so i'm so grateful to the native organization of indigenous scholars for inviting me here to this beautiful place that they've created the community has created and all these communities around to bring to you the resistance movement that i was part of my life and still am and i call this the ghost d prophecy a nation is coming i think most of you have know what the ghost tense is but if you don't ask about it we're going to have time for q and  here's a stands up from a ghost dance to goes dense the whole world is coming and nation is coming and nation is coming the ego has brought the message to the tribe and  so this is the era of the so called new frontier that was kicked off and in one nine hundred sixty seventy years after the eighty eighty ninety eight wounded knee massacre at  pine ridge when the conquest of the continent was said to have been complete and with hawaii and alaska made into states illegally rounding out the fifty stars on today's united states flag the myth about exceptional united states people destined to bring order out of chaos to stimulate economic growth and to prove replace s civilization not just in north america but throughout the world this proved to have enormous staying power a key to john f kennedy's political success was that he revived the front here as a trope of popular imperialism openly based on the drama and popular myth of settling the continent or quote me the wilderness in kennedy accepted speech at the one nine hundred sixty democratic national convention in los angeles the presidential nominee asked his audience to see him as a new kind man confronting a different sort of wilderness kennedy said i stand tonight facing west on what was the last frontier from the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind me the pioneers of old gave up their safety their comfort and sometimes their lives to build a new world here on the continent we stand today capsulated his campaign echoed debates about u s history that have begun more than six decades earlier and eight hundred ninety four historian frederick jackson turner had presented his history making front tira thesis call claiming that the crisis of that era was the result of the closing of the front tear and that a new frontier was needed to fill the ideological and spiritual back him created by the completion of settler colonialism the turner thesis so called served as the dominant school of history of the us west through boast of the century the frontier metaphor described kennedy's plan for employing political power to make the world the new frontier of the united states central to this vision was the cold war address soon after he took office that struggle took the form of a counterinsurgency program in vietnam seven years after kennedy's nomination american troops would be describing vietnam as indian country and search and destroy missions as a game of cowboys and indians and the kid in the ambassador to the non would justify a massive military escalation by citing the necessity of quote moving the indians away from the forward so that the settlers could plant corn the movement of indigenous peoples to undo what generations of front here expansion us have brought continued during the vietnam era and once the major victories but more importantly a shift in indigenous consensus will and vision court self determination and land restitution which prevails today activists efforts to end terminations and secure restoration of land particularly sacred sites included else pueblos sixty four year struggle with the us government to reclaim their sacred lake in the south of great cristo mountains of new mexico and the first land restitution to any indigenous nation president richard nixon signed into effect public law all ninety one i five zero on december fifteenth one thousand and seventy which had been approved by bar bipartisan majorities in congress nixon stated this is a bill that represents justice because in one thousand no six an injustice was done and which land involved in this bill forty eight thousand acres was taken from indians the congress of the united states now returns that lead to whom it belongs the hearings held this is you know right at the height is actually alcatraz was still under occupation of that in hearings held in the preceding years by the senate subcommittee on indian affairs members expressed fear of a stabber showing a president in awarding land based on ancient uses d treaties and aboriginal ownership rather than monetary pavement as one witness testifying in opposition to the return of towels len said the history of the land squabbles in new mexico and the whole west among various groups of indians is well known substantially every acre of our public domain be it national forest state parks or wilderness areas is threatened by claims from the indians who say they have ancestors rights to the land to the exclusion of all other persons which can only be fostered and encouraged by this present legislation passed although the senate subcommittee members finally agreed to that claim by satisfying themselves that it was unique it did in fact set a precedent the return of blue lake as a sacred site begs the question of whether other indigenous sacred sites remaining as national or state parks or as u s forest service or bureau of land management lands and waterways should democracy by the federal government is anything but that rather it is a shrine of in your face illegal occupation and colonialism so the return of  refusing to take they and intend to and will get the black hills back but that none of this came from on high end addition to the six decade struggle of the restitution took place in the midst of a renewed powerful and growing native american struggle for self determination the movement's energy was evident when twenty six young native activists and students founded the national india youth council and i hundred sixty one based in albuquerque new mexico they were from twenty one different native nations some from reservations or small towns and others from relocated families far international as surely would put it at a time when new nations all over the globe are emerging from cornell control their right to choose their own course places a bass burden of responsibility growing powerful indigenous struggle to protect treaty curative fishing rights in washington state actor marlon brando did to an entrance and provided some financial support sixty eight be eloquent may he explained his actions i am i got them on and a man for two years and four months i've been a soldier in the united states army i served in combat we will fight for our rights and patterns with other global leaders founded the survival for american indians association which was compose district court judge george bolt found it in their favor he validated their right to fifty percent of the fish taken in the usual and that comes from places that were designated in the eighteen fifties treaties even one of those places were not under contemporary tribal jurisdiction this was a landmark decision or historical indigenous sovereignty over t continent radicalizing thousands especially native youths indigenous women leaders were particularly impressive and this was at the time the riots and the militant women's liberation movement among spiritual center and indian center of ecology that would do scientific or reverse research on reversing illusion of water and the air agreed and in training schools that would run a who were in the process of the stablish a native american studies program at the university of california davis negotiated a grant from the federal government used to lend at all when you're davis california where the institutions indians who managed to light the bottles of cheap why crudely named thunderbird would continue down the protests with the middle more still raging at the relation of richard nixon in november hundred seventy two emma that a coalition of eight indigenous organizations the american indian movement the national any of brotherhood of canada later renamed this atlee of first nations the native american rights to the native the national ideas council the native national national american ending council the national council on indian work the national indian leadership training and the american video on alcohol and drug abuse organized the trail of broken treaties arm with a twenty point position paper that focused on the federal government's responsibility to implement and d c one week before the presidential election hanging on better from the front of the bureau of indian affairs building that proclaimed it to be a native american embassy hundreds of protesters hailing unfortunately b i personnel at that time largely non indigenous flit and the capitol police changed on the doors blocking the men now and saying that the indigenous protesters were illegally occupying the building the protesters stayed there for four days plenty of time for them to read everything in federal documents that reveal the gross mismanagement of the federal trust responsibility the cobe aides actually started from these documents they boxed all of the scout humans up and took them with them when they left the trail of broken treaties solidified indigenous document would be presented to the united nations forming the basis for the two thousand and seven united nation declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples three months after the crushed the people the traditional people and further impoverished them the people of hosed the increasingly authoritarian reign of the elected tribal churman richard wilson  site then made twentieth century hamlet of london he was made up a little more than a trading post a catholic church and the mass graves of the hundreds of  now armed personnel carriers huey helicopters and military snipers surrounded the site oil supply teams and mostly a lot of the women made their way through the military lines and back out again with supplies through dark of night every night we might as well say that it almost where the trail of tears was headed all over the home that turn around point where it would touch and come back to form a containing parameter these people and i learned they were just like us i have grown up with racism all my life when i was a child watching al queda and inside t v i would root for the cavalry and not the indians that's how bad it was i was that far toward my own destruction as it happened the fifth anniversary of the my night massacre in vietnam currently at the time of the lake in seventy three siege  in real time were features with photos of the scene of mutilations and dead at my life lieutenant william rusty calley was then serving his twenty year sentence under house arrest and furious offer supporters at fort benning georgia near his home town yet he remained a national heroes who received hundreds of support letters weekly who was lauded by some as a b over being publicize statement of protest the national congress of american indians pointed out that fifteen thousand native americans were surveyed as combat troops in the persian go home as we see in this whole chapter nagin tree this term indian country is not merely an insensitive racial slur to indicate the enemy tasteless lee employed by accident neither meal nor any other military  country and in the country or in military terms of trade like other euphemisms such as collateral damage killing that is killing civilians and ordnance bombs that appear in as well as the nature of our political and social history annihilation until up to unconditional surrender when the redundant grown more more appropriately tagged  seven or a retired a c our commander proudly told a television interviewer that the second a c o r and informed him in the eighteenth thirty's to fight the seminal nation in the nation's militarism the iran war was just another indian war in the us military tradition after weeks of high tech bombing in iraq followed by a curve and of the arcade shooting everything that that the iraqi commanders communicating with him troops and even with baghdad using carrier pigeons high tech soldiers have been fighting the no are made that communicated by carrier pigeons done to the trees earlier twenty years after the go for a u s military force of three hundred thousand invaded iraq again a little read reports from infantry unit known as the iron this would be the only u s armored division in the fight and would likely need any iraq defenses and on we will be entering iraq as an army  camouflage soldiers joined him jumping up and down in the sand chanting and brandish the rifles so history is not past this history our history  history of indigenous peoples and the united states is an ongoing history of the united states in two thousand and seven in april two thousand and seven all the news seem to be coming for good from virginia and was about murder the murder of indigenous farmers that commenced four hundred years before the founding of jade's town and the rampage at nearby famously the first time at settlement they gave birth to the commonwealth of virginia the colonial that the center of what became the united states of america nearly two centuries later in the coney out of which was  religious dissenters under the auspices of private investors and royal approval as with jamestown and the same mercenary activities personified by captain jones this was a media circus surrounding the jamestown celebration with queen elizabeth and president bush reciting that journalists be able to compare the colonial massacres of us for centuries earlier and the single disturbed individual shootings of his classmates the shooter himself was a child only a war of the us war korea mediating on the five unless we stop it as military historian john good air puts it to us people are taught that military culture does not prove or encourage targeting and killing civilians and  little or nothing about the nearly three centuries a more fair before and after the founding of the united states that reduces the indigenous peoples of the continent to a few reservations by burning their towns and fields and killing civilians driving the refugees out step by step across the continent violence directed systematically against noncombatant this through irregular means from the start has been the central part of the us american way of war so under the about the other side of this like the general history of contribution of indian culture as to the development of the united states or world cloture as a whole column how this has  today i think is not home so what happened it is the appropriation of native cultures and that is in everything from the food that constitution and democracy and oath of one of the eight federation own six nations people speaking different languages having  the north so on how and different religions have different protestant religions how to own confederated so it did create a  decision making positions and telling them in one day need to do and this this certainly was not brought into the u s system and still has not been chief of the military was centered where is the military and the order to show me was always under the orders of the clan mothers you know whether or not they could make war and never against one of the roads the roadways the forest props the every inch of north america was the medicare it managed and the game management so instead of  gorgeous hitcher without the united states as it is now and i had a question about and this is related to what you were just saying about how history is not the past what do you believe are the strategies that we can do and act upon to change the path that history  i suppressing arresting leaders of practically destroying the american indian movement but out of that out of the sixty's organizations only the american indian resurgence than those of us back then that didn't know anything about what we were doing we had very incomplete rete understanding of the united states itself i think own its history and  how of let's see it on unlikely it was to get self determination within the colonial system that exists with the doctrine and  much were the united states making a clean break right from hire it immediately embraces the doctrine of discovery in order to take the lands in the old northwest ohio  south east outside thirteen colonies and they immediately set about doing it of course the words with a shout the creeds and leading up to green remove all but in the eighteen twenty thousand words series of cases  states and that says that the discoverer of the christian regimes miska her has the right to all the land discovered oh and that the people who are already there have no home rights whatsoever they can maybe stay there in the summer you know the u s government our own allows them to do but they have no inherent nations have treaties and not all treaties are really for self determination so there are some treaties like e g sixty eight zero see greeley they didn't drift is treaties here in the northwest that are extremely denounced the doctrine of discovery but of course the vatican the source but i think when i tell people about this that the u s controls native americans in the twenty first century under a papal poll of the middle ages they're really shocked and think that's absurd and so i think it's really important to teach people to include that practically the same document we took on in nineteen seventy seven to the un at twenty point programme that was you know the drill the broken treaties and we had then to negotiate for thirty years pretty well stood fast way to get every single thing we want to but we've got the language of self determination we've got the language of religious rights of inherent human rights rights to the land and territories of traditional not just the ones that are recognized by the government so this is a very own useful teaching tool but it's also a  this is an educational device it's very important tools and negative in the doctrine of discovery and affirming of the declaration i think is and will the larger question of how things will change we have to win over the image of higher except for the one curse them out of us and hopefully to change the society and i think only indigenous peoples