MarcusBennevall/EtymologyTaggerDataset huggingface dataset:
leading
From Middle English ledinge, ledynge, ledand, ledande, ledende, from Old English lǣdende, from Proto-West Germanic *laidijandī, from Proto-Germanic *laidijandz, present participle of Proto-Germanic *laidijaną (“to lead”), equivalent to lead + -ing. Compare West Frisian liedend, Dutch leidend, German leitend, Swedish ledande, Icelandic leiðandi.
From Middle English leding, ledyng, ledinge, ledunge, equivalent to lead + -ing. Cognate with Dutch leiding (“conduit, leading, guidance, leadership”), German Leitung (“line, conduit, cable”).
From Middle English leedynge, equivalent to lead (chemical element) + -ing; so named because in metal typesetting (letterpress and hot metal typesetting), pieces of lead (slugs, strips, blocks, etc) were often the mechanical means of producing the gap.
finding
From Middle English fyndyng, Old English findincge; equivalent to find + -ing.
walking
From Middle English walkynge, walkinge, walkinde, walkende, walkand, walkande, from Old English wealcende (attested as Old English wealcendes), from Proto-Germanic *walkandz, present participle of Proto-Germanic *walkaną (“to roll, trample, walk”), equivalent to walk + -ing.
From Middle English walkyng, walkinge, equivalent to walk + -ing.
prevision
From Middle English previsioun, from Old French prevision, from Late Latin praevisio, praevisionem, from Latin praevideo.
carefully
From Middle English carfulli, carefulliche, from Old English carfullīċe, ċearfullīċe (“carefully, diligently”), equivalent to careful + -ly.
kazan
Borrowed from Russian каза́н (kazán), from a Turkic language. Cognate with Azerbaijani qazan, Kazakh қазан (qazan), Turkish kazan, Uzbek qozon.
Borrowed from Russian Каза́нь (Kazánʹ).
Various origins:
* Borrowed from Hebrew חַזָּן (khazán, “Jewish cantor”), an occupational surname.
* Borrowed from Turkish Kazan, a metonymic occupational surname from kazan (“kettle, boiler, cauldron”).
* Borrowed from Greek Καζάν (Kazán), a metonymic occupational surname that derives from the same Turkish word.
hala
Borrowed from Hawaiian hala, ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋdan. Doublet of pandan via Malay.
commentary
From Middle French commentaire, from Latin commentārius, commentārium (“notebook”), compare French commentaire. See comment.
vivification
From Latin vīvificātiō. By surface analysis, vivificate + -ion.
Guadalcanal
From Spanish Guadalcanal. The Pacific island was named in 1568 by Álvaro de Mendaña, after his hometown of Guadalcanal, Spain. From Arabic وَادِي الْخَانَات (wādī l-ḵānāt, “Valley of the Stalls”).
Great Satan
Calque of Iranian Persian شیطان بزرگ (šeytân-e bozorg), which is more often the name of the largest of the three jamarat at which stones are thrown during the hajj. The derogatory sense was coined by Supreme Leader of Iran from 1979 to 1989 Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979, one day after the onset of the Iran hostage crisis.
tasting
From Middle English tastynge, taastyng, equivalent to taste + -ing (gerundive ending).
From Middle English tastinge, taastynge, equivalent to taste + -ing (present participle ending).
myrtle
From Middle English mirtille, from Old French mirtille, mirtile, from myrte, from Latin myrtillus, from myrtus + -illus, from Ancient Greek μύρτος (múrtos, “myrtle”).
folio
From Middle English folio (“leaf of a book”), borrowed from Medieval Latin foliō, Late Latin foliō, Latin foliō, the ablative singular form of Late Latin folium (“leaf or sheet of paper”), Latin folium (“leaf of a plant”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“bloom, flower”). Doublet of foil and folium, and distantly related to phyllo and phyllon.
Senses 1, 2, 3.1, 5, and 6 relating to a leaf or page are derived from Medieval Latin foliō in references; sense 5 (“page in an account book”) may be derived from Italian foglio (“rectangular sheet of paper”), from Latin folium. Senses 3.2 and 3.3 relating to a paper size are from Italian in foglio or its etymon Latin in foliō.
occlude
Borrowed from Latin occlūdere, from ob (“before”) and claudere (“to shut”).
leguminous
From Middle English leguminous, from Medieval Latin legūminōsus.
gorm
A variant of gaum, from Middle English gome, from Old Norse gaumr, from Proto-Germanic *gaumō; compare Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”), and see gaum for more. The -r- was not originally pronounced but was a device used by non-rhotic dialects of English to indicate vowel length or quality (compare Burma, Myanmar, and juggernaut).
Rome wasn't built in a day
Probably a calque of Middle French Rome ne fut pas faite toute en un jour (literally “Rome was not made all in one day”); compare modern French Rome ne s'est pas faite en un jour.
bourse
Borrowed from French bourse, from Old French borse, from Latin bursa, from Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa). Doublet of purse, compare Danish børs, Swedish börs, German Börse. See also bursar.
manliness
From Middle English manlynes, manlynesse. By surface analysis, manly + -ness.
Olivia
From Latin Olīva, an early saints’ name from olīva (“olive; olive branch”). First popularized by Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
night watchman state
Calque of German Nachtwächterstaat, which was coined by German socialist Ferdinand Lassalle in an 1862 speech in Berlin. He used this term to criticize the idea of a state with minimal government, comparing it to a night watchman whose sole duty was preventing theft.
surplice
Inherited from Middle English surplys, from Old French surpeliz, from Medieval Latin superpelliceum, from Latin super (“over”) and pellis (“fur”).
sandalwood
From sandal + wood, the first component being from Middle English sandal (“sandalwood”), from Medieval Latin sandalum, from Byzantine Greek σάνδανον (sándanon), σάνταλον (sántalon), from Arabic صَنْدَل (ṣandal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (cndl /⁠čandal⁠/, “sandalwood”), from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”).
service tree
Properly, the tree that bears sorb fruit, from Middle English serves, plural of serve (“sorb apple, serviceberry”), from Old English syrfe, from Vulgar Latin *sorbea, from Latin sorbus (“service tree”). See sorb.
polyphony
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πολυφωνία (poluphōnía); equivalent to poly- + -phony.
pitiless
From Middle English piteeles, pyteles; equivalent to pity + -less.
brachet
From Middle English brachet, from Old French brachet, a diminutive of Old Occitan brac, from Frankish. By surface analysis, brach + -et.
stadia
From Italian stadia.
From Ancient Greek στᾰ́δῐᾰ (stắdĭă), plural of στᾰ́δῐον (stắdĭon).
From Latin stadia, plural of stadium.
bialy
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-
Proto-Slavic *bě̃lъ
Old Polish biały
Polish biały
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰsder.
Proto-Balto-Slavic *iź
Proto-Slavic *jьz
Proto-Slavic *jьz-
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-
Proto-Balto-Slavic *san?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm?
Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)
Old Polish z-
Old Polish s-
Polish s-
Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *tokʷ-éye-ti
Proto-Balto-Slavic *takeitei
Proto-Slavic *točiti
Old Polish toczyć
Polish toczyć
Polish stoczyćdeverb.
Polish stok
univ.
Polish Białystokder.
Yiddish ביאַלי (byali)bor.
English bialy
From Yiddish ביאַלי (byali), from the Polish name of the city of Białystok.
tetrad
From Ancient Greek τετράς (tetrás), analysable as tetra- + -ad.
fustigate
First attested in 1656; borrowed from Latin fūstīgātus, perfect passive participle of fūstīgō (“to cudgel to death”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from fūstis (“a cudgel”) + -igō.
fuselage
Etymology tree
Latin fūsusder.
Old French fusel
Proto-Italic *-āzi
▲
Latin -ereinflu.
Latin -āre
Old French -ier
Middle French -er
French -er
French fuseler
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Proto-Indo-European *-ikos
Proto-Italic *-ikos
Latin -icus
Latin -āticus
Latin -āticum
Old French -age
Middle French -age
French -age
French fuselagebor.
English fuselage
Borrowed from French fuselage. Ultimately from Latin fūsus (“spindle, spinning wheel”).
For the meaning development, compare rocket, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rukkô (“spinning wheel, distaff”) (whence also English rock (“distaff, the flax or wool on a distaff”)).
deltoid
From Latin deltoideus, which was in turn from Ancient Greek adjective δελτοειδής (deltoeidḗs). See also: δέλτα (délta), the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet.
harlot
From Middle English harlot, from Old French harlot, herlot, arlot (“vagabond; tramp”), of obscure origin. Likely to be ultimately of Germanic origin, either from a derivation of *harjaz (“army; camp; warrior; military leader”) or from a diminutive of *karilaz (“man; fellow”). Compare English carlot.
fill out
In the sense of to complete a form, originally attested in American English; possibly as a calque of German ausfüllen. Later spread to British English, where it now competes with the traditional expression fill in.
fission
Borrowed from Latin fissiōnem, accusative singular of fissiō (“the act of breaking up”), from findō (“split, divide”).
gazpacho
From Spanish gazpacho, perhaps via Mozarabic *gazpelağo from Latin gazophylacium (“treasure-chest in a church”), alluding to the diversity of its contents. Alternatively, related to Spanish caspicias (“remnants”).
hesitancy
Etymology tree
Latin haereō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin -tō
▲
Latin -tō
Latin -itō
Latin -titō
Latin haesitō
Latin haesitāns
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ia
Latin haesitantiabor.
English hesitancy
From Latin haesitantia. By surface analysis, hesitant + -cy.
luminary
From Late Middle English lūminārī, lūminārīe (“lamp; source of spiritual light, example of holiness; glory”), borrowed from Old French luminarie (“lamp, lights, lighting; candles; brightness, illumination”), variant of luminaire (“light fixture”) (modern French luminaire), from Medieval Latin lūminārium, from lūmināre (“that which gives light; light; lamp; body giving light, especially a heavenly body”), from lūmen (“light; brightness”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to shine”)) + -āris (suffix forming adjectives indicating a relationship or a pertaining to). Doublet of luminaire.
da kine
From Hawaiian Creole da (the definite article, from English the) + kine (used as an intensifier, to mean "type of", and many other purposes, from English kind).
Priscilla
Feminine diminutive form of a Roman cognomen Prīscus, from Latin prīscus (“former, ancient, old-fashioned”).
Compare typologically Seneca (< Latin Seneca < senex).
abdelavi
From Arabic عَبْد اللَّاوِي (ʕabd al-lāwī, “a variety of melon”).
lamentation
Recorded since 1375, from Middle English lamentacioun, from Middle French lamentation and its etymon Latin lāmentātiō (“wailing, moaning, weeping”), from the deponent verb lāmentor, from lāmentum (“wail; wailing”), itself from a Proto-Indo-European *leh₂- (“to howl”), presumed ultimately imitative. Replaced Old English cwiþan. By surface analysis, lament + -ation.
partitive
Inherited from Middle English partitif, borrowed from Medieval Latin partītīvus, from Latin partītus + -īvus.
tyrannical
From Latin tyrannicus + -al; ultimately from Ancient Greek τύραννος (túrannos) (absolute ruler, despot).
horoscope
Borrowed from Middle French horoscope, from Medieval Latin horoscopus, from Ancient Greek ὡροσκόπος (hōroskópos), from ὥρα (hṓra, “any limited time”) + σκοπός (skopós, “watcher”). By surface analysis, horo- + -scope.
christen
From Middle English cristenen, cristnien, from Old English cristnian (“to christen, baptise”), from cristen (“Christen, Christian”) + -nian. Cognate with Saterland Frisian kristenje (“to christen”), Dutch kerstenen (“to christen”), Middle Low German kristenen, kerstenen, karstenen (“to christen”), Danish kristne (“to christen”), Swedish kristna (“to christen”), Icelandic kristna (“to christen”). By surface analysis, Christ + -en.
From Middle English Cristen, from Old English crīsten (ca. 890), from Latin Christiānus.
saline
PIE word
 *sḗh₂l
From Middle English salyne, from Medieval Latin salīna and Middle French salin, from Latin sal (“salt”).
apheresis
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep
Proto-Indo-European *-o
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó
Proto-Hellenic *apó
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πό (ăpó)
Ancient Greek ᾰ̓πο- (ăpo-)
Proto-Indo-European *ser-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *selh₁-der.?
Ancient Greek αἱρέω (hairéō)
Ancient Greek ἀφαιρέω (aphairéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Ancient Greek -τις (-tis)
Ancient Greek -σῐς (-sĭs)
Ancient Greek ἀφαίρεσῐς (aphaíresĭs)der.
Latin aphaeresisder.
English apheresis
From Latin aphaeresis, from Ancient Greek ἀφαίρεσις (aphaíresis, “a taking away”), from ἀφαιρέω (aphairéō) (from ἀφ- (aph-), variant of ἀπό (apó, “off, away from”) before an aspirated vowel) + αἱρέω (hairéō, “to take; to snatch”)) + -σις (-sis, suffix forming nouns of action); the grammatical sense developed in Latin.
contemn
From Middle English contempnen, from Old French contemner, from Latin contemnō (“to scorn”). See also contempt.
revel
From Middle English revelen, from Old French revel, from reveler (“to be disorderly, to make merry”), from Latin rebello (“to rebel”). Doublet of rebel.
From Latin revellere, from re- + vellere (“to pluck, pull”).
* As an English surname, variant of Revell.
* As a French surname, from Old French reveau (“rebel”).
* Also as a French surname, from several places in France, such as Revel, Haute-Garonne, named after a nearby Mont Revel, from Latin rebellis (“he who revolts, rebels”).
ecclesiastic
From Middle English ecclesyastyke, from Late Latin ecclēsiasticus (“of the church”), from Ancient Greek ἐκκλησιαστικός (ekklēsiastikós). By surface analysis, ecclesiast + -ic. Doublet of Ecclesiasticus.
triforium
From Medieval Latin triforium, from tria (“three”) + for (“opening”) + -ium.
Israelite
From the Latin Isrāēlīta (“Israelite”), from the Ancient Greek Ἰσρᾱηλῑ́της (Isrāēlī́tēs, “Israelite”), from Ἰσρᾱήλ (Isrāḗl, “Israel”), from the Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yiśrāʼēl, “Israel”); by surface analysis, Israel + -ite.
patriarchal
Borrowed from Late Latin patriarchālis, from patriarcha + -ālis. Sychronically analyzable as patriarch + -al.
objurgate
Borrowed from Latin obiūrgātus, perfect passive participle of obiūrgō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from ob- (“to, against”) + iūrgō (“to dispute, chide”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti.
lamina
Borrowed from Latin lāmina (“a thin piece of metal, wood, marble; a plate, leaf, layer”). Doublet of lame.
caramel
Borrowed from French caramel, from Spanish caramelo, from Portuguese caramelo, dissimilated from Late Latin calamellus, diminutive of calamus (“reed”) (and a doublet of chalumeau and shawm). Alternatively from Medieval Latin cannamellis, which is a compound of canna + mellis.
Borrowed from French Caramel.
incendiary
From Middle English incendiarie, from Old French incendiaire, from Latin incendiārius (“setting alight”), from incendium (“destructive fire”), from incendō (“to set on fire, kindle”), from in- (“into, in, on, upon”) + candeō (“to be hot”).
cours
From French cours in analogy to Japanese クール (kūru), originally singular (as dictated by Anime News Network for example) but later reanalyzed as a plural form.
cochineal
The noun is borrowed from Middle French cochenille (modern French cochenille), from Italian cocciniglia or Spanish cochinilla; further etymology uncertain, possibly from Latin coccineus, coccinus (“scarlet-dyed; scarlet in colour”) (whence Italian coccineo (“scarlet in colour”)) + Italian -iglia (suffix forming collective nouns), Spanish -illa (“diminutive suffix”). Coccinus is derived from Ancient Greek κόκκῐνος (kókkĭnos, “scarlet; (figurative) blushing”, adjective), from κόκκος (kókkos, “kermes oak (Quercus coccifera); insect of the genus Kermes living on the oak; scarlet dye made from crushed kermes insects”) (possibly from Pre-Greek) + -ῐνος (-ĭnos, suffix forming adjectives).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, cochineal is not derived from Spanish cochinilla (“pill bug, especially the common pill bug (Armadillidium vulgare)”), a diminutive of cochina (“female pig, sow”) (from the animal’s shape), which coincidentally has the same spelling as cochinilla (“cochineal”).
The adjective is derived from the noun.
cobble
From Middle English cobill, kobill (used in various combinations with ston, stan (“stone”), note, nutt (“nut”), etc.), probably a diminutive of Middle English *cob, *cobb, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kubb- (“lump; round object”). Equivalent to cob + -le.
* As an English surname, variant of Coble.
* As a German surname, Americanized from Kobel.
cobblestone
From Middle English cobylstone, cobyllstone, kobilstane, kobill-stane, equivalent to cobble + stone. Compare Old Norse köppusteinn (“boulder”), Danish kampesten (“boulder”).
compadre
Borrowed from Spanish compadre (“joint father, godfather, friend”). Doublet of compeer, compere, and goombah.
cameo
Borrowed from Italian cammeo, from Medieval Latin camaeus, of unknown origin. The movie sense is short for “cameo role” referring to a famous person who was playing no character, but him or herself. Like a cameo brooch — a low-relief carving of a person’s head or bust — the actor or celebrity is instantly recognizable. More recently, it has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself. Doublet of camaieu.
defrock
From French défroquer, from dé- + froc. By surface analysis, de- + frock.
horseherd
From Middle English horshirde, hors-horde; equivalent to horse + herd.
swineherd
From Middle English swynherde, from Old English swīnhierde. Cognate with German Schweinehirt.
Baton Rouge
From the French bâton rouge ("red stick"); so named because of a red painted pole placed on its original site by Native Americans.
jeweler
From Middle English jueler, from Anglo-Norman jueler, or Old French juelier. By surface analysis, jewel + -er.
finitude
From finite + -tude, or from Renaissance Latin finitūdō (“signifying a noun of state”).
Jahbulon
Various etymologies of this word are found; as a mystic word it may be deliberately obscure, though the first syllable is invariably given as being Hebrew יָהּ (Yah, “Yahweh”). Some theories often cited:
* First, that it is a compound of יָהּ (Yah, “Yahweh”) + בּעל (bul, “on high, in heaven”) + אוֹן (’on, “strength”).
* Second, that it may have been a blend of יָהּ (Yah, “Yahweh”) + זְבוּלוּן (Zəbūlūn, “Zebulun or Zabulon, son of Jacob”).
* Third, it is explained as being a combination of יָהּ (Yah, “Yahweh”) + בּעל (bul, “Baal”) + אוֹן (’On, “Heliopolis”), a city of Egypt, explained as a reference to Osiris, perhaps as a misunderstanding of Genesis 46:20. Stephen Knight in The Brotherhood and Martin Short in Inside the Brotherhood argued that Jahbulon is a trinity consisting of Yahweh, God of the Jews, Baal, God of the Phoenicians and Celts, and Osiris, an Egyptian God.
occiput
Borrowed from Latin occiput (“the back part of the head”). Compare sinciput.
myrrh
From Middle English mirre, from Old English myrre, from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha), from Semitic. Compare Arabic مُرّ (murr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”), Hebrew מור / מֹר (mōr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”). Compare מרור : maror.
prerogative
From Anglo-Norman prerogative (noun), from Latin praerogātīva (“previous verdict; claim, privilege”), noun use of the feminine singular of praerogātīvus (“having first vote; privileged”).
hosanna
From Latin osanna, hosanna, from Ancient Greek ὡσαννά (hōsanná), from Aramaic אושענא/ܐܘܫܥܢܐ ('ōsha‘nā), from Biblical Hebrew הוֹשַׁע נָא (hōsha‘ nā, “please save”).
hawker
Probably Borrowed from Low German or Dutch, from Middle Low German hoker and ultimately from the root of huckster.
Inherited from Middle English hawkere, from Old English hafocere, hafecere; by surface analysis, hawk + -er.
Jell-O
Trademarked by Pearle Bixby Wait and named by his wife, May Wait. Clipping of gelatin and jelly, both ultimately from Latin gelō (“to freeze, cause to congeal”), following a then relatively popular trend in the United States to add “O” to the end of products, which according to The Dictionary of Trade Names Origins started because the letter is pleasing to the eye. By surface analysis, jell (“jelly”) + -o.
irreligious
From Latin irreligiōsus. By surface analysis, ir- + religious.
regency
From Middle English regencie (cf. regente), from Medieval Latin regentia, from Latin regēns, present participle of regō. By surface analysis, regent + -cy; compare also + -ency (“abstract-noun suffix”).
bastinado
From Spanish bastonada (compare French bastonnade), from baston (“a stick or staff”).
ingratitude
From Old French ingratitude, from Late Latin ingrātitūdō. By surface analysis, in- + gratitude.
ballad
From French ballade, from Old Occitan ballada (“poem for a dance”), from Late Latin ballare. Doublet of balada and ballade.
lodestone
First attested from 1515, from Middle English lode (“guide”) + stone. From use as a guide tool by mariners. See also: lodestar.
teratoma
From German Teratom; equivalent to terato- + -oma.
snazzy
Origin unknown; the following etymologies have been suggested:
* A blend of sna(ppy) + (ja)zzy.
* From Irish snas (“finish, polish; good appearance”) + English -y (suffix forming adjectives meaning ‘having the quality of’).
autocephalous
From Ancient Greek αὐτοκέφαλος (autoképhalos), from αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). By surface analysis, auto- + -cephalous.
skiascope
From Ancient Greek σκιά (skiá, “shadow”) + -scope.
spinthariscope
From Ancient Greek σπινθαρίς (spintharís, “spark”) + -scope.
vituperous
From French vitupéreux, from Late Latin vituperosus, from Latin vituperāre (“to blame, censure”), from vitium (“fault, defect”) + parāre (“to furnish, provide, contrive”).
exhaustion
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰs
Proto-Italic *eks
Latin ex
Latin ex-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-ye-tider.
Proto-Italic *auzjō
Latin hauriō
Latin exhauriō
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Medieval Latin exhaustiōbor.
English exhaustion
Borrowed from Medieval Latin exhaustiō, from exhauriō. Surface analysis: exhaust + -ion.
hyporheic
Borrowed from Romanian hiporeic, from Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “below”) + Ancient Greek ῥέος (rhéos, “flow”) + Romanian -ic. Coined by Romanian hydrobiologist Traian Orghidan in 1955.
yarrow
From Middle English ȝarowe, yarowe, yarwe, from Old English ġearwe, from Proto-West Germanic *garwā (“yarrow, yarrow-like herbs”), perhaps derived from *garu (“prepared, ready (of food)”), as the plant was used medicinally for digestion.
Cognate with Dutch gerw (“yarrow”) and German (Schaf-)garbe.
* The river is believed to be of Celtic/Brythonic origin and related to Welsh garw (“rough”).
* English and Scottish surname derived from the river, though likely influenced by the noun yarrow.
ding
From Middle English dingen, dyngen (strong verb), from Old English *dingan (“to ding”), from Proto-West Germanic *dingwan, from Proto-Germanic *dingwaną (“to beat”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰen- (“to beat, push”).
Related to Old English denġan, denċġan (“to ding, knock, beat, strike”, weak verb) and Old Norse dengja (“to hammer”, weak verb); both from Proto-Germanic *dangijaną (“to beat, hammer, peen”), causative of *dingwaną.
Cognate with Icelandic dengja (“to hammer”), Swedish dänga (“to bang, beat”), Danish dænge (“to bang, beat”), German tengeln, dengeln (“to peen”).
Romanized from Mandarin 鼎 (dǐng).
From Cantonese 丁 (ding¹).
From the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 定州 (Dìngzhōu, “Orderly Prefecture”).
Borrowed from Mandarin 丁 (Dīng) or Eastern Min 陳 /陈 (Dĭng).
shaper
From Middle English shapper, shapere, schapare, scaper, scheppere, schuppere, alteration (perhaps due to Old Norse skaperi, skapari) of Old English sċyppend, sċieppend (“shaper; maker; creator”), equivalent to shape + -er. Cognate with Dutch schepper, German Schöpfer, Danish skaber, Swedish skapare, Icelandic skapari.
rocker
From Middle English rokker, rockere, rokkere, equivalent to rock + -er.