MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
sault
In the sense "jump (made by a horse)", from Middle French sault, saut (and in the sense "waterfall", from that word's Colonial-era descendant, 17th-century French sault, corresponding to modern French saut (“jump”)), from Latin saltus.
scat
From Middle English scet, schat, from Old English sċeatt (“property, goods”) and Old Norse skattr (“wealth, treaure”); both from Proto-Germanic *skattaz (“cattle, kine, wealth”), from Proto-Indo-European *skatn-, *skat- (“to jump, skip, splash out”).
Cognate with Scots scat (“tax, levy, charge, payment, bribe”), West Frisian skat (“treasure, darling”), Dutch schat (“treasure, hoard, darling, sweetheart”), German Schatz (“treasure, hoard, wealth, store, darling, sweetheart”), Swedish skatt (“treasure, tax, duty”), Icelandic skattur (“tax, tribute”), Latin scateō (“gush, team, bubble forth, abound”).
Origin uncertain. Both the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster suggest derivation from Ancient Greek σκῶρ (skôr, “excrement”), compare English scato-, but Random House Dictionary suggests that the popular character of the word makes this unlikely. Perhaps from English dialectal scat (“to scatter, fling, bespatter”), or an alteration of shit, which is also used for "drugs, heroin".
schema
Unadapted borrowing from Latin schēma, from Ancient Greek σχῆμα (skhêma, “form, shape”). Doublet of scheme.
schist
From French schiste, from Latin schistos lapis (“the stone that is easy to split”), from Ancient Greek σχιστός (skhistós, “splittable”), from σχίζω (skhízō, “to split”).
scoria
Inherited from Middle English, from Latin scōria, from Ancient Greek σκωρία (skōría), from σκῶρ (skôr, “dung”).
scutum
Borrowed from Latin scūtum (“shield”). Doublet of escudo, scudo, scute, and écu.
Named by the astronomer Johannes Hevelius in 1687, from Latin scūtum (“shield”). The original name given was Scutum Sobiescianum (Sobieski's Shield) in commemoration of the victory of the Polish, Austrian, and German forces led by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski at the battle of Vienna.
seidel
From German Seidel (“beer mug or a serving of beer of about a third of a liter”).
Borrowed from German Seidel.
sen
From a syncopation of Middle English selven, selfen, variants of selfe, self. More at self.
Borrowed from Japanese 銭(せん) (sen).
From Indonesian sen, from Dutch cent, from Old French cent (“hundred”). See further etymology at cent.
From Malay sen, from English cent. See further etymology at cent.
From Thai เส้น (sên).
From German Sen, a former transcription of Japanese 禅 (zen).
Borrowed from Khmer សេន (seen), Bengali সেন (Sen) and/or Hindi सेन (sen).
sepoy
From Portuguese sipae, from Urdu سِپاہی (sipāhī) / Hindi सिपाही (sipāhī), from Classical Persian سِپَاهِی (sipāhī, “soldier, horseman”), from سِپَاه (sipāh, “army”). Doublet of spahi and sipahi.
serine
Etymology tree
Old Chinese 絲 (*sə)der.?
Ancient Greek σήρ (sḗr)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Ancient Greek -κός (-kós)
Ancient Greek -ῐκός (-ĭkós)
Ancient Greek σηρῐκός (sērĭkós)bor.
Latin sēricusder.
English serine
From Latin sericus (“silken”). The compound was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865. See also serge.
serum
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ser-
Proto-Indo-European *sér-o-der.
Proto-Italic *serom
Latin serumder.
English serum
From Latin serum (“whey”). Cognates include French sérum, Spanish suero, Italian siere, siero, Portuguese soro. Doublet of suero.
shad
From Middle English shadde, from Old English sceadd, possibly from Celtic (compare Scottish Gaelic sgadan (“herring”), Welsh ysgadan) or from Scandinavian/North Germanic (compare dialectal Norwegian skadd (“small whitefish”), Old Norse skata (“kind of fish”)), but the order of borrowing is unclear and the ultimate origin of these words is obscure.
* As an Urdu and Persian surname, from شاد (šâd, “glad, cheerful”). This surname is mostly found in Pakistan.
* As an English surname, from the noun shad.
* As a German surname, Americanized from Schade, itself related to Schaden (“damage”).
shalom
Borrowed from Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (šālóm, “peace, well-being; Hello, good-bye”). Doublet of salaam, the same word via Arabic.
Borrowed from Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (shalóm).
shaw
From Old English sċeaga, scaga. Cognate with Old Norse skógr (“forest, wood”), whence Danish skov (“forest”). Doublet of scaw.
sheave
From Middle English, from a Germanic base akin to German Scheibe, late Old Norse skífa (“slice”), all ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to split”). For more see shive.
shill
Unknown; attested as verb 1914, as noun 1916. Perhaps an abbreviation of shillaber, attested 1913. The word entered English via carny, originally denoting a carnival worker who pretends to be a member of the audience in an attempt to elicit interest in an attraction.
Speculatively an extended form of German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”) via *shi-la-ber.
There are some suggestions that it originates in the surname Shilaber or Shillibeer, especially George Shillibeer, but proposed origins are dubious as the word is first attested in North America in the 20th century, while proposed models are 19th century British.
American humorist Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber (1814–1890) was known to write under the name Mrs. Ruth Partington to lend credibility to some of his ideas. This is one more possible origin of the word, although there is no specific evidence supporting a connection.
shiv
First attested 1915. From chive, chieve, chife, chiv (“knife”), from Romani chive, chiv, chivvomengro (“knife, dagger, blade”).
Variant of Shiva, from Sanskrit शिव (Śivá, “the auspicious one”).
shoji
Borrowed from Japanese 障子 (shōji).
Borrowed from Japanese しょうじ (Shōji).
shunt
From Middle English schonten, schunten (“to jerk, swerve; to dodge, escape”), either:
* possibly a back-formation from Middle English schonen (“to avoid, refuse, hate, fear”), from Old English sċunian, sċyniġan; see shun. Or
* an alteration of Middle English *schunden, *schynden, from Old English sċyndan, sċendan (“to hasten, hurry”) (as in āsċyndan (“to remove, take away”), from Proto-West Germanic *skundijan, from Proto-Germanic *skundijaną (“to impel, hasten”).
* from unrecorded Old English *sċunettan, a derivative of sċunian (“to shun, avoid”).
As regards the noun sense, compare Middle English shunt (“swerve; sudden jerk”), derived from the verb.
sib
From Middle English sib, from Old English sibb (“related, akin, sib”), from Proto-Germanic *sibjaz (“related”), from Proto-Indo-European *sebʰ-, *swebʰ- (“one's own”). Cognate with West Frisian besibbe (“related”), Middle Dutch sibbe (“related”), Middle Low German sibbe (“related”), Middle High German sippe (“related”), Icelandic sifi (“related”).
From Middle English sib, sibbe, from Old English sibb (“relationship; gossip; friendliness, kindness; love, friendship, peace, concord, unity, tranquility; peace of mind; a relative, kinsman, kinswoman”), from Proto-West Germanic *sibbju, from Proto-Germanic *sibjō (“kinship”), from Proto-Indo-European *sebʰ-, *swebʰ- (“one's own”).
Cognate with West Frisian sibbe (“relative, family member”), Dutch sibbe (“sib”), German Sippe (“tribe, clan”), Icelandic sifjar (“in-laws”), Latin suus (“one's own”).
From Middle English *sibben, *sibbien, from Old English sibbian (“to make peace; rejoice”), from Proto-Germanic *sibjōną (“to reconcile”), Proto-Indo-European *sebʰ-, *swebʰ- (“one's own”). Cognate with German sippen (“to be in relationship with, become related to”).
sibyl
From Latin Sibylla, from Ancient Greek Σίβυλλα (Síbulla).
silage
Alteration (probably by influence of silo) of ensilage (1881), itself from French ensilage, from ensiler (“put in a silo”), from Spanish ensilar.
silt
PIE word
 *sḗh₂l
From Middle English silte, cilte, cylte, perhaps from Middle English silen ("to filter; strain"; equivalent to sile + -t), or cognate with Norwegian and Danish sylt (“salt marsh”), Middle Low German sulte (“salt-marsh”), German Sülze (“meat in aspic”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *sultijō (“salty water; brine”). Related to Old English sealt (“salt”).
sima
From the Ancient Greek σιμός (simós, “bent upwards”).
Borrowed from Chinese 司馬 /司马 (sīmǎ).
simar
Borrowed from French simarre (“type of robe”), from Italian cimarra, zimarra. Doublet of chimer.
sire
From Middle English sire, from Old French sire, the nominative singular of seignor; from Latin senior, from senex. Doublet of seigneur, seignior, senhor, senior, señor, senyor, signore, and sir. Cognate with French monsieur.
siskin
From dialectal German Sisschen, Zeischen, diminutive form of Middle High German zīsec, apparently ultimately from Proto-Slavic *čižь (compare e.g. Polish czyżyk).
situs
Borrowed from Latin situs (“position, site”). Doublet of site and sitio.
skeet
Unknown. Compare Icelandic skeið (“spoon”), from Old Norse skeið (“a sheath”). Attested from the 15th century; see quotation below.
slat
From Middle English slatte, sklatte, sklat, sclat, from Old French esclat (“piece broken or split off, shiver, splinter”), from Old French esclater (“to split, burst”), from Frankish *slaitijan (“to split, break”), from Proto-Germanic *slītaną (“to rend, split”). Doublet of slate and éclat.
sloe
From Middle English slo, sla, sloo, from Old English slā, slāh, from Proto-West Germanic *slaihā, from Proto-Germanic *slaihǭ, *slaihwō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₃y- (“bluish”). Doublet of Sliwa.
sloven
From Middle English sloveyn, from Middle Flemish sloovin (“a scold”). Related to Middle Dutch sloef (“untidy, shabby”), from Proto-Germanic *slup- + Old French -ain, from Latin -anus.
snell
Inherited from Middle English snell (“quick, fast”) from Old English snell, snel (“lively, quick”) from Proto-West Germanic *snell, from Proto-Germanic *snellaz (“active, swift, brisk”).
Akin to Dutch snel (“fast, quick”), German Low German snell (“quick”), German schnell (“quick, swift”), Yiddish שנעל (shnel, “quick, swift”), Italian snello (“quick, nimble”), Old French esnel, isnel (“snell”), and Occitan isnel, irnel (“snell”)), Old Norse snjallr (“skilful, excellent”) (whence Danish snild (“clever”)).
English surname, from the adjective snell. See also Sneller, Snelling. Also Americanized from German Schnell and Dutch snel, of the same meaning.
sod
From Middle English sod, sodde first attested in the mid-15th century, from Middle Dutch zoden (“turf”) or Middle Low German sôde, soede (“turf”), both related to Dutch zode (“turf”), German Sode (“turf”), Old Frisian sātha (“sod”), all being of uncertain ultimate origin.
soffit
From French soffite, from Italian soffitto, from Vulgar Latin *suffīctus, perfect passive participle of Latin suffīgō (“to fasten or fix onto”).
soma
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).
From Sanskrit सोम (sóma). Doublet of Haoma.
sonant
Borrowed from Latin sonāns, sonantis. By surface analysis, Latin son(ō) + -ant.
sop
From Middle English sop, soppe, sope, from Old English sopa (“sopped bread”), from Proto-Germanic *supô (compare Dutch sop, Old High German sopfa), deverbative of *sūpaną (“to sup”). Doublet of soup; more at sup.
sorb
Borrowed from Middle French sorbier (the tree), sorbe (the fruit), from Latin sorbus (the tree), sorbum (the fruit). See service tree.
Back-formation from absorb and adsorb; ultimately from Latin sorbeō.
Borrowed from German Sorbe, from Lower Sorbian Serb, the self-appointed name. Doublet of Serb.
sou
Borrowed from French sou. Doublet of sol, sold, soldo, solid, solidus, and xu.
sough
From Middle English *sough, swough, swogh, from Middle English swoȝen, swowen, from Old English swōgan (“to make a sound; move with noise; rush; roar”), from Proto-West Germanic *swōgan, from Proto-Germanic *swōganą from Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂gʰ-, same source as English echo (via Ancient Greek). Cognate with Scots souch (“sough”), Icelandic súgur (“a rushing sound, rustle”). Noun replaced Middle English swei, sweȝ from Old English swēg. More at swoon.
From Middle English sough (whence also Scots sheuch (“ditch”)), from Old English *sōh, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *sīk (“watercourse”); compare dialectal Dutch zoeg (“ditch”), and English sitch.
soy
Etymology tree
Chinese 醬油 /酱油obor.
Japanese 醤油
Japanese そやbor.
Dutch sojabor.
English soy
1670s; borrowed from Dutch soja, from the Satsuma pronunciation of Japanese 醤油 (soi), variant of the standard Japanese 醤油 (shōyu). Doublet of shoyu, orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 醬油 (tsjàng-yuw), from 醬 (tsjangᴴ, “bean paste”) + 油 (“oil”).
Borrowed from French soie (“silk”), soye, from Middle French soye, from Old French soie, earlier seie, from Latin sēta, saeta, from Proto-Italic *saitā, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ito-, *sh₂éyto-, from *sh₂ey-, *seh₂i- (“to bind”). Doublet of seta.
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Khmer សយ (sɑɑy, “mane”), probably a nickname.
* Probably a clipping of Soya, a surname of Kashmiri origin.
* Borrowed from Turkish Soy, a nickname from soy (“ancestry, lineage, descent”).
spar
From Middle English sparre (“spar, rafter, beam”) (noun), sparren (“to close, bar”) (verb), from Middle Dutch sparre or Middle Low German Sparre, all ultimately from Proto-Germanic *sparrô (“stake, beam”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)par- (“beam, log”). Compare Dutch spar (“balk”), German Sparren (“rafter, spar”), Danish sparre (“spar”), Albanian shparr, shpardh (“kind of oak”). Perhaps also compare spear.
From Middle English sparren (“to dart out; to strike out”), from Old English sperran, spirran, spyrran (“to strike, strike out at, spar”), related to Low German sparre (“a struggling, striving”), German sich sperren (“to struggle, resist, oppose”), Icelandic sperrast (“to kick out at, thrust, struggle”). The slang sense of friend is probably from the phrase sparring partner under the influence of the similar slang words par and star.
Etymology tree
Middle Low German sparder.
Old English spærstān
Middle English sparston
English sparstonebf.
English spar
From Middle Low German spar, sper (“spar”); or from a backformation of sparstone (“spar”), from Middle English sparston (“gypsum, chalk”), from Old English spærstān (“gypsum”). Related to German Sparkalk (“plaster”), Old English spæren (“of plaster, of mortar”).
sparge
Borrowed from Middle French espargier, from Latin spargō (whence English sparse), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pregʰ- (“to scatter, to jerk”).
spavin
The noun is derived from Middle English spavein, spaveine (“swelling on horse’s leg causing lameness; disease causing lameness in horses”), from Old French espavain, a variant of esparvain, esprevain, esprevin (modern French éparvin, épervin). The further etymology is unknown; one suggestion is that it is from Frankish *sparwan (“sparrow”), though this is seen as quite tenuous.
The verb is derived from the noun.
spigot
From Middle English spigot (“wooden stopper”). Probably ultimately from Latin spīca via Old Occitan espiga and Middle French espigeot.
spitz
From German Spitz, from spitz (“pointed”); so called from the tapering shape of its muzzle.
stasis
From New Latin stasis, from Ancient Greek στάσις (stásis). See the doublet stead.
stator
From stationary or static by analogy with rotor; alternatively from a hypothetical Latin stātor (literally “stander”); all ultimately from stāre (“to stand”).
stover
From Anglo-Norman estovers (“necessities”) via Middle English estover (“allowance”), ultimately from Latin est opus (“there is need”). Compare estover.
Borrowed from German Stöver.
stymie
From the meaning in golf (where the stymie ball blocks the other ball from "seeing" the hole), perhaps from Scots stymie, stimie (“person with poor eyesight”), from Scots stime (“the least bit”). Or from Scots styme (“tiny bit, glimmer”) as in se nocht ane styme (“not to see a glimmer (of something)”). If so, it is a doublet of stime.
sumac
The noun is derived from Middle English sumac, asimac, simak, sumak, symak (“portions of the shrub Rhus coriaria, chiefly used for medicinal purposes”), from Anglo-Norman sumak, symak, and Old French sumac, or directly from its etymon Medieval Latin sumach, sumac, from Arabic سُمَّاق (summāq), from Classical Syriac ܣܘܡܩܐ (summāqā, “red; sumac”). The English word is cognate with Italian sommaco, sommacco, Occitan simac, Portuguese sumagre, Spanish zumaque.
The verb is derived from the noun.
swag
From Middle English *swaggen, swagen, swoggen, probably from Old Norse sveggja (“to swing, sway”), from Proto-Germanic *swinganą (“to swing”). Compare dialectal Norwegian svaga (“to sway, swing, stagger”).
swage
Inherited from Middle English swage, from Old French souage (“decorative groove”), from soue (“rope”), from Vulgar Latin *soca, from Gaulish *souca (“cord”), from Proto-Celtic *soukā, from Proto-Indo-European *sew- (“to twist, bend”).
swami
Borrowed from Hindi स्वामी (svāmī), from Sanskrit स्वामिन् (svāmín).
swank
From dialectal swank (“to strut, behave ostentatiously”), perhaps from an unrecorded Old English root, derived from Proto-Germanic *swankijaną (“to cause to sway, swing”) or from Proto-Germanic *swankaz (“lithe, bendsome, slender”), related to the Scots swank and the Middle High German swanken, modern German schwanken (“to sway”).
synod
From Ancient Greek σύνοδος (súnodos, “assembly, meeting”) – from σύν (sún, “with”) (English syn-) + ὁδός (hodós, “way, path”).
Compare also with the term סַנְהֶדְרִין (“sanhedrin”) common throughout Hebrew Talmudic literature.
talc
From Middle French talc, from Arabic طَلْق (ṭalq), from Persian تلک (talk), from Middle Persian [Term?] (“medicament”).
tannin
From French tannin, from Latin tannum (“oak bark”), from Gaulish *tannos (“oak”). Related to tan. By surface analysis, tann- + -in.
Borrowed from Hebrew תַּנִּין (tannīn).
tapa
]
Borrowed from Tongan tapa.
Borrowed from Spanish tapa. Doublet of tap.
Borrowed from Tagalog tapa.
tapir
Borrowed from French tapir, from Old Tupi tapi'ira.
tat
From Hindi टाट (ṭāṭ, “thick canvas”).
From Hindi टट्टू (ṭaṭṭū, “pony”).
Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *tāt (“alien, stranger, pagan”).
teasel
From Middle English tasel, tesel, from Old English tǣsel, tǣsl, from Proto-West Germanic *taisilu.
tedder
From Middle English teddere; equivalent to ted + -er.
Two main origins:
* From the Middle English personal name Thedere, Teddere, which is either from Old English Þēodhere, from þēod (“nation”) + here (“army”), or from the Norman personal name Theudher, which shares the same etymology.
* Occupational surname from Middle English teddere (“one who teds”), from the verb tedden (“to ted, to spread hay for drying”).
teem
From Middle English temen (“to bear, to support”), from Anglian Old English tēman (“to give birth”) (West Saxon Old English tīeman), from Proto-West Germanic *taumijan (“to bridle”), from Proto-Germanic *taumijaną, from *taumaz ("bridle", continued in Modern English as team).
From Middle English temen (“to drain”), from Old Norse tœma, from Proto-Germanic *tōmijaną (“to empty, make empty”). Related to English toom (“empty, vacant”). More at toom.
From Middle English temen (“to be suitable, befit”), from Old English *teman, from Proto-Germanic *temaną (“to fit”). Cognate with Low German temen, tamen (“to befit”), Dutch betamen (“to befit”), German ziemen. See also tame (adjective) and compare beteem.
teethe
From Middle English tethen, from Old English tēþan (“to teethe”), from Proto-West Germanic *tanþijan, from Proto-Germanic *tanþijaną (“to teethe”), from Proto-Germanic *tanþs (“tooth”). Cognate with German zähnen (“to provide with teeth”).
tenon
From Middle English tenoun, tenown, tenon, from Anglo-Norman tenoun, from Old French tenon.
tensor
Borrowed from New Latin tensor (“that which stretches”), equivalent to tense + -or. Anatomical sense from 1704.
Introduced in the 1840s by William Rowan Hamilton as an algebraic quantity unrelated to the modern notion of tensor.
The contemporary mathematical meaning was introduced (as German Tensor) by Woldemar Voigt (1898) and adopted in English from 1915 (in the context of general relativity), obscuring the earlier Hamiltonian sense. The mathematical object is so named because an early application of tensors was the study of materials stretching under tension. (See, for example, Cauchy stress tensor on Wikipedia.Wikipedia )
thrips
Borrowed from Ancient Greek θρίψ (thríps, “wood-worm”).
thrum
From Middle English thrum, throm (> Anglo-French trome), from Old English *þrum (found in tungeþrum (“ligament of the tongue”)) from Proto-Germanic *þrumą. Cognate with German Trumm, Trümmer and Old Norse þrǫmr (“edge, brim”), and more distantly to Latin termen.
thymus
From New Latin thymus, from Ancient Greek θύμος (thúmos, “warty excrescence, (also, as used by Galen) thymus gland”).
tilth
From Middle English tilthe, from Old English tilþ, tilþe, corresponding to till + -th (abstract nominal suffix).
tine
From Middle English tine, alteration of Middle English tinde, tind, from Old English tind, from Proto-West Germanic *tind, Proto-Germanic *tindaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dénts (“tooth, peg”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Tiende, Tiene (“prong, tine”), German Zind, Zint (“prong”). Compare also the related English tind and German Zinne.
From Middle English tynen, from Old English tȳnan, from tūn (“enclosure”) (modern town).
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Italian Tinè, a surname predominantly found in Sicily.
* An English surname, variant of Tyne.
* An Americanized spelling of the German surname Thein.
tog
Shortened from earlier togemans, togeman (“cloak, loose coat”), from Middle English tog, toge, togue, from Old French togue, from Latin toga (“cloak, mantle”) (compare the doublets toga and toge). Togeman(s) was an old thieves' and vegabonds' cant for "cloak; coat". By the 1700s the noun tog was used as a shortened form, then with the meaning "coat"; before 1800 the word (in this sense usually in the plural; see togs) started to mean "clothing". The verb tog ("to dress up") came shortly after. The unit of thermal resistance was coined in the 1940s after the clo, a unit of thermal insulation of clothing, which was itself derived from clothes or clothing.
tome
From Middle French tome, from Latin tomus (“section of larger work”), from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos, “section, roll of papyrus, volume”), from τέμνω (témnō, “to cut, separate”).
Torah
Borrowed from Hebrew תּוֹרָה (tōrā, “instruction, law or teaching”).
tousle
From Middle English touselen, equivalent to touse + -le. Cognate with German Low German tuseln, Bavarian zusseln, züsseln.
trawl
16th century, borrowed from Dutch tragelen (“to pull with a towline, trawl”), from Middle Dutch traghelen, from traghel (“dragnet”) (presumably from Latin tragula (“dragnet”)), and as such root-cognate with English drag and dray.
troika
From Russian тро́йка (trójka, “a group of three”).
tuff
From French tuffe, tuf, from Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus. Doublet of tufa.
tulle
Borrowed from French tulle, named after French Tulle (a town), named after Latin Tūtēla (a Roman deity), from Latin tūtēla (whence English tutelary), from Latin tueor (whence tutor, tutorial).
Unadapted borrowing from French Tulle, itself borrowed from Occitan Tula, named after Latin Tūtēla, from Latin tūtēla, from Latin tueor.
turgid
Etymology tree
Latin turgeō
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *-iðos
Latin -idus
Latin turgidusbor.
English turgid
From Latin turgidus (“swollen, inflated”), from turgeō (“to swell”).
umber
From Middle French ombre (“umber”), from terre d'ombre (“dark ochre”), from Old French umbre (“shade, shadow”), from Latin umbra. Doublet of umbra.
unary
From Latin ūnus (“one”) + -ary, on the pattern of binary, ternary, etc.
uprise
From Middle English uprisen, from Old English ūprīsan (“to rise up”), equivalent to up- + rise. Cognate with Icelandic upprisa (“resurrection”), Middle Low German oprīsinge (“uprising”). Compare also Icelandic uppreisn (“an uprising, revolt”).
vail
From Middle English vayle, from Old French vail, from valoir (“to be worth”), from Latin valeō (“to be worth”).
From Middle English valen; either from Anglo-Norman valer or a clipping of avalen. Compare avale.