terry bragg who's the director of professional staff affairs he works for the office of the registrar and he's the hospital archivist and he's been that way for about thirteen years sixteen years so terence put together a very interesting before maclean actually is founded the first song is how new england was established and was in the sixteenth sixty two and there were three attempts during the eighteenth another take another step back it's a look at boston seven hundred seventy five at the time the american revolution was a population of about sixty thousand people serve year at best taking twenty one physician serving sixteen thousand people that was in fact a fifty percent increase in positions over the previous fifteen years and seventeen eighty those twenty one physicians founded the boston medical society which in turn the following year in seventeen eighty two you have the founding of the massachusetts medical society and also they assisted in the funding of harvard medical school in seventeen eighty two by sponsoring john warren's first and comical lectures now it takes about another thirty years before you have your first journal the boston medical surgical journal begin publishing an treatment of the mental mentally ill rather than the inadequate treatment of the physically sick which led reverend john bartlett the chaplain of the on house in boston to write a letter about fifteen prominent boston gentlem seeking funds to establish a hospital among these two people were doctors john ward and james jackson both of these doctors and eighteen ten wrote a letter t the population of boston called the circular letter and emphasized the need for a hospital careful nursing in the teaching value of an institution in february twenty sixth eighty to levon the legislature granted  charter to the massachusetts general hospital and their included a separate institution for the mentally ill in eight hundred sixty following the war of eighteen twelve there was a canvassing to raise funds for the hospital in ten days they raised the price of ninety four thousand dollars of which forty four thousand dollars consistently so the side for mental institution the need was great enough that the purchase the barrel estate pleasantville charlestown which they did for fifteen thousand six hundred fifty dollars they purchased the teenagers what you have here is a slide of a sketch of the barrel mansion that was built after the purchase of this property in this building it took them another seven eight months to find a physician to be in charge of the asylum they found  than any other physician at the time however he was the first full time medical superintendent of an american mental hospital mansion both into design when supplying staircase which was supported by only the two columns that you see this is in fact one of the one of two pieces that actually survived that whole structure and in fact it's on display at the somerville historical museum currently another feature that's distinctly bullfinch was the design of the oval room on the interior of the  house in fact this picture was taken after eight hundred twenty six because on the on your mind left hand side of the picture of the portrait there is a portrait of john mcclane for which the a upon taking over his duties rufus wyman set out with both things to design two additional wings to offset and augment the superintendent's house in fact the superintendent's house was not only served as the residence for rufus wyman and his family but also it housed about eight patients as well and in fact in the first year of existence mclean opening in october one of eight hundred eighteen there were nine patients admitted bullfinch designed the two additional wings and added a third story to the administration building  philosophy differed significantly from most alms houses and the treatment of the mentally ill throughout the united states at that time first and foremost wyman did not believe in bleeding purging although those were still recommended by benjamin rush the leading position in america he did not believe in physical restraints he did develop camel stalls and mittens for patients who were violent to save them from harming themselves he hired staff to attendants as what he called them to look after patients and they were not allowed to strike a patient even in self defense wyman's philosophy of moral treatment also set about to establish a regimen of divergence work putting a regular set to habits to a person's everyday life in fact weinmann also specified upon admission of a patient that they needed to remain for three months for treatment adequate treatment and anyone who didn't want to greet to a three month stay was not admitted in fact at that time also being the first hospital in new england and the only hospital for the mentally ill why many of the trustees set up a sliding fee scale those who could pay more paid more than those who could not pay at all word admitted free and there were several wealthy boston merchants who provided donations and funds to support free bed care at the institution this is a view of becoming the silent up on the hill in the background in the foreground is actually the bullfinch building at the massachusetts general hospital this is really before the back bay is filled in and you get a sense of how close actually the institutions were about two miles apart the third superintendent luther bell starts to advocate for additional buildings in fact in the eight hundred thirty s you have the building of the appleton houses by william and samuel affeldt appleton bankers and merchants on beacon hill provided ten thousand and twenty thousand dollars respectively for the building of the two appleton houses on the property one for males and one for female patients who through bell superintendent the third superintendent was a founding member of the american psychiatric association is also one of the founding members of the first american journal of insanity and first journal actually for the act publications and research into the causes and treatment of many of the mentally ill  probably one of the leading ten or twelve people in the country in the field of psychiatry at that time luther bell was also a friend of horace mann who was involved in the educational reform movement  here in massachusetts he came from a long line of distinguished family from new hampshire serving in the legislature in the state senate in that state dorothea dix a friend of luther ballard who came and visited mclean asylum and then from there she championed the cause of the mentally ill and of the establishment of state hospitals here in massachusetts as well as new york new jersey pennsylvania in fact she went on to become the first female to hold in a position in the united states government she was a superintendent of nurses during the civil war this is the famous view of mclean hospital first appeared in gleason's pictorial companion in may of eight hundred fifty three and you get a sense of they live read their goods from boston harbor up miller's river the railroads began to surround the property at this time the boston low main route and main railroad began to search and circle it in fact within a mile of the institution became the changing yards and this is significant in that the whole moral treatment philosophy was based upon a country pastoral like atmosphere from which the patients would be removed from their urban environment which supposedly to contribute to their mental illness the railroads in fact caught were probably the main reason why the mclean asylum eventually moved to belmont this is a bird's eye view of the asylum as it was fully developed during the civil war with the last building being built luther val began to champion for the need for new space another location the start you see the boston low road up top and there are actually having problems with patients trying to escape trying to jump the railroad and leave the institution is that this this is a an actual picture of the  hospital as you looked up from charles town onto the hill the administration building up to the top this is a view of the buildings as you looked up from miller's river and how it developed with the two wings that bullfinch designed along with his understudy matthew parris the sick superintendent of mclean hospital john tyler was superintendent from hundred fifty seven right after luther bell and then again in the late eight hundred sixty s he became the first professor of psychiatry at harvard medical school in eight hundred seventy two until eight hundred seventy two most ninety years after the founding of the medical school they finally have a professor of mental diseases on their faculty and tyler was also instrumental in  patient divergences in terms of purchase pianos billiards and that kind of thing to keep patients occupied no marion or a little lamb she has a connection with mclean hospital mary sawyer sterling massachusetts who nursed the baby lamb back to help from follow her to school actually was the first female matron of the mclean asylum she married john tyler the steward and she was actually  can consider probably the first nurse predecessor nurse of the institution it was the billiards room the exercise room interesting it's a bowling alley this is in the women's gymnasium still on the asylum  tyler also brought in a gymnastics teacher dr dio lewis who was a professor at harvard to instruct the patients in the daily exercise and regimen patients and staff play ball together this baseball photograph was actually used by ken burns in the history of baseball documentary and in fact he said this is one of the earliest photographs of baseball being played belmont and looks at the site where the current metropolitan state hospital is he reviews the site in dorchester your views the site need him he reviews the site down the plymouth also at the same time the trustees hire him local man  civil engineer named joseph curtis to do also some different site surveys in brookline area well in eight hundred seventy five the building committee headed by edmund a white trustee of the  still fallow news there is still planning their move they don't have enough money to support the new construction however the m g h corporation decides it needs a convalescent home a nursing home they build the convalescent home on the property closer to mills street not too far from where the housing complexes at the corner of palo and mill just up from that this building actually existed in service with service as an earth nursing home convalescent home until world war one when it was torn down so this is the first building on the property of mclean hospital following this  at gettysburg as a surgeon left an impression upon him about the need for hospitals organization and good management in fact the management that he put into place a boston city hospital was so good that forty years later there were still commenting about on the administrative excellence that he provided to them his selection at mclean hospital led to several different things he established a nursing school the first nursing school in the world for nurses to be trained in the treatment of mentally ill and eight hundred eighty to establish research laboratories which i'll get into later in this talk he also was the person who lobbied for and the legislature passed a law eight hundred eighty one that allowed voluntary admissions to the hospital and in fact by by the turn of the century over half of the admissions to mclean hospital were voluntary by people  themselves requesting admission and also colleagues took leadership in the teaching of medical students as well but more importantly oversaw the move and the building in development of the council so good at building well he had gotten his first experience of building a hospital when he was in charge of the building of the mary hitchcock memorial hospital at dartmouth his alma mater he had some ideas about how to build a mental hospital the trustees also did not to take away from them they all thought the cottage concept was what they wanted this property allowed itself to be developed according to that model and he set about doing this now this is an artist's rendering of the hospital before the buildings are built eight hundred ninety two construction is just beginning actually eight hundred ninety two they're laying out the roads they're building to begin construction l g ninety two early eight hundred ninety three this map this artist rendering is almost exact to scale as to how the buildings were situated and architectural design  yes it is and that's what that's why the scale is a little bit off because in fact down here in the bottom right is the pleasant street lodge wanted the buildings to be and then they set about hiring the architects for each building and joseph curtis is the man who actually along with howells develop the property almost stands involvement tube that was labeled mclean but there were no drawings found in that tube and spite all of their extensive cataloguing no such strong have appeared we have at the hospital what has been attributed to own a what's been dated eight hundred seventy five sketch number two that showed a early design of just the interior perimeter of the basically the administration building and showing the two buildings on the side in the one building behind the administration building it may have been their own to draw any it could very well be a joseph curtis drawing because curtis is the main person  the overall guiding architect karl pham are from boston who are the constant throughout this process in fact curtis was hired by call's to lay out the roads to actually cite the buildings and there's always been a discussion amongst historians about almost ted's thoughts and his supposed that drawing of the institution that he would always said that they never designed it like he had wanted them to or how he had drawn it out to be well my suspicion is that if that eight hundred seventy two sketch number two is almost dead the difference is that when they actually went to put in the cellars and put in the tunnels that connect the buildings they ran into ledge it changed where the buildings actually got cited the trustee set aside two hundred eighty eight thousand dollars to construct this facility they manufacturing industry and that extended from lancaster up to experience and also he was a merchant as well his son passed away shortly after graduating from harvard college in the early ninety's and it was on that that he actually donated the monies for that building also on the  institution only to the bill that building to also spur fundraising and that gave the trustees the financial wherewithal to actually begin the building process it took three years to building the hospitals was constructed by italian immigrants some of the marble workers unbelievable within the buildings the whole tunnel   department to deliver food to the various units how did they bring patients from some from somerville out to belmont by cared they were used to taking carriage rides cowles didn't want to make a spectacle of the whole transferring of a hospital from one location to another so they took kerry drives and they never returned back to somerville they came to the new hospital now up and was it was one of the two of the first buildings that opened on the property it was a house building designed to house sixteen male patients the total number of patients that mclean was originally currently serves as a partial residential halfway house for patients who many of them hold jobs in the community to return there for the evening here's an idea of the interior this was the patient's dining room in appleton house at the turn of the century there were cooks in each building there were maids to serve the food in each building  seventy nine to nineteen zero four where this report shows that over sixty percent of the patients during that time period who were admitted paid less than the cost of their care while they were in patients at the hospital again the trustees had their flight a sliding fee scale and it did serve to be able to support many of the patients who could not afford to come to mclean  also during this time we have a very large growth of the state hospital system here in massachusetts but mclean i think has the that myth a reputation for treating  you did serve that kind of patient it was an older patient population as well for about a ten year period when a very small piece of our history if you have a patient sitting room that that the hospital was divided with the north side beating being for male patients the south side for female patients buildings such as poly each in wyoming that were on the f exterior hinterlands of the institution were for the more violent patients patients were separated according to class of illness as well the patients  early thirty's it comes from one of the nursing students from that time period coming up from the bandstand waverley hopes this is a picture of mill street lodge it served as one of the residence for  physicians as well as their families the nursing students they all lived on the third floor of the in patient buildings as well as the nursing students  under the supervision of the nursing instructors served the patients on each of the units as part of their training in fact mclean did not suffer through any of the short nursing shortage is that many of the  general hospitals suffered under and about three or four different occasions during the twentieth century because we had our nursing school and we had the the help readily available this is a superintendent's residence that was on the property designed by cowell's currently back behind the elliott mo morial chapel on the ground currently i'm actually on on occupied this time the women's auxiliary the first friends of mclean in eight hundred ninety seven they set up an art room they started providing art history classes patients are actually not only art history classes but are actually painting themselves destroyed at that time the rest of it i had in the archives when i came in one thousand nine hundred one it is now out in use in various offices patient buildings this is a map of mclean hospital as greenhouses and piggery to get a sense of the property at that time and it actually included the purchase of the brown farm as well as the  purchase of the act ins and underwood parcel about thirty seven acres that was up off a concrete avenue that i guess was originally part of the highland farm the turner reform hospital actually it's far as i can tell it was about another piece of property that was purchased that i think the total original or the largest at least piece of property that the hospital mclean asylum in eight hundred forty eight was the first is to institution to introduce hot water heating in this country so they were always advanced in the their self sufficiency and in fact  this power plant function for the hospital up into the mid one nine hundred sixty s power plant crew the turn of the century apple orchards on the property  farm complex the first single patient cottage that was designed and built at mclean hospital was hope cottage it was designed and built in one thousand nine hundred six donation of sarah match sarah match and it's also important that she's the first person to provide research dollars she was first person to donate she donated five thousand dollars to the research division and that led to some very important parlor area it was there were about eight single patient cottages erected over time on the hospital property paid for by the families a family member would live there with maids the hospital would provide seeing care in physicians care and upon use of the death or the family no longer have a need for the building they turned it over to the hospital it's part of a payment for the services provided for their family member patients bedroom sitting room this is all whole cottage and family like that in an atmosphere this is west cottage which is now hidden by the what i call the concrete bunker of the home children center that was built in the late sixty's early seventy's it was the second single patient cottage that was erected in the property about  north cottage which is probably the farthest cottage towards concord avenue down mill street on the property and other was a single patient residence arlington house which is now houses are arlington school which as the architectural firm who had designed the massachusetts pavilion during the shook up for the chicago world's fair so it's a very elaborate and very different structure inside the lens itself which dreamily well to the high school that we now have this is a view of the administration building about nineteen twenty five nine hundred thirty rigs i know it's at least that because it predates the  george tuttle spent about six thousand dollars trying to get rid of gypsy moss and brown tail moss on the property obviously to no avail but it's the first record i find him trying to fight something that you're now experience what every seven or eight years here treatment philosophy the moral treatment philosophy the surrounding land is still a part of that whole therapeutic environmental approach to treatment however exercise this is  medicine with certain drugs such as digitalis being used or whatever you do not have what we would know today is really a pharmaceutical or medical treatment of mental illness until the  part of the training of nurses and the patients occupational therapy basket weaving loom room woodworking shop for the man part of this to work to service the hospital is part of it self sufficiency in the hospital had its own laundry its own seamstress it made all its caps and gowns for the nurses that made its furniture made its carried jews  everything was majority of it was made right on the property for the use of the institution in fact to save probably the farm save the hospital probably fifteen thousand dollars annually years nurses learning about leather cra in fact some of the books and some of the records that have survived or are as a result of the nurses in the patients in the bookbinding shop actually saved a good portion of the old asylum library for me when i course in the ball nurses got trained in golf and to be able to golf with their patients this is right in front of the up and building this golf course was there until the early sixt when the bowling alley it's still in the recreation building today it's part of patient recreation therapy tennis tennis courts are actually gone that's now a parking lot hopefully they'll be able to bring some of that back the picture of your body for periods of research and mental illness because it's the first hospital to have a research laboratory designed for biochemistry psychology physiology auto fawley was pictured in this was one of the people and word powell was able to hire as a result of the off in the late eight hundred eighty s to go study under g stanley hall when he was at johns hopkins university to learn about the new experimental psychology and physiology one thing i like about colleges he didn't accept as fact that he was superintendent and that he didn't need to learn this man was forever learning throughout his entire career when studied under hall he came back he hired one of hall's students another physician william noyes to set up the early laboratories noise and all this talk his successor basically functioned in one man shows until auto falling was prodded by call's from west virginia university who established a bio chemistry lab to fall in went on to become the first professor of biochemistry at harvard medical school and the first nine am the faculty member at harvard medical school research into metabolism studies and its relationship to mental illness all proof faults the lasting legacy of colin's research was that he was a man of methods and his biochemical methods were sound solid and as late as one nine hundred forty four the leading authorities of that day were still say that we don't need to go back and redo without all falling dead we know that his research was solid and we in fact we used his methods in our current research so we found the right man in fact he proved a lot of theories fault and he and his successor frederick lyman wells began to do time motion studies early educational testing studies they were not believers in f they were believers in biological psychiatry which didn't have that wasn't a term that was coined until probably twenty or thirty years later france came in one thousand know for france in fact is the first person that i can find in america not only doing psychological research but he also had a primate colony it was actually doing primate research as well it was partly as a result of a graduate student gilbert ben your students in france actually set up the first primate research lab at mclean hospital this is another view of the psychological laboratory that was on the second floor of the recreation building we graduated from individual little laboratories to a research building this is the biological research laboratory built in one nine hundred forty four to forty six you know opened in may of one nine hundred forty six this was the beginning of modern research at mclean hospital as we know it today had a staff of eight researchers one of them alfred pope who came in one nine hundred forty seven after hundred seventy six seventy seven in today were in the process of adding a new addition to the mailmen research center which is going to add about thirty three to forty percent more wet lab space which should be completed this summer mclean hospital research has about two hundred thirty five research staff about eighty to ninety of that two hundred thirty five and d ph d faculty members mclean hospital receives approximately twenty million dollars in federal and private grants and donations each year for research mclean ranks fourteenth among states in terms of receiving dollars from the national institutes of health it's has the largest research division in many in any mental hospital  research areas around schizophrenia alcohol and drug abuse substance abuse and really brain structure brain anatomy that made some several advances when terms the alzheimer's disease and that's primarily with the brain structure and brain and having me studies are going as well as we have molecular neural genetics laboratory as we begin to recruit for the new edition that's going up  i'm sure that the research division is only going to get stronger with more people working together this is how millman research center currently looks today that basically ends my talk i'd be happy to entertain questions from anyone of the state in terms of contracts at bridgewater state hospital and a prison program had a program out of north hampton state hospital it  was providing its expertise to bear on various state contracts in about nineteen eighty six eighty seven mclean was outbid in those contracts by other providers hundred ninety one nine hundred ninety one you have a change in medicare medicaid reimbursement of which we've gone through another change just in this last year and you have mcclain now operating about one hundred  forty five two hundred fifty beds the staff is one half of what it was when i came in one thousand nine hundred one so hospitals gone through a tremendous amount of change just in the last ten years as well as many hospital a lot of that is research assistant people who are in between gretna new graduate graduate school or are in graduate school i would say yeah i'll do that eighty actually members probably have agent research there's clearly you're in fact recruiting for a professor of geriatric psychiatry right now back to one of the candidates  there today and spoke at the hospital that is clearly one of the needs of the institution as well as partners itself is currently searching for nurses association approach to treatment of illness and i think that's where a psychiatrist going to be less inpatient more provision of services in the home in fact part of our geriatric program now is that some of them were built some of them were original and i don't know which one but i've looked actually at the horse stable buying the one that still stands and next to me looks like the original i think more of the that we don't entertain research requests for biographies of people seeking access to specific patient records we have allowed you to get used to should review board which is made up of people from the community governor appointed seventy one which looked at the atrocities and the research that was done in the forty's and fifty's that was really supervisor reviewed by anybody other than the person doing the study you had the vernal school  tour i have a graduate students i'm very colleges and universities you lose that local people come and look at some of the drawings organization to sion and i mean up until the fifty's i don't think there was a need to show a level a real appreciation of institutional history let alone saving things for a museum or something like jack one of the few places