MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
spa
The term is derived from the name of the Belgian town of Spa, where since medieval times illnesses caused by iron deficiency were treated by drinking chalybeate (iron-bearing) spring water. In 16ᵗʰ century England the old Roman ideas of medicinal bathing were revived at towns like Bath, and in 1571 William Slingsby who had been to the Belgian town (which he called Spaw) discovered a chalybeate spring in Yorkshire. He built an enclosed well at what became known as Harrogate, the first resort in England for drinking medicinal waters, then in 1596 Dr. Timothy Bright called the resort The English Spaw, beginning the use of the word Spa as a generic description rather than as the place name of the Belgian town. At first this term referred specifically to resorts for water drinking rather than bathing, but this distinction was gradually lost and many spas offer external remedies.
There are various stories about the origin of the name. A Belgian spring of iron-bearing water was called Espa from the Walloon term for "fountain", and was used in 1326 as a cure by an iron master with such success that he founded a health resort that developed into the town, though it has been suggested that this term may be derived from the name of the resort. Some have suggested that the town's name can be ultimately sourced from Latin spargere (“to scatter, sprinkle, or moisten”), though this derivation is problematic.
The town name is from Walloon espa (“fountain, spring”), which could be from Latin spargere (“to spread, scatter”) or spatium (“free space”).
terminate
From Middle English terminaten (“to bring to an end; to adjudicate; to end, stop; to border, confine, contain”) from terminat(e) (“bounded”, also used as the past participle of terminaten) + -en (verb-forming suffix), borrowed from Latin terminātus, perfect passive participle of terminō (“to set bounds to, bound, limit, end, close, terminate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from terminus (“a bound, limit, end”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix); see term, terminus. Doublet of termine, cognate with French terminer.
From Middle English terminat(e) (“bounded”, also used as the past participle of terminaten), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.
culchie
Possibly from Kiltimagh, a town in County Mayo, Ireland, or from Irish coillte (“woods”). Possibly a corruption of the shortening of agricultural to culch + -ie.
emporium
Borrowed from Latin emporium (“trading station; business district in a city; market town”), from Ancient Greek ἐμπόριον (empórion, “factory, trading station; market”), from ἔμπορος (émporos, “merchant, trader; traveller”) + -ιον (-ion, suffix forming nouns). ἔμπορος is derived from ἐμ- (em-) (variant of ἐν- (en-, prefix meaning ‘in; within’)) + πόρος (póros, “journey; passageway”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go through; to carry forth”)), modelled after ἐν πόρῳ (en pórōi, “at sea; en route”).
Sense 4 (“the brain”) alludes to the organ as the place where many nerves or nerve impulses meet.
Not related to English empire.
obdurate
First attested in the 1450s, in Middle English; inherited from Middle English obdurat(e), borrowed from Latin obdūrātus (“hardened”), perfect passive participle of obdūrō (“to harden”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from ob- (“against”) + dūrō (“to harden, render hard”), from dūrus (“hard”). Compare durable, endure.
Borrowed from Latin obdūrātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (verb-forming suffix) for more
institution
From Middle English institucioun, from Old French institution, from Latin institūtiō, from instituō (“to set up”), from in- (“in, on”) + statuō (“to set up, establish”). Equivalent to institute + -ion.
perimeter
From Latin perimetros, Ancient Greek περίμετρος (perímetros). Equivalent to peri- + meter.
involve
PIE word
 *h₁én
From Late Middle English involven (“to cloud; to encumber; to envelop, surround; to ponder (something); (reflexive) to concern (oneself) with something”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French involver, envoudre, or from its etymon Latin involvere, the present active infinitive of Latin involvō (“to roll to or upon something; to roll about; to coil or curl up; to cover; to envelop, wrap up; to overwhelm”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’) + volvō (“to roll; to tumble”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; to wind (turn coils)”)).
frontal
Borrowed from New Latin frontālis, from frons (“the forehead, brow, front”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), equivalent to front + -al; cognate of French frontal. Doublet of frontalis.
From Middle English frountel, from Old French frontel, from Latin frontāle (“a frontlet, metal band for the forehead”).
disrupt
Borrowed from Latin disruptus, from disrumpo, commonly dirumpo (“to break or burst asunder”), from dis-, di- (“apart, asunder”) + rumpo (“to break”).
violation
Borrowed from Middle French violation, from Latin violātiō (“injury, profanation”), from violō (“to treat with violence; to maltreat; to violate, defile, profane”). Morphologically violate + -ion.
discipline
From Middle English [Term?], from Anglo-Norman, from Old French descipline, from Latin disciplina (“instruction”), from discipulus (“pupil”), influenced by disco (“to learn”), from Proto-Indo-European *dek- (“(cause to) accept”).
numerous
From Middle English numerous from Latin numerōsus (“numerous, abundant; harmonious”), from numerus (“number”). Doublet of numerose. Analyzeable as numero- + -ous.
pistol
Probably from Middle French pistole, or via Middle English pistolet, from Middle French pistolet (“small firearm or small dagger”).
The origin is unclear.
If via German to Romance probably from Middle High German forms like pischulle from Czech píšťala (“firearm”, literally “tube, pipe”), from Proto-Slavic *piščalь, from *piskati, *piščati (“to squeak, whistle”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pīṣk-.
Alternatively, if from Romance to German, from or related to Italian pistolese (“short dagger”), from Italian Pistoia (“a Tuscan town noted for its gunsmithing”).
modification
From Middle English modificatioune, from Middle French modification and its etymon Latin modificātiō (“a measuring”), from modificāre (“to limit, control, modify”); see modify. By surface analysis, modify + -ication.
satisfaction
From Middle English satisfaccioun, from Old French satisfaccion and Latin satisfactiō, satisfactiōnis.
obligate
First attested in 1533; borrowed from Latin obligātus, perfect passive participle of obligō, see -ate (verb-forming suffix). Doublet of oblige, taken through French.
Partly inherited from Middle English obligat(e) (“bound (by any obligation), obliged”), partly directly borrowed from Latin obligātus, see Etymology 1, -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix) for more.
regiment
From Middle French regement, régiment, and its source, Late Latin regimentum (“direction for government; course of medical treatment”), from Latin regō (“rule”).
cadet
Borrowed from French cadet, from Gascon capdet, from Late Latin capitellum (“small head”). Attested in English from 1634.
Doublet of caddie, cadeau, cadel, capital, capitellum, and caudillo.
affront
From Middle English afrounten, from Old French afronter (“to hit in the face; to defy”), from Vulgar Latin *affrontare (“to hit in the face”), from Latin ad (“to”) + frōns (“forehead”) (English front). By surface analysis, af- + front.
audacity
From late Middle English audacite, from Medieval Latin audacitas, from Latin audax (“bold”), from audeō (“to be bold, to dare”).
collide
From Latin collidere (“to strike or clash together”), from com- (“together”) + laedere (“to strike, dash against, hurt”); see lesion.
dislodge
From Middle English disloggen, from Old French deslogier. Compare French déloger.
dedicate
From Middle English dedicaten (“to dedicate”), from dedicat(e) (“dedicated”, also used as the past participle of dedicaten) + -en (verb-forming suffix), from Latin dēdicātus, the perfect passive participle of dēdicō (“to dedicate, proclaim”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
from Middle English dedicat(e) (“dedicated”, also used as the past participle of dedicaten), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more. The nouns is derived through substantivization from Latin dēdicātus, see -ate (noun-forming suffix).
conclusion
From Middle English, borrowed from Old French conclusion, from Latin conclūsiō, from the past participle stem of conclūdere (“to conclude”), from con- + claudō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, conclude + -sion.
speculation
Etymology tree
Middle English speculation
English speculation
From Middle English speculacioun, speculation, from Old French speculation (compare French spéculation), from Late Latin speculātiō, speculātiōnem, from Latin speculor. Morphologically speculate + -ion.
pursuit
From Middle English pursuyte, from Old French poursuite, from the verb porsuir (“to pursue”).
sarcophagus
The noun is borrowed from Latin sarcophagus (“grave; sarcophagus; flesh-eating, carnivorous”), from Ancient Greek σᾰρκοφᾰ́γος (sărkophắgos, “sarcophagus; flesh-eating, carnivorous”) (so named from λῐ́θος σᾰρκοφᾰ́γος (lĭ́thos sărkophắgos, literally “flesh-eating stone”) a type of limestone found at Assos in Troas (now Behramkale, Turkey) thought to consume the flesh of corpses, and thus used to make coffins), from σαρκός (sarkós) (the genitive form of σάρξ (sárx, “flesh; body”), from Proto-Indo-European *twerḱ- (“to carve; to cut off, trim”)) + -φάγος (-phágos, suffix meaning ‘eater (of); eating’) (from ἔφαγον (éphagon, “to devour, eat”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot, distribute; to divide”)).
The plural form sarcophagi is borrowed from Latin sarcophagī.
The verb is derived from the noun.
harissa
From Arabic هَرِيسَة (harīsa).
From Armenian հարիսա (harisa), ultimately from Arabic هَرِيسَة (harīsa) and originally identical to Etymology 1 above.
poteen
From Irish poitín (“little pot; poteen”), from pota (“pot”) (from Middle English potte, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *budn- (“type of vessel”)) + -ín (diminutive suffix).
mousetrap
From Middle English mouse-trappe, mous trappe, mouse trape, equivalent to mouse + trap. Cognate with Dutch muizetrap, muizentrap (“mousetrap”), German Low German Muustrappe, Muustrapp (“mousetrap”). In the Internet sense, refers to a computer mouse.
alopecoid
From Ancient Greek ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx, “fox”) + -oid.
dorsal
From Late Middle English dorsal/dorsale, borrowing from Medieval Latin dorsālis (“of or relating to the back”), from dorsum (“the back”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to dorsum + -al.
preternatural
From preter- + natural, after Latin prēternātūrālis/praeternātūrālis, from praeter nātūram, from praeter (“beyond”) + nātūra (“nature”); compare supernatural.
clerk
From Middle English clerc, from Old English clerc, from Late Latin clēricus (“priest, clergyman, cleric”, also generally “learned man, clerk”), from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós, “of the clergy”, adj. in church jargon), from κλῆρος (klêros, “lot, inheritance”, originally “shard used in casting lots”). Doublet of cleric.
Compare typologically Russian дьяк (dʹjak) (akin to дья́кон (dʹjákon)).
Meaco
Borrowed from Japanese 都 (miyako, “capital”), as the city was formerly the capital of Japan.
deicide
Merged from Medieval Latin deicīdium and Medieval Latin deicīda.
Herzegovina
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ker-der.
Proto-Indo-European *kóryos
Proto-Germanic *harjaz
Proto-West Germanic *hari
Proto-Indo-European *dewk-?
Proto-West Germanic *togō
▲
Ancient Greek στρατηγός (stratēgós)calq.
Proto-West Germanic *harjatogō
Old High German herizogo
Middle High German herzog
German Herzogbor.
▲
Middle High German herzogbor.
Hungarian hercegbor.
Serbo-Croatian herceg
Proto-Indo-European *-usder.
Proto-Indo-European *-osder.
Proto-Slavic *-ovъ
Serbo-Croatian -ov
Proto-Indo-European *-iHneh
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-īˀnāˀder.
Proto-Slavic *-ina
Serbo-Croatian -ina
Serbo-Croatian Hercegovinabor.
English Herzegovina
A direct borrowing from Serbo-Croatian Hercegovina, from German Herzog (“duke”) + Serbo-Croatian -ov (possessive suffix) + Serbo-Croatian -ina (feminine suffix). Thus meaning, a Duke's possession, a dukedom.
hopper
From Middle English hoppere, alteration of *hoppe (found in grashoppe (“grasshopper”)), from Old English *hoppa (“one who hops, hopper”), equivalent to hop + -er. Cognate with Dutch hopper (“hopper”), Swedish hoppare (“hopper, jumper”), Icelandic hoppari (“hopper”).
From Sinhalese ආප්ප (āppa), from Tamil ஆப்பம் (āppam). Doublet of appam.
* As an English and Scottish surname, from the verb hop; identical to hopper.
* As a German surname, from hoppen (“to stumble, limp”), related to above.
* As a Dutch surname, from hop (“Humulus lupulus”).
impugn
Borrowed from Middle French impugner, from Latin impugnō, from im- + pugnō (“fight”), from pugnus (“fist”), as in English pugilism (“fighting with fists, boxing”).
dip
From Middle English dippen, from Old English dyppan, from Proto-West Germanic *duppjan, from Proto-Germanic *dupjaną; see *daupijaną (“to dip”). Related to deep.
Kalashnikov
Named after Russian inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov (1919–2013), from Russian Кала́шников (Kalášnikov).
blunderbuss
From Dutch donderbus (“blunderbuss”, literally “thunder gun”), which was altered under the influence of blunder.
endure
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁én
Proto-Italic *en
Proto-Italic *en-
Latin in-
Proto-Italic *dūros
Latin dūrūs
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin dūrō
Latin indūrō
Latin indūrāreder.
Old French endurerbor.
Middle English enduren
English endure
From Middle English enduren, from Old French endurer, from Latin indūrō (“to make hard”). Displaced Old English drēogan, which survives dialectally as dree. Doublet of dure.
unless
From Middle English unlesse, earlier on lesse (modern on + less), from (not) on lesse (than) (“(not) on a less compelling condition (than)”). The quality of negation in the word and the lack of stress changed on to un-.
role
From French rôle, from Middle French rolle, from Old French role, from Medieval Latin rotulus. Doublet of roll and rotulus.
woomera
Borrowed from Dharug wumara.
From woomera, borrowed from Dharug wumara.
protist
From translingual Protista, from Ancient Greek πρώτιστος (prṓtistos).
protoplasm
From German Protoplasma, coined by Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + πλάσμα (plásma, “something molded”). By surface analysis, proto- + -plasm. Compare also protoplasma, used in Late Latin for the “first-created one” (i.e. Adam).
objet d'art
Borrowed from French objet (“object”) and d'art (“of art”).
Milky Way
From Middle English Milky Wey, a calque of Latin Via Lactea (literally “milky road”), a calque of Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxías), referring to its appearance as a pale band of stars across the sky. Compare also Old English Īringes weġ (“Milky Way”), Old Norse Mjólkrhringr (“Milky Way”, literally “milk-ring, milk-circle”). The reference to the galaxy is an extension of the second sense.
flint
From Middle English flynt, flint, from Old English flint, from Proto-West Germanic *flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz (compare Dutch vlint, flint (“flint, cobblestone”), German Flins, Flint (“flint, pebble”), Danish flint (“flint”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)plind- (“to split, cleave”) (compare Irish slinn (“slate, shingle”), Ancient Greek πλίνθος (plínthos)), from *(s)pley- (“to split”). More at split.
sandstone
From Middle English sandston, from Old English *sandstān, from Proto-West Germanic *sandastain (“sandstone, chisel, gravel”), equivalent to sand + stone. Cognate with West Frisian sânstien (“sandstone”), Saterland Frisian Soundsteen (“sandstone”), Dutch zandsteen (“sandstone”), German Low German Sandsteen (“sandstone”), German Sandstein (“sandstone”), Danish sandsten (“sandstone”), Swedish sandsten (“sandstone”), Icelandic sandsteinn (“sandstone”).
metallurgy
From French métallurgie, from Ancient Greek μεταλλουργός (metallourgós, “miner”).
pulley
From Middle English puly, poley, from Old French poulie, polie (“a pulley, windlass”), from Medieval Latin polidia, plural mistaken for the feminine of neuter polidium, from Ancient Greek πολίδιον (polídion, “little pivot”), diminutive of πόλος (pólos, “pivot, hinge, axis”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn”). Associated with pull (verb) by folk etymology.
Il Duce
Borrowed from Italian il Duce (literally “the Leader”), from duce (“commander, leader”), from Latin dux, accusative ducem (“leader”), from the nomen agentis form of Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to lead”). Doublet of duke.
occur
Originally "meet (in argument)", borrowed from Middle French occurrer, from Latin occurrō (“run to meet, run against, befall, present itself”) from prefix ob- (“against”) + verb currō (“run, hurry, move”).
galore
PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from Irish go leor and Scottish Gaelic gu leòr, gu leòir (“till sufficient, enough, plenty”) (compare Manx dy liooar), from Irish go, Scottish Gaelic gu (“to; till, until”) + Irish leor, Scottish Gaelic leòr (“ample, sufficient”); go, gu are derived from Old Irish co, cu (“with”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by; near; with”); while leor, leòr are from Old Irish leor, from lour (“enough, sufficient”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to gain; to seize; a benefit; a prize”).
dilly bag
From Yagara dili (“coarse grass; small fibre bag or basket”).
gunyah
Borrowed from Dharug gunya (“shelter”), first recorded 1803.
transition
Etymology tree
Middle French transitionbor.
English transition
From Middle French transition, from Latin transitio. By surface analysis, transit + -ion.
thinker
From Middle English thinkere, equivalent to think + -er. Compare West Frisian tinker (“thinker”), Dutch denker (“thinker”), German Denker (“thinker”), Danish tænker (“thinker”), Swedish tänkare (“thinker”).
wield
From Middle English welden, from the merger of Old English wealdan (“to control, rule”) (strong class 7) and Old English wieldan (“to control, subdue”) (weak). Both verbs derive from Proto-West Germanic *waldan and *waldijan, respectively; and are ultimately from Proto-Germanic *waldaną (“to rule”).
The reason for the merger was that in Middle English the -d in the stem made it hard to distinguish between strong and weak forms in the past tense.
From Middle English welde, from Old English *wield, ġewield (“power, control, dominion”), from Proto-West Germanic *waldi, from Proto-Germanic *waldiz (“power, might, control”).
aristocracy
Borrowed from Middle French aristocratie, from Medieval Latin aristocratia, from Ancient Greek ἀριστοκρατίᾱ (aristokratíā, “the rule of the best“, that is, “the best-born”, “nobility”), from ἄριστος (áristos, “best, noblest”) + -κρατίᾱ (-kratíā), from κράτος (krátos, “power, rule”). By surface analysis, aristo- + -cracy.
liberalism
Circa 1819, from French libéralisme circa 1818. Equivalent to liberal + -ism.
diplomacy
From French diplomatie, a back-formation from diplomatique, ultimately from Latin diploma (“a letter of recommendation or authority”); see diploma.
crenellate
From French créneler (“to defend with crenels, make crenelated, crenelate”) + -ate (verb-forming suffix). Créneler is derived from Old French crenel (“crenel, embrasure (modern French créneau)”) + -er (forms verbs of the first conjugation)), further from crene (“notch”) + -el (diminutive-forming sufix), perhaps related to Latin crēna (“incision; notch”) or of gaulish origin. Equivalent to crenel + -ate.
crenelate
From Old French crenel. By surface analysis, Old French cren + -el + -ate.
FARC
Borrowed from Spanish FARC, from Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (“Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia”).
RSVP
Orthographic borrowing from French RSVP, initialism of répondez s'il vous plaît (“please reply”).
bandicoot
Ultimately from Telugu పందికొక్కు (pandikokku), from పంది (pandi, “pig, boar”) + కొక్కు (kokku, “bandicoot”); first used of Asian murids, now called bandicoot rats, thence applied to the Australian marsupials which bear some resemblance.
administrate
* archaic: Latin administrātus, past participle of administrō.
* modern: Back-formation from administration (from Latin administrātiō, also from administrō)
(The exact etymology is disputed, see note below.)
sulla
Borrowed from Punjabi ਸੁੱਲਾ (sullā, “Muslim (derogatory)”). This word is likely a mispronunciation (or perhaps a misspelling in Gurmukhi script) of Punjabi ਮੁੱਲਾ (mullā, “mullah, Islamic religious leader”), derived from Classical Persian ملا (mullā), ultimately from Arabic مُلَّا (mullā). It may also be a contraction of Punjabi ਮੁਸਲਮਾਨ (muslamān, “Muslim”) or Punjabi ਮੁਸਲਾ (muslā, “"carpet kisser", another derogatory term for Muslims, but also refers to a mat or carpet used for Muslim prayers”).
grit
With early modern vowel shortening, from Middle English grete, griet, from Old English grēot, from Proto-West Germanic *greut, from Proto-Germanic *greutą. Compare grist.
From Middle English *gryt (“bran, chaff”), from Old English grytt, from Proto-West Germanic *gruti (“coarsely ground bits”), ablaut variant of Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-. See above. Doublet of goetta.
Alabama
Probably from French Alibamou or Alibamon, from Spanish Alibamo, from Alabama albaamo, the name for a member of a people native to the area.
repair
Coined between 1300 and 1350 from Middle English repairen, from Middle French reparer, from Latin reparō (“renew, repair”).
From Middle English repairen (“to return”), from Old French repairier, from Late Latin repatriare (“to return to one's country”), from re- + patria (“homeland”). Cognate to repatriate.
aril
1785. From New Latin arillus (compare modern French arille and the English doublet arillus), from Medieval Latin arilli.
plantain
Inherited from Middle English planteyne, planteyn, from Anglo-Norman plainteine et al., Old French plaintain, from Latin plantāgō, from planta (“sole of the foot”), a nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat; to spread”), because of the broad, flat shape of the plantain leaves.
From Spanish plantano (obsolete variant of plátano), from Latin platanus, from Ancient Greek πλάτανος (plátanos).
correspondence
From Middle English correspondence, from Latin correspondentia. By surface analysis, correspond + -ence.
haggle
1570s, "to cut unevenly" (implied in haggler), frequentative of Middle English haggen (“to chop”), variant of hacken (“to hack”), equivalent to hack + -le. Sense of "argue about price" first recorded c.1600, probably from notion of chopping away.
succinct
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English succinte, succynt (“having one’s waist encircled with something, girdled; brief, concise, succinct”), borrowed from Old French succinct (modern French succinct), or directly from its etymon Latin succīnctus (“belted, girdled; enclosed or tightly wrapped; (figurative) concise, succinct; etc.”), the perfect passive participle of succingō (“to gather or tuck up with a belt, etc.”), from suc- (a variant of sub- (prefix meaning ‘under’), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upó (“from below; up”)) + cingō (“to encircle, surround; to gird”) (further etymology uncertain).
The adverb is derived from the adjective.
drum
Perhaps back-formation from drumslade (“drummer”), from Middle Dutch trommelslach (“drumbeat”), from trommel (“drum”) + slach (“beat”) (Dutch slag).
Or perhaps borrowed directly from a continental Germanic language; compare Middle Dutch tromme (“drum”), Middle Low German trumme (“drum”) et al. Compare also Middle High German trumme, trumbe (“drum”), Old High German trumba (“trumpet”).
From Irish druim, Scottish Gaelic druim (“back, ridge”).
* As an Irish surname, from Droma, a personal name from druim (“ridge”)
* As a Scottish Gaelic surname, from druim (“ridge”)
* As a German surname, from Middle High German trum and Middle Low German drum (“woodblock”), both probably from Proto-Germanic *trumaz.