on june twenty second sixteen thirty three galileo was put on trial that inquisition headquarters in their own all of the power of the roman catholic church seem determined to squash the scientists under threat of torture  was not present in person but he was there in spirit for his personal feelings of anger and frustration were the driving force behind the proceedings urban realized just how seriously galileo's new science chalons established church doctrine scientific doctrine as taught in major universities and the sciences seen on public television when discovery's effort nearly threw energy and nearly fruit and monitor telecommunications and internet access some corporations in twenty sixteen or inquisitions spends hundreds of millions of dollars on physical and medical science projects grants given to pursue science that is based on  jets and current subsidies that become more important than science and science and technology have become tools to make money that tools to truly improve our lives are at this understand the universe the advancement of our scientific and engineering those is often stopped cold by the perpetuation of orthodox scientific doctrine no money is  the series of programs introduces the work of a so this is the common transmission system it's broken into two three parts basically we have the source of electricity and we have the sink of electricity and we have the transmission system in between this is how it's commonly done and it's fairly well understood and it's a very basic geometric configuration so before getting into anything fancy it's kind of best to learn the basics on the stuff that's interdimensional relationships in common electromagnetic systems and ninety percent of this work is thoroughly ignored so this is the basic common transmission system this is what the tower would have looked like that i took the other photograph of this thing operates at five hundred thousand volts phase to phase it roughly a current of thousand ampere's that's a lot of electricity and this is just one of them so there's all kinds of different types of transmission other than that but the fundamental thing is transmission is in the dimension of space so everything we're dealing with here is going to be a space or a dimensional orientated situation and that is going to lead us unfortunately right square in einstein's lamp so we're heading for it so this is the basic electrical grid  people call it the top we have the the central generating facility and then there's a very important device that follows it is called the transformer and we're going to engage in a detail transformer operates and also the fact that it operates in other modes that very few people understand and that makes it the basically a representative of the tesla mode of operation which is inherent in all these transformers so then out of that on the top there to the left emanates the high voltage transmission lines of the the heavy current material copper edison related type of wiring a technology of the generating station is transformed by the transformer into a typo electricity if it doesn't need all that type of material to be called a high potential or a high  type of electricity in this system the transmission gold there's a sixty nine thousand volts so the principal load of the generating station is the large factory which has a transformer that steps this back down to the current orientated electricity with lots of wire and magnetism and those kind of things because it's safer to handle it doesn't want to lash out at things and it doesn't crackle and it offers you an impedance buffer from the blast potential of the main line which can be beyond human comprehension if you ever experienced one so in this case the transformer is not an energizer of the entire system but it's a like a transmission that couples the energy off of it safely at the ratios that the power plant can handle and then finally the line lands in the substation which has a transformer that basically does the opposite of the one at the generating station that's why it's called the substation and then the voltage there is strong upped and then it gets into heavier copper but the it's not being distributed that far and it's safer so this starts to come in to where people live there are large factories that will pull off of that wind in this case it's running a typical department d w p thirty three k v that's considered a safer voltage and also the substation transformer x is an impedance buffer because chances are there's other substations that are in this grid that are not shown on the simplified diagram so then at the end of the line or at a power point on the line then we have another substation that follows the higher voltage substation and this brings the electricity in where it's safe to be around humans lower voltage  runs forty eight hundred twenty four hundred is out started out but the power company doesn't care about safety anymore so this substation has been eliminated from the system so here we have  now marconi is a very interesting guy both the positive and negative level so we'll get into a little bit of that with marconi was good buddies when he was in high school with professor rigby who in adelaide we had duplicated all of hertz's ideas and developed them into what are called centimeter waves which today we call microwaves and you could be in these things and you could reflect them and and marconi figured well he's going to produce a radio system or a method of communication is utilizing these waves he was you know the kid the boy electrician young boy experimenter produced something that that worked and attracted people's attention with it so this finally led to his idea of what tesla was doing is to make it all elevated capacity and then to the rest of it out with that inductance instead of having a smaller system of higher impedance and of course this thing is very prone to transpersonal duction to the ground by its very shape but you can use it like a capacitor and tr transmit that way unfortunately they're really idea which is fine for microwaves is not good for these very low frequencies at these people this is the electromagnetic wave from the herd see an oscillator that already describe so these are the components of magnetism and dielectric city and wavelengths and all that so this is what emanates from it so you have the transfers inductions which are the electricity and then you have the direction they go in space and by their nature of broadside drag these impedance flow through space and the ratio between their two quantities determines the velocity to be the formed them into a business plan of broadcasting and communications and eventually became involved with r c a with alexandersson and then david sarnoff produced operators in let's construct radio technology for america and this is the guy that drove it through now it's his beloved logo so this is the type of radio and and space broadcasting we have today like a television and ten a this is a basic television in ten a puppy for u h f broadcasting and it is purely electromagnetic and as you can see it almost looks like the electromagnetic wave itself so how did all this stuff get started with magnetism and e m f some things that people don't even know the terms of but we can't talk about this stuff until we know what the terms are sanaa we're going to have to go get our in electrical engineering through magnetism now before that magnetism was associated with something from some magic metal that you got from some mountain next to you know where the ark landed in the pole the nails out of ships experimentation with it came in the big bang but it was like electricity was in the old days you really couldn't do with it anything with it all you could do is move it around you could communicate it to other bodies but but it was something that was where to go and the  spirits drove it so what farraday through his research his most important experimental development was this electro magnet now with electro magnet he can make the negatives that go on you can make it go off and it also makes the magnetize a ball material jump around so the permanent magnet has of magnetism stuck inside the electro magnet derives its magnetism from a little understand  process understeer process called electric current which is associated with the metallic structure that surrounds it which is generally known as the conductor but it has to be always in this circular form this is what situation because the current always wants to be around the magnetism this is an important thing when you're dealing with the tubes of forces this was called current relationship where the straight lines are defined by an associate geometry which is in a curl configuration and this is the very heart of electromagnetism so this is how basically alternating current oscillation currents and all these things came to be understood and then tesla appl this to his vacuum tube work and it was very instrumental in his discovery or radio so this is his induction coil taken to the extreme needless to say everybody knows about it and heard the stories and he's not really sitting in there was a multiple photograph but he did go through one of those disasters you know when you smell that smoke reality like earlier today except his was a little wart stream he was inside reconnecting the wires and somehow the the switches become unbalanced or you know some kind of spring mechanism or whatever screwed up and slam the switch shut and turned the thing on when he was inside and he was obviously terrified and he had to crawl out under the primary winding which is connected to a fifty thousand volt transformer with capable of fifty kilowatts and the r f potential around him is you know beyond belief and he's shamming on the floor colin like a crab trying to get out of this thing alive and that's the closest tesla came to dying faraday also led to another device and this is particularly important in this study of an understanding of transmission theory is to telegraph so because the electromagnetic can be turned on and off what you do then is you can have a piece of iron jump back and forth so in a certain sense here with the telegraph sounder these are the electromagnets and this is the movable core because this is the first motor it was a digital code and this represents the first digital transmission system so the complication with the grab the telegraph is there is rivers of electricity swirling around inside the earth this is a map of them at some specific time business relationship that i don't know about we just captured these things off the internet to use them for as illustration but this shows you there's places where they're current loop and there's places where they join and it just happened to be that the telegraph system went right through here which is right in the middle of the whole blast the telegraph founders started clattering away on their own and things started getting out of control and as the solar flares got stronger it got even scarier aurora started appearing in the telegraph office and fires were starting and and it was getting crazy so you couldn't disconnect it was like some inductive discharge you tried disconnect the wire and this or it would come off of the end of the wire and dance around in the office well you know the physicist might have a hard time explaining that i would think so that past and ground the telegraph fell out of favor the main complication today about using ground return is the massive zero secret currents at the power company are presently inducing into the system that flow in these paths and give rise to massive earth currents of electricity that cause in its bearings so th basically lead to the i did that there is electric waves inside the earth and current flows and that the earth itself is an electro dynamic system in its interior so this leads to  tesla and alexandersson and the developing these torque systems and how they were abandoned so this is the basic test was system everyone seemed to patent the communications not between the elevated capacities as between the ground terminal is just like everything else there's a coil in an elevated capacity like we've seen in pretty much everybody's idea but it's a little different in this manner this is his colorado unit you can see the elevated capacity is here the induction coil of massive proportions is on the inside and this is his more of his refined idea of how i would do it i think it's not the geometric proportionality of it has a lot of questionable ratios but in the patent drawing i don't think you really strive for pacific accuracy but in practice tesla really hadn't built much like this that he came up with another type of ground transmitting in tanna but deliberately set in this patent that he was transmitting electromagnetically and we will mathematically demonstrate later that there is no possibility that any of these structures can radiate any electromagnetic energy whatsoever where the tesla system never really got to be proven the alexandersson system was put into service and it knocked the navy out of their chair and they formed a radio corporation of america t alexandersson had developed fessenden's all to late alternator into monstrous electrical devices that were capable of two hundred kilowatts and this was enough power to basically excite these large in tennis which will get into later and it replaced all the giant coils and capacitors and sparks and everything else of the marconi system that preceded it that never really seemed to produce much of anything that worked in the long run under except under feral circumstances so this is what basically made the system possible then he came up with his waveguide they call it intent this is not intend it transmits in the ground this is the transmission structure that effects the transmission in the ground this is the the later model who became established that everyone's understood but the the prototype ones of blaine as and new brunswick used a whole different system that was based on  marconi structure and involves some way of relationships that these later according to the diagrams don't use but something is attempting to be hidden here by somebody this is the  here is the aerial transmission structure usually operates about one hundred thousand volts the height is between three hundred nine hundred fifty and then we have the electrodes that transmit the current in the ground and what the patent says is this is really a radio  ten electric waves are coming off of here but over with the overall power flow in the system the duct of exchanges and drive and all that the the energy associated with the electromagnetic field of those virtual conductors alexandersson path and so there was no velocity in which case it transmitted in all directions the navy basically moved it at this point they're sick of marconi got the boot look at his face i'm not looking too happy go ha ha ha and sail around the ship and laugh at everybody again and so it was herbert hoover is the one that receives the credit for making radio legal again so these are what people call tesla coils so that's a good view of the extra coil this is the network that drives it it's wine bottle laden jars and zinc lined salt water tanks very it's stupid so that's why tesla came up with a high speed mercury commutator that can operate up to fifty kilo cycles a second and have multiple phases because we just can't be playing with the semiconductor stuff in this neighborhood here's the fifty kilo ball  just a ball power transformer in the background fifty kilowatts and it has a one thousand volt single phase power line five miles back to the generating station which got burned up from the r so now we're going to get a little further into the areas and i'm going to need my notes for this because there's not a lot of pictures of theory so all that there is are conflicting electron there a ether theory electromagnetic theory all th is are all basically all patchwork we really don't quite know what's going on if i went through here and this matrix of people that i see in front of me and we ask each and every person what a volt is there would be an individual answer and none of them would be right so now we're going to dig our way out of that so there's only a couple of things we really need we don't have to get too fancy in this we don't need to get into all the little details of resistance and conductance and time constants and all that type of stuff we just want to stick with the basic electricity and not the things that chewin all added they get too complicated and they create imbalances that have never been mathematically solved so the two things that we have in our electrical idea here is magnetism and dialect tricity which really are components of one thing elect ication is will see later so in order to express these things it's like what you buy in the store it might be it is good to express it in courts or gallons or some kind of space dimension so to do this we have two words we have one word called inductance which represents how much magnetism can we hold and we have another one called capacitance which is how much style electricity we can hold and those two things b electrification these will be the principal elements of electricity and everything will be defined in those terms i came up with one of my kind of n f c parables or a heavy side story about the theory of electricity so the theory of electricity came about in some form then then it was decided that what right and it was a bunch of came with another theory so we go by that theory for a while wow let's go back to the old one but a little different try that one out oh it looks great then all of a sudden somebody lands on the deck and they got the big one ok and then all the rest is there is go in the garbage can and the big areas who did and how did about and all that but them get found we can't build anything it doesn't work but it's too beautiful so let's keep it but now we have the law and so we become crazy in our why and we make the wild law and we have today's electrical theory