mechanics which provide only a short window every two years during which a mars mission could be launched the first attempt was unsuccessful due to a faulty shroud about thirty days later in on its way mariner four gave us our first look at interplanetary space between earth and the orbit of mars it sounded very much like that between earth and venus with one big exception a notable peak in the impact rate of cosmic dust activity was recorded on the monitors of the mariner project this and other interplanetary experiments returned almost twenty million such scientific measurements during the course of the flight on the three hundred seventh day of flight when it passed beyond effective range for data transmission mariner four was one hundred ninety one million miles from or a standing no significant magnetic field this and the lack of such features as mountain chains suggests that mars unlike earth may have a solid core in july nine hundred sixty five as the crucial flyby approached tracking stations of the deep space net around the world and the scientists at mariner control coordinated the final commands that turned on the cameras at a range of ten thousand five hundred miles mariner four began to take its pictures there were twenty two in all and they would cover one percent of the surface of mars the picture data were stored on magnetic tape for later playback to work as the spacecraft moved behind mars changes in the radio signals passing through the atmosphere of mars were recorded this our cultivation experiments show the martian atmosphere to be very thin and reveal the existence of an eye on a sphere picture information in digital form started to come in at six a m pacific daylight time on july fifteenth nineteen sixty five converted to shades of gray this is what the first picture looked like a revelation comparable to galileo's first view of the moon through a telescope there were twenty two pictures taken the last at a range of seventy five hundred miles there was scant evidence of erosion suggesting that the martian surface may be as it was a billion years ago with very little water present since that time perhaps the best is this one showing the craters probably caused by meteors distributed on mars in a pattern remarkably similar to that of the  after picture playback mariner for a return to reporting on interplanetary space with good data received up to last october first improved ground facilities may make it possible to resume tracking in nineteen sixty six and we hope for more good data but america four again moves nearer earth in nine hundred sixty seven the mariner mission answered many questions about the big one is there life on mars must wait voyager surface exploration mariner data will be used in designing voyager and in devising the experiments it will carry voyager is designed to explore mars by automated spacecra and landing capsules which may be later at optimal to other planetary exploration in one hundred sixty five the first part of design definition for the voyager spacecraft system was completed by each of three contractors the voyager spacecraft system well orbit mars to make measurements similar to those made by our earth satellites the spacecraft is also intended to carry instrumented capsules which can land on the martian surface to make direct contamination in bio clean rooms like this experimental facility instruments destined for planetary landings may be assembled with minimum risk of bacteriological contamination this is assured by a lemon air flow of clean air from ceiling to floor and by continuous monitoring meanwhile significant planetary exploration continues with a new series of pioneers under management of ames research center on december fifteenth pioneers six was successfully launched from cape kennedy by an improved delta launch vehicle its first of the series carries experiments in cosmic rays magnetic field solar plasma and radio propagation it will send back measurements from up to one hundred million miles away in the regions between the earth and venus in one hundred sixty five men in space made significant contributions to scientific knowledge during the gemini flights that year astronauts performed a wide array of scientific applications and technology even agriculture physiological and biological experiments in which the astronauts were either subject or experiment or demonstrated effects of the space environment on man and other forms of li some thirty experiments are in preparation for earth orbiting apollo missions and ten experiments are defined from placement on the lunar surface by an astronaut ionospheric physics dr curtis michaels nuclear physics dr harrison schmitt geology dr edward gibson engineering physics and a medical dr joseph kerr wi many projects within the complex bio science program relate to manned spaceflight lunar and plan atari exploration or deep space probe accomplishments of the bio science program and nine hundred sixty five touch upon all of these areas the first flight model of a bio satellite is now being built and tested ames research center manager of the bio satellite program as assisted experimenters to prepare thirteen experiments for the first bio satellites like three day orbit time lapse photography shows the test cycle for some experiments to be carried the effect of weightlessness on growth and movement will be studied using the pepper plant and sweet seedling embryo logical development will be studied using frogging and the effects of weightlessness will also be studied on the single seven experiments will be flown to study the combined effects of weightlessness and radiation bacteria mold spores plants and several insects will be you this mock up of the bio that life shows the spacecraft and experiment configuration for the thirty day mission in addition to the three day flights the bio satellite will orbit the earth for periods of twenty one and thirty days to determine the effects of the space environment on human cells rats plants and monkeys the physics and astronomy program is a fundamental importance to our national space after a family of orbiting observatories under management of the goddard space flight center is a major element in that program the first orbiting geophysical observatory was launched from cape kennedy in one nine hundred sixty four the second because of our eyes in orientation problems both were officially failures they must however be considered very successful failures based upon the quality and quantity of the data they continue to return ogle one is still operating fifteen months after launch all go to in orbit only a few months has returned less data but completed many successful orbits in the fully stabilized and pointed modes not achieved by although one it continues to give good data in its present spinning mill both algos have proven their capability to make a broad spectrum of measurements at the same time in the same place six from cape kennedy the orbiting solar observatory also sells is very important to the physics and astronomy program in orbit about the earth's atmosphere it can observe the effects of the sun on earth and interplanetary space without the blocking effect of the earth's atmosphere