---
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
tags:
- embeddings
- earth-observation
- remote-sensing
- Sentinel-2
- geospatial
- satellite
- satellite-imagery
---



![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/6304c06eeb6d777a838eab63/Z46c9v4OhCO_e7yc-d4KS.png)

# Core-S2RGB-DINOv2 🔴🟢🔵
| Dataset | Modality | Number of Embeddings  | Sensing Type | Total Comments | Source Dataset | Source Model | Size |
|:--------:|:--------------:|:-------------------:|:------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
|Core-S2RGB-SigLIP|Sentinel-2 Level 2A (RGB)|56,147,150|True Colour (RGB)|General-Purpose Global|[Core-S2L2A](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Major-TOM/Core-S2L2A)|[DINOv2](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/model_doc/dinov2)|223.1 GB|


## Content
| Field           | Type   | Description                                                                 |
|:-----------------:|:--------:|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| unique_id       | string | hash generated from geometry, time, product_id, and embedding model         |
| embedding       | array  | raw embedding array                                                          |
| grid_cell       | string | Major TOM cell                                                              |
| grid_row_u      | int    | Major TOM cell row                                                          |
| grid_col_r      | int    | Major TOM cell col                                                          |
| product_id      | string | ID of the original product                                                  |
| timestamp       | string | Timestamp of the sample                                                     |
| centre_lat      | float  | Centre of the fragment latitude                                             |
| centre_lon      | float  | Centre of the fragment longitude                                            |
| geometry        | geometry | Polygon footprint (WGS84) of the fragment                                   |
| utm_footprint   | string | Polygon footprint (image UTM) of the fragment                               |
| utm_crs         | string | CRS of the original product                                                 |
| pixel_bbox      | bbox   | Boundary box of the fragment (pixels)            


## Input Data
* Sentinel-2 (Level 2A) RGB reflectance multiplied by 2.5 and clipped between 0 and 1 to resemble images in the training data
* All samples from [**MajorTOM Core-S2LA**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Major-TOM/Core-S2L2A)
* Image input size: **224 x 224** pixels, target overlap: 10%, border_shift: True

## Model
The image encoder of the [**DINOv2 model**](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/model_doc/dinov) was used to extract embeddings.

## Example Use
Interface scripts are available at

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("Major-TOM/Core-S2RGB-DINOv2")
```

## Generate Your Own Embeddings

The [**embedder**](https://github.com/ESA-PhiLab/Major-TOM/tree/main/src/embedder) subpackage of Major TOM provides tools for generating embeddings like this ones. You can see an example of this in a dedicated notebook at (link).
[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-Generate%20Your%20Own%20Embeddings-blue?logo=github&style=flat-square)](https://github.com/ESA-PhiLab/Major-TOM/tree/main/src/embedder)

---
## Major TOM Global Embeddings Project 🏭
This dataset is a result of a collaboration between [**CloudFerro**](https://cloudferro.com/) 🔶 and [**Φ-lab, European Space Agency (ESA)**](https://philab.esa.int/) 🛰️ set up in order to provide open and free vectorised expansions of Major TOM datasets and define a standardised manner for releasing Major TOM embedding expansions.

The embeddings extracted from common AI models make it possible to browse and navigate large datasets like Major TOM with reduced storage and computational demand.

The datasets were computed on the [**GPU-accelerated instances**](https://cloudferro.com/ai/ai-computing-services/)⚡ provided by [**CloudFerro**](https://cloudferro.com/) 🔶 on the [**CREODIAS**](https://creodias.eu/) cloud service platform 💻☁️.
Discover more at [**CloudFerro AI services**](https://cloudferro.com/ai/).

## Authors
[**Marcin Kluczek (CloudFerro)**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcin-kluczek-03852a1a8/), [**Mikolaj Czerkawski (Φ-lab, European Space Agency)**](https://mikonvergence.github.io), [**Jędrzej S. Bojanowski (CloudFerro)**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/j%C4%99drzej-s-bojanowski-a5059872/)

# Cite
## Cite
```latex
  title={Global and Dense Embeddings of Earth: Major TOM Floating in the Latent Space}, 
  author={Mikolaj Czerkawski, Marcin Kluczek, Jędrzej S. Bojanowski},
  year={2024},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

Powered by [Φ-lab, European Space Agency (ESA) 🛰️](https://philab.esa.int/) in collaboration with [CloudFerro 🔶](https://cloudferro.com/)