MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
pianist
From French pianiste, from Italian pianista. Analyzable as piano + -ist.
Tajik
From Classical Persian تاجیک (tājīk, “non-Turk (of Central Asia)”) (akin to تازی (tāzī), تازیک (tāzīk)), (ultimately) from Middle Persian tʾcyk' (tāzīg, “Arab”), (ultimately) from Arabic طَيِّئ (ṭayyiʔ, “name of an Arab clan”). See Tayy.
Popular folk etymology traces the word to Tajik тоҷ (toj, “crown”) (see Arabic تَاج (tāj), from Persian تاج (tâj, “crown”)), but this is false.
Congolese
From French congolais, equivalent to Congo + -ese. For information about the -l-, see Togolese.
builder
Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *buþlijan
Old English bytlan
Middle English bylden
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āsjos
Latin -āriusnom.
Latin -āriusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -ere
Middle English byldere
English builder
From Middle English byldere, buyldere, from bylden + -er. By surface analysis, build + -er. Compare Old English bylda, bytla (“hammerer, builder”).
Malagasy
From Malagasy malagasy, connected to Mālāī-Jezīra, “island of Mālāī”. Compare English Madagascar, which by folk etymology comes from Marco Polo's misreading of Mogadishu whereas it should be Arabic جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ (jazīrat al-mālāʔiyy, “the Island of Mālāī”).
prescribe
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-i
Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i?
Proto-Italic *prai
Proto-Italic *prai-
Latin prae-
Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-?
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreybʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kréybʰeti
Proto-Italic *skreiβō
Latin scrībō
Latin praescrībōbor.
English prescribe
Borrowed from Latin praescrībere, from prae- (“before, in front”) and scrībere (“to write”).
proscribe
From Middle English proscriben, from Latin prōscrībō (“to proclaim, forbid, banish”).
length
From Middle English lengthe, from Old English lengþ, lengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *langiþu, from Proto-Germanic *langiþō, equivalent to long + -th (abstract nominal suffix). Cognate with Scots lenth, lainth (“length”), Saterland Frisian Loangte (“length”), West Frisian lingte, langte (“length”), Dutch lengte (“length”), German Low German Längde, Längd, Längte, Längt (“length”), Danish længde (“length”), Swedish längd (“length”), Icelandic lengd (“length”).
probity
From Middle French probité, from Latin probitās (“uprightness, honesty”), from probus (“good, excellent, honest”); see probe, prove.
fleur de sel
Borrowed from French fleur de sel (literally “salt flower, salt blossom”).
wat
Borrowed from Thai วัด (wát).
Borrowed from Amharic ወጥ (wäṭ).
Modena
From Italian Modena, from Latin Mutina, from Etruscan 𐌌𐌖𐌕𐌍𐌀 (mutna).
parma
From Latin parma.
Borrowed from Italian Parma, from Latin Parma, from Etruscan.
Perugia
Unadapted borrowing from Italian Perugia, from Latin Perusia.
Ragusa
Borrowed from Italian Ragusa, from Latin Ragusia. Probably from Proto-Albanian *rāguša (“grape”) (modern Albanian rrush)
Taranto
From Italian Taranto, from Latin Tarentum, from Ancient Greek Τάρᾱς (Tárās), probably from Illyrian *darandos (“oak”), from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), which also yields Albanian dru (“wood, tree”). Doublet of Taras and Tarentum.
Andalusia
Borrowed from Medieval Latin Andalusia, from Arabic الْأَنْدَلُس (al-ʔandalus) + -ia.
Nikolaos
Borrowed from Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos), from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos), from νικάω (nikáō, “I conquer”) + λαός (laós, “people”). Doublet of Nicholas.
Nikoleta
Transliteration of Greek Νικολέτα (Nikoléta), a female given name used in (modern) Greece.
Nicholas
From Middle English Nicholas, from Old French Nicholas, from Latin Nīcolāus, from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos), from νίκη (níkē, “victory”) + λαός (laós, “people”).
hamburger
Shortening of Hamburger sandwich, Hamburger steak, etc., the first element borrowed from German Hamburger (“native of Hamburg”), equivalent to Hamburg + -er.
tie
From Middle English teye (“cord, chain”), from Old English tēag, tēah (“cord, chain”), from Proto-West Germanic *taugu, from Proto-Germanic *taugō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk-. Compare Danish tov, Icelandic taug.
From Middle English teien, teiȝen, from Old English tīġan, tīeġan, from Proto-West Germanic *taugijan, from Proto-Germanic *taugijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to tug, draw”). Cognate with Icelandic teygja.
affect
From Middle English affecten, from Latin affectāre, from Latin affectus, the participle stem of Latin afficere (“to act upon, influence, affect, attack with disease”), from ad- + facere (“to make, do”). By surface analysis, af- + Latin -fect.
From Middle English affecten, from Anglo-Norman affecter (“strive after”), Middle French affecter (“feign”), and their source, Latin affectāre (“to strive after, aim to do, pursue, imitate with dissimulation, feign”), frequentative of afficere (“to act upon, influence”) (see Etymology 1, above).
From Middle English affect, from Latin affectus, adfectus (“a state of mind or body produced by some (external) influence, especially sympathy or love”), from afficere (“to act upon, influence”).
Epirot
From Ancient Greek ἠπειρώτης (ēpeirṓtēs), from ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “mainland, inland country”).
Thessaly
From Ancient Greek Θεσσαλία (Thessalía).
Macedonian
From Middle English Macedonyen, partly from Macedonia and partly from Latin Macedonius, + -an; equivalent to Macedonia + -an.
From Middle English Macedonyan, from Latin Macedoniānus, from Macedonius + -ānus, after the Greek bishop Macedonius I of Constantinople.
Epirus
From Latin Ēpīrus, from Ancient Greek Ἤπειρος (Ḗpeiros, “mainland”).
Messenia
Borrowed from Latin Messēnia, from Ancient Greek Μεσσηνῐ́ᾱ (Messēnĭ́ā), from Μεσσήνη (Messḗnē, “Messene”).
Argolis
From Ancient Greek Ἀργολίς (Argolís).
font
From Old English font, an early borrowing from Latin fōns, fontis (“fountain”).
From Middle French fonte (“act or process of founding or melting; act of producing items from molten metal; cast iron; set of type”) (modern French fonte), either:
* from fondre (“to melt, melt down; to smelt”), from Old French fondre, from Latin fundere, the present active infinitive of fundō (“to pour out; to make by smelting, found”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”); or
* from Late Latin *fundita, a noun use of funditus, a perfect passive participle form of Latin fundō (see above; the classical Latin form is fūsus).
* As a southern French and Catalan surname, from font (“spring, well”).
* As an English surname, variant of Fant.
candela
Borrowed from Latin candēla (“candle”). Doublet of candle and chandelle.
Borrowed from Italian, Catalan and Spanish Candela.
kilogram
Borrowed from French kilogramme. By surface analysis, kilo- + gram.
kilogramme
Borrowed from French kilogramme. By surface analysis, kilo- + gramme.
becquerel
Borrowed from French becquerel. Named after the French physicist Henri Becquerel.
coulomb
From French coulomb, from the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.
katal
From Ancient Greek κατάλυσις (katálusis, “dissolution”), from καταλύω (katalúō, “I dissolve”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + λύω (lúō, “I loose”).
litre
From French litre, from Medieval Latin litra, from Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra, “a Sicilian coin, a measure of weight”). Related to Latin lībra. Doublet of arratel, libbra, Libra, libra, lira, litra, livre, and rottol.
Borrowed from Spanish litre.
lumen
Borrowed from Latin lūmen (“light, an opening”). Use as a unit was first adopted by French physicist André Blondel in 1894.
ohm
Named after Bavarian physicist Georg Ohm. A German surname, first recorded in the 12th century, from German Ohm (“uncle”), from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim (“maternal uncle”), from or related to Proto-Germanic *awô (“grandfather, paternal uncle”) + *haimaz (“home”). Doublet of oom and of dialectal eam (“uncle”).
lux
Borrowed from Latin lūx (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“white; light; bright”). Cognates include Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white, blank, light, bright, clear”), Ancient Greek λύκη (lúkē, “light, morning twilight”), Sanskrit रोचते (rocate), Middle Persian 𐭩𐭥𐭬 (rōz, “day”) and Old English lēoht (noun) (English light).
pascal
Borrowed from French pascal, named after French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal. Doublet of Paschal.
Larissa
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Λάρισσα (Lárissa).
Dodecanese
From Greek Δωδεκάνησα (Dodekánisa, “twelve islands”), from δώδεκα (dṓdeka, “twelve”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”).
parable
From Middle English parable, from Old French parable, parabole, from Late Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ, “comparison”). Doublet of parabola, parole, and palaver.
From Latin parābilis, from parāre (“to prepare, procure”).
berth
The noun is derived from Late Middle English birth (“(nautical) bearing away or off, clearance, berth”). Further etymology uncertain, but probably from beren (“to carry (away), bear”) + -th (suffix denoting a condition, quality, state of being, etc., forming nouns); if so, the English word is analysable as bear + -th (suffix forming nouns from verbs), and is a piecewise doublet of birth.
The verb is derived from the noun.
Possibly borrowed from Icelandic byrði (“side of a ship, board”).
Dominican
From the name of the Dominican Republic, itself a calque of Spanish República Dominicana; corresponding to Spanish dominicano.
Learned borrowing from Latin dominicānus. By surface analysis, Dominic + -an.
Toki Pona
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *talōną
Proto-West Germanic *talōn
Proto-West Germanic *-ukōn
Proto-West Germanic *talkōn
Old English *tealcian
Middle English talken
English talk
Tok Pisin tokbor.
Toki Pona toki
Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂-der.?
Proto-Italic *dwenos
Old Latin duenos
Old Latin duonus
Latin bonusder.
Esperanto bonabor.
Toki Pona pona
Toki Pona toki ponabor.
English Toki Pona
From Toki Pona toki pona (literally “good language”), formed from toki (“language”) (from Tok Pisin tok, from English talk) + pona (“good”) (from Esperanto bona (“good”), ultimately from Latin bonus).
limb
From Middle English lyme, lim, from Old English lim (“limb, branch”), from Proto-West Germanic *limu, from Proto-Germanic *limuz (“branch, limb”). Cognate with Old Norse limr (“limb”).
The spelling with the silent unetymological -b first arose in the late 1500s. Compare crumb.
From Latin limbus (“border”).
Mahoran
From French mahorais / Mahorais (with the ending replaced with -an).
Ostia
* (Roman Empire): Latin Ostia
* (Italy): Italian Ostia, from Latin Ostia
Ostia Antica
Borrowed from Italian Ostia Antica (literally “ancient Ostia”).
bunion
From alteration of earlier bunny (“lump, swelling”), from Middle English bony, boni (“bunion, swelling”), perhaps Italian bubbone (augmented form of bugno (“beehive”)), or more likely from Lombard bugnon (“bunyon”), all three from Old French bugne, buigne, bune (“bump, knob, swelling”), from Old Norse bunga (“an elevation, bulge”) or Frankish *bungjō (“a swelling, lump, bump”), both from Proto-Germanic *bungô, *bunkô (“lump, clump, heap, crowd”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick, dense, fat”). Cognate with Dutch bonk (“lump, clump”), German Bunge (“swelling, tuber”).
Constantinopolitan
Learned borrowing from Latin cōnstantīnopolītānus.
Byzantine
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ-der.
Thracian *būzasder.
Ancient Greek Βῡ́ζᾱς (Bū́zās)
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Ancient Greek -ῐος (-ĭos)?
Ancient Greek -ῐον (-ĭon)
Ancient Greek Βῡζᾰ́ντῐον (Būzắntĭon)bor.
Late Latin Bȳzantium
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Late Latin -īnus
Late Latin bȳzantīnusder.
English Byzantine
From Late Latin byzantinus, from Byzantium, from Ancient Greek Βυζάντιον (Buzántion). The figurative senses evoke the reputation for palace intrigue of the Byzantine imperial court.
goal
From Middle English gol (“boundary, limit”), from Old English *gāl (“obstacle, barrier, marker”), from Proto-West Germanic *gailu, from Proto-Germanic *gailō (“crevice, gap”); compare the Old English's derivatives Old English gǣlan (“to hinder, delay”), and hyġegǣls (“hesitating, slow, sluggish”), hyġegǣlsa (“slow one, sluggish one”).
Possibly cognate with Lithuanian gãlas (“end”), Latvian gals (“end”), Old Prussian gallan (“death”), Albanian ngalem (“to be limping, lame, paralyzed”), ngel (“to remain, linger, hesitate, get stuck”).
Edessa
From Latin Edessa, from Ancient Greek Ἔδεσσα (Édessa).
score
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-
Proto-Germanic *skurō
Old Norse skorder.
Old English scoru
Middle English score
English score
From Middle English score, skore, schore, from Old English scoru (“notch; tally; score”), from Old Norse skor, from Proto-Germanic *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”), which is related to *skeraną (“to cut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut”). Cognate with Icelandic skora, Swedish skåra, Danish skår. Related to shear.
For the sense “twenty”: The mark on a tally made by drovers for every twenty beasts passing through a tollgate.
Liechtensteiner
Borrowed from German Liechtensteiner, equivalent to Liechtenstein + -er.
brood
From Middle English brood, brod, from Old English brōd (“brood; foetus; breeding, hatching”), from Proto-Germanic *brōduz (“heat, breeding”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁- (“breath, mist, vapour, steam”).
Saudi
Borrowed from Arabic سُعُودِيّ (suʕūdiyy), from سُعُود (suʕūd), the name of the Saud family, who rule Saudi Arabia, and the adjectival suffix ـِيّ (-iyy)., equivalent to Saud + -i.
pauper
Learned borrowing from Latin pauper (“poor”). Originally a legal term. Doublet of poor.
sievert
From Swedish Sievert. Named after the Swedish radiologist Rolf Sievert.
Borrowed from Swedish Sievert, ultimately from Old Norse Sigurþór.
tesla
Named after Serbian-American inventor Nikola Tesla, from Serbo-Croatian Tesla /Тесла.
Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Tesla /Тесла, from Proto-Slavic *tesla. Cognate with German Dechsel, Dutch dissel, Russian тесло́ (tesló), Polish ciosła, Latin tēla. Doublet of tela and toile. The noun sense is from the automotive company Tesla, Inc., which was named as a tribute to Nikola Tesla.
volt
Named after Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. For the surname, see Italian Volta.
From French volte.
Swahili
Borrowed from Swahili Mswahili / Kiswahili, from Arabic سَوَاحِلِيّ (sawāḥiliyy, “(people) of the coasts”), from سَوَاحِل (sawāḥil, “coasts”), broken plural of سَاحِل (sāḥil, “coast”).
shadow
From Middle English schadowe, schadewe, schadwe (also schade > shade), from Old English sċeaduwe, sċeadwe, oblique form of sċeadu (“shadow, shade; darkness; protection”), from Proto-West Germanic *skadu, from Proto-Germanic *skaduz (“shade, shadow”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness”). Doublet of shade.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots shedda (“shadow”), Saterland Frisian Skaad, Skade (“shade, shadow”), West Frisian skaad, skâd (“shade, shadow”), Central Franconian and Limburgish Schatte (“shadow”), Dutch schade, schaduw (“shadow”), German Schatten (“shade, shadow”), German Low German Scharr, Scharre (“shade, shadow”), Luxembourgish Schiet (“shade, shadow”), Vilamovian siota (“shadow”), Yiddish שאָטן (shotn, “shadow”), Faroese skadda (“thick wet mountain fog”), Icelandic skodda, skoddi (“shadow”), Norwegian Bokmål skodde (“fog, mist”), Norwegian Nynorsk skodde, skåddj, skåidd (“fog; ice fog”), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus, “shadow”); also Breton skeud (“shadow; reflection; ghost”), Cornish skeus (“shadow; reflection”), Irish scáth (“shadow”), Manx scaa, skæ (“shield; shade, shadow”), Scottish Gaelic sgàth (“shade, shadow”), Latin obscurus (“dark, dusky, shadowy”), Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, “darkness, gloom”) (whence English scoto-), Belarusian сівы́ (sivý, “grey”), Czech and Slovak sivý (“grey”), Macedonian осој (osoj, “shady place”), Polish siwy (“grey”), Russian си́вый (sívyj, “grey”), Serbo-Croatian сив, siv (“grey”), Slovene osoja (“shady place”), Ukrainian си́вий (sývyj, “grey”), Armenian սեաւ (seaw), սեւ (sew, “black”), Ossetian сау (saw, “black”), Persian سه (sah), سیه (siyah), سیاه (siyâh, “black”), Sanskrit श्याम (śyāma, “black”), श्याव (śyāva, “dark”).
From Middle English schadowen, from Old English sċeadwian, from sċeadu (“shadow; shade”) + -ian (suffix forming verbs).
grain
From Middle English greyn, grayn, grein, from Old French grain, grein, from Latin grānum (“seed”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (“grain”). Doublet of corn, gram, granum, and grao.
From Middle English grayn, from Old Norse grein (“bough, branch”), from Proto-Germanic *grainiz (“branch, twig, ramification”), of unknown origin. Related to English grove (“thicket”).
drone
From Middle English drane, from Old English drān, from Proto-West Germanic *drānu, from Proto-Germanic *drēniz, *drēnuz, *drenô (“an insect, drone”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreh₁n- (“bee, drone, hornet”). Cognate with Danish drone (“drone”), Dutch dar (“male bee or wasp”), German Drohne, dialectal German Dräne, Trehne, Trene (“drone”), Low German drone (“drone”), Swedish drönje, drönare (“drone”).
The etymology of the sense of "remote-controlled aircraft" is disputed; theories include early military UAVs dumbly flying on preset paths.
From Middle English drounen (“to roar, bellow”), from Proto-West Germanic *drunnjan, from Proto-Germanic *drunjaną (“to drone, roar, make a sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to roar, hum, drone”).
Cognate with Scots drune (“to drone, moan, complain”), Dutch dreunen (“to drone, boom, thud”), Low German drönen (“to drone, buzz, hum”), German dröhnen (“to roar, boom, rumble”), Danish drøne (“to roar, boom, peel out”), Swedish dröna (“to low, bellow, roar”), Icelandic drynja (“to roar”).
* As a German surname, spelling variant of Drohne, a city in Westphalia.
* As an English surname, spelling variant of Drane.
* As an Irish surname, spelling variant of Drohan; as a Scottish Gaelic surname, spelling variant of Dron in Perthshire.
worker
From Middle English werkere, worcher, wercher, equivalent to work + -er. Displaced the older term wright, from Old English wyrhta.
glyph
First attested in 1727. Borrowed from French glyphe, from Ancient Greek γλυφή (gluphḗ, “carving”), from γλύφω (glúphō, “I carve, engrave”).
childish
From Middle English childisch, from Old English ċildisċ. By surface analysis, child + -ish.
forte
Borrowed 1640–50; earlier fort < Middle French; disyllabic pronunciation by association with Italian forte, from Latin fortis (“strong”). Doublet of fort and fortis.
Borrowed from Italian forte (“strong”).
insipid
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Indo-European *n̥-
Proto-Italic *ən-
Latin in-
Proto-Indo-European *sep-
Proto-Italic *sapiō
Latin sapiō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin sapidus
Latin īnsipiduslbor.
French insipidebor.
English insipid
From French insipide, from Latin īnsipidus (“tasteless”), from in- (“not”) + sapidus (“savory”). In some senses, perhaps influenced by insipient (“unwise, foolish, stupid”).
atto-
From Danish atten (“eighteen”), with reference to the (negative) exponent in the relevant power of ten; the same principle also explains femto-.
centi-
From French centi- and its etymon Latin centi-, from centum (“hundred”). Doublet of hecato- and hecto-.
deca-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥
Proto-Hellenic *dékə
Ancient Greek δέκᾰ (dékă)
Ancient Greek -ᾰ́ς (-ắs)
Ancient Greek δεκάς (dekás)der.
Late Latin decasder.
French déca-bor.
English deca-
Borrowed from French déca-, from Late Latin decas (“(set of) ten”), from Ancient Greek δεκάς (dekás), from δέκα (déka, “ten”).
femto-
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe
Proto-Germanic *fimf
Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥
Proto-Germanic *tehun
Proto-Germanic *fimftehun
Old Norse fimmtánder.
Danish femtender.
English femto-
From Danish femten (“fifteen”), with reference to the (negative) exponent in the relevant power of ten; the same principle also explains atto-.
giga-
From Ancient Greek γίγας (gígas, “giant”); cognate to giant.
peta-
Based on penta- (“five”) (from Ancient Greek πέντε (pénte)) with the middle letter removed, analogous to tera-.
tera-
From Ancient Greek τέρας (téras, “monster”). Also from Ancient Greek τέτταρες (téttares, “four”), by analogy with tetra- for being the fourth power of 10³. Doublet of terato-.
yotta-
From Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”), for the eighth order of 10³. The consonants ct are reduced to tt; the final a conforms to the finals vowel of the SI series from mega- upwards; the letter y was added, as the second term in a series running through the alphabet backwards (from zetta-).
zetta-
Coined with Latin septem and Ancient Greek ἑπτά (heptá, “seven”) in mind, for the seventh order of 10³. The consonants pt are reduced to tt; the initial z was chosen instead of s to avoid confusion with s for second.
wart
From Middle English warte, werte, from Old English wearte, from Proto-West Germanic *wartā, from Proto-Germanic *wartǭ. Cognate with Dutch wrat, German Warze, Hunsrik Waarz, Swedish vårta and Danish vorte.
analogy
From Latin analogia, from Ancient Greek ἀναλογίᾱ (analogíā), from ἀνα- (ana-) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).
Formosa
From Portuguese Formosa, as in Ilha Formosa (literally “Beautiful Island”) and Vila Formosa da Imperatriz (literally “Beautiful Town of the Empress”), from formosa (“beautiful, shapely”), from Latin fōrmōsus (“beautiful, well-formed”), from fōrma (“shape”) + -ōsus (“-ful”), literally “shapeful”.
The Brazilian city was named in honor of Empress Teresa Cristina, in the 1840s.
From Spanish Formosa, from Vuelta la Formosa and Vuelta Fermosa (“Beautiful Turn”) in reference to a bend in the Paraguay River near the city, from Old Spanish fermosa, from Latin formosa.
Borrowed from Maltese Formosa.
turn
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.
Ancient Greek τόρνος (tórnos)bor.
Latin tornus
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin tornōbor.
Proto-West Germanic *turnēn
Old English turnian
▲
Latin tornō
Old French tornerbor.
Middle English turnen
English turn
From Middle English turnen, from Old English turnian, tyrnan (“to turn, rotate, revolve”), from Proto-West Germanic *turnēn (“to turn, lathe”) (also the source of German turnen and its derivatives) and Old French torner (“to turn”), both from Latin tornāre (“to round off, turn in a lathe”), from tornus (“lathe”), from Ancient Greek τόρνος (tórnos, “turning-lathe: a tool used for making circles”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, rub by turning, turn, twist, bore”). Cognate with Old English þrāwan (“to turn, twist, wind”), whence English throw. Displaced native Middle English wenden from Old English wendan (see wend), and Middle English trenden from Old English trendan (see trend), among several other terms.
Partly from Anglo-Norman *torn, from Latin tornus, from Ancient Greek τόρνος (tórnos), and partly an action noun from the verb turn.
soporific
From French soporifique, from Latin sopor (“deep sleep”). Unrelated to stupor (distinct in Proto-Indo-European).
watch
As a noun, from Middle English wacche, from Old English wæċċe. See below for verb form.
From Middle English wacchen, from Old English wæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *wakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *wakjaną.
Coventry
Inherited from Middle English Coventre, from Old English Cofentrēo, Cofantrēo, of obscure origin. Believed to be derived from an Anglo-Saxon named Cofa, hence Cofantrēo (literally “Cofa's tree”).
Traditionally, yet baselessly outside its history, tempted to be linked to English covenant.
salad
PIE word
 *sḗh₂l
From Middle English salade, from Old French salade, borrowed from Northern Italian salada, salata (compare insalata), from Vulgar Latin *salāta, from *salāre, from Latin saliō, from sal (“salt”). Vegetables were seasoned with brine or salty oil-and-vinegar dressings during Roman times.