Patent ID: 8895189
Filing Date: 2014-11-25
Classification: B82Y,H01G,H01M,Y02E,Y02T

Abstract:
1. A surface-mediated, lithium ion-exchanging cell (SMC) comprising: (a) A positive electrode (cathode) comprising a carbon-based cathode active material having a surface area to capture and store lithium thereon, wherein the cathode active material has an electrode thickness greater than 5 μm; and wherein said cathode active material or anode active material is selected from: (A) porous disordered carbon material selected from a soft carbon, hard carbon, polymeric carbon or carbonized resin, meso-phase carbon, coke, carbonized pitch, activated carbon, or partially graphitized carbon; (B) graphene material selected from a single-layer sheet or multi-layer platelet of graphene, graphene oxide having less than 5% by weight oxygen, graphene fluoride, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene, functionalized graphene, or reduced graphene oxide; (C) exfoliated graphite; (D) meso-porous carbon; (E) carbon aerogel or carbon foam, or a combination thereof; (b) A negative electrode (anode) comprising an anode current collector alone, or combined anode current collector and anode active material having a surface area to capture or store lithium thereon; (c) A porous separator disposed between the anode and the cathode; (d) A lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the two electrodes, wherein said anode active material and/or said cathode active material has a specific surface area no less than 100 m (e) A lithium source disposed in at least one of the two electrodes or pre-lithiated into or onto said anode when the cell is made, and the cell has an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of at least 0.8 volts prior to a first charge or discharge cycle of the cell; wherein said cell operates between a lower voltage limit and an upper voltage limit wherein the lower voltage limit is lower than said OCV and the upper voltage limit is between 3.8 volts and 4.5 volts.