MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
shieling
From Scots shiel (“hut”) (from Old Norse skjól (“shelter, cover”)) + -ing. Akin to Danish skjul (“cover”).
Fitz-
From Anglo-Norman fitz, from Old French fiz (modern fils), from Latin fīlius (“son”).
shiel
From Middle English schele. Akin to Old Frisian skiāle (“stable”) and Old Norse skjōl (“shelter”). See also sheal.
kei
Borrowed from Japanese 軽 (kei, “lightweight”), from Japanese 軽自動車 (keijidōsha).
Borrowed from Japanese 系 (kei, “style”).
chufa
Borrowed from Spanish chufa, possibly from Latin cȳphi (“gallingale perfume”), from Ancient Greek κῦφι (kûphi, “a kind of Egyptian incense”), from Egyptian kꜣpt (“incense”), a nominal derivative of kꜣp (“to cense”).
tufa
From Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus or tōphus. Doublet of tuff.
as if
From Middle English as ȝif, alls iff (“as if”), from Old English *ealswā ġif, attested only as swā ġif (“as if”), equivalent to as + if. Compare Dutch alsof (“as if”), Low German as of (“as if”), German als ob (“as if”).
Elkanah
From Hebrew אֶלְקָנָה (ʾelqānā, “God has created”).
drench
From Middle English drench, drenche (“beverage, drink; cup of drink, specifically a poisoned drink; medicinal potion, specifically an emetic (?)”) [and other forms], from Old English drenċ (“drink; draft, potion; dose (of medicine, poison, etc.)”), from Proto-West Germanic *dranki, from Proto-Germanic *drankiz (“drink; potion; dose”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw, pull; to gulp; to sip”). Doublet of drink (noun).
Cognates
* Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌺 (draggk), 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺 (dragk, “beverage, drink”)
* Old Dutch *dranc, (Middle Dutch dranc, modern Dutch drank (“beverage, drink”))
* Old High German tranc, tranch (Middle High German tranc, modern German Trank (“drink; potion”))
* Old Saxon dranc
The verb is derived from Middle English drenchen, drench (“to drown; to flood, inundate; to consume (drink or food); to give (someone) a drink; to poison (someone) with a drink; to immerse, soak, drench; to descend, fall, sink; to penetrate, permeate; (figurative) to engulf, overwhelm”) [and other forms], from Old English drenċan (“to give (someone) a drink; to immerse, soak, drench”), from Proto-West Germanic *drankijan, from Proto-Germanic *drankijaną (“to cause (someone) to drink”), the causative of *drinkaną (“to drink”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to draw, pull; to gulp; to sip”). Doublet of drink (verb).
The noun is derived from the verb (etymology 2, verb sense 1.2).
Cognates
* Old High German trenchen (modern German tränken (“to give a drink; to water”))
* Old Norse drekkja, drenkja (Swedish dränka)
* Old Saxon dręnkian (Dutch drenke (“to get a drink”))
watered
From Middle English watered, watred, ywaterd, y-wattered, i-watred, i-watered, from Old English *wæterod, *ġewæterod, equivalent to water + -ed. Cognate with West Frisian wetterd, Dutch verwaterd, German bewässert.
hilly
From Middle English hilly, hylly, hully, equivalent to hill + -y.
caldarium
Unadapted borrowing from Latin caldārium (“room containing warm water for bathing”), substantive of caldārius (“of, pertaining to or suitable for bathing”), from caldus (“warm, hot”) + -ārius, alternative form of calidus, from caleō (“to be warm or hot; glow”).
inconstant
From Middle English inconstant, inconstante, inconstaunte, from Middle French inconstant and its etymon, Latin incōnstāns.
wrangling
From Middle English wranglyng, wranglinge, equivalent to wrangle + -ing.
megapolis
From mega- (“great”) + -polis (“city”), from Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas, “large”) + πόλις (pólis, “city”).
ecumenopolis
From ecumene (“inhabited world”) + -polis (“city”).
From use as a common noun of Ecumenopolis, applying the concept to diverse scenarios. Ultimately from Ancient Greek.
Coined by Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis in 1967 from the Ancient Greek words οἰκουμένη (oikouménē, “the world”) + πόλις (pólis, “city”), “a city spanning the whole world”.
clepsydra
From Latin clepsydra, from Ancient Greek κλεψύδρα (klepsúdra), from κλέπτειν (kléptein, “to steal”) + ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”).
maravedi
From Spanish maravedí, from Arabic مُرَابِطِين (murābiṭīn), an inflected plural of مُرَابِط (murābiṭ, “holy man”), the name of the Almoravid rulers of Muslim Spain during the 12th century. Compare marabout.
syntagma
From Late Latin syntagma, from Ancient Greek σύνταγμα (súntagma, “orderly arrangement”), from συντάσσω (suntássō, “arrange together”, “to order”).
Bernstein
Borrowed from German Bernstein and Yiddish בערנשטיין (bernshteyn).
Kelch
Borrowed from German Kelch.
From German Kelch (“chalice”); refer to Wikipedia. Doublet of chalice and calyx.
Brahui
Borrowed from Persian براهویی / браҳуӣ, from Baluchi براهوئی, ultimately from Saraiki براہوئی (brāho'ī).
Bena
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Italian Benà, a reduced form of the medieval personal name Benenato.
* Borrowed from Hungarian Béna, a nickname from béna (“lame”).
* Borrowed from Czech and Slovak Béňa, a diminutive of Benedikt.
djembe
From French djembé, from Mandinka jembe which derives from the Bambara language, "djé" is the verb for "gather" and "bé" translates as "peace." As a result, "Anke djé, anke bé" which translates to "everyone gather together in peace" and defines the drum's purpose.
guembri
Borrowed from Arabic كَمْبْرِي (kambrī).
foist
Probably from archaic Dutch vuisten (“to take into one’s hand”), from Middle Dutch vuysten, from vuyst (“fist”); akin to Old English fyst (“fist”).
From Old French fuste (“stick, boat”), from Latin fustis (“cudgel”).
From Old French fust (whence also French fût), from Latin fustis.
pedometer
According to the American Heritage Dictionary, from French pédomètre, from pedi-, combining form for Latin pēs (“foot”), plus -ometer, from Greek. In French now the word is podomètre, and similar in other Romance languages and in Greek (ποδόμετρο (podómetro)). By surface analysis, pedo- (“foot”) + -meter = pedo- + -ometer.
phosgene
From Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”) + -gene, due to its first synthesis involving sunlight.
Grand Prix
Borrowed from French Grand Prix, from Grand Prix de Paris (“Great Prize of Paris”), an international horserace at Longchamps.
metaphysical
From Middle English metaphisicalle, methafisical, from Medieval Latin metaphysicālis. By surface analysis, meta- + physical.
aularian
From stem of Late Latin aularis (from Latin aula (“a hall”), from Ancient Greek αὐλά (aulá)) + -ian.
Kira
Variant of Kyra or borrowed from Russian Ки́ра (Kíra), ultimately from Persian کوروش (Kūrūš). Also used as a respelling of Ciara, from Irish [Term?].
Borrowed from Dzongkha དཀྱི་ར (dkyi ra).
gelotology
From Ancient Greek γέλωτος (gélōtos) (the genitive of γέλως (gélōs, “laughter”)) + English -logy (suffix denoting the study of a particular subject), coined by the anthropologist and linguist Edith Trager with participation from the American psychiatrist William F. Fry, Jr. (1924–2014) in March 1964.
dasyphyllous
From New Latin dasyphyllus (from Ancient Greek δασύς (dasús, “hairy, shaggy; dense”) + φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”)) + -ous.
izzat
Borrowed from Hindustani عِزَّت ('izzat) / इज़्ज़त (izzat), from Classical Persian عِزَّت (izzat), from Arabic عِزَّة (ʕizza).
sputter
Probably representing Middle English *sputren, *sputrien, a frequentative form of Middle English sputen (“to spout, vomit”), equivalent to spout + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian spüttern (“to inject, spray, splash”), West Frisian sputterje (“to sputter”), Dutch sputteren (“to sputter”), Low German sputtern, spruttern (“to sprinkle”), German sprudeln (“to spout, squirt”). Compare splutter.
diegetic
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek διηγητικός (diēgētikós). By surface analysis, diegesis + -etic.
Solent
From Old English Solentan, ultimately of unknown origin. Among the range of suggestions include:
* a relationship with sol (“mud, wet sand”).
* Bede's form Soluente suggests the second element was an pre-Celtic Proto-Indo-European *auent- (“to wet, to spring”).
Ben Nevis
From Scottish Gaelic beinn (“peak”) + "Nevis" having an unknown etymology.
Brecon
From Welsh Brychan, name of a legendary king of Brycheiniog.
paralytic
Borrowed from French paralytique, from Latin paralyticus, from Ancient Greek παραλυτικός (paralutikós, “paralyzed”).
NKVD
From the Russian НКВД (NKVD), through phonetic spelling of Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних де́л (Naródnyj komissariát vnútrennix dél) and the use of acronym.
fleuron
From Old French floron (“flower”), spelling later changed to match modern French fleuron.
cowrie
Mid-17th century, borrowed from Hindi कौड़ी (kauṛī).
dummy out
From Japanese ダミー (damī), which was often used as a placeholder term for the designation of certain things that ended up going unused in a video game. The Japanese term was itself derived from English dummy, and thus tended to be translated in games (even if inaccessible by normal means) as "DUMMY".
ダミー may specifically be a derivative of the programming sense of English dummy.
complacence
From late Middle English complacence, from Medieval Latin complacentia, from Latin complaceō (“to please”).
sciolto
Borrowed from Italian sciolto, from sciogliere (“to set free”).
eina
Borrowed from Afrikaans eina, from the Khoekhoe people of the Kalahari Desert: é + ná.
whoso
From Middle English hoe so, hoo so, hoo-so, from Old English hwā swā; equivalent to who + so.
calumniate
First attested in 1554; borrowed from Latin calumniātus, perfect passive participle of calumnior (“to blame, cavil at; to accuse falsely”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
puna
From Spanish puna, from Quechua puna.
From Hawaiian puna.
From Spanish Puná.
From Urdu پونا (Pūnā).
carbonado
The noun is derived from Spanish carbonada (“carbonized”) (from carbonar (“to carbonize”)) + -ado (suffix forming past participles of regular verbs ending in -ar). Carbonada appears to have been modelled after Italian carbonata (“coal pile; stew of beef in red wine”), from carbone (“coal; charcoal”) (from Latin carbō (“coal; charcoal”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“to burn”)) + -ata.
The verb is derived from the noun.
Borrowed from Portuguese carbonado (“carbonized”), probably from carbono (“carbon”) (currently only attested later than carbonado) + -ado (suffix forming adjectives from nouns meaning ‘something or someone who has suffered the action’). Carbono is borrowed from French carbone (“carbon”), from Latin carbō (“coal; charcoal”); for further derivation, see etymology 1.
Winifred
From Old English Winfriþ, from Welsh Gwenfrewi.
Paige
Variant of Page, from page, from Old French page, possibly via Old Italian paggio, from Late Latin pagius (“servant”), probably from Ancient Greek παιδίον (paidíon, “boy, lad”), from παῖς (paîs, “child”); some sources consider this unlikely and suggest instead Latin pagus (“countryside”), in sense of "boy from the rural regions".
carminative
From Latin carminō (“to card, hence to cleanse”), from carmen (“a card for freeing wool or flax from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter”).
suction
From Latin sūctiō, attested since Late Latin and derived from sūgō (“to suck”). Attested in English since the early 17th century.
kiang
From Tibetan རྐྱང (rkyang, “wild ass”).
A romanization of various Mandarin words rendered jiāng, jiáng, jiǎng, or jiàng in pinyin and particularly used for Chinese 江 (Jiāng, “The River”), frequently used in Chinese in specific reference to the Yangtze.
ministerial
Borrowed from Middle French ministeriel, equivalent to minister + -ial. Doublet of minstrel and ministerialis.
marvelous
First attested from 1300 as Middle English merveilous, from Old French merveillus, from merveille (“a wonder”), equivalent to marvel + -ous.
pampas
From (plural of) American Spanish pampa, from Quechua pampa (“land, ground”).
Wedgwood
From Old English wice (“wych elm”) + wudu (“wood”).
lapa
From Sotho lelapa.
From Chinese 喇叭 (lǎba).
Shizuoka
From Japanese 静 (shizu, “calm”) and 岡 (oka, “hill”).
Nara
Borrowed from Japanese 奈良(なら) (Nara).
fulling
From Middle English fulling, fullynge, from fullen, fulwen (“to baptise”), equivalent to full + -ing.
waulk
From Middle English walken, from Old English wealcian (“to roll up; muffle up”), from Proto-West Germanic *walkōn, from Proto-Germanic *walkōną (“to roll about; full (cloth)”).
Cognate with Scots waulk (“to full”), Dutch walken (“to full”), German walken (“to full”), Danish valke (“to full”), Swedish valka (“to full”). Doublet of walk.
mura
From Japanese 斑 (mura, literally “blemish, fluctuation”).
Borrowed from Slovene Mura.
Borrowed from Catalan, French and Italian Mura.
rorqual
From Norwegian Nynorsk røyrkval, from Old Norse reyðarhvalr (“fin whale”).
cairn
From Scots cairn, from Scottish Gaelic càrn, from Old Irish carn, from Proto-Celtic *karnos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”).
Compare Welsh carn, Cornish carn. Doublet of carn and horn.
growan
From Cornish growan (“gravel”).
Compare Armorican grouan (“gravel”), Cornish grow (“gravel, sand”).
strid
From Middle English stryd, a byform of stryde, stride. See stride (noun). The noun term comes from the appearance that the river may be crossable with a stride.
Lamb of God
Calque of Latin Agnus Deī, itself a calque of Ancient Greek Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ (Amnòs toû Theoû). The name refers to Jesus' role as a sacrificial lamb that is (voluntarily) slaughtered on the Cross.
Bethlehem
Inherited from Middle English Bethleem, from Old French Bethleem and Old English Bethleem, from Latin Bēthlehēmum, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ lɛ́ḥɛm, literally “house of bread”). Doublet of bedlam and Belém.
dragonwort
From dragon + wort. Compare Middle English dragaunce, dragunce, dragance, dragans (“dragonwort”), from Old French dragonce, dragance, from Medieval Latin draguncia, dragancia (“dragonwort”), disfigured from the plural of dracontium (“dragonwort”), from Ancient Greek δρακόντιον (drakóntion, “dragonwort”).
phoresy
From French phorésie, from Ancient Greek φόρησις (phórēsis, “wearing, garment”), from φορέω (phoréō, “I wear, I bear”) + -σις (-sis, nominal suffix). See -phore.
hoofed
From Middle English hoved, hovyde, from Old English ġehōfod (“hoofed, hooved”), equivalent to hoof + -ed.
bakgat
From Afrikaans bak (“to bake, roast”) + gat (“bum”).
reticulate
Learned borrowing from Latin rēticulātus (“reticulated, net-like”).
Badiu
Borrowed from Kabuverdianu badiu, from Portuguese vadio (“vagrant”).
eyrir
From Icelandic eyrir. Doublet of aureus, öre, øre, and oyra.
Alemannic
From Latin Alemannicus, from Latin Alemannī (“the confederation of German tribes related to Suebi who lived near the upper reaches of the Danube”), from Proto-Germanic *Alamanniz, corresponding to *allaz + *mann-.
swelt
From Middle English swelten, from Old English sweltan, from Proto-West Germanic *sweltan, from Proto-Germanic *sweltaną. Cognate to Dutch zwelten (“to die”).
catholicon
Late Middle English, via Medieval Latin from Ancient Greek καθολικόν (katholikón, “that which is universal”), the neuter substantive form of καθολικός (katholikós).
clag
From Middle English claggen, probably of Scandinavian origin. Compare Swedish klägg and Old English clǣġ.
Vladimir
From Russian Владимир (Vladimir), as well as from other Slavic cognates, and reinforced by Medieval Latin Vladimirus, name of several saints in the Eastern Orthodox Church, from Old East Slavic Володимѣръ (Volodiměrŭ), Old Church Slavonic Владимѣръ (Vladiměrŭ), from Proto-Slavic *Voldiměrъ (which see for more), equivalent to владь (vladĭ, “power”) (which is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“be strong”)) and мѣръ (měrŭ, “great”), changed by folk etymology into миръ (mirŭ, “peace”). Compare Waldemar.
Ross
* As a Scottish surname, from several places such as Roose in Cumbria or Roos in Yorkshire, both from Scottish Gaelic ros (“promontory”) or a Brythonic parallel of its source such as Welsh rhos (“moor, heath”). There were also several Norman families in Scotland who took their name from Rots in Calvados. Compare Rose, Rhodes.
* As an English surname, from Wrose in Shipley, with loss of initial w.
* As an English and German surname, from derivatives of the old Germanic root common in names *hrōþi (“fame”). Compare Rossell.
* As a Cornish surname, from several places in Cornwall deriving from ros (“heathland”), related to the above Celtic word meaning "heath" or "promontory." See Rouse.
* As a Jewish and German occupational surname for a breeder of horses, from the regional/poetic noun Ross (“horse”). Doublet of horse.
* Also as a Jewish surname, Americanized from Rose.
From Welsh rhos.
sigil
Borrowed from Latin sigillum (“little sign”). Doublet of seal and sigillum.
beauteous
From Middle English beautevous, bewteose, beautuous, boyteous, beuteus, beuteowse, bewtyvows, equivalent to beauty + -ous and/or beauty + -eous.
cruse
From Middle English crouse, from Old English crūse (“jar, cruse”), from Proto-West Germanic *krūsā, from Proto-Germanic *krūsǭ, *krūsaz (“jar, pot, collar, jug”). Cognate with German Krause (“pot with a lid”), Icelandic krús (“jar, jug”). Merged with Middle English croo (“pot, pitcher”), from Old English crōg (“crock, pitcher, vessel”). More at crock.
Esau
From Ancient Greek Ἡσαῦ (Hēsaû), from Biblical Hebrew עֵשָׂו (ʿēśāw).
incontinency
From Middle English incontinency, from Latin incontinentia. Doublet of incontinence.
incontinence
From Middle English incontinence, from Old French incontinence or its etymon Latin incontinentia. Doublet of incontinency.
overstretch
From Middle English overstrecchen, corresponding to over- + stretch. Compare Dutch overstrekken (“to overstretch”), German überstrecken (“to overstretch”).
in rilievo
Borrowed from Italian in rilievo (“in relief”), from in + rilievo.
exceptio quod metus causa
From Latin exceptio (“exception”) quod (“based on”) metus (“duress”) causa (“a cause (of action)”).
potation
From Middle English potacion, from Old French potacion, from Latin pōtātiō.
saddle bow
From Middle English sadel-bowe, sadel-boȝe, from Old English sadulboga, sadolboga, equivalent to saddle + bow. Displaced non-native arson (“saddle bow”), from Middle English arsoun.
serge
From Middle English sarge, from Old French sarge, serge, from Vulgar Latin *sarica, from Latin sērica (“silken, silk things”), from Ancient Greek σηρικός (sērikós, “silken”), from σήρ (sḗr, “silkworm”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic”), possibly from Old Chinese 絲 (*sə, “silk”). Doublet of silk and seric.
From Middle English cerge, from Old French ci(e)rge, cerge & chierge.
kirtle
From Middle English kirtel, from Old English cyrtel, cognate with Old Norse kyrtill (“tunic”) (whence Icelandic kyrtill, Danish kjortel (“gown, tunic”), Swedish kjortel (“petticoat, skirt”)), from Old Norse *kurtil-, supposedly a diminutive of *kurt-, from Latin curtus (“short, shortened”). Compare German Kittel.
palfrey
From Middle English palfrey, from Anglo-Norman palefrei (“steed”), from Old French palefroi, palefreid, from Late Latin paraverēdus (“post horse, spare horse”), from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) + Latin verēdus (“post horse”), from Gaulish *werēdos (“horse”) (compare Welsh gorwydd (“horse”)), from Proto-Celtic *uɸoreidos (“horse”). Doublet of prad. Compare Dutch paard and German Pferd.
Metonymic occupational surname for a man responsible for the maintenance and provision of saddle-horses, from Middle English palfrey.
reverberate
Borrowed from Latin reverberātus, perfect passive participle of reverberō (“to rebound; to reflect; to repel”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), whence Middle French reverberer (French réverbérer) and Middle English reverberen (“to send back”)), from re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) and verberō (“to beat; to lash, whip”) (from verber (“rod; lash, whip”) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs)).
Borrowed from Latin reverberātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more. etymology 2, adjective sense 2 (“ringing or vibrating with many echoing sounds”) was popularized by its use in Twelfth Night (written c. 1601–1602; published 1623) by the English playwright William Shakespeare (1564–1616): see the quotation.
exanimate
From Latin exanimātus, perfect passive participle of exanimō (see ex-, -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from Latin ex- + animō, from anima (“soul, spirit, breath”); see anima. The verb derives from the adjective, see -ate (verb-forming suffix).
centrifugal
From New Latin centrifugālis, coined by Christiaan Huygens from Latin centrum (“center”) + fugiō (“to flee”) + -al.
nitrous
From Middle French nitreux, and its source, Latin nitrōsus (“nitrose”). Doublet of nitroso. By surface analysis, nitro- + -ous.
phyllite
From Ancient Greek φῠ́λλον (phŭ́llon, “leaf”) + -ite.
barbituric acid
Mid 19th century from French barbiturique, from German Barbitursäure, from Barbara + Säure (“acid”), related to Latin urea.
barytone
From Latin barytonus /barytonos, from Ancient Greek βαρύτονος (barútonos). Doublet of baritone and baryton.
sevenfold
Inherited from Middle English sevenfold, sevenefold, from Old English seofonfeald. Equivalent to seven + -fold.
Burton
Usually from Old English burhtun (fortified farmstead, farmstead near or belonging to a stronghold or manor), from burh + tun.
Loch Ness
Scottish Gaelic, from loch (“lake”) + Ness (“a river”).
Narayan
Borrowed from Hindi नारायण (nārāyaṇ), from Sanskrit नारायण (nārāyaṇá). Doublet of Narayana.
Glastonbury
From Middle English Glastingaburghe, from Old English Glæstingaburg, "the fortified place of the Glæstingas", from *Glæstinga (the people of Glastonia) + Old English byrg (“fort”).
Doris
From Ancient Greek Δωρίς (Dōrís). Sense 7 is owing to similarity to Boris.
* Shortened Anglicized form of Irish Ó Dubhruis, from earlier Ó Dubhrosa, from Ó (“descendant”) + Dubhros, a name from dubh (“black”) + ros (“wood”).
* A habitational French surname from d' (“of”) + Oris-en-Rattier (“a commune in Isère, France”).
overdrink
From Middle English *overdrinken (attested only as a noun overdrink (“excessive drinking”)), from Old English oferdrincan (“to overdrink”), equivalent to over- + drink. Compare German übertrinken (“to overdrink”), Swedish överdrycka (“to overdrink”), Old English oferdrynċ (“excessive drinking, drunkenness”).
infallible
From Medieval Latin infallibilis, from Latin in- + fallibilis. Compare French infaillible. By surface analysis, in- + fallible.
Midas
Learned borrowing from Latin Midās, from Ancient Greek Μίδᾱς (Mídās), from Phrygian Μιδας (Midas).
double-edged sword
From the notion that if two sides of the same blade are sharp, it cuts both ways. The metaphor may have originated from the Arabic expression سَيْفٌ ذُو حَدَّيْنِ (sayfun ḏū ḥaddayni, “double-edged sword”) or from the Hebrew expression חֶרֶב פִּיפִיּוֹת (ẖérev pifiyót, “double-mouthed sword”).
The metaphor is first attested in English in the 15th century.
keelson
Late Middle English kelswayn, from Low German kielswîn, kielswīn, from kiel (“keel of a ship”) (from Old Norse kjǫlr) + swin (“swine”), used as the name of a timber (however, compare sill).
Compare with Dutch kolzwijn, kolsem, Low German, kielswîn, German Kielschwein, Danish kølsvin, kölsvin, all with the same meaning.
ceorl
Learned borrowing from Old English ċeorl. Doublet of carl, churl, and karl.
mam
Alteration or clipping of mama. Compare Scots mam, Early Scots mame (“mother”), mamye (“wet nurse”), Saterland Frisian Määme (“mother”), West Frisian mem (“mother”).
Alternatively, possibly either conserved from or influenced by earlier Brythonic language.
From Welsh Mam (“Mum, Mom”).
hotness
From Middle English hotnes, from Old English hātnes (“hotness, heat”), equivalent to hot + -ness.
frigidarium
Borrowed from Latin frīgidārium, from frīgidus (“cold”). Doublet of frigidaire.
Antiochus
From Latin Antiochus, from Ancient Greek Ἀντίοχος (Antíokhos).
Abimelech
From Hebrew אֲבִימֶלֶךְ (avimelek, “Abimelech”).
Absalom
From Hebrew אַבְשָׁלוֹם (avshalóm, literally “father of peace”), from אָב (av, “father”) + שָׁלוֹם (shalom, “peace”).
Demetrius
From Ancient Greek Δημήτριος (Dēmḗtrios, literally “belonging to Δημήτηρ (Dēmḗtēr), the earth goddess”); from Δή (Dḗ), an early form of γῆ (gê, “earth”) + μήτηρ (mḗtēr, “mother”). Doublet of Dimitris and Dmitry.