MRMRbenchmark/traffic huggingface dataset:
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# L (LOCK-UP OR HOLD) 

40 With most types of automatics, if you select L when in second gear, it will hold that gear only at speeds above about 10 km/h. If the speed drops so low that the bottom gear comes in, the L position will then hold the transmission down to that gear. In other words, there will be no change back to second gear – unless, of course, you select D again. The lock-up arrangements on some versions of automatics allow any gear to be selected and held: on others. any gear except the top gear may be held.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# KICK-DOWN  

41 Many automatics have a form of foot control called 'kick-down'.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# KICK-DOWN  

42 A short sharp pressure right down on the accelerator pedal, past the fully open position, causes a quick change down to the next lower gear.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# KICK-DOWN  

43 This ability to override the automatic mechanism is very useful for quick acceleration when you need it –e.g. for overtaking. To return to the higher gear again, merely ease the pressure on the accelerator pedal.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Ignition Switch (Or Starter Switch)  

44 Before starting the engine, ensure that the handbrake is applied. For auto transmission vehicles, ensure that the gear lever is at 'P' (Parked) position.  

(a) To start the engine, turn the ignition key in a clockwise direction to the START position.

(b) To switch off the engine, turn the ignition key in an anti-clockwise direction to the OFF position.

(c) To withdraw the key, turn it further to the LOCK position. (Note that the key can only be removed with the engine off).  

LOCK - The steering wheel is locked when the key is not inserted. Insert the key and turn it in a clockwise direction to unlock the steering wheel.

OFF - Engine and accessories are off. The steering wheel is free.

ACC - Electric current flows to accessory fixtures.

ON - Electric current flows to ignition system.

START- Starter motor begins to rotate. Once the engine is started, quickly release the key. It will automatically return to the 'ON' position.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Direction Indicator Lever  

45 The direction indicator switch is used to indicate to other motorists the direction in which you wish to proceed. When the switch is operated, yellow indicator lights situated at each end of the front and rear of the car will flash on and off. When making a turn, shift the lever in the direction in which you wish to turn. When the turn is completed, the lever will automatically return to its original position.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Windscreen Wiper And Washer  

46 To operate the windscreen wiper, move the lever downwards to any of the wiper speed positions of your choice. The windscreen washer is operated by pulling the lever towards you or pushing the button at the end of the lever.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Horn  

47 The horn is usually located at the cross bar of the steering wheel. It is used to warn other road users of any impending danger.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Light Switch  

48 The light switch is usually located at the end of the Direction Indicator Lever. All drivers are required to switch on their headlights while driving from 7.00 pm to 7.00 am. However, during the day in reduced day light, switch on your headlights. Switching them on makes you more conspicuous to other motorists.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Light Switch  

49 The light switch is operated by turning it in a clockwise direction. When it is turned to this $\mathbb{D}$ position, the parking, tail, number plate and instrument panel lights should come on. At this $\mathbb{D}$ position, the headlights and all the above lights should come on together.
# INTRODUCTION  

# TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS  

5 Driving is a chain process involving perception, judgement and reaction. Since most accidents are due to poor perception and poor judgement on the part of drivers, accidents can thus be easily avoided if drivers were to anticipate and react in the proper manner. Proper planning and observation (perception), correct analysis and decisions (judgement of varying road traffic situations) are therefore essential if you were to avoid accidents.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Light Switch  

50 There are two positions for the headlights; the high beam and the low beam.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Light Switch  

51 At night when visibility is poor, turn on the high beam by pushing the lever forward. In built-up areas or when facing oncoming vehicles, pull the lever backward to switch to the low beam.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Hazard Warning Switch  

52 This switch turns on the four direction indicator lights simultaneously. These serve as warning lights to warn other motorists when your vehicle breaks down. It can also be used when stopping momentarily at the side of the road.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SWITCHES AND THEIR USAGE  
  

(a) Ignition switch (or starter switch) 
(b) Direction indicator lever
(c) Windscreen wiper and washer 
(d) Horn
(e) Light switch 
(f) Hazard warning switch   
(g) Demister  

# Demister  

53 When the switch is turned on, it activates the demister on the rear windscreen of your vehicle. Heat is generated and directed over the screen to clear condensation and prevent misting.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

54 Meters and Warning Indicators include:  
  

(a) Speedometer

(b) Trip Odometer

(c) Odometer

(d) Signal Indicators

(e) Tachometer or Rev Counter

(f) Fuel Gauge

(g) Temperature Gauge

(h) High Beam Indicator

(i) Door Warning Light

(j) Brake Warning Light

(k) Oil Pressure Warning Light

(l) Battery Warning Light
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Speedometer  

55 Indicates the speed at which you are travelling.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Odometer  

56 Records the mileage travelled.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Trip Odometer  

57 This meter can be reset to record mileage travelled per trip.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Signal Indicators  

58 The indicator lights will flicker when the indicator is activated in the desired direction. However, when the hazard lights are switched on, both signal indicator lights will flash on and off simultaneously.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Tachometer Or Rev Counter  

59 Indicates the number of engine revolutions per minute.
# INTRODUCTION  

# SYSTEMATIC LEARNING  

6 Learning rates differ from person to person. Therefore the number of training hours needed before one develops the right skills and attitude differs greatly from one individual to another. Learner drivers should adopt a planned approach. They must engage competent instructors who can phase each lesson systematically to suit their own development in the course of learning. They should practise regularly and relentlessly. There are no short cuts to becoming a competent and careful driver.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Fuel Gauge  

60 The pointer indicates the amount of fuel in the fuel tank.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Temperature Gauge  

61 The pointer of the gauge will move from C to H as the temperature of the engine rises. If the pointer swings beyond the normal range, it means that the engines is overheating.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# High Beam Indicator  

62 This light will come on when the headlight switch is turned to the high beam position.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Door Warning Light  

63 This light will come on when any of the doors is not properly shut.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Brake Warning Light  

64 The brake warning light will come on when the ignition key is switched to the ON Position and goes off once the handbrake is released. When it remains on, it means that either the brake fluid in the brake fluid reservoir is below the prescribed level.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Oil Pressure Warning Light  

65 This light will come on when the ignition is switched to the ON position. If the light fails to go off after the engine is started, this indicates that the lubricating oil in the engine is below the prescribed level.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# METERS AND WARNING INDICATORS 

# Battery Warning Light  

66 This light will come on when the ignition key is switched to the ON position. It will go off once the engine is started. If the light fails to go off after the engine is started, it means that the battery charging system is faulty.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SEAT AND SEAT BELTS 

67  

(a) Sit upright and lean against the backrest with both hands comfortably holding the steering wheel. Arms should be slightly bent.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SEAT AND SEAT BELTS 

67  

(b) Adjust your seat so that your left leg is almost straightened when the clutch pedal is fully depressed.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SEAT AND SEAT BELTS 

67  

(c) If necessary, use a cushion to obtain the correct sitting position.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SEAT AND SEAT BELTS 

67  

(d) Adjust the headrest so that it forms a straight line with your ear and eye. This prevents neck injuries in a collision from the rear.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SEAT AND SEAT BELTS 

67  

(e) Fasten the seat belt only after you have adjusted the seat and are in the correct driving posture.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SEAT AND SEAT BELTS 

67  

(f) For the non-retractable type of seat belt, the slack should not be more than a clenched fist space between the shoulder belt and your chest.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# MIRRORS  

68 Adjust the mirrors when you are properly seated with the seat belt secured.  
  

(a) Hold the edge of the rear view mirror and adjust it so that you have a good view of the rear through the rear windscreen.  
  

(b) Adjust the side mirror until the horizon is slightly above the centre line. Part of the body of your vehicle should be seen in the mirror.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# MIRRORS  

69 There are two areas on the right and left of your vehicle which cannot be viewed from your mirrors. These are known as 'blind spots'. You have to turn your head and look over your shoulder to the left or the right to check for traffic in the 'blind spots' before changing lane, overtaking and turning.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Steering Wheel  

7 Proper control of the steering wheel is fundamental to the balance and stability of the vehicle. It is therefore important to maintain maximum control of the steering wheel at all times. Two hands should be holding the steering whenever the vehicle is in motion.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# BEFORE DRIVING  

70 Precautionary measures should be taken by doing a simple routine check on your vehicle. This will save you a lot of unnecessary inconvenience and make your journey a trouble free one.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# BEFORE DRIVING  

71	 A responsible driver would always make it a habit to walk round his/her vehicle to check if:  

(a) there is any damage to the body of the vehicle, including registration plates and all the light fittings;

(b) the tyres are properly inflated and there are no punctured tyres.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# BEFORE DRIVING  

72 Plan your route by referring to a street directory and accessing traffic information via the internet or radio broadcast.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# BEFORE DRIVING  

73 Wear proper attire when driving.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# BEFORE DRIVING  

74 When opening the door of your vehicle:  

(a) Pay attention to the vehicles approaching from behind;

(b) Do not open the door too widely;

(c) If the traffic is heavy, use the kerb-side door;

(d) Once you are inside the vehicle, lock the doors.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# BEFORE DRIVING  

75	 Adjust your seat so that all controls can be reached without the need to stretch. Fasten your seat belt, adjust your rear and side view mirrors and ensure that the handbrake is fully on. Insert your cash card in advance for ERP (Electronic Road Pricing) and parking payments.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

76 Beginners are advised to use a driving circuit for safety. If a driving circuit is not available, choose a non-prohibited quiet area to practise these basic driving techniques.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

77 Before driving off, sit in the driver's seat and look around. This is to enable you to get a feel of the vehicle's dimensions.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

78 Keep in mind the view you have seen from the driver's seats. Next, get out of the car and observe the length and width of the vehicle. You will notice that the actual width of the road required is not as wide as what you think you will need.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

79 When driving, estimate the width of the road required for your vehicle to pass through by using the lane markings and your sense of judgement.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Steering Wheel  

8 The steering mechanism is self-centreing and therefore requires only a light grip to keep the vehicle on a straight course. You may need to tighten your grip in order to maintain a proper course while cornering, braking and on uneven roads such as gravel paths, muddy tracks and road humps.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

80 To move off, follow the steps below:  

(a) Check that the gear lever is in the Neutral position for a manual car and 'P' (Parked) position for an auto car;

(b) Slightly depress the accelerator pedal and turn the ignition key to the START position to start the engine;

(c) Release the accelerator pedal once the engine is started and the engine will rotate at 'idling speed';

(d) Look out for other road users in front and behind. This will enable you to discern any immediate hazard(s) present at that moment;

(e) Signal your intention;

(f) Depress the clutch pedal and engage the first gear;

(g) Slightly depress the accelerator pedal and at the same time slowly release the clutch pedal;

(h) When the clutch pedal is released about half-way, you will notice a slight drop in the engine revolution. The clutch is now at the 'biting point'. Maintain the clutch at this position. This is known as the 'half-clutch' position;

(i) Confirm that it is safe to move off by taking a side glance at the blind spots by looking over your shoulder;

(j) Release the handbrake;

(k) Depress the accelerator pedal further and at the same time slowly release the clutch pedal. The vehicle will start to move;

(l) Let the vehicle attain the speed of a walking man;

(m) Fully release the clutch pedal;

(n) Depress the accelerator pedal to pick up speed;

(o) Look far ahead, the distance (in meters) you should look at must be at least three times the speed (in km/h) at which you are travelling;  
  

(p) Observe your course. When you feel that the vehicle is moving to one side, adjust the steering wheel slightly to maintain a straight course;  
  

(q) If you cannot drive straight due to an uneven surface, reduce your speed.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

81 The control of both the clutch and the accelerator pedals will pose some problems to learner drivers at the initial stage. Proficiency will come with practice. Listed below are common problems learner drivers have in moving off.  

<html>
<table><thead><tr><th>Problem</th><th>Causes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>(a) Engine vibrates violently</td><td>The accelerator pedal is insufficiently depressed and/ or is in the incorrect half-clutch position (clutch pedal over-released).</td></tr><tr><td>(b) Vehicle jumps and jerks or surges forward</td><td>The accelerator pedal is depressed excessively and/or the clutch pedal is released suddenly.</td></tr><tr><td>(c) Engine stops suddenly</td><td>The accelerator pedal is insufficiently depressed and / or the clutch pedal is released too suddenly.</td></tr></tbody></table>
</html>
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

82 When stopping, you must consider the speed of your vehicle and the distance ahead. Always depress the brake pedal early and prepare to stop slightly before the targeted stopping position. Continue practising until you can stop exactly where you want to.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

83 You must always bear in mind the following when stopping:  

(a) Look out for other road users in front of you; 

(b) Use the rear view mirror to check the traffic behind; 

(c) Signal your intention; 

(d) Check your left blind spot; 

(e) Release the accelerator pedal; 

(f) Move to the left edge of the road; 

(g) Gently depress the brake pedal; 

(h) Fully depress the clutch pedal when the vehicle is about to stop; 

(i) Keep both the clutch and brake pedals depressed; 

(j) Pull up the handbrake and shift the gear lever to the Neutral position.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

84 If the clutch pedal is depressed too late when stopping the vehicle, the engine will stall. As a result of this, learner drivers tend to depress the clutch pedal too early to overcome this problem. Depressing the clutch pedal too soon will cause the vehicle to be 'free-wheeling'. This is especially dangerous when you are stopping your vehicle at high speeds and when cornering at a high speed.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

85 The clutch pedal should be depressed at the precise moment just before the engine begins to vibrate. Experience will enable you to decide the appropriate moment.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

86 When leaving the vehicle, you should: 
  

(a) Switch off the engine and withdraw the ignition key;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

86 When leaving the vehicle, you should:  
  

(b) Unfasten the seat belt;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

86 When leaving the vehicle, you should:  
  

(c) Unlock the door and hold it slightly ajar to ascertain if it is safe for you to open it;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

86 When leaving the vehicle, you should:  
  

(d) Slowly open the door and get out of the vehicle;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

86 When leaving the vehicle, you should:  
  

(e) Close the door firmly;
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# MOVING OFF AND STOPPING 

86 When leaving the vehicle, you should:  
  

(f) Lock all doors before leaving the vehicle.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

87 To select the suitable gear, note the speed of the vehicle by the sound of the engine, the moving scenery outside and an occasional glance at the speedometer.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

88 Follow the drill below when changing up:  

1st Gear  

(a) Depress the clutch pedal; (b) Engage the 1st gear; (c) Release the clutch pedal half-way and depress the accelerator pedal slightly at the same time; (d) Release the clutch pedal further and accelerate to gain speed; (e) Accelerate evenly until the vehicle reaches the speed of about 15-20 km/h.  

2nd Gear  

(f) Depress the clutch pedal and at the same time release the accelerator pedal; (g) Shift the gear lever from the 1st to 2nd position; (h) Release the clutch pedal half-way, then further release it slowly and at the same time depress the accelerator pedal; (i) Accelerate evenly to about 30-35 km/h.  

3rd Gear  

(j) Depress the clutch pedal and at the same time release the accelerator pedal;

(k) Shift the gear lever from the 2nd and 3rd position;

(l) Release the clutch pedal continuously in one motion and at the same time depress the accelerator pedal;

(m) Accelerate evenly to about 40-45 km/h.

4th Gear / 5th Gear

(n) The procedure is the same as with the 3rd gear. Once the 4th gear is engaged, accelerate gradually to normal cruising speed at 5th gear.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

89 Gear changing involves frequent movements of hand and feet. Learner drivers tend to look down at the gear lever, pedals and feet while trying to co-ordinate them. Once this bad habit is formed, it is difficult to correct. It is dangerous to take your eyes away from the road, even for a little while, whilst driving.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Steering Wheel  

9 There are two recommended methods of holding the steering wheel. Choose the position that is more comfortable.  

(a) Hold the steering wheel with both hands at either the 'ten-to-two' or 'quarter-to-three' position.  
  

(b) Do not release the steering wheel and allow it to spring back after you have made a turn.

(c) Do not move your body when turning the steering.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

90 This chart shows the approximate speed range of each gear.  

<html>
<table><thead><tr><th>km/h</th><th>15/20</th><th>30/35</th><th>40/45</th><th>50/65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1st gear</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2nd gear</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3rd gear</th><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>4th gear</th><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5th gear</th><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table>
</html>
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

91 If at any time, traffic conditions do not permit you to accelerate to the required speed in order to change up to the next higher gear, you should control the accelerator pedal and adjust your speed to suit traffic conditions. You should change up when conditions permit.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

92 When the speed of the vehicle is reduced to below the speed range of the particular gear you are using, it is necessary to change down to the next lower gear i.e. from the 4th to the 3rd gear or from the 3rd to the 2nd gear. Follow the steps below when changing down:  

(a) Release the accelerator pedal and at the same time depress the clutch pedal;

(b) Shift the gear lever to the next lower gear;

(c) Gently release the clutch pedal and at the same time depress the accelerator pedal according to the speed of the vehicle;

(d) If the vehicle is slowing down to almost a stop, engage the 1st gear;

(e) If the speed of your vehicle has dropped drastically, the next lower gear may not have the required power to keep your vehicle going smoothly. You should therefore 'change down' to the appropriate gear, i.e. from the 4th to the 2nd gear or from the 3rd to the 1st gear.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

93 We do not react instantly to what we see because we need to analyse what we see in order to decide on the appropriate action to take. Therefore you should always adjust your speed to give yourself sufficient time to perceive, decide and react to the ever changing traffic situations.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

97 When bringing your vehicle to a smooth and safe stop from top-gear (4th or 5th gear), you should do the following:  

(a) Look ahead for a safe place to stop;

(b) Check the rear view mirror for traffic behind you;

(c) Signal your intention;

(d) Check your blind spot;

(e) When it is safe, pull over to the edge of the road;

(f) Adjust the pressure on the brake pedal so that it is greater during the initial stage and lighter as the vehicle approaches its destination.  
  

<html>
<table><thead><tr><th>Correct Braking</th><th>Incorrect Braking</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>(a) Depress early</td><td>(a) Depress late</td></tr><tr><td>(b) Depress hard</td><td>(b) Depress hard</td></tr><tr><td>(c) Reduce pressure gradually</td><td>(c) Increase pressure further</td></tr></tbody></table>
</html>
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

98 When your vehicle is in motion and the pressure on the accelerator pedal is suddenly taken off, the reduction in engine revolution will produce a braking effect on the wheels. This effect is known as 'engine-brake'.
# BASIC DRIVING TECHNIQUES  

# CHANGING GEARS

99 The engine-brake will no longer be effective when the clutch pedal is depressed.