MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
spiky
From spike (“kind of inflorescence in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis”) + -y (suffix forming adjectives with the sense “having the quality of”). Spike is derived from Middle English spik, spike (“ear of grain; clove of garlic; plant having spikes; plant of the genus Valeriana, especially Valeriana officinalis; plant of the genus Lavandula, lavender”), from Latin spīca (“ear, head, or spike of grain; plant spike”) (feminine) (also rarely spīcum (neuter) and spīcus (masculine)), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“long; sharp; thin”).
From spike (“piece of pointed metal, etc.”) + -y (suffix forming adjectives with the sense “having the quality of”). Spike is derived from Middle English spik, spike (“large metal (usually iron) nail; thing shaped like such a nail”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Middle Dutch spiker (“large nail”), Middle Low German spiker (“large nail”), or Old Norse spík (“spike; sprig”), all possibly from Latin spīca (“ear, head, or spike of grain; plant spike”) (see further at etymology 1), or from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“large nail, spike”), both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“long; sharp; thin”).
spick-and-span
From spick-and-span-new (literally “new as a recently made spike and chip of wood”) (1570s), from spick (“nail”, variant of spike) + Middle English span-new (“very new”) (from circa 1300 until 1800s), from Old Norse span-nyr, from spann (“chip”) (cognate to Old English spón, English spoon, due to spoons once being made of wood) + nyr (“new”) (cognate to Old English nīewe, English new). Imitation of Dutch spiksplinternieuw (literally “spike-splinter new”), for a freshly built ship. Observe that fresh woodchips are firm and light (if from light wood), but decay and darken rapidly, hence the origin of the term.
actus
From Latin āctus (“a cattle drive; a cattle path; units of length and area”). Doublet of act.
damsel in distress
Calque of French demoiselle en détresse, from the classic theme in many dramatic forms.
bukkake
Borrowed from Japanese 打(ぶ)っ掛(か)け (bukkake, “bukkake”, literally “act of splashing”), from the verb 打(ぶ)っ掛(か)ける (bukkakeru, “to splash (with a liquid) rudely”), from 打(ぶ)つ (butsu, “to hit”) + 掛(か)ける (kakeru, “to pour”).
formant
Borrowed from German Formant, from Latin fōrmāns (“shaping; forming; fashioning”), present participle of fōrmō (“to shape; to form; to fashion”). Doublet of formans.
Ozark
From French aux arcs (literally “at the arches”), in reference to natural bridge formations in the area, or aux Arcs, a clipping of aux Arcansas (“among the Arkansas”), i.e. the Quapaw people.
sparerib
Probably borrowed from Low German ribbesper, from Middle Low German ribbespêr (“spare-ribs”), from ribbe (“rib”) + sper (“spear; spit”), from Old Saxon ribbi + sper, from Proto-Germanic *ribją + *speru. The word was transposed, with the first element becoming confused with English spare due to folk-etymology. Compare also English ribspare (rare, modern uses dialectal).
brachiosaurus
Borrowed from taxonomic name Brachiosaurus, from brachio- + -saurus; literally “arm lizard”, relating to the great length of its forelegs compared to its hindlegs.
deictic
From Ancient Greek δεικτικός (deiktikós, “capable of proof”).
lifeworld
Calque of German Lebenswelt, coined by German philosopher Edmund Husserl.
McMahon
Anglicized form of Irish Mac Mathúna, earlier spelling Mac Mathghamhna (literally “son of the bear”), from Middle Irish mac (“son”) and mathgamain (“bear”).
Galois theory
Standardly constructed calque of French théorie de Galois (which was used as a section heading in 1870, Camille Jordan, Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques). First appeared in print in 1893, Bulletin of the New York Mathematical Society.
Ultimately, named after French mathematician Evariste Galois (1811-1832), who first developed the theory to explore how the roots of a given polynomial equation relate to each other.
brachialis
Borrowed from Latin bracchialis, brachialis. Doublet of brachial.
loach
From Middle English loche, from Old French loche, further origin uncertain, possibly from Vulgar Latin *laukka (“loach”), which could be from Gaulish *leuca (“loach, slug”), also attested as the feminine name Leuca, from leux (“bright, light”), a reference to slugs' bright appearance, the fish later being associated due to similarities to the slug.
calipash
From French carapace, Spanish carapacho; further etymology uncertain. Doublet of carapace.
lour
The verb is derived from Middle English louren, lour, loure (“to frown or scowl; to be dark or overcast; to droop, fade, wither; to lurk, skulk”), probably from Old English *lūran, *lūrian, from Proto-Germanic *lūraną (“to lie in wait, lurk”).
The English word is cognate with Danish lure (“to lie in ambush; to take a nap”), Middle Dutch loeren (modern Dutch loeren (“to lurk, spy on”)), Middle Low German lûren (“to lie in ambush”), German Low German luren (“to lurk”), Middle High German lūren (“to lie in ambush”) (modern German lauern (“to lie in ambush; to lurk”)), Icelandic lúra (“to take a nap”), Saterland Frisian luurje (“to lie in wait”), West Frisian loere (“to lurk”), and Swedish lura (“to lie in ambush; to deceive, fool, trick; to lure; to take a nap”); and is related to lurk.
The noun is derived from the verb.
BEA
Initialism of French BEA (“Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'analyses pour la sécurité de l'Aviation civile”).
glenoid
From Ancient Greek γληνοειδής (glēnoeidḗs, “socket like”), equivalent to
From glene + -oid.
Cambria
Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Cambria, from Middle Welsh Kymry, from Proto-Brythonic *kömrüɣ, plural of *kömroɣ. Doublet of Cumberland, Cumbria, and Cymru. Cognate with Welsh Cymru.
spending
From Middle English spendyng, spendynge, from Old English spendung (“spending”), equivalent to spend + -ing. Cognate with German Spendung (“contribution, donation”).
misgive
from mis- + give, from Middle English give (“suggest, give”). Compare given and what gives.
pinion
From Middle English pynyon, from Old French pignon, from Latin penna (“feather”).
Borrowed from French pignon.
muffuletta
From Sicilian, diminutive of muffe (“mold, mushroom”), perhaps due to the appearance of the round sandwich bread being reminiscent of a mushroom cap.
viniculture
From Latin vīnī cultūra (“cultivation of wine, winegrowing”). Compare viticulture.
Albanese
Borrowed from Italian albanese (“Albanian”).
Borrowed from Italian Albanese, from albanese (“Albanian”) in reference to the Arbëreshë people (Italo-Albanians) of southern Italy.
Midrash
From Hebrew מִדְרָשׁ (midrásh, “Midrash”), in turn from Aramaic דרש.
aneroid
From French anéroïde, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) + νηρός (nērós, “wet, damp”).
pean
Derived from Middle French penne (“feather”), from penna (“feather”); doublet of pen and penna.
homolog
Borrowed from French homologue, From Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “agreeing, of one mind”), equivalent to homo- + -log.
mannerliness
From Middle English manerlynes; equivalent to mannerly + -ness.
mercer
From Anglo-Norman marcer, mercer (“merchant, textile merchant”), from merz (“commodity”) (from Latin merx).
English and Catalan surname, variant of Mercier.
mewl
From 1599 or earlier (1530 in a Scottish document), apparently from Shakespeare with this spelling. Perhaps from Middle English mewen (“to whimper”) + -le (frequentative suffix).
sastruga
From German Sastruga, from Russian заструга (zastruga).
foederatus
From Latin foederātus (“allied”), from foedus (“league, agreement”).
zastruga
From Russian заструга (zastruga), related to струг (strug, “plane (tool)”).
gorsedd
From Welsh gorsedd (“throne”), itself a compound of gor- (“super-, over-”) + sedd (“seat”).
sculpin
From earlier scorpene, from Latin scorpaena, from Ancient Greek σκόρπαινα (skórpaina, “kind of fish”), diminutive of σκορπίος (skorpíos). Compare scorpionfish.
fonda
From Spanish fonda, from Arabic فُنْدُق (funduq, “inn, hotel; manor”), from Ancient Greek πανδοκεῖον (pandokeîon), from πᾰν- (păn-, “all, every”) + the combining form of δέχεσθαι (dékhesthai, “to receive”) + -εῖον (-eîon, “-ium: forming building names”). Doublet of fonduk and fondaco.
humoral
From Middle English humerale, humorale, humoural, from Middle French humoral and Medieval Latin hūmorālis, from Latin hūmor. By surface analysis, humor + -al.
cogitation
Latinism, likely a learned borrowing from Medieval Latin cogitatio, cogitationis, possibly influenced by or displacing an earlier doublet of cogitacion inherited from Middle English cogitacioun, from an Old French cogitaciun, from Vulgar Latin cōgitātiō, cōgitātiōnem; compare Middle French cogitatiun, French cogitation. All ultimately from verbal construction cōgitātus + -iō, from the perfect passive participle of Latin cōgitō (“to turn over in the mind; think, consider, ponder, meditate”), frequentative verb from con- (“together, with”) + agitō (“to put in constant motion, drive at something; devise, plot, contrive”), root from Proto-Italic *agō (“to drive, impel”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-.
otolith
From oto- + -lith, from Ancient Greek ὠτο- (ōto-), stem of οὖς (oûs, “ear”), and λίθος (líthos, “stone”).
cambium
Borrowed from Late Latin cambium (“a change”), from Gaulish. Doublet of change.
floodgate
From Middle English flodegate, flodgate, flodeyate, floodȝate, flodȝete, equivalent to flood + gate.
sinfulness
From Middle English synfulnes, synfulnesse, synnefulnysse, equivalent to sinful + -ness. Compare Old English synniġness (“sinfulness”).
petronel
From Middle French petrinal, alteration of poitrinal, from poitrinal (“of the chest”) (the weapon is thought to have been braced against a chest-pad when firing), from poitrine (“chest, breast”), from Latin pectorina, feminine of pectorinus (“of the breast”) (from pectus (“chest”) + -inus (“-ine”)).
suppuration
First use appears c. 1425. From Latin suppūrātiō.
subluxation
From French subluxation, from New Latin subluxatio, from subluxare (“to subluxate, to partially displace”) + -atio (“-ation: forming abstract nouns”), from sub- (“sub-: under, below, lesser”) + luxare (“to dislocate; to displace”) after the model of Ancient Greek παράρθρημα (parárthrēma). Equivalent to sub- + luxation.
brumation
From Latin brūma (“winter solstice”) + -tiō, by analogy with hibernation.
misadventure
From Middle English misaventure, from Old French mesaventure, equivalent to mis- + adventure.
go to hell
The third sense is first attested in Shakespeare. The second sense is a variation of older go to the devil. The literal sense is attested since Old English with various verbs for "to go".
candler
From Middle English candelere, equivalent to candle (noun) + -er.
pluri-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-yōs
Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁yōs
Proto-Italic *plēōs
Old Latin plousder.
Latin plūs
Latin plūris
Latin pluri-bor.
English pluri-
From Latin pluri-, combining form of plūris, from plūs, from Old Latin *plous, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“many”). Related to plenty, plural (via Latin) and fele, full (via PIE).
rondeau
From Middle French rondeau, from Old French rondel. Doublet of rondo.
paulownia
Learned borrowing from New Latin paulownia, from German Pawlowna, transliterating Russian Па́вловна (Pávlovna), the patronymic of Anna Pavlovna.
sixte
Borrowed from French sixte, from Middle French sixte, from Old French siste, sixte, modification of sexte (“sixth”) (a borrowing from Latin sextus) after sis (“six”).
capitalistic
From capitalist + -ic, probably after German kapitalistisch. Derived from Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-.
Thoth
Via Latin Thōth from Ancient Greek Θώθ (Thṓth), from Egyptian ḏḥwtj (“Thoth”, literally “he who is like the ibis”). Compare Coptic Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ (Thōout).
reductive
From Middle French réductif, from Late Latin reductivus, from the participle stem of Latin reducere (“to reduce”).
plethysmograph
Late 19th century: from Ancient Greek πληθυσμός (plēthusmós, “enlargement”) + -graph.
deflagrate
First attested in 1727; borrowed from Latin dēflagrātus, perfect passive participle of Latin dēflagrō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from dē- + flagrō (“to burn”).
deflagration
From Latin dēflagrātiō, from dēflagrāre.
acropoleis
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀκροπόλεις (akropóleis), plural of ἀκρόπολις (akrópolis).
aseity
From Medieval Latin aseitas (“state of being by itself”), from Classical Latin a se + -itas.
ligroin
Attested since 1872, borrowed from German Ligroin, a trade mark of illuminating liquid hydrocarbon first attested in 1866 as Lygroin and Ligroine. Further origin uncertain, but possibly from Ancient Greek λιγυρός (ligurós, “clear”).
solifidian
From Latin sōlā fidē (“only by faith”) + -ian.
chenopod
From the genus name Chenopodium, coined as a compound of Ancient Greek χηνο- (khēno-, “goose”) + ποδ- (pod-, “foot”) + Latin -ium. The literal translation, “goosefoot”, refers to the shape of the leaves.
goosefoot
Calque of translingual Chenopodium, from Ancient Greek χήν (khḗn, “goose”) + πούς (poús, “foot”) + Latin -ium.
carbuncular
Borrowed from Latin carbunculāris. By surface analysis, carbuncle + -ar.
Ketuvim
Borrowed from Hebrew כתובים (k'tuvím/ketuvím).
durative
From duration + -ive. Alternatively, borrowed from French duratif, from Old French duratif (“lasting continuously (for a certain time)”), via Anglo-Norman French, and existing in the form duratif from about the twelfth through the fourteenth centuries, when the spelling was altered to durative under the influence of the literary Neolatin movement. Analogous to dure (“to last, to continue”) + -ive.
catmint
From Middle English catt mynte, kattesminte, equivalent to cat + mint. The word’s appearance in early Middle English (c. 1230) and other Germanic languages (German Katzenminze, Icelandic kattarminta, Swedish kattmynta) means that it is very likely to have existed in Old English (as *cattes minte) as well.
Ge'ez
From Ge'ez ግዕዝ (gəʿz).
scolex
Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκώληξ (skṓlēx, “worm”).
carious
From French carieux (“carious”), from carie (“decay (of bone or teeth)”) (from Latin cariēs (“rot, rottenness, corruption”), from careō (“to lack, be deprived of”), from Proto-Italic *kazēō (“to lack”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut”).) + French -eux (“-ous”) (from Latin -ōsus (“full of, prone to”), from Old Latin -ōsos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-went-, *-wont- + *-to-)).
carnality
From Middle English carnalitee, carnalyte, carnalite, from Latin carnālitās, equivalent to carnal + -ity. Compare Old French charnalité.
patristics
Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin patristica, from Latin pater (“father”).
Ophiuchus
From Latin Ophiūchus, from Ancient Greek ὀφιοῦχος (ophioûkhos, “serpent-handler”), from ὄφις (óphis, “snake”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “to hold”).
pedipalp
From New Latin pedipalpus, from ped-, pēs (“foot”) + palpus (“palpus”).
somnambulism
From French somnambulisme, from New Latin somnambulus, from Latin somnus (“sleep”) + ambulō (“to walk”), + -ism.
mitzvah
Borrowed from Hebrew מצווה (mitsvá, “a commandment”).
caecilian
From Latin caecilia + -an, feminine form of Caecilius, from Caeculus + -ius, from caecus + -ulus.
sightly
From Middle English sightlye, equivalent to sight + -ly. Cognate with German sichtlich (“visible”).
soberness
From Middle English sobernes, sobrenesse; equivalent to sober + -ness.
carthorse
From Middle English carthors, cartehors, from Old English crætehors (“a carthorse”), equivalent to cart + horse.
defection
From Latin dēfectiō (stem dēfectiōn-).
apside
Back-formation from apsides, from Ancient Greek ἁψῖδες (hapsîdes, “apsides”), plural of ἁψίς (hapsís).
barkada
Borrowed from Tagalog barkada, from Philippine Spanish barcada (“gang of friends”), from Spanish barcada (“shipload”).
Aesculapius
Learned borrowing from Latin Aesculāpius.
intrados
From French, from Latin intra (“within”) + French dos (“back”) (from Latin dostrum).
capitano
From Italian capitano. Doublet of captain and chieftain.
Borrowed from Italian Capitano.
extrados
From French extradossé (“outer curve”) from Latin extra (“outside”) + dos (“back”) (from Latin dorsum).
moulder
From mould (“loose friable soil; rotting earth regarded as the substance of the human body”) + -er (suffix forming frequentative verbs), probably influenced by mould (“furry growth of fungi”). Mould is derived from Middle English mold, molde (“loose friable soil, dirt, earth; earth as the substance out of which God made man, and to which the human body decays into after death”), from Old English molde (“earth, soil”), from Proto-Germanic *muldō (“dirt, soil; furry growth of fungi, mould”), from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”).
Partly from the following:
* From Middle English molder, moldere (“maker of bread, baker”), from molden (“to knead or shape (bread); to make bread, bake; to mix (something) by kneading; to shape, mould; to pulverize (?)”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns, especially names of people engaged in professions or trades). Molden is derived from mold, molde (“model or pattern according to which a thing is made, mould”) + -en (suffix forming the infinitives of verbs); and mold, molde are borrowed from Old French molde, a variant of modle, molle (modern French moule), from Latin modulus (“small interval or measure; etc.”), diminutive of modus (“measure; manner, method”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”).
* From mould (“to shape in or on a mould; to form into a particular shape”, verb) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).
fainaigue
Uncertain; perhaps:
* related to Old French fornoiier, fornier (“to deny”), from for- (prefix expressing error, exclusion, or inadequacy) + noiier, nier (“to deny”) (compare Late Latin forīsnegāre (“to renege, repudiate”), where the Frankish for- is rendered into Latin as forīs), from Latin negāre (“to deny; to refuse, say no; to reject, turn down (something)”), from nē (“no; not”) + aiō (“to affirm, say ‘yes’”)) (for the word ending, compare reneague (“to refuse to follow suit in a card game, renege; to deny, refuse; act of refusing to follow suit in a card game”) (Britain, dialectal)); or
* from feign (“to pretend”) + ague (“intermittent fever; (obsolete) acute fever”), or French aigüe (“(medicine) acute”) (as in maladie aiguë (“acute illness”)), literally “to act sick”.
Guangdong
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng). 廣／广 (guǎng) itself means "expanse", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 CE. "Guangdong" and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean "Guang East" and "Guang West". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Guangs" (兩廣／两广 (Liǎngguǎng) Liangguang). Doublet of Canton, which went through Portuguese.
doraphobia
From Ancient Greek δορά (dorá, “skin, hide”) + -phobia.
handbell
From Middle English handbelle, hande belle, from Old English handbelle (“handbell”). By surface analysis, hand + bell.
sparrow dominoes
calque of Chinese 麻將 /麻将 (májiàng) + dominoes.
Stonehenge
Inherited from Middle English Stonhenge, from ston (“stone”) + henge (“hinge”) or hengen ("hanging", but only attested as "imprisonment"). More at Stonehenge on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
The failure of /ɛnd͡ʒ/ to regularly raise to /ɪnd͡ʒ/, as in hinge, singe < Middle English henge, sengen, is probably due to the influence of the local dialect; compare the forms /ɛnd͡ʒ/, /sɛnd͡ʒ/ "hinge, singe" attested for the early 20th-century dialect of Pewsey, Wiltshire, approximately 18.5 kilometres (11.5 miles) from Stonehenge.
stationer
From Medieval Latin statiōnārius. By surface analysis, station + -er. Used of a bookseller who had a fixed station, especially at universities. Doublet of stationary.
mildness
From Middle English mildenesse, from Old English mildnes, mildness, equivalent to mild + -ness. Cognate with Old High German miltnissa (“compassion, mercy, sympathy, pity”).
crudity
Borrowed from Middle French crudité, from Latin crūditās. By surface analysis, crude + -ity. Doublet of crudité.
postern
From Old French posterne, alteration of posterle, from Late Latin posterula (“back door”), from Latin posterus (“later”).
youngling
From Middle English youngling, ȝongelyng, ȝungling, from Old English ġeongling (“a youth, youngling”), from Proto-West Germanic *jungiling, from Proto-Germanic *jungalingaz, *jungilingaz (“young man, youngling”). Doublet of Yngling. By surface analysis, young + -ling.
vinegaroon
Borrowed from Spanish vinagrón, from vinagre (“vinegar”) + -ón (augmentative suffix). Influenced by vinegar.
fanon
From Middle English fanon, fanoun, from Old French fanon, from Medieval Latin fanō, from Frankish *fano, from Proto-Germanic *fanô. Doublet of fane and vane.
overlord
From Middle English oferrlaferrd, orlard, our-lord, ouyr-lord, equivalent to over- + lord.
cotoneaster
From translingual Cotoneaster, from Latin cotōneum (“quince”) + -aster.
dowitcher
From an Iroquoian language; compare Oneida tawístawe (“snipe”).
Harbin
From Manchu ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ (harbin)- in the late 19th century, the area was a fishing village.
Changchun
From Mandarin 長春 /长春 (Chángchūn).
Chongqing
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).
Wuhan
From Mandarin 武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn), from 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.
Chengdu
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 成都 (Chéngdū), supposedly bestowed upon it during its first founding by the ninth king of the Shu Kingdom's Kaiming dynasty when he removed his court there from nearby Pi County.
Dalian
Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大連 /大连 (Dàlián), ultimately from Russian Да́льний (Dálʹnij, literally “distant”). Related to the name of the bay called after a village located on the opposite side of the bay.
Shenyang
From Mandarin 瀋陽 /沈阳 (Shěnyáng).
Xiamen
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廈門 /厦門 /厦门 (Xiàmén).
all that glitters is not gold
Calque of Latin nōn omne quod nitet aurum est (“not all that shines is gold”). Popularized by William Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice, see quotations.
alma mater
From Latin alma māter (literally “nourishing mother”). Derives from the full name ("Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna") of the oldest European university, the University of Bologna, founded in 1088.
Jinan
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 濟南 /济南 (Jǐnán).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 紀南 /纪南 (Jìnán).
amanuensis
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó
Proto-Italic *ap
Latin abder.
Latin ab-
Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂-der.
Proto-Italic *manus
Latin manus
Latin -ēnsis
Latin āmanuēnsisbor.
English amanuensis
From Latin āmanuēnsis (“secretary”), from ab- (“from, off (of)”) + manus (“hand”) + -ensis (“of or from (a place)”), early 17th c.
Amina
Borrowed from Arabic أَمِينَة (ʔamīna).
Borrowed from Arabic آمِنَة (ʔāmina).
anatopism
From Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “against”) and τόπος (tópos, “place”), apparently by analogy with anachronism.
Anshan
From Mandarin 鞍山 (Ānshān).
Baotou
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 包頭 /包头 (Bāotóu), from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu, “haunt of deer”), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “with…”) / -т (-t, “ornative case suffix”).
Fuzhou
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 福州 (Fúzhōu).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 撫州 /抚州 (Fǔzhōu).
Guiyang
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴陽 /贵阳 (Guìyáng).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 桂陽 /桂阳 (Guìyáng).
Kunming
From Mandarin 昆明 (Kūnmíng).
Lanzhou
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 蘭州 /兰州 (Lánzhōu).
azygos
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄζυγος (ázugos, “unwedded, unpaired”).
Maoming
From Mandarin 茂名 (Màomíng), named after Pan Maoming during the Sui dynasty.
Nanchang
c. 1600s, from the Mandarin 南昌 (Nánchāng, “Southern Prosperity”).
From the Mandarin 南漳 (Nánzhāng).
Zhengzhou
Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鄭州 /郑州 (Zhèngzhōu).
Goori
From Awabakal gurri as spoken in far northern New South Wales and south east Queensland, originally distinguished from Koori to the south. (See quotations for more information.)
bawn
From Irish bán, alternative form of bábhún (“walled enclosure”).