MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
kinjite
Borrowed from Japanese 禁じ手 (kinjite), from 禁じる (kinjiru, “to forbid”) + 手 (te, “hand”).
torikumi-hyo
From Japanese 取組表 (torikumi-hyō, literally “bout table”).
maezumo
Borrowed from Japanese 前相撲, literally "before sumo".
makuuchi dohyo-iri
From Japanese 幕内土俵入り (makuuchi dohyō-iri, literally “makuuchi ring-entering”).
makuuchi-kaku
From Japanese 幕内格 (makuuchi-kaku).
mizuhiki-maku
From Japanese 水引幕 (mizuhiki-maku).
mono-ii
From Japanese 物言い (mono-ii, literally “talk of things”).
shimpan
From Japanese 審判 (shinpan, しんぱん), from Middle Chinese 審判 (ʃim-pʰàn "to judge", "to try") (compare Mandarin shěnpàn 审判).
shiranui-gata
Borrowed from Japanese 不知火型 (shiranuigata).
unryu-gata
From Japanese 雲龍型 (unryū-gata).
farrow
From Middle English *farow, *fargh (found only in the plural faren), from Old English fearh (“piglet”), from Proto-West Germanic *farh, from Proto-Germanic *farhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos, from *perḱ- (“to dig”).
See also Old High German farah, Middle Irish orc (“piglet”), Latin porcus, Proto-Slavic *porsę (“pig, piglet”), Lithuanian par̃šas, Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (pər^əsa). Doublet of pork.
From Middle English farwen, from the noun.
mustang
Borrowed from Mexican Spanish mestengo, from Old Spanish mesteño (“feral animal”) or mestengo (“feral animal”).
Borrowed from Nepali मुस्ताङ (mustāṅ).
untamed
From Middle English untamed, untemed, equivalent to un- + tamed and/or untame + -ed. Compare Dutch ongetemd (“untamed”), German ungezähmt (“untamed”), Danish utæmmet (“untamed”), Swedish otämd (“untamed”), Icelandic ótamin (“untamed”).
peregrinate
From Latin peregrinari (“to live or travel abroad”). See also peregrine and pilgrim.
From Latin peregrinatus (“having travelled abroad”), past participle of peregrinari.
sashichigai
From Japanese 差し違い (sashi-chigai).
Klein bottle
Calque of German Kleinsche Flasche, named after German mathematician Felix Klein (1849–1925), who first described such a surface in 1882.
dago
Alteration of diego (“Spaniard”), from Spanish Diego (common Spanish name) by law of Hobson-Jobson.
The term originated among sailors from the Northern United States, first attested in Boston in 1838. "Diego" is the Portuguese nickname for any deckhand.
After transforming into "dago" in English, the word gradually came to denote any southern European in a generic manner. From there, the word spread to England by the 1890s, and to Australia following WW1. In Australia, it has undergone a narrowing in scope, now chiefly meaning "Italian", following a mass migration of Italians to Australia post-WW2.
goombah
From Neapolitan cumpà and Sicilian cumpari (“buddy, pal”, akin to Italian compare, Spanish compadre, from Latin compater, literally “godfather”), a word often used to refer to “family friends” or friends close enough to be considered an “aunt” or “uncle”, though not related by blood.
 To an English-speaking ear, the unaspirated stops of Southern Italian dialects (especially Neapolitan) are interpreted as voiced stops, yielding goombah. Compare South American Spanish cumpa. Doublet of compadre, compeer, and compere.
wop
From Neapolitan guappo (“dude, stud”), a greeting borrowed from Spanish guapo (“bold, handsome”). Contrary to popular belief, the term is not an acronym of without passport or working off passage, which are backronyms derived from the term. First attested in New York City around 1906, eventually also spreading to Canada, Australia, and Britain.
foreword
Morphologically fore- + word. Calque of German Vorwort, itself a calque of Latin praefatio (“preface”). Cognate with German Low German Vörwoord (“foreword”), Dutch voorwoord (“foreword”), West Frisian foarwurd (“foreword”), Danish forord (“preface; proviso”), Swedish förord (“foreword”). Compare also Old English forword, foreword (“proviso; condition”).
dusty
From Middle English dusty, dusti, from Old English dūstiġ, dystiġ, dȳstiġ (“dusty”), equivalent to dust + -y. Cognate with Dutch donzig (“cottony, downy, woolly”), German dunstig (“hazy, misty”).
interment
From Middle English enterement, interment, from Old French enterrement. By surface analysis, inter + -ment.
meristem
From German Meristem, from Ancient Greek μεριστός (meristós, “divided”), from μερίζω (merízō), from μέρος (méros) + στέμμα (stémma, “wreath, garland”). First used in 1858 by Swiss botanist Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891).
liana
From French liane (see that entry for more), influenced by lien (“link, bond”).
quarta
From Portuguese quarta, from Latin quartus (“fourth”), q.v., in reference to the units making up one-fourth of the alqueire (“Portuguese bushel”) or arrantel (“Portuguese pound”). Doublet of quart, quater, and cuaderon.
seignior
From Middle English senyour, from Old French seignor, seignior, from Latin senior, seniōrem. Doublet of seigneur, senhor, senior, señor, senyor, signore, sir, and sire.
doublet
From Middle English doublet, a borrowing from Old French doublet, from double, duble, doble + -et. Equivalent to double + -et (diminutive suffix)
From Italian giubbetta, from giubba, from Arabic جبة (“to en-wrap”).
mesquite
Borrowed from Spanish mezquite, mizquite, from Nahuatl mizquitl (“the mesquite tree”).
butte
PIE word
 *bʰudʰmḗn
Borrowed from French butte (“mound”). Related to butt via a West Germanic cognate.
senshuraku
Borrowed from Japanese 千秋楽 (senshūraku, literally “music of a thousand autumns”).
shihon-bashira
From Japanese 四本柱 (shi-hon-bashira, literally “four pillars”).
Care Sunday
From Old English caru (“care”) in its sense of “sorrow, trouble, suffering,” used as a calque of Latin passio (“passion”) in its sense of “suffering”, in reference to the Passion of Christ preceding and during Jesus's crucifixion.
halva
From Yiddish חלווה (khálva), from Romanian halva, from Ottoman Turkish حلوا (helva), from Persian حلوا (halvâ), from Arabic حَلْوَى (ḥalwā). Cognate with Halwai.
Judica Sunday
From Latin Judica (“Judge!”), from the first word of the introit of the day's mass, traditionally a Latin translation of Psalm 43.
tyro
From Latin tīrō (“young soldier, recruit”). In Medieval Latin the term was often spelt as tyro whence the English spelling is derived.
upwards
From Middle English upwardes, from Old English upweardes, equivalent to up + -wards. Cognate with Dutch opwaarts (“upwards”), German aufwärts (“upwards”).
midden
From Middle English midding, myddyng, from Old Danish mykdyngja, (a compound of Old Norse myk, myki (“muck, manure”) and dyngja (“dung, dungpile”)), whence also Danish møgdynge and mødding, Norwegian mødding, dialectal Swedish mödding.
proudly
From Middle English proutly, proudliche, prudeliche, prudliche, prouteliche, from Old English prūtlīċe, equivalent to proud + -ly.
extinction
From late Middle English, borrowed from Latin extinctio (“extinction, annihilation”), from extinguere, past participle extinctus (“to extinguish”); see extinguish.
polliwog
From earlier polwigge, from Middle English polwygle, equal to poll (“head”) + wiggle.
collop
Late Middle English, of North Germanic origin, from Swedish kalops (“stewed meat”), from Old Swedish kollops (“slices of beef stew”). Cognate to German Klops (“dish of meat made tender by beating”).
snifter
The verb is derived from Middle English snifteren, snifter, snyfter (“to sniffle”), possibly from *snift (possibly derived from an Old Norse word—compare Old Danish snifte and Swedish snyfta (“to sniffle; to sob”); probably ultimately imitative) + -er- (frequentative suffix) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).
The noun is derived from the verb.
hardness
From Middle English hardness, hardnesse, from Old English heardnes, from heard + -nes, equivalent to hard + -ness.
shikiri-sen
Borrowed from Japanese 仕切り線 (shikiri-sen).
buchikamashi
Borrowed from Japanese ぶちかまし (buchikamashi).
infirm
* The noun is from Middle English infirme, from Latin infirmus (“weak, feeble”).
* The verb is from Latin īnfirmāre.
impertinence
Borrowed from Middle French impertinence, from impertinent (“impertinent”); by surface analysis, im- + pertinent.
suna-kaburi
From Japanese 砂被り (suna-kaburi, literally “covered by sand”).
tachimochi
From Japanese 太刀持ち (tachimochi, “sword bearer”).
tachi-seki
From Japanese 立ち席 (tachi-seki, literally “standing seat”).
taiko
Borrowed from Japanese 太鼓 (たいこ taiko), from 太 (tʰàj, “great”) + 鼓 (kú, “drum”).
tategyoji
Borrowed from Japanese 立行司 (tate-gyōji).
disastrous
From disaster + -ous, after Middle French desastreux (modern French désastreux; from desastre (modern French désastre, “disaster”; from des- + astre, a calque of Italian disastro) + -eux), itself after Italian disastroso, from disastro + -oso, from dis- (“away, without”) (from Latin dis-) + astro (“star, planet”) (from Latin astrum (“star, celestial body”), from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́στρον (ắstron)).
teuchi-shiki
From Japanese 手打ち式 (teuchi-shiki, literally “clapping ceremony”).
tokei-gakari
From Japanese 時計係 (tokei-gakari, literally “one who is responsible for the clock”).
toku-dawara
Borrowed from Japanese 徳俵 (tokudawara, “special rice bale”).
toshiyori-kabu
From Japanese 年寄株 (toshiyori-kabu).
tsuna
Borrowed from Japanese 綱 (つな, tsuna, “rope”).
tsuyuharai
Borrowed from Japanese 露払い, literally "dew sweeper".
yagura
Borrowed from Japanese 櫓 (“tower, turret, keep, scaffold”).
zensho yusho
Borrowed from Japanese 全勝優勝 (zenshō yūshō).
zenpai
Borrowed from Japanese 全敗 (zenpai, “utter defeat”).
gharry
Borrowed from Hindi गाड़ी (gāṛī) / Urdu گاڑی (gāṛī, “wheeled cart, carriage; car, truck, bus”), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀕𑀟𑁆𑀟 (gaḍḍa), 𑀕𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀻 (gaḍḍī), from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀕𑀸𑀟𑁆𑀟- (*gāḍḍa-).
puttee
From Hindi पट्टी (paṭṭī, “bandage, strip of cloth”), from Sanskrit पट्टिका (paṭṭikā) of similar meaning.
amicably
From Middle English amcabily, equivalent to amicable + -ly. Piecewise doublet of amiably.
amiably
From Middle English amyablelich, amyably, equivalent to amiable + -ly. Piecewise doublet of amicably.
Hyperborea
From Ancient Greek ὑπερβόρεος (huperbóreos), i.e. ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”) + βόρειος (bóreios, “northern”).
Columbus
From Latin columbus (“a dove”). Doublet of Colombo. The common noun and verb are references to the Italian explorer.
infringe
Borrowed from Latin infringere (“to break off, break, bruise, weaken, destroy”), from in (“in”) + frangere (“to break”).
encroach
From Middle English encrochen, from Old French encrochier (“to seize”), from Old French en- + croc (“hook”), of Germanic origin. More at crook.
inviolable
From Middle French inviolable, from Latin inviolābilis (“untouchable”), from violō (“violate”).
Berwick-upon-Tweed
From Old English bere (“barley”) + wīc (“settlement”) + name of river.
Bradford
* Various place names in England, from Old English brād (“broad”) + ford (“ford”).
* (shaken martini)
Brighton
(place): Originally a colloquial clipping of Brighthelmstone, from Old English Beorthelmestūn (“Beorthelm's farm”). Became the official name in the early 19th century.
: (surname): From Breighton in Yorkshire.
insensible
From Middle English insensible, from Old French insensible, from Late Latin īnsēnsibilis.
parasang
From Latin parasanga, from Ancient Greek παρασάγγης (parasángēs), from unattested Old Persian *frasanhvah (indigenously attested only in Middle Iranian onwards); compare Middle Persian [script needed] (frasang /⁠plsng⁠/, “frasang (4 Roman miles)”) (whence Persian فرسنگ (farsang)). Doublet of farsang and farsakh.
battler
From Middle English batailloure, from Old French batailleor; equivalent to battle + -er.
discomfit
From Middle English discomfiten, from Old French desconfit, past participle of desconfire (“to undo, to destroy”), from des- (“completely”), from Latin dis- + Old French confire (“to make”), from Latin cōnficiō (“to finish up, to destroy”), from com- (“with, together”) + faciō (“to do, to make”).
Later sense of “to embarrass, to disconcert” due to confusion with unrelated discomfort.
fumidashi
From Japanese 踏み出し (fumidashi, literally “stepping out”).
koshikudake
Borrowed from Japanese 腰砕け, literally "inadvertent collapse".
tsukihiza
Borrowed from Japanese 突き膝 (つきひざ, tsukihiza), literally meaning “push-down knee”.
drachm
Borrowed into late Middle English from Old French dragme (modern French drachme), from Late Latin dragma. Doublet of dirham.
hyperthermia
From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”) + -ία (-ía). By surface analysis, hyper- + -therm + -ia.
jactitation
From Medieval Latin jactitio, from iactitō (“throw, fling; boast, brag; utter, mention”).
quipu
Borrowed from Spanish quipu, from Quechua khipu (“knot”).
zhoosh
UK 1960s. Unclear origin; one explanation is that it was borrowed from Angloromani yuser (“clean”, verb) and yusher (“clear”, verb), from Angloromani yus-, yuz-, yuzh- (“clean”) and yush- (“clear”), from Romani žuž-, už- (“clean”, adjective) (also compare Hindi उज्ज्वल (ujjval, “bright”)), but this has been seen as problematic. Another theory is that the term is instead an "expressive formation" similar to whoosh and swish. The South African sense reportedly comes from a regional pronunciation of "Jewish", alluding to the high reputation of Jewish tailors at the time, but this has also been considered unlikely. All senses originated around the same time, with the first attributed use of the noun in 1968 and the verb in 1970.
tachycardia
Learned borrowing from New Latin tachycardia, from Ancient Greek ταχύς (takhús, “swift”) + καρδία (kardía, “heart”). By surface analysis, tachy- + -cardia. Compare French tachycardie.
packing
From Middle English pakkynge; equivalent to pack (“verb and noun senses”) + -ing.
townsman
From Middle English townes-man, from Old English tūnmann, tūnes mann, equivalent to town + -s- + man.
sob
From Middle English sobben, perhaps from Middle Low German sabben (“to drool, slobber, salivate”). Cognate with West Frisian sabje, sobje (“to suck”), Dutch zabben, sabbelen (“to suck”), zabberen (“to drool”), German Low German sabbeln, severn (“to drool”), German sabbern (“to drool, slobber”), Norwegian sabbe (“to spill, drop, make a mess”). Compare also Old English sēofian (“to lament”), German saufen (“to drink, swig”).
impossibility
From Middle French impossibilité, from Latin impossibilitās. By surface analysis, im- + possibility and impossible + -ity.
headlong
From Middle English hedlong, alteration of hedling, heedling, hevedlynge (“headlong”), assimilated to long. More at headling.
eastward
From Middle English estward, from Old English ēastweard, ēasteweard; equivalent to east + -ward.
fleam
From Middle English fleme, fleom, from Old French flieme, flemie (“open vein”), probably via a Proto-Germanic source (compare Old Saxon flēma, Old High German fliotuma, fliodema, Old English flȳtme (“fleam, lancet”)), borrowed from Vulgar Latin fletoma, *fletomus, from Late Latin flebotomus, phlebotomus, from Ancient Greek φλεβοτόμον (phlebotómon). Compare French flamme, Dutch vlijm, German Fliete, Danish flitte (“fleam”). Doublet of phlebotome.
From Middle English fleem, flem (“the rushing of water; current”), probably from Old English flēam (“fleeing; flight; rush”), from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz (“stream; current; flood”), from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to fly; flow; run”). Cognate with Norwegian Nynorsk flaum (“flood”).
cognizance
From Middle English conysaunce, from Old French conysance (“recognition," later, "knowledge”), from Old French conoissance (“acquaintance, recognition; knowledge, wisdom”), from conoistre (“to know”), from Latin cognōscō (“know”), from con- (“with”) + gnōscō (“know”). By surface analysis, cogniz(e) (a back-formation) + -ance.
bellicist
From Latin bellicus (“of or pertaining to war; warlike”), + -ist; possibly adapted from the French neologism belliciste (about Bismarck, 1871; in Émile Faguet, 1908).
thematise
From the stem of Ancient Greek θέμα (théma, “theme”) + -ise.
incumbent
From Latin incumbentem + English -ent (suffix denoting the causing, doing, or promoting of an action). Incumbentem is the accusative singular of incumbēns (“reclining”), the present active participle of incumbō (“to lay upon, to lean or recline on; to fall upon, to press down on”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘against; into; on, upon’) + *cumbō (“to lie down, recline”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb-).
From Middle English incumbent, encumbent (“holder of an ecclesiastical benefice, dean, parson, etc.; cleric (?)”), from Medieval Latin incumbēns (“holder of a church position”) + Middle English -ent (suffix denoting one that causes, does, or promotes an action). Incumbēns is derived from Medieval Latin incumbō (“to obtain; to possess”), from Latin incumbō (“to lay upon, to lean or recline on; to fall upon, to press down on”): see etymology 1.
scrofula
Borrowed from Latin scrōfulae, a diminutive form of scrōfa (“breeding sow”), because swine were supposed to be subject to the complaint; or by fanciful comparison of the glandular swellings to little pigs.
boldness
From Middle English boldnesse, equivalent to bold + -ness. Cognate with Scots baldness, bauldness (“boldness”).
sylph
First attested in 1657. From New Latin sylphes, coined by Paracelsus in the 16th century. The coinage may derive from Latin sylvestris (“of the woods”) and nympha (“nymph”). Ultimately from the root silva (“woods, forest”). Related to sylvan.
More at Wikipedia.
pornocracy
Probably borrowed from German Pornokratie, first found in the writings of Austrian-born Biblical scholar Alfred Edersheim (1825–1889), from Ancient Greek πόρνη (pórnē, “female prostitute”) + -κρᾰτῐ́ᾱ (-krătĭ́ā, “-cracy”, suffix indicating “government, rule”); analysable as porno- + -cracy.
caudillo
From Spanish caudillo, from Late Latin capitellum, based on Latin caput, capitis (“head”). Doublet of caddie, cadel, cadet, capital, and capitellum. More possible, from kaput and ili (iri, ür, uri: town), from Basque language. In Iberian ili is high point, high city.
redoubt
From French redoute, from Italian ridotta, from Medieval Latin reductus (“refuge”), from Latin redūcō (“to withdraw”), with spelling influenced by doubt.
gigolo
First attested in English in 1922. From French gigolo (“young lover kept by an older woman”), first attested in that sense in 1904 (attested since 1850 in the sense “Amant de cœur, compagnon d'une gigolette", and since 1894 in the sense “elegant young man whose means of livelihood are dubious”), a back-formation from gigolette (“promiscuous dancing girl, girl available for hire as a dancing partner”), attested since 1850, from giguer (“to dance”), from gigue (“fiddle; type of dance; jig”). More at jig.
peradventure
From Middle English peraventure, peradventure, from Old French par aventure. Spelling modified as though from Latin. Equivalent to per- + adventure.
deposition
From Middle English deposicion, from Old French deposicion (French déposition), from Latin depositio.
frow
From Middle Dutch vrouwe (“lady”), from Old Dutch *frōwa, from Proto-West Germanic *frauwjā, from Proto-Germanic *frawjǭ (“lady, mistress”), from Proto-Indo-European *prōw- (“right; judge, master”).
Cognate with Dutch vrouw (“woman, wife, lady, mistress”), Low German frouw, frauw (“woman, wife, lady”), German Frau (“woman, wife, lady”), Swedish fru, Icelandic freyja (“lady, mistress”, in compounds), Old English frōwe (“woman”), Old English frēa (“lord, master, husband”). Doublet of frau, vrou, and vrouw.
From Middle English frow, frough, frogh, frouh, frouȝ (“brittle; tender; fickle; slack; loose”), cognate with Scots frooch, freuch (“dry and brittle”). Of obscure origin. Perhaps also related to Middle Dutch vro, vroo, Middle Low German vrô, German froh.
atramentous
From Latin ātrāmentōsus, from ātrāmentum (“black liquid, ink”). Equivalent to atrament + -ous.
spiv
Unknown. Perhaps from spiff, spiffy. Spiv was the nickname of Henry Bagster, a Londoner arrested a number of times in 1904-6 for activities as described below, and may have been the archetype. Also possibly from Romani spiv (“sparrow”), as active and opportunistic.
tolerable
Inherited from Middle English tolerable, borrowed from Middle French tolerable, from Latin tolerābilis.
abisetaoshi
Borrowed from Japanese 浴びせ倒し (“backward force down”).
chongake
Borrowed from Japanese ちょん掛け, literally "pulling heel hook".
gasshohineri
Borrowed from Japanese 合掌捻り, literally "clasped hand twist down".
hatakikomi
Borrowed from Japanese 叩き込み, literally "slap down".
hikkake
Borrowed from Japanese 引っ掛け, literally arm-grabbing force out.
kainahineri
Borrowed from Japanese 腕捻り, literally "two-handed arm twist down".
kakenage
Borrowed from Japanese 掛け投げ, literally hooking inner thigh throw.
kakezori
Borrowed from Japanese 掛け反り, literally "hooking backwards body drop".
katasukashi
Borrowed from Japanese 肩透かし, meaning under-shoulder swing down.
bedlam
From Bedlam, alternative name of the English lunatic asylum, Bethlem Royal Hospital (royal hospital from 1375, mental hospital from 1403) (earlier St Mary of Bethlehem outside Bishopsgate, hospice in existence from 1329, priory established 1247), since used to mean “a place or situation of madness and chaos”. Bedlam as name of hospital attested 1450.
Phonologically, corruption of Bethlem, itself a corruption of Bethlehem (the Biblical town), from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém) from Biblical Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bêṯ leḥem, literally “house of bread”).
However, also compare Spanish belén (“confusion, disorder; a place characteristic of such”).
bifurcated
From verb bifurcate, from Medieval Latin bifurcatus, past participle of bifurcare, from Latin bifurcus (“two-pronged”), from bi- + furca (“fork”).
stupidity
From Latin stupiditātem, accusative of Latin stupiditās, equivalent to stupid + -ity.
blandish
From Middle English blaundishen (“to flatter; to fawn; to be enticing or persuasive; to be favourable; of the sea: to become calm”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman blaundishen, from blandiss-, the extended stem of Middle French blandir + Middle English -ishen (suffix forming verbs). Blandir is derived from Latin blandīrī (“to fawn, flatter; to delude”), from blandus (“fawning, flattering, smooth, suave; persuasive; alluring, enticing, seductive; agreeable, pleasant”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“erroneous, false; bad, evil”)) + -iō (suffix forming causative verbs from adjectives). The English word is analysable as bland + -ish; compare bland (“agreeable, pleasant, suave; mild, soothing”).
bounteous
Inherited from Middle English bountevous, from Old French bontios; by surface analysis, bounty + ous.
apocalyptic
Borrowed from Latin apocalypticus, from Ancient Greek ἀποκαλυπτικός (apokaluptikós, “revelatory”), from ἀποκάλυψις (apokálupsis, “revelation”), from ἀποκαλύπτω (apokalúptō, “to reveal, uncover”).
connive
From French conniver (“to ignore and thus become complicit in wrongdoing”), or directly from its etymon Latin con(n)īvēre (“close or screw up the eyes, blink, wink; overlook, turn a blind eye, connive”) (perhaps alluding to two persons involved in a scheme together winking to each other), from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several objects) + *nīvēre (related to nictō (“to blink, wink”), from Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, droop”)).
construe
From Middle English construen, from Late Latin construo, construere (“to relate grammatically”), from Latin construo (“pile together”); doublet of construct.
debauch
1590s, from Middle French desbaucher (“entice from work or duty”), from Old French desbauchier (“to lead astray”), from des- + bauch (“beam”), from Frankish *balkō, from Proto-Germanic *balkô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“beam, plank”); latter origin of balk.
Evolution of sense unclear; may be literally “to shave/trim wood to make a beam” or may be “to leave/lure someone from a workshop”, Frankish *balkō perhaps also meaning “workshop”.
Possible corruption by way of Anglicised French term bord (“edge, curb”): curb crawling as a synonym for prostitution. Parallels in modern German: Bordsteinschwalbe (“prostitute”, literally “Curb-stone-swallow”). English words bawd, bawdiness may be similarly connected.
defalcate
First attested in the 1530s, in the sense “to lop off”; borrowed from Medieval Latin dēfalcātus, perfect passive participle of dēfalcō (“to cut or lop off”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from Latin dē (“off”) + falx (“sickle, scythe, pruning hook”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).