anniversary of fukushima and there's such an absence of conversation about a lot of the issues related to the radiation exposure there and a lot of these issues are connected in history back to the marshall islands and so there are these real connections between the united states japan and the marshall islands that i wanted to talk about and this talk is going to be dedicated to such doco moss and also to her family and abled the nuclear power plants the in fukushima and led to a large radiation releases in japan and so the response by the u s government is very much linked to history and  s japanese relationship that has been very supportive of nuclear energy and nuclear power and this relationship was born out of world war two so we all know that during world war two the u s and the japanese were bitter enemies and you know on the left there is the propaganda posters similar to what we're seeing in this country during the war where the japanese were depicted as these evil terrible fora ball people again the bitter enemies of the united states and the picture on the right there's a picture that was taken from jell o it out at all and it's a picture of the japanese forces who were in the mar islands and a picture of the surrender of the japanese in one nine hundred forty five when the u s had came through and beat the japanese military occupation and then the u s took control of the mar islands schrum the japanese so even within the marshall islands there's a history of both japanese and united press states presence there and both are connected to military and then at the end of world war two you can read just moving through some of the background history so we can talk about this world war two again as we know was ended pretty much with the dropping of the atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki  united states celebrated the end of the war because our evil and the means were were destroyed and so in the united states there was relief there were celebration but there was no discussion in the u s public of the fact that the united states did not have to drop their weapons on hiroshima in japan that was not required in order to end the war that already a surrender had been negotiated and was going to take place that really the united states dropped those weapons because it wanted to test what the effects of nuclear weapons were their newest weapon in a wartime situation so that part of the history was omitted from public and so this is the beginning of sort of what gets removed from our conversations and how our history gets characterize and tonight i really want to look at some of those omissions and what's not talked about in the public discourse and if you have questions along the way stop me because i'm fairly informal so after the testing of the two weapons and i think it should be characterized as testing and  more than just a wartime use of the weapons it was also a wanting to test what those weapons were capable of right after the testing in japan the united states then got a mandate from the united nations to become the official administrating authority of the marshall islands and the united states when they acquired the marshall islands they thought ok great here's a country that is geographically isolated it's very far from the public eyes there's a small population here this is the perfect place for us to test our nuclear weapons and learn more about what the effects of these nuclear weapons are you know nagasaki yielded some information about what the weapons could do in a wartime situation but there was an interest to understand more about the capabilities of these weapons and so the united states looked through its newly acquired territory the marshall islands to better understand the effects of nuclear weapons testing in the marshall islands and so from one nine hundred forty six to hundred fifty eight the us government detonated sixty seven atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the marshall islands that's the equivalent if the united states had detonated one point six hiroshima bombs every single day for twelve years and so the marshallese know what it's like to endure nuclear war maybe differently from the way japan understands it but the marshallese have a full understanding of what nuclear war does to environments what it does to people's health what it does to the culture what it does to the economy how it affects virtually every aspect of life and so the u s test thing was  both to understand like the force of the weapons which is shown in this this mushroom cloud here and bikini atoll you can see in the foreground there there are some pictures of naval ships that were anchored bikini's so that the u s government could see how the naval fleet twitted an atomic detonation but there are also tests that involved human beings as well as the picture on the right there you see a u s doctor who is coming in and spectating the burns of a young marshallese boy after he was exposed to the radioactive fallout and when we think again the theme here of the talk tonight are the emissions and what doesn't get talked about what gets removed from our discourse and then what are the effects we're not get through removed from our discourse there's very little discussion of these human radiation experiments it's something that's still not really talked about in the marshall islands it's something the u s government never talks about it's a conversation that very rarely happens at all in public and so following the detonation of one of the largest nuclear tests ever conducted in the world in fact the largest test ever conducted by the u s the bravo test that was tested on march first one nine hundred fifty four after a community two communities wrong barbed wire where they put the marshallese who had been exposed to the radiation inside the encampments and rolled them without their permission into a top secret medical experimentation program called project four point one and poor project four point one was to test the effects of radiation on human beings so up until this time the united states had known what radiation had done to animals like lab rats or guinea pigs they had known what it did in the desert because of the one detonation trinity that preceded japan they had an understanding of what nuclear weapons did in a wartime situation from her ocean managua saki but they wanted to go  the next step and understand what radiation did to human beings and so it didn't the u s government enrolled the people who were exposed to radiation from bravo in this top secret medical program without explaining what the program is without asking for consent from many of the people some of these tests included injecting radiation directly into the bloodstream of marshallese so that the u s could then study the difference if you expose somebody to radiation from fallout from a weapon or if the blood or if the radiation goes into their bloodstream other other human radiation experiments included having marshallese drink radioactive substances directly again so they could compare what would happen if it went into the body via the mouth and they could compare that to the radioactive fallout do u s government took a control population that was not from wrong never been exposed to radiation from the testing program and also had them injected with radiation or had them drink the radiation so they could compare them to the other group and so they set up this medical experimentation other aspects of this experimentation including purposely resettling populations on highly contaminated layout and so they c marshallese bodies were picking up radiation from the environment by eating foods that were contaminated from living in a radioactive environments and so the u s government was coming every six year every six months or every it depended very that different times but every six months mostly to come and check the blood levels to check the platelet levels to attract them out of radiation and the u s was monitoring yes these bodies increases and studying it and knowing that the radiation was harmful but that harm to the marshallese was not as important as securing the military information that came from the us and so all of the information from the marshall islands was to help the u s military so that if there was a nuclear exchange between russia and the united states that was the concern at the time during the cold war then there'd be a better understanding of s civilians would fare or if the soldiers had to be exposed to radiation from a nuclear detonation the u s would have a better understanding of how the soldiers were free would fare there was an understanding that the marshallese were being harmed but that harm was deemed accessible or ok by the u s government because the military security needs were greater at the time so it's a part of the history that doesn't get talked about again these omissions and when we think about the impacts of radiation exposure and we make decisions as a public we don't have the full information to make our decisions about yes yes so they tested both atomic and thermo nuclear tests in the marshall islands yes exactly exactly and what they would often do is put a tracer element in each one of the different bombs so that they could then trap and so if they found radiation and somebodies body or in a plant or in the environment then they could find exactly which device it came from so they would put like arsenic in a bomb and so that if you found radiation and arsenic in somebody then you could trace it to the exact bomb so each one of them had a different thumb print so to tie this back to japan again  the bravo event was the largest test ever detonated by the u s on march first one nine hundred fifty four and that was a thermonuclear weapon and it was detonated on bikini atoll and it can talk about the marshallese aspects of the story in a little bit but to talk about the japanese aspects of it there was a japanese fishing boat that was had strayed within the waters near bikini atoll on march hundred fifty four and the captain of the boat had known that the other ground zero location within the marshall islands and away talk had known an away talk was off limits and out of bounds but that captain didn't understand that bikini had also been declared tests own and so the captain of the ship went within the off limits area that set up for each one of the testing and strayed into that area and then when the bravo test was detonated the twenty three crewmembers who were on that boat were all exposed to very very high levels of radiation so the radioactive fallout from the detonations had corroded the ship with radiation the u s wasn't aware that the ship had been exposed to radiation at the time and so the japanese crewmembers who were on the ship realized that something terrible was going on they had an inkling that it was radiation because their country had been through hiroshima and nagasaki and so the lucky dragon then with the crew members exposed started to get very sick right away started like the pictures of the marshallese boy to get the the burns on their bodies their hair started falling out they started to feel the affects of the exposure right away and so the lucky dragon went from bikini and went straight back to tokyo it had was full of tuna that was in the boat because there's a tuna fishing boat and the boat went back into port and when the lucky dragon got back to tokyo  and people realize that the crew members were suffering from radiation exposure it sent shock waves through the nation almost immediately again because they knew what the radiation does they get they could recognize it they could see it's after hiroshima nagasaki the japanese public was in every was too much chaos for them to react about the fact that nuclear weapons had been used in their country i mean they were dealing with the wartime situation they had been so a balloon aerated by those weapons that you know that was just like a sense of chaos and so they couldn't really mobilize about nuclear issues at that time but in  fifty four after the exposure to the bravo tests by then the japanese were aware of what radiation could do had rebounded a little bit from world war two so that when that boat sort of stumbled back into a port  having been exposed to radiation again like alarm bells went off in japan and so the bravo incident in the marshall islands became the touchstone for launching off really of a whole grassroots movement within japan that came that became anti nuclear and so within the country after the bravo event petitions were formed the tens of thousands of people sign people took to the streets they protested the japanese people demanded that the japanese government asked the u s government to stop testing nuclear weapons the japanese tuna industry fell apart and went essentially bankrupt at the time because all the fish had been exposed to radiation so there was economic collapse and there was public outcry about the use of events the book on the right it's a new book that just came out about this issue of the day the sun rose in the west and it's written by one of the crew members of the lucky dragon and i highly recommend it if you're interested in the story so godzilla so why is godzilla up there so godzilla the story of godzilla godzilla is born on bikini atoll the story of godzilla is that that monster comes out of one of the atomic detonations on bikini atoll and the story of godzilla was written right after the lucky dragon incidence and godzilla represents a missile logical destruction matches the nuclear weapons because he's born out of the atomic bombs so like atomic bombs godzilla can destroy cities and wreak havoc and kill people in discretion it liam so godzilla becomes the of japanese fears about nuclear weapons but his birthplace is so then the lucky dragon incident happens in hundred fifty four and again the japanese public is clamoring for the japanese government to do something about this to protest the use of the weapons to compensate the tuna industry that had collapsed and so the united states decided that it was going to offer jeff a political card to end and the outcry about u s testing in the pacific because the u s was not finished testing nuclear weapons the u s still wanted to conduct nuclear weapons so in one thousand nine hundred fifty five the u s offered enrich uranium to japan for nuclear power plants and the u s condition for offering this to japan was that japan not say anything about the us testing in the pacific and to not demand a stop of testing nuclear weapons in the marshall islands so because japan is trying to rebuild from world war two and looking for an energy source to do that japan  the civilian use of nuclear power they want to have nuclear capabilities for their country and so despite the japanese citizens outcry about this issue japan agreed relationships that dealt with nuclear energy bikini is that the birth place to godzilla the ground zero for the bravo test but bikini was also the asshole where marshallese have been living for tens of thousands of years and it's their homelands and so the word bikini takes on such different connotations now within our public discourse you know when you think of bikini the first association that everybody has is the bathing suit and so if you think about on the site how prefers that is that the name of the sacred lands of the people where these where these tests occurred because in marshallese culturally the land is everything that's that's where your identity comes from that's i mean there are plenty of people in this room who can tell you much better ways than i can but that's your family's lineage that it's your social status it does it says who you are where you can live where you can cultivate your resources where you can be buried where your is their sacred home and then to have the name of their sacred homelands on a very scant outfits that is worn by western women it allows the it allows the violence of the testing program to continue it's a different kind of violence but it's it's a cultural violence right because if you think about bikini's in your mind if you think about it's usually when men who have the leisure time to go to a beach and to lie on a tropical beach and no worry about time if you think about the bodies that usually go in bikini big things suits they're usually very fit bodies very healthy bodies very beautiful bodies very western body's rights and so the people who occupy the bathing suits are the exact opposite of the marshallese from the lambs that have the name of the bikini big things you know for many bikini ends and many people who are exposed to radiation their bodies are gnarled their bodies are deformed their bodies are burnt their bodies are the exact opposite of the bodies they get to occupy this swimsuit that represents the exact opposite of what their culture is in the marshall islands nobody wears bikini bathing suits it is culturally offensive people like the woman in this last became if you look at her outfit that's much more like what a bikini and woman a woman from bikini would wear something that would be modest something that would cover shoulders something that would go beyond the knees something that's radically different from the bikini bathing suit and so the picture there on the right it's as a friend who recently went through chemotherapy in hawaii marshallese woman but it's again that's the idea of whose bodies get affected by this testing and just how different they are i mean the body on the left again in the swimsuit it's a privileged it's a white it's a western it's a healthy body and the body on the right that's mostly associated with the effects of bikini is a body with cancer it's a body that cannot be treated in the marshall islands because there's no one color just in the marshall islands still today it cannot be treated in the marshall islands because there's no chemotherapy in the marshall islands it's a sick body that has to come to the united states in order to be healed and so the offense of that word be kimi it's it allows the cultural violence of the testing to really go on here's another image with bikini that i think it should've it shows the appropriation of the word like if we can take a word like bikini that can be a sacred homeland and twist it and perverse it so that it becomes a highly sexualized fashion garments that is a so so the reason the word bikini is on the bathing suit is because the french fashion designer who designed the garment was looking for something that was hot and flashy and new and it was all the adjectives that were being used to describe atomic tests in the marshall islands that were then put on  garments and so when we look how our language has been our language almost like radiation is mutagenic what it does is it mutates so it mutates cells it mutates the cells of plants of animals of people radiation is mutagenic but the way we talk about this is also our language gets mutated so that the idea of bikini being a sacred homeland can now be the ski fashion garment that a marshallese woman would never wear like issues like the mutations of the language and they reflect those mutations in the culture and speaking of mutations here i mean another almost perverse use of bikini again this is this is a sacred homeland of people yet it becomes something that we laugh about so sponge bob and his friends live on bikini b and all of the characters in sponge bob are wildly mutated and they're mutations are what makes us laugh like and so you think about bikini bottom and mutations the  mutations for the became for the bikini and are not funny it is not funny it becomes our comic in the us like this is something that we've become soon detached from that it becomes funny and becomes our source of humor so this is what the bikini bottom actually looks like this this is one of those naval ships i showed you that test earlier where the atomic detonation they were checking to see how the u naval ships would survive an atomic detonation well plenty of them sunk and so bikini bottom is actually littered with some can naval ships that could not endure an atomic detonation and so i guess it it's just that we should stop and pause and think about our representations because our cuff our cultural representations matter and there they also have impacts for the marshall and another thing i wanted to look at in terms of language and how our discourse again sort of mutating and disturbing ways and the u s government likes to talk a lot about the use of clean bombs and clean strikes you know clean bombs being the idea that you know they don't leave a mess behind or clean strikes that just go in and knock out military of a foreign country but never touched the civilians it's a site that weapons can be clean if you think about bombs or you think about any strikes they're not clean i mean the notion of clean makes you think like sterile surgical hospital or something of a clean strike where you know like if you're going in for surgery and you go in and you have anesthesia and somebody cuts your body and you know blood all over and before you wake up everything's sewn up in there and white pristine she that are all starts to you don't see the mess of it that's like everything happens when you're not aware and you wake up in a clean environments and it's  same idea but for a wartime situation there is no such thing as a clean war like for for the bombs in afghanistan for instance you know there are going to be missing limbs are going to be blood splattered all over the place but when we use the language around like clean bombs and clean straight it takes us away from the humanizing aspects of war that that that do damage to people another new addition like to again like how we talk about this matters because it ultimately affects the kinds of policy decisions that we have and how these these representations that we have and so in the marshall islands the marshall islands is where the u s still today tests what's been nicknamed star wars so quad so an atoll in the is the largest athel in the world and the u s still currently will shoot intercontinental ballistic missiles from vandenberg air force base in california and shoot them at the marshall islands and the mar islands is the bull's eye and then from the marshall islands they send up the interceptor missiles this is from khwaja an atoll they send up the interceptor missiles and try to knock down the incoming warheads  so that they can test the missile shield the defense shield for the united states and it's and it's been nicknamed star wars and so as as my two stun sons who are star wars  know one of the reasons my kids can watch star wars is because think about it in star wars there's absolutely no blood like when somebody gets their arm locked up locked off with the it's like and the arm is gone and there's no blood like there's none of the grotesque blood there's it's all just people just and they die and so it's kind of the epitome of like a clean strike mean it's something that even kids can sit and watch and not be horrified and so we've come out with taken all the horror out of these stories we've removed all of the harbor and the pain from the stories so that the use of the nuclear weapons the use of the missile systems are no longer something that's scary or problematic or troubling or destructive and so these ideas to they they carry over from our our weaponry and our military applications over to our civilian uses too you know we've got this idea in our head of like nuclear energy as clean energy and that starts with the nuclear weapons and clean bombs and then carries over to nuclear energy as well this is from the web site for the nuclear energy institute and that's the main lobbying group for the nuclear power industry and so you know you see the image of clean nuclear energy and then you see the family that's all holding hands and skipping through the grass you know maybe that's a faint outline of a reactor i'm not really sure what the what the white swirl is i'm not entirely sure what's what's going on there but  so you see this the like of the happy family and nuclear energy kind of coming hand in hand but again when we think about the you know missions like nuclear energy might be ha clean and vibrant for some people so for the wealthy and the privileged people who don't have to live or work near nuclear reactors nuclear is not a clean energy for people and sure noble it's not a clean energy for people who are downwind from fukushima it's a clean energy for some people who derive the benefits from it but it's not a clean energy for the communities that have to store the nuclear waste that's left over from these or have to work in these facilities and be exposed to it and so this imagery that we get into our heads only applies to some people to a privilege population here's another image that comes from the nuclear regulatory commission zz website page and this is the federal agency that's supposed to be regulating the nuclear industry so sea regulates this agency and so you look at the commonality in the message there are so protecting people in the environment like who's ever going to complain about that like of course it's a mission we're happy with but again like you look at the happy people running around and not thinking about the impacts of the nuclear energy and so there's there's this disconnect that occurs  so i think again when we have these associations about clean energy and this idea that nuclear weapons or nuclear energy can somehow be clean again if it's clean for some but it's not clean for others and this is a picture of a father a grandfather actually holding his grandchild in the marshall islands again we know that radiation is not clean radiation mutates radiation kills and exposure to radiation harms a lot of people but it's not the people that are pictured in these advertisements nuclear energy also gets talked about the great savior for our climate change concerns because nuclear energy doesn't contribute greenhouse gases nuclear energy gets tatted as you know the answer for our national security too because we don't have to depend on foreign sources of oil but somehow we've never really been able to figure out like what do you do with that nuclear waste piece you know there  is no safe place to store the nuclear waste that comes from having the nuclear energy so we haven't figured out that piece and we don't quite know what to do with it we haven't figured out how to clean up the nuclear waste it in a way talk was the first of the two ground zero testing locations other than bikini and so when the united states was done with the nuclear testing in the marshall islands it cleaned up and this is an atoll that the u s government now considers clean and if you look in the background there you can see that there are no coconut trees there's nothing growing on the tree really on the islands and that's because the united states bulldozed all of the topsoil all of the trees everything that was left after the detonations after all of the testing and bulldozed it into one of the crater that was left behind from one of the nuclear to us so that capped there used to be a hole in the land where the land was vaporized from the detonation and then all of the radioactive materials were bulldozed into that hole mixed with cement and capped and left there so inside of that nuclear waste storage facility is put tony i'm put has a half life of twenty four thousand years many of you are activists around him for issues certainly you know it's the same thing the plutonium that is in that facility came largely from ham for that was the of plutonium that was processed at hanford ends up in the islands agreed to and the political relationship and to let the marshall islands be an independent country that meant that the marshall islands inherited this nuclear waste storage facility it means that the marshal lese people do and government don't have the money and don't have the knowledge to on how to take care of and manage a nuclear waste storage facility but now the u s says that the marshall islands owns up to syllabi it's owned by the marshall islands the u s government won't import what's in this facility back into the united states because now the marshall islands is a foreign country and the u s no longer it's illegal to accept imported nuclear waste so it stays there going back to this notion of nuclear energy is helping us to work through our climate change dilemmas because it doesn't contribute to greenhouse gases one of the concerns about climate change obviously is that when the planet heats up the warm air makes the seas expand and makes the ice the polar ice melts which makes the water level come up higher which makes concerns about sea level rise and in the marshall islands that's a particular concern most of the countries about six or seven feet above sea level so it's really one of the frontline nations in terms of experiencing the effects of climate change if you look at this nuclear waste storage  facility that's not what the u s government calls it they call it the room that dome i call it the nuclear waste storage facility because that's what it is if you look at this facility and look how close it is to the pacific ocean all the way around it this seas are rising and there's no question there are enough greenhouse gases that are already out there that the seas are going to continue to rise for the next thirty years regardless even if we stopped all of our greenhouse gas emissions today the seas will continue to rise it seems pretty inevitable that that facility is headed for the pacific ocean it seems pretty much inevitable at this point if that happens that's not just a problem for the marshallese because that plutonium goes into the pacific ocean the pacific ocean borders washington state you know this becomes our issue too but  such i guess we have this tendency and the way this stuff is presented by the u s government is that these radiation issues happen far away there's somebody else's issues like what's going on  for the japanese to deal with what's going on there with the marshallese that for them to deal with these places are geographically removed so we don't have to worry about it but if that puts tony on with the half life of twenty four thousand years and up in the pacific that's an issue for all of us one one millionth of a gram of plutonium if it's unhealthy it causes lung cancer so that's not just a problem or a concern for the mar here's a quote so after fukushima happens approximately a year ago almost they were coming up on the the anniversary president obama in the rose garden gave the speech in which he said you know we're going to be concerned about the citizens american citizens and we will stand with the people of japan as they contain this crisis recover and rebuild and so here's an opportunity here is essentially the most powerful man in the world and one of the largest radiological after chair noble like the second largest civilian nuclear disaster that's ever occurred looking to him in a moment of leadership and all he can come up with is we will stand by the japanese people as they deal with the very problem no mention of the fact that the u s provided nuclear reactors to japan no mention of the fact that the u s built most of the nuclear the civilian nuclear power plants in japan no ownership no connection at all so there's no critique of what's gone on there's no then announces that after thirty four years there's going to be a shift in u s policies about nuclear energy and the u s is going to start again building nuclear reactors for the first time since  seventy eight and the reactors this time are going to be japanese exports of japanese reactors to the united states and toshiba and westinghouse have an alliance now to make those reactors and deliver them from japan to the united states and so the japanese and u s nuclear industries are so closely aligned that neither nation is going to criticize the nuclear policy is of the other and so certainly obama could not be critical of what was happening in fukushima because there's a u s business interest in this since this time i think our discourse in our language isn't yet talking about the full story you know we lose all these stories about what the effects of nuclear weapons are the effects of nuclear energy you know and here's one example most people know about the japanese internment around world war two so when japanese americans in this country were rounded up by the u s governments and put into internment camps because they weren't trusted during world war two so that's a story that's been a part of the history that we've all learned about but we never nobody seems to know about like the marshallese internment that happened about the same kind of encampments to the right that were erected by the u s government to test radiation on human beings on the marshallese and so we have we want one story of internment gets told and another one gets forgotten and so we're missing we're missing the history we're missing the stories you know here's a story of two sit daku like most of us know about this said doco in japan the young girl who was exposed to radiation and got leukemia and began to make the paper koreans as part of her or her wish to get better that's been a story that's been told worldwide but we don't hear about you know sudhakar over this is dedicated to who grew up that i look at toll here this is i look at all this is a map of the marshall islands and we talk where that nuclear waste facility is here bikini atoll where the bravo detonation and other detonations took place is here wrong the lap and trick are the two communities that were put into those internment camp and then i look at toll is right here so very very close to when the bravo test occurred i look cut coded with radiation with the radioactive fallout  and i did oral histories and i look and went house to house and talked to every single family on the after all about their experiences following the brabo events and the testing and their stories online exactly with the people over on the left that i also did hundreds of interviews with about the effects of the nuclear testing but the u s draw this drew this political boundary and said only these areas up in the north these two areas where the ground zero testing was in these two communities that were put in the internment camp and became part of the medical experimentation only that areas affected by radiation and everywhere else in the factored by radiation so if you're in the marshall islands and you're from any of these communities down here you're not eligible for health care or you're not eligible  any u s government assistance to monitor the effects of radiation on human beings and so their stories have essentially been removed from a legal discussion but also from our history about the effects of the testing program so some stories get told and others don't i like to talk about the emissions like you know i always say when i when i do discourse analysis with my students i always encourage them to look at what's absent what's what's not talked about on the test you know when we talk about nuclear weapons or when we talk about nuclear energy you know this this idea again that there can be clean bombs or or clean strikes like there's no such thing like the radiation the radiation kills the radiation mutates the radiation destroys cultures and destroys lives there's no such there's no such thing as a clean presence with radiation and so when we look to the full meaning of what nuclear energy and nuclear weapons to it it involves death it involves destruction it involves multiple generations because again radiation is mutagenic and it mutates g n a t so it's it's not just people who the living people who are first exposed it's all of their offspring this child is two generations move from the nuclear weapons testing in new trick so this child's grandmother was expose but this child's mother was born after the testing and so the i guess you know the violence of the radiation exposure it continues for generations it doesn't just happen at a time in history and it's done it's something that it's carried in the d n a of people for generations and so i always feel like when i talk about the marshall islands that the topics are just so depressing and we are i mean i really really it's it's because it's such a crime it's such an atrocity of what's happened to the marshallese and to what the u s has done out there and so it's like to least find something hopeful you know as we work to try to improve the health care to clean up the environment to raise awareness to educate to take positive steps and so this is one of my favorite examples that i that i like to use chris cunningham who's sitting over there is the lead singer for a local band called we've been a woods and chris was an anthropology student of mine at the university of washington and after he graduated he went to the marshall islands and taught on jello at atl for a year and when he was there he worked a lot with marshallese musicians and wrote a whole bunch of music and songs about the nuclear testing about the mar islands and put together some educational material to try to educate people about the history of the u s in the marshall islands and what i love about his music and about him doing this is that it's that reminder that his generation and the next generation has this creativity and has these talents talents that i don't have that that are unique to his generation that allow him to reach his generation and form them about the history and get them involved in these issues in ways that i never can and so i'll stop talking and i'll show you his video for a bit