MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Asian
From Latin āsiānus. By surface analysis, Asia + -an.
The modern North American and Australasian usage, referring to East and Southeast Asians collectively, seems to be a shortened form of "Asian American", a term whose origins activists and academics trace back to 1968 and University of California, Berkeley (UCLA) students Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee, who, inspired by the Black Power Movement and the protests against the Vietnam War, founded the "Asian American Political Alliance" as a way to unite Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino American students on campus. It replaced the term "Mongoloid", but still continued the racial grouping of "Mongoloid".
The usage in Britain and some of its former colonies such as South Africa, Kenya and Uganda, stems from South Asians historically forming the bulk of immigrants from the continent of Asia to these places.
In the rest of the Anglosphere, the word "Asian" is sometimes, albeit less frequently, used to refer to South Asians and Central Asians, but rarely (if ever) to Near Easterners.
consent
Recorded in Middle English since circa 1225, borrowed from Old French consentir, from Latin cōnsentīre (“to agree; to assent, consent”), itself from com- (“with”) + sentiō (“to feel”)
careful
From Middle English careful, from Old English carful; equivalent to care + -ful.
time
From Middle English tyme, time, from Old English tīma (“time, period, space of time, season, lifetime, fixed time, favorable time, opportunity”), from Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô (“time”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂imō, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to divide”). Related to tide. Not related to Latin tempus.
Cognates
* Scots tym, tyme (“time”)
* Alemannic German Zimen, Zīmmän (“time, time of the year, opportune time, opportunity”)
* Danish time (“hour, lesson”)
* Elfdalian taime (“hour”)
* Faroese tími (“hour, lesson, time”)
* Icelandic tími (“time, season”)
* Norwegian time (“lesson, hour”)
* Swedish timma, timme (“hour”).
deceptive
From Middle French déceptif, from Latin dēceptīvus, from dēcipiō (“to deceive”).
shrink
From Middle English schrynken, from Old English sċrincan, from Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną. Cognate with Dutch schrinken (“to shrink”).
The sense “psychologist, psychotherapist” is a clipping of head-shrinker.
thou
From Middle English thou, tho, thogh, thoue, thouȝ, thow, thowe, tou, towe, thu, thue, thugh, tu, you (Northern England), ðhu, þeou, þeu, þou (the latter three early Southwest England), from Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū (“you (singular), thou”), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you, thou”).
cognates and usage evolution
The English word is cognate with Saterland Frisian du (“thou”), West Frisian do (“thou”), dialectal Dutch du, dou, douw (“thou”), Limburgish doe (“thou”), Low German du (“thou”), German du (“thou”), Danish du (“thou”), Swedish du (“thou”), Norwegian Nynorsk du (“thou”), Faroese tú (“thou”), Icelandic þú (“thou”), Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þu, “thou”), Latin tu, Ancient Greek σύ (sú) (Doric Ancient Greek τύ (tú), Greek εσύ (esý)), Irish tú, Lithuanian tu, Old Church Slavonic тꙑ (ty), Welsh ti, Armenian դու (du), Albanian ti, Persian تو (to), Gujarati તું (tũ), Hindi तू (tū).
The informality of thou and its replacement by ye in formal situations date only to the 14th century and come from French influence, since French (as many European languages, but not Old English) uses the second-person plural (vous) instead of the second-person singular (tu) as a mark of politeness or respect.
From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.
Andorra
Etymology tree
Catalan Andorrabor.
English Andorra
Borrowed from Catalan Andorra, probably of Paleo-Hispanic or Vasconic origin. Compare Ancient Greek Ἀνδοσῖνοι (Andosînoi), the name of a tribe in Hispania Tarraconensis near the Pyrenees mentioned by Polybius.
Afghanistan
Etymology tree
Bactrian αβαγανο (abagano)der.
Classical Persian افغان (afġān /afġân)
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *os
Proto-Indo-Iranian *stáHnam
Middle Persian -stʾn'
Classical Persian ـستان (-istān /-estân)
Classical Persian اَفْغَانِسْتَان (afġānistān)bor.
English Afghanistan
From Classical Persian اَفْغَانِسْتَان (afġānistān), from اَفْغَان (afġān, “Afghan”) + ـِسْتَان (-istān, “-istan: land of”), equivalent to Afghan + -istan.
Albania
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *albʰós
Proto-Italic *alβos
Latin albus
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Italic *-nos
Latin -nus
Latin -ānus
Latin Albānusbor.
Byzantine Greek Ἀλβᾰνός (Albănós)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Byzantine Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía)bor.
Medieval Latin Albāniabor.
English Albania
Borrowed from Medieval Latin Albānia, from Byzantine Greek Ἄλβανον (Álbanon) + Medieval Latin -ia.
From Ancient Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía).
Armenia
From Latin Armenia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία (Armenía) (early 5th century BC), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /⁠Armina⁠/) (late 6th century BC); see it for more. The Old Persian name is an exonym: see հայ (hay) for the native name. Attested in English since late 14th century.
Angola
Etymology tree
Kimbundu ngolader.
Portuguese Angolabor.
English Angola
From Portuguese (Reino de) Angola (“(kingdom of) Angola”), from Kimbundu ngola, title held by native kings at the time of the Portuguese colonization in the 15th century AD. Compare Kituba ngolo (“strength”).
First attested in c. 1595.
The Louisiana State Penitentiary is named "Angola" after the Angola slave plantation it replaced, which was named after the country, from which many enslaved people in Louisiana had been taken.
Argentina
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm
Proto-Italic *argentom
Latin argentumbor.
English Argentina
From Latin argentum (“silver”) + the feminine of the adjectival suffix -īnus; in reference to the Río de la Plata ("silver river").
Azerbaijan
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish آذربایجان (azerbaycan), from Classical Persian آذَرْبَایْجَان (āzarbāyjān), from Early New Persian آذَرْبَایْگَان (āḏarbāygān) / آذَرْبَادْگَان (āḏarbādgān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkʾn) / [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkn /⁠āturpātakān, ādurbādagān⁠/), from [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾt' /⁠āturpāt, ādurbād⁠⁠/, “Atropates (the Persian nobleman who founded the kingdom of Atropatene)”) [whose name descends from Old Persian *Ātr̥pātah (literally “protected by fire”)] + -kʾn' (whence Classical Persian ـگَان (-gān)).
Compare Old Armenian Ատրպատական (Atrpatakan), Ատրապատական (Atrapatakan), Ատրպայական (Atrpayakan), Armenian Ադրբեջան (Adrbeǰan), Byzantine Greek Ἀδαρβιγάνων (Adarbigánōn), Classical Syriac ܐܕܘܪܒܝܓܐܢ (ʾĀḏōrbêḡān), Coptic ⲁⲇⲟⲩⲣⲃⲁⲇⲁⲅⲁⲛ (adourbadagan).
Bangladesh
From Bengali বাংলাদেশ (baṅladeś), from বাংলা (baṅla, “Bengali”) + দেশ (deś, “country”).
Bulgaria
Etymology tree
Proto-Turkic *bulga-der.
Proto-Turkic *bulgar
Old Turkic 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀 (b¹ul¹ǧa)
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Slavic *-inъ
Old Church Slavonic -инъ (-inŭ)
Old Church Slavonic блъгаринъ (blŭgarinŭ)bor.
Medieval Latin Bulgarusbor.
English Bulgarder.
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -iader.
English -iader.
English Bulgaria
From Medieval Latin Bulgaria, equivalent to Bulgar + -ia, in English used from the 16th century.
Bahrain
Borrowed from Arabic الْبَحْرَيْن (al-baḥrayn, literally “the two seas”).
Bolivia
Etymology tree
Basque boluder.
Proto-Basque *ibar
Basque ibarder.
Basque Bolibarbor.
Spanish Bolívar
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
New Latin -ius
New Latin -ia
New Latin Boliviabor.
English Bolivia
Borrowed from Spanish and New Latin Bolivia (“land of Bolivar”), from the South American revolutionary leader Simón Bolívar + -ia (forming placenames), from the Spanish surname Bolívar, from Basque Bolibar, a village in Álava, Basque Country, Spain, from Basque bolu (“windmill”) + ibar (“valley”).
Brazil
Etymology tree
Vulgar Latin *brasa
Old Galician-Portuguese brasa
Portuguese brasa
Proto-Indo-European *-elis
Proto-Italic *-elis
Latin -īlislbor.
Portuguese -il
Portuguese brasil
Portuguese Brasilder.
Portuguese Brazilbor.
English Brazil
From Portuguese Brazil, older spelling of Brasil, from brasil (“brazilwood”), originally ‘red like an ember’, from brasa (“ember”), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *brasō (“gleed, crackling coal”), and -il (“-ile, -like, -y”) from Latin -īlis (“adjective suffix”).
Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Breasail (“descendant of Breasal”), a byname meaning "strife".
Bahamas
Disputed; probably from Spanish baja mar (“shallow sea”) or Taíno ba ha ma (“big upper middle land”), via Spanish.
Bhutan
Etymology tree
Tibetan བོད (bod)bor.
Prakrit *𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝 (*bhŏṭṭa)
Proto-Indo-European *h₁én
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-trom
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éntrom
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hántram
Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hántram
Sanskrit अन्त्र (antra)
Proto-Indo-European *h₁én
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ontróm
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hāntrám
Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hāntrám
Sanskrit आ॒न्त्र (āntrá)
Prakrit 𑀅𑀁𑀢 (aṃta)
Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta)bor.
Nepali भुटान (bhuṭān)bor.
French Bhoutanbor.
English Bhutan
Borrowed from French Bhoutan, from Nepali भुटान (bhuṭān), from Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta, “Tibet”, literally “end of Tibet”); probably ultimately from Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + Sanskrit अन्त (anta, “end”). Traditionally considered to be derived via Sanskrit भोटान्त (bhoṭānta), but that word is probably a Prakritism.
Botswana
Etymology tree
Proto-Bantu *bʊ̀-
Tswana bo-
Tswana Tswana
Tswana Botswanabor.
English Botswana
Borrowed from Tswana Botswana, from bo- + Tswana,
of uncertain origin.
Canada
Borrowed from French Canada, from the Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”) (compare Onondaga gana꞉dá꞉yęʼ), ultimately from Proto-North Iroquoian *-nat-. See also "Name of Canada" on English Wikipedia.
From Portuguese canada, from Latin cannatus.
From Spanish cañada, from Latin canna (“cane”) + -ada (“-ed”).
Switzerland
Compound of Switzer + -land, adopted in the 16th century from Early Modern German Schwytzerland (“land of the Swiss”). Noun sense refers to the state’s political neutrality in both World Wars.
Chile
Borrowed from Spanish Chile, probably from Quechua chiri (“cold”).
From Spanish chile. A variant of chili, chilli; see that entry for more information.
Cameroon
Borrowed from French Cameroun, from Portuguese Rio dos Camarões (“river of prawns”), a name given to the Wouri river estuary, in 1472 by the sailors of the Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó (a.k.a. Fernando Pó), raving about the abundance of shrimps of the species Lepidophthalmus turneranus (the Cameroon ghost shrimp) in the river; camarão itself is from Latin cammarus (“lobster”), from Ancient Greek κάμμαρος (kámmaros, “a kind of lobster or shrimp”).
China
From Portuguese China, from possibly Venetan Cina probably under influence from Old French Chin, from Classical Persian چین (čīn) under influence from Medieval Latin Sīna (“China”), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (Čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “the Chinese; China”) of uncertain etymology. It is usually thought to be derived from Chinese 秦 (Qín) (sm Qín, mc d͡ziɪn, oc *zin, "Qin"), the westernmost ancient Chinese state, but other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉 /晋 (jìn) (sm Jìn, mc t͡siɪn, oc *ʔsins, "Jin"), another important ancient state; 荊 /荆 (jīng) (sm Jīng, mc kˠiæŋ, oc *keŋ, "Chu"), the southernmost ancient Chinese state; or Zina, the endonym of the people of the Yelang kingdom. See "Names of China" and "Chinas" at Wikipedia. As a female name, usually derived via china (“porcelain”) and china doll, ultimately from the same source.
From Japanese 知名(ちな) (China).
From clippings of attributive use of China, q.v., the country in East Asia. In reference to porcelain and porcelain objects, via clipping of chinaware and via this sense of Persian چینی (čīnī /čini) in Persia and India, which influenced the pronunciation (see below). In reference to medicine, via clipping of China root. In reference to flowers, via clipping of China rose. In reference to tea, via clipping of China tea. In Cockney slang, a clipping of china plate as a rhyme of mate (“friend”). In reference to drum cymbals, a clipping of China cymbal and as a genericization of a kind of Zildjian-brand cymbal.
Colombia
Borrowed from Spanish Colombia, from Italian Colombo (“Cristoforo Colombo”); named after Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus (1451–1506). Equivalent to Colombo + -ia; piecewise doublet of Columbia.
Cuba
From Portuguese Cuba, possibly of Arabic origin.
Likely derived from Ibaloi.
Cyprus
From Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).
Djibouti
Unknown; the country of Djibouti was named after its capital city. Multiple theories exist as to the origin of the lemma, including derivation from Afar gabouti (“plate”) or gabood (“plateau”).
Denmark
From Middle English Denmark, from Danish Danmark, from dansk (“Danish”) + Old Norse merki (“boundary”) or mǫrk (“borderland”). Cognate with (and perhaps influenced by) Old English Denemearc.
Dominican Republic
Calque of Spanish República Dominicana, in honor of santo (“holy; saint”) Domingo, which could refer to a Sunday, Jesus, or St Dominic.
sect
From Middle English secte, from Old French secte (“a sect in philosophy or religion”), from Late Latin secta (“a sect in philosophy or religion, a school, party, faction, class, guild, band, particularly a heretical doctrine or sect, etc.”), possibly, from Latin sequi (“to follow”). Alternatively linked to sectus (“cut off, divided”), past participle of secō.
pseudonym
Back-formation from pseudonymous, from French pseudonyme (“pseudonymous”, adjective), from Ancient Greek ψευδώνυμος (pseudṓnumos), from ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false”) and ὄνυμα (ónuma), a dialectal form of ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). By surface analysis, pseudo- + -onym.
false
From Middle English false, fals, from Old English fals (“false; counterfeit; fraudulent; wrong; mistaken”), from Latin falsus (“counterfeit, false; falsehood”), perfect passive participle of fallō (“deceive”). Reinforced in Middle English by Anglo-Norman and Old French fals, faus. Compare Scots fals, false, Saterland Frisian falsk, German falsch, Dutch vals, Swedish and Danish falsk; all from Latin falsus. Displaced native Middle English les, lese, from Old English lēas (“false”); See lease, leasing. Doublet of faux.
The verb is from Middle English falsen, falsien, from Old French falser, from Latin falsō (“falsify”), itself also from falsus; compare French fausser (“to falsify, to distort”).
Spain
Etymology tree
Latin Hispānia
Old French Espaignebor.
Middle English Spayne
English Spain
From Middle English Spayne, from Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia. Displaced Old English Ispania, which was borrowed directly from Latin. Doublet of Hispania.
Ethiopia
From Latin Aethiopia, from Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπία (Aithiopía), from Αἰθίοψ (Aithíops), of Proto-Hellenic origin. Displaced native Old English Siġelhearwena land (literally “land of the sun worshippers”).
blood
Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic inh
Proto-West Germanic gem-pro>*blōþą>blood
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blōd
Middle English blood
English blood
From Middle English blood, from Old English blōd, from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- ("to swell") + -ó- (thematic vowel) + -to (nominalizer), i.e. "that which bursts out".
Cognate with Scots blude, bluid (“blood”), North Frisian blud, blödj, Blör (“blood”), Saterland Frisian Bloud (“blood”), West Frisian bloed (“blood”), Cimbrian pluat, pluut (“blood”), Dutch bloed (“blood”), German Blut (“blood”), German Low German Blood, Bloot (“blood”), Luxembourgish Blutt (“blood”), Vilamovian błüt (“blood”), Yiddish בלוט (blut, “blood”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish blod (“blood”), Faroese and Icelandic blóð (“blood”), Crimean Gothic plut (“blood”), Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ, “blood”).
disease
From Middle English disese, from Anglo-Norman desese, disaise, from Old French desaise, from des- + aise. Displaced native Middle English adle, audle (“disease”) (from Old English ādl (“disease, sickness”), see adle), Middle English cothe, coathe (“disease”) (from Old English coþu (“disease”), see coath). By surface analysis, dis- + ease.
Gabon
From Portuguese gabão (“cloak”), referring to the Komo estuary.
Ghana
Named after the Ghana Empire by J. B. Danquah, from Soninke gajanŋa.
From Maltese għana, from Arabic غِناء (ḡināʔ).
epidemic
From French épidémique, from épidémie, from Medieval Latin epidēmia, reanalysis of plural Late Latin epidēmia, from Ancient Greek ἐπιδήμιος (epidḗmios), from ἐπί (epí, “upon”) + δῆμος (dêmos, “people”). By surface analysis, epi- (“on”) + demic (“of the people”).
Guatemala
Borrowed from Spanish Guatemala (originally the name of Iximche, the location of Guatemala's first capital), from Classical Nahuatl Cuauhtēmallān, from cuauhtēmalli (“woodpile”) + -tlān (“place”).
Guyana
From an indigenous native American language, probably Cariban or Lokono, said to be a word referring to the land's waters.
Honduras
Borrowed from Spanish honduras (“depths”, referring to the deep waters off the northern coast).
It may also come from the alleged Columbus quote, "Gracias a Dios que hemos salido de esas honduras" ("Thank god we have departed from those depths"), said during his fourth and final voyage in 1502.
Haiti
From Taíno hayiti (“land of lofty barrows or mountains”), which was the native name given to the whole island of Hispaniola.
Hungary
From Middle English Hungary, Hungrye, Hungry, from Old English Hungerie from Medieval Latin Hungaria. Doublet of Hungaria.
Ireland
Etymology tree
Proto-Celtic *ɸīweriyū
Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū?
Old Irish Ériuder.
Old English Īras
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Īrland
Middle English Irlond
English Ireland
From Middle English Ireland, Irelond, Irlond, Irland, from Old English Īrland. Perhaps also from Middle Irish Éire + -land, equivalent to Eire + -land. Ultimately from Old Irish Ériu (“Ireland”). See Irish.
India
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš
Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš
Sanskrit सिन्धु॑ (síndhu)bor.
Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš)bor.
Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Proto-Hellenic *-íā
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía)bor.
Latin Indiabor.
Old English Indea
English India
Inherited from Old English India, Indea, from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós, “Indus river”), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Sanskrit सिन्धु (sindhu), ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”).
Compare Middle English Inde and Ynde from Old French Ynde (original form started to prevail in the 16th century), Classical Persian هند (hind, “India”), Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”). Doublet of Indus, Sindhu, and Hindu.
Iran
From Iranian Persian ایران (irân), from Classical Persian ایران (ērān), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān, “of the Aryans”), which see for word formation, further etymology and cognates. The name of the political entity is a 3rd-century development that derives from the indigenous ethnolinguistic name of the Iranian peoples, i.e. the great variety of Iranian tribes that spoke an Iranian language.
Italy
Etymology tree
Oscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú)bor.?
Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā)der.
Latin Italiabor.
Old English Italia
English Italy
Inherited from Old English Italia. Usually explained as a cognate of vitulus (“calf”), thus meaning "land of young bulls" in Oscan. In that case, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”). According to some ancient Greek authors, named after a king Italus or Italos, whose kingdom was on the peninsula. Doublet of Italia.
Jamaica
Derived from Taíno Xaymaca (“land of wood and water”), from Taíno maca (“wood”).
After Kuchamakin, a Massachusett leader; from Massachusett.
From the Massachusett word for “beaver”, tummunk. Compare next etymology. Doublet of Tamaqua and Etymology 4.
From earlier Jamaco, Jemaco, Jameco, borrowed from Munsee amoxkw (“beaver”), or another Lenape language. Doublet of Tamaqua and Etymology 3.
From Spanish jamaica.
Kenya
From the name of Mount Kenya, about which several theories exist, including
* from Kikuyu kere nyaga (“white mountain”) (because it is snow-capped)
* from Kamba kii nyaa (“ostrich mountain”)
* from Kikuyu kĩrĩma (“mountain”)
Cambodia
Borrowed from French Cambodge and Portuguese Camboja. Doublet of Kampuchea and gamboge.
Kiribati
From Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts adapted to Gilbertese phonotactics, a shortening of Gilbert Islands. First entry in the Dictionnaire gilbertin-français of Ernest Sabatier (1954).
Comoros
Likely borrowed via French Comores, from Arabic جُزُر الْقُمُر (juzur al-qumur).
comma
From Latin comma, from Ancient Greek κόμμα (kómma), from κόπτω (kóptō, “to cut”).
early
From Middle English erly, erlich, earlich, from Old English ǣrlīċ (“early”, adjective), equivalent to ere + -ly.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey-
Proto-Indo-European *-eri
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyeri
Proto-Germanic *airi
Proto-Germanic *airiz
Old English ǣr
Proto-Indo-European *leyg-
Proto-Germanic *līkąder.
Proto-Germanic *-līkaz
Proto-Germanic *-ê
Proto-Germanic *-līkê
Old English -līċe
Old English ǣrlīċe
Middle English erly
English early
From Middle English erly, orely, arely, erliche, arliche, from Old English ǣrlīċe, ārlīċe (“early; early in the morning”, adverb), equivalent to ere + -ly. Cognate with Old Norse árliga, árla ( > Danish årle, Swedish arla, Norwegian årle, Faroese árla).
welcome
From Middle English welcome, wolcume, wulcume, wilcume, from Old English wilcuma (“a wished-for guest”; compare also wilcume (“welcome!”, interjection)), from Proto-West Germanic *willjakwemō, from Proto-Germanic *wiljakwemô (“a wished-for arrival or guest”), possibly from *wiljakwemaną (“to be welcome”), equivalent to will (“desire”) + come (“comer, arrival”). The component wil- was replaced by wel- when the sense “guest” of the second component was no longer understood, likely under influence from the adverb well.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots walcome, Yola welcome, welkome, North Frisian welkimen, Saterland Frisian wilkemen, wäilkeemen, wülkemen, West Frisian wolkom, Alemannic German wol chomne, wolgcheemen, woul chemne, wéllkòmm, Cimbrian bóolkhèmm, Dutch welkom (earlier willecome), German willkommen, German Low German willkamen, Limburgish welkom, wéllekemm, Luxembourgish wëllkomm, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål velkommen, Elfdalian welkumin, Faroese vælkomin, Icelandic velkominn, Norwegian Nynorsk velkomen, Swedish välkommen, and Old French wilecome (whence Middle French willecomme (“welcome”)), from Germanic.
The verb is from Middle English welcomen, wolcumen, wilcumen, from Old English wellcumian, wylcumian, wilcumian (“to welcome, receive gladly”).
Similar constructions are found in Modern Greek καλώς ορίσατε (kalós orísate), South Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian добре́ дошъ́л (dobré došǎ́l), Serbo-Croatian dobrodošao,
and also in Romance languages, such as Italian benvenuto, Spanish bienvenido, French bienvenu, Catalan benvingut, Portuguese bem-vindo and Romanian bun venit, meaning “[may you have fared] well [in] coming [here]”. These Romance terms do not derive from a Classical Latin root, as no similar construction in Latin is found to exist, but are instead presumed (considering the ruling elite of the Germanic kingdoms which succeeded the Western Roman Empire) to be the result of a calque from a Germanic language into Proto-Romance (Vulgar Latin; see Latin *bene venūtus, and compare perdōnō and compāniō for similar historical calques).