MRMRbenchmark/traffic huggingface dataset:
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

138 You should not overtake at the following places and situations:
  

(e) On a steep slope or incline;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

138 You should not overtake at the following places and situations:
  

(f) Do not overtake more than one vehicle at a time;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

138 You should not overtake at the following places and situations:
  

(g) Do not persist in overtaking if the vehicle ahead suddenly increases speed;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

138 You should not overtake at the following places and situations:
  

(h) Do not overtake when your front view is restricted or obscured.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

139 When being overtaken you should:  
  

(a) Slow down and make it easy for the overtaking vehicle;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

139 When being overtaken you should:  
  

(b) Keep close to the side, if necessary;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

139 When being overtaken you should:  
  

(c) Do not try to overtake others when you are being overtaken;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# OVERTAKING AND BEING OVERTAKEN 

139 When being overtaken you should:  
  

(d) Do not race with the passing vehicle.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Steering Wheel  

14 When reversing, the vehicle response to the steering wheel is not as sensitive as when you are driving forward. As a result, learner drivers have a tendency to oversteer when reversing.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# STOPPING AND MOVING OFF ON SLOPES 

140 The technique of stopping a vehicle on a slope or incline is almost the same as that of stopping on a level road. The only difference is that you apply less pressure on the brake pedal to stop the vehicle on a level road than on a slope. The handbrake must also be applied before the brake pedal is released.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# STOPPING AND MOVING OFF ON SLOPES 

141 Moving off on a slope involves co-ordinating the clutch, the accelerator and handbrake. It is therefore important that you master the 'half-clutch' technique. Do not maintain the half-clutch position for too long as the heat caused by the slipping of the clutch will wear the clutch lining rapidly.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# STOPPING AND MOVING OFF ON SLOPES 

142 Follow the sequence below when moving off on a slope:  

(a) Engage the 1st gear;

(b) Put your hand on the handbrake;

(c) Depress the accelerator pedal;

(d) Use the 'half-clutch' technique, noting the slight reduction in engine noise at the point of engagement. You can also feel the vehicle wanting to move forward. This is known as the 'biting-point';  
  

(e) Look into the rear and side mirrors to check if it is safe;

(f) Release the handbrake while still maintaining the half-clutch position;

(g) Depress the accelerator pedal further and release the clutch pedal gradually.  

The vehicle will start to move.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# STOPPING AND MOVING OFF ON SLOPES 

143 Should the engine stall while moving off an incline:
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# REVERSING  

144 Reversing is a more difficult technique than forward driving. You need a lot of practice to be good at it. Begin by reversing in a straight line. This is to identify mismatching early and enable appropriate adjustment. When you are able to drive backwards in a straight line well, set other courses (with poles etc.) and practice until you are familiar with the relationship between the steering and the path which the vehicle takes.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# REVERSING  

145 An effective way to improve correct steering while reversing is to reverse from a slanted position and get your car straightened in as short a distance as possible.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# REVERSING  

146 When reversing a vehicle round a corner:  
 

(a) the resulting gap between the vehicle and the kerb is narrow if the initial gap is wide;  
  

(b) the resulting gap will be wide if the initial gap is narrow.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# REVERSING  

147 In view of the difficulty in seeing and controlling the steering wheel, reversing should always be carried out at a very slow speed. To achieve this, you have to control the clutch pedal by releasing and depressing it repeatedly so that the engine power is not continuously transmitted to the driver-wheels. This should be done with the accelerator pedal slightly depressed.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# REVERSING  

148 You should not sit in a forward-driving posture and rely on your rear view mirror while reversing. Instead, you should turn your body to your left and at the same time turn your head to look through the rear windscreen.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# REVERSING  

149 To reverse a vehicle into a limited opening requires a good sense of judgement of the position of all the wheels of the vehicle.  
  

Try to visualise the position of all four wheels from the driver's seat.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Steering Wheel  

15 Steering a vehicle in reverse is similar to driving forward. You should steer in the direction in which you wish to move.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# VERTICAL PARKING 

150 To reverse into a vertical parking lot, take the following steps:  

(a) Before pulling over for the reversing manoeuvre,  

(i) Check the rear view mirror;

(ii) Signal your intention;

(iii) Check your left blind spot;

(iv) Position your vehicle about half a vehicle length ahead of the vertical parking lot and about 1.5 metres away from the kerb;

(v) After observing that your rear is clear, reverse slowly while looking through the rear windscreen and the side mirrors. 

(b) When the corner of the kerb/lot is sighted in line with the rear left tyre at the left side mirror, check the right hand side for any passing vehicle and turn the steering wheel 'full lock' to the left at the same time. Reverse slowly and check left and right side mirrors to confirm safe clearance between vehicle and kerb, make adjustments if necessary. Look through the rear windscreen while reversing;  

(c) When the vehicle is about parallel to the kerb, return the steering wheel to its straight-ahead position and continue to reverse in a straight line;  

(d) Stop your vehicle before it touches the kerb at the rear.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# VERTICAL PARKING 

151 When reversing into a parking lot between other parked vehicles, use the same technique as mentioned above. In this case you should use the right corner of car A as a guide. As the right corner of car A is sighted in your left quarter-glass, turn your steering wheel 'full lock' to the left.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# VERTICAL PARKING 

152 Before moving out of the lot, check for traffic on both sides of the road. When it is safe, drive forward slowly until your body is in line with the front bumper of the vehicle on your left. Turn the steering wheel 'full lock' to the left and drive out carefully. Do not make a wide turn when moving out.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# DIRECTIONAL CHANGE 

153 The directional change is a driving technique used to bring the vehicle to face the opposite direction, and involves the following steps:  
  

(a) (i) Look around and estimate the appropriate position to stop at;

(ii) Position your vehicle approximately in the centre of the lane;

(iii) Your vehicle should be as far forward as possible.  

(b) (i) After checking that it is safe, reverse slowly using the 'connecting-and-disconnecting-clutch' technique;

(ii) Look over your right shoulder; when you can see the corner of the kerb through the right rear window, turn the steering wheel 'full lock' to the right and check the front left side of the vehicle to ensure that there is sufficient turning space.  

(c) (i) When your vehicle is almost parallel to the kerb, return the steering wheel to its straight-ahead position;

(ii) Look through the rear wind-screen and continue to reverse in a straight line;

(iii) Stop your vehicle just before touching the kerb at the rear.  

(d) (i) To complete the manoeuvre, drive forward until the steering wheel is in line with the kerb, then turn it 'full lock' to the left and move slowly out of the opening;

(ii) When your vehicle is almost parallel to the kerb, return the steering wheel to its straight-ahead position to resume a straight course.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# PARALLEL PARKING  

154 To park in a parallel parking lot, follow the steps below:  

(a) Perform the safety checks before beginning the manoeuvre; Position your vehicle a short distance ahead of the parking lot and leave a gap of 0.5 to 1 metre from the kerb. Your vehicle should be parallel to the kerb. After observing that the rear is clear, look through the rear windscreen and reverse slowly;  

(b) When the back bumper is about 0.5 metres past the corner of the kerb/ lot, turn the steering wheel 'full lock' to the left and at the same time check the right hand side for any passing vehicle and other road users, including cyclists and pedestrians. Continue to reverse slowly;  
  

(c) When your vehicle is at an angle of 45 degrees to the kerb, (or your left side mirror is aimed at the half-way point along the kerb of the parking lot), return the steering wheel to the straight-ahead position and continue to reverse in a straight line;  

(d) When your vehicle is half-way in the lot and the front bumper is in line with the corner of the kerb/lot, turn the steering wheel 'full lock' to the right to bring the vehicle further into the lot;  
  

(e) Reverse slowly while looking through the rear windscreen. When your vehicle is almost parallel to the kerb, quickly turn the steering wheel to the left. Stop your vehicle before it touches the rear kerb;  

(f) Turning the steering wheel back to the straight ahead position while driving forward. Stop your vehicle in the centre of the lot.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# PARALLEL PARKING  

155 Before moving off, check that it is safe to do so:  

(a) Drive forward slowly and turn the steering wheel to the right; As you are about to stop (i.e. just before touching the front kerb), quickly turn the steering wheel to the left in preparation for the next move;  
  

(b) Reverse slowly and turn the steering wheel further to the left to 'full lock'. Just as your vehicle is about to touch the rear kerb, quickly turn the steering wheel to the right in preparation for the next move;  

(c) Confirm that it is safe to move out. Drive forward slowly and turn the steering wheel further to the right;  
  

(d) As the front bumper clears the front kerb, return the steering wheel to the straight ahead position, keeping a gap of 1 metre from the kerb as you drive out of the lot. Do not make too wide a turn when moving out.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# PARALLEL PARKING  

156 Parallel parking along the road side between other parked vehicles is done in the same manner as described above. Imagine the position of the back bumper of the vehicle (X) as that of the corner of the front kerb and the position of the front bumper of vehicle (Y) as a guide.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# EMERGENCY STOP 

157 When in an emergency, you need to react quickly to stop the vehicle in the shortest possible distance without losing control of the vehicle. Remember, the vehicle will not stop instantly when you hit the brakes.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# EMERGENCY STOP 

158 From the time you realise the need to react until the time the vehicle comes to a complete stop, the vehicle would have travelled a considerable distance. Reaction distance is the distance from when a hazard is identified to the point at which the brake is applied.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# EMERGENCY STOP 

159 The stopping distance of a vehicle comprises the reaction distance and the braking distance.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

16 The gear lever helps you to select the gears to move the vehicle forward or backward. The gear-box usually houses five forward gears and a reverse gear. Generally, the gears control the speed and power of the vehicle.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# EMERGENCY STOP 

160 When applying the emergency brake, you should:  

(a) keep both hands firmly on the steering wheel in a straight course. This is because you need the greatest possible control over the steering at this crucial moment;

(b) avoid braking too hard so as to prevent the wheels from locking. Locking of the wheels may cause the vehicle to skid;

(c) always depress the brake pedal first followed by the clutch pedal when the vehicle is close to a complete stop.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# NARROW COURSES 

161 When a vehicle turns left, the rear left-wheel will take a path closer to the kerb than the front left-wheel. Likewise, when it turns right, the rear right-wheel will go closer to the kerb than the front right-wheel. You will therefore have to be careful of the rear sides of your vehicle when passing through a narrow course.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# NARROW COURSES 

162 Since the rear wheels always take a path closer to the kerb, it is necessary to adjust your vehicle's position before turning into the bend to prevent your vehicle from hitting or mounting the kerb.  

(a) Left Bend - Position your vehicle more to the right.  
  

(b) Right Bend - Position your vehicle more to the left.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# NARROW COURSES 

163 When negotiating a sharp bend, the body of the vehicle will always appear to protrude well outside the course when viewed from the driver's seat.  

So long as you know the position of the front wheels of the vehicle and can visualise the path to be taken, your vehicle will stay on course.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# NARROW COURSES 

164 In a narrow course, if you turn too early or too late into a bend, you may not be able to execute the turn smoothly.  
  

(a) The rear wheel is obstructed when you turn too early.  
  

(b) The front wheel is obstructed when you turn too late.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# NARROW COURSES 

165 To correct this mistake, reverse your vehicle to its original position and repeat the turn.  
  

(a) When reversing, look through the rear windscreen to have a complete rear view. Keep the contour of the road in your mind.  
  

(b) As you reverse, glance periodically to the front to see if you have enough space to move forward.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# NARROW COURSES 

166 Keep your speed low by shifting down to the 2nd or the 1st gear and by using the 'connecting-and disconnecting clutch' technique to maintain a low speed.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# NARROW COURSES 

167 Before passing through a narrow course, take a good look at the entire course. Visualise the path of travel of your vehicle.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

168 Safe/Defensive driving technique:  

Driving safely and competently demands the total involvement of most of your senses. It is not enough to gain physical mastery of the vehicle without cultivating an awareness of the environment. A good driver can interpret, anticipate and act unhesitatingly under adverse driving conditions.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

169 Adverse conditions include:  

(a) Driver conditions
(b) Weather conditions
(c) Light conditions
(d) Road conditions
(e) Traffic conditions
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

17 The markings on the knob of the gear lever indicate the position and direction in which the lever should be shifted in order to engage the respective gears.  
  

(a) N...Neutral  

With the lever in the Neutral N position, the vehicle is not in gear and will not move when you accelerate because power from the engine is not transmitted to the wheels.  

(b) 1...1st gear  

The 1st gear has the lowest speed range (10 km/h to 20 km/h) and is used for moving a vehicle from a stationary position, driving on steep slopes and travelling at a very slow speed.  

(c) 2...2nd gear  

The 2nd gear has a slightly higher speed range (15km/h to 35Km/h) than the 1st gear. It is used for travelling at low speeds, negotiating sharp corners and driving on steep slopes.  

(d) 3...3rd gear  

The 3rd gear has a moderate speed range (30km/h to 45km/h). It is used for negotiating bends and driving on low gradient slopes.  

(e) 4...4th gear  

The 4th gear has the highest speed range 40km/h and upwards. It is used for cruising.  

(f) 5...5th gear  

Some vehicles have fifth gear known as 'overdrive' It is used when the vehicle is cruising at speed above 70 km/h.  

(g) R... Reverse gear  

The reverse gear is for moving the vehicle backwards.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

170 DRIVER CONDITIONS  

Your physical and mental condition can affect your driving. These conditions are:  

(a) Your vision,

(b) Your physical health,

(c) Your mental state,

(d) Consumption of alcohol and drugs.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

171 Eighty percent (80%) of information perceived while driving comes through the driver's eyes. It is therefore important that you make optimal use of your eyes when driving. Do not fix your eyes on a particular object for longer than necessary. Keep moving your eyes about every two seconds or so. Also, take regular glances at the rear view mirrors every five to ten seconds so that you are aware of the changing situation around you.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

172 Tiredness, giddiness and being unwell can effect your concentration on the road. If you feel unwell or tired, do not drive.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

173 Anger, worry and stress can also reduce concentration and may lead to rash or careless driving on the road.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

174 Consumption of alcohol and certain types of drugs affect your judgement, concentration and reaction time. If you are on medication, check with your doctor whether the prescribed medicine you are taking will affect your driving ability. If so, do not drive. It is also unsafe for you to drive if you have consumed alcohol.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

175 It is an offence for a person to drive or attempt to drive a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. If a driver is suspected to be under the influence of alcohol, he/ she will be required to undergo a breath analyser test. A person with a BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) exceeding 80mg per 100ml of blood is presumed incapable of controlling his/her vehicle properly.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

176 WEATHER CONDITIONS  

Adverse weather conditions affect your ability to see and be seen. These conditions are:-
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

177 The basic rules to follow when driving in bad weather conditions are:  

(a) Reduce your speed so that you can manoeuvre safely.

(b) Do not out-drive the actual distance that you can see clearly.

(c) Switch on your headlights so that you can see more clearly and be more visible.

(d) Turn on the demister to clear the mist on the windscreen.

(e) Move to a safe spot and stop at the side of the road with your hazard lights turned on if you cannot see clearly. Proceed when conditions are favourable.

(f) Use a faster front windscreen wiper speed when driving in heavy rain.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

178 On a wet road, the stopping distance of a vehicle will increase to about twice the distance of that on a dry road. This is because there is less friction between the tyres and the wet road surface. On a wet road, stepping hard on the brake pedal (locking the wheels) will cause the vehicle to skid or spin. If you lock the wheels accidentally, quickly release the brake pedal and apply the intermittent (ON/OFF) braking technique until the vehicle comes to a stop. Thus, on a wet road, it is important that you drive at a slower speed to avoid such dangerous circumstances.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

179 On a rainy day, a thin layer of water forms on the road surface. Even good tyres may not have a good grip on the road. As speed increases, surface water builds up under the vehicle's tyres. When this happens, your vehicle will glide on the surface of the road, and this is known as 'Aquaplaning'.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

18 To shift the gear lever, cup your left palm over the gear lever knob with the palm facing the direction in which you intend to shift the gear lever. When changing gears, the clutch pedal should be fully depressed.  


(a) Neutral  

To check that the gear is in Neutral, hold the gear lever knob and move the gear lever from side to side. The lever should move freely.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

18 To shift the gear lever, cup your left palm over the gear lever knob with the palm facing the direction in which you intend to shift the gear lever. When changing gears, the clutch pedal should be fully depressed.  
  

(b) Neutral to 1st Gear 

To engage the 1st gear, shift the gear lever to the left and push it forward.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

18 To shift the gear lever, cup your left palm over the gear lever knob with the palm facing the direction in which you intend to shift the gear lever. When changing gears, the clutch pedal should be fully depressed.  
  

(c) 1st to 2nd Gear 

To change from 1st and 2nd gear, pull the gear lever downwards in two motions with a slight pause at Neutral.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

18 To shift the gear lever, cup your left palm over the gear lever knob with the palm facing the direction in which you intend to shift the gear lever. When changing gears, the clutch pedal should be fully depressed.  
  

(d) 2nd to 3rd Gear 

To change from 2nd to 3rd gear, push the gear lever to Neutral, shift it to the right and push forward.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

18 To shift the gear lever, cup your left palm over the gear lever knob with the palm facing the direction in which you intend to shift the gear lever. When changing gears, the clutch pedal should be fully depressed.  
  

(e) 3rd to 4th Gear  

To change from 3rd to 4th gear, pull the gear lever downwards in two motions with a slight pause at Neutral.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

18 To shift the gear lever, cup your left palm over the gear lever knob with the palm facing the direction in which you intend to shift the gear lever. When changing gears, the clutch pedal should be fully depressed.  
  

(f) Reverse Gear  

To engage the Reverse gear, shift the gear lever to the extreme right with more pressure than you would with the 4th gear and pull it downwards.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

180 Aquaplaning results in the loss of steering control and braking efficiency. The faster you go, the more difficult it will be to control the vehicle. To counter this, you should slow down by braking intermittently (on/off braking) until you gain control of your vehicle.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

181 When approaching a road that is flooded but passable to vehicles, engage a lower gear to go through the flood.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

182 After passing through water, the brakes become ineffective. To dry the brakes, pump the brake pedal repeatedly until braking action returns.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

183 You can also dry the brakes by gently depressing the brake pedal with your left foot while pressing the accelerator with the right foot.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

184 At night, the depth of flood water can be deceptive. If in doubt, take an alternative route
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

185 Stretches of open highways are usually subjected to strong winds. To avoid the danger of being forced into the path of other traffic by the wind, you should slow down and drive cautiously.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

186 LIGHT CONDITIONS  

Too much or too little light will affect our ability to see. Sun-glare or light reflected off objects or a pool of water on the road can dazzle and even blind our vision. You should wear sunglasses or lower the sun-visor when it is very bright.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

187 Switch on your headlights from 7pm to 7am. Drive at a slower speed than you would during the day.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

188 When the headlight of an oncoming vehicle dazzles you, look to your left to avoid the glare. Use the edge of the road to guide your vehicle. If the light is blinding, slow down and stop by the side of the road.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

189 When facing oncoming traffic, dip your headlights.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle 

19 The process of changing gear from 1st to 2nd, 2nd to 3rd and onwards is known as 'changing-up'. This is to enable the vehicle to pick up speed smoothly from rest. Conversely, when you reduce the speed of your vehicle, the gears should be 'changed-down' accordingly.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

190 Dip your headlight when you are immediately behind another vehicle. If not, the beam from your headlight will be reflected by the rear view mirror of the car in front and dazzle the driver.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

191 On approaching bends where visibility is poor, use your high beam. This will attract the attention of other road users and warn them of your approach.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

192 It is safer not to out-drive your normal headlight range. The average headlight on high-beam is about 100 metres.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

193 ROAD CONDITIONS  

A good driver should know how to read and adjust his/her speed accordingly to suit the road conditions, such as:  

(a) The width of the road;

(b) The kind of road surface he/she is driving on;

(c) The contour of the road;

(d) The possible danger of hazards ahead.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

194 On a sandy or pebbled surface, there is a greater risk of 'side slipping'. Try to avoid hard acceleration, braking and sudden sharp turning of the steering wheel.  
  

(a) On roads with uneven surfaces, drive slowly.  
  

(b) If you encounter large pot-holes, reduce your speed further and proceed slowly.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

195 If the rear of your vehicle skids side way, remove the foot from the accelerator at once. Never apply the brakes during a skid correction, steer in the direction of the skid.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

196 When driving round a bend or sharp corner at high speed, your vehicle tends to be pushed out of its path of travel by a force called the Centrifugal Force.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

197 The greater the travelling speed around the curve or the sharper the curve, the more the vehicle will be pushed from its path. You should therefore reduce speed when going round a bend. The diagram on the right shows the appropriate speed and the dangerous speed for each turning radius.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

198 TRAFFIC CONDITIONS  

Traffic conditions vary depending on time, place and situation. Traffic may be congested or relatively light. The speed of other vehicles also varies. Try to drive with the traffic in order not to disrupt its flow.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

199 Adjust your speed to the traffic and road situation. Situations change as you travel from urban built-up areas to sub-urban and then to rural areas.
# INTRODUCTION  

# THE SAFE DRIVER  

2 Safe driving calls for total awareness of what other road users are doing and the ability to "communicate" with them. The correct attitude towards driving will make the road a safer and more pleasant place for pedestrians and motorists alike.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Handbrake 

20 The handbrake is sometimes referred to as the 'parking brake'. It operates only on the two rear wheels and should be used to prevent the vehicle from rolling forward or backward when the vehicle is parked or stationary and when the vehicle comes to a halt at the traffic light junction. It should not be used to stop the vehicle while driving, except in an emergency. For example, when your footbrake fails to work.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

200 In urban areas, traffic is slow and heavy. Traffic is faster and lighter in suburban areas. In rural areas, traffic is generally light. Whatever the traffic conditions, the driver has the responsibility to be careful and alert at all times.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SAFE DRIVING TECHNIQUE (DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUE)  

201 DRIVING OVERSEAS  

Most countries in Europe adopt a left hand drive system, ie. you'll find the steering wheel on the other side of the car.  

For more information on overseas driving tips, please refer to the Automobile Association of Singapore's website. Being prepared will allow you to drive more confidently.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# DRIVING UPHILL  

202 On approaching a hill or incline, accelerate to a speed higher than when travelling on a flat road to go up the hill.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# DRIVING UPHILL  

203 Should the vehicle show signs of losing speed, quickly change to a lower gear and accelerate.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# DRIVING UPHILL  

204 If the hill is steep, shift to the second or first gear before going up. It would be difficult to change gears while on the hill. The vehicle may roll backwards when you change gears. Do not drive too close to the vehicle in front.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# DRIVING UPHILL  

205 Be very careful as you approach the top of the hill as you cannot see what is approaching from the other side of the hill. You should keep to the left and proceed carefully. Do not drive too close to the vehicle in front.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# DRIVING DOWNHILL 

206 Choose an appropriate gear before you drive down a hill. Use the third or the second gear on a low hill. On a steep hill, use the second or the first gear.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# DRIVING DOWNHILL 

207 It is far better to use the 'engine-brake' than the foot-brake over a long distance downhill as using the foot-brake will cause the brakes to overheat and 'fade'. Use the foot-brake only when necessary.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# DRIVING DOWNHILL 

208 When descending, the ascending vehicle has the right of way. Keep a greater following distance when driving downhill.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PARKING ON A SLOPE 

209 Park your vehicle close to the edge of the road and pull the handbrake up fully.  
  

(a) Turn your front wheels outward when facing uphill so that if your vehicle slides downwards, it will be stopped by the kerb.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PARKING ON A SLOPE 

209 Park your vehicle close to the edge of the road and pull the handbrake up fully.  
  

(b) When facing downhill turn your front wheel inward.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PARKING ON A SLOPE 

209 Park your vehicle close to the edge of the road and pull the handbrake up fully.  
  

(c) Engage the 1st gear if your vehicle is parked facing uphill.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PARKING ON A SLOPE 

209 Park your vehicle close to the edge of the road and pull the handbrake up fully.  
  

(d) Engage the reverse gear if your vehicle is parked facing downhill.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PARKING ON A SLOPE 

209 Park your vehicle close to the edge of the road and pull the handbrake up fully.  
  


(e) If necessary, use a wedge to prevent the vehicle from sliding downwards.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PARKING ON A SLOPE 

209 Park your vehicle close to the edge of the road and pull the handbrake up fully.  
  

(f) Do not park your vehicle on a slope that is too steep.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Handbrake 

21 To apply the handbrake, depress the footbrake pedal, press the button at the top end of the lever with your thumb to release the catch and pull the lever upward. Release the button when the lever has been pulled up fully and release the foot-brake pedal.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# INTERACTION WITH OTHER ROAD USERS  

210 Knowledge and compliance of the highway code is essential for safe driving. To prevent accidents, you should watch for tell-tale signs which indicate traffic hazards and react accordingly. Give other road users time and space to complete whatever they are doing.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# THE VEHICLE IN FRONT  

211 When driving forward:  

(a) Position yourself on the road so that you can see most of what the driver ahead is seeing;

(b) Observe all vehicles, paying special attention to the vehicle in front;

(c) Be alert for any changes in traffic situations or patterns;

(d) Look out for brake warning lights and indicator lights on vehicles travelling in front of you. This should give you ample warning to react quickly.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# THE VEHICLE IN FRONT  

212 (a) Do not tailgate. If you follow the vehicle in front too closely, your range of vision will be blocked by the vehicle in front due to your position;  
  

(b) Should the vehicle in front stop suddenly, an accident is unavoidable as you do not have enough reaction time and distance to brake.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# THE VEHICLE IN FRONT  

213 To be able to stop with an appropriate space between your vehicle and the vehicle in front, you must allow at least one car length for every 16km/h of your speed.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# THE VEHICLE IN FRONT  

214 A simple way to ensure a safe gap between you and the vehicle in front is to use the 'two-second' rule. As the vehicle in front of you passes a stationary object, such as a lamp post on the side of the road, start counting to yourself 'one-thousand-and-one, one thousand-and-two'. This will take you 2 seconds. If you reach the same spot before you finish these eight words, you are following too closely and it is necessary to slow down. This rule will keep you at a safe following distance and will apply to all types of vehicles at any speed.  
  

(Vehicle 'A' does not pass the lamp post before counting "one-thousand-and-one, one-thousand-and-two". Thus vehicle 'A' is at a safe following distance from vehicle 'B')
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# THE VEHICLE IN FRONT  

215 Be aware of the traffic behind you by checking the rear view mirror inside the vehicle as well as the wing mirrors from time to time. Check your blind spots by turning your head to look over your shoulder before switching lanes. Do not swing out, change lane or stop suddenly or at short notice. Show clear and correct signals to inform the vehicle behind of your intentions.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# THE ONCOMING VEHICLE   

216 Always look far ahead, analyse the road in front of you and anticipate any problem you might have with the oncoming vehicle. If an oncoming vehicle from an adjacent lane signals to change lane, do not accelerate, instead slow down and leave a gap for the vehicle to enter your lane.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# TRAFFIC JAM   

217 (a) In a traffic jam, be patient; sounding the horn or shouting will not ease the jam.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# TRAFFIC JAM   

217  

(b) Stay in your lane. Do not weave in an out of slow moving traffic.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# TRAFFIC JAM   

217 

(c) Show courtesy to vehicles in the minor road by allowing them to join the main traffic stream.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# TRAFFIC JAM   

218 To avoid getting into a traffic jam, you should:  

(a) plan your route before setting out;

(b) avoid congested roads when travelling;

(c) avoid peak hour driving when most roads are congested;

(d) give yourself plenty of time for each journey. You will be less anxious and more patient when driving;

(e) turn on your car radio for announcements of accidents, junction instructions so as to avoid such roads;

(f) refer to the Electronic Signs Boards for traffic information and react accordingly.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# STATIONARY VEHICLES  

219 When there are several stationary vehicles on the left lane, do not weave in and out. Use the next lane on the right instead and move back to the left lane after you have passed them.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Handbrake 

22 To release the handbrake, depress the footbrake pedal, pull the lever slightly upward, press the lever button and lower the lever down fully. Do not release the button until you have brought the lever to the OFF position.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# STATIONARY VEHICLES  

220 When passing stationary vehicles on a two-way road, give way to oncoming vehicles from the opposite direction.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# STATIONARY VEHICLES  

221 When passing by a parked vehicle, look out for drivers or passengers opening the doors of their vehicles and keep a safe gap of about 1 meter between you and the parked vehicles.