MRMRbenchmark/traffic huggingface dataset:
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# STATIONARY VEHICLES  

222 Always be prepared for vehicles pulling out from the side of the road or a parking lot. Both the presence of a driver in a vehicle and smoking exhaust are indicators that the vehicle may move off. Be ready to slow down or stop.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# STATIONARY VEHICLES  

223 At a bus stop, be alert and prepared to stop for pedestrians, especially school children, as they may dash out from the front of a bus or between buses.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# OBSTACLES 

224 When approaching road works, look out for workers, equipment and materials lying on the road. If the obstruction is on your side of the road, give way to oncoming vehicles from the opposite direction before passing.  

225 Slow down to the speed at which you can stop at a safe distance of one vehicle length from the obstacles should the need arises to give way to the oncoming vehicles.  

226 When passing fixed obstacles, keep a gap of at least 0.5 metres from them.  

227 When passing moving vehicles, keep a gap of at least 1.5 metres from them.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

228 Accidents involving pedestrians often result in serious injury or even death. Pedestrians, especially the very young and the very old, are the most vulnerable group of road users. It is your duty as a driver to protect pedestrians.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

229 Young children below the age of fifteen are prone to accidents. This is because they are impulsive, playful, curious and unaware of the dangers on the road.

Be very careful when driving near schools, playgrounds and in residential areas. Be especially alert when driving near ice-cream sellers and road side vendors. Always keep a look-out for children who may run or dash across the road.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Accelerator Pedal  

23 The accelerator pedal is the most 'sensitive' pedal. It controls the supply of fuel-air mixture to the engine. A slight change of pressure on the pedal will bring about a big change in the engine revolution. The accelerator pedal is therefore sensitive. Accurate control of the pedal is essential to ensure a smooth start and a comfortable journey.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

230 The old and the handicapped are vulnerable to accidents on the roads. It is a known medical fact that upon reaching the age of 50 years, a person's  

(a) vision begins to fade;

(b) hearing is impaired;

(c) body weakens and reflexes become slower.  

Aged and handicapped persons are usually slow in reacting to traffic situations. Therefore when approaching the old or the handicapped, give them plenty of room and stop if necessary for them to cross the road.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

231 Jaywalkers cross the road anywhere they please, heedless of traffic rules and vehicles. Be on the look-out for them.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

232 Joggers may run or dash across the road unexpectedly without any regard for vehicles on the road. Always be alert and give way to them if necessary.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

233 Pedestrians have the right of way at a Zebra Crossing. Zig-zag lines are drawn on the road to give you advance warning of the Zebra Crossing ahead.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

234 When stopping for pedestrians to cross, stop well before the stop line.  

On approaching a Zebra Crossing, slow down and look out for pedestrians crossing the road. Do not park, overtake or accelerate within the area marked by the zig-zag lines.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

235 When the visibility of a zebra crossing is poor, Pedestrian Crossing Ahead Markings (PCAMs) are painted on the road to alert you that a zebra crossing is hidden out of sight.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

236 A vehicle slowing down or stopping near or at the zebra crossing may indicate that pedestrians are crossing the road; approach cautiously and stop if necessary.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

237 When you are at or near a Pedestrian Crossing at controlled junctions:  
  

(a) Observe pedestrian movements;
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

237 When you are at or near a Pedestrian Crossing at controlled junctions:  
  

(b) Always give way to them;
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

237 When you are at or near a Pedestrian Crossing at controlled junctions:  
  

(c) Do not overshoot the stop line so as not to obstruct the passage of pedestrians.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

238 If pedestrians use the centre of the road as a refuge when crossing, drive slowly and allow ample clearance between them and your vehicle. Do not drive too close to them as it may force them to move backwards into the path of other vehicles.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

239 When you are turning into a side road, look out for pedestrians.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Accelerator Pedal  

24 This pedal is operated with the outer edge of the ball of the right foot, (i.e. the portion nearer to the toes) with the heel resting on the floor board. However, the pedal should be momentarily released whenever the clutch pedal is depressed for the purpose of engaging gears.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

240 Motorists turning left to join the main traffic from a side road should look out for pedestrians from the left.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

241 On a road without a pavement or pedestrian footpath, do not drive too close to the pedestrians.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

242 When pedestrians are facing traffic, keep a gap of at least 1 metre from them.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

243 When pedestrians are turned away from traffic, keep a gap of at least 1.5 metres from them.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# PEDESTRIANS 

244 When driving through puddles of water, drive slowly so as to prevent splashing the water onto pedestrians who may be nearby.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# CYCLISTS  

245 Give cyclists plenty of room and be alert when approaching or passing them. Be ready to slow down or stop when you see a cyclist glancing behind him/her. This is an indication that he/she may change direction at any moment. Look out for cyclists:  

(a) riding into your path suddenly;

(b) riding against the flow of traffic;  
  

(c) Riding in a wobbling fashion when carrying a pillion rider or a heavy load. Keep a wider gap from such a cyclist.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# CYCLISTS  

246 When turning,  

(a) check your mirrors and blind spots;

(b) look out for cyclists between you and the kerb;

(c) do not make a sharp turn as you may knock the cyclist down. Slow down and give way to the cyclist if it is not safe to turn.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# CYCLISTS  

247 When overtaking,  
keep a safe distance between your vehicle and the cyclist and do not cut in sharply after overtaking the cyclist.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# CYCLISTS  

248 When parking,  
watch out for passing cyclists when opening the door of your vehicle.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# MOTORCYCLISTS 

249 Motorcyclists, due to their small size and fast speed, are sometimes not clearly visible. Always be on the look-out for them. Give way to them as they are easily injured should they fall. Do not insist on the right on way.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Accelerator Pedal  

25 The accelerator pedal must be depressed steadily and progressively in order to achieve a gradual and smooth increase in speed.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# MOTORCYCLISTS 

250 Motorcyclists may not be aware of your intention to pull out. Allow them to pass first before pulling out.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# MOTORCYCLISTS 

251 When slowing down or stopping, beware of motorcyclists who tailgate. Signal your intention early so as to avoid getting hit from behind.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# MOTORCYCLISTS 

252 Motorcyclists going through sandy or wet patches on the road may lose control. Slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# MOTORCYCLISTS 

253 Motorcyclists approaching you at a bend from the opposite side may glide into your path. Give them plenty of room by keeping further to your left.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# MOTORCYCLISTS 

254 Always check for motorcyclists riding in your 'blind spot' before you change directions.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EMERGENCY VEHICLES

255 Emergency vehicles such as fire-engines, ambulances and police vehicles on call must be given priority to move ahead quickly and safely. Any indication of their approach, such as sirens or flashing lights, should prompt you to give way by moving to the left, slowing down or stopping if necessary.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# LARGE VEHICLES 

256 Accidents involving large vehicle are normally very serious or fatal. Bear in mind these factors when you encounter large vehicles on the road:  

(a) They are high, long and bulky and block your view;

(b) They need plenty of space to turn;

(c) Their speed is restricted because of their size and load.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# LARGE VEHICLES 

257 Keep between you and the large vehicle a greater following distance than you normally would with other vehicles. Your view of the road ahead will be blocked if you are too close to the large vehicle.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# LARGE VEHICLES 

258 You will not be able to react in time should goods fall off a loaded vehicle if you are following it too closely.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# LARGE VEHICLES 

259 Large vehicles may not be able to turn left without first moving to the right, or turn right without first moving to the left. As such, watch out when large vehicles are turning.  

Do not try to pass them on the side which they intend to turn into.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Brake Pedal 

26 The brake pedal is used to slow the vehicle down and eventually bring it to a stop. It should be applied firmly during the initial stage with pressure on the brake gradually reducing as the vehicle approaches its destination.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

260 Expressways are designed for unimpeded, smoother and faster traffic flow than on ordinary roads. On expressways, you have to react earlier and faster to traffic situations. Therefore it is very important that you concentrate and be alert while driving on expressways.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

261 In order not to impede the smooth traffic flow, the vehicles listed below are prohibited on expressways:  

(a) Bicycles

(b) Tricycles

(c) Invalid carriages

(d) Trishaws

(e) Motorcycles with side-cars

(f) Motorcycles which are propelled by electric motors

(g) 3-wheeled vans

(h) Low trailers

(i) Vehicles driven by learner drivers

(j) Road rollers

(k) Ready-mix concrete trucks

(l) Mobile cranes

(m) Forklifts

(n) Excavators

(o) Road pavers

(p) Tractors

(q) Dumpers

(r) Wheel loaders

(s) Bulldozers

(t) Graders

(u) Mobile concrete pumps

(v) Hydrant dispensers

(w) Electric bicycles ( E-bikes)
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

262 To join the expressway, signal your intention once you are on the slip road leading to it. Build up your speed to that of vehicles on the expressway so that you can merge smoothly into the traffic stream on the expressway.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

263 On the expressway, drive at a steady speed close to the speed limit of the expressway or the limit of your vehicle and keep a safe following distance between you and the vehicle in front. The speed limits of most expressways are 80 km/h and 90km/h. The speed limit of the KPE is 70 km/h or 80 km/h.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

264 Observe the speed of your vehicle by glancing at the speedometer at regular intervals. Do not race with other vehicles or weave in and out of traffic.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

265 Do not use the right outermost lane unless overtaking another vehicle; it is meant for emergency vehicles and overtaking. If you do use it, return to the inner lane as soon as it is safe for you to do so.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

266 Slower moving vehicles should keep to the left and not 'hog' the centre lanes. Road hogging holds up traffic and slows its flow; it also causes other faster moving vehicles to overtake dangerously on the left.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

267 Do not stop or park on the expressway, including on the road shoulders. It is an offence to drive on the road shoulder of the expressway.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

268 You may stop or park your vehicle on the road shoulder of the expressway in the event of a breakdown or accident.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

269 Do not let down or pick up passengers on the expressway.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Brake Pedal 

27 The safest way of braking is to employ the 'intermittent braking' (ON/OFF) technique. This method of braking should not be done when stopping the vehicle in an emergency. The technique of intermittent braking is to depress and release the brake pedal 2 or 3 times before bringing the vehicle to a complete stop.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

270 When leaving the expressway, plan your exit early, signal left and move into the left inner lane. Once you are on the deceleration lane, slow down to a speed suitable for the road you are joining. If you miss an exit, do not reverse but carry on to the next exit.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EXPRESSWAYS 

271 Should your vehicle break down while on the expressway, switch on the hazard lights and if possible, move your vehicle off the carriageway onto the road shoulder. Do not step into the expressway and do ensure that passengers keep clear of the carriageway. Passengers and motorists are to stand behind vehicle impact guardrails while waiting for the rescue vehicle to arrive. Place a breakdown sign (an equilateral triangle) at a distance of 20 meters or more behind the vehicle as a warning to other drivers. Arrange to have your vehicle towed away as soon as possible as it is hazardous for it to remain on the road shoulder.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EMERGENCIES  

272 Everyone hopes that he/she need not deal with difficult situations on the road. However, no one can predict when an emergency will arise, so be prepared for such incidents.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# EMERGENCIES  

273 If a breakdown occurs unexpectedly while driving, the most important consideration is to retain control of the vehicle. Let other road users know that something is wrong by sounding the horn and switching on the headlight and hazard lights. Move to the side of the road after checking that it is safe to do so.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# LOOSE BONNET  

274 A bonnet which is not securely fastened may be lifted by the wind when travelling at a fast speed, thereby obstructing your view of the road ahead.  

When this happens:  

(a) remain calm;

(b) slow down by braking smoothly and progressively;

(c) stop by the side of the road to close the bonnet.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# SHATTERED WINDSCREEN  

275 Windscreens are sometimes shattered by stones or hard objects flung from the wheels of other vehicles or from the loose loads of lorries. Do not follow too closely behind lorries carrying load or gravel. Also, stay further behind other vehicles when travelling on stony roads. If the windscreen shatters:  

(a) remain calm;

(b) turn on the hazard lights;

(c) slow down and move to the side of the road;

(d) stop at the road side and remove the shattered screen and broken bits of glass;

(e) do not use your bare hands to take away the glass. Use a rag or cloth;

(f) drive slowly to the workshop.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ENGINE OVERHEATING  

276 Overheating of the engine could be due to a leak in the radiator or a snapped fan belt. Indications of an overheated engine are a very fast idling speed and the temperature indicator moving into the red section of the gauge. When overheating occurs:  

(a) switch on the hazard lights;

(b) slow down and drive safely to the side of the road and stop the vehicle;

(c) wait till the engine has cooled down. Open the radiator tank cap and top up with water or coolant. Do not open the radiator tank cap of a hot engine as stream will gush out and you are likely to get scalded.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# FIRE  

277 A short circuit in the electrical system of the vehicle can cause a fire. If this happens,  

(a) stop your vehicle quickly by the side of the road;

(b) get all passengers out of the vehicle in an orderly manner;

(c) move them as far away as possible from the vehicle;

(d) use a fire extinguisher to put out the fire. If you do not have one or are unable to put out the fire, call the fire brigade. The telephone number of the Fire Brigade is 995.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# STUCK ACCELERATOR PEDAL  

278 If the accelerator is stuck,  

(a) try to lift the pedal up with the toe of your shoe. Do not take your attention off the road.  
  

(b) If you cannot free the pedal in this manner, turn on the hazard lights and move the vehicle safely to the side of the road.

(c) Stop the vehicle and switch off the ignition.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# FOOT-BRAKE FAILURE  

279 In the event of a brake failure:  
  

(a) turn on the hazard lights and move safely to the side of the road;

(b) apply the handbrake;

(c) 'change down' quickly to a lower gear, preferably to the 2nd gear and release the clutch to use the engine brake;

(d) switch off the engine.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Brake Pedal 

28 The advantages of this technique are:  

(a) It gives adequate warning to motorists following behind;

(b) It prevents the wheels from locking which can cause skidding;

(c) It dries the brake after passing through flood (pump the brake repeatedly until braking effect returns).
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# LOOSE WHEEL  

280 When any of the wheels are loose, the vehicle may wander from side to side, accompanied by excessive noise from the loose wheel. You will also have difficulty steering the vehicle. In such a situation, slow down, give the appropriate signal and stop at a safe spot by the side of the road. Tighten the loose wheel before proceeding.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# TYRE BLOW-OUT  

281 When a tyre blows out, there will be a strong pull on the vehicle towards the side of the blown tyre. The pull is greater for the front wheel than for the rear wheel. When this happens, tighten your grip on the steering wheel and steer against the pull to keep on course. Brake gently and progressively and stop the vehicle by the side of the road.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ACCIDENTS  

282 There are three factors which contribute to a traffic accident:  

(a) The road users; (b) The environment; (c) The vehicle.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ACCIDENTS  

283 Of the three factors, nearly most of the traffic accidents are caused by road users and are due mainly to:  

(a) errors in judgement, especially by children and the elderly, and 

(b) driving without due care and attention.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ACCIDENTS  

284 Motorcyclists are the most vulnerable vehicle users, you should exercise caution especially when driving close to them.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ACCIDENTS  

285 Learn right from the beginning to cultivate the habit of driving carefully and attentively. Also make an effort to improve your judgement of speed and distance every time you drive.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ACCIDENTS  

286 When you are involved in an accident, you should stop irrespective of whether there is an injury or not. Remember to switch on the vehicle hazard lights to warn the other road users of the accident.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ACCIDENTS  

287 In an accident where there is no injury:  

(a) the drivers involved should move their vehicles quickly and safely to the road- side to avoid creating a hazardous situation for other road users;

(b) both parties should settle the matter among themselves;

(c) if the matter cannot be settled privately, both parties should inform their respective insurance companies of the accident;

(d) it is not necessary to report the accident to the police.
# DRIVING IN TRAFFIC  

# ACCIDENTS  

288 In an accident where there is injury:  

(a) seek help from passers-by to warn other road users of possible obstruction(s) or danger arising from the accident;

(b) call for the police and the ambulance;

(c) do not move or remove your vehicle without the authority of a police officer, unless:

(i) the injured person has to be conveyed to a hospital;

(ii) it is necessary to extricate a trapped person, to prevent a fire, or reduce serious traffic hazards as a result of the accident;  

(d) inform your insurance company of the accident.
# THE DRIVING TEST  

# TEST APPOINTMENT  

289 To take the driving test you have to make an appointment for the test in advance. Upon payment of a test fee you will be given a receipt showing the time and date of your driving test and the centre where the test will be conducted. On the day of your test, hand the following to the person-in charge at the reception counter for driving tests:  

(a) Valid provisional driving licence; (b) Valid insurance certificate of the vehicle to be used for the test; (c) Valid final driving theory certificate; (d) Receipt for the driving test fee.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Clutch Pedal 

29 The clutch pedal is used to engage and disengage the clutch. When the pedal is fully depressed, the clutch is disengaged. Engine power is not transmitted to the gear-box.
# THE DRIVING TEST  

# TEST APPOINTMENT  

290 You must also bring along your Identity Card for identification purposes. If you are a foreigner you must produce your Passport. You cannot make an appointment for the test if you have accumulated 13 or more demerit points for traffic offences. Even though you have registered for the test, you will not be allowed to sit for it if you have 13 or more demerit points.
# THE DRIVING TEST  

# THE PRACTICAL TEST  

291 The driving test consists of two parts. The first part is a test of your driving skills and is conducted on a driving circuit. The second part is a test of your ability to interact safely with other road user and how you comply with and observe traffic rules and regulations; it is conducted on the roads.
# THE DRIVING TEST  

# THE PRACTICAL TEST  

292 During the test, the examiner will assess your driving performance with a Tablet PC or checklist. All possible driving errors are shown on the Tablet PC or checklist. If the learner commits any serious mistakes he/she fails the test immediately. For less serious mistakes he/she will accumulate penalty points ranging from 2 to 10 for each mistake. A learner who accumulates penalty points in excess of a predetermined number of points fails the test. Whether or not you succeed in your driving test, the test report or checklist used for the test will be given to you at the end of the test so that you can learn from and correct your mistakes.
# RESTRICTIONS ON LEARNER DRIVERS  

293 Learners drivers are not allowed at all times at the following recreation parks and public car parks.  

(a) (i) Botanic Gardens (ii) East Coast Park (iii) Fort Canning Park (iv) Grounds of all Government Hospitals (v) Jurong Bird Park (vi) Kranji Reservoir Park (vii) Labrador Park (viii) Lower Pierce Reservoir Park (ix) MacRitchie Reservoir Park (x) Mount Faber Scenic Park (xi) Paris Ris Park (xii) Seletar Reservoir Park (xiii) Sembawang Park (xiv) Upper Pierce Reservoir Park (xv) Public Car Parks  

(b) Prohibited Area  

Commencing at a point on the southern coast of the Island of Singapore where the production southwards of Alexandra Road meets the sea coast, the boundary runs along the aforesaid production of Alexandra Road to Alexandra Road, thence in succession along Alexandra Road, Queensway, Holland Road, Napier Road, Tanglin Road, Orange Grove Road, Anderson Road, Balmoral Road, Chancery Lane, Thomson Road, Braddell Road, Bartley Road, Upper Paya Lebar Road, Paya Lebar Road, Geylang Road, Tanjong Katong Road to the sea coast, which area is more particularly delineated and shown on the following map:  
  

(c) Learner drivers are not allowed within the following areas during the times stated:
# VEHICLE MAINTENANCE  

# DAILY CHECKS  

294 Before driving, spend a few minutes to check the following:  

(a) Ensure that the registration plates are clean and the numbers are easily distinguishable. It is an offence to drive without registration plates, one in front and another at the rear of the vehicle.

(b) Look for any punctured tyre.

(c) Ensure that all lights are working. It is an offence to drive a vehicle if any of the headlamps, rear lamps, stop lamps, reversing lamps, number plate lamps, direction indicators and reflectors are not working.

(d) Both the front and rear windscreens must be kept clean. A dirty windscreen will reduce your visibility.

(e) Look under the vehicle for signs of leakage of oil or water.

(f) Turn the ignition key to the 'ON' position. Check that all warning lights and gauges on the instrument panel are in working order.

(g) After having started the engine, move off slowly and check whether there are any strange noises or vibrations. Step on the foot brake to check whether the brakes are working and that the vehicle does not pull to the left or right. The steering wheel should not feel exceptionally heavy.
# VEHICLE MAINTENANCE  

# WEEKLY CHECKS  

295 Weekly checks on your vehicle will contribute greatly to safer, trouble free and more pleasurable driving. When checking your vehicle pay attention to the following:  

(a) The radiator coolant is at the correct level and the radiator cap is tightly closed;

(b) The windscreen cleaning liquid is at the correct level;

(c) There is sufficient engine oil;

(d) The battery terminals are tightly connected and the water in the battery is at the correct level;

(e) The brake fluid is at the right level;

(f) The air pressure of all tyres including the spare tyre is correct;

(g) You should have a spare tyre, a jack and handle and a wheel-nut wrench inside the boot of your vehicle.
# VEHICLE MAINTENANCE  

# PERIODIC CHECKS  

296 At recommended intervals by the manufacturer, send your vehicle to an authorised service station to have the following items checked, serviced and replaced:  

(a) Engine oil (d) Air Cleaner (g) Suspension
(b) Oil filter (e) Chassis (h) Brake-linings
(c) Gear-box oil (f) Ignition System
# LIGHT GOODS VEHICLES  

# CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS  

297 Pick-ups and panel-vans account for a large proportion of traffic accidents. These accidents are usually the result of:  

(a) Excessive Speed  

When pick-ups and panel-vans are not laden with goods they are capable of travelling at higher speeds and as such the steering and braking mechanisms of these vehicles may respond differently; thus, when not handled carefully, skidding or accidents may result.  

(b) Carrying Passengers In A Dangerous Manner  

When passenger are conveyed on a pick-up, they must be properly seated. Standing passengers can cause the vehicle to be unstable and unbalanced especially when turning and going round bends. A sudden stop may result in passengers being thrown from the vehicle.
# LIGHT GOODS VEHICLES  

# SAFETY DEVICES  

298 Owners of pick-ups and panel-vans are required by the law to have the following safety devices installed in their vehicles:  

(a) Speed Warning Device
This device will give off a sound to warn the driver that the vehicle's speed has been exceeded.

(b) Railings
Pick-ups are required to install railings on both sides of the vehicle to secure goods.
# SAFEGUARDING LIVES THROUGH ENFORCEMENT CAMERAS  

Traffic Police (TP) will look into the deployment of more traffic sensors, such as speed and red-light cameras, to shape safer motorist behaviour. TP will explore placing additional cameras in accident-prone locations, in order to mitigate the risks of accidents occurring. The highly visible cameras will serve to deter the commission of traffic violations, thereby enhancing road safety.  

# RED LIGHT CAMERAS  

299 To deter and detect motorists who endanger other road users by beating the red lights, a total of 240 digital red light cameras have been installed island-wide.  

Traffic junctions that do not have red light cameras installed are monitored by TP's mobile enforcement operations. Such locations are regularly evaluated so that they remain relevant.  

Motorists who beat red lights are liable for 12 demerit points and a fine of $200 to $230 depending on vehicle type. Motorists who are charged in court are liable to a $1,000 fine or 3 months' imprisonment for the first offence, and a $2,000 fine or 6 months' imprisonment for a second or subsequent offence.
# INTRODUCTION  

# THE SAFE DRIVER 

3 During the initial stages of learning. It is essential that learner drivers cultivate the right qualities and learn the right techniques. Mistakes which are repeated will become habits which cannot be easily corrected.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Clutch Pedal 

30 When the pedal is fully released, the clutch is engaged. Engine power is transmitted to the gear-box.
# SAFEGUARDING LIVES THROUGH ENFORCEMENT CAMERAS  

Traffic Police (TP) will look into the deployment of more traffic sensors, such as speed and red-light cameras, to shape safer motorist behaviour. TP will explore placing additional cameras in accident-prone locations, in order to mitigate the risks of accidents occurring. The highly visible cameras will serve to deter the commission of traffic violations, thereby enhancing road safety.  

# FIXED SPEED CAMERAS  

300 TP also employs various enforcement strategies to ensure that motorists comply with vehicle/road speed limits. These include the use of static digital speed enforcement cameras island-wide and the use of mobile speed laser cameras during anti-speed operations. In addition, patrol officers are continually on the lookout for speedsters who drive dangerously.  

Motorists who commit speeding offences can be fined $130 to $200 and receive 4 to 24 demerit points. They may also be prosecuted in court.
# SAFEGUARDING LIVES THROUGH ENFORCEMENT CAMERAS  

Traffic Police (TP) will look into the deployment of more traffic sensors, such as speed and red-light cameras, to shape safer motorist behaviour. TP will explore placing additional cameras in accident-prone locations, in order to mitigate the risks of accidents occurring. The highly visible cameras will serve to deter the commission of traffic violations, thereby enhancing road safety.  

# MOBILE SPEED CAMERAS  

301 TP is constantly exploring various technological solutions to complement its enforcement efforts. One of the options is to adopt Mobile Speed cameras (MSCs).  

Similar to the functions of fixed speed cameras, the MSCs are meant to be more mobile, and provide a more ad-hoc solution, being able to be deployed to certain areas that the current fixed speed cameras may not be able to.  

Deploying and redeploying of MSCs will be faster and more cost-effective than the fixed speed cameras, and also allow TP to respond promptly to curb localised and prolonged speeding problems, without compromising frontline resources from other TP operations.  

Painted in the same traffic-orange colours, the cameras will act as deterrence to errant motorists and behaviours.  

TP would like to urge all road users to adhere to traffic rules and regulations at all times and not only when there are enforcement cameras or police officers in sight. For the sake of your loved ones, make it home safely.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Driving Along  

302 Adjust your speed to the speed of the traffic around you so as to not slow down traffic behind you.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Driving Along  

303 It is courteous to yield the right-of -way to others when circumstances permit.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Driving Along  

304 When the right-of-way is given to you, it is gracious to say thank you.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Signalling  

305 Give appropriate signals early to allow others to act on them in time.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Signalling  

306 Cancel your signals when they are not in use so as to not confuse others.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Use Of Horn  

307 Sound the horn only to warn other road users of dangers such as a likely collision.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Use Of Horn  

308 Do not use the horn to express anger of frustration.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Use Of Horn  

309 Do not use the horn to demand the right-of-way or bulldoze your way through crowded places.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS  
  

<html>
<table>  <thead> <tr><th>(1) Steering Wheel</th><th>For controlling the direction of travel, as it operates only on the two front wheels</th> </tr>  </thead>  <tbody> <tr><th>(2) Gear Lever For Manual Transmission Vehicle</th><th>For the changing of gears to regulate the power and speed of the vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(3) Handbrake</th><th>For keeping the vehicle in a stationary position</th> </tr> <tr><th>(4) Accelerator Pedal</th><th>For regulating speed of vehicle</th> </tr> <tr><th>(5) Brake Pedal</th><th>For reducing speed or stopping</th> </tr> <tr><th>(6) Clutch Pedal</th><th>For transmitting or disconnecting engine power</th> </tr>  </tbody></table>
</html>  

# Clutch Pedal 

31 You should depress the clutch pedal whenever you wish to:  

(a) Engage the gear (1st or reverse gear) when starting from rest;

(b) Change to another gear when the vehicle is in motion;

(c) Come to a stop;  

(d) You should use the ball of your left foot to press the clutch pedal;  

(e) Your heel should not touch the floor board when the clutch pedal is being used;  

(f) You should use knee movement to depress or release the clutch pedal;  

(g) You should place your foot on the floor board immediately after use.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Lane Discipline  

310 Keep to the left of the road and leave the other lanes for other faster moving vehicles to pass safely.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Lane Discipline  

311 Keep within your lane. It is inconsiderate to straddle lanes as this would obstruct other vehicles and may lead to traffic being held up.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Lane Discipline  

312 Do not weave in and out of traffic lanes as it would cause confusion and danger to others.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Lane Discipline  

313 Cutting into the path of other vehicles is discourteous and likely to cause an accident.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# At Road Junctions  

314	 Move into the correct lane early at road junction to let others know your intended direction of travel.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# At Road Junctions  

315	 When making right turns, position your vehicle properly so that it does not hinder oncoming vehicles.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# In Traffic Queues  

316 Stay in queue during traffic hold-ups. Do not jump queue. Jumping queue would aggravate the traffic jam.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# In Traffic Queues  

317 Leave a gap at the junction to a side road in traffic queues to enable vehicles from the opposite direction to turn right as well as for vehicle from the side road to move out.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Overtaking  

318 Overtake only when it is absolutely necessary.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Overtaking  

319 Overtake only when you are sure that there are no other vehicles attempting to pass or overtake you.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION  

32 A vehicle with automatic transmission has no clutch pedal. It has instead a system that senses the need for changes to higher or lower gears, and makes such changes for itself. The transmission senses and selects the gear according to the road speed and load on the engine, thus a driver does not have to worry about the repeated decisions and movements involved in normal gear changing. This makes the physical job of driving much easier and it also allows a driver more time to concentrate on what is happening on the road.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Overtaking  

320 Slow down and keep left when being overtaken to allow the overtaking vehicle to pass quickly.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Overtaking  

321 Accelerating when others are trying to overtake you is unsafe and not gracious.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Following Distance  

322 Keep a safe following distance from the vehicle in front so as to allow yourself enough room to stop safely should the vehicle in front stop suddenly.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Following Distance  

323 Do not harass the vehicle in front by tailgating it. This is a dangerous practice which could easily lead to an accident.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Following Distance  

324 Flashing your headlights or blasting the horn at slower moving vehicles in front of you is rude.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

325 Always stop or park close to the edge of the road.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

326 Always stop or park at places where you would not cause any inconvenience to other road users.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

327 Do not stop your vehicle under a shade which is at a distance from a junction while waiting for the traffic signal to change. This is a selfish act and may slow down traffic at the junction.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

328 When parking your vehicle in a parking lot, be considerate by parking your vehicle parallel to and in the centre of the lot.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

329 Wait for your turn when looking for a parking lot. It is antisocial to jump queue or force your way into a lot when another vehicle is trying to get into the parking lot.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION  

33 Generally, an automatic transmission changes to a higher gear as road speed rises and to a lower one as it falls. It also takes into account the load on the engine so that (for example) it changes down, if necessary, for  
  

uphill work. However, there are times when you need a low gear although your speed is constant and the engine load is light – such as when you are going down a long steep hill, the automatic transmission will not necessarily choose the right gear in these situations, thus you need to know how to use the particular types of controls fitted to your car to your best advantage.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

330 Do not drive if any of your vehicle's headlamps, tail-lamps and direction indicators are not working.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

331 Dip your headlights when following other vehicles or facing oncoming vehicles to prevent dazzling the drivers of other vehicles.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Stopping And Parking  

332 In the daytime when visibility is poor, you should turn on the headlights so that you can see and be seen more easily.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Pedestrians And Cyclists  

333 Give pedestrians and cyclists plenty of room as they might change direction suddenly.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Pedestrians And Cyclists  

334 Do not sound the horn when you are close to pedestrians as you might scare and cause them to react irrationally, resulting in an accident.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Pedestrians And Cyclists  

335 Do not obstruct pedestrians by stopping on the pedestrian crossing.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Pedestrians And Cyclists  

336 On wet roads, slow down when you are near pedestrians and cyclists so as to not splash them with water from the road.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Patience  

337 Always be patient. Do not rush or lose your cool on the road.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# Patience  

338 It is not gracious to show any provocative gesture when other drivers do something wrong or cause inconvenience to you. No one would deliberately get himself/herself involved in an accident.
# COURTEOUS DRIVING  

# To Err Is Human: Apologise And Forgive  

339 Indicate that you are sorry when you have caused inconvenience to others. This will soothe the other driver.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SELECTION AND CONTROL OF DRIVE  

34 Most automatics have a small selector lever, and there is usually one position or setting which corresponds to neutral on an ordinary gearbox (one type, dealt with later, is an exception.) With the engine running, the selector can be moved between driving and reversing positions.
# LAYOUT OF A DRIVING CIRCUIT
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SELECTION AND CONTROL OF DRIVE  

35 There are four positions that are basic to most types of automatics; they are often labelled 'P' for Park, 'R' for Reverse, 'N' for Neutral and 'D' for Drive, and arranged in that order.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SELECTION AND CONTROL OF DRIVE  

36 Having started the engine with the selector at P (Park), then with the lever moved to D (Drive), you need only release the brakes and press the accelerator pedal for the car to move forward. The car will then continue moving, changing gears as necessary, as long as there is enough pressure on the accelerator pedal. When there is insufficient pressure on the accelerator pedal, the car will slow down, change down and eventually stop (except downhill).
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# SELECTION AND CONTROL OF DRIVE  

37 Also, because an automatic transmission is sensitive to both speed and load on the engine, heavy acceleration delays upward gear changes until the car has built up more speed. This is because hard acceleration on a flat road can put as much load on the engine as climbing a steep hill. The automatic mechanism measures the load and then changes gear accordingly. With most automatics, the lower the speed, the smoother the gear changes.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# L (LOCK-UP OR HOLD) 

38 The 'L' (Lock-up or Hold) position on the selector enables you to either keep in a low gear or to use a lower gear. In heavy and slow traffic, you might find that using D may cause unnecessary upward and downward automatic gear changes. Using L would override the automatic mechanism and keep you in the lower gear.
# OPERATION OF VEHICLE CONTROLS  

# L (LOCK-UP OR HOLD) 

39 Similarly, if you want to change to a lower gear – for example, to go down a long steep hill – you need to use L. Many automatic transmissions have three forward gears and the L position is usually arranged to allow you to select or to hold either the middle or the lowest of these.
# INTRODUCTION 

# TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS  

4 Traffic accidents cause suffering, hardship and loss of lives. The motor vehicle, if not handled correctly, is potentially a lethal machine. Therefore, it must be driven with the awareness of the dangers that it can pose to life and limb.