S.V. SAMUDRAM versus STATE OF KARNATAKA & ANR
[2024] 1 S.C.R. 281, Supreme Court of India, 2024
Outcome: Appeal(s) allowed (Granted)
Segment: Issues
* Author
[2024] 1 S.C.R. 281 : 2024 INSC 17
S.V. Samudram
v.
State of Karnataka & Anr
(Civil Appeal No. 8067 of 2019)
04 January 2024
[Abhay S. Oka and Sanjay Karol*, JJ.]
Issue for Consideration
The Civil Judge modified the award passed by the Arbitrator 
reducing the amount awarded as also interest thereupon, i.e., 
Rs.14,68,239/- @ 18% to only 25% of the tender amount which 
equals to Rs.3,71,564/- and the interest percentage thereon was 
reduced to 9%. Whether the modification of the arbitral award as 
carried out by the Civil Judge as confirmed by the High Court, 
was justified within law.
Headnotes
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – s. 34 – The award 
passed by the Arbitrator was modified by the Civil Judge and 
the Respondents were directed to pay Rs.3,71,564 (25% of 
tender amount) along with Rs.10,000/- as costs towards the 
arbitration @ 9% interest – Propriety:
Held: It is settled that any court u/s. 34 would have no jurisdiction 
to modify the arbitral award, which at best, given the same to 
be in conflict with the grounds specified u/s. 34 would be wholly 
unsustainable in law – Also, the Arbitrator’s view, generally is 
considered to be binding upon the parties unless it is set aside on 
certain specified grounds – In the instant case, award passed on 
18.02.2003 was prior to the amendment brought in Section 34 by 
virtue of the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015 
– Prior to the Amending Act, it was open for the Court to examine 
the
award as to whether it was in conflict with, (a) public policy of 
India; (b) induced or affected by fraud; (c) corruption; and (d) any 
violation of the provisions of s.75 and s.81 of the Act – In the given 
situation, the only provision under which the award could have been 
assailed was for it to have been in conflict with the public policy 
of India – A perusal of the judgment and order of the Civil Judge 
does not reflect fidelity to the text of the statute – Nowhere does
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it stand explained, as to, under which ground(s) mentioned u/s. 
34 of the Act, did the Court find sufficient reason to intervene – In 
fact, quite opposite thereto, the Court undertook a re-appreciation 
of the matter, and upon its own view of the evidence, modified the 
order – None of the reasons recorded allude to the award being 
contrary to the public policy of India, which would enable the court 
to look into the merits of the award – The award passed by the 
Arbitrator in which he has not only referred to and considered the 
materials on record in their entirety but also, after due application 
of mind, assigned reasons for arriving at this conclusion, either 
rejecting, accepting or reducing the claim set out by the Claimant-
Appellant – The view taken by the Arbitrator is a plausible view and 
could not have been substituted for its own by the Court – Thus, 
the modification of the arbitral award by the Civil Judge does not 
stand scrutiny, and must be set aside. [Paras 28, 29, 30, 31, 33]
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – s. 37 – The High Court 
upheld the modification of the arbitral award by the Civil Judge 
u/s. 37 of the Act – Propriety:
Held: The Single Judge of the High Court, similar to the Civil Judge 
u/s. 34, appears to have not concerned themselves with the contours 
of s.37 of the Act – The Court u/s. 37 had only three options:- (a) 
Confirming the award of the Arbitrator; (b) Setting aside the
award 
as modified u/s. 34; and (c) Rejecting the application(s) u/s. 34 and 
37 – The single Judge has examined the reasoning adopted by the 
Arbitrator in respect of certain claims (claims 3 and 7, particularly) 
and held that allowing a claim for escalation of cost, was without 
satisfactory material having been placed on record and is “perverse 
and contrary to the public policy” – However, it appears that such 
a holding on part of the Judge is without giving reasons therefor 
– It has not been discussed as to what the evidence was before 
the single Judge to arrive at such conclusion – In the absence of 
compliance with the well laid out parameters and contours of both 
s.34 and s.37 of the Act, the impugned judgments are set aside 
– Consequently, the award dated 18.02.2003 of the Arbitrator is 
restored. [Paras 39, 42, 43, 47] 
Case Law Cited
National Highways Authority of India v. M. Hakeen and 
Another (2021) 9 SCC 1; Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran 
Nigam Limited v. Navigant Technologies Private Limited 
[2021] 1 SCR 1135: (2021) 7 SCC 657; Associate
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283
S.V. Samudram v. State of Karnataka & Anr
Builders v. DDA [2014] 13 SCR 895: (2015) 3 SCC 
49;Ssangyong Engineering and Construction Company 
Limited v. National Highways Authority of India (2019) 
15 SCC 131: [2019] 7 SCR 522; MMTC Ltd. v. Vedanta 
Ltd [2019] 3 SCR 1023: (2019) 4 SCC 163; UHL Power 
Company Ltd v. State of Himachal Pradesh [2022] 1 
SCR 1: (2022) 4 SCC 116; Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd. 
v. State of Orissa [2014] 14 SCR 1029:(2015) 2 SCC 
189 – relied on.
Larsen Air Conditioning and Refrigration Company v. 
Union of India & Others [2023] 11 SCR 86: 2023 SCC 
On Line 982; Dyna Technologies Private Limited v. 
Crompton Greaves Limited [2019] 15 SCR 295: (2019) 
20 SCC 1; Konkan Railway Corpn. Ltd. v. Chenab Bridge 
Project [2023] 11 SCR 215: (2023) 9 SCC 85; Delhi 
Airport Metro Express Private Limited v. Delhi Metro 
Rail Corporation Limited (2022) 1 SCC 131; DDA v. R.S 
Sharma [2008] 12 SCR 785: (2008) 13 SCC 80; Indian 
Oil Corpn. Ltd. v. Shree Ganesh Petroleum (2022) 4 
SCC 463; J.G Engineers (P) Ltd. v. UOI [2011] 8 SCR 
486: (2011) 5 SCC 758 – referred to.
List of Acts 
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 [Prior to Arbitration and 
Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015].
List of Keywords
Arbitration; Examination of award by the Court; Conflict with 
the public policy; Modification of arbitral award.
Case Arising From
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 8067 of 2019.
From the Judgment and Order dated 07.02.2017 of the High
Court 
of Karnataka Circuit Bench at Dharwad in MFA No.24507 of 2010.
Appearances for Parties
Anil Kaushik, Abhishek Mishra, Mrs. Shashi Sharma, Rajat Rana, 
Ms. Anju Kaushik, Ms. Arunima Dwivedi, Advs. for the Appellant.
Avishkar Singhvi, AAG, V. N. Raghupathy, Manendra Pal Gupta, 
Vivek Kumar Singh, Advs. for the Respondents.
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Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court
Judgment
Sanjay Karol J.
1.	
The issue arising for consideration in this Civil Appeal, which lays 
challenge to a judgment and order dated 7th February, 2017 passed 
by the High Court of Karnataka (Dharwad Bench) in MFA No. 24507 
of 2010 (AA) under Section 37(1) of the Arbitration and Conciliation 
Act, 19961, is whether the High Court was justified in confirming 
the orderdated 22nd April, 2010 under Section 34 of the Arbitration 
& Conciliation Act, 1996 passed by the Senior Civil Judge,Sirsi, in 
Civil Misc. No. 08/2003, whereby the award passed by the learned 
Arbitrator was modified and the amount awarded was reduced.
FACTS
2.	
As borne out from the judgments rendered by the Courts below, 
the facts, are:-
2.1	 Mr. S.V.Samudram2 is a registered Class II Civil Engineering 
Contractor and had secured a contract from the Karnataka State 
Public Works Department to construct the office and residence 
of the Chief Conservator of Forests at Sirsi for an amount of 
Rs. 14.86 Lakhs.
2.2	 The said contract was entered into between the parties on 
29th January, 1990 with the stipulation that the possession of 
the construction site would be handed over to the Claimant-
Appellant on 8thMarch, 1990 and the work allotted was to be 
completedon or before 6thMay 1992 i.e., 18 months from the 
date of the agreement excluding the monsoon season. 
2.3	 It is undisputed that the work as allotted
could not be completed 
by the Claimant-Appellant, for which,he held the authorities of 
the State responsible as they allegedly did not clear his bills, 
repeatedly at every stage and also due to delays caused by 
change of site and in delivery of material for such construction.
1	
A&C Act, for short. 
2	
Hereinafter, the Claimant-Appellant
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2.4	 For settlement and adjudication of disputes, the parties to the 
contract resorted to the arbitral mechanism and resultantly, 
inArbitration Petition dated 31stMay, 2002, Mr. S.K Angadi, 
Chief Engineer (Retd.) stood appointed as the Arbitrator on 
30thJuly, 2002. 
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE LEARNED ARBITRATOR 
3.	
Pursuant thereto, the Claimant-Appellant herein filed his claim before 
the learned Arbitrator totalling to Rs.18,06,439/- along with an interest 
payable thereupon @ 18% per annum, payable from 9thMarch, 1994 
till date of payment.
4.	
Having heard both sides, the three primary issues identified were:-
(a)	 inordinate delay in handing over of site for performance of 
contract;
(b)	 non-supply of working drawings and designs; and
(c)	
delay in supply of materials.
5.	
For each of these issues, the learned Arbitrator, upon examination 
of the evidence before him found the Respondents liable. A précis 
of the reasoning adopted, is as under:-
S.No.
Point of 
Consideration
Reasoning
1
Delay in handing 
over the entire 
s i t e  f o r  t o t a l 
performance of the 
contract.
1) Non handling over the entire site in time 
is one of the reasons which resulted in non-
completion of the work within the stipulated 
time of 18 months.
There is a delay of 9 months in handing 
over possession of complete site.
Possession of office building was handed 
over on 07.03.1990
Possession of quarters building was handed
over on December 1990.
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2
Delay in supply of 
working drawings, 
designs, etc.
1) Drawing showing typical excavation plan 
for footings, details of columns were issued 
to claimant during September 1990, with 
adelay of 6 months
2) The drawing of R28 was not supplied by 
April 1991 but on 1st July 1991. There was 
a delay of 3 months.
3) Drawing showing the details of 1st 
floor slab of the office of the Conservator 
of Forest was found to be prepared by 
13.10.1992 but supplied on 01.11.1992 i.e. 
after expiration of contract on 06.05.1992.
4) The drawings with details of lintel 
beams, roof beams, slab, etc of quarters 
was prepared by 05.10.1991 & supplied 
on 15.10.1991 but the changed site for 
construction was handed over to claimant 
on 14.02.1991. 
3
In the matter of 
delay in supply of 
materials
On study of documentary evidence, he 
found adequate steel & cement required 
for the work was not supplied by the 
respondent in time. 
6.	
As such, against a total of 11 claims, amounts were awarded against 
9 claims. The summary of the award is extracted as under:-
SUMMARY OF THE AWARD
S.No.
Description of Claim
Amount of 
Claim
Award Amount
1
Payment on loss of Oh. and 
incidentals 
Rs. 83,300/-
Rs. 83,300/-
2
Payment on loss of Profit
Rs. 83,300/-
Rs. 83,300/-
3
Payment on Idle labour
Rs. 1,77,300/-
Rs. 1,77,300/-
4
Payment on idle machinery 
Rs.98,500/-
Rejected
5
Payment of extra expenses on 
procurement of water at the 
changed site of
work
Rs.24,000/-
Rejected
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6
Payment of extra expenses on 
shuttering, centring, fabrication 
done earlier subsequently 
dismantled. 
Rs.15,800/-
Rs.15,800/-
7
Payment on revised rates on 
the work executed beyond the 
originally stipulated time
Rs.11,33,000/-
Rs.9,67,300/-
8
Payment on refund of freek 
rates recovered in work bills
Rs.33,469/-
Rs.33,469/-
9
Payment on refund of security 
deposit
Rs.57,770/-
Rs.57,770/-
10
Payment of interest, pre 
arbitration, pendentelite and 
future interest
@18% p.a. on 
all amounts 
due from claim 
No.1 to 9 from, 
09.03.94 till the 
date of payment
Payment of interest 
@ 18% p.a. on all 
amounts due from 
09.3.94 till the date 
of payment
11
Cost of Arbitration
Rs.1,00,000/-
Rs.50,000/-
PROCEEDINGS UNDER SECTION 34 OF THE A&C ACT
7.	
Assailing the same, the Respondent preferred a petition under Section 
34 of the A&C Act in which the learned Civil Judge, Sirsi, found 2 
points to be arising for his consideration which he recorded as: –
“1. Whether the petitioner made out the proper grounds 
that the award passed by the arbitrator is not supported 
by sound reasonings and it is in arbitrary nature and it is 
liable to be set aside?
2. What order?”
8.	
The award passed by the learned Arbitrator was modified and the 
Respondents were directed to pay Rs.3,71,564 (25% of tender 
amount) along with Rs.10,000/- as costs towards the arbitration @ 
9% interest. The reasons supplied for such modification, as
they 
come forth upon a perusal of the judgement are:-
8.1	 The change in site of the residential quarters was barely at 
the distance of 200m from the earlier site. Even if there was a 
change in site, the work of constructing the office building could 
have begun as there was no change in that regard but he had
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not even started excavation in order to lay down a foundation. 
Therefore, the question of loss of payment to the labourers 
and materials collected for construction, does not arise and 
the losses allegedly suffered by the Claimant-Appellant were 
“only at his imagination”.
8.2	 On the machinery being idle, it was not explained as to how 
many days the same was idle. It is “for his whims and fancies 
the petitioner is claiming as if he has sustained loss”.
8.3	 So far as the claim for water facilities, the contention of the 
Respondents has been accepted that per the agreement, the 
Claimant-Appellant was to look after the same and therefore, 
Respondents would not be liable therefor.
8.4	 Since it is the Claimant-Appellant who did not complete the 
construction in time, he could not make a claim for the rates 
for the year 1989–90 and cannot claim interest thereupon.
8.5	 No evidence to lend support to the contention of the Claimant-
Appellant that there was a delay in supplying the material. On 
which material being supplied, was there a delay, is unexplained. 
Counter allegation, instead is that even after clearing all bills, 
the Claimant-Appellant had not picked up speed on the work. 
All the correspondence is only to escape payment of penalty.
8.6	 The only delay is of handing over of the site of the residential 
house. The same was done on 7th March, 1990. The Claimant-
Appellant has not explained that despite such
handing over 
of possession by August 1990, no excavation work for the 
foundation had commenced.
8.7	 For the changes in design, it is observed that since the changes 
were minor it does not require any extra payment. The same 
would only be payable if there was duplication of work/removal 
of earlier construction as per the alteration.
8.8	 The cost of arbitration being awarded at Rs.50,000/- is “at 
exorbitant rate.”Even if the argument of delay and laches on 
part of the Department is accepted, “it cannot be ruled out that 
the Department always in right path” and the extent of the same 
cannot be accepted.
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S.V. Samudram v. State of Karnataka & Anr
8.9	 It was also observed that there was a justification for the learned 
Arbitrator to award an amount which is almost equal to the 
amount of tender, that too on such a high rate of interest which 
causes an undue encumbrance on the exchequer.
8.10	The remaining critical observations stand dealt with subsequently. 
PROCEEDINGS UNDER SECTION 37 OF THE A&C ACT
9.	
The High Court, vide its judgement under challenge before us, has 
confirmed the modification of the arbitral award as has been done 
by the learned Civil Judge, Sirsi, dismissing the application on part 
of the Claimant-Appellant.
9.1	 It has been observed that the primary dispute is in respect of 
claim No. 7 which is the grant of revised rates of the escalated 
cost of work. The High Court has held that the view of the 
Arbitrator that the Department is solely responsible for the 
breach of the contract, cannot be accepted as the shift in venue 
was only in respect of the residential quarters and not for the 
office complex.
9.2	 The estimation of cost is based on the tender notification 
relating to the year 1989-90. Costs in the year 1992 could not 
be expected to have risen hundred percent as claimed. Nothing 
is reflected on record to show, what precluded the Claimant-
Appellant from commencing the work of the office building. It 
is on this ground that the claim of escalation of the Claimant-
Appellant be allowed by the learned Arbitrator, has
been termed 
as perverse and contrary to the public policy.
9.3	 Findings of delay being solely on account of the Department, 
cannot be countenanced and the quantification of damages 
in respect thereto is unreasonable. “It would be a case of 
misconduct on the part of the arbitrator amenable to Section 
34 of the Act”
9.4	 Claim No. 3 in respect of idle labour being allowed to the tune 
of Rs.1,77,300/- “shocks the conscience of the court.” It is so 
because there was no basis for the labour to be idle.
9.5	 The award of Rs.50,000/-towards cost of arbitration is excessive. 
It was further observed that escalation of costs cannot be granted 
on “assumptions and presumptions” and, therefore, awarding
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the claims, that too almost equal to the tender amount, cannot 
be sustained.
10.	 The learned Civil Judge, Sirsi, to restate, modified the award passed 
by the learned Arbitrator reducing the amount awarded as also interest 
thereupon, i.e., Rs.14,68,239/- @ 18% to only 25% of the tender 
amount which equals to Rs.3,71,564/- and the interest percentage 
thereon was reduced to 9%. This was found to be justified by the 
learned Single Judge. 
CONSIDERATION AND CONCLUSION
11.	 It is in this background, that we are required to consider whether 
the modification of the arbitral award as carried out by the learned 
Civil Judge as confirmed by the High Court, was justified within law?
12.	 It would be useful to examine the expositions of this Court on the 
scope to interfere with arbitral awards under Sections 34 & 37 of 
the A&C Act.
13.	 The Judgment and Order of the learned Civil Judge was dated 22nd 
April 2010. 
14.	 The position as to whether an arbitral award can be modified in the 
proceedings initiated under Sections 34/37 of the A&C Act is no 
longer res integra. While noting the provisions, more specifically, 
Section 34(4) of the A&C Act; the decisions rendered by this Court, 
including the principles of international law enunciated in several 
decisions recorded in the treatise “Redfern and Hunter on International 
Arbitration, 6th Edition”, this Court in National Highways Authority of 
India v. M. Hakeen and
Another3, categorically held that any court 
under Section 34 would have no jurisdiction to modify the arbitral 
award, which at best, given the same to be in conflict with the grounds 
specified under Section 34 would be wholly unsustainable in law. The 
Court categorically observed that any attempt to “modify an award” 
under Section 34 would amount to “crossing the Lakshman Rekha”.
15.	 On the exact same issue we may also note another opinion rendered 
by this Court in Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited v. 
Navigant Technologies Private Limited4 in the following terms:-
3	
(2021) 9 SCC 1 (2-JudgeBench)
4	
(2021) 7 SCC 657 (2-Judge Bench)
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S.V. Samudram v. State of Karnataka & Anr
“44. In law, where the court sets aside the award passed 
by the majority members of the Tribunal, the underlying 
disputes would require to be decided afresh in an 
appropriate proceeding. Under Section 34 of the Arbitration 
Act, the court may either dismiss the objections filed, and 
uphold the award, or set aside the award if the grounds 
contained in sub-sections (2) and (2-A) are made out. There 
is no power to modify an arbitral award. In McDermott 
International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd. [McDermott 
International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd., (2006) 11 SCC 
181] , this Court held as under : (SCC p. 208, para 52)
“52. The 1996 Act makes provision for the supervisory 
role of courts, for the review of the arbitral award only to 
ensure fairness. Intervention of the court is envisaged in 
few circumstances only, like, in case of fraud or bias by 
the arbitrators, violation of natural justice, etc. The court 
cannot correct errors of the arbitrators. It can only quash 
the award leaving the parties free to begin the arbitration 
again if it is desired. So, the scheme of the provision aims 
at keeping the supervisory role of the court at minimum level 
and this can be justified as parties to the agreement make 
a conscious decision to exclude the court’s jurisdiction by 
opting for arbitration as they prefer the expediency and 
finality offered by it.”
(Emphasis Supplied)
16.	 The principle stands
reiterated as late as 2023 in Larsen Air 
Conditioning and Refrigration Companyv.Union of India & 
Others5.
17.	 We may notice certain principles to be considered in adjudication 
of challenges to arbitration proceedings of this nature. It is a settled 
principle of law that arbitral proceedings are per se not comparable 
to judicial proceedings before the Court (Dyna Technologies Private 
Limited v. Crompton Greaves Limited6). The Arbitrator’s view, 
generally is considered to be binding upon the parties unless it is 
5	
2023 SCC OnLine 982 (2-Judge Bench)
6	
(2019) 20 SCC 1 (3-Judge Bench)
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set aside on certain specified grounds. In the very same decision 
taking note of the opinion as is in “Russel on Arbitration”, reiterated 
the need for the Court to look at the substance of the findings, 
rather than its form, stood reiterated and the need for adopting an 
approach of reading the award in a fair and just manner, and not in 
what is termed as “an unduly literal way”. All that is required is as 
to whether the reasons borne out are intelligible or not for adequacy 
of reasons cannot stand in the way of making the award to be 
intelligibly readable.
18.	 Emphasizingly, it is reiterated that if the view taken by the Arbitrator is 
a plausible view, no interference on the specified grounds is warranted 
(Konkan Railway Corpn. Ltd. v. Chenab Bridge Project 7).
19.	 It is also a settled principle of law that an award passed by a technical 
expert is not meant to be scrutinised in the same manner as is the 
one prepared by a legally trained mind (Delhi Airport Metro Express 
Private Limited v. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited8).
20.	 We are dealing with an award passed on 18th February, 2003, prior 
to the amendment brought in Section 34 by virtue of the Arbitration 
and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015. For the purpose of ready 
reference the relevant portion of the amended and the unamended 
provisions are extracted as under :-
“Prior to 2015 Amendment
34. Application for setting aside arbitral award. -
(1)
Recourse to a court against an arbitral awärd may be 
made only by an application for setting aside such award 
in accordance with sub-section (2) and sub-section (3).
(2) An arbitral award may be set aside by the court only if-
…
(v) the composition of the Arbitral Tribunal or the arbitral 
procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of 
the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with 
a provision of this Part from which the parties cannot 
7	
(2023) 9 SCC 85 (Three Judge Bench)
8	
(2022) 1 SCC 131 (Two Judges Bench)
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S.V. Samudram v. State of Karnataka & Anr
derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance 
with this Part; or
(b) the court finds that—
(i)	
the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of 
settlement by arbitration under the law for the time 
being in force, or
(ii)	
the arbitral award is in conflict with the public policy 
of India.
Explanation.-Without prejudice to the generality of sub-
clause (ii), it is hereby declared, for the avoidance of any 
doubt, that an award is in conflict with the public policy of 
India if the making of the award was induced or affected 
by fraud or corruption or was in violation of Section 75 
or Section 81.
(Emphasis supplied)
Post 2015 Amendment 
34. Application for setting aside arbitral award.—(1) 
Recourse to a Court against an arbitral award may be 
made only by an application for setting aside such award 
in accordance with sub-section (2) and sub-section (3).
(2) An arbitral award may be set aside by the Court only if—
…
(b) the Court finds that—
(i)	
the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of 
settlement by arbitration under the law for the time 
being in force, or
(ii)	
the arbitral award is in conflict with the public policy 
of India.
[Explanation 1.—For the avoidance of any doubt, it is 
clarified that an award is in conflict with the public policy 
of India, only if,—
(i)	
the making of the award was induced or affected by 
fraud or corruption or was in violation of Section 75 
or
Section 81; or
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(ii)	
it is in contravention with the fundamental policy of 
Indian law; or
(iii)	 it is in conflict with the most basic notions of morality 
or justice.
Explanation 2.—For the avoidance of doubt, the test as 
to whether there is a contravention with the fundamental 
policy of Indian law shall not entail a review on the merits 
of the dispute.]
[(2-A) An arbitral award arising out of arbitrations other 
than international commercial arbitrations, may also be 
set aside by the court, if the court finds that the award is 
vitiated by patent illegality appearing on the face of the 
award:
Provided that an award shall not be set aside merely on 
the ground of an erroneous application of the law or by 
reappreciation of evidence.]”
21.	 In so far as the state of the law prior to such Amendment is concerned, 
the situation stands encapsulated by this Court, in DDA v. R.S 
Sharma9 where the grounds whereby courts may intervene against 
arbitral award, were listed. 
22.	 Observations of this Court in Associate Builders v. DDA10 are also 
of note. It was held:
“15. This section in conjunction with Section 5 makes it 
clear that an arbitration award that is governed by Part 
I of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 can be set 
aside only on grounds mentioned under Sections 34(2) 
and (3), and not otherwise. Section 5 reads as follows:
“5. Extent of judicial intervention.—Notwithstanding 
anything contained in any other law for
the time being in 
force, in matters governed by this Part, no judicial authority 
shall intervene except where so provided in this Part.”
9	
(2008) 13 SCC 80 (2 Judge Bench)
10	
(2015) 3 SCC 49 (2 Judge Bench)
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16. It is important to note that the 1996 Act was enacted 
to replace the 1940 Arbitration Act in order to provide for 
an arbitral procedure which is fair, efficient and capable 
of meeting the needs of arbitration; also to provide that 
the tribunal gives reasons for an arbitral award; to ensure 
that the tribunal remains within the limits of its jurisdiction; 
and to minimise the supervisory roles of courts in the 
arbitral process.
17. It will be seen that none of the grounds contained in 
sub-section (2)(a) of Section 34 deal with the merits of 
the decision rendered by an arbitral award. It is only when 
we come to the award being in conflict with the public 
policy of India that the merits of an arbitral award are to 
be looked into under certain specified circumstances.”
(Emphasis Supplied)
23.	 As it is evident from the extracted provisions, as above that prior to 
the Amending Act, it was open for the Court to examine the award 
as to whether it was in conflict with, (a) public policy of India; (b) 
induced or affected by fraud; (c) corruption; and (d) any violation of 
the provisions of Section 75 and 81 of the A&C Act. 
24.	 In the instant case, the only provision under which the award could 
have been assailed was for it to have been in conflict with the public 
policy of India. This concept has been elaborately considered by this 
Court in Associate Builders(supra); Ssangyong Engineering and
Construction Company Limited v. National Highways Authority 
of India11,in the following terms:-
25.	 In Associate Builders (supra) the Court observed-
“19. When it came to construing the expression “the 
public policy of India” contained in Section 34(2)(b)(ii) of 
the Arbitration Act, 1996, this Court in ONGC Ltd. v. Saw 
Pipes Ltd. [(2003) 5 SCC 705 : AIR 2003 SC 2629] held: 
(SCC pp. 727-28 & 744-45, paras 31 & 74)
“31. Therefore, in our view, the phrase ‘public policy of 
India’ used in Section 34 in context is required to be given 
11	
(2019) 15 SCC 131 (Two Judges Bench)
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a wider meaning. It can be stated that the concept of 
public policy connotes some matter which concerns public 
good and the public interest. What is for public good or in 
public interest or what would be injurious or harmful to the 
public good or public interest has varied from time to time. 
However, the award which is, on the face of it, patently 
in violation of statutory provisions cannot be said to be 
in public interest. Such award/judgment/decision is likely 
to adversely affect the administration of justice. Hence, 
in our view in addition to narrower meaning given to the 
term ‘public policy’ in Renusagar case [Renusagar Power 
Co. Ltd. v. General Electric Co., 1994 Supp (1) SCC 644] 
it is required to be held that the award could be set aside 
if it is patently illegal. The result would be—award could 
be set aside if it is contrary to:
(a)	 fundamental policy of Indian law; or
(b)	 the interest of India; or
(c)	
justice or morality, or
(d)	 in addition, if it is patently illegal.
Illegality must go to the root of the matter and if the illegality 
is of trivial nature it cannot be held that award is against 
the public policy. Award could also be set aside if it is so 
unfair and unreasonable that it shocks the conscience of 
the court. Such award is opposed to public policy and is 
required to be adjudged void.”
(Emphasis supplied)
26.	 Ssangyong Engineering(supra) followed the observations of 
Associate
Builders (supra). To efficiently encapsulate the extent 
thereof particularly in the context of Indian awards, we may refer 
only to para 37 where it has been held:-
“37. Insofar as domestic awards made in India are 
concerned, an additional ground is now available under 
sub-section (2-A), added by the Amendment Act, 2015, to 
Section 34. Here, there must be patent illegality appearing 
on the face of the award, which refers to such illegality as 
goes to the root of the matter but which does not amount
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to mere erroneous application of the law. In short, what 
is not subsumed within “the fundamental policy of Indian 
law”, namely, the contravention of a statute not linked to 
public policy or public interest, cannot be brought in by 
the backdoor when it comes to setting aside an award on 
the ground of patent illegality.”
27.	 The position in Associate Builders(supra) was recently summarised 
as hereinbelow recorded by Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd. v. Shree Ganesh 
Petroleum12
“42. In Associate Builders, this Court held that an award 
could be said to be against the public policy of India in, 
inter alia, the following circumstances:
42.1. When an award is, on its face, in patent violation of 
a statutory provision.
42.2. When the arbitrator/Arbitral Tribunal has failed to 
adopt a judicial approach in deciding the dispute.
42.3. When an award is in violation of the principles of 
natural justice.
42.4. When an award is unreasonable or perverse.
42.5. When an award is patently illegal, which would include 
an award in patent contravention of any substantive law 
of India or in patent breach of the 1996 Act.
42.6. When an award is contrary to the interest of India, 
or against justice or morality, in the sense that it shocks 
the conscience of the Court.”
JUDGMENT PASSED UNDER SECTION 34 A&C ACT
28.	 A perusal of the judgment and order of the learned Civil Judge, in 
the considered view of this Court, does not reflect
fidelity to the text 
of the statute. Nowhere does it stand explained, as to, under which 
ground(s) mentioned under Section 34 of the A&C Act, did the Court 
find sufficient reason to intervene. In fact, quite opposite thereto, the 
Court undertook a re-appreciation of the matter, and upon its own 
view of the evidence, modified the order. 
12	
(2022) 4 SCC 463 (2-Judge Bench)
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29.	 As the above extracted judgment shows, merits of the award are 
only to be gone into, if the award is demonstrated to be contrary to 
the public policy of India. The reasons recorded by the learned Civil 
Judge for modifying the arbitral award, as reflected from a perusal 
thereof, have been recorded in an earlier section of the judgment. 
None of those reasons even so much as allude to the award being 
contrary to the public policy of India, which would enable the court 
to look into the merits of the award.
30.	 We have carefully perused the award passed by the Arbitrator in 
which he has not only referred to and considered the materials 
on record in their entirety but also, after due application of mind, 
assigned reasons for arriving at this conclusion, either rejecting, 
accepting or reducing the claim set out by the Claimant-Appellant. 
Noticeably, during the arbitral proceedings none of the parties raised 
any objection to the Arbitrator adjudicating the dispute, be it on any 
ground, including bias. Each one of the claims stands separately 
considered and dealt with. 
31.	 We find that the view taken by the Arbitrator is a plausible view and 
could not have been substituted for its own by the Court.
32.	 The reasons assigned by the Court under Section 34 of the A &C 
Act, to our mind, are totally extraneous to the controversy, to the lis 
between the parties and not borne out from the record. In fact, they 
are
mutually contradictory.
32.1	In awarding an amount of 25% of the tender amount (incorrectly 
recorded as “over the tender amount” in some parts of the 
judgment of the learned Civil Judge, Sirsi) in favour of the 
Claimant-Appellant, the Court has ipso facto accepted that the 
Claimant-Appellant had not breached the terms of the contract. 
In fact, the Court appears to have accepted the Claimant’s 
contention of delay in handing over the site drawings and supply 
of materials. The Court while noticing the change in the drawings, 
resorted to, a misadventure by observing that the changes in 
the drawings were “only minor” in the dimension of beam which 
as we find the Court have contradicted itself by recording the 
same to have been “noticed as essential in the execution of the 
contract”. The Court, in our considered view had no business 
to state that the Claimant is claiming the amount is from the 
pocket of the concerned engineer or his property.
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S.V. Samudram v. State of Karnataka & Anr
“…Whether the claimant is claiming the such amount is from 
the pocket of concerned Engineers or from his property, 
whey should so much amount be paid from exchequer 
amount, it is heavily cast on the tax payer, that has to be 
consider by the court…”
32.2	Further observations as we extract hereunder, justifying the 
interference in the award, in our considered opinion, are totally 
scandalous: -
“…Admittedly the arbitrator who is retired Engineer after 
retirement there will be no holding on the department, 
when the claimant is going to benefit so much amount 
there will be benefit to the arbitrator…”
32.3	The Court imputed its personal knowledge in assigning reasons 
by observing :-
“…Even in this case also if the report of the arbitrator is 
accepted as it is, it is heavy burden on the exchequer not 
on the department…”
32.4	The reasoning given by the Court in interfering with the 
award which is extracted immediately hereafter, in our view, 
is preposterous: -
“…It is the common sense and the general observation, 
whenever the work is entrusted to any contractor to put 
up the construction what they do is, they use to start 
excavation to lay a foundation. It is not the case of the 
2nd opponent regarding digging at original spot or laying 
any foundation for construction of the residential house. 
So, under such circumstances the alleged loss pleaded 
by the opponent No.2 is only at his imagination.”
32.5	For it is no business of the Court to consider the burden on 
the exchequer. All that is required by the Court is to see as to 
whether the contracting parties have agreed to bind themselves 
to the terms with the only supervisory jurisdiction of the Court 
to consider breach thereof, in the light of the grounds specified 
under Section 34.
32.6	To our mind, the court lost sight of the fact that the civil contract 
was composite in nature that is having contracted both of
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the building of the office and residence together. In these 
circumstances, the contractor could not have commenced work 
of part of the project when the complete site and the drawings 
were not handed over to him. In the absence of the parties have 
agreed otherwise, work could not have commenced. Hence, 
observation of the court, advisory in nature, for the contractor 
to have commenced the work for one part of the contract is 
unwarranted and uncalled for, in fact perverse. 
32.7	The other observation that there was a delay on the part 
of the contractor in completing the work or speeding up the 
work does not reflect in the record. They are nothing short of 
mere conjectures. This is more so in view of the absence of 
invocation of the arbitration clause or initiation of the proceedings 
thereunder on the part of the Respondent against the contractor 
as also not raising any counter claims for adjudication by the 
Arbitrator.
32.8	Accounting for the legal position, the court could have at best 
set aside the award and could not modify the same.
32.9	We also notice the learned Arbitrator, to have accepted the 
contention of the Claimant-Appellant that there was a delay in 
supply of drawings, which in turn caused delay in placing the 
orders for steel and other such requirements. The Civil Judge 
had disagreed therewith on a mere reference to “Ex. R 38 to 
95” showing prompt supply. There is no discussion whatsoever.
Another instance is noteworthy. It was observed that the question 
of idleness of the labour does not arise if there was another 
building to be constructed, and therefore, such claim cannot be 
paid. This is a clear instance of the court supplanting its view 
in place of the Arbitrator, which is not a permissible exercise, 
and is completely de-hors to the jurisdiction under Section 34. 
33.	 As such, the modification of the arbitral award by the learned Civil 
Judge, Sirsi, does not stand scrutiny, and must be set aside. 
JUDGMENT UNDER SECTION 37 A&C ACT
34.	 Moving further, we now consider the judgment impugned before us, 
i.e., the order of the High Court upholding such modification, under 
the jurisdiction of Section 37 of the A&C Act.
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35.	 It has been observed by this Court in MMTC Ltd. v. Vedanta Ltd.13
“14. As far as interference with an order made under 
Section 34, as per Section 37, is concerned, it cannot be 
disputed that such interference under Section 37 cannot 
travel beyond the restrictions laid down under Section 34. 
In other words, the court cannot undertake an independent 
assessment of the merits of the award, and must only 
ascertain that the exercise of power by the court under 
Section 34 has not exceeded the scope of the provision. 
Thus, it is evident that in case an arbitral award has been 
confirmed by the court under Section 34 and by the court in 
an appeal under Section 37, this Court must be extremely 
cautious and slow to disturb such concurrent findings.”
(Emphasis Supplied)
36.	 This view has been referred to with approval by a bench of three 
learned Judges in UHL Power Company Ltd v. State of Himachal 
Pradesh14.In respect of Section 37, this court observed:-
“16. As it is, the jurisdiction conferred on courts under 
Section 34 of the Arbitration Act is fairly narrow, when 
it comes to the scope of an appeal under Section 37 of 
the Arbitration Act, the jurisdiction of an appellate court in 
examining an order, setting aside or refusing to set aside 
an award, is all the more circumscribed.”
37.	 This Court has not lost sight of the fact that, as a consequence to 
our discussion as aforesaid, holding that the
judgment and order 
under Section 34 of the A&C Act does not stand judicial scrutiny, 
an independent evaluation of the impugned judgment may not be 
required in view of the holding referred to supra in MMTC Ltd. 
However, we proceed to examine the same. 
38.	 We may also notice that the circumscribed nature of the exercise 
of power under Sections 34 and 37 i.e., interference with an arbitral 
award, is clearly demonstrated by legislative intent. The Arbitration 
Act of 1940 had a provision (Section 15) which allowed for a court 
13	
(2019) 4 SCC 163(2 Judge Bench)
14	
(2022) 4 SCC 116(3-Judge Bench)
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to interfere in awards, however, under the current legislation, that 
provision has been omitted.15
39.	 The learned Single Judge, similar to the learned Civil Judge under 
Section 34, appears to have not concerned themselves with the 
contours of Section 37 of the A&C Act. The impugned judgment 
reads like a judgment rendered by an appellate court, for whom re-
examination of merits is open to be taken as the course of action. 
40.	 We find the Court to have held the award to be perverse and contrary 
to public policy. The basis for such a finding being the delay on the 
part of the contractor in completion of the work which “could have 
been avoided”. Significantly, as we have observed earlier such a 
finding is not backed by any material on record.
41.	 What appears to have weighed with the court is that the factoring of 
the cost escalation between the years 1989-90 and 1992 by 100% 
was exaggerated. But then equally, there is no justification in granting 
lump sum escalation by 25% of the contract value. Well, this cannot 
be a reason to modify the award for the parties are governed by the 
terms and conditions and the price escalation stood justified by the 
petitioner based on cogent and reliable material as was so counted 
by the Arbitrator in partly accepting and/or rejecting the claims.
42.	 In our considered opinion, the court while confirming the modification 
of the award committed the very same mistake which
the Court under 
Section 34 of the A&C Act, made.
The Court under Section 37 had only three options:-
(a)	 Confirming the award of the Arbitrator;
(b)	 Setting aside the award as modified under Section 34; and
(c)	
Rejecting the application(s) under Section 34 and 37.
43.	 The learned single Judge has examined the reasoning adopted by 
the learned Arbitrator in respect of certain claims (claims 3 and 7, 
particularly) and held that allowing a claim for escalation of cost, 
was without satisfactory material having been placed on record and 
is “perverse and contrary to the public policy”. However, it appears 
15	
Larsen Air Conditioning and Refrigration Company v. Union of India and Others 2023 SCC OnLine 982 
(2-Judge Bench)
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S.V. Samudram v. State of Karnataka & Anr
that such a holding on part of the Judge is without giving reasons 
therefor. It has not been discussed as to what the evidence was 
before the learned single Judge to arrive at such conclusion. This 
is of course, entirely without reference to the scope delineated by 
various judgements of this Court as also, the statutory scheme of 
the A & C Act.
44.	 Having referred to J.G Engineers (P)Ltd. v. UOI16and more 
particularly para 27 thereof, it has been held that the award passed 
by the learned Arbitrator is “patently illegal, unreasonable, contrary to 
public policy.” There is no reason forthcoming as to how the holding 
of the learned Arbitrator flies in the face of public policy.
ON INTEREST 
45.	 On the issue of interest, we notice that the Arbitrator has awarded 
interest @ 18% p.a., w.e.f. 09 March 1994 which stood reduced to 
9%. The transaction being commercial in nature, we see no reason 
as to why the claimant could not be entitled to interest in terms 
of the rate quantified by the Arbitrator which includes the period 
of pre-arbitration, pendantelite and future. We notice this Court to 
have stated in Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd. v. State of Orissa17, 
through S.A. Bobde, J. (as His Lordship then was) speaking for the 
majority as under:
“4. Clause (a) of sub-section (7) provides that where an 
award is made for the payment of money, the Arbitral 
Tribunal may include interest in the sum for which the
award is made. In plain terms, this provision confers a 
power upon the Arbitral Tribunal while making an award 
for payment of money, to include interest in the sum for 
which the award is made on either the whole or any part 
of the money and for the whole or any part of the period 
for the entire pre-award period between the date on 
which the cause of action arose and the date on which 
the award is made... The significant words occurring in 
clause (a) of sub-section (7) of Section 31 of the Act are 
“the sum for which the award is made”. On a plain reading, 
this expression refers to the total amount or sum for the 
16	
(2011) 5 SCC 758 (2 Judge Bench)
17	
(2015) 2 SCC 189 (3-Judge Bench)

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payment for which the award is made. Parliament has not 
added a qualification like “principal” to the word “sum”, and 
therefore, the word “sum” here simply means “a particular 
amount of money”. In Section 31(7), this particular amount 
of money may include interest from the date of cause of 
action to the date of the award.
… ….
7. Thus, when used as a noun, as it seems to have been 
used in this provision, the word “sum” simply means “an 
amount of money”; whatever it may include — “principal” 
and “interest” or one of the two. Once the meaning of the 
word “sum” is clear, the same meaning must be ascribed 
to the word in clause (b) of sub-section (7) of Section 31 
of the Act, where it provides that a sum directed to be 
paid by an arbitral award “shall … carry interest …” from 
the date of the award to the date of the payment i.e. post-
award. In other words, what clause (b) of sub-section (7) 
of Section 31 of the Act directs is that the “sum”, which 
is directed to be paid by the award, whether inclusive 
or exclusive of interest, shall carry interest at the rate of 
eighteen per cent per annum for the post-award period, 
unless otherwise ordered.
…
9. The purpose of enacting this provision is clear, namely, 
to encourage early payment of the awarded sum and 
to discourage the usual delay, which accompanies the 
execution of the award in the same manner as if it were 
a decree of the court vide Section 36 of the Act.”
(Emphasis Supplied)
46.	 Keeping in view the aforesaid observations of this Court, it cannot 
be doubted that the Claimant-Appellant is entitled to interest. We 
find that the learned Arbitrator, as hitherto observed, has awarded 
18% interest and the same stood reduced by the Courts below to 
9% without any legal basis therefor. In exercise of our powers under 
Article 142,
we deem it appropriate to, in order to ensure substantial 
justice,inter se the parties, of awarding interest @ 9 % p.a. from the 
date of award pendantelite and future, till date of payment.

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CONCLUSION
47.	 In the absence of compliance with the well laid out parameters and 
contours of both Section 34 and Section 37 of the A&C Act, the 
impugned judgement(s)referred to in Para 1 (supra) are required to 
be set aside. Consequently, the award dated 18thFebruary 2003 of 
the learned Arbitrator is restored, for any challenge thereto has failed.
48.	 The appeal is allowed with a direction to the State of Karnataka to 
expeditiously pay the amount. No costs.
Headnotes prepared by: Ankit Gyan	
Result of the case: Appeal allowed.