MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
aforetime
From Middle English a fore tyme, afore tyme, aforetyme, afortym, a-for-tyme, afortymez; equivalent to afore- + time.
Peckham
Probably from Old English Pēac- (“Peak”) + hām (“homestead”) or hamm (“water meadow”).
By surface analysis, Peck + -ham, referring to the River Peck in south London, though the river was likely named after the settlement.
thraldom
From Middle English thraldom, þraldom. Compare Danish trældom, Norwegian trelldom, Swedish träldom. By surface analysis, thral(l) + -dom.
pacate
From Latin pācātus, perfect passive participle of pācō (“to make peaceful, pacify”), from pāx (“peace”).
pacated
Borrowed from Latin pācātus + -ed, By surface analysis, pacate + -d.
garret
From Middle English garett, garite, from Old French garite, guerite (“watchtower”), from garir, guarir (“to defend, protect”) (compare English garrison), ultimately of Germanic origin (see English garage). Doublet of guerite.
sun letter
Calque of Arabic حَرْف شَمْسِيّ (ḥarf šamsiyy).
moon letter
Calque of Arabic حَرْف قَمَرِيّ (ḥarf qamariyy).
inclement
From Latin inclēmēns (“unmerciful, severe”), from in- (“not”) + clēmēns (“mild, placid”).
mimetic
From Latin mīmēticus or its etymon Ancient Greek μῑμητικός (mīmētikós, “imitative”). By surface analysis, mime + -etic.
nodus
Borrowed from Latin nōdus (“a knot”). Doublet of knot, knout, and node.
Amrita
From Sanskrit अमृत (amṛta, “immortal”).
From Sanskrit अमृत (amṛta, “immortal, immortality”). Compare also Ancient Greek ἀμβροσία (ambrosía, “ambrosia”).
sassafras
From Spanish sasafrás, possibly from Latin saxifragus (“stone-breaking”) from the habit of certain plants growing in cracks in boulders. If this etymology is correct, it is a doublet of saxifrage.
exoplanet
Constructed from Ancient Greek: exo- (“outside; extrasolar”) + planet.
galeophobia
From Ancient Greek γαλεός (galeós), a type of shark with weasel-like markings, derived from γαλῆ (galê), γαλέη (galéē, “weasel, cat”) + -phobia.
intercession
First attested in the early 15th Century. From Middle French intercession, from Old French intercession, from Latin intercessiō, from intercēdō, from inter- (“between”) + cēdō (“to go”) (English cede), literally “go-between”.
schistosomiasis
From schistosome + -iasis.
From scientific name Schistosoma + Ancient Greek -σις (-sis, nouns of action).
mia mia
Borrowed from Kurnai mai-mai or Wathaurong [Term?].
gavel
From Middle English gavel, from Old English gafol, from Proto-West Germanic *gabul, from Proto-Germanic *gebaną (“to give”), equivalent to give + -el.
Origin obscure. Possibly an alteration of dialectal cavel, a variant of kevel (“a stone mason's axe with a flat face, a cleat or bollard”), from Middle English kevel (“a mason's hammer”), from Old Norse kefli (“a piece of wood, stick, cylinder, mangle”). Cognate with Norwegian kjevle (“rolling pin”).
From Old French gavelle (cf. Modern French javelle) probably diminutive from Latin capulus (“handle”), from capere (“to lay hold of, seize”); or compare Welsh gafael (“hold, grasp”). Compare heave.
Gina
* (name from Greek): Clipping of Georgina.
* (name from Latin): Clipping of Regina.
* (name from Italian): Italian Gina
ana-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-
Proto-Hellenic *aná
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νᾰ́ (ănắ)
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓νᾰ- (ănă-)der.
English ana-
From Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-), from ἀνά (aná, “on, up, above, throughout”). Doublet of on-.
fulfilment
From Middle English fulfillen, from Old English fullfyllan, from full (“full”) + fyllan (“to fill”). Equivalent to fulfill + -ment.
grisly
From Middle English grisely, grysly, grissliȝ, griselich, grislich, from Old English grisliċ (“grisly, horrible; dreadful, horrid”), from grīsan (“to shudder with horror; to tremble, to be terrified; to make tremble, to terrify; to agrise, grise”) (unattested but implied in āgrīsan) + -lic (suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘characteristic of, pertaining to’).
The word may also be an aphetic form of Old English ongrislic, agrisenliċ, the past participle of agrīsan (“to agrise”).
Compare Danish grusom, Swedish gräslig, Middle Dutch grezelijc (modern Dutch griezelig), Middle High German grisenlich (modern German grässlich, grausen).
Navid
From Persian نوید (navid, novid, literally “good news”).
raphe
Borrowed from New Latin raphē, from Ancient Greek ῥᾰφή (rhăphḗ, “seam; suture”).
peri-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Ancient Greek περῐ́ (perĭ́)der.
English peri-
From Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, around”). Cognate to for via Proto-Indo-European.
osteon
Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”). Doublet of os.
shadchen
From Yiddish שדכן (shadkhn), from Hebrew שַׁדְכָן.
shechinah
Borrowed from Hebrew שְׁכִינָה (shkhiná, literally “act of dwelling”).
wythe
Uncertain.
* Perhaps an alteration of width.
* Perhaps related to withe (“flexible twig; band of twigs”), from Old English wiþþe (“tie, band”).
The chimney-partition sense may derive from the fact that a single wythe or thickness of brick has often been used for such partitions.
Aharon
Transliteration of Hebrew אהרן (Ahărōn).
da capo al fine
From Italian da capo al fine (literally “from the beginning to the end”).
Abundius
Name of an early Italian saint, from Latin abundiantus (“abundant, plentiful”).
Elmer
Medieval variant of the given name Aylmer, from Old English Æþelmǣr, from æþel (“noble”) + mǣre (“famous”).
Paske
Various origins:
* A variant of the English surname Pask.
* Americanized spelling of Danish Paaske, a short form of Pascal.
* Borrowed from German Paske or Päske.
dentate
Borrowed from Latin dentātus, from dēns (“tooth”, oblique stem in dēnt-) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
Naved
From Classical Persian نوید (nuwēd, literally “good news”) via Urdu نوید (naved, literally “good news”).
Hungerford
From Old English hungor (“hunger, famine”) + ford (“ford”), a name which probably denoted an unproductive or barren land.
bibliotheca
Learned borrowing from Latin bibliothēca, borrowed from Ancient Greek βιβλιοθήκη (bibliothḗkē, “library”). Equivalent to biblio- + -theca. Doublet of bibliotheque.
Ahab
From Middle English Achab, from Latin Achab, from Ancient Greek Ἀχαάβ (Akhaáb), from Hebrew אַחְאָב (ʼAḥʼāḇ, “uncle”); from אַח (ʼaḥ, “brother”) + אָב (ʼāḇ, “father”). Attested in Akkadian as 𒀀𒄩𒀊𒁍 (Aḫabbu).
Aegidius
From Late Latin Aegīdius, from Ancient Greek Αἰγιδιός (Aigidiós, “kid skin”) (sometimes interpreted as “the protecting”).
Ahaz
From Hebrew אָחָז (acház, “owns”), a contraction of יְהוֹאָחָז (yeho'acház, “Jah has held”). Attested to in Akkadian as 𒁹𒅀𒌑𒄩𒍣 (Yauḫazi).
constriction
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Proto-Italic *kom-
Late Latin cōn-
Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ-der.
Proto-Indo-European *streyg-der.
Late Latin stringō
Late Latin cōnstringō
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Late Latin -tiō
Late Latin cōnstrictiōbor.
English constriction
Borrowed from Late Latin constrictio, constrictionis, from Latin constringo.
mealtime
From Middle English meeltime, from Old English mǣltīma (“mealtime”), equivalent to meal + time. Compare mealtide, Old English mǣltīd (“mealtime”), Dutch maaltijd (“meal”), German Mahlzeit (“meal, mealtime”), Danish måltid (“meal, mealtime”), Icelandic máltíð (“meal”), Icelandic matmálstími (“mealtime”).
pleasantry
From pleasant + -ry, probably modelled on Middle French plaisanterie.
succussation
From Medieval Latin succussatio, from the past participle stem of Latin succussare, frequentative of succutere, from sub- + quatere (“shake”).
foliate
Learned borrowing from Latin foliātus (“having leaves, leafy, leaved”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), a participial adjective derived from folium (“leaf; (Late Latin) leaf or sheet of paper”) + -ātus (participial adjective-forming suffix) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“blossom, flower”) or *dʰelh₁- (“to be green”)).
Kenai
From Russian Кенай (Kenaj), from Dena'ina kena (“meadow”).
pous
From Ancient Greek πούς (poús, “foot”). Doublet of foot, pes, and pie (“Spanish unit of length”).
stadion
From Ancient Greek στάδιον (stádion). Doublet of stade, stadium, and estadio.
pensioner
From Middle English pensioner, from Anglo-Norman pensionner and Old French pensionnier, from Medieval Latin pēnsiōnārius. By surface analysis, pension + -er.
multure
From Middle English multūr, from Old French molture (modern French mouture), from Medieval Latin molitura, from the past participle stem of molere ‘grind’. Compare mill.
sedum
From Middle English cedum, from Latin sedum (“houseleek”). Modern usage is a semantic loan from translingual Sedum.
musketeer
From Middle French mousquetaire in the late 16th century. By surface analysis, musket + -eer. Doublet of mousquetaire.
Abdullatif
Borrowed from Arabic عَبْد اللَّطِيف (ʕabd al-laṭīf, “servant of the Kind”).
Abdulmalik
Borrowed from Arabic عَبْدُ المَلِك (ʕabdu l-malik).
Abdunnasir
From the Arabic عَبْد النَّاصِر (ʕabd an-nāṣir, “servant of the Protector”).
Alwin
From Old English Æþelwine, from æþel (“noble”) + wine (“friend”); partly merged with Ælfwine (“Alvin”, literally “elf friend”).
Alphonse
From French Alphonse, from Spanish Alfonso, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *Aþalafunsaz, from *aþalaz + *funsaz. Doublet of Alfonso.
Alby
Anglicized from Irish Ailbhe, name of an Irish saint also anglicized as Albert, and name of heroines in Irish legend.
ident
From a later form of ithand, itself an alteration (due to assimilation to suffix -and) of Middle English ithen, from Old Norse iðinn (“assiduous, diligent”), from iðja, iðna (“to do, perform”), from ið (“a restless motion”), equivalent to ithe + -and and/or ithe + -en. Cognate with Icelandic iðinn (“diligent”), Norwegian idig (“busy”), Danish id (“pursuit, calling, business”). More at ithand.
sepiolite
From Latin sepia (“cuttlefish”) + -lite, from its resemblance to cuttlebone.
severance
From sever + -ance, from Middle English severaunce, from Anglo-Norman, Old French sevrance, from sevrer.
exon
Apparently an attempt to express the pronunciation of French exempt.
Clipping of Medieval Latin Exonia (or perhaps its adjective form Exoniensis), the Latin name for Exeter which appears in the Liber Exoniensis (1086), + -an. See also Exonian.
Erasmus
From Medieval Latin Erasmus. The EU student exchange programme is named after Erasmus of Rotterdam, and also a backronym for “European [Community] Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students”.
patty
From earlier meaning "small pie" from pattipan (“something baked in a small pan”), from French pâté (“liver paste, pâté”), from pâte (“pastry, dough, paste, batter”) + -é. Doublet of pastie /pasty (“meat pie”), pate (“cheese portion”), and pâté (“finely-ground paste”) and related to pasta and paste.
Harley
From Old English hær (“rock”) or hara (“hare”) + lēah (“wood, clearing”). Equivalent to hare + -ley (“lea”).
Alban
From Latin Albānus (“resident of Alba”) (a mountain region and an ancient city of Latium).
Borrowed from French albane (in the form alban, respelt after the German Alban), from the Latin albus (“white”) + the French -ane (“-an”).
Albin
Early saints' name, from the Roman cognomen Albīnus, derivative of Latin albus (“white”). In the case of individuals from Germanic nations, partly also from Germanic (cf. Albwin (literally “elf friend”)), of which Alvin is the native English form.
Alastair
From Scottish Gaelic Alasdair (“Alexander”). Doublet of Alexander.
Alistair
From Scottish Gaelic Alasdair, from Norman Alexandre or Latin Alexandrus, from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros), from ἀλέξω (aléxō, “to defend”) + ἀνδρ- (andr-), the stem of ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”).
Allistaire
A rare spelling variant of Alistair, from Scottish Gaelic Alasdair (“Alexander”).
haugh
From Northern English dialectal and Scots haugh, from Northern Middle English *halgh, from Old English healh (“corner, nook”), from Proto-West Germanic *halh. Doublet of hale.
* As an Irish surname, from Ó hEachach (“descendant of Eochu”), a popular name derived from Old Irish ech (“horse”).
* As an English and Scottish surname, from Early Scots halh (“minor elevation in a marshland”).
* Also as an English surname, variant of Hough.
Epicurus
From Latin Epicūrus, from Ancient Greek Ἐπίκουρος (Epíkouros).
Oberon
Earlier Auberon, from Old French Alberon, partial loan translation from Middle High German Alberich, literally ‘elf king, fairy king’, from alp + -rich << Proto-Germanic *rīks.
thundering
From Middle English thonderynge, þoundryng, equivalent to thunder + -ing.
From Middle English thundryng, þondring, from Old English þunring (“thundering; thunder”), equivalent to thunder + -ing.
Arjuna
Borrowed from Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).
From Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).
exostosis
From Koine Greek ἐξόστωσις (exóstōsis, “a diseased excrescence on the bone”), from Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”).
chupacabra
Variant spelling of chupacabras used in English cryptozoological publications by misanalysis of the Spanish chupacabras as a plural.
Elgar
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *albʰósder.
Proto-Germanic *albiz
Proto-West Germanic *albi
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey-
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeys-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós
Proto-Germanic *gaizaz
Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀ
Proto-West Germanic *Albigaiʀ
Old English Ælfgār
Proto-Germanic *aþalą
Proto-Germanic *aþalaz
▲
Proto-Germanic *gaizaz
Proto-Germanic *Aþalagaizaz
Proto-West Germanic *Aþalagaiʀ
Old English Æþelgār
English Elgar
From Old English Ælfgār (from Proto-Germanic *Albigaizaz, equivalent to ælf (“elf”) + gār (“spear”)) and Old English Æþelgār (from Proto-Germanic *Aþalagaizaz, equivalent to æþele (“noble”) + gār (“spear”)).
parvis
From Middle English parvys, parvis, borrowed from Old French parvis, parevis, from Latin paradīsus, from Ancient Greek παράδεισος (parádeisos), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *paridayjah. Used since the Middle Ages to describe the court in front of St Peter's in Rome, and later, similar courts in front of other churches. Doublet of paradise.
pergola
Borrowed from Italian pergola, from Latin pergula.
Borrowed from Italian Pergola.
macaca
From the genus name Macaca, from Portuguese macaca, feminine of macaco (“monkey”). Doublet of macaque and macaco.
Barnsley
From the Old English personal name Beorn + -s- + lēah (“woodland clearing, glade”).
Scheherazade
Borrowed from German Scheherazade, from Russian Шехераза́да (Šexerazáda), from Classical Persian شَهْرَازَاد (šahrāzād), alternative form of شَهْرْزَاد (šahrzād); either a reborrowing from Arabic شَهْرْزَاد (šahrzād) from Middle Persian *čihrāzād⁠, equivalent to New Persian چهر (čihr /čehr, “lineage”) + آزاد (āzād /âzâd, “noble”), or a compound of شهر (šahr, “city”) + زاد (zād /zâd, “child of”), in which case there was likely no reborrowing through Arabic involved.
Given name popularized by the fictional character below.
snoek
Borrowed from Afrikaans snoek, from Dutch snoek, from Middle Dutch snoec, from Old Dutch *snuoc. Some senses come from or are influenced by Dutch zeesnoek (“barracuda”, literally “sea pike”), a word that Van Riebeeck applied to the Thyrsites atun.
Mulhouse
Borrowed from French Milhouse, from Alemannic German Milhüsa or its source Middle High German Mülnhūsen, from Old High German Mulinhūson; compare German Mülhausen (literally “mill house”). Doublet of millhouse.
Cherbourg
Borrowed from French Cherbourg, from Old French Chieresburg, probably from Old Norse kjarr (“thicket”) + borg (“fort”). Compare Old English Kiǣresburh.
Cannes
Borrowed from French Cannes, from Occitan Canas or Occitan Cànoas (alternative spelling of Canas).
comforter
From Middle English comfortour et al, from Anglo-Norman confortour, from Old French conforter. See comfort.
hibiscus
From Late Latin hibiscus, from Latin hibiscum, from Ancient Greek ἰβίσκος (ibískos, “marsh mallow”), probably ultimately from Gaulish.
aliyah
From Hebrew עלייה / עֲלִיָּה (aliyá, “ascent”).
Ultimately from Arabic عَالِيَة (ʕāliya).
Ultimately from Hebrew עלייה \ עֲלִיָּה (aliyá, “ascent”)
amah
From Portuguese ama (“female nurse”), from Medieval Latin amma (“wet nurse, amma”), perhaps an alteration of Latin mamma, of imitative origin, or from Ancient Greek.
proa
From Malay perau, a variant of perahu. In some forms via Portuguese parão or Dutch prauw; in some forms assimilated to prow.
Borrowed from Galician Proa and Portuguese Prôa; this surname is predominantly found in Mexico.
chionablepsia
From New Latin chionablepsia. By surface analysis, chion- (“snow”) + ablepsia (“blindness”).
salpingo-
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek σᾰ́λπῐγξ (sắlpĭnx)bor.
New Latin salpinx
Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-)der.
Latin -o-bor.
English -o-
English salpingo-
From New Latin salpinx (“the salpinx”) + -o-, from Ancient Greek σᾰ́λπῐγξ (sắlpĭnx, “a war-trumpet”).
aphemia
Borrowed from New Latin aphēmia, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + φήμη (phḗmē, “voice”). By surface analysis, a- + -phemia.
stylo
Clipping of Stylosanthes, from Ancient Greek στῦλος (stûlos, “pillar”) + Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).
sophism
From Middle English sophim, from Old French soffime, sofime, sofisme, sophisme, from Latin sophisma (“fallacy, sophism”), from Ancient Greek σόφῐσμᾰ (sóphĭsmă), from σοφίζω (sophízō) + -μα (-ma).
mortuary
From Middle English mortuary, from Anglo-Norman mortuarie (“gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner”), from Medieval Latin mortuārium (“receptacle for the dead; mortuary”), neuter form of mortuārius (“of or pertaining to the dead”), from Latin mortuus, perfect passive participle of morior (“to die”).
skarn
Borrowed from Swedish skarn (“skarn, filth”), from Old Norse skarn, from Proto-Germanic *skarną. Doublet of sharn.
endosteum
From end- (“inside, internal, within”) (from Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “within”)) + Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”).
jali
Borrowed from Gujarati જાળી (jāḷī, “net”).
Borrowed from Bambara [Term?].
kshatriya
From Sanskrit क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya, “(the warrior or military caste or a member of this caste”), from क्षत्र (kṣatra, “rule, dominion, authority”). Akin to satrap.
pulmonate
From New Latin pulmōnātus (“having lungs”), from pulmō (“lung”) + -ātus.
aalii
From Hawaiian ʻaʻaliʻi (“name of any of the hardwood shrubs of the genus Dodonaea”).
firn
Borrowed from German Firn, from Alemannic German firn (“last year's”), from Old High German firni (“old”), from Proto-West Germanic [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *firnijaz, *fernaz (“foregoing, previous”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“forth, forward, across, through”); cognate with Old English fyrn (“former”), Old Norse forn (“old”), and Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 (fairneis, “old”).
boa constrictor
Unadapted borrowing from New Latin Boa constrictor.
thermite
From German Thermit, from Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós, “heat”) + -it; comparable to English therm- + -ite.
precinct
From Middle English precinct, precincte, early 15th century, in sense of “district for government purposes”, from Medieval Latin precinctum, alternative form of praecinctum (“enclosure, boundary line”), neuter singular of praecinctus, perfect passive participle of Latin praecingō (“surround, gird”), from prae (“before”) + cingō (“surround, encircle”), from which also cinch.
Cognate to Italian precingere (“to encircle”).
endlessly
From Middle English endelesly, from Old English endelēaslīċe; equivalent to endless + -ly.
argumenta
From the Latin argūmenta, nominative plural form of argūmentum.
occupier
From Middle English occupier, occupiour, from occupien + -er (equivalent to occupy + -er) or Middle French occupier, occupiour.
colewort
Inherited from Middle English coolwort, coulwort, cole-wort, caule worte, equivalent to cole + wort.
bidder
From Middle English bidder, biddere, equivalent to bid + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bidder, German Bitter.
sultana
1580s, Italian sultana (feminine of sultano). Displaced existing sultaness. Doublet of sultan and soldan.
pottage
From Middle English pottage, from Anglo-Norman and Old French potage, equivalent to pot + -age.
Santa Cruz
From Spanish and Portuguese Santa Cruz (“Holy Cross”), various places named in honor of the True Cross upon which Jesus was crucified. Doublet of Holy Cross and Saint Croix.
fava
Borrowed from Italian fava. Cognate with Portuguese fava and Spanish haba (“broad bean”). Doublet of bean.
Borrowed from Italian Fava.
argute
Etymology tree
Latin arguō
Latin argūtusder.
English argute
From Latin argūtus, perfect passive participle of arguō (“to clarify”).
spiculum
From Latin spīculum (“a little sharp point”), from spīcum, alternative form of spīca (“point, spike”).
phimosis
From Ancient Greek φίμωσις (phímōsis, “muzzling; contraction of the prepuce”), from φῑμόω (phīmóō, “to muzzle”) + -σις (-sis, nominal suffix).
tabid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *teh₂-der.
Latin tābeō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin tābidus
English tabid
From tabes + -id, from Latin tābidus (“melting or wasting away, dissolving, decaying, rotting”), from tābeō + -idus.
periclitate
From the past participle stem of Latin periclitari, from periculum (“experiment, risk”). Compare peril.
photo-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéh₂os
Proto-Hellenic *pʰáwos
Ancient Greek φᾰ́ος (phắos)
Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs)
Ancient Greek φωτο- (phōto-)der.
English photo-
From Ancient Greek φωτο- (phōto-), the combining form of φῶς (phôs, “light”).
morceau
From French morceau, from Old French morsel, from Medieval Latin morsellum (“a bit, a little piece”), diminutive of Latin morsum (“a bit”), neuter of morsus, past participle of mordeō, mordēre (“bite, nibble, gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to rub, wipe; to pack, rob”). Doublet of morsel.
songer
Perhaps dialectally inherited from Middle English songere, from Old English sangere, from Proto-Germanic *sangwārijaz (“singer”), whence German Sänger, Dutch zanger etc. Equivalent to song + -er. Alternatively newly formed from these components.
tanka
From Japanese 短歌 (tanka, “short song”), from Middle Chinese 短 (MC twanX) 歌 (MC ka) (compare Mandarin 短歌 (duǎngē) duǎngē).
Ultimately from Sanskrit टङ्क (ṭaṅka, “chisel; tanka”).
haikai
Borrowed from Japanese 俳(はい)諧(かい) (haikai).
Platonist
From Latin Platonista, from Plato + -ista, equivalent to Plato + -ist.
ataraxia
From Ancient Greek ἀταραξία (ataraxía), ἀ- (a-, negative prefix) + ταράσσω (tarássō, “trouble, disturb”). Doublet of ataraxy.
pentathlon
Borrowed from Ancient Greek πένταθλον (péntathlon), from πέντε (pénte, “five”) + ἆθλον (âthlon, “contest”). By surface analysis, penta- + -athlon.
vindaloo
From Konkani विंदालू (vindālū), from Portuguese vin-d’alho (“wine and garlic sauce”), from vinho (“wine”) + alho (“garlic”). Not related to English aloo, from Hindi आलू (ālū), but by confusion with this term the dish is often based on potatoes.
rogan josh
From Hindi रोग़न जोश (roġan joś).
ciabatta
Borrowed from Italian ciabatta (“slipper, bread”). Doublet of sabot.
Tours
From French Tours, from Latin Turonum, from Turones, the name of the area's Gaulish inhabitants in antiquity.
Machin
From machun, from Anglo-Norman machun, masson, from Frankish *makjo (“maker; builder; see make”). More at mason.
cicuta
Borrowed from Latin cicūta. Apparently related to kex/kix.
Dalai Lama
Borrowed from Tibetan ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ (tā la'i bla ma), compound of Mongolian ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ (dalai, “ocean”) + Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma, “lama”).
vesture
From Middle English vesture (noun) and vesturen (verb), from Anglo-Norman, from Old French vesteüre, from Vulgar Latin vestītūra (“clothing”), from Latin vestītus, perfect passive participle of vestiō (“to clothe”), from vestis (“garment”).
wain
From Middle English wayn, from Old English wæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *wagn, from Proto-Germanic *wagnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *woǵʰnos, from *weǵʰ- (“to bring, transport”). Doublet of wagon, borrowed from Middle Dutch.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian wein, Dutch wagen, German Wagen, Danish vogn, Norwegian vogn, Swedish vagn.
forestay
From Middle English forstay, forstey, vorstey, equivalent to fore- + stay (“a stay, rope”).
cockscomb
From Middle English cokkes comb; equivalent to cock + -s- + comb.
negus
1590s, borrowed from Amharic ንጉሥ (nəguś, “king, ruler”), itself a loan from Ge'ez ንጉሥ (nəguś, “king, ruler”), from the verb ነግሠ (nägśä, “rule”).
shemagh
British military use, borrowed from Arabic شُمَاغ (šumāḡ).