MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
purslane
From Old French porcelaine, probably an alteration of Latin porcilaca (“purslane”) (related to portulaca (“purslane”)) to assimilate it with porcelaine (“porcelain”).
jicama
Borrowed from Mexican Spanish jícama, from Classical Nahuatl xīcama, apocopic form of xīcamatl.
Madison
Usually derived from Mathieson (Matthew + -son), occasionally from Middle English Maddy (“Maud”) + -son. In the movie Splash, its use as a given name derives from Manhattan’s Madison Avenue.
creatrix
Learned borrowing from Latin creātrīx. By surface analysis, create + -trix.
Stratford
From Old English strǣt (“road”) + ford (“ford”). Doublet of Stretford.
decussate
The adjective is first attested in 1825, the verb in 1658. Borrowed from Latin decussātus, perfect passive participle of decussō (“to divide crosswise, arrange crosswise or mark with a cross”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from decussis (“a coin worth ten asses; a cross sign (from the cross shape of the Roman numeral for ten carved on the coins)”), from decem (“ten”) + as (“a Roman coin”).
methought
From Middle English me thoght, from Old English mē þūhte; equivalent to me + thought.
northwestern
Probably the reflex of Old English *norþwesterne, equivalent to north + western, cognate with or formed similarly to Middle Low German nōrtwestern and Old High German nordwestrōni. Compare earlier northeastern, southeastern, and southwestern.
delphinium
From the genus name (translingual Delphinium), from Ancient Greek δελφῐ́νῐον (delphĭ́nĭon, “larkspur”).
palmetto
From Spanish palmito, diminutive of palma (“palm tree”), from Latin palma. Doublet of palmite and palmito.
paper tiger
A calque from Chinese 紙老虎／纸老虎 (zhǐlǎohǔ), a phrase popularized by Mao Zedong, but of pre-modern origin. An English translation first appeared in an book in 1828 by British missionary and lexicographer Robert Morrison.
heaviness
From Middle English hevynesse, from Old English hefiġnes (“heaviness”). Equivalent to heavy + -ness.
Rajiv
From Sanskrit राजीव (rājīva), via various Indian languages. The name means 'lotus flower' in Hindi. In Sanskrit, the word means 'Sri Krishna'.
paquebot
Borrowed from French paquebot (“mailboat”). First used in Great Britain in 1894, the term was adopted for general use by the Universal Postal Union in 1897.
Harvard
A variant of Harward reflecting the merger of /v/ and /w/ in the dialects of southeastern England; thus from Middle English Herward, Herreward, itself from Old English Hereweard and a doublet of Harward and Hereward. Compare German Herwarth.
cran
Evidently from, or at least influenced by Goidelic; compare Scottish Gaelic crann (“lot, measure of herring, tree, etc.”).
the sticks
Possibly derived from 1800s Chinook Jargon stick (“tree, forest”), from English stick.
yobo
From Korean 여보 (yeobo, “darling, sweetheart”).
pandect
Sense 3 (“comprehensive treatise”) is from Latin pandectēs (“book that contains everything, encyclopedia”), from Ancient Greek πανδέκτης (pandéktēs, “encyclopedia”, literally “all-receiver”), from παν- (pan-, prefix meaning ‘all’) (from πᾶς (pâs, “all”)) + δέκτης (déktēs, “receiver, recipient”) (from δέχομαι (dékhomai, “to receive”) (from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take; to perceive”)) + -της (-tēs, suffix forming agent nouns)).
Sense 1 (“compendium of writings on Roman law”) in the plural form Pandects is from Late Latin pandectae (“the Pandects”), the plural of pandectēs, modelled after (Byzantine) Ancient Greek πανδέκται (pandéktai, “the Pandects”), the plural of πανδέκτης (pandéktēs): see further above.
vamoose
Alteration of Spanish vamos (“we go”) or vámonos (“let's go”). Doublet of namous.
nightgown
From Middle English nyght gowne. By surface analysis, night + gown.
nightshade
From Middle English nyȝtschade, niȝteschode, nyght shade, from Old English nihtsċada, from Proto-West Germanic *nahtskadō (“nightshade”), corresponding to night + shade. Compare Dutch nachtschade (“nightshade”), German Nachtschatten (“nightshade”).
nuncio
From Spanish nuncio,
from Latin nūntius (“envoy”).
oleander
From French oléandre, from Medieval Latin oleandru, from Late Latin lorandrum, perhaps an alteration of rhododendron.
ophthalmic
Borrowed from Latin ophthalmicus, from Ancient Greek ὀφθᾰλμῐκός (ophthălmĭkós, “of or for the eyes”), from ὀφθᾰλμός (ophthălmós, “eye”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, “-ic”, adjectival suffix).
pachysandra
From the New Latin genus name, equivalent to English pachy-, from Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús) [Term?].
pellagra
From Italian pellagra, from Latin pellis (“skin”) + Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “seizure, attack, catching”).
abscopal
From Latin ab (“away from”) and Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós, “target, aim”). Term first described by Dr. R. J. Mole in 1953 in the British Journal of Radiology, "Whole body irradiation- radiobiology or medicine?" . Br. J. Radiol., 26: 234-241, 1953.
phalanges
From Ancient Greek φάλαγγες (phálanges), plural of φάλαγξ (phálanx).
phylactery
From Late Middle English philacterie, philaterie, filaterie (“amulet; tefilla; balderdash, idle words”), from Late Latin phylacterium (“amulet; reliquary; tefilla”), from Koine Greek φῠλᾰκτήρῐον (phŭlăktḗrĭon, “amulet; tefilla”) (used in the New Testament to translate Hebrew תפילין (“tefillin”)), from Ancient Greek φῠλᾰκτήρῐον (phŭlăktḗrĭon, “fortified outpost, watchman’s post; protection, safeguard”), from φυλακτήρ (phulaktḗr, “guard, watcher”) + -ῐον (-ĭon, suffix forming nouns). Φυλακτήρ (Phulaktḗr) is derived from φυλακ- (phulak-) (the stem of φῠλᾰ́σσω (phŭlắssō, “to guard, watch; to defend, protect”)) + -τήρ (-tḗr, suffix forming masculine agent nouns); and φῠλᾰ́σσω (phŭlắssō) from φῠ́λᾰξ (phŭ́lăx, “guard, sentry”), probably Pre-Greek. The spelling of the Middle English word was probably influenced by Middle French filatiere, philaterie, philatiere, and Old French filatiere, philatiere (“amulet; reliquary; tefilla”) (modern French phylactère), also from phylacterium.
Noun sense 1.2 (“fringe which an Israelite was required to wear”) was based on the mistaken assumption that the phylacteries (noun sense 1.1) referred to in Matthew 23:5 of the Bible were the same as the fringes mentioned in Numbers 15:37–39.
The modern use of "phylactery" as a term for a lich's artifact originates from Dungeons and Dragons.
bedstead
From Middle English bedsted, bedstede, bedestede, from Old English bedstede (“bedstead”), equivalent to bed + stead. Cognate with Dutch bedstede, bedstee (“closet-bed”).
grao
From Portuguese grão (“grain”), from Old Galician-Portuguese grão, from Latin grānum. Doublet of corn, grain, gram, and granum.
fico
From Italian fico (“a fig”), from Latin fīcus. Doublet of fig.
Borrowed from Italian Fico.
tumb
From Middle English tumben, tomben, from Old English tumbian (“to tumble, leap, dance”), from Proto-Germanic *tūmōną (“to turn round”). Cognate with Middle High German tumen (“to turn round”), Icelandic tumba (“to tumble”). See tumble.
badlands
From earlier Bad Lands, calque of Canadian French mauvaises terres à traverser (“bad lands to cross”), itself a calque of Lakota Makȟóšiča (from makȟá (“land”) + o- (attributive prefix) + šíča (“bad”)).
baptistry
From Middle English baptistery, baptisterie, from Ecclesiastical Latin baptistērium, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστήριον (baptistḗrion); equivalent to baptism + -ry.
cannoli
Borrowed from Italian cannoli (plural of cannolo) or Sicilian cannoli (plural of cannolu); see there for more.
huckle
From huck (from Middle English hoke (“hook”), hokebone, probably so called because of its round shape) + -le. See also hook.
cassata
Borrowed from Italian cassata (“cassata siciliana”), from Sicilian cassata, probably from Vulgar Latin *cāseāta, from cāseus (“cheese”). Compare Maltese qassata (“savoury pastry with ricotta filling”), confirming that the use of ricotta cheese is what unites all of the relevant dishes (and hence probably the original meaning).
Borrowed from Italian Cassata.
cassata siciliana
Borrowed from Italian cassata siciliana (literally “Sicilian cassata”).
granita
Borrowed from Italian granita, from granire (“to granulate”). Compare granite.
intussusception
Borrowed from French intussusception, or directly from Latin intussusceptiō, from intus (“within”) + susceptiō (“susception”).
bottler
From Middle English boteller, botullere, equivalent to bottle + -er. Piecewise doublet of butler.
arthralgia
From New Latin arthralgia. By surface analysis, arthr- (“joint”) + -algia (“pain”).
brekekekex
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βρεκεκεκέξ (brekekekéx), coined by Aristophanes in the comedy The Frogs.
Linnaeus
From Swedish Linnæus, from New Latin Linnaeus, from Swedish lind (“linden tree, lime tree”), in reference to a giant linden tree that grew on the family homestead of Carl Linnaeus.
custodian
From a shortening of Latin custōdiānātus, from Latin custōdia (“a keeping, watch, guard, prison”), from custōs (“a keeper, watchman, guard”). By surface analysis, custody + -ian.
poultice
From Middle English pultes, from Latin pultes, plural of puls. The phonological development from Middle English is regular; compare poultry.
exchequer
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tek-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati
Proto-Iranian *xšáyati
Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ)
Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ)
Classical Persian شاه (šāh)bor.
Arabic شَاه (šāh)bor.
Medieval Latin scaccus
Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
Proto-Italic *-āsjos
Medieval Latin -ārius
Medieval Latin -ārium
Medieval Latin scaccarium
Anglo-Norman eschekerbor.
Middle English escheker
English exchequer
From Middle English escheker, from Anglo-Norman escheker (“chessboard”), from Medieval Latin scaccarium. This is because the cloth on which the treasurer counted money was chequered like a chessboard.
pulverise
From Middle English pulverizen, from Latin pulverizō, pulverizāre, from pulvis (“powder”). Compare French pulvériser. By surface analysis, pulver (“powder”) + -ise.
Orlando
From Italian Orlando (“Roland”), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *Hrōþiland. The city in Florida has gone by the name since 1857, perhaps in honor of the soldier Orlando Reeves, whom the Seminoles killed there in 1835. Previously, it had been settled in 1844 as Jernigan. Doublet of Roland.
invaginate
From Medieval Latin invāgīnātus, past participle of Medieval Latin invāgīnāre, from in- + vāgīna (“sheath”).
safflower
From Middle French safleur; originally from Arabic أَصْفَر (ʔaṣfar, “yellow”) but influenced by safran (“saffron”) and fleur (“flower”).
papaver
From the genus name, from Latin papāver. Doublet of poppy.
Boaz
From Biblical Hebrew בֹּעַז (Bṓʿaz).
coronet
From Middle French couronnette, from Old French coronete, diminutive of corone (“crown”), from Latin corona, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “a type of sea-bird, perhaps shearwater; a crow; anything curved or hooked (like a door handle or the tip of a bow); a type of crown”).
chamberlain
From Middle English chamberlein, chaumberlein, chaumberleyn, from Anglo-Norman chamberlenc, Old French chamberlayn, chamberlenc (“chamberlain”), from Frankish *kamarling (“chamberlain”), equivalent to *kamer (“chamber”) + *-ling (“-ling”). Cognate with Old High German chamarling (“chamberlain”). Compare also Late Latin camerārius and comrade. More at chamber, -ling.
catenaccio
Borrowed from Italian catenaccio, literally "bolt (for a door)".
Bel Paese
Borrowed from Italian Bel Paese, from bel paese (literary for “Italy”, literally “fair, beautiful country”).
caciocavallo
Borrowed from Italian caciocavallo, from cacio (“cheese”) + a cavallo (“on horseback”), from Sicilian casucavaḍḍu, from the custom of draping two cheeses over a pole to dry. Doublet of kashkaval.
nidificate
First attested in 1814; borrowed from Latin nīdificātus, perfect passive participle of nīdificō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from nīdus (“a nest, dwelling of animals”) + -ficō (“to make, build”). Doublet of nidify and cognate with French nidifier.
autotroph
From auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).
bede
From Middle English bēde (“prayer, request, supplication, order, command, rosary, bead”), from Old English ġebed (“prayer, petition, supplication, religious service, an ordinance”), from Proto-West Germanic *bed, from Proto-Germanic *bedą (“prayer, entreaty”). Cognate with Dutch gebed and bede, German Gebet.
From Middle English bēden (“to offer”), from Old English bēodan, from Proto-West Germanic *beudan, from Proto-Germanic *beudaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ-.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian biada, Old Saxon biodan (Low German bieden, beden), Dutch bieden, Old High German biotan (German bieten), Old Norse bjóða (Swedish bjuda (“command, show”)), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (anabiudan). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek πεύθομαι (peúthomai, “ask for”), Sanskrit बोधयति (bodhayati, “wake”), Old Church Slavonic бъдѣти (bŭděti) (Russian будить (buditʹ, “wake”)), Lithuanian budeti (“awake”). See also bid.
dolcelatte
A trademark, from the Italian dolce latte (“sweet milk”). Compare dulce de leche.
gorgonzola
Borrowed from Italian Gorgonzola, a town in northern Italy where the cheese originated.
Borrowed from Italian Gorgonzola.
ricotta
Borrowed from Italian ricotta (literally “cooked again”), from Latin recocta.
Borrowed from Italian Ricotta.
Assemblies of God
From Greek, with Ancient Greek ἐκκλησίᾱ (ekklēsíā) translated as "assembly" (in the sense of "congregation") instead of "church".
bouillabaisse
Borrowed from French bouillabaisse, from Occitan bolhabaissa, bouiabaisso, possibly a compound of bolhir (“to boil”) + abaissar (“to lower (the temperature)”).
stringed
From Middle English strynged, y-strenged, equivalent to string + -ed.
hjem
From Old English hām, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz. Cognate with German Heim, Swedish hem, Dutch heem and heim-.
colophony
From Latin colophonia (“of Colophon”) resina (“resin”); named after the Ionic city of Colophon, which was known for producing hardened resin.
rosin
From Old French raisine, rousine, variants of résine. Doublet of resin.
* As a German surname, from the noun Rosine (“raisin”). Also Germanized/Americanized from Slavic forms of this word such as Slovene rozina, Lower Sorbian rozyna, themselves borrowed from the German.
* As an Italian surname, variant of Rosino, pet form of Roso, itself from both Rosa and Rosso.
* As a French surname, pet form or variant of Rose.
* As a Serbo-Croatian surname (Rošin), from a variant of Rosko (converged from several meanings, including rod (“relative”)) or Rosic (related to Rosalia, or from rosa (“dew”)).
* As a Jewish surname, variant of the Yiddish form of Rose (compare רויז (royz)).
* Also as a Jewish surname, Russified from Rosen.
burra
Borrowed from Hindi बड़ा (baṛā, “large, important”).
asphodel
Learned borrowing from Latin asphodelus, from Ancient Greek ἀσφόδελος (asphódelos). Doublet of daffodil.
bugan
From Welsh bwgan (“hobgoblin”), from Middle Welsh, possibly from Middle English bugge.
julienne
From French julienne (1722), from given name Jules or Julien, presumably from an otherwise unknown chef of that name. Originally used in potage julienne (“Julienne potage, soup in the manner of Jules/Julien”), meaning “soup made from thin slices”; this sense is now known as chiffonade.
Warwick
From Middle English Warwyk, from Old English Wǣringwīċ (literally “dwelling by the weir”), from wer (“weir”) + -ing (“of the”, used with masculine nouns) + wīċ (“dwelling place, village”).
in vino veritas
Borrowed from New Latin in vīnō vēritās (literally “in wine there is truth”), from in (“in”) + vīnō, the ablative singular of vīnum (“wine”) + vēritās (“truth”). While various classical writers in both Greek and Latin make similar statements, the form in vino veritas is from the 16th-century humanist Erasmus, and is first attested in English writing soon afterwards in the same century.
Canola
Of Celtic origin, a misprint of Irish Cana Cludhmor.
canonize
From Late Middle English canonizen (“to declare as a saint; to appoint to an ecclesiastical office”), from Old French canonisier (modern French canoniser (“to canonize”)), or from its etymon Medieval Latin, Late Latin canōnizāre, the present active infinitive of Latin canōnizō (“to recognize as a saint, canonize; to declare as authoritative or official”), from Latin canōn (“measuring line; (figurative) precept, rule, canon; authorized catalogue”) + -izō (suffix forming verbs). The English word is analysable as canon (“general principle, rule; authoritative group of works; catalogue of saints canonized in the Roman Catholic Church”) + -ize.
thenceforth
From Middle English thennesforth, equivalent to thence + forth.
Valerie
From French Valérie, from Latin Valeria. Doublet of Valeria.
laan
From Cantonese 欄 /栏 (laan⁴⁻¹, “wholesaler”).
Asha
Borrowed from Sanskrit आशा (āśā, “one having the knowledge of morality”).
catechize
Derived from Latin catēchizāre, from Ancient Greek κατηχίζω (katēkhízō), from κατηχέω (katēkhéō, “to teach (orally)”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἠχέω (ēkhéō, “to sound, to resound”).
Morton
From Old English mōr (“moor, marsh”) + tūn (“settlement”).
gigantesque
From French, from Italian gigantesco, ultimately from Ancient Greek γίγᾱς (gígās, “giant”). Compare giga-, giant.
Chelsea
From Old English Ċealchȳþ, from cealc (“chalk”) + hȳþ (“landing place”).
ket
Probably of Old Norse origin like kjǫt (“meat”), from Proto-Germanic *ketwą.
Compare Icelandic kjöt (“flesh”); akin to Swedish kött, Danish kød, and Norwegian kjøtt. The use of the term ket for "candy" or "sweets" probably derived from its use to describe sweet meats or as a deterrent to children.
Learned borrowing from Ket кеʼт (keˀt, “human being”), via Russian.
Borrowed from Dutch Ket, derived from Dutch ket, Middle Dutch *kitte, Proto-West Germanic *kitte.
rhinocerot
From the inflected stem of Latin rhinoceros. Compare Middle French rhinocerote, obsolete Italian rinocerote.
Tyne
From Old English Tīna or Tīne, attested as a component of the place name Tinanmuþe (“Tynemouth”), possibly from Proto-Celtic *tīn (“river”), from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂- (“to flow”). As such, possibly a doublet of Teign and Tenna. Also compare Latin Tina.
Gateshead
From Middle English Gatesheved (c. 1190), from Old English *Gāteshēafod, from gāt (“goat”) + hēafod (“head”). First mentioned by Bede in Latin in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People as ad caput caprae (literally “at the goat's head”), meaning a headland or hill frequented by (wild) goats. Both Latin and English names may be calques of a Brythonic predecessor formed from Proto-Brythonic *gaβr, from Proto-Celtic *gabros (“goat”), and might have been the Romano-British fort of Gabrosentum.
catnip
Compound of cat + nep, nip (“catnip”), from Middle English nep, from Old English nepte, from Proto-West Germanic *nepetā, from Latin nepeta (“catnip”). Compare earlier catmint (“catnip”), from Middle English catt mynte, which very likely existed in Old English (as *cattes minte) as well.
Edna
From Hebrew עֶדְנָה (“pleasure; delight”); a variant of Eden in the Book of Tobit.
In Ireland and Scotland it has been used as an anglicization of Eithne.
Eunice
A biblical name from Ancient Greek Εὐνίκη (Euníkē), from εὐ- (eu-, “good”) + νίκη (níkē, “victory”).
Americanized form of Spanish Núñez.
Monmouth
From Monnow + mouth, Monnow coming from Welsh Mynwy.
Jocelyn
From the Middle English male given name from Old French Joscelin, German Gautzelin, diminutive of names beginning with the tribal name Gaut (“a Geat, a Goth”), the root form of which probably comes from Proto-Germanic *Gautalinþiz (from *gautaz + *linþaz); also used as a diminutive form of the Breton name Josse (= Joyce). It survived as a surname and was revived as a given name in the nineteenth century.
* Jocelyn is currently popular among U.S. Hispanics, and in the Philippines, by folk etymology explained as a feminine diminutive form of José (Joseph).
Jacqueline
From the French feminine diminutive form of Jacques (“James”). From Hebrew יעקב (“Ya‘akov”, from the Hebrew root עקב (‘akev, “heel”)), because Jacob was born just behind Esau, and was grasping Esau’s heel in an effort to prevent him from being born first.
Caleb
From Late Latin Caleb, Calebus, from Koine Greek Χάλεβ (Kháleb), from Biblical Hebrew כָּלֵב (Kālēḇ), possibly related to כֶּלֶב (keleḇ, “dog”), referring to the unconditional devotion of dogs to their masters.
Cuthbert
Name of early English saints, from Old English Cūþbeorht (“brightly known, famous”).
Cassius
Borrowed from Latin Cassius, a Roman name derived from the gens Cassia.
Herman
From Old English here (“army”) + man (“man”) It was revived in the 19th century, partly due to American immigrants from continental Europe where the name has been more popular. Compare the German equivalent Hermann.
Humphrey
Name of a 9th-century French saint, brought to England by Normans; Proto-Germanic *unnaną (“to grant, bestow”) + *friþuz (“peace”). In Ireland it has been used to Anglicize Irish Amhlaoibh (= Olaf).
Devonshire
From Old English Defenasċīr, equivalent to Devon + -shire.
Nathaniel
Modification, under influence of Daniel, of Nathanael, from Ancient Greek Ναθαναήλ (Nathanaḗl), from Biblical Hebrew נְתַנְאֵל (Netan'el, literally “God has given”).
Mildred
From the name of an 8th-century English saint, Old English Mildþrȳþ (from milde (“mild”) + þrȳþ (“strength”)).
graver
From Middle English gravere, graver, gravoure, from Old English græfere, grafere (“graver; engraver; sculptor”), equivalent to grave (“to engrave”) + -er. Cognate with Dutch graveur, German Graveur, Danish gravør, Swedish gravör, Icelandic grafari.
spelk
From Middle English spelke, from Old English spilc, spelc (“a splint”), from Proto-West Germanic *spelku, from Proto-Germanic *spelkō, *spalkō, *spalkuz (“bast, splint”). Cognate with Old Norse spjalkir (“bars, rails”, plural).
From Middle English spelken, from Old English spelċan, from Proto-West Germanic *spalkijan, from Proto-Germanic *spalkijaną. Cognate with Old Norse spelkja.
Bedford
From Middle English Bedforde, Bedeford, from Old English Bedaford, Bedanford, equivalent to Bede's + ford.
The civil parish is named after John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford (1710 - 1771). Coined by British-Dutch surveyor Samuel Holland.
scran
Probably of North Germanic origin, from or cognate with Old Norse skran (“rubbish; marine stores”). Compare Icelandic skran (“junk”), Danish skrammel (“junk, lumber”). Doublet of scrawn.
gadgie
Borrowed from Romani gaʒe, plural of gaʒo (“a non-Roma”).
Northumbria
A Latinised form of Middle English Northhumbre, from Old English Norþhymbre, a variant of Norþanhymbre (“Northumbria; Northumbrians”). Equivalent to North + (of the River) Humber.
hoo
From Middle English hoo, shoo (“she”) from Old English hēo (“she”). More at she.
From Middle English hoo, ho. More at ho.
From Middle English howe, hu (“how”), from Old English hū (“how”). More at how.
From Middle English hough, hogh, ho, from Old English hōh. Doublet of hough.
From Old English hōh; see hoo.
Calais
From French Calais and Middle English Caleys (from Anglo-Norman Caleis), from the Roman name, Latin Caletum, named after the Caleti, a Gaulish tribe in the area, from Proto-Celtic *kaletos, from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”). The placename is cognate with Breton calet, Middle Irish calath, and calad.
Macbeth
Anglicization of Middle Irish Mac Bethad, equivalent to the modern mac (“son of”) bheatha (“life”).
serai
From Persian سرای (sarây, “courtyard; dwelling; palace”), with the sense as a seraglio via its use in Ottoman Turkish.
From Malay serai.
regardant
From Middle English regardant, from Anglo-Norman regardant, Middle French regardant.
Crewe
Recorded as Creu in the Domesday Book, the town's name is derived from Old Welsh criu (“weir; crossing”) (compare modern Welsh cryw).
Cincinnati
Named after the Society of the Cincinnati, which is named after Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus; see Latin Cincinnāti and Cincinnātus.
highland
From Middle English hy laund, holond (“highland, upland”), from Old English hēahland (“highland”), from Proto-West Germanic *hauhaland, *hauhalandī; equivalent to high + land. Cognate with Scots hieland (“highland”), Dutch hoogland (“highland”), German Hochland (“highland”), Danish højland (“highland”), Swedish högland (“highland”).
aad
Regional form of old (compare auld), from Northern Middle English ald (southern old).