, literally “God is with us”).
minstrelsy
From Middle English minstralcie, from 13th century Anglo-Norman menestralsie, menestralcie, from Old French menestrel (“minstrel”), itself from Medieval Latin ministralis (“servant, jester, singer”), from Late Latin ministerialis (“imperial household officer, one having an official duty”), from the adjective ministerialis (“ministerial, servants”), from Latin ministerium (“service”).
a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
Calque of Latin plus valet in manibus avis unica quam dupla silvis (“a single bird in the hands is worth more than two in the forest”), possibly deriving from sources as old as the ancient Middle East, with the 6th century BCE Proverbs of Ahiqar including "a sparrow in thy hand is better than a thousand sparrows flying".
pad thai
From Thai ผัดไทย (pàt-tai, “Thai stir-fry”).
bove
Probably an apheretic form of above. Alternatively, this word may continue Middle English bove, boven, from Old English bufan, from Proto-West Germanic *biobanā, from *bi (“by”) + *ufanā (“from above”). Compare West Frisian boppe, Dutch boven and Low German baven, boven.
Umwelt
Unadapted borrowing from German Umwelt (“environment”).
comprend
From Middle English comprenden, from Old French comprendre. Doublet of comprehend.
Houston
Originally from a place near Glasgow, from the Middle English equivalent of "Hugh's town". Analyzable as Hugh + -s- + -ton
Wilfred
The name of two early Anglo-Saxon saints Wilfriþ, from Old English wil (“will”) + friþ (“peace”).
Dallas
# The Texas city was named after George M. Dallas, vice president to Polk; family name is evolved from dalhous (13th c.), meaning "dweller at the house in the dale," from dale + house.
# The Scottish place-name is from Pictish, equivalent to Welsh dôl (“meadow, haugh”) + gwas (“abode”).
Northampton
From Old English Norþhāmtūn, equivalent to north + Hampton. The earliest reference to Northampton in writing occurred in 914 under the name Ham tune. The Domesday Book (1086) records the town as Northantone: the prefix “North” was added later to distinguish it from other towns called “Hampton”, most prominently Southampton.
jaconet
From Hindi जगन्नाथ (jagannāth) / Urdu جگنّاتھ (jagannāth), former name of Puri in India, where the material came from. Compare juggernaut.
mirabilia
Unadapted borrowing from Latin mīrābilia. Doublet of marvel.
mirabilis
From the genus name, from Latin mīrābilis. Doublet of mirable.
ambulate
From Latin ambulatus, past participle of ambulō (“to walk, go about”). Doublet of amble.
by and by
From Middle English by and by (“side by side, close together, alongside, on and on, continually, again and again, repeatedly”), equivalent to by + and + by.
credulity
Inherited from Middle English credulite (“faith, belief”), borrowed from Middle French credulité (French crédulité), from Latin crēdulitās. Corresponding to credulous + -ity (compare credulosity).
vingt-et-un
Unadapted borrowing from French vingt-et-un (“twenty-one”).