schedule formative lectures and find some member thanks very much for having us let's come i've talked about this topic rest of the talk a bit about the science of climate change of course it's a climate science is a key topic with all sorts of complexities but  what's happening because of human activities it's bad but the overall consequence of that for people and other living things are more negative often scientists agree that there's a consensus among scientists who work in this area on those first reports and there's hope that they're stuff that we can be doing to minimize space if we didn't have any atmosphere but what's been understood since the you can tell by the all time picture since the nineteenth century from scientists like john tyndall is that there are some gases in the sphere they're called greenhouse gases they can absorb the radiation that was on its way back into space and then readmitted back towards earth so the effect of having greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide being a big one in the keeps the earth to a little town what's new in the last hundred years or so is human enhanced greenhouse that's where we humans have increased the amounts of these different greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide if you look over a longer time period over like the last thousand years so all of human history then you can see that for almost all of our history we've had civilization carbon dioxide was pretty much  so in a few decades we've increased the levels of this major greenhouse gas by over forty percent so it's a pretty radical experiment with plan b and if you look if you want to take it over an even longer timeframe of a couple hundred hundred parts so what's the consequence of this well exactly what radius would have been surprised to see a hundred years ago increasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases you look at the temperatures global temperature particularly since ninety fifty it's been going up in the last few years to get the hottest years ever course i should mention the was so we've seen this rise in temperature it's what you would have expected knowing about the greenhouse effect works and when scientists look at data try to explain that the only way they can explain it is by accounting for mentioning because there's a lot of misconceptions partly from how the media has covered it people often think there's a lot of scientific controversy this and there really isn't i mean scientists of course climate scientists agree disagree on the details of areas are still trying to sort out but the sort of big overall picture that we have warming happening it's because we've been into the c o two levels that sort of fundamental big picture understanding i because i have a question for you guys now another participatory effort so lobel greenhouse gas emissions you have all of the emissions from all the countries in the world are going up that's this graph that i'm showing you now two degrees that topped out of line or hopefully even down to one point five so my question for you is what would a missions have to be so what's that missing graph and the top two graphs we say me points here which is a lot of people think in order to stabilize the  and around two scenarios the right scenario is more on the order if we do nothing the last scenario is what if we stabilize around two degrees and you can see and all the color changes are relative to today's percent reduction we need to manage risk this is really in many ways acting today is like an insurance policy to manage our risk there's a phrase that i like which is we need to avoid the on manageable and we need to unavoidable so we need to avoid the unmanageable which is a four degree temperature change and all the ice caps melting and the sea level rise going up meter so three or four feet at the coast we need to just not have that happen and then we need to manage the unavoidable which is we are going to live in a warmer world you know what can we do to make our can we to adapt to make our society  thing that is also true about all this is happening now whether it's the forest fires in the west or whether it's california as you know longer than usual droughts or flooding of the mississippi or even increased hurricanes like  to texas we have examples of it all throughout and the scientific ability of scientists to kind of link that to the likelihood of a hurricane and various things getting better and better and just one example  rise flooding cities for the washington monument and some of the places d c this is shanghai you know huge financial infrastructure lots of the world's economy is around the coast you know eighty percent of offshore wind and now in northern europe and elsewhere of course our own project off the coast of the cape we have a huge a variety i just action everywhere in the globe and i say it's more than the experts would predicted and this is one of them i kind of like this slide so that the idea is the international energy agency there you know sort of a whole international body of experts from around the globe to try to predict what scenarios are in the future and so every couple  world and they predicted it would be relatively flat growing or relatively flat and then a couple years later this is the red line here in two thousand and two when they wrote their next report and they said oh it's a little higher and it's going to handle fires they were a little more optimistic about it and then they did a couple to more times and you can see in the last one two thousand seventy set up we'll just start where the real world is because i just picked up on the blue line and won't draw fire and this time is the highest of all but the experts and that i think can bring hope and in fact since two thousand and nine the last seven years at least since twenty thirteen there has been more renewable generation added to the world's energy system than there has been fossil so just to say that now this is not necessarily happening in the united states but around the world on the globe investors are putting more panda wind and solar on to the grid than they so let's just say there's lots of action happening locally not just the global scale but local scales the sort of background trend about what's what's driving costs what's allowing for us to take action is that the prices of everything that are falling dramatically  only had talks crowd emissions trading caps and carbon tax that frees the fossil energy but then we have this other part of the cycle which is when you do more technology and you do anything you get better you learn and you i mention it because putting up how much you fly that can be a pretty big part of the personal food personal terms my family of four last year we flew to vancouver for a vacation so those four flights were had a bigger footprint than our home heating for the year or our car drive so that adds up it's not on here keep it in the back of your mind it's the things that are happening in the dome of those can see in the residential struck side it's almost half of the emissions are from our cars and trucks or vehicles and most of the rest of about forty percent of the rest of it is from fuel oil and natural gas from what we used to heat our houses so we were thinking in the energy committee in particular about ways to reduce carbon dioxide those two i mean there's emissions from electricity to the us travis was saying as we move towards renewable electricity those will go down but the bulk of our emissions right now are coming  with home heating there's a thing called electrical heat pumps which a lot of people not heard about actually although we all have them in our homes our refrigerators and air conditioners are he problems basically they use electricity to move from one area to another so from the inside of your take heat from the inside of your refrigerator to the rest of your kitchen or from the inside of your head is to the outside of your premises your air conditioner the things you can heat in the winter by the same kind of principle of just going the other way around and then moving heat from outside into your house and he pumps or electric vehicles in both cases even with today's those are those are some of the big areas that within the tell individual households have a large impact not just tweaking small that the sun that's been done in lots of different countries in british columbia there are actually two bills in massachusetts the house legislature the state legislature right now that are looking at doing something similar for their support travis talked about some of the other nineteen ninety by twenty thirty so they kind of did the next ten year target i think of it that way and at thirty percent again we need to go eighty percent so that means there's fifteen more percent to do in the next twenty years after they start so overall i think it's great for the continuing and moving on but if there's still a lot of work after that kind of pushing off until the final twenty years  new gas plant or basically kind of investments into fossil energy these would be effectively public supported goods because all the increase in infrastructure would be passed on to the rates for thirty or which is one that is kind of old but i like it and that there are to mold a while ago we did not believe it didn't seem to be a lot of large people group of people in this this room today but it's this says here what if it's a great big hoax and we the question is it's really cold in the room today and this room right here and now how much damage  it was like one or two degrees different than estimated the average energy saving it could not only save on emissions  to put from consultants who look at this to look at those different ones and i believe the options that he would have that they look to the biggest greenhouse gas production come from the one that will really sell to people certain number pay a certain amount for each bag of trash that you throw out with the idea it's sort of like carbon pricing if you actually have to pay for it pay attention to the way you're doing it reduce throwing out stuff that doesn't need to be think that would be a n out quite yet they're trying to figure out what the next step is another related possible issue is right now we do certain yard waste composting on incinerator site and that site is actually in would be discussions of putting on top of generating maybe putting on top of the wellington and other schools and making sure that it's part of the design goals of you know high school making sure the high school is energy efficient  process of trying to find out something fair it ended with the current system in which we have something that's called basically sort of oh  actually say because you will not have a better financial time and opportunity to install solar than the next six months because the state incentives are changing so basically how much you get paid from the m so you have less incentives but higher cost and basically this is the time to now i think it's still a good deal i mean i don't think so the question was what if what if we just install last summer and i think worst and i did too by the way but i think i have