you can't tell me for one second that if we put our minds to it as a species that we can't get that thing built and use the existing materials it's fine it's fine because in the meantime we've got computers we can model down to the atomic level what this stuff is going to do we have huge numbers of world class scientists at the twenty two national laboratories here in the united states we can partner up with the czech republic yun it will be he's doing some fabulous work in prague right now is doing some outstanding work in canada right now let's do it we can do it in five years six years without question with the nuff money enough we'll we can do it because we definitely have the brain power and there's a thing called half active whatever you need enough neutrons around to keep the thing going the so called chain reaction the way the molten salt just kind of works is that it is a very efficient expenditure of that fuel ok because unlike solid fuels everything's kind of swimming around in a soup and so you get you get you know like fabulous surface area at and you get really lousy surface area with a solid fuel you also get a very incomplete utilization of those solid fuels and there are very real very direct technical reasons or to mark i'm going to as to why the fact that a molten salt reactor is a liquid means by definition you're going to have extremely efficient expenditure of those nuclear fuels that's great well what is the water in your car doing it's a liquid and it's transferring heat right in the in the example of your car you want your motor to be operating at as low a temperature as possible because for your for your motor heat is a bad thing or if you're a human and you want to generate a boatload of cheap electricity and you want to do a whole bunch of other things that with that is good for humanity you want as much heat as possible and you want extremely efficient heat transfer so whether it is your car or whether it's a nuclear reactor you want extremely efficient heat transfer that's why you want very good fluid dynamics inside the motive your car because you want as much heat away from that engine as possible same thing here we want we want efficient heat transfer but in this case we want to move as much heat as possible toward whatever we're trying to heat up and that's what's so great about  reactor so the fuel is its own coolant and that's tough for people to think about right because you have you got gasoline back your car that's your fuel and you've got water and that's your cooling way up in the front and never the twain should meet right or you have a real mess on your hands so it's really tough for people to get their heads around that idea where where the fuel is it's own coolant you are moving the fuel and if that very act that is permitting you to  rid of that heat and use that he in a very efficient way at the end with a heat exchanger and to heat up you can do it in a number of different ways you can heat up a another fluid or two fluids and you can and you can get that heat to be transferred into a turbine because you can make steam with that you know the steam will make the turbine move you can generate electricity in that fashion fabulous everybody's happy so so that's why i'm old and salt reactor is so nuclear waste as wood is historically or classically thought of basically comes in two forms ok spent nuclear fuel ok it's in the form of these these pellets ok and these are for fuel rods ok and those are little pellets ok they are around forty five percent enrichment ok are you running to thirty five the waste stems from those are those are in completely used ok those are not used to completion ok the way we do it right now is again poor design i mean those are not used to completion ok as a result there are two forms of nuclear waste there are those unspent on completely utilized fuel rods ok and those have two things fission products ok and i'll go into what those are in a second and so called transuranics ok when the nuclear reaction occurs you get things you get elements and isotopes that are bigger than uranium you keep adding and going up and up and that's why you're a name is not the last element in the periodic table it's not the last element ok there are many elements are actually occur after him and the reason is that they keep adding on as a result of these nuclear events that's one type of nuclear waste ok that's the weird one and that's kind of the scary one ok because you can do ok and those so called daughter products are smaller right because now i've split one big big nucleus into smaller ones ok those are the fission products ok those aren't nearly as bad because you can't make a bomb with them that's not weapons stuff ok nevertheless they do emit subatomic particles and they can be around for a very long time ok so i mean i do not calling it safe but i mean that's like kind of like the safer two ok because you can still do really really bad stuff with the transuranics as a result of the of the of the nuclear fission the incomplete nuclear fission unfortunately we can get stuff that is much heavier than uranium very bad one two thirty eight plutonium is actually a very very useful one but plutonium two three nine is very bad and so now that's four up from two thirty five right so that had to occur in some fashion and it turns out that there are other elements beyond that but you can still do big very bad stuff with plutonium obviously neptunium it was proved that you can make a nuclear device with with neptunium so you can do bad stuff with that and then the other type is as i had said before the fis products ok they give off a lot of heat in the form of subatomic particles usually beta particles but you can't you can't make a nuclear weapon with those so they are long lived so those are the two types of nuclear pretty much what you're doing there's some technical stuff that goes on in this and that but i mean how great would that be to get rid of all that weighs the two types of waste that i had said before the that are plaguing the people of hanford washington right now because it's been sitting around and it's getting worse and worse and worse because now the tanks are starting to leak because they chose single wall tanks why would you do that that's a terrible engineering decision that's a terrible chemistry or physics decision that was made in one hundred seventy nine or nine hundred eighty one when those t you can burn up using that word you can expend nuclear weapons by just her own into the soup and the reason is is that they will get expended chewed up very efficiently there will be very little waste almost no fissile waste bad waste at the end you will get a fair amount of fission products ok the  of the of the long rectangle at the bottom of the periodic table you can go to youtube or google this the upper row of the bottom rectangle or are of the so called fission products and those are those are isotopes otherwise known as rare earths but they are the radio there they are the radioactive versions of the earth so that's why a multi reactor actually works so much more efficiently you've got fabulous surface area because it's a liquid so everything is touching everything else it's one big soup and you can get very efficient expenditure of that and that combined with the fact that it is a liquid so it's movi they basically fall into two camps with one little provision camp one is a true molten salt reactor where like i said before the fluid is both the fuel and the coolant gentlemen hang and his project in china right now is with westinghouse and that is where the fuel is still solid and the molten salts is being used merely as the working fluid merely as the heat transfer medium those are the two groups right now here peterson is also using the same design at berkeley in concert with mit and university of wisconsin madison that is where you use the molten salt as merely the working fluid or the coolant and you still nevertheless have a solid fuel ok david long basically the leading physicist in canada he talks about a true molten salt reactor ok using a facade of fuel as the molten salt where the where the fuel is it's own coolant ok he prefers to use a u low enriched uranium to thirty five kirk sorensen has a design which is called a two fluid reactor the inner one is just like a molt salt reactor ok where the fuel is it's own coolant ok and but with his design there is a blanket and the blanket is as we've discussed before we go i mean it's all technical but as we discussed before you need a kick start you need a kick start for authority and based molten salt reactor in his design the outer blanket would serve as the starting point if you will because the the lifter as it's called can be built cannot currently be built ok so it is a great design is a fabulous design i would love to see it work but it can't go ok we don't know what the best material will be t separates the two we don't know what the best material is yet so it's a great design but we don't we need to get caught up on the material science and the metallurgy that's probably the best way to go do we want to build this one gigawatt monolithic nuclear reactor i don't think that that's a smart move and there are many people that would agree with me kirk sorenson fabulous proponent of molt reactors david the blob the canadian military who are very worried about defending their northern borders now that basically we have all year round passage or along a canada's northern coast there are a lot of people that think that  modular reactor is a great idea i'm one of them scale up bring in chemical engineers they are trained to scale stuff up the ten should easily be scalable fifty megawatt hundred megawatt two hundred fifty megawatt probably to fifty seems to be the sweet spot but that's a great idea from a strategic point of view that is a decentralized energy grid there are advantages to having decentralized stuff under heavy guard under heavy security because you don't want any of the nonsense but i mean it is far easier to control something that small and that because it's really small i mean it's not that very big because you don't need a he doesn't know what that material is going to be i have what i think would solve those problems i have several candidates that would actually solve those problems candidly materials so the actual wall what atoms what i think five years is a reasonable period of time is that aggressive as all hell yes would we use the existing materials that we that were actually used in the original molten salt reactor the hostel immaterial yeah so it was run at two  twenty thousand hours straight at over eight hundred celsius that's impressive they did it without computers they did it when i was four years old they did in one thousand before they had new computers they issues but it is a it is a very very interesting to cage chain starting with ori and going all the way down in terms of it being events over there that was it is well known that there is excellent expenditure for energy in terms of the molten salt as for sol fuel and a lot of that had to do with how do you contain a molten salt that that you know somewhere around six hundred celsius which is like a live in hundred fahrenheit how to contain something that is basically nuclear events that are occurring enormous amounts of heat coming off oh and by the way it's in a ridiculously caustic medium because it on and but anything at six hundred celsius that has to do with salt is pretty nasty stuff so a lot of what they were focusing on was how to contain it and there was a lot of excellent research that was done and it was a lot of very interesting materials that actually arose as a result of all the research that occurred beginning in one thousand nine hundred one and moving all the way forward so they got up all the way into the m s r easy kept moving and moving and moving and unfortunately got swallowed up by the political game hyman rickover was the bulldog and he did a great number of things for the united states he was an outstanding leader unfortunately he he muscled through p w r's pressurized water reactors a nuclear reactor is a fabulous power plant in order to get something going like an aircraft carrier or like a submarine i mean it's outstanding and that was a great move a lot of scientists just believe with very very good scientific reason not political reason that he could have chosen a better syste we used solid fuel reactors ever since the first commercial reactor came online in one hundred fifty eight ok they are a fabulous energy source with a with lousy thermodynamics and so we're stuck with what we have humans are smart enough to create for ourselves a robust sustainable well diversified clever energy landscape that's important ok personally think that nuclear is a fabulous animal reactor nuclear platform is a fabulous way of doing it you just need to to to you know become aware have some sort of critical mass become aware as a species of what's going on around us because as as a chemist and scientists in general we look at the abstract we understand what's going on on an atomic level or in some cases of atomic level but that's really hard to convince a community of humans all of the stuff that's happening that we can see that it's plain as you know the nose on my face from a scientific perspective feely tough to convince that it's really really hard and then you throw in the prospect of money and it's much much harder that's why people like me in who are who who like the idea of a molten salt reactor platform who i want to do in a free market manner i can make it profitable i can manufacture them profitably and i can create thousands and thousands of jobs here in the united states as well as abroad so everybody w