MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
Fergus
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-?
Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós
Proto-Celtic *wiros
Proto-Indo-European *ǵews-
Proto-Indo-European *-tus
Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus
Proto-Celtic *gustus
Proto-Celtic *Wirogustusder.
Old Irish Fergus
Irish Fearghasder.
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Old Irish Fergus
Scottish Gaelic Fearghasder.
English Fergus
From Irish or Scottish Gaelic Fearghas. The first element may be related to modern fìor (“true”) or fear (“man”) (cf. Fearchar). The second element has been understood to mean 'choice' (cf. Angus). Thus the name means either "most chosen one" or "chosen man".
Mainz
Borrowed from German Mainz, from Latin Mogontiacum, from a Celtic language.
Doric
From Ancient Greek Δωρικός (Dōrikós, “related to Dorians”). The senses referring to dialects of Scottish are thought to have come from the Scots’ rusticness associated with the Athenians’ view of Dorians as uncivilised.
seminary
From Latin sēminārium, from sēmen (“seed”). Compare seminar. In the ground sense, from Middle English semynair, semynary.
teste
So called from Latin teste, ablative of testis (“a witness”), because this was formerly the initial word in the clause.
Kare
From Serbo-Croatian Kare, Каре.
From Ukrainian Ка́ре (Káre).
doolally tap
From Deolali (the name of a former British army camp 100 miles north-east of Bombay, used as a transit station for soldiers awaiting transport back to Britain) + tap (from Persian or Urdu تب (tab, “malarial fever”), ultimately from Sanskrit ताप (tāpa, “heat; fever”)).
According to one suggestion, to go doolally tap was to go crazy while waiting.
eulogium
From Medieval Latin eulogium, apparently from a confusion between ēlogium and eulogia. Doublet of eulogy.
elogium
Borrowed from Latin ēlogium (“short saying, inscription”), from Ancient Greek ἐλεγεῖον (elegeîon, “elegy”), from ἔλεγος (élegos, “song, melody”). Doublet of elogy.
etiolated
From etiolate + -ed (suffix forming adjectives); modelled after French étiolé, the past participle of étioler (“to become pale and weak, etiolate”), from Norman étieuler (“to become plant stalks left over after harvesting to be used as fodder or for thatching”), probably from éteule (“plant stalks left over after harvesting, stubble”) + -er (suffix forming verbs). Éteule is derived from Old French esteule (“straw”), from Latin stipula (“plant stalk; plant stalk left over after harvesting, stubble; straw”), from Proto-Italic *stipelā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“to be stiff; erect”).
eyeless
From Middle English eyles, eieles, equivalent to eye + -less. Compare West Frisian eachleas (“eyeless”), Dutch oogloos (“eyeless”), German augenlos (“eyeless”), Swedish ögalös (“eyeless”), Icelandic augnalaus (“eyeless”).
tranquillity
From tranquil + -ity, from Middle English tranquillite, from Old French tranquillite, tranquilité, from Latin tranquillitas.
arms
From Middle English armes, from Old French armes, from Latin arma (“weapons”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mo-, a suffixed form of *h₂er- (“to fit together”), hence ultimately cognate with etymology 2.
comes
Borrowed from Latin comes (“a companion”). Doublet of comte, conte, and count.
taille
Borrowed from Middle French taille (“cut”, noun). Doublet of tally.
duvetyne
Borrowed from French duvetine, from duvet, from Middle French *dumet, diminutive of Old French dun, dum, ultimately from Old Norse dūnn.
Phoebus
From Middle English Phebus, from Latin Phoebus, from Ancient Greek Φοῖβος (Phoîbos).
dernier
Borrowed from French dernier, a contraction of derrenier, from Old French derrain (“final, last”) (by analogy with premier), from Vulgar Latin *dēretrānus, from Latin dē (“from, away from”) + retrō (“back; backwards; behind”) + -ānus (“of or pertaining to”).
Virgil
From Middle English Vyrgyle, from Latin Virgilius, from the Roman clan name Vergilius, from Etruscan and of unknown meaning.
An anglicization of French virgule, from Latin virgula.
vide
From Latin vidē (“see!”), second-person singular present active imperative form of videō (“to see”).
gemot
Learned borrowing from Old English ġemōt (“meeting, council, moot, encounter”).
galimatias
Borrowed from French galimatias, first attested in 1653 in Sir Thomas Urquhart's translation of Rabelais's works.
goit
From Middle English gote (“channel, stream”), from Old English *gotu (“channel, gutter, drain”), from Proto-Germanic *gutō (“gutter, drain”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”). Cognate with Scots gote, goit, goate (“trench, ditch, watercourse”), Dutch goot (“gutter”), Middle Low German gote (“ditch”). More at gote.
meninges
Borrowed from Latin mēningēs, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek μῆνιγξ (mêninx, “membrane”).
oe
From Swedish ö and Danish ø. Doublet of ey.
From Scottish Gaelic ogha; for spelling see Scots.
poes
From Afrikaans poes (“vagina”), from Dutch poes (“cat, female cat, vagina”). Doublet of puss.
tractate
From Middle English tractate, from Latin tractātus, past participle of tractō (“discuss”), the iterative or frequentative of trahō. Doublet of treaty.
trample
From Middle English tramplen, trampelen (“to walk heavily”), equivalent to tramp + -le. Cognate with Saterland Frisian trampelje (“to trample”), Dutch trampelen (“to trample”), German Low German trampeln (“to trample”), German trampeln (“to trample”).
emptiness
Inherited from Middle English emptynesse, from Old English ǣmtiġnes. By surface analysis, empty + -ness.
Calque from Chinese 虛宿／虚宿 (Xūxiù).
abrazo
Borrowed from Spanish abrazar (“to embrace”), from a + brazo (“arm”), from Latin bracchium.
alambre
Borrowed from Spanish alambre (“wire”), possibly because the ingredients were originally cooked kebab-style, skewered on wires.
authorize
From Middle English auctorisen, from Old French auctorisier, from Medieval Latin auctōrizāre, from Latin auctor.
See author about the orthography with ⟨h⟩. Doublet of octroy.
apertura
Learned borrowing from Latin apertūra. Doublet of aperture and overture.
tarry
From Middle English tarien, terien (“to vex, harass, cause to hesitate, delay”), from Old English tirian, tirġan, terġan (“to worry, exasperate, pain, provoke, excite”), from Proto-Germanic *terganą, *targijaną (“to pull, tease, irritate”), from Proto-Indo-European *derHgʰ- (“to pull, tug, irritate”). Cognate with Dutch tergen (“to provoke”), German zergen (“to vex, irritate, provoke”), Norwegian Bokmål terge (“to irritate, provoke”), Russian дёргать (djórgatʹ, “to pull, yank, jerk, pester”). Compare also Walloon tårdjî (“to be late, to be slow, to wait”).
Compare typologically Czech meškat, Russian ме́шкать (méškatʹ) (akin to меша́ть (mešátʹ)), копа́ться (kopátʹsja) (akin to копа́ть (kopátʹ)).
From Middle English terrie, equivalent to tar + -y.
templon
Borrowed from Ancient Greek τέμπλον (témplon, “temple”).
tontine
From French tontine, named after Lorenzo de Tonti, who introduced the scheme into France in around 1653. Thus, from Tonti + -ine.
methodical
From Ancient Greek μεθοδικός (methodikós, “going to work by rule, systematic, crafty”) + -al.
topology
From Late Latin topologia, from By surface analysis, topo- (“place”) + -logy (“study of, a branch of knowledge”).
demerit
From Middle English demerit, demerite, from Old French desmerite (modern French démérite) and its etymon Latin dēmeritum. By surface analysis, de- + merit.
From Latin dēmerit-, the past partipicial stem of dēmereō. By surface analysis, de- + merit.
creditor
From Middle English creditour, from Anglo-Norman creditour, from Latin crēditor, from crēditum (“loan”), from crēditus, perfect passive participle of crēdō (“lend”).
towards
Etymology tree
Old English tōweardes
Middle English towardes
English towards
From Middle English towardes, from Old English tōweardes, tōwærdes, equivalent to toward + -s (adverbial suffix).
reedy
From Middle English reedy, reedi, reeddy, equivalent to reed + -y.
kaoliang
From the Wade-Giles romanization of the former pronunciation of Mandarin 高粱 (gāoliáng).
Kabbalah
Borrowed from Hebrew קַבָּלָה (kabalá, “Jewish mysticism”, literally “something received”). It refers to the notion that Kabbalah is a set of mystical doctrines received in antiquity and passed on in small circles. Doublet of cabal.
kefir
Borrowed from Russian кефи́р (kefír); see that entry for more.
Keynes
Alteration of Anglo-Norman Kahaignae, Chaiines (“Cahagnes, now a commune in Normandy”).
kibble
From German Kübel (“pail”), from Middle High German kübel, kubel (“bucket, bushel, measure of grain”), from Old High German kubil (“tub, bucket”), from Proto-West Germanic *kubil, from Proto-Germanic *kub- (“to be vaulted, arch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew-, *gū- (“to bend, curve, arch, vault”).
Alternatively, possibly from Vulgar Latin *cupia, from Latin cūpa.
knightly
From Middle English knyghtly, knightlich; equivalent to knight + -ly (adjectival suffix). Cognate with Old English cnihtlīċ (“boyish”), Dutch knechtelijk (“servile”), German knechtlich (“menial”).
From Middle English knyghtly; equivalent to knight + -ly (adverbial suffix).
Kobe
From Japanese 神(こう)戸(べ) (Kōbe).
kombucha
Origin disputed. Possibly from Japanese 昆布茶 (konbucha, literally “kelp (konbu) tea”), a different type of beverage, and not related to fermentation.
Alternatively, derived from Kombu, reportedly a Korean physician who brought the fermented tea to Japan as a curative for Emperor Inkyo in 414 CE + cha (“tea”).
agon
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger-der.
Proto-Hellenic *agéřřō
Ancient Greek ἀγείρω (ageírō)
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γών (ăgṓn)bor.
Latin agōnbor.
English agon
From Latin agōn, from Ancient Greek ἀγών (agṓn, “contest”).
milagro
Borrowed from Spanish milagro (“miracle”), from Latin mīrāculum. Doublet of miracle and miraculum.
Ultimately from Spanish milagro (“miracle”).
examen
From Latin exāmen (“the tongue of a balance, examination”), for exagmen, from exigere (“to weigh accurately, to treat”): compare French examen. See exact.
chico
Borrowed from Spanish chico.
Borrowed from Spanish chicozapote (through a regional abbreviation), from Nahuatl xicotzapotl. Cognate of chicle.
Perhaps from Spanish choclo, influenced by chico.
lengua
Borrowed from Spanish lengua (“tongue”). Doublet of langue, lingua, and tongue.
codo
From Spanish codo (“elbow, Spanish cubit”), from Old Spanish cobdo, from Latin cubitus, from cubitum (“elbow, Roman cubit”). Doublet of cubit and covado. Compare codo.
palma
From Portuguese and Spanish palma. Doublet of palm, palmo, and pam.
Borrowed from Spanish Palma. Doublet of palm.
wonton
Borrowed from Cantonese 雲吞 /云吞 (wan⁴ tan¹, wan⁴ tan⁴).
inlet
From Middle English inlāte (“inlet, entrance”), from inleten (“to let in”), equivalent to in- + let. Compare Low German inlat (“inlet”), German Einlass (“inlet, entrance”).
From Middle English inleten, equivalent to in- + let. Cognate with Dutch inlaten (“to let in, admit”), Low German inlaten (“to let in”), German einlassen (“to admit, let in”), Swedish inlåta (“to enter, engage”).
boak
From Middle English bolken (“to belch, vomit”), from Old English bealcian (“to belch, utter, bring up, sputter out, pour out, give forth, emit, come forth”), from Proto-Germanic *belkaną (“to belch”), ultimately imitative. Cognate with Dutch balken & bulken (“to bellow”), German bölken (“to roar”). See also belch.
usurpation
From Middle English usurpacioun, from Old French usurpacion, from Latin ūsurpātiō; equivalent to usurp + -ation.
gebur
Learned borrowing from Old English ġebūr (“dweller, husbandman, farmer, countryman, boor”), from Proto-West Germanic *gabūr, from Proto-Germanic *ga- + *būraz (“house, room, dwelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to swell, wax, grow”). More at bower, boor.
esquire
From Middle English esquier, from Old French escuyer, escuier, properly, a shield-bearer (compare modern French écuyer (“shield-bearer, armor-bearer, squire of a knight, esquire, equerry, rider, horseman”)), from Late Latin scūtārius (“shieldmaker, shield-bearer”), from Latin scūtum (“shield”); probably akin to English hide (“to cover”). The term squire is the result of apheresis. Compare equerry, escutcheon.
Mario Andretti
Mario+Andretti. Named after American racing driver Mario Andretti. From Italian Mario+Andretti
gibbet
From Middle English gibet, from Old French gibet (French gibet), either from Frankish *gibb (“forked stick”) or from Latin gibbus (“hunchbacked”).
benight
From Middle English benyghten, binighten, bynyȝten, equivalent to be- + night.
bento
Borrowed from Japanese 弁(べん)当(とう) (bentō). Doublet of biandang.
bento box
From bento + box. Bento is borrowed from Japanese 弁(べん)当(とう) (bentō, “food to be eaten on the go; takeaway lunch served in a box”).
diadem
From Middle English diademe, dyademe, from Old French diademe, from Latin diadēma, from Ancient Greek διάδημα (diádēma, “band, especially worn around a tiara”), from διαδέω (diadéō, “bind around”).
parfait
Unadapted borrowing from French parfait (“perfect”). Doublet of parfit, perfect, perfecto, and perfectus.
crimen
Unadapted borrowing from Latin crīmen (“verdict; adultery; crime”). Doublet of crime.
prod
Alteration of earlier brod (perhaps through influence of poke; compare prog), from Middle English brodden (“to goad, incite, urge; to sprout”), from brod (“goad, nail; shoot, sprout”), from Old Norse broddr (“shaft, spike, thorn”), from Proto-Germanic *bruzdaz. Cognate with Icelandic broddur, Danish brod. Doublet of brad. Or, from or influenced by sound symbolism.
hawser
From Middle English hauser, haucer, from Anglo-Norman haucer, from Vulgar Latin *altiāre (“to raise”), derived from Latin altus (“high”). Altered in English by mistaken association with hawse and perhaps haul. Compare French aussière, haussière.
cougar
From French couguar, from Portuguese cuguardo, a deformation of Brazilian Portuguese suçuarana (earlier çuçuarana), from Old Tupi sûasuarana.
injurious
From Middle English injurious, from Anglo-Norman enjurius, from Latin iniūriōsus; analysable as injury + -ous.
tenebrous
]
From Middle English tenebrose, from Anglo-Norman tenebrous (earlier tenebrus), from Latin tenebrōsus, itself from tenebrae (“darkness, shadows”).
sybarite
The noun is a learned borrowing from Latin Sybarīta + English -ite (suffix forming demonyms). Sybarīta is derived from Ancient Greek Σῠβᾰρῑ́της (Sŭbărī́tēs, “(noun) inhabitant of Sybaris; (adjective) decadent; self-indulgent”), from Σῠ́βᾰρῐς (Sŭ́bărĭs, “Sybaris”) + -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs, suffix forming demonyms)). Sybaris, a city of Magna Graecia (the coastal parts of Sicily and southern Italy once colonized by Greek settlers), was known for its wealth and the excesses and hedonism of its inhabitants.
The adjective is derived from the noun.
swale
Possibly from Middle English swale (“a shady place, a shadow”), perhaps of North Germanic origin; akin to Old Norse svalr (“cool, fresh”), Icelandic svalir (“a balcony running along a wall”).
From Old English *swalwe (“rushing water”), which could be related to swealwe. Also compare the proper noun Swallow.
ludology
From the Latin ludus (“game”) + -ology. By surface analysis, ludo- + -logy, although the prefix ludo- apparently derives from this word.
Our Lady
From Middle English oure lady, from Old English ūre hlǣfdīġe, a calque of Medieval Latin Domina Nostra. Cf. Queen of Heaven.
attar
Borrowed from Persian عطر (atr, “scent”), from Arabic عِطْر (ʕiṭr, “perfume”).
sconce
From Middle English sconce, sconse (“candlestick or lantern (with screen)”), from Old French esconse (“lantern”), from Latin absconsus (“hidden”), perfect passive participle of abscondō (“hide”). Cognate with abscond.
Borrowed from Middle Dutch schans, cognate with German Schanze.
consigliere
Borrowed from Italian consigliere, from Italian consiglio (“advice", counsel”), from Latin cōnsilium (“council”).
Entered the popular English lexicon through Mario Puzo's “Godfather” novels and the subsequent films made from them.
gunwale
From Middle English gonnewalle, itself from gonne (“gun”) + wale, as it used to support the ship's guns; equivalent to gun + wale.
ampoule
Borrowed from French ampoule. Etymologically equivalent to amphora + -ule/-le. Doublet of ampulla.
ambo
Borrowed from Late Latin ambō, from Ancient Greek ἄμβων (ámbōn).
amblyopic
Borrowed from New Latin amblyōpicus. By surface analysis, ambly- + -ope + -ic.
amblyopia
Borrowed from New Latin amblyōpia. By surface analysis, ambly- + -ope + -ia.
dory
Attested in American English from 1709 C.E.; possibly derived from an indigenous language of the West Indies or Central America, perhaps Miskito.
From Middle English dorry, from Old French doree, past participle of dorer (“to gild”), from Latin deauratus.
PIE word
 *dóru
Borrowed from Ancient Greek δόρυ (dóru).
Ali Baba
From Arabic علي بابا. The use of Ali Baba to designate a type of container originates from the story of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (see the use as proper noun below), suggesting the appearance of the oil jars in which the thieves hide in the story.
unreasonable
From Middle English unresonable, equivalent to un- + reasonable, originally partly after Latin irratiōnābilis.
scullion
Either from Middle French escouillon (“a swab, cloth”), diminutive of escouve (“broom, twig”) from Latin scopa, or an alteration of Old French souillon (“scullion”) by influence of scullery.
Probably a reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Scoláidhín, a diminutive form of scolaidhe (“student”).
sodomite
From Middle English sodomyte, sodomite, from Old French Sodomite and Latin sodomīta, from Ancient Greek σοδομίτης (sodomítēs). Equivalent to Sodom + -ite.
criminy
Either from Italian crimine (“crime”), or a minced oath from "Christ's money" (in reference to the silver that Judas was paid for betraying Jesus), or a deformation of Gemini (which was recorded as an oath from the 1660s). First attested in the 1680s.
Topeka
Borrowed from Kansa tó ppí kʼé ([dopikʼɛ], literally “good place to dig potatoes”).
sanderling
First recorded 1600s. Possibly a descendant from Old English *sandyrðling, from sand (“sand”) + yrðling (“plowman”), though not attested in Old or Middle English.
moorhen
From Middle English morhen, perhaps from Old English *mōrhenn, an alteration of Old English worhenn (compare coordinate masculine term mōrhana, a possible corruption of worhana (“pheasant”)), equivalent to moor + hen.
Komi
An endonym, used by the Finno-Permic Komi people to refer to themselves, probably through Russian коми (komi). See Komi-Zyrian коми (komi) for further etymology.
Borrowed from Japanese こみ (komi).
Mansi
Borrowed from Northern Mansi Ма̄ньси (Mānʹsi).
Khanty
From Northern Khanty хӑнты (hănty, “Khanty person; Khanty (adj.)”), Southern Khanty хӑнтӛ (hăntjə, “Khanty person; man”), Eastern Khanty кӑнтӛг яг (kăntjəg jag, “Khanty people”), presumably from Proto-Uralic *kunta (“clan, kin, community”).
Kamas
From Russian Камасинцы (Kamasincy), Камашинцы (Kamašincy), from Kamassian кхаӈмажә (kʰaŋmažə).
Samoyed
From Russian самое́д (samojéd), probably from Sami *saam-edne (“land of the people”); compare Finnish Suomi (“Finn”). In the course of borrowing, the word was folk-etymologically reinterpreted as сам (sam, “self, own”) + есть, ед- (jestʹ, jed-, “eat”), "self-eater."
naris
From Latin naris (“nostril”). Itself from Latin nāsus with rhotacism.
inoculate
First attested in c. 1440; inherited from Middle English inoculaten (“to graft”), from Latin inoculātus, perfect passive participle of inoculō (“to ingraft an eye or bud of one plant into (another), implant”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from in- (“in”) + oculus (“an eye”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).
lagan
Per Littré, from Old French lagan, from Medieval Latin laga maris (“law of the sea”), from Old Norse lǫg (“law”) and Latin maris (“of the sea”)
Borrowed from Kankanaey Lagan, from lagan (“sand”).
lassitude
Borrowed from French lassitude, from Latin lassitūdō (“faintness, weariness”), from lassus (“faint, weary”), perhaps for *ladtus, and thus akin to English late.
lavash
From Armenian լավաշ (lavaš) and partly from Turkish lavaş. See there for more.
lupin
From Middle English lupyne, lupine, from Old French lupin, from Latin lupīnus (“pertaining to the wolf”), because of the wolf-like “fang” within the blossom. It has also been linked to an assumed depletion of nutrients in the soil.
refulgence
From Latin refulgentia. By surface analysis, re- + Latin fulg(ere) + -ence.
preoccupation
Borrowed from Middle French préoccupation, from Latin praeoccupātiō. By surface analysis, pre- + occupation or preoccupy + -ation.
animism
From anima + -ism, from Latin anima (“life", "breath", "soul”). Dated sense from German Animismus, coined c. 1720 by physicist/chemist Georg Ernst Stahl (1660-1734) See anima mundi.
Adriatic Sea
Calque of Latin Adriāticum mare, variant of Mare Hadriāticum.
peerage
Inherited from Middle English perage, from Old French parage. By surface analysis, peer + -age. Doublet of parage.
merlin
From Middle English merlioun, merlion, marlyon, merlyon, merlinge, from Old French emerillon, esmerillon, from Old Frankish *smiril (“falcon, hawk”), from Proto-Germanic *smirilaz (“falcon, merlin”). Cognate with Old High German smirl (“falcon”), Old Norse smyrill (“falcon”).
From Middle English Merlyn, from Medieval Latin Merlinus and Old French Merlin, from Proto-Brythonic *Mor-ðin (literally “sea-hill”), from Proto-Celtic *mori (“sea”) + *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”).
gorgon
From Middle English gorgon, from Latin Gorgō, from Ancient Greek Γοργώ (Gorgṓ), from γοργός (gorgós, “terrible”). Possibly from the same root as the Sanskrit word "garğ" (गर्जन), which is defined as a guttural sound, similar to the growling of a beast, thus possibly originating as an onomatopoeia.
inimicable
From in- + amicable, after Latin inimīcus (“enemy”) from in- + amīcus, inimical. Piecewise doublet of inamiable, inamicable, unamiable, and unamicable.
Hebraize
Partly from Ancient Greek Ἑβραΐζειν (Hebraḯzein) and probably partly from Hebra- + -ize.
Hebraic
From Middle English Ebrayk, Hebrak, Hebrayke, from Late Latin hebraicus, from Byzantine Greek Ἑβραϊκός (Hebraïkós), from Ancient Greek Ἑβραῖος (Hebraîos, “Hebrew”). Equivalent to Hebra- + -ic.
mas
From French mas, from Occitan mas, from Latin mānsum, from mānsus, perfect participle of maneō (“stay, remain, abide”). Doublet of manse.
chiasma
From New Latin chiasma, from Ancient Greek χῑ́ασμα (khī́asma), from χῑάζω (khīázō, “to mark with an X”).
nuthatch
From Middle English nutthache, notehache, nuthake, nuttehake, nothak, equivalent to nut + hatch (akin to hack). Compare English nutcracker.
Compare typologically Polish kowalik (akin to kować).
bustard
From Middle English bustarde, from an Anglo-Norman blend of Old French bistarde and oustarde, both from Latin avis tarda (“slow bird”), which is a misnomer as bustards are fast runners.
cinder
From Middle English cyndyr, syndir, synder, sinder, from Old English sinder (“cinder, dross, slag, scoria, dross of iron, impurity of metal”), from Proto-West Germanic *sindr, from Proto-Germanic *sindrą, *sindraz (“dross, cinder, slag”), from Proto-Indo-European *sendʰro- (“coagulating fluid, liquid slag, scale, cinder”). Cognate with Scots sinder (“ember, cinder”), West Frisian sindel, sintel (“cinder, slag”), Dutch sintel (“cinder, ember, slag”), Middle Low German sinder, sinter (“cinder, slag”), German Sinter (“dross of iron, scale”), Danish sinder (“spark of ignited iron, cinder”), Swedish sinder (“slag or dross from a forge”), Icelandic sindur (“scoring”), Old Church Slavonic сѧдра (sędra, “lime cinder, gypsum”). Spelling (c- for s-) influenced by unrelated French cendre (“ashes”). Doublet of sinter.
homestead
From Middle English hamstede, hemstede (attested in placenames), from Old English hāmstede (“homestead”), from Proto-West Germanic *haimastadi (“homestead”). By surface analysis, home + stead. Cognate with Old Frisian hāmstede, hēmstede (“homestead”), Dutch heemstede (“homestead”), German Heimstatt, Heimstätte (“homestead”), Swedish hemstad (“homestead”), Old Icelandic heimstǫð (“homestead”). Doublet of Hampstead and Hempstead.
curtilage
Inherited from Middle English curtylage and Anglo-Norman, from Old French cortillage, curtillage, from cortil (“court, courtyard”), from Latin cortis (“court”); see court. Compare courtledge.
jut
From Middle English jutten (“to project, jut out”), an alteration of jetten (“to strut, be showy”). More at English jet.