the military treatments military struggles and victories that's all supposedly a special manifestation of super patriotism and i argued that a real patriotic wants something different for his country who want social justice he wants peace and stability he wants fairness he wants an end to racism and sexism he takes pride in his country's ability and social betterment rather than his countr ability to invade and knock around other countries a real patriot feels an attachment to his country but not at the expense of other kind from he or she may feel a special attachment to the history of his own country he values the accomplishments of his country like the abolition of slavery emergence of collective bargaining in the rights of working people for a better life the gains made by by women in terms of being able to get into public life these are the kind of things that the real patriot would bear you in october two thousand and one george w bush signed into law what civil libertarians characterized as an all in many ways the wobblies were the most impressive example of a union movement in the history of the us working class white bullies was a nickname for an organization called the industrial workers of the world i w w which flourished in the first decade and a half of the twentieth century the american federation of labor which was the main craft union at the time refused to organize african americans immigrants and on women workers so that meant excluding the vast majority of the working class from the union movement along come the wobblies and they set out from the beginning specifically to organize immigrants women and african americans alongside white workers in what they called one big union they led some of the most successful strikes one of their strikes was the first sit down strike at the time women workers played a leadership role something that was absolutely unheard of at the time their philosophy was a revolutionary philosophy as it's known as anarcho syndicalis federated decentralized system of free associations incorporating economic as well as social institutions would be what i refer to as an ar in wars an opportunity for government to grow in power by the time the war ended the total number of deaths had reached approximately nine point seven million soldiers with millions more suffering life changing injuries and severe post traumatic stress to what end was not clear the massive bloodshed had not made the world safe for freedom and democracy what it had done was produce enormous fortunes for a handful of corporations and banks well leaving the worldwide labor movement in disarray if the great war had been a test of the constitution and the concept of balancing the powers by each other if they held the united states supreme court established in shank versus united states and abrams versus united states that the federal government could suspend constitutional rights when the nation faced quote a clear and present danger randolph bourn elections the masses are now expected to keep quiet or go back to life as usual while the elite making decisions and run the world until they can choose between one or another leader another four years later so really poly arche is  system of elite rule in a system of legal which is a little more soft core than the type of the rule that we would see under a military dictatorship for instance but what we see is that under polly art even basic social economic system does not change it does not become democratized wealth is not redistributed downward you don't see a more equitable redistribution of wealth and resources so that's the key economic to social economic dictatorship and free elections that's the prescription for power yaki participatory democracy you would see not only more participation of people in the running of the daily affairs but it would see a party democratization the economy marketisation social relations in the twentieth century you can't really talk openly about rule by the rich that doesn't sell us the devices that have been developed propaganda devices or rule by the more competent the technocratic elite responsible people educated sectors there's a huge literature on this but maybe the primary source for the twentieth century is the leading public intellectual of twentieth century in the united states walter lippmann highly respected commentator on public affairs also a theorist of democracy during world war people who later remerge to sort of the founding fathers of modern communication research modern communication applications mass media  quite a number of them had worked as propagandists during world war one often is as relatively young people shaping their own ideas at the time it one of the most  emerged really to this day as a leading intellectual light of a particular way of looking at society today yet during the great war he had been chief leaflet writer and editor of the us propaganda unit he also served as secretary of the inquiry intelligence agency before dealing with letterman's contributions to political theory we first have to understand the forms of democracy that have characterize the united states and other western nations since the age of the great revolutions for it from the age of monarchy the new nation states would nevertheless preserve the and they were sufficiently scary from the point of view of people with property that they had to do something about it and what they did about it was essentially overthrow the rather because it would federation and still a much people who didn't have much first thing they did when they got the philadelphia seventy seven was they locked the doors the only reason we know what happened you know behind those closed doors were that people like james madison government is to ensure that the opulent are protected from the majority so therefore he designed the constitution in such a way that as he put it to the wealth of the nation will be in charge a more responsible set of men those who sympathize with property owners and their rights and the system was designed that way the power was in the senate which was the least representative body and it was the wealth of the nation it still is the house of representatives which is more democratic theory was given much less power and powerful executive was also supposed to represent the wealth of the nation he concerned with their own interests but with the benefit of the people adam smith who preceded him it was much more realistic he pointed out that the principal architects of policy interesting to compare now to some state which found this country with the first major book on politics namely aristotle's politics aristotle surveyed many kinds of systems and decided that of all of them did like any of the set of all of them democracies probably the best but he said that the mockers is a problem and it was the same problem that madison noticed centuries later he said if in athens everyone had a right to vote the poor majority would take property the rich insist that it be divided and he also felt that was unfair but madison and aristotle had opposite solution madison solution seventy nine war in and forced down the constitution the more democratic bill knows even with the bill of rights we have a system which you know is hardly natural course of power is to make the many slaves to the few one into federalist wrote another objected to the new government because the bulk of the people can have nothing to say for the government is not a government parliamentary democracy like citizens would be reduced to pass of it or they would be allowed to pick and choose which individual made decisions on their behalf but they would not be able to make those decisions  returning to the period after the first world war we find widespread support amongst intellectuals for madison's elitists interpretation of democracy according to walter lippmann the public's function in politics is to be interested spectators of action me perceive the problem new technologies in communication and transportation had awakened millions of disenfranchised people to a new world outside their towns and cities well traditional economic political and social structures remain in place ignorant and meddlesome outsiders in his view that's the majority of the population and to allow them to participate in citizen making would be a complete disaster so therefore we have to design means to ensure that what  responsible man he was of course won are protected from the roar and the trampling of the beast sleep or majority in the last election two thousand and eight the advertising industry gets a prize every year for the best marketing campaign of the year two thousand and eight they gave it to the obama campaign who beat out commercial prominent intellectuals continue to argue that the world's complexity makes democracy impossible a recent cover story in time magazine claimed that democracy is in the worst interest of national goals the modern world is too complex to allow the man or woman in in his classic text propaganda been a suggested that elite regiment the public mind every bit as much as an army regiments their bodies or knees considered mass mind control so crucial that it constituted in his words  but there is one message that is in the literally millions of apps that are produced every year that's right i think that is the message the message of advertising as a whole is that it's better to buy the not to buy that in fact the way to become and that you would be happier as a result of boring according to business leaders there was another problem john edgerton president of the national association of manufacturers warned that a shorter workweek would undermine the work ethic and potentially ferment radicalism if people had time to stop and think they might also take the time to rethink their position in life the emphasis should be put on work edgerton stated more work and better work instead of upon leisure it seems a harmless enough statement but what businessmen were advocating would no longer be about satisfying human needs it would be an end in and of itself rather than a democracy of a d s participation the united states would expansion of the market but if you look at advertising it's very interesting history in the first period of advertising you know we can say right up of the up until about nine hundred twenty s advertising talked about goods themselves it talked about how they were made what they did how will they last that etc it really is a discourse about objects about what goods that our starting around one nine hundred twenty that changes and from that period on advertising doesn't really talk about goods themselves they talk about the relationship of goods burnetts and he's regarded as the father of modern public relations particularly the united states his contribution if you want to call it that was to take propaganda techniques that had been developed for military psychological warfare national security type issues during world war and apply them in a systematic way to commercial issues one of his best known efforts had to do with encouraging females women to smoke he would stage beauty pageants he would stage what are we today be called photo ops and that sort of in which snow came by women was portrayed as women's liberation was portrayed as a way to be a free and empowered news getting addicted to nicotine the audience the market in  consumerism offers a quick fix that allows people to feel as though they are climbing the social hierarchy when in fact they are standing st the strategy was particularly evident in mid century automobile lighter kinds of studies found that people who lived in housing developments were more likely to park their cars outside of the garage than those who could afford more expensive homes a typical example demands a new kind of market we just hit the time this film is just a few days ago there was an incident at a wal mart in long island the day after thanksgiving were basically people were lining up for sale five in the morning and one of the workers there  morning i'm not leaving so there would be the consumer society in its finest and i mean enough existences day five years ago on that day the day after thanksgiving the same thing happened  wal mart in orlando it was not a worker it was a woman who was shopping there and she wasn't killed but she was trampled unconscious and people wouldn't get out of the way for the medics to take away so when you define the point this is what mar it was talking about your one dimensional my son was this tremendous emptiness again and so i'm going to buy things to fill that emptiness up and then we see the religious power of it because if the medics arrive basically to take the i think there's not much difference between assuaging your exact he by buying things and investing in the american dream they seem to go and you know the american dream is a story about how society works the american dream says but if you work hard you will succeed in the bedrock of our economic success is the american dream it's a dream shared in big cities and small towns across races regions and religions that if you work hard you can support a family but if you get sick there will be health care that you can afford or you can retire and i know you can retire with the dignity and security and respect that you've and that your children can get a good education and young people can go to college even if they don't come from a wealthy family and so he says we might start up a different positions there are people who are rich and they're people poor and they're born into different kind of contexts but playing field is level that's the dream that's the dream of you know pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps the problem with that is that it's actually at odds with have social mobility works social reality actually is much more based upon class and upon the resources that you have available to you know one run the other but at the level of social mobility is markedly low in the society and then the american dream is punctuated by these very visible examples in the media that show us people who are poor who amount rich and the question is if those people are rich if those people have made it and the vast majority of people have not and the major thing that separates them is their own hard work then the reason that the vast majority of people  what they are is because that is where they deserve to be you didn't work hard enough you know intelligent enough the right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness i must mark some not so much throughout history the rich have always argued that the poor are the authors of their own of any good poor because they're stupid they're disreputable they're hopeless people up poor because they say let me control the media if you can control the stories you don't need to have soldiers on street corners to control you can control people in their own heads in their own life i don't want to just read depressing because it's like how do you think you have it because there's no if a decision is made by a centralized authority it's going to represent the interests of a particular group peller if power is actually rooted in large parts of the population if people can actually participate in social planning then they will presumably so in terms of their own interests but that's why it matters and for example on the names of whole host of others i have argued that we cannot permit the population to participate public opinion is very well studied so we have a wealth of information about what the public want and is a huge disconnect between public opinion and public policy of public policy makers differ i'm sure crucial issues but that sort of very natural it's not surprising about it and people understand it so about eighty percent of the population of the united states says the government is run by a few and you can in fact erode or under the primacy of of of the classes power property political then you just ruled out the the founders had a very clear idea that in order for political power to be democratic in the be equal economic power also had to be that bad that was the and they did everything they could block the claims of white control are based on the belief that human beings are powerless or relatively powerless is i don't think we're going to stop propaganda so long as we have freedom of speech and frankly i think that's a good thing for us but there will always be people who are exploiting freedom of speech for their romance but propaganda loses its effectiveness if people understand what's going on a very important thing that can be done to reduce the power of propaganda is to force the players to the surface so that where you have campaigns political campaigns product campaigns culture that are organized by being good propaganda agencies public relations example really is a propaganda or publishes campaign it's coming from a particular section of society paid for it in that they have leaps it depends on you know what people believe what people perceive what people know and for democracy to really function and thrive unlike any bernays i would say what we need is more information more freedom more transparency and  too dumb to figure it out and so he used that to justify his practice that he exhausted of managing and manipulating public opinion i think actually what we need is a lot more exposure and education about how public individual in public opinion is crucial to everything as long as you can manage manipulate public opinion or is burst from our story like to put it a public perception you can control