have two things in common i collect tools and implements and all of these are in my collection in a couple of large barns in walden  and the other thing these have in common is they were all made or invented in vermont and so hence the theme inventor vermonters next sli the third take i have in common is that they were all almost all made or invented in the one nine hundred century and the nineteenth century was quite a century terms of farm equipment and at the beginning of the century eighteen hundred eighteen hundred farming was pretty much like it was five hundred or a thousand years before at the end of that availability of iron and steel it became cheaper and the organization of manufacture into water or steam powered factories in the railroads which came mid century to vermont and by the eighteenth seventy's reached most of the even small towns in vermont expensive for us so farmers were motivated to try to find things to make their farming more efficient and enable them to use less labor next sli their workshops would think of clever ways to make things go better and they would invent things probably one of a kind in to so they were very stimulated to do that also there wasn't much cash to buy manufactured tools and implements so they made them themselves and sometimes a farmer would invent something really clever and maybe his neighbors might want copy of it in a rare case an invention might be really so excellent that it would be taken on by a factory and might be produced for even nationwide consumption next slide i almost every farm had a farm shop if only to repair tools implements that broke but other rainy days and bad weather days often you would find a farmer in a shop so he would probably not only be repairing things but he would possibly be creative and invent some some new i don't usually he had the tools to work iron to do woodworking to do  leatherworking and so usually had the means of using these materials to make things that he wanted next slide a few a few farmers like er hill in greensboro also did more sophisticated crafts cooper wheel writing furniture making he did little forming on the side probably late late seventeenth hundreds next slide about mid century and the the trades became more attractive to foreign boys and the reason for that is land became scarce and expensive western competition was making it less advantageous to farm it also with a of vermont not surprisingly focused on the dairy industry because that was the big agricultural enterprise also maple sugar  surprising it turns out vermont was the nation's leader in inventing and manufacturing scales next lloyd already there ok water powered factory so you saw the little shop little farm shop well the manufacturing moved downhill from these hillside farms to reliable water sources in so you begin to see small to medium size factories that were powered by water wheels and later by turbans in a course if you had powered machinery  your rate of production could increase in the unit cost would go down and so very quickly these factories really out competed the farmer and his shop or the small small sawmill and there powered by this upper dam and right here you see part of a building which is a butter tub factory and it's powered by this this lower dam so here's a typical  cluster of mills around a water power sort of mid century and there are a lot of these all were a lot of these all over the state of vermont ok next  it was a newspaper account of of their operation the company was in one building but there were multiple rooms in that building and each room  those were water powered machines so here we had so the product line from room to room to room so this was an early example of mass production where each room had its own specialized step in the process ok next slide the final step was the industrial complex i'll talk about for really large companies in vermont for machinery mostly in starter house kill company in fairbanks scale company that were that ever ties nationwide and shipped nationwide even worldwide to head sophisticated advertising memorable marketing names enter their products in competition so they had very sophisticated marketing these companies and that slide and here's here's how scale company in rutland it's an eleven acre site and you see railroads  which was extremely important here's a railroad here in another railroad a year or so ideally located and you can also see housing all surrounding them so this was a steam powered operation this would be in the in the late one nine hundred eighty nine hundreds so ideally located for bringing in raw materials and shipping out finished product next sli e from the sanborn insurance map it was able i was able to see exactly what was done where and as is contrast to do the fork in hoe the house scale complex operation was done in a separate building so now we have quite an expanded scale of operation ford shop of machine shop tin shop paint shop so every operation had had its building and so that was the evolution of manufacture of these kinds of agricultural goods in vermont ok next slide some of these were where where a new patents had to be differed from any patent that preceded it strangely that wasn't the case before eight hundred thirty six so now if you were going to patent an idea it had to be a new idea but didn't necessarily have to be a good idea lot of these ideas most of these ideas were overly complex or didn't really address a need that anybody had in work reliable or work difficult to manufacture so it was an unusual pattern that was really quite successful and that was true in vermont as well some inventors would just use trade secrets  they just didn't disclose this is particularly true with medications and and chemical compounds and things of that kind and or others kept improving their product and the competition just couldn't catch up so that was another way of doing it ok next slide here's an example of a boo trier invented by benjamin bu slide where did the tool come from early tools weren't worked so you it's almost impossible to know who made them or even where they're from or where they were made a lot of these tools t design stayed the same for decades or even centuries so you just don't know you don't have very much information too bad the makers rarely put their names there's a tendency vermont farmers are pretty careful how they spend their cash and they'll only buy something they only bought something if it really did  an important job for them maybe a job they couldn't do any other way or it allowed them to do it faster in often the farmer wanted to see his neighbor use the tool first and that was pretty good if if the neighbor thought it was a good tool and was satisfied that was probably the best the best recommendation for an expensive tool often farmers would share it with a neighbor or neighbors and they would share in the use of it ok next slide i think i've sort of already alluded to this most tools initially were almost all wood in the early part of the eighteen hundreds creasing really cast iron and steel was used as it became less expensive leather was of course available when animals were slaughtered  cork all kinds of materials spot but in very much smaller quantities and just for special uses ok next slide right the first company would talk about is mostly in starter  this was started in poll by frederick mostly and marvin stoddard joined a few years later to form mostly in starter company and they they did hold a patent on the the lid the lid had to be absolutely watertight and so the trick was how do you make it watertight and in and yet have it easy to remove and put back and so they had a patent for this next slide the other major early product was called a cabinet creamer and this was used to separate cream from milk and the reason why you would want to do that is to make butter essentially like butter was the toward the end of the eighteen hundreds was the primary cash crop for vermont farmers you had to separate the cream from the milk as the beginning step to produce the butter and this was what's called  this is a double container there's an inner container that holds the milk and then there's a space between a dinner container and this outer container that was filled with cold water  most farmers had running continuously running cold spring water and when you cool milk the cream rises faster so it's called a deep setting creamer in you can see a window here as winter allows you to see to see how much cream you have so after about twenty four to thirty six hours the cream would have risen to the top and then there's a spigot down here that allows you to draw the first first you would draw the skim milk off the heavy part in the light cream part you would have a separate container that you'd move under there in then turn the spigot on again to get the cream out  might be good enough but they also made bigger models for for larger farms ok another thing another dairy product that lizzie's tottered made was the  determining the amount of butter fat and milk in the amount of butter fat was important because if you're going to make butter from it the more butterfat you had the more butter you would make from it and even the cat in the farmers were paid on the basis of how much the butter fed content of their milk and so it was really important to be able to know how much butter fat was in milk for two reasons one the creamery paid the farmer based on the amount of butter fat and second the former in order to improve his herd wanted to know how much butter fat each cow produced in the house the produce more he would breed those to improve his herd couple of minutes and at the end of that time the the cream would have risen up to the top and you could measure the amount passes around you could take a closer look at it so this was a really important invention and it was it was the invention was given away so it could be patented a lot of these a lot of these testers were patented so pretty neat guy this professor babcock ok this one is belt driven which is a little unusual in the head to head a mechanism to to evaporators based on mr cook's patent mr cooke was not a vermonter but it was not unusual for vermont company to buy the rights of a patent from anywhere in the country in manufacture it a few years later it was incorporated as a promotion for machinery company in the next slide there's the cook portable sugar evaporator so this would be used not only for maple sugar but also for cane sugar what whatever kind of sugar you wanted to produce you know i'm not sure about that whether it was or it just made it more portable i assume you probably dragged along and i'm not sure whether it  the early nine thousand nine hundred so as the largest dairy equipment manufacturer in the country it was a big operation and located in bellows falls in a i think it was four or five story factory a pretty big operation and they had a lot of their employees invented and it was one in particular pearly kimb who was the plant superintendent that had a tremendous number of patents forty or more patents one of two or three of the most active  a machinist or waterbury and sold the rights to his patent to vermont for machinery so this would be filled up with milk and it would be submerged the unique thing about this it would be totally submerged so the water level would be like here in this little trap trap the air underneath so that the water that the cold water that was cooling this came down couldn't couldn't get into the into the milk you can see here through windows this upper window allows you to see how much cream has risen to the top this clever device here in this position the valve is off ok so you see how much cream you have here like four inches ok then you move you move this up to four inches ok all of the so pretty pretty clever so mr cooley designed the basic idea of fully submerged can but then other vermont for machinery employees modified to calf they did this this clever device kids sit in this holds for cans yes there would be continuously circulating spring water and there is an elevator mechanism that raises and lowers the company sold a lot of these so this was about as far as you could go with gravity separation ok to exploit the next step and the second big invention for dairy down it began to be used on the form it still wasn't cheap it was a hundred to two hundred dollars which was a lot of money for a farmer at that time but this did a big job important slide there it is here's the milk reservoir or the boulder spinning bowl that does the actual separation is in here here's the crank and you see this is these are all gearing in here so this is a speed up gearing that propelled this this ball revolving ball of very high speeds and the produced the cream was was very high so so this this was probably the most important product of vermont form a sheet it was covered by a large number of patents  most mostly by pearly kimball and most of it had to do with the spinning bowl that was inside here next slide they advertise heavily here is uncle sam a good extremely good from the point of view next slide here it's being promoted at a at a county fair next floyd and here's what it looks like the ball spinning b which in order to clean it you have to remove each karun in washington separately probably some of you have have even used this kind of  then they would use the patent rights that they had purchased to bring suit against competitors and usually didn't seem to work out too well because they seemed to lose most of those cases  so here's an example of a farm implement that was heavily covered by by patent and the reason was it was such an important product big a big profit making product ok next slide ok every time you use a centrifugal cream separator you had to wash it thoroughly and if you didn't it could contaminate the next batch of a crank driven device would speed up gearing it and you would put that bullets circulating around inside here and it would spin spin that pull in here in much of my surprise they recommend just using water i thought it was some sophisticated cleaning agent but apparently not it still is rotated at high speed is a perv that was enough to clean the ball so that was supposed to be a big  be i go i would think it would be cold water because i don't know about your experience but when you try it would you try to run something out with milk or cream in it it works much better with cold water i haven't seen anything in the probably one of the most hated tasks it was hard to do it was hard work and also you had to keep up the speed in order for the the separator to work properly so so  why not use the family dog or the family go to sheep to do the job instead so so small animal treadmills were designed to do this job also work well for butter churns in but the dog had to be pretty good size had to be over one hundred pounds you saw a chihuahua would work too well on this this treadmill  lloyd and there's an example from my collection this one this one was sold by mostly in starter budget but it was made by  founder it's one of the lord was one of the largest foundries in vermont they were foundries all over the state of vermont dozens of them and provided very important service for invent you here's where you hang the thing that you're weighing ok what he did was to put a rod here down to a platform that was level with the ground when you put something on the platform the platform was was movable in a and the more you put on the platform the more pulled on this and you would move to weight along to actually determine the entire weight so before you had to hang something from this ok which was very inconvenient you had to put a rope around it or a hook through it or something but yeah you could with a platform you could just put it on the platform you could drive a wagon on the platform so as a big it was a big step forward brothers really hit on a really important in advance in way and they built a huge company in st john's spring it was a big big industrial complex there establishment they were making over three hundred different types of scales anything you wanted to weigh they had a special scale just just for that whatever it was tobacco butter you name it they had us a scale to weigh it need needed to take a sample from it to find out the the amount of butter fat and also to test it for before bacterial content so this scale with position at the receiving door slide right right ok here's the way can this is pretty good size it's probably maybe three feet across so it can hold the delivery of multiple former would come ok the next beam would be used and so on until it can be pretty well filled up and they would empty the cancer here's a specialized skill that  more dairy farmers who went to year round milking the may day they had better boards that were tighter during the winter they stored hay and grain to feed through the winter and they could get higher prices for their for their milk and cream during the winter time but the problem is that the resulting butter made from it was almost white and nobody wants to buy white butter even though it tastes the same so you would add color to it in that wells richardson company made butter color so so you dump me so you pour  cavalry the most decorated most promoted military man during the civil war from vermont so a good name to have is a first name of your the nationwide and here is an example of of their advertisements for better color with the attractive young lady next line they shipped in these wooden boxes cents you didn't need much butter color it was pretty potent and this was this was a dandelion brand so if you're butter look like dandelions i guess you'd be pretty happy so  these trade secrets so i have not yet been successful in finding out what it was i would think by now it wouldn't be much of a secret but i don't know the answer probably and probably a death toll would maybe some other things but i don't know the answer ok all right now now we've got the cream suitably colored no we need to turn it in and there were a lot of patented from one butter to rinse this is one by mr feiler arrest misfired interesting guy he was quite entrepreneurial in very  mobile he made shaving boxes in bourke at the beginning of his career than that he met a fracture size stones in bradford i wouldn't clock works in chelsea if finally you know he was in brattle towards here's one of his clocks he didn't make the case he made his his patent had to do with the works and some skilled woodworker do the case a bunch of stationary rods so yes you can you can imagine when this was turold at high speed the agitation of the of the cream between this moving and stationary post was pretty extreme so this was called an atmospheric method of charging where were the agitation was tremendous and it was supposed to turn quickly in put air into the into the cream sold the the license to his patents to other people and here is one of littleton hampshire who was manufacturing his history and i've located two or three other manufacturers in vermont so it was a popular turn ok with the davis swing voter tour which was extremely successful it was manufactured by vermont for machinery again this is very different from the fire toured this chamber had no internal structures at all so as you swung this chamber back and  forth the cream sort of nicely over turkey there was no extreme agitation and so the the claim here was that the lack of extreme agitation produced bigger butter crystals and made a better quality butter so who do we believe you know feiler or davis so two radically different approaches this churn was sold by the railroad car full  supported from below on a pivot and it had restoring springs one on each side for some reason this didn't work out probably the springs maybe got stretched or didn't you know you push it back and forth and it uses a large cast really weight that controls the movement it swings back and forth as the church chamber goes back and forth so interesting another interesting design wonder with these corners here might be a little difficult to get all the butter out so i saw i'm not sure how practical that kind of you know rectangular design was you know here's mr harris  house scale company this is the other big company one of the four big companies in vermont francis strong and thomas ross came up with the idea of using ball bearings to support the scale platform in order to protect the delicate way mechanism inside it was a very clever idea a very good idea and it led to the house scale company strolling in ross joined john how it is foundry in brandon he bought the right it then becomes became the house scale company they moved to rutland and i already competitions which they never believe won in so fairbanks decided they were going to go into a more competitions and instead they went into a big advertising campaign trying to run down house scale company so they had vermont so there was the ball bearing and here is a part of the way platform so it it allowed sideward motion without transmitting the force into the weighing mechanism so that was the claim to fame here next slide here is what the year buildings look like in brandon ok next lloyd when you add salt to butter which usually is the case it has to be in a certain ratios he have to know the weight of the butter and then you add just so much salt to make it taste correctly so that's how th scale was used next lloyd and of course they want to advertise the fact that they won a medal in this exhibition and they have it prominently displayed on the on the porcelain and it ran along this linear gear it was easier and smoother to work so you would put the butter in here when it was salted and you would run this roller back and forth the hole here somewhere i don't see it where is it production there were actually powered butter workers so this would typically be used on the on the farm ok next slide ok after you had squeezed the buttermilk out the next step is to print the butter if you were going to print it you could pack it into to a butter tub that was the other approach forty fifty pounds of butter in the tub like kemble invention and here's what it looks like so this would be pushed you could actually you could actually do the butter printing right in this butter probably use something like this in then wrap the butter in on the wrapper would be the name of the  so so here's a here's another another pearly kimball invention made by verwoerd for machinery ok next slide there's an ad for it  and so if you wanted to print butter with with really nice designs on it you would go to somebody like mr ken or sid and in buy from him this is  what he's known for the next slide mr kenner sin in the middle james here is his wife lucy of mirrors the the forbes stead on his dairy farm next slide and here's the print just showed you next slide so in order to get the butter out of the mold you turn the mold upside down you can see like that here's the print block here the butter is seen here we have a butter flat butter paddle on the bottom and then after you have removed the box then you would separate the print block from the butter with a pattern on it here's flora bickford one of generous a block carvers interesting she and her sister ran a large dairy farm with a with a couple of hired men i don't think either of them ever married  pretty interesting pretty impressive here in the four by themselves must have been pretty unusual situation in the in the eighteen hundreds ok once you part of the butter l it's sort of a spring arrangement you squeeze it you squeeze it to to open it up and then it pops back again to   you squeeze these two loops here and that allows you to open it when the two loops spring back to their original position they hook into two little latches there in this plate here would provide pressure on the top of this plate to compress the kurds and these arms would be the thing that would would push these two plates together so the more it went down the ward these scissor like or would go up in the more pressure would be pushed here so the weight of of this mechanism plus the cheese was the thing that actually provided the force the compressor force so you didn't have to constantly be readjust just put the kurds in there in a day later you would come back in your cheese would be would be ready so this is called a self acting cheese press in apparently mr white back next lloyd and here's his press here hear the talk about joints here and here and you could see there's a there ropes here and there's a drum  here's a second type of press that he designed using a a a snail cam so the further this rotates the more pressure you put on the cheese  rupert so here's a nice example of a doctor a lawyer a minister a lot of these people were not only literate but they were very inventive so here's a doctor who benteke something for the maple sugar industry yeah under the rights to this were bought by who else from art for machinery if you bought one of their crap for it or so it would throw in one of those there wasn't really a very successful invention ok so here was a very clever pin you push it through in the pop it's like a spring next slide so the spring board would go around the around release release ok here we go ok it's supposed to be easy to really like this ok so when the cow went out to graze you'd open it up he would come back she would come back into a stall and then you would simply push it in like this and it would close and hold the cow could move up and down to feed you could do so i just saw i just was on chains to get at the stall side water  pregnant on a regular basis a bull is an animal that's very unpredictable very dangerous so usually most people put their ring through the bull's no if you pulled on the ring it was painful you know the big feature here was this server a good thing and you would twist that and it would you know make it even more painful i guess that's the idea  this is no marking on it in for the longest time i didn't know word came from or who made it but next slide i was able to find a patent so here's where the patent comes in handy this was you know virtually yeah it's got a short sharp edge and you push it through the the bull septum morning when the bulls young maybe nine months old and then you put it together you put a small  which is a disease of the of the horses called the century disables the horse and he made a hole you could see big factory very successful he was