MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
desert island
From the former sense of desert to mean deserted (“uninhabited”), particularly common on Spanish and Portuguese maps during the Age of Exploration as isla desierta, ilha deserta, and Medieval Latin isla deserta (“uninhabited island”). Now frequently misunderstood as simply desert (“dry, arid location”) and imagined as almost entirely sandy.
As an indispensable thing, from the idea of loving something to the point one would want it on a deserted island where it would be used ad infinitum but never ad nauseam. Popularized by the radio show Desert Island Discs (first broadcast 1942) which asked guests what they would take with them if marooned alone on an island.
effuse
Borrowed from Middle French effuser, from Latin effusus, past participle of effundere (“to pour out”).
foxfire
Possibly from fox + fire, though the semantic connection is unclear. Alternatively, the first element may be ultimately from Old French fols (“false”), or the term may derive by folk etymology from phosphor.
basset
From French bassette, from Italian bassetta.
Borrowed from French Basset or a variant of Bassett.
plakat
From Thai ปลากัด (bplaa gàt, “biting fish”)
craton
From Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “strength, might”). Shortened from original cratogen which was analogical to orogen.
tughra
Borrowed from Turkish tuğra, from Ottoman Turkish طغرا (tuğra).
bedel
Borrowed from Medieval Latin pedellus, bedellus, bidellus, from Middle English bedel; cognate with beadle.
Borrowed from French Bedel.
digne
Inherited from Middle English digne, from Old French digne, from Latin dignus.
FSB
From Russian ФСБ (FSB), initialism of Федеральная Служба Безопасности (Federalʹnaja Služba Bezopasnosti, “Federal Security Service”).
unhurt
From Middle English unhert, un-hurt, unhurt, unhurte, equivalent to un- + hurt.
court of cassation
Calque of French cour de cassation, from cour (“court”) + de (“of”) + cassation, from the verb casser (“to break”), indicating the power of such a court to quash the ruling of the court below.
lodgment
From Middle French logement, from loger (“to lodge”) + -ment.
beebread
Probably an Early Modern English combination of bee + bread, but compare the Old English bēobrēad (“honeycomb full of honey”), and Middle English beoblæd (for beobræd?). Cognate with Old Saxon bībrōd (“honeycomb”, “gingerbread”, literally “bee-bread”).
Kassandra
From Ancient Greek Κασσάνδρα (Kassándra).
zhu
The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 銖 /铢 (zhū).
The atonal pinyin romanization of the standard Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 筑 (zhù or zhú).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 朱 (Zhū).
mammet
From Middle English mawmet, from Anglo-Norman maumet, shortened form of mauhoumet, mahumet; deriving from Andalusian Arabic مَحُمَّدْ (“Maḥummad”), ultimately derived from Arabic Muhammad.
Travis
From an Old French word meaning "to cross over," related to traverse. Probably a name for a gatekeeper or the toll collector of a bridge.
minnesinger
Borrowed from German Minnesinger, from Minne (“courtly love”) + Singer (“singer”).
muhtar
From Turkish muhtar and Ottoman Turkish مختار (muhtar, “village headman”), from North Levantine Arabic مختار (“village headman”), from substantive application of Arabic مُخْتَار (muḵtār, “chosen”).
baken
From Middle English baken, from Old English bacen, ġebacen, past participle of bacan (“to bake”). Cognate with Scots baken (“baked”), Dutch gebakken (“baked”). More at bake.
hylozoism
From hylo- (“wood, matter”) + Ancient Greek ζωή (zōḗ, “life”) + -ism.
bovid
From the stem of Classical Latin bōs + -id, after taxonomic name Bovidae. By surface analysis, an appellativization from Bovid(ae) minus -ae (a pattern that recurs with many -idae names).
qing
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 磬 (qìng), ultimately onomatopoeic.
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 清 (Qīng).
Mende
Borrowed from German Mende.
Borrowed from French Mende, from Occitan.
traitorous
From Middle English trayterous, traytrous, (also Middle English traytours, treytours), from Anglo-Norman traiterous, traitourous and Old French traitros.
seamster
From Middle English semster, semestre, from Old English sēamestre (“seamstress”), equivalent to seam + -ster. Cognate with Scots semistar, semstar (“seamstress”).
kwan
From any of four Chinese surnames: 關／关 (guān), 官 (guān), 管 (guǎn), or 灌 (guàn).
orlop
From Middle English overlop (“deck of a single-decker”), from Middle Low German overlop (“which leaps overhead”). Compare overloop.
Arawak
From Kari'na Aruwako, from the name in Lokono.
blueish
From Middle English blewissh, blewisch, equivalent to blue + -ish.
blossomy
Equivalent to blossom + -y; possibly from Middle English blosmy (from Old English blōstmig).
nightlong
From Middle English *nihtlong, from Old English nihtlang (“lasting through the night, night-long, a night in length”), equivalent to night + -long.
From Middle English nihtlonge, nihtlonges, from Old English nihtlanges (“for the night”), equivalent to night + -long.
Tigrigna
From Italian tigrigna, from Tigrinya ትግርኛ (təgrəña).
Mjollnir
Borrowed from Old Norse Mjǫllnir, likely from Proto-Norse *ᛗᛖᛚᛞᚢᚾᛃᚨᛉ (*meldunjaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *meldunjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”). Compare Old Norse mjuln (“fire”), Welsh mellt, Slovene mółnja, Russian мо́лния (mólnija).
synalepha
Borrowed from Ancient Greek συναλοιφή (sunaloiphḗ, “a coalescing, confluence”) (< Ancient Greek συν- (sun-) + ἀλοιφή (aloiphḗ)).
capriccio
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kap-
Proto-Indo-European *káput
Proto-Italic *kaput
Latin caput
Vulgar Latin capus
Old Italian capo
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗrder.
Latin ērīcius
Old Italian riccio
Old Italian caporiccio
Italian capricciobor.
English capriccio
Borrowed from Italian capriccio. Doublet of caprice.
briefness
From Middle English breffnes, brevenesse, equivalent to brief + -ness.
beggarly
From beggar + -ly; adverb via Middle English beggarly, beggerly.
deathly
From Middle English dethlich, from Old English dēaþlīċ, equivalent to death + -ly.
dishonestly
From Middle English dishonestly (“disgracefully”); equivalent to dishonest + -ly.
disputable
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is-
Proto-Italic *dis-
Latin dis-
Proto-Indo-European *pewH-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *puHtós
Proto-Italic *putos
Latin putus?
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin putō
Latin disputo
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin disputābilislbor.
English disputable
Learned borrowing from Latin disputābilis. By surface analysis, dispute + -able.
calvous
Borrowed from Latin calvus (“bald, hairless”) (of unclear origin, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂wós or *kalw- (“bald; naked”), from a root *kl̥H- + *-wós (suffix forming adjectives from verb stems)) + -ous (suffix forming adjectives from nouns, denoting possession or presence of a quality).
vitellus
From Latin vitellus (“the yolk of an egg”). Doublet of veal.
phylogenesis
Borrowed from German Phylogenese, coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. By surface analysis, phylo- + -genesis.
Attri
Borrowed from Punjabi ਅੱਤ੍ਰੀ (attrī).
Caste: From Punjab, Jatt
mao
Borrowed from Samoan ma'o, from ma'oma'o.
English romanization of Mandarin 馬 /马 (mǎ, “horse”). Note: English coinage based on Chinese inspiration, not a real Chinese morpheme in this form.
Borrowed from Tibeto-Burman.
Borrowed from Amharic Mao (“indigenous ethnonym”).
predation
Borrowed from Latin praedātiō, praedātiōnis, from praedor (“pillage, plunder”), from praeda (“plunder, spoils”).
pilaf
From Ottoman Turkish پلاو (modern Turkish pilav), from Classical Persian پلاو (pilāw), from Hindi पुलाव (pulāv)/Urdu پُلاؤ (pulāo), from Sanskrit पुलाक (pulāka), which is probably of Dravidian origin. Akin to Tamil புழுக்கு (puḻukku, “cooked rice”).
emarginate
From Latin emarginare; e- (“out”) + marginare (“to furnish with a margin”), from margo (“margin”).
two-spirit
The noun is derived from two + spirit, coined in 1990 at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, based on Ojibwe niizh manidoowag (“two spirits”) (coined at the same conference), from niizh (“two”) + manidoo (“spirit”) + -wag (suffix denoting the third-person plural of an animate noun); the term was created to replace berdache in anthropological literature which was considered offensive.
The adjective is derived from the noun.
cun
From Middle English cunnen, connen, from Old English cunnan (“to know, know how (to)”), from Proto-Germanic *kunnaną (“to know”). Doublet of con.
From Chinese 寸 (cùn). Doublet of sun.
chu
From the Japanese ちゅっ (chu', onomatopoeia).
Typically, the Wade–Giles romanization of the common Mandarin 朱 (Zhū) Wade-Giles romanization: Chu¹.
From Mandarin 楚 (Chǔ), 储 (Chǔ), and 褚 (Chǔ).
From Russian Чу (Ču), from its local name.
torturous
From Middle English torterous, from Anglo-Norman torturous, from Old French tortureus, from Latin tortūra. By surface analysis, torture + -ous.
unexplainable
From un- + explainable. from explain + -able. from Latin explanō (“to flatten, spread out, make plain or clear, explain”).
puerility
From Middle English puerilite, from Middle French puérilité and its etymon Latin puerīlitās, from puerīlis (“childish, juvenile”), from puer (“boy”). By surface analysis, puerile + -ity.
phalanger
From Ancient Greek φαλάγγιον (phalángion, “spider's web”), from φάλαγξ (phálanx, “spider”), referring to the webbed toes on the hind feet.
enchantress
From Middle English enchaunteresse, from Old French enchanteresse; equivalent to enchanter + -ess.
pharisaic
From Latin Pharisaicus, from Ancient Greek Φαρισαϊκός (Pharisaïkós), equivalent to Pharisee + -ic.
Pharisee
From Latin Pharisaeus, from Ancient Greek Φαρισαῖος (Pharisaîos), a transliteration of Aramaic פְּרִישַׁיָּא (pərîšayyâ’), emphatic plural of פְּרִישׁ (pərîš, “separatist”, literally “separated”), related to Hebrew פרוש (parush), qal passive participle of the verb פָּרַשׁ (pāraš), meaning one who is separated for a life of purity.
tempter
From Middle English tempter, temptere, temptour, temptoure, from Old French tempter, temptere, tenteor, Anglo-Norman tempteour, temptur and Middle English tempten (“to tempt”); equivalent to tempt + -er.
pharmacopoeia
From French pharmacopée and post-classical Latin pharmacopoeia, from Hellenistic Ancient Greek φαρμακοποιία (pharmakopoiía, “preparation of drugs”).
Bluebeard
Calque of French Barbe-Bleue (literally “blue beard”).
athetosis
From Ancient Greek ἄθετος (áthetos, “not fixed”), itself from τίθημι (títhēmi), + -osis.
persecutor
From Middle English persecutour, from Old French persecutor and Latin persecūtor. Displaced native Old English ēhtere.
bhangra
From Punjabi ਭੰਗੜਾ (bhaṅgṛā) / بَھن٘گْڑا (bhaṉgṛā), from ਭੰਗ / بَھن٘گ (bhaṉg, “hemp”) + ـڑا (-ṛā).
unasked
From Middle English un asked, unaskyd, uneasket; equivalent to un- + asked.
alala
From Hawaiian ʻalalā (ʻalalā).
From Ancient Greek Ἀλαλά (Alalá), from Ancient Greek ἀλαλή (alalḗ, literally “loud cry, war cry”).
zhun
From Hokkien 準 /准 (chún) or Mandarin 準 /准 (zhǔn).
xun
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 塤 /埙 (xūn).
dao
From Chinese 刀 (dāo, literally “single-edged blade”). Possibly a doublet of dah.
From the pinyin romanization of Chinese 道 (Dào, literally “the Way”) or (dào, "circuit").
From Tagalog or Cebuano dao.
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 道 (dào, literally “The Way”).
bao
Borrowed from Mandarin 包 (bāo) or Cantonese 包 (baau1). Cognate of Vietnamese bánh bao.
From Swahili bao.
ruan
Borrowed from Mandarin 阮 (short for 阮咸, ruǎnxián).
liao
Borrowed from Hokkien 了 (liáu) and Teochew 了 (liao²), with tone and spelling influenced by Mandarin 了 (liǎo) and its romanization in Hanyu Pinyin.
From Mandarin 料 (liào, “ingredients”).
Borrowed from Mandarin 廖 (Liào).
kuai
Borrowed from Mandarin 膾 /脍 (kuài).
Borrowed from Mandarin 塊 /块 (kuài).
pao
Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 炮 (pào).
guan
From American Spanish, from Kuna kwama.
From any of four Chinese surnames: 關／关 (guān), 官 (guān), 管 (guǎn), or 灌 (guàn).
nai
Borrowed from Hindi नाई (nāī).
Borrowed from Romanian nai.
kang
Borrowed from Chinese 炕.
Borrowed from Korean 강(姜) (Gang), Mandarin 康 (Kāng) or Hokkien 江 (Kang).
jiao
Borrowed from Mandarin 角 (jiǎo). Doublet of kak.
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 郊 (Jiāo).
zai
From Hokkien 在 (chāi, “steady”); likely a shortening of Hokkien 在穩 /在稳 (chāi-ún, “experienced and composed; safe; reliable; trustworthy”), in the sense of a person being solid, experienced, and collected under pressure.
xiao
Borrowed the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 簫 /箫 (xiāo).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin for 肖 (Xiāo) and 蕭／萧 (Xiāo).
Borrowed from Mandarin 小 (xiǎo).
Rebekah
From Hebrew רִבְקָה (Riḇqāh, “enchantingly beautiful, captivating, snare”).
beguiler
From Middle English bigiler, begylar, begilere, bigylere, equivalent to beguile + -er.
beguine
From American French béguine, from French béguin.
From Old French béguine.
vertu
Borrowed from Italian virtù, †vertù (“moral worth, virtue (13th century); determination, perseverance, military valour (14th century); study of the liberal or fine arts; appreciation of, taste for, or expertise in the fine arts; objets d'art collectively (16th century)”); or from French vertu (“virtue”), ultimately from Latin virtūt-, virtus (“virtue”). Doublet of virtue; compare also virtuoso.
hemeralopia
Borrowed from New Latin hēmeralōpia, from Ancient Greek ἡμεραλωπία (hēmeralōpía). From ἡμέρα (hēmérā, “day”), ἀλαός (alaos, “blind”), and ὄψ (ops, “eye”).
nyctalopia
Borrowed from Ancient Greek νυκταλωπία (nuktalōpía), from νύξ (núx, “night”), ἀλαός (alaós, “blind”), and ὄψ (óps, “eye”).
pleasance
From Middle English plaisaunce, plesaunce, from Old French plaisance. By surface analysis, please + -ance.
kasher
Borrowed from Yiddish כּשרן (kashern), from כּשר (kosher, “kosher”).
caramba
Borrowed from Spanish caramba, a euphemism for the real expletive carajo.
crocker
Inherited from Middle English crockere, crokkere. By surface analysis, crock + -er. First attested in 1315.
eosinophil
From German eosinophil, from eosin (“rose dye, from Ancient Greek ἠώς (ēṓs, “dawn”) + -in”) + -o- + -phil.
faience
From French faïence, named after the city of Faenza, Italy, where it was made in the 16th century.
poimenics
From Ancient Greek ποιμενικός (poimenikós), from ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”).
siris
From Hindustani سرس / सिरिस (siris).
qin
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 琴 (qín).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 秦 (Qín), from Middle Chinese (*dzin), from Old Chinese (*dzin).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 沁 (Qìn).
luteinizing hormone
“Luteinizing” is derived from Latin luteus (“yellow”). The luteinizing hormone stimulates the development of the corpus luteum (literally “yellow body”), which is yellow in colour.
belles-lettres
Borrowed from French belles-lettres (“fine writings”), a parallel construction with the beaux arts (“fine arts”). Littré considered the belles-lettres to embrace grammar, rhetoric, and poetry. Sense embracing all of the humanities under the influence of Latin literae humaniores.
belletrist
Borrowed from German Belletrist, coined by Goethe. Equivalent to belles-lettres + -ist.
bemire
From Middle English *bemyren (possibly attested in Middle English bemyred), equivalent to be- (“all over”) + mire.
benignity
From Middle English benignite, from Middle French benignité (modern French bénignité), from Latin benignitās. By surface analysis, benign + -ity.
stere
From French stère, from Ancient Greek στερεός (stereós, “solid”), because the unit was used for solid commodities such as firewood.
erythropoietin
From Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”) and ποιητής (poiētḗs, “creator, maker”) and -in.
kantele
From Finnish kantele. Ultimate etymology contested; see Proto-Finnic *kandël for theories.
Xi'an
c. mid/late 20th c., the atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān), usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall. An apostrophe is usually required in pinyin to mark any non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e in a multi-syllable word. (See 隔音符號 /隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào) for more.) In this case, the apostrophe happens to distinguish the two separate syllables of xī and ān from the monosyllabic words xiān, xián, xiǎn, and xiàn.
Sahabi
Borrowed from Arabic صَحَابِيّ (ṣaḥābiyy, “companion”), from صَحِبَ (ṣaḥiba, “to be a companion”).
antepenult
Either formed from ante- + penult and modelled on Latin or a shortening of Latin antepaenultima/antepēnultima (syllaba).
quinquereme
From Latin quīnquerēmis (“5-oared”), from quīnque (“five”) + rēmus (“oar”) + -is (suffix forming compound adjectives).
barbary
From Middle English barbarye (“barbarian, non-Christian”), from Old French [Term?] and Medieval Latin [Term?].
yue
The atonal pinyin romanization of the standard Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 龠 (yuè).
The atonal pinyin romanization of the standard Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 籥 (yuè).
Borrowed from Mandarin 粵／粤 (yuè) or Mandarin 越 (yuè).
behoof
From Middle English behoof, behof, from Old English behōf, from Proto-West Germanic *bihōf. Akin to Dutch behoef, German Behuf (“necessity”), Danish behov (“requirement”) (from Middle Low German). Related to have and heave.
felucca
From Italian feluca, from Arabic فَلُوكَة (falūka).
ataractic
From Ancient Greek ἀτάρακτος (atáraktos, “intrepid”), from ταράσσω (tarássō).
scorbutus
From New Latin scorbūtus, from French scorbut. Doublet of scorbut and scurvy.
paroxytone
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πᾰροξῠ́τονος (păroxŭ́tonos, “paroxytone”).
angulation
From Renaissance Latin angulātiō. By surface analysis, angulate + -ion.
tola
From Hindi तोला (tolā)/Urdu تولا (tolā), from Sanskrit तोलक (tolaka), from तोलः (tol, “weighing”) (root: तुल् (tul, “to weigh”)).
Borrowed from Spanish tola.
Two main origins:
* Borrowed from Italian Tola, a surname of Sardinian origin.
* Borrowed from Amharic ቶላ (tola).
prase
From Latin prasius, from Ancient Greek πράσιος (prásios, “of a green colour”), from πράσον (práson, “leek”).
Ruben
From Hebrew רְאוּבֵן (r'uvén).
Holy of Holies
Calque of Biblical Hebrew קודש הקודשים \ קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים (kódesh hakodashím).
ney
Borrowed from Persian نی (ney).
* As an English surname, variant of Nye.
* As a Scottish Gaelic and Irish surname, from the source of McNee.
* As a north German and Jewish surname, variant of Neu. Sometimes shortened from Neuberger.
From Portuguese Ney, a clipping of Neymar.
bouse
From Middle English bous (noun), bousen (verb), from Middle Dutch būsen, buisen, buysen (“to drink heavily”). Related to Middle High German būsen (“to swell, inblow”). More at beer.
bowse
From Middle English bousen, from Middle Dutch būsen, buisen, buysen (“to drink heavily”) (Dutch buizen). Related to Middle High German būsen (“to swell, inblow”). More at beer.
ked
Of unknown origin. Possibly from or related to Old Danish keed (“sheep ked, louse-fly”).
Malan
From the Mandarin 馬欄 /马栏 (Mǎlán).
defeasible
Back-formation from defeasance + -ible, from Anglo-Norman defesaunce, Old French desfaisance, a deverbal noun from desfaire (“to undo”) (Modern French défaire), from des- (“un-, apart”) + fere, faire (“to do”) + -able, reflecting Latin dis- + facere + -ābilis. Near-doublet of defeatable.
grandioso
Borrowed from Italian grandioso, from Latin grandis (“great, grand”) (English grand). Doublet of grandiose.
ferroequinologist
From Latin ferrum (“iron”) + Latin equus (“horse”) + English -logist (“one who studies”).
wendigo
Borrowed from Ojibwe wiindigoo, from Proto-Algonquian *wi·nteko·wa (“owl; malevolent spirit, cannibalistic monster”). Compare Plains Cree wîhtikow, ᐃᐧᐦᑎᑯᐤ (“greedy person; cannibal; giant man-eating monster”).
adust
From Middle French aduste, and its source, Latin adustus (“burnt, scorched”), past participle of adūrere.
fulsomeness
Inherited from Middle English fulsomnesse; equivalent to fulsome + -ness.
agedness
From Middle English agednes, agidnes, equivalent to aged + -ness.
alimentiveness
1828, George Combe, from a German [Term?] term coined by Johann Spurzheim.
omphalo-
From international scientific vocabulary, from a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός (omphalós, “navel”); compare also the synonymous prefix at umbilico- § Etymology; as explained at ὀμφαλός § Etymology, all of these words are cognates ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European root.
chitter
From Middle English chiteren, chitren, cheteren. Ultimately onomatopoeic; compare didder and teeter as well as German zittern.
pseudepigrapha
From Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false”) + ἐπιγραφή (epigraphḗ, “inscription”), literally “false title”.
succentor
From Latin succinĕre + -or, from sub- (“under”) + canĕre (“to sing”).
portobello
In use by 1985. Uncertain origin. Possibly a marketing name; possibly from dialectal Italian pratarolo (“meadow mushroom”), ultimately from Latin pratum (“meadow”). It has also said to be named after Portobello Road in London, which originally led to the Porto Bello House.
in specie
Borrowed from Latin in + specie, ablative singular form of species (“kind, form; type”).
boater
From Middle English botere; equivalent to boat + -er. The use of the term for a straw hat stems from the fact that straw hats were the preferred head covering during sunny boat trips on canals and rivers.
Hanseatic
From Medieval Latin hanseaticus, from hansa, of Germanic origin, from Old High German hansa (“troop, company”), from Proto-West Germanic *hansu (“crowd, company”).
tetchy
Uncertain, first attested as teachie in the 1597 first quarto versions of Romeo and Juliet and Richard III. Perhaps coined by Shakespeare.
Also variously derived from English tetch (“tantrum, fit of anger”); from Scots tache (“blotch, fault”); from Middle English tatch (“blemish”) &c. under influence from touchy.
Hanse
From Middle English hanse, from Old French hanse (“guild; guild fee”), from Medieval Latin hansa, from Old High German hansa, from Proto-West Germanic *hansu, from Proto-Germanic *hansō (“gathering; coalition; gang of men”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱómsōd (“union; gathering”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, with, along”) + *sed- (“to sit”). In reference to the Hanseatic League, via German Hanse.
Cognate with Old English hōs (“company, retinue, escorts”),
Graham
The surname derives from Gra(nt)ham, the name of a place in Lincolnshire, from Old English *grand (“gravel”) + hām (“homestead”).
nekton
From German Nekton which was coined in 1890 by Ernst Haeckel. By surface analysis, Ancient Greek νηκτός (nēktós, “swimming”) + -on.
pectic
From pectin + -ic, from Ancient Greek πηκτικός (pēktikós, “curdling”), from πηκτός (pēktós, “curdled”), from πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “stiffen”).
hoarseness
From Middle English hosnesse, from Old English hāsnes; equivalent to hoarse + -ness.