---
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
tags:
- embeddings
- earth-observation
- remote-sensing
- sentinel-2
- satellite
- geospatial
- satellite-imagery
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files: embeddings/*.parquet
---


![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/6304c06eeb6d777a838eab63/Z46c9v4OhCO_e7yc-d4KS.png)

# Core-S2RGB-DINOv2 🔴🟢🔵
| Dataset | Modality | Number of Embeddings  | Sensing Type | Total Comments | Source Dataset | Source Model | Size |
|:--------:|:--------------:|:-------------------:|:------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|:--------------:|
|Core-S2RGB-SigLIP|Sentinel-2 Level 2A (RGB)|56,147,150|True Colour (RGB)|General-Purpose Global|[Core-S2L2A](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Major-TOM/Core-S2L2A)|[DINOv2](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/model_doc/dinov2)|223.1 GB|


## Content
| Field           | Type   | Description                                                                 |
|:-----------------:|:--------:|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| unique_id       | string | hash generated from geometry, time, product_id, and embedding model         |
| embedding       | array  | raw embedding array                                                          |
| grid_cell       | string | Major TOM cell                                                              |
| grid_row_u      | int    | Major TOM cell row                                                          |
| grid_col_r      | int    | Major TOM cell col                                                          |
| product_id      | string | ID of the original product                                                  |
| timestamp       | string | Timestamp of the sample                                                     |
| centre_lat      | float  | Centre of the fragment latitude                                             |
| centre_lon      | float  | Centre of the fragment longitude                                            |
| geometry        | geometry | Polygon footprint (WGS84) of the fragment                                   |
| utm_footprint   | string | Polygon footprint (image UTM) of the fragment                               |
| utm_crs         | string | CRS of the original product                                                 |
| pixel_bbox      | bbox   | Boundary box of the fragment (pixels)            


## Input Data
* Sentinel-2 (Level 2A) RGB reflectance multiplied by 2.5 and clipped between 0 and 1 to resemble images in the training data
* All samples from [**MajorTOM Core-S2LA**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Major-TOM/Core-S2L2A)
* Image input size: **224 x 224** pixels, target overlap: 10%, border_shift: True

## Model
The image encoder of the [**DINOv2 model**](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/model_doc/dinov) was used to extract embeddings.

## Example Use
Interface scripts are available at

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("Major-TOM/Core-S2RGB-DINOv2")
```

## Generate Your Own Major TOM Embeddings

The [**embedder**](https://github.com/ESA-PhiLab/Major-TOM/tree/main/src/embedder) subpackage of Major TOM provides tools for generating embeddings like these ones. You can see an example of this in a dedicated notebook at https://github.com/ESA-PhiLab/Major-TOM/blob/main/05-Generate-Major-TOM-Embeddings.ipynb.

[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-Generate%20Your%20Own%20Embeddings-blue?logo=github&style=flat-square)](https://github.com/ESA-PhiLab/Major-TOM/blob/main/05-Generate-Major-TOM-Embeddings.ipynb)

---
## Major TOM Global Embeddings Project 🏭
This dataset is a result of a collaboration between [**CloudFerro**](https://cloudferro.com/) 🔶 and [**Φ-lab, European Space Agency (ESA)**](https://philab.esa.int/) 🛰️ set up in order to provide open and free vectorised expansions of Major TOM datasets and define a standardised manner for releasing Major TOM embedding expansions.

The embeddings extracted from common AI models make it possible to browse and navigate large datasets like Major TOM with reduced storage and computational demand.

The datasets were computed on the [**GPU-accelerated instances**](https://cloudferro.com/ai/ai-computing-services/)⚡ provided by [**CloudFerro**](https://cloudferro.com/) 🔶 on the [**CREODIAS**](https://creodias.eu/) cloud service platform 💻☁️.
Discover more at [**CloudFerro AI services**](https://cloudferro.com/ai/).

## Authors
[**Mikolaj Czerkawski**](https://mikonvergence.github.io) (Φ-lab, European Space Agency), [**Marcin Kluczek**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcin-kluczek-03852a1a8/) (CloudFerro), [**Jędrzej S. Bojanowski**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/j%C4%99drzej-s-bojanowski-a5059872/) (CloudFerro)

## Open Access Manuscript

This dataset is an output from the embedding expansion project outlined in: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05600/](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05600/).

[![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-10.48550/arXiv.2412.05600-B31B1B.svg)](https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.05600)

<details>
<summary>Read Abstract</summary>
  
  > With the ever-increasing volumes of the Earth observation data present in the archives of large programmes such as Copernicus, there is a growing need for efficient vector representations of the underlying raw data. The approach of extracting feature representations from pretrained deep neural networks is a powerful approach that can provide semantic abstractions of the input data. However, the way this is done for imagery archives containing geospatial data has not yet been defined. In this work, an extension is proposed to an existing community project, Major TOM, focused on the provision and standardization of open and free AI-ready datasets for Earth observation. Furthermore, four global and dense embedding datasets are released openly and for free along with the publication of this manuscript, resulting in the most comprehensive global open dataset of geospatial visual embeddings in terms of covered Earth's surface.
> </details>


If this dataset was useful for you work, it can be cited as:
```latex
@misc{EmbeddedMajorTOM,
      title={Global and Dense Embeddings of Earth: Major TOM Floating in the Latent Space}, 
      author={Mikolaj Czerkawski and Marcin Kluczek and Jędrzej S. Bojanowski},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2412.05600},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05600}, 
}
```


Powered by [Φ-lab, European Space Agency (ESA) 🛰️](https://philab.esa.int/) in collaboration with [CloudFerro 🔶](https://cloudferro.com/)