is shannon's diagram by which almost any communication process can be schematically represented the information source selects the desired message out of a set of possible messages the transmit er changes the message into the signal which is sent over the communications channel to the receiver where it is decoded back into the message and delivered to the destination every such system contains no noise is a term used in the communications field to designate any outside force which acts on the transmitted signal to vary it from the original in this usage does not necessarily mean sound reading is a form of communication where the word is a signal printed page the transmitter light the channel the receiver hear sound can act as noise with the message but in some such to asians like reading on a train where the sound level is normally high it is not the sound that interferes with the communication process as much as the motion and the unpredictable quality of the lights or light and motion then becomes noise in radio nies could be static in television noises off in the distortion of the picture through transmitting are receiving in a typewritten message and noise stories could be in the quality of the ribbon are the key and we are all familiar with the carbon copies i keep getting aggressively worse if anything acts on the signals so as to bury it in an unpredictable and undesirable way in a communications system it is noise we can consider to legacy in terms of this same diagram we will use in new york stock brokers office as the information source and the los angeles stock broker's office as the destination there may exist at the information source just two possible messages by ourselves from these two the message is selected then coded the telegraphic key transmitter and sent over the channel in electrical impulse signals decoded by the receiver back into the message cell and delivered to the destination noise of course is there this time acting electrically it could did start the signal in such a way as to change cell into self but as there are only two possible messages by and cell there is sufficient redundancy in the spelling of the words that even if it did read self the information would still be clear naturally this example has nothing to do with the stockbroker's office of today because of all arg nies communication market information is perhaps the most efficiently handled the new york information enters a signal channel in this farm and is automatically decoded in los angeles in this form but even here we find redundancy counteracting the english language is about one half redundant this extra framework helps prevent this direction of the message in the written language or in the spoken language in speech the brain is usually the information source from get the message is selected the message is the thought not the words the vocal mechanism codes the words into vibrations and transmits them as sound across the communications channel which is of course the air the sound of the word is the signal the ear picks up the signal and with the associated  delivers the message to the destination this time noise could originate in the transmitter are in sound vibrations that disturb the channel or it could be a nervous condition on the part of the receiver and it could change the message from i love you to i hate you how do you combat it one ways through redundancy i love you i love you i love you i love you another is increasing the power of the transmit this combats noise as does the careful beaming of the signal are duplicating of the message via other signals now let's consider amount of information communicated the message cell contained one bit or unit of information because it was a choice of two possible messages by oursel a choice of two gives one bit of information this is the amount of information that one on our circuit can handle at one time it can be on or off two bits of information is the amount two circuits can handle there is a choice of four possible conditions on offer on on on or off three circuits can handle three bits  information increases as the log rhythm of the number of choices the message i love you to communicate information must also be a choice of other messages because if the information source was so loaded with feelings of love as to be incapable of any other thought then surely by the time the words i love you were spoken no information was communicated at all no information yet previous experiences could make those three words convey great meaning sowers message transmitter channel message destination you could imagine the message being music and the transmitted signal being tone or it could be applied equally well to writing or to smoke signals are to hand signals but lets take painting as another example of a signal transmitting a coded mess information source mind and experience of pain message his concept of a particular painting transmitter is talent and techni the painting itself receiver all the eyes and nervous previous conditioning those who see the pain destination their mind their emotions their experience now in this case the noise that tends to disrupt the signal can take many forms can be the quality of the light or the color of the light  prejudices of the viewer or the idiosyncrasies of the paint but besides noise there are other factors which can keep the information from reaching its destination in fact the background  may so differ from that of the transmitter may be impossible for the receiver to pick up the signals without the starch in any communication system the receiver must be able to decode something of  transmitter coded are no information gets to the destination at all if you speak chinese to me i must know chinese to understand your words but even without knowing the chinese language i can understand much of your feelings through other codes we have in common there are systems of communication where there is no redundancy and no duplications of the message here knowledge of the code is essential in planning one if by land two a by see the fellow on the opposite shore simply had to know the code but there are also many examples of times when the message has been  when we watch them turning and how often have we wondered what holds such birds together in their lives communication is that which links any organism together that is communication that keeps  society together and all these people seem unaware of each other's existence neither looking or speaking one group meets and filters through the other with hardly two individuals coming in contact so constant as the flow of information and so complex a web of communication that keeps them part and holds them together the symbol the abstract thing of an idea communication at once anonymous and personal personal because of the conflict individuals that created its form each one who in his turn added something good who took something bad away anonymous because of the numbers of individuals involved and because of their consistent attitude these are examples of communication of but symbols also change and evolve some methods of transmitting messages rapidly become symbols then pass into obscurity to become readable only to the anthropologist while other symbols of communication remain reproduction in a magazine the press that printed it is capable of printing but one color of ink at a time in this case black ink on white paper in order to transmit the image it had to be broken down to many points of decision black or white we know that such a limitation is not at all restricting if enough decisions are made in this case half a million decided points and million would be better conventional printing of color is no different except that with the added factor of color four times the number of decisions had to be made one set in yellow one in red in blue and in black whenever added factors in a problem are recognized the number of this jand necessary for the solution grows by large leaps as theories and equipment and man develop it becomes apparent that one sure way of handling multiple factors is to build a system that can handle each decision in its time men have long known the theory on which complex problems of many factors can be solved but the number of decisions the calculations necessary were prodigious and not until the recent development of the electronic calculator could these areas be touched the problem became one of communication between man and machine between machine and machine between machine and man the cards are punched are not punched light passes are stopped and by this binary system information is bad the machine in a moment we will hear sounds which are an actual product of a huge calculator the frequencies are made on a ball to check its functioning and in a way feel it of these machines to store information manipulate sard and deliver it is fantastic and with their complex feedback systems their memories there are almost human reactions to situations it is but far greater is the number of stops and is performed by the human nervous system in order to complete the simplest act so great that its decision represented by a small  decision made again and again always check in with the total concept through a constant feedback