MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
throat
From Middle English throte, from Old English þrote, þrota, þrotu (“throat”), from Proto-West Germanic *þrotu, from Proto-Germanic *þrutō (“throat”), from Proto-Indo-European *trud- (“to swell, become stiff”). Cognate with Dutch strot (“throat”), German Drossel (“throttle, gorge of game (wild animals)”), Faroese troti (“swelling”), Icelandic þroti (“swelling”), Norwegian trut (“mouth”), Swedish trut.
cuirass
First use appears c. 1464. From Middle English curasse, curesse, from Old French cuirace, spelling influenced by modern French cuirasse.
halecret
First attested in English in 1536 as halkrig and 1540 as halkrik, taken to be from Middle French halecret, itself first attested in 1488 as aldecrez (plural) and 1489 as hallecretz (plural), of uncertain origin. Compare Breton halacred. Perhaps from Middle Dutch halscleet (“gorget”) (see hals (“neck, throat”), cleet (“piece of clothing”)), or related to German Halskragen.
brigandine
From Middle English brigandyn, brigantien, attested by 1456 (eventually displacing the slightly earlier synonym brigander), from Old French brigandine, from brigand + -ine.
chauvinism
Borrowed from French chauvinisme (“idealistic devotion to Napoleon”), named for Nicolas Chauvin, a legendary and excessively patriotic soldier of the French First Republic. The figure of Chauvin became especially famous as a character in the play La Cocarde Tricolore by the Cogniard brothers.
tasset
Either inherited from Middle English *tassette, from Old French tassette, or borrowed in the 1800s from French tassette, see tasse for more. Equivalent to tasse + -et.
tasse
Inherited from Middle English tasse (“armor plate protecting the hip”), derived from Old French tasse, tasche (“purse; pouch”), derived from Frankish *taskā (“pouch”), derived from Proto-Germanic *taskǭ. Cognate with Old High German tasca (“pouch”), German Tasche (“pocket; pouch; bag”), Dutch tas (“bag”).
rickshaw
Borrowed from Japanese 力(りき)車(しゃ) (rikisha), a clipping of 人(じん)力(りき)車(しゃ) (jinrikisha), from Middle Chinese 人力 (nyin lik, “human power”) + 車 (t͡ʃʰæ, “cart”) (compare Mandarin 人力車 /人力车 (rénlìchē)).
jinriksha
Borrowed from Japanese 人力車(じんりきしゃ) (jinrikisha).
kamikaze
Borrowed from Japanese 神風(かみかぜ) (kamikaze, “divine wind”), from 神(かみ) (kami, “divine”) + 風(かぜ) (kaze, “wind”); which originally referred to the typhoon that destroyed the Mongol navy attacking Japan in 1281.
were-
Back-formation from werewolf (“man-wolf”), from Old English werewulf, derived from wer (“man”) + wulf (“wolf”).
loyal
Borrowed from Middle French loyal, from Old French loial, leial, leal, from Latin lēgālis. Doublet of legal and leal.
Borrowed from French Loyal.
teat
From Middle English tete, from Old French tete (“teat”) (compare French tette), from Frankish *tittā, *tittō, from Proto-Germanic *tittaz (“teat; nipple; breast”), ultimately of expressive origin. Compare Old High German zizza ("teat"; modern German Zitze), whence also Italian zizza (“teat”).
It heavily displaced Old English titt, a cognate of the same origin, which survives as tit, but in more vulgar use. Compare Dutch tiet and German Zitze (“teat”).
Probably an Americanized spelling of German Thiet, itself a variant of Thiede.
wig
Clipping of periwig, itself an alteration of French perruque. The meaning of "to reprimand" perhaps came from this being something a bigwig would do or perhaps from the expressions to flip one's wig, wigs on the green, or dash my wig!
blag
The origin of the verb is uncertain; it is possibly:
* from blag (“to rob; to steal”) (see etymology 1); or
* borrowed from French blaguer (“to joke (about); to tell a lie”), from blague (“pouch, especially for tobacco; joke (from the notion of something puffed up, and thus fanciful)”) (from Dutch balg (“leather bag”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”)) + -er (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs).
The adjective and noun are probably derived from the verb.
oesophagus
From Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “to carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “to ate”).
lingual
Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin linguālis, from lingua (“the tongue; a language, speech”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to lingua + -al. Doublet of lingualis.
latest
From Middle English lateste, from Old English latost, latest, lætest, superlative of læt, whence English late. Doublet of last.
lauhala
From Hawaiian lauhala, from lau (“leaf”) + hala (“pandanus”).
mancala
Borrowed from Arabic مَنْقَلَة (manqala).
masala
Borrowed from Hindustani مصالحہ (maṣālḥa, maṣāliḥa) / मसाला (masālā, “spice(s)”), from Classical Persian مصالح (masālih, “affairs, materials, spices”), plural of مصلحت (maslahat, “affair, policy, best thing to do”), both from Arabic, derived from صَلَحَ (ṣalaḥa, “be fit, competent, usable”).
trehala
From New Latin trehāla, from Turkish tıgala, from Classical Persian تیغال (tīġāl, “a kind of manna”).
nyala
Probably borrowed from Tsonga nyala. The alternative form inyala is from Zulu inyala.
pala
From Latin pāla. Doublet of peel.
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Italian Pala, a topographic surname for someone who lived near an upland meadow.
* Borrowed from Catalan Palà, a habitational surname from a town near Barcelona; also from pala (“shovel”).
* Borrowed from Polish Pala, from a vernacular name of the given name Pawel, Polish form of the name Paul.
* Borrowed from Czech Pála, a nickname for an obstinate person, from Moravian dialect pała (“head”).
* Borrowed from Turkish Pala, from pala (“scimitar”), from Italian pala (“shovel”).
* Borrowed from Hindi पाला (pālā).
tala
Borrowed from Samoan tālā, in turn from English dollar.
Borrowed from Sanskrit ताल (tālá).
matra
Borrowed from Sanskrit मात्रा (mātrā, “measure, small quantity”).
preterition
Borrowed from Latin praeteritiō, from praetereō (“to omit”).
Emmentaler
From Alemannic German Emmentaler, from Emmental, a valley in Switzerland. By surface analysis, Emme + Tal.
shimada
Borrowed from Japanese 島田.
Borrowed from Japanese 島田 (Shimada).
industry
From Middle English industry, industrie, from Old French industrie, from Latin industria (“diligence, activity, industry”), from industrius (“diligent, active, zealous”), from Old Latin indostruus (“diligent, active”); origin unknown. Perhaps from indu (“in”) + ūst-, ūstr-, stem of ūrō (“burn, burn up, consume”, verb), related to Old High German ūstrī (“industry”), Old English andūstrian (“to hate, detest”, literally “to be consumed with zeal”).
industrious
From Middle French industrieux, from Late Latin industriosus (“diligent, active, industrious”), from Latin industria (“diligence, industry”); see industry.
banausic
From Ancient Greek βαναυσικός (banausikós, “of or for mechanics”), from βάναυσος (bánausos, “mechanical; ironsmith”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, suffix forming relational adjectives). βάναυσος is derived from βαύνος (baúnos, “forge, furnace”), a Pre-Greek word of unknown origin.
learning
From Middle English lernyng, lernynge, from Old English leornung (“learning, study”), from Proto-West Germanic *liʀnungu (“learning”), equivalent to learn + -ing. Cognate with Old Saxon lernunga, German Lernung.
passional
From Middle English passional, from Late Latin passiōnālis; equivalent to passion + -al.
maidan
From Hindustani میدان (medān) / मैदान (maidān), and its source, Persian میدان (meydân, maydān, “town-square or central place of gathering”), from Arabic مَيْدَان (maydān), itself an Iranian borrowing (see the Arabic entry for more), from Proto-Iranian *madyānah, from *mádyah (“middle”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mádʰyas, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos. Compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱδiia), Sanskrit मध्य (madhya), Latin medius.
dottle
From Middle English dottel, dottelle (“a plug or tap of a vessel”), a diminutive of Old English dott (> English dot (“a point”)), equivalent to dot + -le. Related to Old English dyttan (“to stop up, clot”), Dutch dot (“a knot, lump, clod”), Low German Dutte (“a plug”). More at dit.
military
From Middle English militari, from Old French militaire, from Latin mīlitāris, from mīles (“soldier”). Doublet of militaire.
nation
From Middle English nacioun, nacion, from Old French nacion, from Latin nātiōnem, accusative of nātiō (“nation”). Displaced native Old English þēod.
precipitate
From Latin praecipitātus, perfect passive participle of praecipitō (“throw down, hurl down, throw headlong”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) for more), from praeceps (“head foremost, headlong”) (praecipit- in its oblique stem), from prae (“before”) + -ceps (“headed”).
From Latin praecipitātus (see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more).
From New Latin praecipitatum. Equivalent to Latin praecipitō + -ate (noun-forming suffix).
yardang
From yardan, ablative of Turkish yar ("cliff", "precipice").
property
From Middle English propertee, properte, propirte, proprete, borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French propreté, proprieté (“propriety, fitness, property”), from Latin proprietās (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”). Equivalent to proper + -ty. Doublet of propriety.
relation
From Middle English relacion, relacioun, from Anglo-Norman relacioun and Old French relacion (whence French relation), from Latin relātiō, noun of process form from perfect passive participle relātus (“related”), from verb referō (“to refer, to relate”), from prefix re- (“again”) + ferō (“to bear, to carry”). By surface analysis, relate + -ion. Doublet of relazione.
such
From Middle English such, swuch, swich, swilch, swulch, from Old English swelċ, from Proto-West Germanic *swalīk, from Proto-Germanic *swalīkaz (“so formed, so like”), equivalent to so + like. Cognate with Scots swilk, sic, sik (“such”), Saterland Frisian suk (“such”), West Frisian suk, sok (“such”), Low German sülk, sulk, suk (“such”), Dutch zulk (“such”), German solch (“such”), Danish slig (“like that, such”), Swedish slik (“such”), Icelandic slíkur (“such”). More at so, like.
tight
From Middle English tight, tyght, tyȝt, tiht, variants of thight, thiht, from Old English *þiht, *þīht (attested in meteþiht), from Proto-West Germanic *þį̄ht(ī), from Proto-Germanic *þinhtaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tenkt- (“dense, thick, tight”), from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, pull”).
Cognate with Scots ticht, West Frisian ticht, Danish tæt, Icelandic þéttur (“dense”), Norwegian tett, Swedish tät, Dutch dicht (“dense”), German dicht (“dense”).
The current form with t- /t/ rather than etymologically-expected th- /θ/ arose in Middle English under the influence of the etymologically-unrelated verbs tighten and tight, which come from a different Proto-Indo-European root (starting with *d- and thus regularly having t-).
From Middle English tighten, thyhten (“to make tight”); see tighten.
elute
First attested in 1731. Borrowed from Latin ēlūtus, from the verb ēluō (“to wash away”).
vambrace
From Middle English vambrace, vauntbras, from Anglo-Norman vambras, avantbras.
gusset
From Middle English gusset, gysset, from Old French gosset, gousset (“the hollow of the armpit”), diminutive of gose, gosse (“bean pod, hull, husk”).
greeve
From Middle English gryve, grayve, from Old Norse greifi (“a count, earl, steward”), akin to Swedish and Danish greve (“a count, earl”), Old English ġerēfa (“reeve”). More at reeve.
From Middle English greve, grayve, see greave.
shield
From Middle English scheld, shelde, from Old English scield (“shield”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeldu, from Proto-Germanic *skelduz (“shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“cut, split”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian skyld (“shield”), Bavarian Schuid (“shield”), Dutch schild (“shield”), German and Low German Schild (“shield”), Luxembourgish Schëld (“shield”), Yiddish שילד (shild, “shield”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, and Norwegian Nynorsk skjold (“shield”), Elfdalian stjöld (“shield”), Faroese skjøldur (“shield”), Gutnish skiåld (“shield”), Icelandic skjöldur (“shield”), Swedish sköld (“shield”), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skildus, “shield”). Compare Breton skoed (“shield”), Irish sciath (“shield”), Scottish Gaelic sgiath (“shield”), Latin scūtum (“shield”), Latgalian škīda (“shield”), Lithuanian skydas (“shield”), Belarusian шчыт (ščyt, “shield”), Bulgarian, Russian, and Ukrainian щит (ščyt, “shield”), Czech and Slovak štít (“shield”), Macedonian штит (štit, “shield”), Polish szczyt (“shield”), Serbo-Croatian штит, štit, ščit (“shield”), Slovene ščit (“shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to dissect, split”).
From Middle English shelden, from Old English scildan.
target
From Middle French targette, targuete, diminutive of targe (“light shield”), from Old French, from Frankish *targa (“buckler”), akin to Old Norse targa (“small round shield”) (whence also Old English targe, targa (“shield”)) from Proto-Germanic *targǭ (“edge”), from Proto-Indo-European *derǵʰ- (“fenced lot”). Akin to Old High German zarga (“side wall, rim”) (German Zarge (“frame”)), Spanish tarjeta (“card”).
epiglottis
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epsder.
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Hellenic *epí
Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí)
Ancient Greek ἐπῐ- (epĭ-)
Proto-Hellenic *glṓťťā
Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssă)
Ancient Greek -ῐς (-ĭs)
Ancient Greek γλωσσῐ́ς (glōssĭ́s)
Ancient Greek ἐπῐγλωσσῐ́ς (epĭglōssĭ́s)
Ancient Greek ἐπῐγλωττῐ́ς (epĭglōttĭ́s)bor.
New Latin epiglōttislbor.
English epiglottis
Borrowed from New Latin epiglōttis, from Ancient Greek ἐπῐγλωττῐ́ς (epĭglōttĭ́s, “valve covering the larynx”), from ἐπῐ- (epĭ-, “upon, over”) + γλωττῐ́ς (glōttĭ́s, “glottis, mouth of the windpipe”); equivalent to epi- (“upon; above”) + glottis.
glottis
Late 16th century borrowing from New Latin glōttis, from Ancient Greek γλωττῐ́ς (glōttĭ́s, “mouth of the windpipe”), from γλῶττᾰ (glôttă, “tongue”) + -ῐς (-ĭs, feminine noun suffix). Cognates include Latin gula.
buckler
From Middle English bukler, bokler, bokeler, bokeleer, from Old French bocler, boucler, bucler, (French bouclier) from Vulgar Latin *bucculārius (“bossed”), from Latin buccula (“boss”). Merged with buckle + -er.
roundel
From Middle English roundel, rundel, rondel, from Old French rondel (“something round and flat”), a diminutive of rond (“round”). More at round.
pavais
From Middle French pavais, Old French pavaix (see modern French pavois); see pavis for more.
bullet train
Calque from Japanese 弾(だん)丸(がん)列(れっ)車(しゃ) (dangan ressha).
badmash
Borrowed from Hindustani بدمعاش (badm'āś) / बदमाश (badmāś) and its source, Persian بدمعاش (badma'âš), from بد (bad, “bad, evil”) + معاش (ma'âš, “life, livelihood”), ultimately from Arabic عَاشَ (ʕāša, “to live”). Compare lowlife, which is a similar formation in English.
csardas
From Hungarian csárdás, adjectival form of csárda (“tavern”), from Ottoman Turkish چارطاق (çardak, “arbour, summerhouse”), from Persian چارتاق (čârtâq, “four-arch”), from چار (čâr, “four”) + طاق (tâq, “arch”).
dubash
From Hindi दो (do, “two”) + भाषा (bhāṣā, “languages”).
ferash
From Arabic فِرَاش (firāš, “to spread a carpet”).
sabretache
From French sabretache, from German Säbeltasche, from Säbel (“sabre”) and Tasche (“pocket”).
beth hamidrash
From Hebrew בית המדרש, from Hebrew בית (bet, “house of”) + המדרש [ ה־ (ha-, “the”) + מדרש (midrash, “Midrash”) ].
grazier
Inherited from Middle English grasiere, from grasen (“to graze”) + -iere (agentive suffix). By surface analysis, graze + -ier.
orphan
Late Middle English, from Late Latin orphanus, from Ancient Greek ὀρφανός (orphanós, “without parents, fatherless”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos.
 PIE word
 *h₃órbʰos
Cognate with Sanskrit अर्भ (árbha), Latin orbus (“orphaned”), Old High German erbi, arbi (German Erbe (“heir”)), Old English ierfa (“heir”). More at erf.
devastate
Borrowed from Latin dēvastātus, perfect passive participle of dēvastō (“to lay waste, devastate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)); from dē- (augmentative prefix) + vastō (“to destroy, lay waste”). See vast. First attested in 1638.
bard
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-dʰh₁o-der.
Proto-Celtic *bardosder.
Old Irish bard
Scottish Gaelic bàrdder.
English bard
(15th c.) from Scottish Gaelic bàrd, from Old Irish bard, from Proto-Celtic *bardos (“bard, poet”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“praise”), and reinforced by Latin bardus, borrowed from Celtic. Cognate with Latin grātus (“grateful, pleasant, delightful”), Sanskrit गृणाति (gṛṇāti, “calls, praises”), Old Church Slavonic жрьти (žrĭti, “to sacrifice”).
From French barde. English since the late 15th century.
barb
PIE word
 *bʰardʰéh₂
From Middle English barbe, from Middle French barbe, from Old French barbe (“beard, beard-like element”). Doublet of beard.
chamfron
From Old French chanfrain, presumably from champ, chanp (“field, battlefield”) + frein (“bit (between a horse's teeth)”).
divide
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is-
Proto-Italic *dis-
Latin dis-
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *dwi-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁-der.
Proto-Italic *wiðō
Latin *vidō
Latin dīvidōder.
Middle English dividen
English divide
 PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English dividen, from Latin dīvidere (“to divide”). Displaced native Old English tōdǣlan.
manefaire
From Middle English mayndefer, maynfer, and maynefere, attested in lists of armor used by men and their horses. In the 17- and 1800s, Francis Grose, Samuel Rush Meyrick and other antiquarians took the term to denote a horse's neck armor, connecting it to mane; Harold Dillon, 17th Viscount Dillon and Charles John ffoulkes have argued that this is an error and that term referred to a kind of gauntlet, from French main de fer (literally “hand of iron”), now often spelled manifer.
pectoral
All senses are ultimately from Latin pectorālis, but some may have come through Old French and Middle English.
brazen
From Middle English brasen, from Old English bræsen (“brazen, of brass”); equivalent to brass + -en (compare golden, wooden, etc.).
The word originally meant “of brass”; the figurative verb sense (as in brazen it out (“face impudently”)) dates from the 1550s (perhaps evoking the sense “face like brass, unmoving and not showing shame”), and the adjective sense “impudent” from the 1570s. Compare brass neck, bold as brass.
layer
Appears at first glance to be from Middle English leyer, leyare (“a layer of stones or bricks”), equivalent to lay + -er. In which case, ultimately identical to etymology 2 below. For the pronunciation compare prayer.
However, this word layer (referring to a thickness of a material covering a surface) has also been argued to be from a respelling of an obsolete sense of the word lair that was once used by farmers, which had to do with soil. The connecting sense between the usual meaning of lair and the specialised farming meaning was: an area where cows typically rest, the ground being fertilised by their waste. Related to lie, ledger.
hacker
From Late Middle English hackere, hakker, hakkere (“one who cuts wood, woodchopper, woodcutter; (rare) tool for cutting wood”), from hakken, hacke (“to cut (something) with a chopping action, hack; to make a chopping action”) + -er(e) (suffix forming agent nouns). Hakken is derived from Old English *haccian (“to hack”), from Proto-West Germanic *hakkōn (“to chop, hack”), from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną (“to chop, hack”), from Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“to be sharp; a handle; a hook; a peg”). The English word may be analysed as hack (“to chop or cut down in a rough manner”) + -er (suffix forming agent nouns).
English, Dutch, German and Jewish occupational surname, all from the noun hacker (“one who hacks”). The Jewish form probably arrives via Yiddish העקער (heker), from צעהאַקן (tsehakn) (see German hacken).
lei
Borrowed from Hawaiian lei.
Borrowed from Romanian lei.
Borrowed from Chinese 雷 (léi).
level
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *leyH-der.
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰromder.
Proto-Italic *līðrā?
Latin lībra
Proto-Indo-European *-lós
Proto-Indo-European *-elós
Proto-Italic *-elos
Latin -lus
Latin libella
Old French nivel
Old French livelbor.
Middle English level
English level
From Middle English level, from Old French livel, liveau m, later nivel, niveau, from Latin libella f (“a balance, a level”), diminutive of libra f (“a balance, a level”); see libra, librate. Doublet of libella and niveau.
The verb is from Middle English levelen, from the noun.
Borrowed from French Level.
mist
The noun is from Middle English mist, from Old English mist (“mist; darkness; dimness (of eyesight)”), from Proto-Germanic *mihstaz (“mist, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃migʰstos, from the root *h₃meygʰ- (“cloud, fog, drizzle”). Cognate with Scots mist (“mist, fog”), West Frisian mist (“mist”), Dutch mist (“mist”), Swedish mist (“mist, fog”), Icelandic mistur (“mist”), West Frisian miegelje (“to drizzle”), Dutch dialectal miggelen, miegelen (“to drizzle”), Lithuanian miglà (“fog”), Sanskrit मेघ (megha, “cloud”), Russian мгла (mgla, “fog, haze”).
The verb is from Middle English misten, from Old English mistian.
transfer
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-t
Proto-Indo-European *térh₂t
Proto-Indo-European *-ónts
Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂ónts
Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂n̥ts
Proto-Italic *trāns
Proto-Italic *trāns-
Latin trāns-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Italic *ferō
Latin ferō
Latin trānsferōder.
English transfer
From Latin trānsferō (“to bear across”). Distant doublet of translate. See also collate and confer, delate and defer, as well as prelate and prefer among others.
Robert
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *hrōþiz
Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)ǵ-tó-s
Proto-Germanic *berhtaz
Proto-Germanic *Hrōþiberhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *Hrōþiberhtder.
Frankishder.
Anglo-Norman Robertder.
English Robert
From Anglo-Norman Robert, from the Old Frankish cognate of Old High German Hrodperht (normalised form: Ruodberht), from Proto-West Germanic *Hrōþiberht, from Proto-Germanic *Hrōþiberhtaz (literally “shining glory”). Doublet of Rupert.
impecunious
From im- + pecunious, from Latin pecūniōsus, from pecūnia (“money”) + -ōsus (“full of”).
Black Sea
Calque of Ottoman Turkish قره دكز (Kara Deñiz, “Black Sea”) (modern Turkish Karadeniz) (from kara (“black, dark; north”) + deniz (“sea”)). Compare Russian Чёрное мо́ре (Čórnoje móre). The Turkish word is derived from the languages of the Near East, which is ultimately from an Old Iranian name: the primary Ancient Greek name Πόντος Ἄξεινος (Póntos Áxeinos) (first attested in 462 BC) is a rendering of Old Iranian *axšaina- (“dark-colored”). The naming is according to the system in which color names indicated the cardinal points (black [or dark] for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east); compare Red Sea. It is supposedly named as such by the Achaemenids; see Iranica for details.
Caucasus
Via Latin Caucasus, from Ancient Greek Καύκασος (Kaúkasos).
really
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(H)reh₁-der.
Proto-Indo-European *(H)reh₁ís
Proto-Italic *reis
Late Latin rēs
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Late Latin -ālis
Late Latin reālisder.
Old French reelbor.
Middle English real
Proto-Indo-European *leyg-
Proto-Germanic *līkąder.
Proto-Germanic *-līkaz
Proto-Germanic *-ê
Proto-Germanic *-līkê
Old English -līċe
Middle English -ly
Middle English really
English really
From Middle English really, realy, rialliche, equivalent to real + -ly.