sixty five was a successful year for space science and application there were the spectacular results of the ranger and mariner mission and the other significant accomplishments they could buy in star programs toward their objectives these objectives are to explore the moon the planets and the other planetary environment of our solar system to investigate the sun and its relationship to work the geophysical properties of the year and the physical nature of the universe to determine the biological effect of the space environment on earth life form and to search for and analyze extraterrestrial life to develop experiments for manned spaceflight which uses special capabilities of the trained astronaut as a sensor and if you later and evaluate the provide pretty doctoral training for scientists and engineers and grants for space science research projects and laboratory facilities to best use university resources for the national space effort to develop and manage launch vehicle system on which reliable space transportation for  depend to conduct research and development on media or logical satellite systems and support the weather bureau in applying them to an operational system to develop and apply space technology to other practical satellite applications such as communication and navigation in april nine hundred sixty five one accomplishment in communications was the nasa turnover of centcom three and centcom to to the department of defense for their operational you the basic engineering data plan for them had been largely collected when come three was launched in one nine hundred sixty four and maneuvered into the world's first for boysen teletype to southeast asia experiments in air to ground communications by satellite were successfully conducted in january between a ground station and a pan american airways aircraft in flight over the pacific the two way airborne terminal communicated via syn com three with a california ground station from a position as far away as hong kong and also a nine hundred sixty five communications for gemini manned space flights were routed through the sin com three spacecra early bird the first commercial communications satellite was launched by nasa in april for the communications satellite corporation on a reimbursable basis the payload was a direct outgrowth of centcom develop this use the type of transportable ground station first developed for glasses communications satellite program your nine hundred sixty five the first prototype model of an applications technology satellite was produced under the direction goddard space flight center this program is a major nasa effort in communications navigation and meteorology it is concerned with the advanced technology of gravity gradient and spin stabilized orientation systems it will also be used for antenna research and the determination of environmental effects on components technology experiments for the first flights have been selected and initial flight is scheduled for world each day the delta vehicle used in bunching tyros nine has successfully launched thirty one satellites in thirty four a nine was put into a nearly polar orbit over the rotating earth so that it can photograph the entire world each day the satellite was programmed to take four hundred pictures daily each day's coverage is converted to neff analysis maps which show the storm fronts on over the world these are made available to weather forecasters for their analyses the wheel configuration of tyros nine will be used in the series of operational satellites developed by nasa for the weather bureau this system will be known as top some satellites will carry cameras for automatic picture transmission to small receiving stations all over the world others will carry an advanced that ican camera with tape storage to send back its global observations to the united states in july nasa launch tyros ten for the united states weather bureau this latest tyros join tyro seven eight and nine in space and marks the first time that for weather satellites were operating simultaneously in september all four storm trackers photographed hurricane betsy making it the best followed hurrican in history cairo seven entered its third year of operation four times the expected lifetime for a weather satellite another use for tyros was weather monitoring before and during the eight day gemini five manned space flight because of a tyro spaced forecast of impending storms in the recovery area the mission was shortened by one or nimbus is now the focus of advanced research and development in the media a logical program work on the second flight model continued throughout nine hundred sixty five under the direction of goddard space flight center schedul for launching a nine hundred sixty six nimbus will carry both daytime and nighttime camera systems an attractive feature of the next nimbus will be the ability of small relatively inexpensive ground stations to receive live pictures during the daytime as well as infrared pictures at night nine hundred sixty five has the notable accomplishments in the lunar and planetary programs these include the completion of the successful mariner mission to mars the first flight of the new pioneer series of interplanetary missions and the success of the last two ranger photographic missions to them all the extraordinary pictures sent back from the successful ranger seven mission cost substantial modifications in earlier theories about the model they resulted in lunar maps and models of an accuracy and scale to within a few feet  february from cape kennedy by an gina has provided nasa with a versatile vehicle system since the beginning of nine hundred sixty four ten out of eleven launches were successful the ranger eight mission achieved its objective not the least of these was the further qualification of the sophisticated and highly accurate guidance and command system and of camera technology these systems perform to therapy when ranger nine was launched successfully in march as it approached the moon it sent back from its six cameras more than fifty eight hundred pictures of the lunar surface here is a speeded up  ranger nine marked the completion of the successful program managed by jet propulsion laboratory for nasa we have learned a great deal from this program about the type of earth a of several lunar areas for example the landing of the unmanned surveyor and the manned lunar excursion module the dark halos around the small craters in alphonsus suggest past or present volcanic activity the spectacular final photos of the ranger nine approach to alphonsus were seen live on television by millions of americans as they were taken they had a resolution of better than one foot just before a ranger nine impacted within a mile of the target sixty six using an atlas of gina de launch vehicle photographic reconnaissance will be its prime tatts and there is considerable flexibility in the way the photographs can be tied together last year ten potential areas were selected for coverage by the first mission they include examples of all the major types of the moon's surface to permit assessment of their suitability for spacecraft landing each is twenty two miles wide and fifty eight miles long nine of the ten sites are within the area proposed for apollo manned landings lunar orbiter will approach within twenty nine miles of the lunar surface at parity and may remain in orbit for up to one year this should make it an ideal vehicle to obtain scientific data as well as extensive photographic cover the end of the year saw the first like model of surveyor in final system test prior to show month to cape kennedy surveyor is our most complex unmanned lunar exploration project it is designed to make a soft landing on the moon and provide a wide variety of scientific data as well as to survey areas on the lunar surface as possible landing sites for manned missions this flight model surveyor and the prototype which preceded it underwent qualification testing throughout nineteen sixty five under the management of the jet propulsion laboratory the spacecraft was subjected to by breaking tests went into a simulated space environment in the solar thermal vacuum chamber with its ground support equipment the prototype were shipped to cape kennedy here it was used to check out the launch facilities and procedures then it moved to goldstone tracking station in the california desert here it underwent compatibility testing with nasa's deep space network on november twenty second a most significant milestone was passed in the surveyor program a t two and terminal descent test vehicle performed successfully on a combined tether and descent test at holloman air force base new subsystem you will note that once the vehicle was released from the balloon there was no discernible displacement in pitch your roll this stable descent attitude was maintained by the constantly varying frust output of the five hundred controlled engines responding to the commands of the flight control subsystem and to release the vehicle automatically adjusted to the planned descent trajectory until a constant rate of five feet per second was reached this constant descent rate can be seen as the time hunder stabilizing fuel cell to the side of the vehicle effect the spacecraft ma simulated lunar surface landing and was recovered by parachute at an altitude of five hundred feet from this first successful performance of the model we can conclude that the design is adequate to guide the spacecraft to a gentle landing on the moon the system will however undergo further testing many problems managerial and technical were overcome during this year of qualification and tests now a surveyor spacecraft is nearing site acceptance for the first mission the most difficult project yet undertaken in the space science and applications program sent our launch vehicle for surveyor has completed the first phase of its development program with the successful launch in august carrying a surveyor dynamic sun power is now fully qualified to meet surveyor direct descent requirement to burn development phase to put surveyor into parking orbit should be completed late in nine hundred sixty s