MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
transduce
1949, back-formation from transducer, from Latin trānsdūcō, from Latin trans (“across”, preposition) + dūcō (“lead, guide”).
transduction
1650s, Latin transductionem, form of Latin trānsdūcō (“lead across”). By surface analysis, transduce + -tion.
transducer
1924, Latin trānsdūcō + -er. By surface analysis, transduce + -er.
convertible
From Old French convertible, from Late Latin convertibilis (“interchangeable”), from Latin convertere (“to turn back, to turn over, to turn around, to turn upside down”), from con- (“with, together”) + vertere (“to turn”), + -ibilis (“-ible: able to”). Equivalent to convert + -ible.
genital
From Middle English genital, from Latin genitalis (“of or belonging to generation”), from genitus, past participle of gignō (“to beget, generate”); see genus.
whinge
From a northern variant of Old English hwinsian (“to whine”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwinisōn (“to whine”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwīnan (“to whine”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Cognate with German winseln (“to whine, whimper”).
transverse
Late Middle English, from Latin trānsversus (“turned across; going or lying across or crosswise”). Doublet of transversal.
perse
From Middle English pers, from Old French, from Medieval Latin persus, back-formed from Persicus (“Persian”), from Ancient Greek Περσικός (Persikós). Compare peach.
Borrowed from Ancient Greek Περση (Persē, literally “Persian woman”).
kan
Borrowed from Japanese 貫 (kan).
Borrowed from Cantonese 斤 (gan¹).
Borrowed from Japanese 槓 (kan).
Borrowed from Japanese 菅 (Kan) or かん (Kan).
mata
Borrowed from Sanskrit माता (mātā), nom.sg. of मातृ (mātṛ, “mother”). Doublet of mater and mother.
meta
From Latin mēta.
Named after Meta Schreifer, the sister of a railroad official, from German Meta.
badness
From Middle English baddenes, badnes, badnesse; equivalent to bad + -ness.
ramshackle
First attested in 1830, a back-formation from ramshackled, from ransackled, past participle of ransackle (“to ransack”), frequentative of Middle English ransaken (“to pillage”).
steadfastness
From Middle English stedfastnesse, stedefastnesse, from Old English stedefæstnes (“steadfastness”), equivalent to steadfast + -ness.
steadfast
From Middle English stedefast, from Old English stedefæst, from Proto-Germanic *stadifastuz, equivalent to stead (“place; spot; position”) + fast (“firm; fixed”). Cognate with Middle Dutch stedevast (“steadfast”), Icelandic staðfestur (“steadfast”), Danish stedfast (“firmly attached, secured”), Danish stadfæste (“to confirm; ratify”), Norwegian Nynorsk stadfesta (“confirm, ratify; establish”), Swedish stadfästa (“to confirm; establish”).
threnody
From Ancient Greek θρηνῳδία (thrēnōidía, “lamentation”). Compare the New Latin thrēnōdia.
theremin
Named after Russian inventor Léon Theremin (1896–1993). Theremin is a French version of his Russian name, Ле́в Терме́н (Lév Termén).
desperado
From obsolete Spanish desperado, past participle of desperar, archaic form of desesperar (“to despair”), from Latin disperare (“to despair, to lose hope”), from prefix dis- + sperare (“to hope”). Doublet of desperate.
captious
From Middle English capcious, from Middle French captieux, or its source, Latin captiōsus, from captiō.
gustatory
From Latin gustātus, participle of gustō (“to taste”), + -ory.
sable
Attested since 1275, from Middle English sable, from Old French sable and martre sable (“sable marten”), in reference to the animal or its fur; from Medieval Latin sabelum, from Middle Low German sabel (compare Middle Dutch sabel, Middle High German zobel, whence German Zobel); ultimately from a Slavic word (compare Russian со́боль (sóbolʹ), Polish soból, Czech sobol). Compare also Middle Persian smwl (*samōr).
encrust
From French incruster, from Latin incrustare, from in- (“in”) + crustare (“to cover with a crust”). By surface analysis, en- + crust.
transfiguration
From Middle English transfiguracioun, from Old French transfiguracion, Anglo-Norman transfiguraciun, and Latin transfigūrātio.
curd
From Middle English curd, a metathetic variant of crud, crudde (“coagulated substance”). Doublet of crud.
transgress
From Middle English transgressen, from Old French transgresser and Latin transgressus, past participle of transgredior.
transgressor
From Middle English transgressour, from Anglo-Norman transgressour, from Latin transgressor. Equivalent to transgress + -or.
warming
From Middle English warmyng, warmynge, from Old English wærming, wirming, equivalent to warm + -ing.
From Middle English warminge, warmynge, from Old English wærmiġende, wermende, wyrmende, present participle of Old English wyrman, wirman (“to warm”), equivalent to warm + -ing.
treason
From Middle English tresoun, treison, from Anglo-Norman treson, from Old French traïson (“treason”), from trair, or from Latin trāditiō (“a giving up, handing over, surrender, delivery, tradition”), from trādō (“give up, hand over, deliver over, betray”, verb), from trāns- (“over, across”) + dō (“give”). Doublet of tradition.
van der Waals force
From van der Waals + force.
From Dutch van der Waals.
from Johannes Diderik van der Waals, who first described them.
transhuman
From trans- + human, also attested as trans-human in the 1950s. Attributed to Teilhard de Chardin, as French trans-humain (noun, sometimes capitalised as (le) Trans-humain), who used it alongside ultra-humain (“the ultra-human”). As a countable English noun (plural transhumans) introduced by F. M. Esfandiary in the 1960s (here trans- is short for transitional).
quesadilla
Borrowed from Spanish quesadilla.
[Alt: Slices of a quesadilla piled on top of one another]
mung
From Hindi मूँग (mūṅg), from Sanskrit मुद्ग (mudga).
palpate
Borrowed from Latin palpātus, perfect passive participle of palpō (“touch softly”).
palp
* (verb): From French palper.
* (noun): From New Latin palpus (“a feeler”).
* Both ultimately from Latin palpō (“to stroke, touch softly, feel”).
fearful
From Middle English ferful, fervol, equivalent to fear + -ful.
regatta
From Italian (Venetian dialect) regatta (“contention for mastery”), from regattare (“compete, haggle, sell at retail”), possibly from ricattare; or from Italian regata (“boat race, regatta”), via Vulgar Latin *aurigata from Latin auriga.
pedal
Borrowed from French pédale, Latin pedāl(is). By surface analysis, ped- + -al.
cedar
From Middle English cedre, probably from Old French cedre, from Latin cedrus, from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros). Some suggest that the Middle English word was partially from Old English ċeder, but the gap in attestation between the two words makes this proposal unlikely. Possible doublet of citrus.
mumble
From Middle English momelen, a frequentative of mum (sense 3) (“silent”). Compare German mümmeln, Middle Dutch mommelen and Dutch mompelen. Perhaps related to Norwegian Nynorsk mumpa (“to gum, to chew without teeth”).
fu
From Mandarin 賦／赋 (fù).
From Mandarin 富 (Fù).
stoical
From Middle English stoicalle, from Latin stōicus + -al. By surface analysis, stoic + -al.
bodkin
From Middle English boydekin (“dagger”), apparently from *boyde, *boide (of unknown [Celtic?] origin) + -kin. Cognate with Scots botkin, boitkin, boikin (“bodkin”).
Ultimately from the Middle Dutch personal name Bodekin, a pet form of Baldwin.
bod
Clipping of body. The sense of “person” may alternatively derive from Scottish Gaelic bodach (“old man”) via Scots.
genealogy
From Middle English genealogie, genologie, genelogie, from Old French genealogie (Modern French généalogie), from Late Latin genealogia, from Ancient Greek γενεαλογία (genealogía), from γενεά (geneá, “generation, descent”) and -λογία (-logía, “study of”).
Cockney
First attested in Samuel Rowland's 1600 The Letting of Humours Blood in the Head-Vaine as "a Bowe-bell Cockney", from Middle English cokenay (“a spoiled child; a milksop, an effeminate man”), used in the 16th c. by English country folk as a term of disparagement for city dwellers, of uncertain etymology. Possibly from Middle English cokeney (“a small, misshapen egg”), from coken (“cocks'(rooster’s)”) + ey (“egg”) or from Cockney and Cocknay, variants of Cockaigne, a mythical land of luxury (first attested in 1305) eventually used as a humorous epithet of London. Compare cocker (“to spoil a child”).
inasmuch as
From Middle English in as muche as, in as muchel as (“as far as, as much as, seeing that, since, as long as, so that”).
hinky
Possibly from obsolete Scots hink, from Old Norse hinka (“to limp or hobble”), probably not from Old English inca (“doubt; suspicion”). Possibly from hank (“a loop or coil or anything that curbs or restrains”). Possibly from African-American usage: hincty or hinkty.
verboten
Unadapted borrowing from German verboten (“banned, forbidden, prohibited”). Doublet of forbidden.
stratagem
From Middle English stratageme, from Old French stratageme, from Latin strategema, from Ancient Greek στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma, “the act of a general, a piece of generalship”), from στρατηγέω (stratēgéō, “to be a general, command an army”), from στρατηγός (stratēgós, “a general, the leader or commander of an army”). See strategy.
windfall
From Middle English windfal, wyndfall, equivalent to wind + fall. Cognate with Middle High German wintval, wintfal, German Windfall.
influx
From Latin īnflūxus (“inflow; influence”), from īnfluō (“flow or run into”).
inward
From Middle English inward, from Old English inweard, corresponding to in + -ward.
fragrant
Borrowed from Latin frāgrāns, present active participle of frāgrō (“to smell”).
pyrophore
From the taxonomic name, which is itself from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + φέρω (phérō, “bear,carry”). Analyzable as pyro- + -phore.
digitigrade
From French digitigrade, from Latin digitus (“finger, toe, digit”) + -grade (“gait”); compare New Latin digitigradus.
plantigrade
From French plantigrade, from Latin planta (“sole of the foot”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”)) + -grade, from Latin gradus (“pace, step”).
qi
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 氣／气 (qì).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 齊 /齐 (Qí).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 祁 (Qí).
From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 淇 (Qí).
euhemerize
From euhemerism + -ize, ultimately from Latin Euhēmerus, from Ancient Greek Εὐήμερος (Euḗmeros), an ancient Greek Sicilian Skeptic who proposed most or all mythology derived from historical figures and natural events which received supernatural characteristics only through retelling.
Euhemeros
From Ancient Greek Εὐήμερος (Euḗmeros).
midwife
From Middle English midwif, corresponding to mid (“with”) + wif (“woman, wife, female”). It appears not to be entirely clear whether the original understanding was “with-woman” in the sense of “attending/assisting woman”, or “they who are with the woman” (namely the mother).
arch-
Etymology tree
Ancient Greek ἄρχω (árkhō)
Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-)der.
Latin archi-bor.
Old English arċe-
Middle English arch-
English arch-
From Middle English arch-, arche-, from Old English arċe-, ærċe-, erċe- (“arch-”), borrowed from Latin archi-, this stemming from Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-).
impede
Borrowed from Latin impediō (“to shackle”), from pēs (“foot”) (compare pedestrian). First attested use as a verb was in William Shakespeare's Macbeth, see quotations.
privilege
From Middle English privilege, from Anglo-Norman privilege and Old French privilege, from Latin prīvilēgium (“ordinance or law against or in favor of an individual”), from prīvus (“private”) + lēx, lēg- (“law”).
Bernard
From Middle English Bernard, from Old French Bernard, Bernart, from Medieval Latin Bernardus, probably from Frankish *Bernhard (compare Old High German Bernhart, Old English Beornheard), from Proto-Germanic *Bernuharduz, equivalent to bear + -ard. Popularized by medieval European saints.
grievance
From Old French grievance, from the verb grever (“to irritate; to bother; to annoy”) + -ance, equivalent to grieve + -ance.
budget
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰólǵʰ-o-s
Proto-Celtic *bolgos
Gaulish bolgābor.
Latin bulgabor.
Old French bouge
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tosder.?
Latin -ittus
Old French -ete
Old French bougettebor.
Middle English bogett
English budget
Recorded since 1432 as Middle English bogett, bouget, bowgette (“leather pouch”), borrowed from Old French bougette, the diminutive of bouge (“leather bag, wallet”) (also the root of bulge), itself from Late Latin bulga (“leather bag, bellow”), which derives from Gaulish *bolgā (compare Old Irish bolg (“bag”), Breton bolc’h (“flax pod”)), a common root with the Germanic family (compare Dutch balg (“bellows”)), from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ-. More at belly.
archi-
From Ancient Greek prefix ἀρχι- (arkhi-), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “to begin, lead, rule, govern”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).
proclivity
From Latin prōclīvitās, from prōclīvis (“prone to”).
percolate
Borrowed from Latin percōlātus, perfect passive participle of percōlō (“to filter”), itself, from per (“through”) + cōlō (“to strain”) (from cōlum (“a strainer”), of unknown origin); see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (noun-forming suffix).
hypostatize
From Ancient Greek ὑποστατίζω (hupostatízō, “I hypostatize”).
complaint
From Middle English compleynte, from Anglo-Norman compleint, from Old French compleindre, eventually from Latin planctus (whence plaint).
ilium
Borrowed from Latin īlium (“lower abdomen”), from īle (“flank”).
Borrowed from Latin Īlium, from Ancient Greek Ἴ̄λιον (Í̄lion). Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey suggests that the name Ἴλιον (Ílion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wílion). Compare Hittite 𒃾𒇻𒊭 (Wi-lu-ša, “Wilusa”), usually identified with Troy, and Hittite 𒌑𒂊𒂖𒇻𒍑 (wellu-š, “pasture, meadow”), from Proto-Indo-European *wólnus (“meadow, pasture”). Cognate with English wold. By surface analysis, Ili- + -um.
Indus
Borrowed from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /⁠hiⁿduš⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬛𐬎 (hiṇdu)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš or borrowed from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu) (whence Sindh).
Another explication relates the origin of Indus to Indra which itself derives from the root indu, i.e. " water place or water spirit".
stupor
Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin stupor (“insensibility, numbness, dullness”). Distantly related (from Proto-Indo-European, via Proto-Germanic) to stint, stub, and steep.
induce
From Middle English enducen, borrowed from Latin indūcere (“lead in, bring in, introduce”), from in + dūcō (“lead, conduct”). Compare also abduce, adduce, conduce, deduce, produce, reduce etc. Doublet of endue.
spectator
Borrowed from Latin spectātor, from frequentative verb spectō (“watch”), from speciō (“look at”). Equivalent to spectate + -or. Doublet of speculator.
conscript
From Latin cōnscriptus, perfect passive participle of cōnscrībō (“write together; enroll”).
electrode
Coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1833, first used in his Diary (laboratory notebook) from the Ancient Greek words ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron, “amber”) (from which the word electricity is derived) and ὁδός (hodós, “way”). By surface analysis, electro- + -ode
peeler
From Middle English peler, piller, pyllare, pilour, pelure, pelour, equivalent to peel + -er.
dominatrix
From Latin dominātrīx. By surface analysis, dominate + -trix.
naught
From the Middle English naught, nought, naht, nawiht, from Old English nawiht. Cognate with West Frisian neat (“nothing, naught”). Doublet of nought. Equivalent to ne + aught.
restraint
From Middle English restreynte, from Old French restreinte; more at restrain.
sild
From Norwegian and Danish sild, from Old Norse síld. More at sile. See also sillock.
paraffin
From Latin paraffinum, from parum (too little) + affinis (related, affinity). Therefore low affinity or being chemically neutral.
malinger
From French malingrer, from adjective malingre (“delicate, fragile”).
microcosm
From French microcosme, from Latin microcosmus, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + κόσμος (kósmos, “universe, order”); micro- + -cosm.
translucence
From Middle English translucence, from Medieval Latin trānslūcentia.
transmigrate
Borrowed from Latin trānsmigrō. By surface analysis, trans- + migrate.
conduit
From Middle English conduyt, condit, from Old French conduit, from Latin conductus. Doublet of conduct.
lay down
From Middle English leyen doun, leien doun (“to lay down”), equivalent to lay + down.
rib
From Middle English rib, ribbe, from Old English ribb (“rib”), from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją (“rib, reef”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“arch, ceiling, cover”).
Cognate with Dutch rib (“rib”), Norwegian ribbe (“sparerib”), Norwegian ribben (“rib”), Low German ribbe (“rib”), German Rippe (“rib”), Old Norse rif (“rib, reef”), Serbo-Croatian rèbro (“rib”).
(wife or woman): In reference to the creation of Eve from Adam's rib in the Bible.
From Middle English ribbe, from Old English ribbe (“hound's-tongue”).
epistaxis
From Ancient Greek ἐπίσταξις (epístaxis, “nosebleed”): ἐπί (epí, “above, over, on, upon, besides”) + στάζω (stázō, “to drip (from the nostrils)”).
piping hot
From Middle English. First attested circa second half of 14th century, from the similarity between the sizzling sound of food cooking in a frying pan and that of musical pipes, from Canterbury Tales http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2383 by Geoffrey Chaucer:
:: "He singeth brokking¹ as a nightingale. / He sent her piment, mead, and spiced ale, / And wafers² piping hot out of the glede³: / And, for she was of town, he proffer'd meed."
:: ¹ quavering, ² cakes, ³ coals
remorse
First attested circa 14th century as Middle English remors, from Old French remors, from Medieval Latin remorsus, from Latin remordeō (“to torment, vex”, literally “to bite back”), from re- + mordeō (“to bite”). More at remord.
eaves
PIE word
 *upér
From Middle English eves (“projecting lower edge of a roof”) [and other forms], from Old English efes, yfes, *ofes (“edge of a roof”), from Proto-West Germanic *ubisu (“hall”), from Proto-Germanic *ubiswō (compare Gothic 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰 (ubizwa), Old High German obasa (“hall; porch; roof”)), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”) (whence over).
English surname, from Middle English atte evese (“at the border, edge”), from Old English efes. Compare Reeves. Also sometimes a variant of Eve.
plebiscite
Sense 1 (“referendum”) is borrowed from French plébiscite, from Latin plēbiscītum, plēbis scītum, plēbī scītum (“law of the common people or plebs”), from plēbis (the genitive singular of plēbs (“common people, plebeians”)) + scītum (“decree, ordinance, statute”).
Sense 3 (“law enacted by the common people”) is a learned borrowing from Latin plēbiscītum: see above. It is attested earlier than English plebiscitum.
Cognates
* Italian plebiscito
* Middle French plebiscite (modern French plébiscite)
* Middle Low German plebiscīt (“ordinance”)
* Spanish plebiscito, plebisçito (obsolete)
diplomat
From French diplomate, a back-formation from diplomatique (“diplomatic”), ultimately from Ancient Greek δίπλωμα (díplōma, “double-folded document”).
Esdras
From Latin Esdrās, from Ancient Greek Ἔσδρᾱς (Ésdrās), from Hebrew עזרא (Ezra). Doublet of Ezra.
ruinous
From Middle English ruynous, from Old French ruinos, ruineus, from Latin ruīnōsus. By surface analysis, ruin + -ous.
recrudescent
From Latin recrūdēscō (“to become raw again”); from re- + crūdēscō (“to become harsh or raw”).
raffish
From late 18th century raff (“persons among the lowest class in society”) + -ish, still retained in contemporary English with riffraff. From Old French raffer (“to wear away”), of Germanic origin. Compare German raffen. Compare rip (“to tear”), rap (“to snatch”).
rapacious
Perhaps from rapacity + -ous, in any case ultimately from Latin rapāx (“grasping, greedy”).
extinguish
Borrowed from Latin extinguo (“to put out (what is burning), quench, extinguish, deprive of life, destroy, abolish”), from ex (“out”) + stinguere (“to put out, quench, extinguish”). Doublet of extinct.
juror
From Middle English jurour, jurrour, borrowed from Anglo-Norman jurour and Old French jureor, from the verb jurer (“to swear”), or possibly from Latin iūrātor, iūrātōrem, whence the English doublet jurator.
inimical
From Late Latin inimīcālis (“hostile”), from inimīcus (“enemy”) (from in- (“not”) + amīcus (“friend”)) + -ālis.
inscrutable
Borrowed into late Middle English from Late Latin īnscrūtābilis, from in- (“not”) + scrūtō (“to examine”), corresponding to in- + scrutable
palliate
The verb was inherited from Middle English palliaten (“To palliate (a disease), relieve the symptoms of (a patient); to extenuate (an offense); to conceal, hide”), the adjective and participle from its participle palliat(e); further borrowed either from Middle French pallier or directly from Latin palliātus, perfect passive participle of palliō (“to cover with a cloak”)), from pallium (“a cloak”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix).
oneiric
From oneir- + -ic, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὀνείρειος (oneíreios).
biosphere
Borrowed from German Biosphäre, coined by Austrian geologist Eduard Suess in 1875. By surface analysis, bio- + -sphere.
Hugh
From the Old French aristocratic and saint's name Hughe, brought to England by Normans, from a short form of Germanic names beginning with Proto-Germanic *hugiz (“heart, mind”), such as Hubert. Cognate with Old English hyġe (“mind, spirit, intellect”). More at high, how.
transmutation
Late 14th century, from Old French transmutacion (“transformation, metamorphosis”), from Late Latin transmutationem, from Latin transmutare (“to change”).
snirt
Origin uncertain. Either from Middle English snurten (“to sneer; snort, snore”), a variation of snorten (“to snort”); or from Middle English *snyrten, an alteration of fnyrten, fnerten, from Old English fnǣrettan. Compare also Norwegian snurt (“vexed, peevish”), Middle English snirt (“stern, gloomy”).
quean
From Middle English quene (“young, robust woman”), from Old English cwene (“woman, female serf”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ (“woman”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (“woman”). Doublet of gyne and queen.
Cognate with Dutch kween (“a barren woman, a barren cow”), Low German quene (“barren cow, heifer”), German Kone (“wife”), Swedish kvinna (“woman”), Icelandic kona (“woman”), Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō, “woman”), 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns, “wife”).
auditorium
Borrowed from Latin audītōrium, from audītōrius (“pertaining to hearing”). Equivalent to auditory + -ium.
Reilly
From Irish Ó Raghallaigh, a surname meaning "descendants of Raghallach".
mountebank
From archaic Italian montambanco (“quack who mounts a bench to hawk his wares”), contracted from monta-in-banco (“mount on bench”).
portend
Borrowed from Latin portendere (“to foretell”), from por- (“forward”) + tendere (“to stretch”).
delve
From Middle English delven, from Old English delfan (“to dig, dig out, burrow, bury”), from Proto-Germanic *delbaną (“to dig”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelbʰ- (“to dig”). Cognate with West Frisian dolle (“to dig, delve”), Dutch delven (“to dig, delve”), Low German dölven (“to dig, delve”), dialectal German delben, telben (“to dig, delve”).
From Middle English delve, delf, dælf, from Old English delf, ġedelf (“digging”) and dælf (“that which is dug out, delf, ditch”). More at delf.
Topographic surname for someone who lived near a ditch or trench, from Old English dælf (“delf, ditch”).
modicum
From Middle English modicum, from Latin modicum (“a little, a small amount”), a noun use of the neuter form of modicus (“moderate; restrained, temperate; reasonable”) + -cum (suffix forming neuter nouns). Modicus is derived from modus (“a measure; a bound, limit”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”)) + -icus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives).
The plural form modica is derived from Latin modica.
transom
From Middle English traunsom; probably an alteration of Latin trānstrum (“crossbeam”).