MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
believe
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epsder.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epider.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁pi
Proto-Germanic *bider.
Proto-Germanic *bi-
Proto-West Germanic *bi-
Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *laubō
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Germanic *-janą
Proto-Germanic *laubijaną
Proto-West Germanic *laubijan
Proto-West Germanic *bilaubijan
Old English belīefan
Middle English bileven
English believe
From Middle English beleven, bileven, from Old English belīefan (“to believe”), from Proto-West Germanic *bilaubijan (“to believe”), equivalent to be- + leave (“to give leave or permission to, permit, allow, grant”). Cognate with Scots beleve (“to believe”), Old Frisian bilēva (“to permit”), Middle Dutch beloven (“to believe, entrust”), Middle Low German belö̂ven (“to believe”), Middle High German belouben (“to believe”).
A related term in Old English was ġelīefan (“to be dear to; believe, trust”), from Proto-West Germanic *galaubijan (“to have faith, believe”), from Proto-Germanic *galaubijaną. Compare also Old English ġelēafa (“belief, faith, confidence, trust”), Old English lēof ("dear, valued, beloved, pleasant, agreeable" > English lief). Related also to North Frisian leauwjen (“to believe”), Saterland Frisian leeuwe (“to believe”), West Frisian leauwe (“to believe”), Dutch geloven (“to believe”), German Low German glöven (“to believe”), German glauben (“to believe”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (galaubjan, “to hold dear, valuable, or satisfactory, approve of, believe”).
The prepositionally transitive senses with in are a semantic loan from Latin crēdō in aliquem / aliquid.
paradise
From Middle English paradis, paradise, paradys, from Late Old English paradīs, borrowed from Old French paradis, from Latin paradīsus, from Ancient Greek παράδεισος (parádeisos), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *paridayjah. Doublet of parvis. Displaced Old English neorxnawang.
screed
From Middle English screde [and other forms], a variant of shrede (“fragment, scrap; strip of cloth; strip cut off from a larger piece; band or thread woven into fabric; element, streak”) (whence shred (noun)), from Old English sċrēad, sċrēade (“a piece cut off; paring, shred”), from Proto-Germanic *skraudō (“a piece, shred; a cut, crack”), from *skraudaną (“to cut up, shred”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off”). The English word is cognate with Old Frisian skrēd. Doublet of escrow, scroll, and shred.
From Middle English screde, Early Middle English screda, a variant of shreden, shrede (“to chop, cut up, hack; to cut to shape; to maim, wound; to prune, trim”) [and other forms] (whence shred (verb)), from Old English scrēadian (“to cut up, shred; to cut off, prune”), from Proto-Germanic *skraudaną (“to cut up, shred”), see further at etymology 1; later uses are derived from the noun screed.
village
From Middle English village, from Old French village, from Latin vīllāticus, ultimately from Latin villa (English villa).
Broadly overtook Old English wic, þorp, and ham.
The Philippine sense is due to its frequent use in the names of gated communities.
perennial
The adjective is borrowed from Latin perennis (“lasting through the whole year or for several years, perennial; continual, everlasting, perpetual”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Perennis is derived from per- (“completive or intensifying prefix with the sense of doing something all the way through or entirely”) + annus (“year; season, time”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et- (“to go”)). By surface analysis, per- + -ennial.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Middle French pérenne (modern French pérenne (“lasting through the whole year, perennial”))
* Italian perenne (“lasting for a long time”)
* Spanish perenne (“eternal; permanent; a perennial plant”)
hamlet
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-
Proto-Indo-European *-mos
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos
Proto-Indo-European *tḱóymos
Proto-Germanic *haimaz
Frankish *haimbor.
Old French ham
Old French hamel
Old French hameletbor.
Middle English hamlet
English hamlet
From Middle English hamlet, hamelet, a borrowing from Old French hamelet, diminutive of Old French hamel, in turn diminutive of Old French ham, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *haim, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *haimaz (whence English home). Equivalent to Middle English ham (“home, village”) + -let (“small”).
From Latin Amlethus, as written by 13th-century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, and borrowed into English by way of François de Belleforest's French Hamlet, originally rendered as Hamblet in English. Ultimately from Old Danish Amlethæ, corresponding to Old Norse Amlóði (“fool”), claimed to be suggestive of the way that Hamlet acts in the play, from ama (“to annoy”).
tau
From Middle English tau, taue, from Latin tau, from Ancient Greek ταῦ (taû) and Hebrew תָּו (tav).
Sense 7 was used by Joseph M. Lindenberg in 1991, and popularized by the American educator and entrepreneur Michael Hartl in a 2010 paper which explains that τ resembles π; and that τ is the Greek equivalent of t, the first letter of turn, and 2π corresponds to one turn of a circle with a radius of one unit.
Sense 8.1 (“ellipsis of tau lepton or tau particle”) was coined by the American physicist Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) after the first letter of Ancient Greek τρίτον (tríton, “third”), since the tau lepton or tauon was the third charged lepton discovered.
chi
From Latin chī, from Ancient Greek χεῖ (kheî).
From the Mandarin 氣／气 (qì) from the Wade–Giles romanization: chʻi⁴, from Middle Chinese 氣 (MC khj+jH), from Old Chinese 氣 (OC *kʰɯds, “breath, vapor”). Compare modern Japanese 気(き) (ki), Korean 기(氣) (gi) and Vietnamese khí (氣).
From the pinyin romanization of Mandarin 尺 (chǐ). Doublet of chek.
From the Wade-Giles romanization of the Mandarin Chinese 齊 /齐 (Qí).
psi
From Middle English psi, from Latin psī, from Ancient Greek ψεῖ (pseî), the name for the twenty-third letter of the alphabet (Ψ, ψ).
nothing
From Middle English nothyng, noon thing, non thing, na þing, nan thing, nan þing, from Old English nāþing, nān þing (“nothing”, literally “not any thing”), equivalent to no + thing. Compare Old English nāwiht (“nothing”, literally “no thing”), Swedish ingenting (“nothing”, literally “not any thing, no thing”).
berry
Etymology tree
Middle English berye
English berry
From Middle English berye, from Old English berġe, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bäie, West Flemish beier, German Beere, Icelandic ber, Danish bær.
The slang sense "police car" may come from the lights on the vehicles' roofs.
From Middle English berȝe, berghe, from Old English beorġe, dative form of beorg (“mountain, hill, mound, barrow”), from Proto-West Germanic *berg, from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain, hill”). More at barrow.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots burrow (“mound, tumulus, barrow”), North Frisian Bārig, beerch, beeri, beerj, berag, berig, berri, bärj (“mountain”), Saterland Frisian Bierich, Bíerig, Bäirch (“mountain”), West Frisian berch (“mountain”), Cimbrian pèrge (“mountain”), Dutch berg (“mountain”), German Berg (“mountain”), German Low German Barg (“mountain”), Limburgish berg, Bärrech (“hill, mountain”), Luxembourgish Bierg (“mountain”), Mòcheno pèrg (“mountain”), Yiddish באַרג (barg, “mountain”), Danish bjerg (“mountain”), Faroese berg, bjarg (“cliff”), bjørg (“cliffs”), Icelandic, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish berg (“mountain”); also Northern Luri برگ (berg, “mountain”), Polish brzeg (“bank, shore”), Russian бе́рег (béreg, “bank, shore”).
From Middle English bery (“a burrow”). More at burrow.
From Middle English beryen, berien, from Old English *berian (found only in past participle ġebered (“crushed, kneaded, harassed, oppressed, vexed”)), from Proto-West Germanic *barjan, from Proto-Germanic *barjaną (“to beat, hit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to rip, cut, split, grate”).
Cognate with Scots berry, barry (“to thresh, thrash”), German beren (“to beat, knead”), Icelandic berja (“to beat”), Latin feriō (“strike, hit”, verb).
From French Berry.
Qur'an
Borrowed from Arabic الْقُرْآن (al-qurʔān), definite form of قُرْآن (qurʔān, “act of reciting”), verbal noun of قَرَأَ (qaraʔa, “to recite; to read (aloud)”). (The obsolete alternative spellings with "al-", like the Alcoran, redundantly retained the Arabic definite article.) Compare Classical Syriac ܩܪܝܢܐ (qeryānā, “reading; scripture”).
translator
Directly from Latin trānslātor and French translator, and also from Middle English translatour, from Old French translatour, translateur, etc., from Latin trānslātor, from trānslātus (“carried across”) + -or (“-er: forming agent nouns”), from trānsferō (“carry across”), from trans (“across”) + ferō (“bear, carry”), q.v. Equivalent to translate + -or.
vent
Partly from Middle French vent, from Latin ventus and partly from French éventer. Cognate with French vent and Spanish viento (“wind”) and ventana (“window”). Doublet of wind.
From French vente, from Latin vendere (“to sell”).
From Spanish venta (“a poor inn, sale, market”).
Reduced form of Dutch de Vent.
puer
Perhaps from French puer.
Borrowed from Latin puer (“boy, lad, child”).
fan
Inherited from Middle English fan, inherited from Old English fann (“a winnowing, fan”), derived from Latin vannus (“fan for winnowing grain”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).
Cognates
*Latin ventus (“wind”)
*Dutch wan (“winnowing basket”)
*German Wanne (“winnowing basket”)
*Swedish vanna (“a fan for winnowing”)
*Old English windwian (“to fan, winnow”).
More at winnow.
From Cantonese 分. Doublet of fen and hoon.
From Mandarin 范 (Fàn).
fail
Etymology tree
Classical Latin fallere
Vulgar Latin *fallīre
Old French falirbor.
Middle English failen
English fail
Inherited from Middle English failen, borrowed from Old French falir, from Vulgar Latin *fallire, alteration of Latin fallere (“to deceive, disappoint”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰāl- (“to lie, deceive”) or Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷʰh₂el- (“to stumble”).
Compare Alemannic German fääle (“to lack”), Cimbrian béelan, véelan (“to fail”), veln (“to be absent, missing”), Dutch falen, feilen (“to fail, miss”), German fallieren, fehlen (“to fail, miss, lack”), Danish fejle (“to fail, err”), Swedish fallera (“to fail, break, malfunction”), Spanish fallar (“to fail, miss”).
* As a Scottish and Irish surname, shortened from McPhail.
* As a Manx surname, variant of Fayle.
* As a south German surname, from the adjective feil (“for sale”).
interpreter
From Middle English interpreter, interpretour, etc., from Old French interpreteur, interpreteeur, etc., from Late Latin interpretātōr, from classical Latin interpretātus (“explained, translated”) + -or (“-er: forming agent nouns”), from interpretārī (“to explain, to translate”), from interpres (“go-between, translator”) + -ārī (“to be ~ed”), q.v. In reference to divine emissaries, a calque of Mercury's Latin epithet interpres divum (“go-between of the gods”). In reference to the rhetorical device, a calque of Latin interpretatio. Equivalent to interpret + -er.
Displaced native Old English wealhstod.
nasheed
Borrowed from Arabic نَشِيد (našīd, “song, hymn”).
songster
From Middle English songster, sangester, sangstere, from Old English sangestre (“a female singer; songstress”), equivalent to song + -ster. Cognate with Scots sangstar (“singer; songster”). Compare also West Frisian sjongster (“singer; female singer; vocalist”).
silversmith
Inherited from Middle English silver smyth, from Old English seolforsmiþ (“silversmith”), from Proto-Germanic *silubrasmiþaz (“silversmith”), equivalent to silver + smith. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Säälwersmid (“silversmith”), West Frisian sulversmid (“silversmith”), Dutch zilversmid (“silversmith”), German Low German Sülversmitt (“silversmith”), German Silberschmied (“silversmith”), Danish sølvsmed (“silversmith”), Norwegian Bokmål sølvsmed (“silversmith”), Norwegian Nynorsk sølvsmed (“silversmith”), sylvsmed (“silversmith”), Swedish silversmed (“silversmith”), Icelandic silfursmiður (“silversmith”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English argentarie (“silversmith”) from Latin (faber) argentārius (“dealer in silver, silversmith”).
lad
From Middle English ladde (“foot soldier, servant; male commoner; boy”), from late Old English *ladda (attested in Old English personal byname Ladda), probably of North Germanic origin. Compare Old Norse ladd (“hose, woolen stocking; sock”), which may have undergone semantic shift to mean a term of abuse (e.g. foolish youth, youngster of lower social status, etc.); thence by connotative amelioration coming to mean any young fellow. Compare Norwegian ladd (“rough sock, woolen or felt slipper”) and the -ladd in compounds Askeladd/Askeladden (a nickname in fairy tales, "Ash Lad") and tusseladd (“nincompoop”). See also Swedish ladder (“old shoes”), lodde (“Frisian shoe”), lädder (“socks”), all said to be related to Old Norse loðinn (“hairy, shaggy, woolly”), loddi (“shaggy dog”).
goldsmith
From Middle English goldsmith, from Old English goldsmiþ (“goldsmith”), from Proto-Germanic *gulþasmiþaz (“goldsmith”), equivalent to gold + smith. Cognate with Scots goldsmyth, gouldsmeth (“goldsmith”), Saterland Frisian Gouldsmid (“goldsmith”), West Frisian goudsmid (“goldsmith”), Dutch goudsmid (“goldsmith”), German Goldschmied (“goldsmith”), Danish guldsmed (“goldsmith”), Swedish guldsmed (“goldsmith”), Icelandic gullsmiður (“goldsmith”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English orbatour, orbatur (“goldsmith”) and orfever, orfevre (“goldsmith”), both borrowed from Old French.
dharma
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma, “that which upholds or supports”). The definitions pertaining to Buddhism are influenced by dhamma, a loan word from Pali. Doublet of dhamma and firm.
infamous
From Middle English enfamouse, in-fames, infamous, from Medieval Latin īnfāmōsus, from Latin īnfāmis; by surface analysis, in- + famous. Displaced native Old English unhlīsful.
deserve
From Middle English deserven, from Old French deservir, from Latin dēserviō, from dē- + serviō.
glass
From Middle English glas, from Old English glæs, from Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą, possibly related to Proto-Germanic *glōaną (“to shine”) (compare glow), and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰleh₁- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”).
Cognate with West Frisian glês, Low German and German Glas, Danish, Dutch, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish glas, Norwegian Bokmål glass, Icelandic gler.
* As an English, Jewish and German surname, from the noun glass.
* Also as an English surname, from a nickname derived from French glas (“bell, tumult, clash of arms”).
* As a Celtic surname (Irish, Welsh, Cornish, and Scottish Gaelic), Anglicized from the adjective glas (“grey”).
* Also as a German surname, altered from the personal name Klass, shortened from Nikolaus, compare Nicholas.
* As a Slovene surname, Americanized and Germanized from Glas.
strong
From Middle English strong, strang, from Old English strang (“strong”), from Proto-West Germanic *strang (“severe, strict, rigorous, strong”), from Proto-Germanic *strangaz (“tight, strict, straight, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“taut, stiff, tight”).
Cognate with Scots strang (“strong”), Saterland Frisian strang, West Frisian string (“austere, strict, harsh, severe, stern, stark, tough”), Dutch streng (“strict, severe, tight”), German streng (“strict, severe, austere”), Danish and Norwegian streng (“strong, hard”), Faroese and Icelandic strangur (“strict”), Norwegian strang (“strong, harsh, bitter”), Swedish sträng, strang (“severe, strict, harsh”), Latin stringō (“tighten”). Doublet of strict and string.
papyrus
From Middle English papirus, borrowed from Latin papȳrus, from Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros), of unknown origin. Doublet of papyros.
Bahraini
From Arabic بَحْرَيْنِيّ (baḥrayniyy, “Bahraini”). Equivalent to Bahrain + -i.
Bangladeshi
From Bangladesh + -i. Borrowed from Bengali বাংলাদেশী (baṅladeśi).
fugitive
From Middle English fugitive, fugityve, fugityf, fugitife, fugytif, fugitif, from Latin fugitīvus.
serpent
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *serp-
Proto-Indo-European *sérpeti
Proto-Italic *serpō
Latin serpō
Latin serpēns
Old French serpentbor.
Middle English serpent
English serpent
From Middle English serpent, from Old French serpent (“snake, serpent”), from Latin serpēns (“snake”), present active participle of serpere (“to creep, crawl”), from Proto-Italic *serpō, from Proto-Indo-European *serp-. In this sense, displaced native Old English nǣdre (“snake, serpent”), whence Modern English adder.
Compare Sanskrit सर्प (sarpa, “snake”), which is a descendant of the same Proto-Indo-European word as serpent.
White Russia
Calque of Russian Бе́лая Русь (Bélaja Rusʹ). Compare German Weißrussland, German Low German Wittrussland, Dutch Wit-Rusland, Afrikaans Wit-Rusland, Danish Hviderusland, Faroese Hvítarussland, Swedish Vitryssland, Norwegian Bokmål Hviterussland, Norwegian Nynorsk Kviterussland, Icelandic Hvíta-Rússland, Limburgish Wit-Rusland, Alemannic German Wiissrussland, among others.
vanguard
Earlier forms included vandgard and (a)vantgard with or without aphetism, derived from Old French avan(t)garde (“before guard”). Doublet of avant-garde and vaward.
barbarian
From Middle English barbarian, borrowed from Medieval Latin barbarinus (“Berber, pagan, foreigner”), from Latin barbaria (“foreign country”), from barbarus (“foreigner, savage”), from Ancient Greek βάρβαρος (bárbaros, “foreign, non-Greek, strange”), possibly onomatopoeic (mimicking foreign languages, akin to English blah blah). Cognate to Sanskrit बर्बर (barbara, “barbarian, non-Aryan, stammering, blockhead”).
Dane
From Middle English Dane, from Old Norse danir or Old English Dene. Both forms ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic *daniz.
Georgian
From George + -ian, possibly with influence from its Latin equivalent (as other regnal adjectives and nouns so derived), Geōrgius.
Kyrgyz
From Kyrgyz кыргыз (kırgız), possibly derived from Kyrgyz кырк ууз (kırk uuz, “forty tribes”); or possibly from кыргый (kırgıy, “hawk”); or likely from кырк (kırk, “extinguish, mince, cut”). More at Kyrgyz.
Swiss
Adopted from Middle French Suisse in circa 1515, alongside the form Switzer directly loaned from German.
beach
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg-der.
Proto-Germanic *bakiz
Proto-West Germanic *baki
Old English bæċ
Middle English bache
English beach
From Middle English bache, bæcche (“bank, sandbank”), from Old English beċe (“beck, brook, stream”), from Proto-West Germanic *baki, from Proto-Germanic *bakiz (“brook”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“flowing water”).
Cognates
Cognate with Cimbrian pach (“brook, creek, stream”), Dutch beek (“brook, stream”), German Bach (“brook, stream”), German Low German Beek (“brook, stream”), Luxembourgish Baach (“brook, stream”), Mòcheno pòch (“brook, creek, stream”), Vilamovian bāh, baoch (“brook, stream”), Danish bæk (“brook”), Icelandic bekkur (“creek, spring, stream”), Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk bekk (“brook, creek, stream”), Swedish bäck (“brook, creek, stream”); also Lithuanian banga (“billow, wave”). More at batch, beck.
English surname reflecting multiple origins, including the nouns beach and beech, and Americanized from the German surname Bisch.
Valle d'Aosta
From Italian Valle d'Aosta (literally “Aosta Valley”).
Campania
From Italian Campania, borrowed from Latin Campānia. Doublet of Champagne.
From Italian campagna, respelled after its etymon Late Latin campānia (“open country, battlefield”) (compare the region Campania), from Latin campus (“field”). Doublet of campaign, campagna, and champagne.
Emilia-Romagna
Borrowed from Italian Emilia-Romagna, from the former regions Emilia and Romagna.
Cuneo
Borrowed from Italian Cuneo, from Latin cuneus (“wedge”), after the shape of the city, which is at the confluence of two rivers. Doublet of coin.
Swati
From Swazi liSwati.
From Urdu سواتی (svātī).
lesbian
From Latin Lesbiana, from Ancient Greek Λέσβος (Lésbos) + Latin adjective suffix -iana; by reference to Sappho of Lesbos (whence also sapphist, sapphic), known for her sentimental poems about women. This sense of the word may have been borrowed from, or influenced by, the German cognate lesbisch, where it is found in medical literature from the 1830s.
Kazakh
From Russian каза́х (kazáx), from Kazakh қазақ (qazaq). Cognate with Cossack, ultimately from Turkic languages.
From Russian Каза́х (Kazáx).
Israeli
From Hebrew ישראלי (jiśrəʾēlî). By surface analysis, Israel + -i.
Usage as a synonym for "Modern Israeli Hebrew" was popularized by Ghil'ad Zuckermann.
Egyptian
From Middle English Egipcien, egyptiane. Displaced Old English Egyptisċ. By surface analysis, Egypt + -ian.
Agrigento
Borrowed from Italian Agrigento, from Latin Agrigentum, possibly from the root words ager (“field”) and gēns (“clan, kin”), but more likely to be a corruption of Ancient Greek Ἀκράγᾰντᾰ (Akrágăntă), accusative of Ἀκράγᾱς (Akrágās), from ἄκρος (ákros, “at the edge”).
Ancona
From Italian Ancona, from Latin Ancōna, from ancōn (“curve, elbow”).
Borrowed from Italian ancona.
Aosta
From Italian Aosta, ultimately from the Latin name Augusta Praetōria Salassōrum.
Arezzo
Borrowed from Italian Arezzo, from Latin Ārrētium, from Etruscan 𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌉𐌌 (aritim).
Avellino
Borrowed from Italian Avellino, from Latin Abellinum, from Abella + -inum (equivalent to Avella + -ino). From Proto-Italic *abelnā (“apple-bearing”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl (“apple, apple-tree”).
Uzbek
From Russian узбек (uzbek), from Uzbek oʻzbek. Further etymology is uncertain; possibly from Turkic öz (“genuine”) + Sogdian [script needed] (βγ /⁠beġ⁠/, “master”); the latter from Proto-Indo-Aryan *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás. The first element is often thought to be equivalent to English Oghuz.
Benevento
From Italian Benevento, from Latin Beneventum, from bene (“good, well”) + ventum (“air”), probably an avoidance term for an earlier Maleventum ("Bad Air").
Bologna
From Italian Bologna, from Latin Bonōnia, ultimately from Celtic. Doublet of Boleyn and Boulogne.
From the Italian city of Bologna.
Brindisi
From Italian Brindisi, from Latin Brundisium, from Ancient Greek Βρεντέσιον (Brentésion), said to be from Messapic.
Borrowed from Italian brindisi.
Cagliari
From Italian Cagliari, from Latin Calaris, a form of Caralis.
Caltanissetta
From Italian Caltanissetta, from its ancient Arabic toponym قَلْعَة النِسَاء (qalʕa an-nisāʔ, “Fort of the Women”).
Crotone
Borrowed from Italian Crotone. Doublet of Croton.
element
From Middle English element, from Old French element, from Latin elementum (“a first principle, element, rudiment”) (see further etymology there).
The verb is from Middle English elementen, from the noun.
Livorno
Borrowed from Italian Livorno, from Old Italian Legorno, from Latin Liburnus, from Liburnī, name of the ancient population of Liburnians. Doublet of Leghorn.
Iraqi
From Arabic عِرَاقِيّ (ʕirāqiyy, “Iraqi”), equivalent to Iraq + -i.
Sahrawi
From Arabic صَحْرَاوِيّ (ṣaḥrāwiyy, “of the desert”), from صَحْرَاء (ṣaḥrāʔ, “desert”).
caveat
Learned borrowing from Latin caveat (“may he/she/it beware”), third-person singular present active subjunctive of caveō (“to beware of”). Doublet of show, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”).
pole
From Middle English pole, pal, from Old English pāl (“a pole, stake, post; a kind of hoe or spade”), from Proto-West Germanic *pāl (“pole”), from Latin pālus (“stake, pale, prop, stay”), perhaps from Old Latin *paxlos, from Proto-Italic *pākslos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to nail, fasten”). Doublet of peel, pale, and palus.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots pale, paill (“stake, pale”), North Frisian pul, pil (“stake, pale”), Saterland Frisian Pool (“pole”), West Frisian poal (“pole”), Dutch paal (“pole”), German Pfahl (“pile, stake, post, pole”), Danish pæl (“pole”), Swedish påle (“pole”), Icelandic páll (“hoe, spade, pale”), Old English fæc (“space of time, while, division, interval; lustrum”).
From Middle French pole, pôle, from Latin polus, from Ancient Greek πόλος (pólos, “axis of rotation”).
From German Pole.
Qatari
From Qatar + -i, from Arabic قَطَر (qaṭar).