MAHARAJI EDUCATIONAL TRUST versus HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. & ORS.
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 790, Supreme Court of India, 2017
Outcome: Disposed off
Segment: Ratio
A 
B 
[2017] 4 S .C.R. 790 
MAHARAJI EDUCATIONAL TRUST 
v. 
HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT 
CORPORATION LTD. & ORS. 
(Civil Appeal Nos. 6463-65 of 2017) 
MAYOS,2017 
[ARUN MISHRA AND S. ABDUL NAZEER, JJ.) 
Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and 
C Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002: 
s. 13(2) - Appellant-Educational Trust took loan of Rs. 75 
crores from respondent No. 1 (HUDCO) - Properties Nos. 1 to 6 
mortgaged - Recovery proceedings by HUDCO under 1993 Act -
21 acres out of the mortgaged property No. 6 was exchanged by 
D 
the Trust with Awas Parishad - Thereafter agreement to sell property 
No. 6 comprising of 63.45 acres (including the 21 acres obtained 
in exchange) by the Trust with a construction company - Part 
payment (Rs. 9 crores) obtained from the constniction company paid 
by the Tnist with HUDCO - In arbitration proceedings between the 
Trust and the construction company in respect of specific 
E p,erformance of the agreement, interim injunction was passed not 
to sell the property in question therein - Proceedings by HUDCO 
under SARFAESI Act - Dispute as regards the Property No. 6 (which 
included 21 acres exchanged land) between the Trust and the 
construction company, as to whether it could be sold under 
F SARFAESI Act for satisfying the dues of the Trust - Held: 21 acres 
out of the property No. 6 (which was obtained in exchange) was 
unencumbered - It cannot be treated as accession to property under 
mortgage within purview of
s. 70 of Transfer of Property Act -
Therefore HUDCO does not have first right to sell the 21 acres of 
G land- It has right qua the other mortgaged properties (i:e. properties 
Nos. 1 to 5 and 43 acres of property No. 6) to realize the dues at the 
first instance - The Trust is directed to settle the scheme for payment 
with HUDCO - On failure by the Trust to settle the scheme, it would 
be open to HUDCO to sell· approximately 43 acres of land (of the 
mortgaged property No. 6) - if proceeds from the sale thereof are 
H not sufficient to satisfy the dues, it can sell the property Nos. I to 5 
790 
' 
,-
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
791 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. 
or its part which may be necessary for realization of the outstanding A 
dues - Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions 
Act, 1993 - Transfer of Property Act, 1882 - s. 70. 
Transfer of Property Act, 1882: 
s. 70 - Doctrine of accession - Meaning and Scope of -
Discussed. 
· 
B 
Words and Phrases: 
'Accession' - Meaning of. in the context of Transfer of 
Property Act, 1882. 
Disposing of the appeals, the Court 
HELD: 1. The doctrine of accession is limited to cases 
where the security in existent and has not been destroyed 
altogether and the mortgagor thereafter acqu~res, while keeping 
c 
the security intact, a new right which is called accession. In the · 
instant case, the property which is 21 acres under mortgage, could D 
not have been transferred by the Educational Trust free from 
encumbrances to Avas Parishad at all. As the property was 
encumbered, the charge of HUDCO would remain on the existing 
property which was actually under the mortgage deed. Thus the 
property which has been taken by Avas Parishad from the 
Educational Trust could not be said to be unencumbered and was 
subject to mortgage and it was not legally permissible for 
Educational Trust to give it to Avas Parishad as unencumbered. 
property. [Para 29) [807-H; 808-A-B] 
E 
2. Enlargement of estate is also an accession. Section 70 of F 
Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (TP Act) is not limited to
physical 
accretions or additions. In case there is increase of interest, the 
same is also covered under purview of Section 70. In case 
mortgagor had only the leasehold rights and had acquired freehold 
rights during subsistence of the mortgage, the same has to be 
treated as an accession to the property. Addition of occupancy G 
rights or some other such rights with respect to the existing 
property should also be an accession to the mortgaged property. 
If the mortgagor discharges a prior encumbrance existing at the 
date of the mortgage, the increase in the value of the estate is for 
the benefit of the mortgagee. A clearance of the adjoining waste 
H
792 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A land by the mortgagor is not an accession within the meaning of 
Section 70. The property 21 acres obtained in exchange by 
Educational Trust cannot be said to be accession within the 
purview of Section 70 of TP Act. [Para 381 [812-C-FJ 
B 
c 
D 
E 
Macleod v. Kissan (1906) ILR 30 Bom 250; Atmukur 
V. Chetty v. Thimpurasundar AIR 1965 Mad 185; Saila 
Bala v. Swerna Moyee AIR 1939 Cal. 275; PMPM 
Chettyar Firm v. Siemens Ltd. (1933) ILR 11 Rang 322; 
Tay Gyi v. Maung Yan 146 IC 674; Balakrishnan v. 
Malaiyandi Konar [2006) 2 SCR 363 : (2006) 3 SCC 
49;. Krishna Gopal v. Miller (1902) ILR 29Cal. 803; 
Baljit Singh v. JI Cunnington AIR 1984 All 209; Nannu 
Mal v. Ram Chander& Ors. AIR 1931 All. 277; 
Sidheshwar Prasad v. Ram Saroop AIR 1963 Pat. 412 
- referred to. 
· 
Elizabeth Webster & Ors. Herbert Power, George Henry 
Davenport and Robert Burke 1867-69 Vol. 2 ILR 69 -
referred to. 
Black's Law Dictionary; The Law Lexicon by P. ;., 
Ramanatha Aiyar 2nd Edn. 1997; Oxford Dictionary -
referred to. 
3. In the instant case the property was exchanged by the 
Educational Trust with Avas Parishad in the year 2007. Agreement 
had been entered into with SGS Constructions on 26.8.2010 for a 
sum of Rs.154 crores in order to pay the dues of HUDCO and a 
sum of more than Rs.9 crores had also been paid to Educational 
F 
Trust which was deposited by it with HUDCO. Deposit of title 
deed has been made by Educational Trust subsequently on
27.7.2011 with HUDCO but prior to that an agreement to sale 
had been entered into for the aforesaid 21 acre~ of land which 
was unencumbered. Thus at the time when the agreement had 
G been entered into, the property was unencumbered and was not 
under mortgage with HUDCO. Thus agreement with regard to 
21 acres was not interdicted by interim order of DRT. Thus SGS 
Constructions by making a huge payment of Rs.9 crores had 
acquired a right over the said unencumbered property. Thus 
HUDCO will not have the first right to sell the 21 acres of fan~ 
H which was unencumbered which was subject matter of agreement
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
793 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. 
· to sell. HUDCO will have the right for other mortgaged properties A 
to realize the dues at the first instance. [Para 39) [812-F-H; 813-
A-B) 
4. It is also apparent that there are several rounds of 
litigation in spite of order of DRAT with respect to loan amount 
having attained finality, is not being honoured for recovery which 
B 
proceedings under the Securitization and Reconstruction of 
Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act had also 
been initiated by HUDCO but sans any result. The history of the 
case clearly indicates that it has virtually become impossible to 
realize the dues owing to various litigations pending and filed by 
parties or some other third persons. {Para 22] [805-C-D) 
C 
5. It appears that on one hand the Educational Trust is trying 
to convey that property No.6 be sold first, at the same time it has 
undertaken not to do so before arbitral tribunal and not questioned 
the order of arbitral tribunal rather has consented to order of 
arbitral tribunal that property No.6 not be sold. Parties are D 
expected not to blow hot and cold. Conduct is unfair and 
inconsistent and indicative of dilly- dallying tactics on the part of 
the Educational Trust. However, there is yet another aspect that 
HUDCO is not bound by interim order of arbitral tribunal to the 
extent of approximately 43 acres of1)roperty comprised in Item 
E. 
No.6 and it would have first
charge on said mortgaged property, 
hence, it is permitted to sale 43 acres of land initially mortgaged 
with it by Educational Trust. [Para 23) [805-F-Hl 
6. The Educational Trust is a wilful defaulter and has built 
the property, colleges, hospitals from the money borrowed from 
F 
HUDCO. It was the bounden duty of the Educational Trust to 
pay back the money to HUDCO. Thus no equitable principle 
comes to their rescue as despite running the institutions for the 
last 22 years, they have not paid back the amount. Once they 
want to run their colleges, hospitals etc. built up with the help of 
money advanced by HUDCO, obviously they must honestly ooze 
G 
out the advantage which they are deriving from the institutions. 
The increase of non-performing assets in banks is one of the 
offshoots of such murky deals. It is shocking that despite having 
means, earning profits, they are not interested in making payment. 
Time has come when they have to be dealt with sternly and with H
794 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A an iron hand so as to make them pay public dues. The Educational 
Trust is expected to make payment of the amount which has 
~welled up to approximately to Rs.480 crores by now and make 
payment otherwise they wiHhave to face the consequences. Not 
only that, they have taken the money from HUDCO but from 
B other incumbents i.e. SGS Constructions also but not interested 
in making payment in spite of running several institutions. There 
were orders which were passed earlier with respect to bank 
accounts also, but the Court has not been addressed as to what 
happened to those orders. It is not only startling but also shocking 
to note that a giant institution which is imparting education to 
C about 3000 students involving manpower of about 700 personnel 
. is finding it difficult to pay the loaned amount and is coming up 
with lame excuses to shirk its responsibility. [Para 40) [813-B-F, 
H; 814-A] 
7. The Educational Trust is directed to settle scheme of 
D repayment with HUDCO within one month and to start payment 
of dues w.e.f. month of June, 2017. On failure of Education Trust 
as per aforesaid direction or in case of default, it would be open 
to HUDCO to sale approximately 43 acres of the land which .was 
mortgaged with it to realize its dues in the legally permissible 
manner. In case the proceeds from sale ofapproximately 43 acres 
E of land are not sufficient to satisfy the dues of HUDCO, it would 
be open to sale
property No.1 to 5 or its part which may be 
necessary for realization of the outstanding dues. However, 21 
acres of property which has been obtained in exchange from 
Awas Parishad, cannot be sold. It is only in the -cir.cuinstance, if 
F 
Arbitrator disallows the claim of SGS Constructions for purchase 
of 21 acres of said property can be sold, not otherwise. That 
too, if dues of HUDCO remain outstanding after sale of 
approximately 43 acres of land out of Ite.m No.6 mortgaged 
initially and property item No.I to 5 which are under mortgage. 
[Para 42] [814-D-GJ 
G 
Sura} Lamp & Jndusries Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Haryana & 
Am: (2011) 11 SCR 848 : (2012) 1 SCC 656; Raheja 
Universal Ltd. v. NRC Limited & Ors. [2012) 3 SCR 388 
: (2012) 4 SCC 148; ML. Aggarwal v. Oriental Bank 
of Commerce & Ors. 128 (2006) Delhi Law Times 407 
H 
(DB) - cited.
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
795 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. 
Case' Law Reference 
A 
[2006) 2 SCR 363 
referred to 
Para25 
(1902) ILR 29 Cal. 803 
referred to 
Para 36 
(1906) ILR 30 Dom 250 
, referred to 
Para 36 
AIR 1965 Mad 185 
referred to 
Para 36· 
B 
AIR 1939 Cal. 275 . 
referred to 
Para 36 
(1933) ILR 11 Rang 322 
referred to 
·Para 36 
AIR 1984 All 209 ' 
referred to 
Para 37 
AIR 1931 All. 277 
-referred to 
Para 37 
Am 1963 Pat. 412 
referred to 
Para 38 
c 
'146 IC 674 
I_ 
referred to 
Para 38 
[2011) 11 SCR 848 
cited 
Para 41 
(2012) 3 SCR 388 
· cited 
Para 41 
128 (2006) Delhi Law 
cited 
Para 41 
Times 407 (DB) 
D 
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 6463-
6465 of 2017. 
From the Judgment and Order dated 01.02.2017 of the High CoUrt 
of Delhi at New Delhi in W. P. (C) No. 4412 of2013, LPA No. 248 of E 
2016 & LPA No. 249 of2016 
WITH 
C. A. No. 6466 of2017. 
Dr. A. M. Singhvi, Jayant Bhushan, Sr. Advs., Ashutosh Khaitan, 
F 
Navpreet Singh Ahluwalia, Deepak Chawla, Adhish Sharma, Umesh 
Kumar Khaitan, Advs. for the Appellant. 
Rana Mukherjee, Basav Prabhu S. Patil, Sr. Advs., Aarohi Bhalla, 
Pallav Saxena, Omito Unnar K., Hrishikesh Baruah, Advs. for the 
Respondents. 
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by 
ARUN MISHRA, J. 1. Leave granted. 
2. The appeals arise out .of common order dated 1.2.2017 passed 
by the Division Bench of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in writ 
'G 
H
796 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A petition and two Letters Patent Appeals (LPAs) arising out of the 
proceedings before the Debt Recovery Tribunal, New Delhi (for short 
"DRT"). Maharaji Educational Trust (hereinafter referred to as "the 
Educational Trust") had taken a loan of approximately Rs. 75 crores 
from Housing & Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (for short 
B 
'HUDCO') and mortgaged properties Nos. l to 6. The Trust is running 
several medical colleges, dental college and 700 bedded hospitals. Besides 
3000 students are said to be getting education with 700 staff !Ilembers. 
The Trust is running several other colleges. It is alleged that its worth is 
more than Rs.12,000 crores. Proceedings were initiated in 2002 by 
HUDCO for recovery against the Trust under the Recovery of Debts 
C due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (hereinafter referred 
to as "the Act of 1993"). Though the land was under mortgage with 
HUDCO, the Trust had exchanged 21 acres of the mortgaged property 
out of property No.6 with U.P. Avas Evam Vikas Parishad (hereinafter 
referred to as "the Avas Parishad"). The exchange deed was executed 
D on 4.5.2007. There was a dispute between the parties whether 21 acres 
of land which has been obtained in exchange from Avas Parishad is to 
be treated as mortgaged property or not. The application for recovery of 
loan filed by HUDCO was allowed by the DRT-II on 3.6.2008. 
3. An agreement to sell had been entered into by the
Educational 
Trust in favour of Mis. SGS Construction and Development (P) Ltd. 
E (for short 'SGS Constructions') qua item No.6 of the property comprising 
63.45 acres which also included 21 acres of the property obtained in 
exchange from Avas Parishad. The agreement was entered into for a 
consideration of Rs.154 crores out of which a sum of Rs.9.01 crores 
was admittedly paid upfront which was deposited by Trust with HUDCO. 
p 
It was entered into to obtain money to wipe off dues of HUDCO. With 
respect to specific performance of the agreement arbitration is pending 
between.Educational Trust and SGS Constructions, interim injunction 
had been passed by the arbitrator with the consent of Educational Trust 
not to sell the property comprised in item No.6 which is the subject 
matter of arbitration during its pendency. The order has attained finality. 
G The arbitral tribunal had passed order on 15.1.2011. The Trust and its 
Chainnan submitted an undertaking not to make any alienation for the 
disputed land which was subject matter of arbitration. Accordingly, status 
quo was ordered by the arbitrator which order is continuing to operate, 
is not disputed at the Bar. 
H
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
797 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
4. The DRAT, in appeal vide order dated 6.10.2010 had directed A 
the Educational' Trust to pay Rs.50 crores per month to HUDCO till 
recovery in toto. The DRAT noted in its order that borrower wanted to 
settle the matter with HUDCO. In spite of taking time they did not do 
so. It was also noted that the borrower had no intention to apply for one 
time settlement at Rs.240 crores. Borrower wanted to pay Rs.240 crores 
B 
whereas HUDCO was claiming Rs.250 crores. However contrary to 
that proposal was moved for one time settlement ofRs.75.07 crores. It 
was noted that the borrower had no intention for applying OTS at Rs.240 
crores. Authorities were misled. It was also observed by DRAT that the 
action of borrower borders contempt of court due to lack of direct 
evidence. Action under the Contempt of Courts Act or section 340 Cr.P. C. 
C 
had not b'een initiated. It was observed that the borrower required no 
sympathy at all and the entire scene was created to take a few dates. 
Accordingly, the order was passed to pay Rs.50 crores per month till full 
realization. Thereafter, in case of default, immovable property be sold 
and HUDCO may be permitted tu bring a better purchaser. The order D 
of DRAT has not been complied with by the Educational Trust. 
5. The title deed of the property which had been exchanged by 
the Trust from Awas Parishad was deposited in 2011 with HUDCO.
It 
was also mentioned in the reply that status quo was directed to be 
maintained by DRT on 26.8.2002 with respect to mortgaged property 
which order was confirmed on 3.6.2008. The DRT's 'order to maintain 
E 
status quo had been violated by the Trust. In the appeal DRAT had 
ordered payment of interest @ 16.5% on the amount of approximately 
Rs.148 crores. Agreement to sell could not have been entered into by 
the Trust. On I 9.5.2011 SGS Constructions preferred objections before 
the Recovery Officer. On 3 .8.2011 it was submitted by SGS Constructions 
F 
that HUDCO admitted that the land obtained by the Educational Trust 
under exchange deed dated 4.5.2007 was not mortgaged in its favour. 
On 6.9.2011 Recovery Officer directed sale of remaining mortgaged 
properties in RC No. 039/2011. 
6. HUDCO issued demand notice on 19.9.2011 under section 13(2) 
G 
of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and 
Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (for short 'SARFAESIAct'), 
and also issued possession notice on 21.11.2011. The High Court of 
Judicature at Allahabad in W.P. No.11669/2011 stayed further proceedings 
H
798 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A in respect of agricultural land. In view of the interim order of High Court 
vacant possession was restored to the Educational Trust. On 6.9.2011 
Recovery Officer directed for sale of remaining mortgaged properties 
from serial Nos. I to 5 vide orders dated 22.11.2011 and 9.1.2012. 
On 25.1.2012 on the prayer made by the Educational J:rust, 
B HUDCO was restrained from proceeding against 5 mortgaged properties. 
HUDCO preferred miscellaneous appeal as against order before DRAT. 
7. DRAT vide order dated 5.6.2013 while deciding the appeal 
again.st order of Recovery Officer preferred by the Trust challenging 
the attachment of their bank accounts directed Recovery Officer to 
c decide the objections on merits and proceed against the bank accounts 
in case the subject property was not sold within 6 months. On 25.6.2013 
DRAT directed sale of agricultural land by HUDCO by way of private 
treaty under the SARFAESI Act. 
8. In the meantime SGS Constructions had paid stamp duty and 
D got the agreement registered. On 25.9.2013 High Court of Allahabad 
had passed an order in W.P. No.11669/2011 and directed status quo to 
be maintained with respect to 21 acres of property which was obtained 
in exchange by the Trust fromAvas Parishad. It was also clarified that 
the order passed by the High Court shall not affect interim order passed 
by the arbitrator directing maintenance of status quo. In the special leave 
E ·petition which was
preferred before this Court for quashing the said 
order dated 25. 9.2013 this Court decided C.A. N os.4494-96/2015. This 
Court noted that by the time of proceedings for recovery of debt, the 
amount had amassed to more than Rs.433 crores under the SARFAESI 
Act. -It was also noted that prayer had been made by SGS Constructions 
F 
that properties Nos.I to 5 be sold and not to sell property No.6 which 
was subject matter of agreement. As the matter was pending before 
DRT at Delhi, this Court opined that it was not for the High Court Bench 
at Lucknow to declare the property as unencumbered and to direct 
demarcation of 21 acres of land as unencumbered property as this 
question was required to be decided by DRT where the objections of 
G SGS Constructions were pending. Nor High Court could have decided 
question ofaccession under section 70 of the Transfer of Property Act 
(for short "TP Act") in writ jurisdiction. This Court also did not decide 
the said question and set aside the order passed by Lucknow Bench of 
the High Court of Allahabad on the ground that the matter which was 
H
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
799 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
pending at DRT, Delhi could not have been agitated before Lucknow A 
Bench. As the property was situated at Ghaziabad, Lucknow Bench 
had no territorial jurisdiction to entertain the writ petition, this Court held 
that order passed by the High Court was required to be set aside as no 
cause of action had arisen at Lucknow. This Court also did not comment 
on the validity of registration of agreement as writ petition (C) No.38596/ 
B 
2013 in this regard was pending before High Court of Allahabad, and it 
would be for High Court to adjudicate upon aforesaid questions. It is 
apparent that this Court did not decide the various questions on merits 
and the order of Lucknow Bench was set aside on the ground for want 
of territorial jurisdiction only. No doubt about it that this Court commented 
adversely upon the attempt to get questions adjudicated by the High 
C 
Court which were required to be dealt with in SARFAESI proceedings. 
9. On 20.5.2015 in W.P. (C) No.2604/2013 High Court observed 
that Recovery Officer would give due weightage to the mandate of 
order dated 25.6.2013 passed by the appellate tribunal while deciding 
objections pending before him. Before the Recovery Officer applications D 
were filed which were dismissed on 1.7.2015. Division Bench of the 
High Court of Delhi in LPA No.385/2015 on 1. 7.2015 directed Recovery 
Officer to decide all the questions raised
by a party before him in 
accordance with law, uninfluenced by the observations made by Single 
Judge in his order dated 20.5.2015. 
· 
10. As against the order dated 1.7.2015 appeal was preferred by 
SGS Constructions before ORT on 3.7.2015. Appeal was dismissed on 
10.7.2015. Howevervide order dated 13.7.2015 High Court in W.P. (C) 
· N o.2604/2013 directed Recovery Officer to decide the objections keeping 
E 
in view issues involved in the case. On 14.7.2015 SGS Constructions 
preferred an appeal against the order passed by ORT before DRAT. On 
F 
21.7.2015 High Court in W.P. (C) No.2604/2013 stayed the execution/ 
adjudicatory proceeding relating to objections pending before Recovery 
Officer. 
On 29.7.2015 SGS.Constructions preferred W.P. (C)'No.7261/ 
2015 for expeditious settlement of dispute between the parties and 
G 
indicated its willingness to clear the dues ofHUDCO. 
11. The Educational Trust also filed W.P. No.4987/2016 before 
the High Court challenging notice dated 26.4.2016 issued by HUDCO 
proposing to classify the Educational Trust and its trustees as willful 
H
800 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A defaulters. Writ petition was disposed ofvide order dated 27.5.2016 
with a direction that HUDCO after hearing the Educational Trust shall 
take a decision on the matter on or before 30.6.2016. Time was extended 
by 31.8.2016 on the prayer made by HUDCO in W.P. (C) No.4987/ 
2016. On 8.12.2016 HUDCO again moved an application. Further eight 
B weeks' time was granted by the High Court to HUDCO to pass the 
order. Ultimately, vide order dated30.1.2017 Trust had been declared as 
wilful defaulter. 
12. By impugned order dated 1.2.2017 High Court has directed 
Recovery Officer to consider and decide objections raised by SGS 
Constructions with regard to property No.6. The order of Recovery 
C Officer dated 1.7.2015 as confirmed by DRT 0n 10.7.2015 and DRAT 
by order dated 20.7.2015 were set aside and the applications filed by 
SGS Constructions were allowed as prayed, for amendment of its 
objections. High Court also observed that the DRT shall decide all pending 
applications which are filed including the claim of SGS Constructions 
D that property No.6 being an agricultural land is beyond the purview of 
SARFAESI Act and pass an appropriate order. High Court further 
directed status quo to be maintained in respect of property Nos. I to 6. 
Aggrieved by the order, Educational Trust as well as SGS Constructions 
preferred appeals in this Court. 
E 
13. The Educational Trust in appeal has urged that SGS 
Constructions has no right
on the basis of agreement to sale dated 
26.8.2010 and the property has been mortgaged to HUDCO. Agreement-
holder cannot raise any objection. Item No.6 of property should be sold 
first for recovery of dues of HUDCO. High Court has erred in setting 
aside orders dated 1.7.2015, 10.7.2015 and20.7.2015 passed by Recovery 
F Officer, DRT and DRAT respectively. By setting aside orders the High 
Court has protracted the process and prolonged the recoyery process. 
High Court has erroneously held that under section 17 of SARFAESI 
Act there is automatic protection against sale of property No.6. On the 
basis of registered agreement no right could accrue to SGS Constructions 
G and unilateral registration has been questioned in a writ petition pending 
before the High Court of Allahabad. Right of HUDCO is paramount. 
SGS Constructions cannot be permitted to contend that property No.6 is . · 
agricultural land. SGS Constructions had no locus to sustain its objections. 
Futile writ petition was filed before Lucknow Bench, order passed in 
which was set aside by this Court. The combined value of the properties 
H
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOlJSING & URBAN 
801 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
items 1 to 6 of appellant is approximately Rs. l 000 crores and SGS 
A 
Constructions had offered a mere sum of Rs.400 crores under the garb 
of clearing the dues of Educational Trust owed to HUDCO. The fetter 
has been imposed by the High Court by impugned order. SGS 
Constructions is trying to unsettle and dislodge the livelihood of various 
individuals who are attached to running of medical college, dental college 
B 
and hospitals at property Nos. I to 5 and attempting to create hurdles in 
education process of three thousand students getting education in medical 
college, dental college and hospital. There are 700 employees working 
in institutions running for the last 22 years. The Educational Trust is 
suffering interest approximately Rs.2 crores per month. It would be in 
the interest of public money that recovery proceedings take place at an 
C 
early date. Value of property No.6 is approximately Rs.776 crores. That 
should be first put to public auction to derive its best value. 
14. SGS Constructions in the appeal filed has questioned the order 
of High Court on the ground that the offer of settlement made by appellant 
had not been taken into consideration. There is no decision rendered by D 
the High Court on merits of the case and proposal for settlement would 
have cleared entire dues of HUDCO which, in turn, has not taken 
effective measures for recovery for a
long period. The offer of appellant 
is viable and would bring the dispute to a quietus and public money due 
towards HUDCO shall also be recovered in the process. On the one 
hand medical and dental colleges and hospital are being run but payment 
is not being made. Medical college and other immovable property from 
S.Nos.1 to 5 is subject matter of mortgage i.ie. non-agricultural property 
and is liable to be sold under SARFAESI Act in recovery proceedings. 
Agricultural land i.e. item No.6 cannot be sold under SARFAESI Act 
and applying the principle of marshalling under section 56 ofTP Act, 
SGS Constructions being agreement-holder has a right that property 
Nos. I to 5 should be sold first and only ifthe dues are not satisfied item 
No.6 of property to be sold and not otherwise. 
E 
F 
15. It was urged on behalfof Educational Trnst that only property 
No.6 should be directed to be sold and the High Court has erred in 
G 
passing impugned order. Right of marshalling of property under section 
56 of TP Act cannot be exercised by SGS Constructions. It was also 
submitted that the exchanged property has to be treated as accession to 
property under the mortgage with HUDCO by virtue of provisions 
contained in section 70 ofTP Act. Property which has been exchanged 
H
802. 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.CR 
A is thus liable to be sold and though arbitrator had passed an order of 
maintenance of status quo,with respect to item No.6 of property, this 
Court has ample power under Article 142 to vacate the order. The order 
passed by arbitral tribunal should be vacated and this Court should direct 
sale of property No.6 which is. worth Rs.776 crores and its sale would 
B be enough to satisfy dues of HUDCO. It would not be appropriate to 
direct sale uf property NosJ to S as prayed by SGS Constructions, as 
that would disturb running of medical and dental colleges and hospitaL It 
would be detrimental to the interest of the education oflarge number of 
students as well as employees. 
16. It was submitted on behalf of Trust that this Court has also 
C commented adversely on filing of petition before the Lucknow Bench 
by SGS Constructions the order passed was held to be without jurisdiction. 
Agreement was not duly stamped and registered as required in State of 
UP. It was stamped and got registered unilaterally. Its registration has 
been questioned before High Court of Allahabad. Thus on the basis of 
D such agreement no right accrued to SGS Constructions. The amount of 
Rs.9 crores had been paid under the agreement The Trust is ready to 
refund a sum ofRs27 crores to,it as such this Court should direct sale 
of property item No.6 so as to satisfy dues ofHUDCO. 
17. It was urged on behalf of SGS Constructions that in view of 
E order
passed by arbitral tribunal for maintaining status quo, property 
item No.6 cannot be sold. The Trust and its Managing Director had 
submitted undertaking before Arbitral TribunaL Apart from that it being 
an agricultural land property cannot be sold under SARFAESl Act. In 
addition thereto agreement-holder has a right under section 56 of TP 
Act of marshalling of property that is to say property which is subject 
F 
matter of agreement and arbitra!'proceedings should be sold by mortgagee 
only when by sale of other properties dues of HUDCO are not satisfied. 
Property item No.6 is subject matter of agreement as matter is sub 
judice before arbitral tribunal cannot be sold at this stage. Only that 
portion of mortgaged property can be sold later on which is necessary 
G for satisfying dues ofHUDCO, only if an outstanding amount remains 
and its dues are not satisfied by sale of property Nos. I to S after decision 
of arbitral tribunal. Apart from that it was submitted that property which 
had been exchanged i.e. 21 acres from Avas Parishad could not be said 
to be an accession to property within the purview of section 70 of TP 
Act. It is an unencumbered property as the property 21 acres which 
H
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
803 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
was in fact mortgaged had been given by Educational Trust to Avas 
A 
Parishad in an illegal manner. Thus the property which was under 
mortgage could not have been exchanged and property which was given 
to Avas Parishad by Educational Trust continues to be under mortgage 
with HUDCO which would have first right-on it. Thus property which 
has been given by Avas Parishad in exchange after acquisition of land 
8 
was unencumbered and not under mortgage, it cannot be said to be an 
encumbered property thus cannot be sold for satisfying the dues of the 
Trust as the agreement to sale has been entered into by Trust with SGS 
Constructions Ltd., with respect to 63 acres which includes 21 acres of 
unencumbered property. The conduct of the Educational Trust has been 
noted by DRAT, it has never intended to settle dues in spite of running C 
institutions and possessing assets of more than Rs.12,000 crores and is a 
willful defaulter bound to pay the whopping money, it has taken the huge 
amount from SGS Constructions also and now wants to resile from its 
obligation. SGS Constructions is ready to clear dues of HUDCO by 
purchasing property Nos. 1 to 6 which offer ought to have been D 
considered on merits by High Court. Educational Trust is running chain 
of other educational institutions but is not making payment and is a wilful 
defaulter. 
18. It was submitted on behalf of HUDCO
that proceedings are 
collusive between SGS Constructions as well as the Educational Trust. 
Nobody intends to pay public money and HUDCO be permitted to sell 
E 
property, in particular item No.6 so as to realize the dues. 
19. When the matter came to this Court on earlier occasion this 
Court had set aside the order passed by Lucknow Bench of Allahabad 
High Court on the ground that it had no territorial jurisdiction to entertain 
the writ application with respect to matter of ORT at Delhi and property 
situated at Ghaziabad, as such the main seat at Allahabad could have 
entertained the petition. It could not have been entertained by Lucknow 
Bench of said High Court for want ofterritorial jurisdiction. This Court 
did not decide the question as to accession under section 70 and left it 
open for DRT and attempt which was made by SGS Constructions to 
demarcate 21 acres of land as unencumbered property was also set 
aside on the ground of territorial jurisdiction and that this was the matter 
to be decided not by High Court but it was required to be decided in the 
proceeding~ of the DRT. 
F 
G 
20. The Educational Trust is running various institutions and 
H
804 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017) 4 S.C.R. 
A hospitals but at the same time it is not making payment of dues of loan 
amount to HUDCO by which money it established them. The DRAT in 
its order dated 6.10.2010 in Appeal Nos. 120/2008 and 124/2008 has 
noted conduct of Trust and recorded the following findings : 
B 
c 
D 
E 
F 
G 
H 
"74. From the above said facts and circumstances the following 
points emerge: 
(b) Before HUDCO they moved OTS for Rs .240 crores whereas 
HUDCO was claiming Rs.250 crores or more. However, the 
Court was informed that OTS was for Rs.75.07 crores only. The 
earlier OTS moved for Rs.80 to 90 crores had found no favour 
with the HUDCO authorities. How it could have agreed to the 
proposal of Rs.75.07 crores only. Even after I heard the final 
arguments, the borrowers moved yet one more application for not 
announcing the judgment as they wanted to settle the matter with 
HUDCO. I gave them 15 days more time. It transpired that they 
had again made proposal in the sum of Rs.75.07 crores. It is 
apparent that the borrowers want to bid for time on one pretext or 
the other. In this respect mala fides are writ large on them. 
( e) At best, it can be said that the borrowers had no intention to 
apply for OTS at Rs.240 crores. The authorities were, however, 
misled. Meeting of minds is the sine qua non of an agreement 
coercion, force, misrepresentation, fraud or anything of the like 
have no place at all. Although, the action of the borrowers borders
the contempt of court, yet due to lack of mens rea, lack of proper 
and direct evidence not touching the heart of the problem, it would 
not be worthwhile to initiate action under the Contempt of Courts 
Act or under Section 340 Cr.P.C. 
(f) However, at the same time, the conduct, misrepresentation 
and bizarre behaviour of the borrowers cannot be swept undef-
the carpet. It is very easy to gauge into antecedents of borrowers 
particulars that of Dr. Mahalingam who is responsible and liable 
for admitted interpolations and alterations. Can allegations against 
Mr. Naresh Chandra and two/ three officers of HUDCO without 
being substantiated by any cogent and plausible evidence come to 
the rescue of the borrowers? All these facts and circumstances 
will be put in the scales of Justice and their pros and cons would 
be evaluated as per law. One fact is clear that the borrowers
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
805 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
deserve no sympathy at all. Since all these drama was created to 
A 
take a few dates, therefore, instead of taking action under the 
Contempt of Court Act and Section 340 Cr.P.C. it would be 
worthwhile to come to the main point anJ action be initiated 
accordingly." 
21. It is apparent from averments made by the Trust itself that it 
B 
has more than 700 employees and 3000 students are taking education 
but it is shocking and surprising that the amount due to HUDCO taken 
as loan in 1995 is not being paid which has amassed to approximately 
Rs.480 crores at present. 
22. It is also apparent that there are several rounds of litigation in c 
spite of order of DRAT with respect to loan amount having attained 
finality, is not being honoured for recovery which proceedings under the 
' SARFAESIAct had also been initiated by HUDCO but sans any result. 
The hist01y of the case as projected clearly indicates that it has virtually 
become impossible to realize the dues owing to various litigations pending 
and filed by parties or some other third persons. 
D 
23. It is not disputed at the Bar with respect to item No.6 the 
arbitral tribunal had passed an order on the basis of an undertaking given 
by Trust and its Managing Director, for directing maintenance of status 
quo, and the said order has not been vacated and it has not been questioned 
by any of the parties. Oral prayer has
been made to this Court in course 
E 
of arguments to vacate the same in exercise of power under Article 142 
of the Constitution of India. However as the interim order of arbitral 
tribunal has not been questioned before us in any proceedings, it would 
not be appropriate to vacate the interim order in the absence of it being 
challenged. It appears that on one hand the Educational Trust is trying to 
convey that property No.6 be sold first at the same time it has undertaken 
not to do so before arbitral tribunal and not questioned the order of arbitral 
tribunal rather has consented to order of arbitral tribunal that property 
No.6 not be sold. Parties are expected not to blow hot and cold. Conduct 
F 
is unfair and inconsistent and indicative of dilly- dallying tactics on the 
part of the Educational Trust. However, there is yet another aspect that 
G 
HUDCO is not bound by interim order of arbitral tribunal to the extent 
of approximately 43 acres of property comprised in Item No.6 and it 
would have first charge on said mortgaged property, hence, it is permitted 
to sale 43 acres ofland initially mortgaged with it by Educational Trust. 
Remaining 21 acres of land obtained in exchange was unencumbered H
806 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017) 4 S.C.R. 
A and cannot be said to be accession for reasons mentioned hereinafter. 
24. However at the same time it appears that in spite of having 
means, ninning colleges and hospital the Educational Trust is not paying 
the amount to HUDCO and the Educational Trust has been declared as 
willful defaulter by HUDCO as per order dat.ed 30.1.2017. It is necessary 
B to safeguard the interest of HUDCO. Even after the order of DRAT, 
the Educational Trust has not cleared the long pending dues ofHUDCO. 
As observed by DRAT, the Trust is not paying the amount in spite of 
having been given the facility of making payment in instalments. It would 
not be appropriate to expect HUDCO to wait till eternity. In view of the 
order passed by appellate tribunal, it would be open to HUDCO to sell 
C 43 acres of initially mortgaged land comprised in Item No.6 and other 
mortgaged properties No. I to 5 and which had been mortgaged by the 
Educational Trust to HUDCO. However as medical colleges, dental 
college and hospitals are running and Educational Trust is obviously 
earning from them, cannot claim that the mortgaged property cannot be 
D sold. However before sale we deem it appropriate to give one more 
opportunity to the Educational Trust to make payment to HUDCO. We 
deem it appropriate to direct HUDCO as well as the Trust to make an 
endeavour to settle the amount within a period of one month and the 
amount which may be settled between the parties
be paid within a period 
E as may be mutually agreed. In case no settlement is reached between 
HUDCO and the Educational Trust and ifthe Educational Trust fails to 
come forward with appropriate offer acceptable to HUDCO and start 
payment from the month of June, 2017 as may be agreed between the 
parties, it would be open to HUDCO to realize the amount in accordance 
with law by taking resort to mechanism available to it under the rules as 
f 
expeditiously as possible. 
25. lt was submitted on the strength of decision in Balakrishnan 
v. Malaiyandi Konar (2006) 3 SCC 49 that only that part of the property 
should be sold which may be necessary to satisfy the decree. There is 
no dispute with aforesaid proposition and Recovery Officer shall take 
G care to sell only that part of the property which is enough to satisfy the 
amount to be realized. Sale of entire mortgaged property is not necessary. 
26: When the matter had been heard finally and reserved for 
orders by this Court, precisely various submissions were raised in this 
Court had also been argued before the Recovery Officer. Propriety 
H required that Recovery Officer should have waited for the decision of
MAHARAJI EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
807 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
this Court. We direct DRT not to associate said Recovery Officer any A 
more with proceedings. This Court heard and reserved the matter on 
31.3.2017. Matter has been argued before Recovery Officer 
subsequently and order dated 24.4.2017 has been passed to the effect 
that item No.6 property is mortgaged land and it has been held that no 
interest has accrued to the objector by'Virtue of agreement to sell which · B 
has been entered into by the Educational Trust. It has also been held by 
Recovery Officer that 21 acres of land which_ had been obtained by the 
Educational Trust in exchange with Avas Parishad, has to be treated as 
accession of land within the purview of section 70 ofTP Act and there 
is deposit of title deeds also. Thus the land obtained in exchange is to be 
treated as mortgaged land. 
C 
27. With respect to the mortgaged property no doubt about it that 
the law is that the first charge would be of the mortgagee that is HUDCO. 
In the case, properties 1 to 5 and out of item No.6 property, approximately 
43 acres are admittedly under mortgage with HUDCO. The entire 
property No.6 was comprised ofapproxirnately 63.50 acres, out of this 
D 
21 acres had been exchanged by the Educational Trust with Avas 
Parishad, whether same is encumbered is in dispute. The question is 
whether it is the case of accession to the property. Section 70 ofTP Act 
is extracted
hereunder : 
"70. Accession to mortgaged property.-lf, after the date 
E · 
of a mortgage, any accession is made to the mortgaged property, 
the mortgagee, in the absence of a contract to the contrary, shall, 
for the purposes of the security, be entitled to such accession." 
28. Section 70 refers to the mortgagee's right to accessions to the 
mortgaged property. Section 63 deals with the expression "accession to 
F 
mortgaged property" where mortgaged property in possession of the 
mortgagee has, during the continuance of the mortgage, received any 
accession, the mortgagor, upon redemption shall, in the absence of a 
contract to the contrary, be entitled as against the mortgagee to such 
accession. There can be natural accessions which are incorporated in 
the mortgaged property, from part of the mortgagee's security, and revert 
G 
to the mortgagor upon redemption. 
29. The doctrine of accession is limited to cases where the security 
in existent and has not been destroyed altogether and the mortgagor 
thereafter acquires, while keeping the security intact, a new right which 
H
808 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A is called accession. In the instant case the property which is 2 I acres 
under mortgage, could not have been transferred by the Educational 
Trust free from encumbrances to Avas Parishad at all. As the property 
was enc~bered, the charge of HUDCO would remain on the existing 
property which was actually under the mortgage deed. Thus the property 
B which has been taken by Avas Parishad from the Educational Trust 
could not be said to be unencumbered and was subject to mortgage and 
it was not legally permissible for Educational Trust to give it to Avas 
Parishad as unencumbered property. 
c 
D 
E 
F 
G 
H 
30. Black's Law Dictionary defines the expression "accession" 
with respect to property thus : 
"4. The acquisition of title to personal property by bestowing 
labor on a raw material to convert it to another thing <the owner's 
accession to the lumber produced from his land>. -Also termed 
(in Roman law) accessio. See ADIUNCTION (2). [Cases: 
Accession I.] 
"Accessio is the combination of two chattels belonging 
to different persons into a single article: as when A's cloth is 
used to patch B's coat, or a vehicle let on hire-purchase has 
·new accessories fitted to it." R.F.V. Heuston, Salmond on 
the Law o/Torts 113 (17th ed. 1917). 
5. A property owner's right to all that is added to the property 
(esp. land) naturally or by labor, including land left by floods and 
improvements made by others <the newly poured concrete
driveway became the homeowner's property by accession>. ? In 
Louisiana law, accession is the owner's right to whatever is 
produced by or united with something, either naturally or artificially. 
La. Civ. Code arts. 483, 490, 507. Cf. ANNEXATION. 6. An 
improvement to existing personal property, such as new shafts on 
golf clubs. 
"The problem of accessions arises infrequently, judging from 
reported cases, but an obvious instance of the difficulty arises 
where a motor vehicle is being financed by a secured party · 
and the debtor in possession of necessity acquires a new engine 
or new tires for the vehicle .... If the seller of the engine or 
tires reserved a security interest at the time the goods were 
installed, the selleuhould prevail over the vehicle's secured
MAHARAJI EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
809 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
party, with a right to remove the accessions. Conversely, ifthe A 
sale were on open credit with no security interest reserved, or 
if the seller acquired a security interest after installation of the 
goods, then the financer of the vehicle should prevail." Ray D. 
Henson, Handbook on Secured Transactions Under the 
Uniform Commercial Code § 4-22, at 93 (2d ed. 1979). 
7. The physical uniting of goods with other goods in such a manner 
that the identity of the original goods is not lost. UCC § 9-
102(a)(l)." 
31. It is apparent from the aforesaid definition that it is not a case 
B 
of acquisition of title to personal property. It is necessary that in the c 
combination which has been formed into a single article, existing property 
is not lost. In the facts of the instant case it cannot be said that it is so. 
Apart from that as specified in aforesaid point (7) above that accession 
is physical uniting of goods with other goods in such a manner that the 
identity of original goods is not lost. In the instant case identity of the 
original mortgaged property is lost and 21 acres of land is no more D 
available. Thus it is not the case of uniting. 
32. In The Law Lexicon by P. Ramanatha Aiyar, 2"d Edn. 1997, 
"accession" has been defined thus : 
"Accession is a mode ofacquiring property as an addition to existing E 
property by natural growth or by application of human labour.
(See Cent. Diet.) In its broadest sense it may be defined to be 
the means by which title to the increment& to one's property 
movable or immovable, is acquired, whether by natural or artificial 
means (as) accession ofa province to an Empire. In the restricted 
sense, in which it is generally used in law, it applies to the acquisition 
F 
of title to the increments to one's movable property, brought.about 
by artificial means, such as labour or the addition of material other 
than the intermixture of goods or things of the same kind. 
(Anderson L. Diet. ;Bl. Comm. 404 ; Black's Law Dictionary ; 
Burrill, 2 Kent Comm. 360, etc.) 
G 
xx 
xx 
xx 
xx 
xx 
xx 
xx 
xx 
xx 
H
810 
A 
B 
c 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017) 4 S.C.R. 
In Roman Law accession is the general name given to every 
accessory thing, that has been added to a principal thing from 
I 
without and has been connected with it, whether by the powers 
ofnature or by the will of man, so that in virtue of this connection 
it is regarded as part and parcel of the thing:Sheo Pagan Prasad 
v. Bhagwati Dubey, AIR 1949 Pat. 99 .. 
1. coming to as an addition ; the mode of acquiring property by 
which the owner of a corporal substance (as land or cattle) 
becomes the owner of addition by growth, increase or labour ; 
any property so acquired (S. 63, T.P.Act]; 2. coming to the throne 
[S. 57(5), Indian Evidence Act]; 3. coming to an office [S. 57(7), 
Indian Evidence Act]; 4. increase by som~thing added; 5. assent 
(art. 57, Geneva Conventions Act]." 
· 
Emphasis is on addition to the existing property. Then there can 
be addition by natural or artificial means. The property obtained in 
exchange could not be said to be accessory thing to the remaining 
D mortgaged land which was not exchanged with Avas Parishad. 
33. Accession to property has also been defined in aforesaid Law 
Lexicon with reference from Encyclopaedia of Laws of England. Same 
is extracted hereunder : 
E 
"Accession of Property. The Law of alluvion is a branch of the 
general law regarding accession to property: The Law of accession 
may be stated as follows. Where any corporeal substance, over 
which rights of property are
exercised, receives an addition, 
increase or improvement, either in a natural way, as by the growth 
offruits or the pregnancy ofanimals, or in an artificial way; as by 
F 
the erection of houses on land, receding of a river or lake, such 
addition, increase or improvement falls primarily to the owner of 
the original substance. (Encyc. of the Laws of England)." 
G 
H 
34. In Oxford Dictionary "accession" has been defined and relevant 
portion is extracted thus : 
· 
"accession x x x 
2.a new item added to an existing collection of books, paintings, 
or artefacts. 
11 An amount added to an existing quantity of something;
MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
811 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.) 
substantial accessions of gold. 
A 
~ Verb [with obj.] (usu. Be accessioned) record the addition 
of (a new item) to a library, museum, or other collection. 
- ORIGIN late 16th cent. (in the general sense 'something added'): 
from Latin accession(n-), froin the verb accedere 'approach, 
come to ' (see ACCEDE)" 
B 
Emphasis is on addition to the existing property, quality or title. 
35. The Privy Council in Elizabeth Webster & Ors. Herbert 
Power, George Henry Davenport, and Robert Burke 1867-69 Vol. 2 
ILR 69 had considered the version of accession and meaning of the c 
word 'increase' of the original subject-matter for attracting the provisions 
of section 70 ofTP Act. The Court has laid down thus: 
"The first question which suggests itself to their Lordships' 
consideration is :~What was included in the Plaintiffs' original 
Mortgage ? It was admitted at the Bar that the answer to be 
D 
given to the question whether the Mortgage included any sheep 
brought upon the Run which were not the issue of those that 
were on the Rune at the date of the Mortgage, if considered with 
reference to the mere words of that instrument, must depend upon 
the construction which their Lordships put upon the word 
"increase." Their Lordships, looking at the deed, and seeing that 
E 
"increase" is always spoken of as the increase, not of a flock, but 
as the increase of those sheep which were
originally the subject 
of the Mortgage, are clearly of opinion, that it must be taken to 
mean the natural increase, or the offspring of those original sheep." 
36. The question of accession has been dealt with by various 
F 
High Courts. In Krishna Gopal v. Miller (1902) ILR 29 Cal. 803, 
Macleod v. 'Kissan ( 1906) ILR 30 Born 250; and Atmukur v Chetty v .. 
Thimpurasundar AIR 1965 Mad 185, it has been laid down that i(the 
mortgagor builds on the property mortgaged, the building forms part of 
the mortgagee's security. Same is true with respect to land formed by 
G 
alluvion or dilluvion as laid down in Saila Bala v. Swerna Moyee AIR 
1939 Cal. 275. Even machinery fixed by bolts and nuts to the concrete 
floor of a building in certain circumstances may be an accession to which 
the mortgagee is entitled, as laid down in PMPM .Chettyar Firm v. 
Siemens Ltd. (1933) ILR 11 Rang 322. 
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812 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A 
37. In Baljit Singh v. JI Cunnington AIR 1984 All 209 where 
only the building was mortgaged and not the site, it was held that the site 
cannot be deemed to be an "accession" to the mortgaged property. In 
Nannu Mal v. Ram Chander & Ors. AIR 1931 All. 277 in the 
background of the fact that the auction purchasers at a prior mortgage's 
B sale, removed a shed, and built a small house on land mortgaged. A 
puisne mortgagee who had not been made a party sued to enforce the 
mortgage, the court laid down that the mortgagee was entitled to have 
the house sold as an accession to the property mortgaged. It was also a 
case of improvement in existing property. 
38. Enlargement of estate is also an accession. The section is not 
C limited to physical accretions or additions. In case there is increase of 
interest, the same is also covered under purview of section 70 as held in 
Sidheshwar Prasad v. Ram Saroop AIR 1963 Pat. 412. In case 
mortgagor had only the leasehold rights and had acquired freehold rights 
during subsistence of the mortgage, the same has to be treated as an 
D accession to the property. Addition of occupancy rights or .some other 
such rights with respect to the existing property should also be an 
accession to the mortgaged property. If the mortgagor discharges a prior 
encumbrance existing at the date of the mortgage, the increase in the 
value of the estate is for the benefit of the mortgagee. A clearance of
the adjoining waste land by the mortgagor is not an accession within the 
E meaning of section 70 as observed in Tay Gyi v. Maung Yan 146 IC 
674. 
F 
G 
Thus in our opinion property 21 acres obtained in exchange by 
Educational Trust cannot be said to be accession within the purview of 
section 70 ofTP Act. 
39. In the instant case the property was exchanged by the 
Educational Trust with Avas Parishad in the year 2007. Agreement had 
been entered into with SGS Constructions on 26.8.2010 for a sum of 
Rs.154 crores in order to pay the dues of HUDCO and a sum of more 
than Rs.9 crores had also been paid to Educational Trust which was 
deposited by it with HUDCO. Deposit of title deed has been made by 
Educational Trust subsequently on 27. 7.2011 with HUDCO but prior to 
that an agreement to sale had been entered into for the aforesaid 21 
acres of land which was unencumbered. Thus at the time when the 
agreement had been entered into, the property was unencumbered and 
H was not under mortgage with HUDCO. Thus agreement with regard to
MAHARAJI EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
813 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
21 acres was not interdicted by interim order of DRT. Thus SGS A 
Constructions by making a huge payment ofRs.9 crores had acquired a 
right over the said unencumbered property. Thus HUDCO will not have 
the first right to sell the 21 acres of land which was unencumbered 
which was sutiject matter of agreement to sell. HUDCO will have the 
right for other mortgaged properties to realize the dues at the first instance. 
B 
40. In the instant case it is apparent that the Educational Trust is 
a wilful defaulter and has built the property, colleges, hospitals from the 
money borrowed from HUDCO. It was the bounden duty of the 
Educational Trust to pay back the money to HUDCO. Thus no equitable 
principle comes to their rescue as despite running the institutions for the 
last 22 years, they have not paid back the amount. Once they want to 
C 
run their colleges, hospitals etc. built up with the help of money advanced 
by HUDCO, obviously they must honestly ooze out the advantage which 
they are deriving from the institutions but it has become a general scenario 
that the persons who earn money with help of hefty loans, in spite of 
running institutions which have been set up by the money Jent to them, 
D 
they are not making payment of dues. Consequently, they will have no 
right to run the institutions in such a dishonest manner. The increase of 
non-performing assets in banks is
one of the offshoots of such murky 
deals. It is shocking that despite having means, earning profits, they are 
E 
not interested in making payment. Time has come when they have to be 
dealt with sternly and with an iron hand so as to make them pay public 
dues. We expect the Educational Trust to make payment of the amount 
which has swelled up to approximately to Rs.480 crores by now and 
make payment otherwise they will have to face the consequences. Not 
only that, they have taken the money from HUDCO but from other 
incumbents i.e. SGS Constructions also but not interested in making 
F 
payment in spite of running several institutions. There were orders which 
were passed earlier with respect to bank accounts also, but to our dismay, 
we have not been addressed as to what happened to those orders. Be 
that as it may. It is made clear that in case the Educational Trust wants 
to run institutions, they are bound to make payment and as they are 
liable to pay, they should pay in all fairness all sums which they have 
G 
borrowed sans any ifs and buts. It is what is expected of them. Otherwise 
courts will have to step in and take action in case dues remain unpaid 
and bottlenecks are created by one way or the other in realization of 
dues. It iS not only startling but also shocking to note that a giant institution 
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2017] 4 S.C.R. 
A which is imparting education to about 3000 students involving manpower 
of about 700 personnel is finding it difficult to pay the loaned amount and 
is coming up with lame excuses to shirk its responsibility. 
41. It was also submitted on the strength of decision in Suraj 
Lamp & Jndusries Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Haryana & Am: (2012) l SCC 
B 656, Raheja Universal Ltd. v. NRC Limited & Ors. (2012) 4 SCC 148; 
and ML. Aggarwal v. Oriental Bank of Commerce & Ors. 128 (2006) 
Delhi Law Times 407 (DB) that the agreement entered into was not 
registered as such no right could accrue as per provisions of Section 54 
ofT.P Act prevailing in State ofUttar Pradesh. However we refrain to 
comment finally on the said issue. However, fact remains that the 
C registration of agreement has been made subsequently and stamp duty 
of more than Rs.4 crores has been paid. Effect thereof has to be 
considered in appropriate proceedings/arbitral tribunal. 
42. Thus we direct as under : 
D 
(1) That Educational Trust is directed to settle scheme of repayment 
with HUDCO within one month and to start payment of dues w.e.f. 
month ofJune,2017. 
(2) On failure of Education Trust as per aforesaid direction or in 
case of default it would be open to HUDCO to sale approximately 43 
E acres of the land which was mortgaged with it to realize its dues in the 
legally permissible manner. 
(3) In case the proceeds from sale of approximately 43 acres of 
land are
not sufficient to satisfy the dues of HUDCO, it would be open 
to sale property No. l to 5 or its part which may be necessary for 
F realization of the outstanding dues. 
(4) However, 21 acres of property which has been obtained in 
exchange from Awas Parishad cannot be sold. It is only in the 
circumstance if Arbitrator disallows the claim of SGS Constructions for 
purchase of 21 acres of said property can be sold not otherwise. That 
G too if dues of HUDCO remain outstanding after sale of approximately 
43 acres ofland out of Item No.6 mortgaged initially and property item 
No.I to 5 which are under mortgage. Let the Arbitrator also expedite 
the matter and decide the proceedings as far as possible within two 
months. 
' 
H

MAHARAJ! EDUCATIONAL TRUST v. HOUSING & URBAN 
815 
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD. [ARUN MISHRA, J.] 
43. With the aforesaid directions and modification in the order of A 
the High Court, the appeals stand disposed of. No costs. 
Kalpana K. Tripathy 
Appeals disposed of.