MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
short shrift
From short + shrift (“act of going to or hearing a religious confession; confession to a priest”). Shrift is derived from Middle English shrift (“confession to a priest; act or instance of this; sacrament of penance; penance assigned by a priest; penitence, repentance; punishment for sin”) [and other forms], from Old English sċrift (“penance, shrift; something prescribed as punishment, penalty; one who passes sentence, a judge”), from sċrīfan (“of a priest: to prescribe absolution or penance; to pass judgment, ordain, prescribe; to appoint, decree”) (whence shrive), from Proto-Germanic *skrībaną (“to write”), from Latin scrībō (“to write”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreybʰ- (“to scratch, tear”).
sonata
From Italian sonata, from the feminine past participle of sonare (modern suonare), from Latin sonāre (“to make sound”). Doublet of sounded.
scurrilous
From Latin scurrīlis (“buffoon-like”) + -ous, from scurra (“a buffoon”).
seraphic
From Medieval Latin seraphicus, from Late Latin seraphīm, seraphīn, from Hebrew שָׂרָף (saráf, “seraph”). By surface analysis, seraph + -ic.
cenotaph
From French cénotaphe, from Ancient Greek κενός (kenós, “empty”) + τάφος (táphos, “tomb”). By surface analysis ceno- + -taph.
tsubo
From Japanese 坪 (tsubo, unit of area).
From Japanese 壺 (tsubo, “vessel, pot”).
approximant
From Latin approximāns. In the phonetics sense first used by Peter Ladefoged, the mathematical concept is attributed to Paul Halmos.
depress
From Middle English depressen, from Old French depresser, from Latin dēpressus, perfect participle of dēprimō (“to press down, to weigh down”), from dē- (“off, away, down, out”) + premō (“to press”).
phyllo
From Greek φύλλο (fýllo, “leaf”). Doublet of phyllon, distantly also with foil, folio, and folium.
Gabrielle
Borrowed from French Gabrielle, feminine form of Gabriel (see there for more).
exopolitics
Constructed from Ancient Greek: exo- (“outside; extrasolar”) + politics.
finder
From Middle English findere. By surface analysis, find + -er.
Borrowed from German Finder.
tsatlee
Borrowed from Cantonese 七里 (cat¹ lei⁵, literally “seven li”), a placename.
chicle
Borrowed from Spanish chicle, from a Nahuan language; compare Classical Nahuatl tzictli.
cleanly
From Middle English clenly, clenliche, clanly, from Old English clǣnlīċ (“cleanly, pure, excellent”), equivalent to clean + -ly.
From Middle English clenly, clenli, clenliche, from Old English clǣnlīċe (“cleanly”), equivalent to clean + -ly.
unstinting
From un- (prefix meaning ‘not’) + stint (“to be mean or sparing”) + -ing (suffix forming present participles of verbs), or un- + stinting (“mean, sparing”). Stint is derived from Middle English stinten, from Old English styntan (“to make blunt”) and *stintan (attested in āstintan (“to assuage; to make dull; to stint”)), from Proto-West Germanic *stuntijan (“to make dull; to shorten”), from Proto-Germanic *stuntijaną (“to make dull; to shorten”) and Proto-Germanic *stintaną (“to make short”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit; to push”), probably influenced by Old Norse *stynta, stytta (“to make short, shorten”).
commentator
In form, from Middle English commentator, from Latin commentātor (“author, inventor, interpreter, jailer”), from commentātus + -or (“-er: forming agent nouns”), from commentāri (“to ponder, to study, to write upon”), from comminīscor (“to think over, to invent”) + -tārī (“to frequently be ~ed”). In meaning, influenced by comment and commentary. By surface analysis, comment + -ator.
doggedly
From Middle English doggedlich, doggetly, doggidly, doggydly; equivalent to dogged + -ly.
Carter
As an English name, from the occupation carter. As an Irish name, from Irish Mac Artúir (literally “son of Arthur”).
From Middle English carter, cartere, cartare, equivalent to cart + -er. Merged with Middle English careter, caretier (“coachman, charioteer”, a surname), from Anglo-Norman careter (compare French charretier).
Collins
* As an English surname, variant of Colin.
* As an Irish and Manx surname, from Ó Coileáin (“descendant of Coileán”), see Cullen, McQuillan, and McCallion.
* As a French surname, Americanized from Collin and Colette.
* As a Slovene surname, Americanized from Kolenc, from koleno (“knee”) and the obsolete kolenc (“nipplewort”).
retract
From Late Middle English retracten, retract (“to absorb, draw in”), from Latin retractus (“withdrawn”), the perfect passive participle of Latin retrahō (“to draw or pull back, withdraw; to bring back; to compel to turn back; to recall; to get back, recover; to hold back, restrain, withhold; to remove, take away; to bring to light again; (Late Latin) to delay”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + trahō (“to drag, pull; to extract, withdraw”). Doublet of retreat.
Partly:
* from retract (verb) (see etymology 1); and
* from Late Latin retractus (“a pulling back, retreat; refuge”), from Latin retractus (“withdrawn”), the perfect passive participle of Latin retrahō (“to draw or pull back, withdraw; to bring back; to compel to turn back; to recall; to get back, recover; to hold back, restrain, withhold; to remove, take away; to bring to light again; (Late Latin) to delay”) (see etymology 1) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs). Doublet of retrait, retreat, and ritratto.
From Middle French rétracter (“to annul; to reconsider; to withdraw”) (modern French rétracter (“to retract; to contract”)), and from its etymon Latin retractāre, the present active infinitive of retractō (“to retract, withdraw; to annul, revoke; to detract from; to undertake again; to reconsider; to remember; to decline, refuse”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + tractō (“to drag, haul, tug”) (from trahō (“to drag, pull; to extract, withdraw”) + -tō (frequentative suffix forming verbs)).
uncleanly
From Middle English unclenlī, onclenlich, from Old English unclǣnlīc, equivalent to un- + cleanly.
From Middle English unclenly, onclenly, unclenely; compare Old English unclǣnlīce; equivalent to unclean + -ly.
chapeau
Borrowed from Middle French chappeau. The interjection is after Modern French chapeau in similar use, originally short for chapeau bas.
rinse
From Middle English rinsen, rincen, rencen (“to rinse”), from Old French rincier, reinser, Old Northern French raïncer (“to rinse, cleanse”). Of contested origin. Possibly from Old Norse hreinsa, from Proto-Germanic *hrainisōną (“to clean, purify”), from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to separate, divide”). Alternatively from a dissimilation of Old French recincier, from Latin recentare (“to make fresh”).
Cognate with French rincer. From the Germanic verb are Danish rense, Norwegian rense, Swedish rensa (all “to clean”), Old High German reinisōn (“to clean, purify, atone”). It is related to German rein (“pure”), Gothic 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hrains, “clean”), and English riddle. The Latin verb is related to recent.
aequalis
Learned borrowing from Latin aequālis (“equal”). Doublet of equal and egal.
rink
From Middle English rink, renk, from Old English rinc (“man, warrior, hero”), from Proto-Germanic *rankiz (“upright man”), from *rankaz (“straight, upright”), from Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“straight, direct”).
Cognate with Scots rink, renk (“man, warrior, hero”), Old Saxon rink (“man”), Old Norse rekkr (“a straight or upright man”), Old English ranc (“proud, noble, valiant”). More at rank.
Borrowed from Middle Scots rink, renk (“course, battlefield”), from Middle French renc, from Old French reng, from Frankish *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz. Doublet of rank and ring.
Hittite
From Biblical Hebrew חִתִּי (ḥittî), from Hittite 𒄩𒋾 (ḫati), perhaps ultimately an exonym related to Hatti. In reference to the Indo-European-speaking people of Asia Minor (as opposed to the Biblical Hittites), this term was first used in the early 20th century in confusion with the neighboring Hattites (Hattic) whose language was recorded in discovered texts as [script needed] (ḫattili). It is now known that the Hittites called themselves 𒉈𒋗𒈨𒉌𒌍 (ne-šu-me-né-eš /⁠nešumeneš⁠/, “people from the city of Nesha”), hence the much less used alternative name Nesite or Neshite.
bonspiel
Borrowed from Scots bonspiel, from Middle Scots bonspele, possibly from Dutch bond (“league”) + spel (“game”).
mastiff
From Middle English mastif, mastyf, an aberrant derivation (with influence from Old French mestif) from Old French mastin (modern French mâtin), from Vulgar Latin *mansuetinus (“tamed (animal)”), from Latin mansuetus (“tamed”).
iwi
Borrowed from Māori iwi (literally “bone”), ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *duʀi (“thorn”). Doublet of durian, from Malay.
Calgary
From Scottish Gaelic cala (“harbor”) + ghearraidh, genitive of gearraidh (“pasture”) (compare Old Norse garðr (“courtyard, enclosed space”)). The Canadian city was named after the village on Mull, Scotland.
demo-
From Ancient Greek δημο- (dēmo-), from δῆμος (dêmos, “people”).
idolater
From Middle English ydolatrer, from Middle French idolatre, from Latin idololatra. Displaced native Old English dēofolġielda (literally “devil worshiper”).
illusory
Borrowed from Middle French illusorie (modern French illusoire), derived from Latin illūsōrius (“mocking, ironical”).
immaterial
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English immaterial, inmateriall (“incorporeal; spiritual”), from Middle French immateriel (“not material”) (modern French immatériel), and from its etymon Medieval Latin immāteriālis (“not material”), from Latin im- (a variant of in- (prefix meaning ‘not’)) + māteriālis (“made of matter, material”) (from māteria (“matter, substance, material”) (from māter, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr, + ia) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship)). The English word is analysable as im- + material.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
dyspeptic
First attested in 1694. From Ancient Greek δύσπεπτος (dúspeptos, “difficult to digest”), from δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) + πέπτω (péptō, “to digest”).
oligo-
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek ὀλῐ́γος (olĭ́gos)der.
English oligo-
From Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos, “few”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ligos (“poor, miserable”).
miller
From Middle English myllere, mellere, from earlier mylnere, possibly from an Old English *mylnere, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnārī (“miller”), equivalent to mill + -er; cf. also Late Latin molīnārius (“miller”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Muller, Dutch mulder, molenaar, German Low German Möller, German Müller, Müllner, Danish møller, Norwegian Bokmål møller, Norwegian Nynorsk mylnar, møllar, Swedish mjölnare, Icelandic mylnari.
Compare also Middle English milward, mulward (“miller”), from Old English mylenweard (“miller”, literally “mill-keeper”) (> English Millward (surname)).
Murphy
From Irish Ó Murchadha (“descendant of Murrough”), Mac Murchaidh (“Son of Murrough”), etc. See Muircath.
Simpson
From Middle English Sympson, equivalent to Sim, the short form of Simon, + -son.
Sim
From Middle English Sym, diminutive of Simeon and Simon.
Borrowed from Hokkien 沈 (Sím) or Teochew 沈 (sim2).
Borrowed from Korean 심(沈) (Sim).
Anderson
From Middle English Ander (“Andrew”) + -son, after Saint Andrew, patron saint of Scotland. In the United States, sometimes an anglicization of Danish and Norwegian Andersen or Swedish Andersson.
From earlier Anderston, from Middle English Andreuston, equivalent to Andrew + -s- + -ton.
Ellis
* As an English surname, from the Middle English personal name Elis, an Old French form of Elias. Compare Elijah, Lias, Ely. Also sometimes from the Elice, a pet form of Elizabeth.
* As a Welsh surname, shortened from the personal name Elisse, Elisedd, from the archaic elus (“benevolent, kind”).
Wilkin
* As an English surname, from the Middle English personal name Wilkin, a pet form of William.
* As a north/Low German surname, variant of Wilken.
Ahmed
Borrowed from Arabic أَحْمَد (ʔaḥmad)
Forster
* As an English surname, from the noun forester.
* Also as an English surname, borrowed from French fustrier (“blockmaker”), from fustre (“baulk of timber”).
* As a French and Norman surname, from Old French forcetier (“cutter”), from forcettes (“scissors”).
* As a German surname, spelling variant of Förster and Först (both related to Forst (“forest”)).
Powell
The anglicized form of Welsh ap Hywel (“son of Hywel”). Related to Howell and Huell. Sometimes also associated with Paul by folk etymology.
Chapman
From Middle English chapman, chepman, meaning merchant or trader; equivalent to cheap (noun) + man. Doublet of Kaufman and Koopman.
From Middle English chapman, chepman, from Old English ċēapmann (“dealer, merchant”), from Proto-West Germanic *kaupamann, equivalent to cheap (noun) + man.
Cognate with synonymous West Frisian keapman, Dutch koopman, German Low German Koopmann, German Kaufmann, Swedish köpman.
Singh
From Hindi सिंघ (siṅgh, “lion”) or Punjabi ਸਿੰਘ (siṅgh, “lion”). Doublet of Sinha.
Machen
Occupational surname for a stonemason, from Anglo-Norman machun, dialectal Norman variant of Old French maçon. Compare Mason.
From Welsh ma (“place (of)”) + the personal name Cein.
Tariq
Borrowed from Arabic طَارِق (ṭāriq, “messenger, nocturnal visitor, or morning star”), from طَرَقَ (ṭaraqa, “to knock, to rap”).
thermic
Mid 19th century, from Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós, “heat”) + -ic.
tippet
From Middle English tippet, Old English tæppet, from Latin tapete (“cloth”).
Turkic
Partly from Medieval Latin turcicus and partly from Turk + -ic.
Slovenian
From Slovene (from German, from Slovene) + -ian.
serviceberry
Compound of service (“sorb tree”) + berry. (The first part is from Latin sorbus, not English service (“assistance”).)
asphalt
From Late Latin asphaltum, from Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, “asphalt, bitumen”). Displaced native Old English eorþteoru.
dobro
From the trade name Dobro, used by the Gibson Guitar Corporation, from Dopyera or Dopjera, the name of the inventors + brothers, and also a pun on Slovak dobro (“good”).
quadrennial
Borrowed from Latin quadriennium (“four-year period”), from quattuor (“four”) + annus (“year”). By surface analysis, quadr- + -ennial.
offertory
From Late Latin offertorium, from the participle stem of offere (“to offer”).
Pict
From Latin Pictus, probably rendering a Pictish autonym; see the Latin entry for details. Compare Old English Peohtas, which appears to show the effects of Grimm's law.
ogress
Borrowed in the early 1700s from French ogresse, equivalent to ogre + -ess. Piecewise doublet of orcess.
Punic
From Latin pūnicus, variant of poenicus, from Poenus + -icus, from Ancient Greek Φοῖνιξ (Phoînix), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀛𐀑𐀍 (po-ni-ki-jo) under influence from φοινός (phoinós, “crimson red”) owing to its relation to Tyrian purple, apparently from or cognate with Egyptian fnḫw (“Asiatics, Semites”), f:n:x-w-V12:Z2. Equivalent to a modified Phoenician + -ic.
oligarch
From French oligarque, olygarche, from Late Latin oligarcha, from Ancient Greek ὀλιγάρχης (oligárkhēs). By surface analysis, olig- (“few”) + -arch (“ruler, leader”).
Sabellian
From Latin Sabellus + -ian, pertaining to the Sabellī, an Italic tribe, from Proto-Italic *saβn- (whence also Samnium, Samnones, Sabus, Sabīnus), perhaps from an uncertain Proto-Indo-European root, sometimes identified with the reflexive pronoun *swé (“self”) for the assumed meaning “one's own” (compare Proto-Germanic *swēbaz for a similar etymology), but this is highly suspect on phonetic grounds.
stagnation
From stagnate + -ation (suffix denoting an action or process, or its result), Stagnate is derived from stagnāt-, the participial stem of Latin stagnāre, the present active infinitive of stāgnō (“of waters: to cover the land as a lake, to become a pool, to stagnate”), from stāgnum (“body of standing water (lake, swamp, etc.)”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂g- (“to drip; to seep”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).
achar
From Hindustani اچار / अचार (acār), from Classical Persian آچار (āčār). Doublet of acar, atchara, and atsara.
acharya
From Sanskrit आचार (ācāra, “Practice and Discipline”) Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “Virtuous and Reverend”) Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya, “Practitioner and Teacher”). Doublet of ajari.
From Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya, “one who is learned in conduct”), from आचार (ācāra, “rules, conduct”).
signet
From Old French signet (“small seal”), from Medieval Latin signētum, diminutive of Latin signum (“sign”).
hallow
Inherited from Middle English halwe (“a saint, holy thing, shrine”), from Old English hālga (“a holy one, saint”), from Proto-Germanic *hailagô (“holy one”), from *hailagaz (“holy”), from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, safe, hale”), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“safe, unharmed”). Cognate with Scots halow, hallow (“saint”), German Heiliger (“saint (male)”) / Heilige (“saint (female)”). More at holy, whole.
Inherited from Middle English halwen (“to hallow, sanctify”), from Old English hālgian (“to hallow, sanctify, make holy”), from Proto-Germanic *hailagōną (“to make holy”), from *hailagaz (“holy”), from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, safe, hale”), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“safe, unharmed”). Cognate with Dutch heiligen (“to hallow”), German heiligen (“to hallow”). More at holy.
Inherited from Middle English halowen, from halow (interjection), from Old English ēalā (“O!, alas!, oh!, lo!”, interjection), probably conflated with Old French halloer.
Schwendeman
Variant of German Schwendemann, a topographic or habitational surname for someone who lived in a forest clearing, or in a place called Schwende.
suckle
From Middle English sukelen; probably a back-formation of Middle English sukeling (“a suckling; infant”), formally equivalent to suck + -le (frequentative suffix). See suckling.
Marius
From Latin Marius, a Roman family name probably derived from Mars. By folk etymology seen as a masculine form of Maria.
clathrate
From Latin clāthrātus, from clāthrī (“lattice”) + -ātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix). The noun is from the clipping of clathrate compound, see -ate.
clatter
From Middle English clatren (“to make a rattling sound”), from Old English *clatrian (attested as the Late Old English gerund clatrung), of onomatopoeic origin. Compare Dutch klateren, kletteren.
The noun, derived from the verb, is first attested in the 14ᵗʰ century.
gorse
From Middle English gorst, gors, from Old English gors, gorst, from Proto-West Germanic *gorst, from Proto-Germanic *gurstaz or Proto-West Germanic *gerstu (“barley”).
Akin to German Gerste (“barley”) and Latin hordeum (“barley”). Also compare Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to bristle”), whence Proto-Celtic *garwos.
sahib
From Hindustani صاحب / साहिब (sāhib, “lord”), from Classical Persian صاحب (sāhib), from Arabic صَاحِب (ṣāḥib, “companion”).
Fenrir
Borrowed from Old Norse Fenrir (“fen-dweller”), Fenrisúlfr (“Fenris wolf”).
Stentor
From Latin Stentōr, from Ancient Greek Στέντωρ (Sténtōr).
Borrowed from Latin Stentōr, from Ancient Greek Στέντωρ (Sténtōr), the name of a herald in the Iliad who had a loud voice.
Iliad
From Latin Iliadis, genitive of Ilias, from Ancient Greek Ἰλιάς (Iliás), the poem about Ἴλιον (Ílion, an alternative name for Troy). By surface analysis, Ili- + -ad.
exemplar
Learned borrowing from Latin exemplar, from Latin exemplum (“example”). Doublet of exemplary.
From French exemplaire, and its source, Latin exemplāris. By surface analysis, example + -ar.
medianoche
From Spanish medianoche (“midnight”), since it was served in nightclubs.
lolicon
Borrowed from Japanese ロリコン (rorikon), a clipping of ロリータ・コンプレックス (“Lolita complex”), which is itself borrowed from English Lolita complex. The spelling lolicon, a hybrid of the English etymon and the Japanese romanization, is now the dominant form in English‐speaking otaku media fandom. By surface analysis, loli + -con.
armarium
Unadapted borrowing from Latin armārium. Doublet of ambry, armoire, and almirah.
hydro
From the prefix hydro-, from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”). By surface analysis, hydr- (“water”) + -o-. The Canadian "electricity" sense is owing to hydroelectricity being the prevalent source of electricity in much of Canada and many electric companies having the word Hydro in their names.
invigilate
Borrowed from Latin invigilātus, past participle of invigilō (“to stay awake, watch over”).
tureen
From earlier terrene (thus pronunciations with /tj/, /t͡ʃ/ are spelling pronunciations), borrowed from French terrine. Doublet of terrine.
canister
From Middle English canustyr (“basket”), a borrowing from Latin canistrum. Doublet of canaster and knaster.
* (metal receptacle): Through influence of unrelated can.
* (projectile): Short for canister shot, so called for its casing.
dalet
From Phoenician 𐤃𐤋𐤕 (dlt, “door”), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *dalt-; compare Hebrew דֶלֶת (délet). Doublet of delta.
tweed
Attested since the 1830s. Probably a shortening or back-formation from Scots tweedling (“a type of twilled cloth”), attested since the 16th century and related to tweedle; the two words are variants of tweeling and tweel, which go back to Middle English twel, twyle (“a type of woven fabric; twill”), whence also English twill. Scottish tradition says it derives directly from tweel when an English merchant misread tweels or tweeled (cloth) in an 1831 letter from a Scottish merchant as Tweed(s) and took it to be a trade-name based on the River Tweed, but the DSL says evidence for this is lacking, and because English merchants must have been familiar with tweel(ed cloth) before the 1830s, it seems unlikely to be based on misunderstanding tweel rather than on the well-attested tweedle. Several of the earliest citations, from 1839, 1841, and 1845 treat it as a new name for a familiar cloth.
tweezers
17th century (1645–55): plural of tweeser (on the model of nippers, pincers, pliers or scissors), from obsolete tweese (“case for small instruments”) (or alternatively, alteration of plural form tweeses), aphetic form of earlier etweese (plural of etwee), from French étuis, plural of étui (“case, box, cover”) (from Old French estui (“container, prison”, noun), derivative of étuier (earlier spelling, estuier (“to shut up, guard, keep, preserve, save, enclose, place in a cover”), probably from Vulgar Latin *estudiāre (“to keep, treat with care”) or *studiāre, from Latin studēre (“to care about”).
confessor
From Middle English confessor, confessour, from Anglo-Norman confessour, and its source, Latin cōnfessor, from cōnfiteor (“confess, admit, acknowledge”). By surface analysis, confess + -or.
twinkle
From Middle English twinclen, twynclen, from Old English twinclian (“to twinkle”), equivalent to twink (“to wink; blink; twinkle”) + -le (frequentative suffix). Compare German zwinkern (“to wink; twinkle”).
tympanum
Borrowed from Latin tympanum (“a drum, timbrel, tambourine; the eardrum”). Doublet of timbre, timpani, timbal, and tymbal.
repartee
From French repartie, a deverbal of repartir (“to retort”).
eccentricity
Borrowed from Latin eccentricitās. By surface analysis, eccentric + -ity.
bestir
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epsder.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epider.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁pi
Proto-Germanic *bider.
Proto-Germanic *bi-
Proto-West Germanic *bi-
Old English be-
Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH-
Proto-Indo-European *(s)twr̥H-yé-ti?
Proto-Germanic *sturjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sturjan
Old English styrian
Old English bestyrian
Middle English bestyrien
English bestir
From Middle English bestyrien, bestirien, from Old English bestyrian (“to heap up, pile up”), equivalent to be- + stir.
fastness
From Middle English fastnes, fastnesse (“immovableness, stability; firmness, solidness; secure attachment; constancy; obstinacy; something giving firmness or strength; of sleep: soundness; of a wound: healing; assurance, confirmation”) [and other forms], from Old English fæstnes (“fastness, firmness, stability; resolution; tenacity; vigour; firmament; fortification”) [and other forms], from fæst (“firm, stable; constant”) (from Proto-Germanic *fastuz (“firm, fixed; secure”); see further at that entry) + -nes (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a quality or state). The English word may be analysed as fast + -ness.
Madeline
Anglicized from French Madeleine, from Ancient Greek Μαγδαληνή (Magdalēnḗ). Doublet of Madeleine and Magdalene.
Osiris
Borrowed from Latin Osīris, derived from Ancient Greek Ὄσῑρῐς (Ósīrĭs), derived from Egyptian wsjr.