my name is pauly and i'm the facilitator for tonight's program and drinking water as a representative of the living sustainably along the lake shore series in the team i'd like to welcome you to this the first of this year's two thousand and sixteen two thousand and seventeen series tonight we hope to inform educate and then motivate people to participate in become active in sustainability issues within the community but tonight we are going to do a number of things we're going to talk and have some information on the basic principles of water something about the city water where it comes from and what happens to it something about if you're not in the city and use well water some information on energy conservation and it's tied to our water conservation it's tied energy a little bit  on world perspective on water and drinking water and then we'll have some questions and answers and the end for any of the panelists that participate facilities men's room is right outside the college she's interested in interdisciplinary teaching and especially in how students integrate their knowledge to tackle complex problems she's worked with over seventy undergraduate students and various research e scholar into a five and a she is also have the carnegie academy for scholarship and teaching and learning program she served as the director of hope's howard hughes medical institute program and tonight she's here to kind of give us some principles of water so that we're in a better position to understand what some of the issues all right thank you very much it's a pleasure to be here i don't normally talk in front of a podium or a microphone so bear with me while i get used to this when i teach i'm typically wandering up and down the aisles and around the room as well  just give a brief chemical introduction to water so if this is too simple for some of you my deepest in pop ologies but it was some of the things that i thought were just like some of the basic information that what i would be helpful from a chemistry perspective on the water here if you could forward that cement forward once you see the arrow keys do all right so i wasn't quite sure how to get started so i thought i would introduce myself a little bit and try to bring some some of my connections to this issue and the first the most obvious connection is i grew up in flint michigan which has been in the news a lot lately you could hit before the arrow an array of out there is where my my home my family home was and so needless to say i still have family in flint i've been in holland for almost thirty years now so i've been gone for a long time but this is sort of water safety is is a very personal issue for me in terms of how i ended up the sort of coming here to come going out into science if you hit the next one so i was inspired to be a scientist early on so for the younger folks in the audience that's that's apollo eleven which was the first rocket to the moon and a s a child of a of an automotive engineer we went down to florida and watched apollo eleven blast off and it was very formative very formative experience for me and so science has always been something that's been very important to  me with respect to water if you want to flip that one so that is now the current view from where i live because i moved a few years ago onto the water and happened to be home one day when the weather was looking a little strange and looked out the window and saw this gorgeous water spout which i've never seen i had never seen one before it not like michigan anyway and i couldn't decide whether to take a picture or run down stairs and i realize that they don't have a lot of power and so i knew that once it hit land it would probably disperse and so i just stayed upstairs and took pictures of it and so i have a really close personal connection to the water as well so that's my introduction so a little bit about the chemistry of water the first thing you have to understand one of the important things that you need to know is that water is very very unusual in terms of chemistry water's a very unusual very kind of almost strange molecule so what i mean by that first of all most everybody knows the formula for water it's two hydrogens and one  with the proper the proper name would be dihydrogen oxide is what you would call it and so this dihydrogen oxide is a very very unusual molecule so what do i mean by that so if you want to go ahead so it's personal it's a very very small molecule it's only three atoms which is tiny ok and so most very very small molecules are gases in fact pretty much all very very small molecules or gases except for a water and so things like methane and ammonia hydrogen sulfide all of those small molecules that look a lot like water those are all gases and water is not water is a liquid at room temperature going to put the head so one more fire out so why why is water so unusual first of all it helps that oxygen is is in the big scheme of things is a relatively small atom and it's an atom that really really really wants electrons it wants negative charge so if you can draw a picture of water that shows that you would get these sort of rainbow looking little wings and wings shaped things here where this red represents a lot of negative charge so there's a lot of negative charge built up on that oxygen and out here where the hydrogen is are there's a lot of positive charge so it's a very polar molecule and so that impacts its behavior quite a bit so that's that's kind of one of the most important things to know about water so why is it a liquid then so if you look at this very negative part of the molecule and that's very positive part of the molecule they of course like to get together and they can flip that coin so you can imagine if these were water molecules they happen to be magnets instead of water molecules that they're very very positive and of one and the very negative end of the other when they get close to each other they like to stick together and that's watters a liquid water is incredibly sticky you know i always think i always think about water as a as a lubricant it's slippery right water is actually in terms of molecular properties it's a very sticky molecule the water molecules like to stick to each other and so that's what this is showing right here is this very positive hydrogen is sticking to the very negative oxygen they're sticking together here which is why we like to form a liquid now this this sticking together thing has a name it's called a hydrogen bond because it's not it's not a real bond it's not an ionic bond it's not a covalent bond it's kind of a weak wimpy bond it does it's not even really a bond but  whatever and so these like to stick together to make this hydrogen bond and so here's my free water molecules in the shows the negative part of the molecule and the positive part of the while a cure all and that the boiling point is one hundred degrees celsius is just like an incredibly high boiling point because water is so sticky here you go to all right some other interesting things about water it is it could be a solid liquid or gas at sort of normal type of earth type temperatures and so i so when molecules are in the gas face on this case hot water steam what you can see is that they bounce around off each other there's a lot of space in between those water molecules and in fact this is kind of exaggerating they really should be even further spread so when it's in the liquid phase you can see the molecules are all moving around and bouncing off of each other rapidly and some of them actually escape every so often and go up into the gas phase and then they come back down again now another really really weird thing about molecule about water the water molecules is that water is one of the few chemical substances that when it turns into a solid it actually takes up more space all right so most things like you got to get a ring on your finger that's stuck on  there what do you do you stick your hand in ice because when you cool things down they get smaller right and so you want your hand to cool down so it's not so swollen saying get your ring off so most things when you cool them down they shrink that's what almost all materials do the one wouldn't really weird exception to that is water and when you cool water down and it freezes it takes up more space so good thing right because it's less dense so ice floats on top of water instead of ice sinking down to the bottom any other chemical substance that you would have when you freeze it the ice would sit at the bottom and the liquid be on the top right and water is the opposite of that it's really unusual so the so what you can see here is you see that little ring there that little r molecules so even though it's a solid even solid molecules are always moving so this shows the molecules moving but what you can see is because of hydrogen bonding they form these little rings and loops and they fill up more space so the density is less so i stays on top of water all right the other important so so i told you sort of what the water molecule looks like the fact that it's coal or it can hydrogen bond so that affects its density when it freezes the last thing i need to tell you about is how  things dissolve in water and i need to have a picture when i tell my students when i teach it is that its chemistry works in three levels right chemistry has sort of macroscopic what you see when you have a glass of ice water you can see the solid in the liquid and the chemistry  microscopic and that's the part you can't see and i tell my students they have to have a vivid imagination so when they see that glass ice water this is what they need to see in their imagination and then it has the symbolic which is like writing down h u o in formulas and stuff like that so part of part of what i'm trying to do is help your imagination so that when you look at ice in your imagination you can see what the solid looks like now how does how does water dissolve things gradually the entire crystal dissociates into solution so the reason that i showed that is because one of the like for example in the flint case one of the contaminants that people were worried about was lead in the water and lead when it's in water is very much like sodium chloride there it's ionic it's charged and the water molecules come in surround the lead cat ions the lead positive particles and pull that into the water so there are these fears of water surrounding the lead when it's in the water all right the last thing is then i thought just to set up the other kinds of people going on here i would just go through very quickly the five basic types of contaminants that can possibly be in drinking water so one flip so the first one is just physical complete contaminants is cannot and in holland this is when we have a rain event we get a lot of silt and clay that washes into the water so the surface water tends to be quite target so these are things that don't dissolve but just say sustained suspended in the water the problem with your beauty is that those particles can feed bacteria and they can also have bacteria adhered to them so that it's hard to detect the bacteria so that's kind of what the stupidity is next michael biological can be bacteria viruses funky etc and that primarily the source of that is primarily human and animal waste metals are inorganic materials are things like lead that we've talked about copper arsenic in ny traits those are all considered in organic contaminants many of those most of them come from some sort of natural sources out of from the ground so usually arsenic is is just because a region is rich in arsenic lead of course can frequently come from pipes  plumbing so it cut it it's not it's the one that doesn't necessarily usually come from natural sources and there's my calend all right organic things are typically people worry about pesticides getting into water or pharmaceuticals at whole college we have several faculty who are looking at pharmaceutical contamination from people flushing pharmaceuticals down the toilet and that kind of stuff so we have people studying and looking for for trace from a sperm sort of calls in in groundwater so you can see here this persis person a is asking for a glass of ice water and the server says you'll need a prescription with that and the person in the background is reading drugs in tap water and then the last one is radioactive which fortunately in michigan is not a big thing but if you've been to moab utah or other places like that you know that this is something that in some parts of the country they need to be concerned with and last but not least and so i thought end we're here so it says here now that amazon is advertising one hour delivery of bottled water people be able to get as much water as they want right and it's all about the marketing right so says i go we start calling in this will plumbing on demand hyperloop style water delivery and see if we can sell anyone on that idea thank you very much me that he was once a student sat in these seats for a philosophy class so he would be watching for anybody nodding off since he may have done that when he was a student so jeff i think i think it's may work for you so if you wan down low you know didn't look at i'm trying to keep out of his attention but two days later i'm walking down the hall and into the high gym i do it so i never did kind of freak me out because he had an amazing memory i don't know if anybody else had him but he's incredible person great guy to talk about a few things and i want to start off with kind of a brief history of what you know we're where we all started where water system began talk a little bit about the process how we create the water the time a little bit about what we do once it leaves the plant where we distribute the water work goes what it's uses and then i get asked once in a while one of our what kind of challenges that we facing now and possibly in the future and then finally we can talk a little bit about the annual water quality report which if you liv board of public works or board of water commissioners were appointed to oversee the system by nine hundred ninety we already have four have miles of water me in three wells in service works and they were charged with providing state drinking water electric and waste water to the city of  i don't know what but that yeah i kind of wish it was still here  again we continue to expand the system of one million gallon underground storage located on our six treat site talk a little bit about this in our annual report and there was a blurb on there  about one case of typhoid fever causing a death and that happened to be a residential well i think you know it's going to mention that next slide please this is kind of significant i know this is typhoid philadelphia and the vertical people living in a small unit you know in the area and no treatment at that time and you know they didn't do much with human waste so you can see that people got as we learn more in those years they decided that filtration would be certainly an option for us and you can see  hundred thirty seven we build our first elevated storage the real elevated storage plant tank it was on twenty eighth street and allowed us you know more system reliability it provided pressure and more stabilized pressure from the system forty three million dollars was that issued to build the first water treatment plant for the city allan right on lake michigan and he lets her know but thanks that's a great lead in the guy in the center back that's my anyway nine hundred sixty six that had four pumps in it even a were getting ready to for its first major expansion in this fall but it's actually even got a excuse me a navy surplus pump in there that it's still running hundred seventy seven you know prior to this we had one line that came into the city you probably familiar with it across the bridge unravel one nine hundred seventy seven we had expanded our second lake crossing which is just east of the channel booster station as well as another five million gallon tank and increasing the systems reliability in storage capacity increase efficiency and then we also editor second transmission line out of the water plant going outside the well it's north side of the plant with the bridge and we came up off the south side of the plant and then i jumped right to this this intake and related structures but but that was a pretty big project to ten a little over ten million dollars and we had four more filters so now we have ten filters we had another selling basin which was our fourth and then we  either utility can control the valve we see you know for now we have a we have a sup excuse me an emergency agreement so if we have any problems we can you know when it's complete we can draw water from them and if they have any they can draw anything from us now  prior to that we had three or four small interconnections but it's a pretty substantial interconnection and and you know it is a possibility if there's discussions that someday we can else maybe have a supplemental water agreement which we could buy  on the water come it's also mentioned we also the natural gas pump by that what that natural gas pump was installed in one nine hundred fifty seven and still operated today so should we lose power we can bring water to the water plant and then for treatment plant in the back there that that changes are the state of the our operation center forest treatment process is high service pumps maintenance shop state certified laboratory we have we operate a state two thousand and sixteen was thirteen point three we treated four point nine billion gallons and we're twenty four seven operation with eleven staff members and three more in the originals all horizontal paddle wheels are doing slowly turning and then we take the clean one off the top on the far end there and bring it back on to our filters and from there it goes into our clear wells and from there it goes either to one of the two stor age tanks we have on site we have a three million and a million and a half and then from there to the to the city a couple of things here you know a couple of i guess there are sustainable projects and one is we've been testing the use of polymers to minimize the use  of the primary quagga and also to reduce our sludge and we've been able to reduce their sludge production all by about forty percent with the use of these polymers and we've been able to cut our chemical or qualia lation cost by the thirty percent another project that we have you know we're we're getting right down to the nitty gritty and not over feeding underfeeding but it's been very effective force i just showed you brought this up i think you can see this but look under the finish water you can see the variation to the last five five years you know the demands haven't necessarily gone up that much in the past five years but the biggest impact has been the weather and you can see what the weather warm dry weather can do to us and it has a significant impact on some of those years and this past year  one of our largest customers in our wholesale customers is elan has a customer that has the one generation plant as a combined cycle power plant and they use a lot of water excuse me a lot of water at the plant you see zealand up there we do provide water cities elan with their wholesale customer force in their zeal in township obviously it's easier provided the water provided by the wyoming pla population sir we figure the city of holland our search our service population you know a little over twenty eight thousand park township we serve about fifteen hundred lake town twenty eight hundred in holland township sixt five hundred service connections and total population i said a minute goes fifty two thousand for seventy two water usage thirty pretty percent approximate thirty eight and these numbers of put me chip may have changed a little bit thirty percent of our usage is in the residential area twenty percent is industrial and forty two percent is in commercial educational and in a school you know our lot are currently our largest customer he's heinz followed closely by american bottling and hope college and what's interesting here too is back in two thousand hope college was our largest customer and since then sustainability practices they've cut their water usage by sixty two percent heinz you know practicing sustainability has reduced their water usage but i believe twenty three percent it's a pretty good number dramatically increased which we need to maintain the large infrastructure that we maintain hydrants one hundred thirteenth and now we have twenty three probably a few more than that now and miles of water  or you know are there are what i'm getting a whole lot of applications and we do have a ties but there are two colleges in michigan now that have water programs we ourselves have a high school in term program and a college in term program so we bring the kids in and teach him how to operate for operate a water plant with their help so that maybe they come some day they'll come back but if nothing else they're out there talking they're learning about water you know and they're telling people about water and we've had if you had some amazing so elementary school education we have an operator taken upon himself that has created a program that we've got just in the in the public and educated elementary school kids it's not really taken hold yet but we hope to yours regulatory climate i mean we talk about flint there's a number of other areas and challenges ahead of us whatever those are be whatever they may be we're going to rise to the occasion and  guy's not really getting a carp with a baseball bat so i want to travel in any animal groups and next talk about the water color report each year we produce a water color pour in we've always looked at this as kind of an opportunity to tell people the good things we used to be a mailed out report now with you know we've gone too long showing our customers where it can be found in our internet site this is the the data that we collected through  two thousand and it's two thousand and fifty first column shows the substance that we detected the second is the highest detection level in the e p a s and c l which is the maximum contaminate level regulation we are required to keep ninety five percent of our monthly samples below point three our plant goal is point one and our average last year was point zero three point one three was with the spike we had  during construction  limit so they can go way up sometimes in the thousands of parts per million and they make the water undrinkable but it's not necessarily safety hazard the ones we see here are fluorite sodium iron sulfate all these are naturally occurring to the geology of the area as the water travels through it's a it's a solvent so it will strip some of these minerals and stuff from the from the bedrock and from the materials that it goes through  we'll also talk about a couple different types of aquifers as we're here we have what are called the bedrock of the first in water will move through bedrock this areas that sandstone it's very  slow so it takes the water that you're drinking now if it comes to a better of of or could be tens of thousands of years old that if it was rains or the water cycle worked its way down those in this area there typically between hundred forty and two hundred feet deep you know where you go in the county we also have what are called drift aquifers glacial aquifers so as the glaciers retreated they scoured lots of drill the hole down they put the pipe in and then they pack a really fine sand or gravel around it and that keeps all of the finds that are in that that rock in there that strata from coming in here well when they do it in a be couple hundred feet that are actually flowing wells when they drill a water will flow out of the hole actually don't have to have a pump on them or anything like that that indicates that somewhere that aquifer has located higher than where you are i mean if you think about the way water works somewhere that aquifer in the hills and stuff around there is is pretty high same thing with this so you could have a well here that yes it's forty five feet deep the pump might only be set at thirty when they drop the p down to that well that the strategy around that well has enough ferocity and transfer its water pretty fast that is that pump runs the water level never really drops below that in a bedrock of for because the water transmits a little slower the pump might have to be a little bit deeper in it so to compensate that you're not going to run the well dry and run out of water and have to let it drop this is just a quick geology lesson this to kind of illustrates there's been an issue with salt in the water brine sodium chloride in our naturally occurring water for for decades as we have more and more population growth and subdivisions do it and more people are going on wells and it if you think of them as bowls the kind of stack and each other the bolts on the very top look will say this mississippi mississippi in rocks is a smaller bowl the floor gets excessively bigger so it goes out a little bit farther for actually runs it's this yellow ring might be a little easier to see here so it actually runs and ends somewhere about the middle out of county and kind of  where they can for the same offer they come from different portions of it and that's important and you can see it passes through a large area that's a lean brackish water so is it rains up in northern michigan you know thousand years ago that water works its way down eventually it moves through the bedrock it has the pressure of all of the other layers of bedrock offers above it so it moves it through it comes up and then comes up or wells of drinking water we can't really do anything about it you know we can't change geology we can't change how it works where it comes from that stuff so it is a it is an issue that we're working on out of the county and i have a slide at the end does a water quality forum every year in november and i would invite any folks that are interested you can look at that and sign up to look at the agenda without work which is that i would go on the website it's typically seven or eight hours from eight thirty to three thirty we have a lot of good speakers one of the projects it kind of i'm working on is a ground water study for the last probably four years to kind of identify this problem or do a lot of help our records we've been sampling water regularly from residences since one thousand nine hundred four so we have a large history that they can compare the static water level in the well and the chemical composition of the water over years to see changes they will present on that  and eventually that will hopefully turn into some sort of guidance or suggestions on what we can do to safely use them or not safely with the better use of so what can we do to protect groundwater because we have one problem  can't do anything about other problems like nitrates and chemical contamination we can only do it starts with permitting new wells we've got a wealth of information that our fingertips of the health department to do the cue that has a lot of in your basement which not a lot of people think about those depending on how old they are they tend to leak i don't know whole anybody here is on a well or a lot of times even if you're even if you're on city water i'd be willing to bet that there's sort of standards are typically not very deep of a new well there goes an s p least twenty five feet deep probably constructed they put it grabbing material around the outside of it which is a clay and is that clay gets wet it expands it fills up the hole seals up the hole so there's no contaminants that go down most of those are probably on the order of twelve feet deep you know a lot of the shallow ones there's no pocket for protection there's nothing that prevents you know your neighbor from fertilizing heavily and have an ice cream yard having a heavy rain and that stuff will end up in your in your drinking water that's proper construction and rowdy one of the big things that we see is abandon wells is so you  treat and dispose if a system of the stall in the water table or in areas that flood a lot of it might dispose of it so you take a shower wash your dishes you go to the bathroom you're on your dishwasher you wash your clothes and that water drains down and it goes out and nothing ever backs up in the house but a septic system needs to roll the conditions in the drain field properly treated sewage if it doesn't have that and if it's only doing one function then it's not very directly and it is posing a public health it's not necessarily sewage water that we see but that sewage comes out it comes out of the septic tanks in the drain field and as soon as it gets to that generally condition of a flooded drain field there's treatment stops and then that's when you get problems with people's wells pharmaceuticals wreak havoc on a septic system if you think of somebody that's on a strong dose of antibiotics for a long period of time and about it was either kill bacteria and that's exactly what's in your septic system  this is an infrequent in what we see this is an old well that somebody had in their basement and they've got multiple lines that drain to it if they're new well is not you know maybe just a little bit deeper than that whatever they're draining their drinking if you're their neighbor or whatever they're draining your tree so it's it's important for us to get out and see these things we should correction orders on probably depends on the year but it runs twenty two to twenty five percent of the inspections that we do will result in some sort of a correction being needed that direction could be mine or you could have it could have tested positive for bacteria in that case a well driller will come out before an flush it and then will resemble it typically that that addresses that it can range to needing to install the well we had one just today i didn't have a chance to get pictures of it we got the application in and deep and it's full of kind of nasty water there's a two inch pipe that runs into that with a little metal screen of kind of like chicken wire or hard work that's wrapped around it is that pipe and it gravity flows all the way back to the house there but that's what these people train for sixty years and i will tell you the honest truth is i've never heard anybody say when we issue a correction order my well water was here those people will stand there and confess that that was the best water that they've ever drank regardless of what you're telling them it was obvious in a low area there were signs of high water so at times when it floods we get a lot of rain all that surface contamination washes down that you you know yes you can lead a horse to water but you can't make them drink but it's it's surprising the stuff that we see in this day and age these are sewage failures so this is untreated sewage that's running across the ground surface it could be from  would be surprised what people live with i don't know how else to put it there's conditions that we see on the stuff that you would think with because anybody to think to do the right thing and people will fight it tooth and nail in order to  so there's a program called a type two program and it's a big long steak is a big long name but basically it's anybody that's going to have over twenty one years or twenty five customers or they need sample quarterly for bacteria and annually for nitrates and i tr focus on work all right so it seems very common sense but every time you use water you're using energy so energy to pump it to treat it deliver and obviously to heat it in your home so to kind of put that in perspective for you when you run your fossil for five minutes is the equivalent of using energy of a sixty watt bulb for fourteen hours so how you use water in your home is broken down into these categories so the most is your toilet your clothes washer wost washers next and then you shower in faucet and then thirteen percent of your uses is actually lea using that water hot water use water heating in your home is the second largest energy expense about eighty percent of your utility bill so about four hundred six hundred dollars a year you're spending heating water in your home so these are the main activities you're using hot water for so about sixty four gallons a day your heating water so some ways to vents scalding and a lot of pediatricians actually recommend that you reduce your temperature to one twenty of their small children in your home for the scalding risk that there is invest in energy efficiency hot water heater so wh and also a big thing is to buy a water heater that feeds your fits your needs you're not heating a bunch of water that you're not going to use that it thinks so fix leaks so the thirteen percent or usage that you're not actually using  on your water bills and in the us the leaks account for more than one trillion gallons of wasted water each year which is a pretty alarming number so and average home ten thousand gallons of water year which is the equivalent of two hundred seventy loads of laundry another way to save us to install low flow fixtures they can save you about twenty five to sixty percent pending on the fixture that you buy the water sense brand or logo seconds to fill you could benefit from a low flow fixture and again check for the water since level so if you were to redo your whole bathroom in water sense you could save up to seven thousand gallons a year which is about six months worth of laundry  you could power a refrigerator for two months and you could save eighty bucks on your utility bill for a shower or a bath so a shower muse's ten to twenty five gallons compared to seventy for typical bath you could even shorten your shower by a minute and save five hundred fifty gallons a year and if you're really dedicated you could turn the water off or you lather and then turn it back on to rinse again and saw a low flow showerhead and you could save up to twenty one hundred gallons using that which is also saving thirteen days of energy for your home and seventy dollars a year on your utility bill and then capture the water while you wait for it to warm up and you can use that to water your plants and setting instead of just having it go right on  drain and not being used at all and then turn out the water while brushing your teeth again purchase energy efficient appliances look for the energy star logos you know you're getting an efficient appliance and what's most important is that you need to use those appliances wisely just because it's a fish and if you're not using it correctly you could be still using a lot of energy so for your when your washing clothes use cold water and only washing you have a full load washing dishes by hand several times a day can actually use more water and energy than an additional ten and if using a dishwasher select the shorter wash cycle and only wash with a full load and scrape food in the trash or compost it rather than rinsing or using your garbage disposal garbage used lots of water and then my last tip is to landscape smarter so about fifty percent of the water that you're using outside is actually wasted and not actually going to it's purpose that you're using using putting toward your plants actually gets your plants and use low water using native plants where applicable so a lot of this information was pulled from the e p a s website under their water sun's brand and we have lots of the information back at our table and then the water heating tips are from energy if you're wondering about more ways to save on water heating and also the different types of water heaters lots of different types you can get at the energy dot gov website so if anyone hear this and they say well what do you mean by access this has an official definition access means within a kilometer so that means that you lack access if you have to walk at least ten to fifteen minutes or so to to get clean drinking water if you want to put this into perspective here in the campus the whole college we have four classes first year sophomore juniors and seniors if you  huge and seniors and said they all have access to clean drinking water and took half of the first year of class and said you folks don't you have to walk ten to fifteen minutes at least to get your clean drinking water the rest of your classmates in the first year all sophomores juniors and seniors you have access that would give you a sense of the world population and lack of access to clean drinking water  to put this into maybe a more visual context i'm going to show a series of maps this is from a website called world map or dot org this is the way we typically look at maps  the world where the size of the country is based on the land area and this website sizes these maps and the size the country different depending on certain for hammers so just to give you an idea of how this  works what would this map look like if countries are sized according their population what's going to get big china india what's going to get small australia ok ok so you know go back and forth a little bit australia canada russia china india ok you get how this system works ok now what were the map look like of countries just size according to the proportion of people without reliable access to sa ok keep your eye on us keep your eye in some other places ok we're pretty much gone subsaharan africa especially india indonesia you get a sense of where in the world are the areas where there's least access to safe water now take sub saharan africa who typically walks member access means at least ten to fifteen minutes a kilometer who typically walks to go get that water the women children and boys or girls ok so here's the breakdown women versus men girls versus boyce all of these children if they're walking to water every day what are they not doing and i going to school ok so this has multiple impacts it has impacts then health these are five gallon jugs that's not that's not easy to carry so it has he impacts ok here's our map without a reliable access to safe water what will the poverty index map look like pretty similar ok except you notice the u s pops back there's poverty in this country but typically it's not associated with lack of access to clean drinking water but the point is pretty clear poverty and lack of access to clean drinking water tend to go hand in hand ok here's our population map back again let's flip this global map look like if the countries the size of korea their proportion of worldwide water use who is number one ok good ole us of a number one country in terms of worldwide water  five hundred seventy five liters per person per day subsaharan african about fifteen liters per person per day world health organization says a minimum of twenty leaders per person per day five point three gallons just for drinking and personal hygiene when you add in the base basics of bathing and laundry the minimum of fifty many people in the world live at or below that level in water poverty we live well well above that in fact how much do you think americans use each day just to flush our toilets people speak or write seventy meters per person per day so we spend more to flush our toilets than many people have for their basics for drinking hygiene and bathing and laundry right this is the last slide to think about water from a global context this is a map of the world showing areas in green colorblind so if i say the wrong color just humor me and not areas in green where there is little or no water scarcity there's probably few places in the world you can be more water ignorant than holland michigan or michigan surrounded by great lakes abundant water little or no water of increasing lack of access to water economic water scarcity indicates areas where there's there's water but they don't have the infrastructure to clean it and have it ready for  use so you can see in this area they did not estimating city hall continence where there's there's challenges each of these things could be a topic for a separate talk to each of these things climate change population growth and so forth are exacerbating the problem so there are people that say that by twenty twenty five two thirds of the world population could be under conditions of water stress so this is a really brief overview of water from a global perspective so paul t