Repository: grpc/grpc-go

Issue:
Flaky test: Test/Watchers
This was added recently in https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/pull/8428

https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/actions/runs/16366627119/job/46245246201?pr=8459

<Details>

```
FAIL: Test (5.47s)
    --- FAIL: Test/Watchers (5.01s)
        cdsbalancer_test.go:202: Created new snapshot cache...
        tlogger.go:126: INFO server.go:715 [core] [Server #632]Server created  (t=+212.5µs)
        cdsbalancer_test.go:202: Registered Aggregated Discovery Service (ADS)...
        cdsbalancer_test.go:202: xDS management server serving at: 127.0.0.1:46087...
        tlogger.go:126: INFO server.go:911 [core] [Server #632 ListenSocket #633]ListenSocket created  (t=+389.558µs)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO pool.go:289 [xds] xDS node ID: dd45cf54-c18a-4221-924f-7b34798b37fd  (t=+1.033897ms)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:1687 [core] original dial target is: "whatever:///test.service"  (t=+1.080835ms)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:333 [core] [Channel #634]Channel created  (t=+1.104048ms)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:207 [core] [Channel #634]parsed dial target is: resolver.Target{URL:url.URL{Scheme:"whatever", Opaque:"", User:(*url.Userinfo)(nil), Host:"", Path:"/test.service", RawPath:"", OmitHost:false, ForceQuery:false, RawQuery:"", Fragment:"", RawFragment:""}}  (t=+1.128273ms)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:208 [core] [Channel #634]Channel authority set to "test.service"  (t=+1.139093ms)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO resolver_wrapper.go:210 [core] [Channel #634]Resolver state updated: {
              "Addresses": null,
              "Endpoints": [],
              "ServiceConfig": {
                "Config": {
                  "Config": null,
                  "Methods": {}
                },
                "Err": null
              },
              "Attributes": {
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:1352 [core] [Channel #635 SubChannel #636]Subchannel picks a new address "127.0.0.1:46087" to connect  (t=+1.84289ms)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:1233 [core] [Channel #635 SubChannel #636]Subchannel Connectivity change to READY  (t=+2.100659ms)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:563 [core] [Channel #635]Channel Connectivity change to READY  (t=+2.128992ms)
        logging.go:30: nodeID "dd45cf54-c18a-4221-924f-7b34798b37fd" requested type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster[cluster1] and known map[]. Diff [cluster1]
        logging.go:30: respond type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster[cluster1] version "" with version "1"
        tlogger.go:126: INFO cdsbalancer.go:458 [xds] [cds-lb 0xc000548d80] Received Cluster resource: {
              "ClusterType": 2,
              "ClusterName": "cluster1",
              "EDSServiceName": "",
              "LRSServerConfig": null,
              "SecurityCfg": null,
              "MaxRequests": null,
              "DNSHostName": "",
              "PrioritizedClusterNames": [
                "cluster1-B",
                "cluster1-C"
              ],
              "LBPolicy": [
                {
                  "xds_wrr_locality_experimental": {
                    "childPolicy": [
                      {
                        "round_robin": {}
                      }
                    ]
                  }
                }
              ],
              "OutlierDetection": null,
              "Raw": {
                "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster",
                "value": "CghjbHVzdGVyMbICgAEKGGVudm95LmNsdXN0ZXJzLmFnZ3JlZ2F0ZRJkCkh0eXBlLmdvb2dsZWFwaXMuY29tL2Vudm95LmV4dGVuc2lvbnMuY2x1c3RlcnMuYWdncmVnYXRlLnYzLkNsdXN0ZXJDb25maWcSGAoKY2x1c3RlcjEtQgoKY2x1c3RlcjEtQw=="
              },
              "TelemetryLabels": {
                "csm.service_name": "unknown",
                "csm.service_namespace_name": "unknown"
              }
            }  (t=+2.624498ms)
        logging.go:30: nodeID "dd45cf54-c18a-4221-924f-7b34798b37fd" requested type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster[cluster1] and known map[cluster1:{}]. Diff []
        logging.go:30: open watch 1 for type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster[cluster1] from nodeID "dd45cf54-c18a-4221-924f-7b34798b37fd", version "1"
        logging.go:30: nodeID "dd45cf54-c18a-4221-924f-7b34798b37fd" requested type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster[cluster1 cluster1-B cluster1-C] and known map[cluster1:{}]. Diff [cluster1-B cluster1-C]
        logging.go:30: open watch 2 for type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster[cluster1 cluster1-B cluster1-C] from nodeID "dd45cf54-c18a-4221-924f-7b34798b37fd", version "1"
        aggregate_cluster_test.go:900: Timeout when waiting for appropriate Cluster resources to be requested
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:563 [core] [Channel #634]Channel Connectivity change to SHUTDOWN  (t=+5.006006048s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO resolver_wrapper.go:111 [core] [Channel #634]Closing the name resolver  (t=+5.006025615s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO balancer_wrapper.go:160 [core] [Channel #634]ccBalancerWrapper: closing  (t=+5.006062945s)
        tlogger.go:126: WARNING ads_stream.go:453 [xds] [xds-client 0xc000039050] [xds-channel 0xc00086efa0] [ads-stream 0xc000590a00] Sending ADS request for type "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster", resources: [], version: "1", nonce: "1" failed: EOF  (t=+5.006208724s)
        tlogger.go:126: WARNING ads_stream.go:496 [xds] [xds-client 0xc000039050] [xds-channel 0xc00086efa0] [ads-stream 0xc000590a00] ADS stream closed: rpc error: code = Canceled desc = context canceled  (t=+5.006258788s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO ads_stream.go:155 [xds] [xds-client 0xc000039050] [xds-channel 0xc00086efa0] [ads-stream 0xc000590a00] Shutdown ADS stream  (t=+5.006290928s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:563 [core] [Channel #635]Channel Connectivity change to SHUTDOWN  (t=+5.006317337s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO resolver_wrapper.go:111 [core] [Channel #635]Closing the name resolver  (t=+5.0063296s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO balancer_wrapper.go:160 [core] [Channel #635]ccBalancerWrapper: closing  (t=+5.006352573s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:1233 [core] [Channel #635 SubChannel #636]Subchannel Connectivity change to SHUTDOWN  (t=+5.006400263s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:1560 [core] [Channel #635 SubChannel #636]Subchannel deleted  (t=+5.006417314s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:333 [core] [Channel #635]Channel deleted  (t=+5.00654178s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO channel.go:142 [xds] [xds-client 0xc000039050] [xds-channel 0xc00086efa0] Shutdown  (t=+5.00658982s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO cdsbalancer.go:411 [xds] [cds-lb 0xc000548d80] Shutdown  (t=+5.006603626s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO clientconn.go:333 [core] [Channel #634]Channel deleted  (t=+5.006613695s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO xdsclient.go:207 [xds] [xds-client 0xc000039050] Shutdown  (t=+5.006644973s)
        tlogger.go:126: INFO server.go:847 [core] [Server #632 ListenSocket #633]ListenSocket deleted  (t=+5.006702421s)
```

</Details>

Discussion:
@arjan-bal: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/actions/runs/16489372979/job/46620498956?pr=8472@dfawley: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/actions/runs/16730745578/job/47357967166?pr=8385#step:7:210@arjan-bal: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/actions/runs/16945462032/job/48025216843?pr=8511

Solution patch:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/testing.yml b/.github/workflows/testing.yml
index 51dd0c9e..33b0c691 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/testing.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/testing.yml
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.25'
           cache-dependency-path: "**/go.sum"
 
       # Run the vet-proto checks.
@@ -45,32 +45,32 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - type: vet
-            goversion: '1.23'
+            goversion: '1.24'
 
           - type: extras
-            goversion: '1.24'
+            goversion: '1.25'
 
           - type: tests
-            goversion: '1.24'
+            goversion: '1.25'
 
           - type: tests
-            goversion: '1.24'
+            goversion: '1.25'
             testflags: -race
 
           - type: tests
-            goversion: '1.24'
+            goversion: '1.25'
             goarch: 386
 
           - type: tests
-            goversion: '1.24'
+            goversion: '1.25'
             goarch: arm64
             runner: ubuntu-24.04-arm
 
           - type: tests
-            goversion: '1.23'
+            goversion: '1.24'
 
           - type: tests
-            goversion: '1.24'
+            goversion: '1.25'
             testflags: -race
             grpcenv: 'GRPC_EXPERIMENTAL_ENABLE_NEW_PICK_FIRST=false'
 
diff --git a/balancer/grpclb/grpclb_remote_balancer.go b/balancer/grpclb/grpclb_remote_balancer.go
index f2df5612..00205212 100644
--- a/balancer/grpclb/grpclb_remote_balancer.go
+++ b/balancer/grpclb/grpclb_remote_balancer.go
@@ -82,14 +82,8 @@ func (lb *lbBalancer) processServerList(l *lbpb.ServerList) {
 		}
 
 		md := metadata.Pairs(lbTokenKey, s.LoadBalanceToken)
-		ip := net.IP(s.IpAddress)
-		ipStr := ip.String()
-		if ip.To4() == nil {
-			// Add square brackets to ipv6 addresses, otherwise net.Dial() and
-			// net.SplitHostPort() will return too many colons error.
-			ipStr = fmt.Sprintf("[%s]", ipStr)
-		}
-		addr := imetadata.Set(resolver.Address{Addr: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", ipStr, s.Port)}, md)
+		ipStr := net.IP(s.IpAddress).String()
+		addr := imetadata.Set(resolver.Address{Addr: net.JoinHostPort(ipStr, fmt.Sprintf("%d", s.Port))}, md)
 		if lb.logger.V(2) {
 			lb.logger.Infof("Server list entry:|%d|, ipStr:|%s|, port:|%d|, load balancer token:|%v|", i, ipStr, s.Port, s.LoadBalanceToken)
 		}
diff --git a/clientconn.go b/clientconn.go
index d2717fba..3f762285 100644
--- a/clientconn.go
+++ b/clientconn.go
@@ -1824,7 +1824,7 @@ func (cc *ClientConn) initAuthority() error {
 	} else if auth, ok := cc.resolverBuilder.(resolver.AuthorityOverrider); ok {
 		cc.authority = auth.OverrideAuthority(cc.parsedTarget)
 	} else if strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, ":") {
-		cc.authority = "localhost" + endpoint
+		cc.authority = "localhost" + encodeAuthority(endpoint)
 	} else {
 		cc.authority = encodeAuthority(endpoint)
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/go.mod b/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/go.mod
index 88ce30d6..5182dd83 100644
--- a/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.70.0
diff --git a/credentials/credentials.go b/credentials/credentials.go
index a63ab606..c8e337cd 100644
--- a/credentials/credentials.go
+++ b/credentials/credentials.go
@@ -96,10 +96,11 @@ func (c CommonAuthInfo) GetCommonAuthInfo() CommonAuthInfo {
 	return c
 }
 
-// ProtocolInfo provides information regarding the gRPC wire protocol version,
-// security protocol, security protocol version in use, server name, etc.
+// ProtocolInfo provides static information regarding transport credentials.
 type ProtocolInfo struct {
 	// ProtocolVersion is the gRPC wire protocol version.
+	//
+	// Deprecated: this is unused by gRPC.
 	ProtocolVersion string
 	// SecurityProtocol is the security protocol in use.
 	SecurityProtocol string
@@ -109,7 +110,16 @@ type ProtocolInfo struct {
 	//
 	// Deprecated: please use Peer.AuthInfo.
 	SecurityVersion string
-	// ServerName is the user-configured server name.
+	// ServerName is the user-configured server name.  If set, this overrides
+	// the default :authority header used for all RPCs on the channel using the
+	// containing credentials, unless grpc.WithAuthority is set on the channel,
+	// in which case that setting will take precedence.
+	//
+	// This must be a valid `:authority` header according to
+	// [RFC3986](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-3.2).
+	//
+	// Deprecated: Users should use grpc.WithAuthority to override the authority
+	// on a channel instead of configuring the credentials.
 	ServerName string
 }
 
@@ -173,12 +183,17 @@ type TransportCredentials interface {
 	// Clone makes a copy of this TransportCredentials.
 	Clone() TransportCredentials
 	// OverrideServerName specifies the value used for the following:
+	//
 	// - verifying the hostname on the returned certificates
 	// - as SNI in the client's handshake to support virtual hosting
 	// - as the value for `:authority` header at stream creation time
 	//
-	// Deprecated: use grpc.WithAuthority instead. Will be supported
-	// throughout 1.x.
+	// The provided string should be a valid `:authority` header according to
+	// [RFC3986](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-3.2).
+	//
+	// Deprecated: this method is unused by gRPC.  Users should use
+	// grpc.WithAuthority to override the authority on a channel instead of
+	// configuring the credentials.
 	OverrideServerName(string) error
 }
 
diff --git a/credentials/tls.go b/credentials/tls.go
index 20f65f7b..8277be7d 100644
--- a/credentials/tls.go
+++ b/credentials/tls.go
@@ -110,14 +110,14 @@ func (c tlsCreds) Info() ProtocolInfo {
 func (c *tlsCreds) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, authority string, rawConn net.Conn) (_ net.Conn, _ AuthInfo, err error) {
 	// use local cfg to avoid clobbering ServerName if using multiple endpoints
 	cfg := credinternal.CloneTLSConfig(c.config)
-	if cfg.ServerName == "" {
-		serverName, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(authority)
-		if err != nil {
-			// If the authority had no host port or if the authority cannot be parsed, use it as-is.
-			serverName = authority
-		}
-		cfg.ServerName = serverName
+
+	serverName, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(authority)
+	if err != nil {
+		// If the authority had no host port or if the authority cannot be parsed, use it as-is.
+		serverName = authority
 	}
+	cfg.ServerName = serverName
+
 	conn := tls.Client(rawConn, cfg)
 	errChannel := make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
@@ -259,9 +259,11 @@ func applyDefaults(c *tls.Config) *tls.Config {
 // certificates to establish the identity of the client need to be included in
 // the credentials (eg: for mTLS), use NewTLS instead, where a complete
 // tls.Config can be specified.
-// serverNameOverride is for testing only. If set to a non empty string,
-// it will override the virtual host name of authority (e.g. :authority header
-// field) in requests.
+//
+// serverNameOverride is for testing only. If set to a non empty string, it will
+// override the virtual host name of authority (e.g. :authority header field) in
+// requests.  Users should use grpc.WithAuthority passed to grpc.NewClient to
+// override the authority of the client instead.
 func NewClientTLSFromCert(cp *x509.CertPool, serverNameOverride string) TransportCredentials {
 	return NewTLS(&tls.Config{ServerName: serverNameOverride, RootCAs: cp})
 }
@@ -271,9 +273,11 @@ func NewClientTLSFromCert(cp *x509.CertPool, serverNameOverride string) Transpor
 // certificates to establish the identity of the client need to be included in
 // the credentials (eg: for mTLS), use NewTLS instead, where a complete
 // tls.Config can be specified.
-// serverNameOverride is for testing only. If set to a non empty string,
-// it will override the virtual host name of authority (e.g. :authority header
-// field) in requests.
+//
+// serverNameOverride is for testing only. If set to a non empty string, it will
+// override the virtual host name of authority (e.g. :authority header field) in
+// requests.  Users should use grpc.WithAuthority passed to grpc.NewClient to
+// override the authority of the client instead.
 func NewClientTLSFromFile(certFile, serverNameOverride string) (TransportCredentials, error) {
 	b, err := os.ReadFile(certFile)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/dialoptions.go b/dialoptions.go
index ec0ca89c..7a5ac2e7 100644
--- a/dialoptions.go
+++ b/dialoptions.go
@@ -608,6 +608,8 @@ func WithChainStreamInterceptor(interceptors ...StreamClientInterceptor) DialOpt
 
 // WithAuthority returns a DialOption that specifies the value to be used as the
 // :authority pseudo-header and as the server name in authentication handshake.
+// This overrides all other ways of setting authority on the channel, but can be
+// overridden per-call by using grpc.CallAuthority.
 func WithAuthority(a string) DialOption {
 	return newFuncDialOption(func(o *dialOptions) {
 		o.authority = a
diff --git a/examples/go.mod b/examples/go.mod
index 2c07d1c3..bacaa2b0 100644
--- a/examples/go.mod
+++ b/examples/go.mod
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/examples
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20250501225837-2ac532fd4443
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.59.1
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.37.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.37.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
 	google.golang.org/grpc/gcp/observability v1.0.1
 	google.golang.org/grpc/security/advancedtls v1.0.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ require (
 
 require (
 	cel.dev/expr v0.24.0 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.7.0 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/logging v1.13.0 // indirect
@@ -30,26 +30,26 @@ require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/trace v1.11.6 // indirect
 	contrib.go.opencensus.io/exporter/stackdriver v0.13.15-0.20230702191903-2de6d2748484 // indirect
 	github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.29.0 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.70 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.32 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.36 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.36 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.37.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.30.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.2 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.4 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.17 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.25.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.34.0 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.27.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.32.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.36.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.5 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy v1.32.4 // indirect
 	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20241129210726-2c02b8208cf8 // indirect
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20240518133315-a468a5bfb3bc // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250717125610-8549f4ab4f8f // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250725141939-ab8d56d297e3 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/errs v1.4.0 // indirect
@@ -74,15 +74,15 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.62.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/api v0.240.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/api v0.245.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc/stats/opencensus v1.0.0 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/examples/go.sum b/examples/go.sum
index 9dd74ed3..c3951d80 100644
--- a/examples/go.sum
+++ b/examples/go.sum
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ cloud.google.com/go v0.110.0/go.mod h1:SJnCLqQ0FCFGSZMUNUf84MV3Aia54kn7pi8st7tMz
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.2/go.mod h1:k04UEeEtb6ZBRTv3dZz4CeJC3jKGxyhl0sAiVVquxiw=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.4/go.mod h1:+EYjdK8e5RME/VY/qLCAtuyALQ9q67dvuum8i+H5xsI=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.6/go.mod h1:+EYjdK8e5RME/VY/qLCAtuyALQ9q67dvuum8i+H5xsI=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3 h1:84RD+hQXNdY5Sw/MWVAx5O9Aui/rd5VQ9HEcdN19afo=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3/go.mod h1:6vWF3nJWRrEUv26mMB3FEIU/o1MQNVPG1iHdisa2SJc=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 h1:cVvUiY0sX0xwyxPwdSU2KsF9knOVmtRyAMt8xou0iTs=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4/go.mod h1:XEBchUiHFJbz4lKBZwYBDHV/rSyfFktk737TLDU089s=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.4.0/go.mod h1:zybIuC3KpDOvotz59lFe5qxRZx6C75OtwbisN56xYB4=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.5.0/go.mod h1:HFy3tuiGvMdcd/u+Cu5b9NkO1pEICJ46IR82PoUdplw=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.6.0/go.mod h1:R0EiYnwV5fsRFiKZkPHr6mwyk2wxUJ30nL4j2pcFY2E=
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.8.0/go.mod h1:AsX2cqyNCOvEQC8RMPnoc0yEar
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.9.0/go.mod h1:kFuI1P78bplYtT77Tb1hi0FMxM0vVpRC7VVoJC3ZoT0=
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.10.0/go.mod h1:kwdUQuXcedVdsIaKgKTp9t0UJkE5+PAVNhdQm4ZVq2E=
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.11.1/go.mod h1:+F04I52Pgn5nmPG36CWFtxmav6+7Q+c5QyJoL18Lry0=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2 h1:QvBAGFPLrDeoiNjyfVunhQ10HKNYuOwZ5noee0M5df4=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2/go.mod h1:sRBas2Y1fB1vZTdurouM0AzuYQBMZinrUYL8EufhtEA=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 h1:kabzoQ9/bobUmnseYnBO6qQG7q4a/CffFRlJSxv2wCc=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3/go.mod h1:NucRGjaXfzP1ltpcQ7On/VTZ0H4kWB5Jy+Y9Dnm76fA=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 h1:keo8NaayQZ6wimpNSmW5OPc283g65QNIiLpZnkHRbnc=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8/go.mod h1:XQ9y31RkqZCcwJWNSx2Xvric3RrU88hAYYbjDWYDL+c=
 cloud.google.com/go/automl v1.5.0/go.mod h1:34EjfoFGMZ5sgJ9EoLsRtdPSNZLcfflJR39VbVNS2M0=
@@ -838,32 +838,32 @@ github.com/aryann/difflib v0.0.0-20170710044230-e206f873d14a/go.mod h1:DAHtR1m6l
 github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go v1.13.3/go.mod h1:4UKl9IzQMoD+QF79YdCuzCwp8VbmG4VAQwij/eHl5CU=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.27.0/go.mod h1:KmX6BPdI08NWTb3/sm4ZGu5ShLoqVDhKgpiN924inxo=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v0.18.0/go.mod h1:JWVYvqSMppoMJC0x5wdwiImzgXTI9FuZwxzkQq9wy+g=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5 h1:0OF9RiEMEdDdZEMqF9MRjevyxAQcf6gY+E7vwBILFj0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5/go.mod h1:EYrzvCCN9CMUTa5+6lf6MM4tq3Zjp8UhSGR/cBsjai0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17 h1:jSuiQ5jEe4SAMH6lLRMY9OVC+TqJLP5655pBGjmnjr0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17/go.mod h1:9P4wwACpbeXs9Pm9w1QTh6BwWwJjwYvJ1iCt5QbCXh8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.70 h1:ONnH5CM16RTXRkS8Z1qg7/s2eDOhHhaXVd72mmyv4/0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.70/go.mod h1:M+lWhhmomVGgtuPOhO85u4pEa3SmssPTdcYpP/5J/xc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.32 h1:KAXP9JSHO1vKGCr5f4O6WmlVKLFFXgWYAGoJosorxzU=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.32/go.mod h1:h4Sg6FQdexC1yYG9RDnOvLbW1a/P986++/Y/a+GyEM8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.36 h1:SsytQyTMHMDPspp+spo7XwXTP44aJZZAC7fBV2C5+5s=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.36/go.mod h1:Q1lnJArKRXkenyog6+Y+zr7WDpk4e6XlR6gs20bbeNo=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.36 h1:i2vNHQiXUvKhs3quBR6aqlgJaiaexz/aNvdCktW/kAM=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.36/go.mod h1:UdyGa7Q91id/sdyHPwth+043HhmP6yP9MBHgbZM0xo8=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.37.2 h1:xkW1iMYawzcmYFYEV0UCMxc8gSsjCGEhBXQkdQywVbo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.37.2/go.mod h1:9Q0OoGQoboYIAJyslFyF1f5K1Ryddop8gqMhWx/n4Wg=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.30.3 h1:utupeVnE3bmB221W08P0Moz1lDI3OwYa2fBtUhl7TCc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.30.3/go.mod h1:NDGwOEBdpyZwLPlQkpKIO7frf18BW8PaCmAM9iUxQmI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.3 h1:ptfyXmv+ooxzFwyuBth0yqABcjVIkjDL0iTYZBSbum8=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.3/go.mod h1:Q43Nci++Wohb0qUh4m54sNln0dbxJw8PvQWkrwOkGOI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.2 h1:nRniHAvjFJGUCl04F3WaAj7qp/rcz5Gi1OVoj5ErBkc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.2/go.mod h1:eJDFKAMHHUvv4a0Zfa7bQb//wFNUXGrbFpYRCHe2kD0=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.2 h1:sPiRHLVUIIQcoVZTNwqQcdtjkqkPopyYmIX0M5ElRf4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.2/go.mod h1:ik86P3sgV+Bk7c1tBFCwI3VxMoSEwl4YkRB9xn1s340=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.2 h1:ZdzDAg075H6stMZtbD2o+PyB933M/f20e9WmCBC17wA=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.2/go.mod h1:eE1IIzXG9sdZCB0pNNpMpsYTLl4YdOQD3njiVN1e/E4=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.3 h1:bIqFDwgGXXN1Kpp99pDOdKMTTb5d2KyU5X/BZxjOkRo=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.3/go.mod h1:H5O/EsxDWyU+LP/V8i5sm8cxoZgc2fdNR9bxlOFrQTo=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.4 h1:CXV68E2dNqhuynZJPB80bhPQwAKqBWVer887figW6Jc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.4/go.mod h1:/xFi9KtvBXP97ppCz1TAEvU1Uf66qvid89rbem3wCzQ=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.17 h1:t0E6FzREdtCsiLIoLCWsYliNsRBgyGD/MCK571qk4MI=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.17/go.mod h1:ygpklyoaypuyDvOM5ujWGrYWpAK3h7ugnmKCU/76Ys4=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.25.5 h1:AIRJ3lfb2w/1/8wOOSqYb9fUKGwQbtysJ2H1MofRUPg=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.25.5/go.mod h1:b7SiVprpU+iGazDUqvRSLf5XmCdn+JtT1on7uNL6Ipc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.3 h1:BpOxT3yhLwSJ77qIY3DoHAQjZsc4HEGfMCE4NGy3uFg=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.3/go.mod h1:vq/GQR1gOFLquZMSrxUK/cpvKCNVYibNyJ1m7JrU88E=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.34.0 h1:NFOJ/NXEGV4Rq//71Hs1jC/NvPs1ezajK+yQmkwnPV0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.34.0/go.mod h1:7ph2tGpfQvwzgistp2+zga9f+bCjlQJPkPUmMgDSD7w=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.4 h1:uqXzVZNuNexwc/xrh6Tb56u89WDlJY6HS+KC0S4QSjw=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.4/go.mod h1:t1ufH5HMublsJYulve2RKmHDC15xu1f26kHCp/HgceI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.0 h1:6+lZi2JeGKtCraAj1rpoZfKqnQ9SptseRZioejfUOLM=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.0/go.mod h1:eb3gfbVIxIoGgJsi9pGne19dhCBpK6opTYpQqAmdy44=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.2 h1:oxmDEO14NBZJbK/M8y3brhMFEIGN4j8a6Aq8eY0sqlo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.2/go.mod h1:4hH+8QCrk1uRWDPsVfsNDUup3taAjO8Dnx63au7smAU=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.27.0 h1:j7/jTOjWeJDolPwZ/J4yZ7dUsxsWZEsxNwH5O7F8eEA=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.27.0/go.mod h1:M0xdEPQtgpNT7kdAX4/vOAPkFj60hSQRb7TvW9B0iug=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.32.0 h1:ywQF2N4VjqX+Psw+jLjMmUL2g1RDHlvri3NxHA08MGI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.32.0/go.mod h1:Z+qv5Q6b7sWiclvbJyPSOT1BRVU9wfSUPaqQzZ1Xg3E=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.36.0 h1:bRP/a9llXSSgDPk7Rqn5GD/DQCGo6uk95plBFKoXt2M=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.36.0/go.mod h1:tgBsFzxwl65BWkuJ/x2EUs59bD4SfYKgikvFDJi1S58=
+github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.5 h1:P9ATCXPMb2mPjYBgueqJNCA5S9UfktsW0tTxi+a7eqw=
+github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.5/go.mod h1:t1ufH5HMublsJYulve2RKmHDC15xu1f26kHCp/HgceI=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.0/go.mod h1:KWe93zE9D1o94FZ5RNwFwVgaQK1VOXiVxmqh+CedLV8=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
@@ -967,8 +967,8 @@ github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20200222043503-6f7a984d4dc4/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20231223183121-56fa3ac82ce7/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.4/go.mod h1:NKb5HO1EZccyMpiZNbdUw/14tiXNyUJh188dfnMCAfc=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 h1:JYhSgy4mXXzAdF3nUx3ygx347LRXJRrpgyU3adRmkAI=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1/go.mod h1:BdsZGqgdO3b6tTc6LSE56wcDbMMLuPsw5d4ZD5f94kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 h1:TK/7NqRQZfgAh+Td8AlsrvtPoUyiHh0LqVvokh+1vHI=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2/go.mod h1:22cg9HWM1pOlnRiY+9cQYJ9XHmya1bYW8OeDM6Ku6Oo=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.10.0/go.mod h1:xUsJbQ/Fp4kEt7AFgCuvyX4a71u8h9jB8tj/ORgOZ7o=
@@ -1119,8 +1119,8 @@ github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.7.1/go.mod h1:4orTrqY6hXxxaUL4LHIPl6lGo8vAE38
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.8.0/go.mod h1:4orTrqY6hXxxaUL4LHIPl6lGo8vAE38/qKbhSAKP6QI=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.10.0/go.mod h1:4UOEnMCrxsSqQ940WnTiD6qJ63le2ev3xfyagutxiPw=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.11.0/go.mod h1:DxmR61SGKkGLa2xigwuZIQpkCI2S5iydzRfb3peWZJI=
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2 h1:eBLnkZ9635krYIPD+ag1USrOAI0Nr0QYF3+/3GqO0k0=
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2/go.mod h1:ON64QhlJkhVtSqp4v1uaK92VyZ2gmvDQsweuyLV+8+w=
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 h1:SyjDc1mGgZU5LncH8gimWo9lW1DtIfPibOG81vgd/bo=
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0/go.mod h1:zVVkkxAQHa1RQpg9z2AUCMnKhi0Qld9rcmyfL1OZhoc=
 github.com/googleapis/go-type-adapters v1.0.0/go.mod h1:zHW75FOG2aur7gAO2B+MLby+cLsWGBF62rFAi7WjWO4=
 github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-go-testing v0.0.0-20200911160855-bcd43fbb19e8/go.mod h1:dvDLG8qkwmyD9a/MJJN3XJcT3xFxOKAvTZGvuZmac9g=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1/go.mod h1:wJfORRmW1u3UXTncJ5qlYoELFm8eSnnEO6hX4iZ3EWY=
@@ -1281,8 +1281,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.3-0.20190127221311-3c4408c8b829/go.mod h1:p2iRAGwDERtqlqzRXnrOVns+ignqQo//hLXqYxZYVNs=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.3.0/go.mod h1:hJaj2vgQTGQmVCsAACORcieXFeDPbaTKGT+JTgUa3og=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 h1:rb93p9lokFEsctTys46VnV1kLCDpVZ0a/Y92Vm0Zc6Q=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0/go.mod h1:R7ljNsLXhuQXYZYtw6GAE9AZg8Y7vEW5scdCXrWRXC0=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0 h1:ust4zpdl9r4trLY/gSjlm07PuiBq2ynaXXlptpfy8Uc=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0/go.mod h1:i/o0R9ByOnHX0McrTMTyhYvKE4haaf2mW08I+jGAjEE=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190115171406-56726106282f/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
@@ -1299,8 +1299,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.4.1/go.mod h1:TNfzLD0ON7rHzMJeJkieUDPYmFC7Snx/y8
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.7.0/go.mod h1:DjGbpBbp5NYNiECxcL/VnbXCCaQpKd3tt26CguLLsqA=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0 h1:QDwzd+G1twt//Kwj/Ww6E9FQq1iVMmODnILtW1t2VzE=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0/go.mod h1:0gZns+BLRQ3V6NdaerOhMbwwRbNh9hkGINtQAsP5GS8=
-github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250717125610-8549f4ab4f8f h1:QQB6SuvGZjK8kdc2YaLJpYhV8fxauOsjE6jgcL6YJ8Q=
-github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250717125610-8549f4ab4f8f/go.mod h1:P8AwMgdD7XEr6QRUJ2QWLpiAZTgTE2UYgjlu3svompI=
+github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250725141939-ab8d56d297e3 h1:b/yrfZp3Ee3SrHXqbRT2L2zLODkY27IjZVvtEcEPES0=
+github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250725141939-ab8d56d297e3/go.mod h1:P8AwMgdD7XEr6QRUJ2QWLpiAZTgTE2UYgjlu3svompI=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181005140218-185b4288413d/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20190117184657-bf6a532e95b1/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.2/go.mod h1:TjEm7ze935MbeOT/UhFTIMYKhuLP4wbCsTZCD3I8kEA=
@@ -1476,8 +1476,9 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ss
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0/go.mod h1:ZnnJkOaASj8g0AjIduWNlq2NRxL0PlBrbKVyZ6V/Ugc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Y4J0ReaxCR1IMaabaSMugxJES1EpwhBHhv2bDHklZvc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.38.0/go.mod h1:MvrbAqul58NNYPKnOra203SB9vpuZW0e+RRZV+Ggqjw=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 h1:SHs+kF4LP+f+p14esP5jAoDpHU8Gu/v9lFRK6IT5imM=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180321215751-8460e604b9de/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180807140117-3d87b88a115f/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -1654,8 +1655,9 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.34.0/go.mod h1:di0qlW3YNM5oh6GqDGQr92MyTozJPmybPK4Ev/Gm31k=
 golang.org/x/net v0.37.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
 golang.org/x/net v0.40.0/go.mod h1:y0hY0exeL2Pku80/zKK7tpntoX23cqL3Oa6njdgRtds=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
 golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20191202225959-858c2ad4c8b6/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -1713,8 +1715,9 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.14.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 h1:KWH3jNZsfyT6xfAfKiz6MRNmd46ByHDYaZ7KSkCtdW8=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180823144017-11551d06cbcc/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -1855,6 +1858,7 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.27.0/go.mod h1:iMsnZpn0cago0GOrHO2+Y7u7JPn5AylBrcoWkElMTSM=
 golang.org/x/term v0.28.0/go.mod h1:Sw/lC2IAUZ92udQNf3WodGtn4k/XoLyZoh8v/8uiwek=
 golang.org/x/term v0.30.0/go.mod h1:NYYFdzHoI5wRh/h5tDMdMqCqPJZEuNqVR5xJLd/n67g=
 golang.org/x/term v0.32.0/go.mod h1:uZG1FhGx848Sqfsq4/DlJr3xGGsYMu/L5GW4abiaEPQ=
+golang.org/x/term v0.33.0/go.mod h1:s18+ql9tYWp1IfpV9DmCtQDDSRBUjKaw9M1eAv5UeF0=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1883,8 +1887,9 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.22.0/go.mod h1:YRoo4H8PVmsu+E3Ou7cqLVH8oXWIHVoX0jqUWALQhfY=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
 golang.org/x/text v0.25.0/go.mod h1:WEdwpYrmk1qmdHvhkSTNPm3app7v4rsT8F2UD6+VHIA=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
 golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
@@ -1970,6 +1975,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxb
 golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0/go.mod h1:aCwcsjqvq7Yqt6TNyX7QMU2enbQ/Gt0bo6krSeEri+c=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0/go.mod h1:TPVVj70c7JJ3WCazhD8OdXcZg/og+b9+tH/KxylGwH0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0/go.mod h1:CIJMaWEY88juyUfo7UbgPqbC8rU2OqfAV1h2Qp0oMYI=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0/go.mod h1:pAP9OwEaY1CAW3HOmg3hLZC5Z0CCmzjAF2UQMSqNARg=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -2055,8 +2061,8 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.122.0/go.mod h1:gcitW0lvnyWjSp9nKxAbdHKIZ6vF4aajGueeslZ
 google.golang.org/api v0.124.0/go.mod h1:xu2HQurE5gi/3t1aFCvhPD781p0a3p11sdunTJ2BlP4=
 google.golang.org/api v0.125.0/go.mod h1:mBwVAtz+87bEN6CbA1GtZPDOqY2R5ONPqJeIlvyo4Aw=
 google.golang.org/api v0.126.0/go.mod h1:mBwVAtz+87bEN6CbA1GtZPDOqY2R5ONPqJeIlvyo4Aw=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0 h1:PxG3AA2UIqT1ofIzWV2COM3j3JagKTKSwy7L6RHNXNU=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
+google.golang.org/api v0.245.0 h1:YliGvz1rjXB+sTLNIST6Ffeji9WlRdLQ+LPl9ruSa5Y=
+google.golang.org/api v0.245.0/go.mod h1:dMVhVcylamkirHdzEBAIQWUCgqY885ivNeZYd7VAVr8=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.2.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.5.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
@@ -2205,8 +2211,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230629202037-9506855d4529/go.mod h1:xZnkP7mR
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230706204954-ccb25ca9f130/go.mod h1:O9kGHb51iE/nOGvQaDUuadVYqovW56s5emA88lQnj6Y=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230726155614-23370e0ffb3e/go.mod h1:0ggbjUrZYpy1q+ANUS30SEoGZ53cdfwtbuG7Ptgy108=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230803162519-f966b187b2e5/go.mod h1:oH/ZOT02u4kWEp7oYBGYFFkCdKS/uYR9Z7+0/xuuFp8=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FGOcxvKlJgRBVbXeugjljCfCgfKWhC42FBoYmTCWVBs=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:249YoW4b1INqFTEop2T4aJgiO7UBYJrpejsaLvjWfI8=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:eZTgydvqZO44zyTZAvMaSyAxccZZdraiSAGvqOczVvk=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:suyz2QBHQKlGIF92HEEsCfO1SwxXdk7PFLz+Zd9Uah4=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230525234020-1aefcd67740a/go.mod h1:ts19tUU+Z0ZShN1y3aPyq2+O3d5FUNNgT6FtOzmrNn8=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230525234035-dd9d682886f9/go.mod h1:vHYtlOoi6TsQ3Uk2yxR7NI5z8uoV+3pZtR4jmHIkRig=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230526203410-71b5a4ffd15e/go.mod h1:vHYtlOoi6TsQ3Uk2yxR7NI5z8uoV+3pZtR4jmHIkRig=
@@ -2217,8 +2223,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230726155614-23370e0ffb3e/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230822172742-b8732ec3820d/go.mod h1:KjSP20unUpOx5kyQUFa7k4OJg0qeJ7DEZflGDu2p6Bk=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.mod h1:d6be+8HhtEtucleCbxpPW9PA9XwISACu8nvpPqF0BVo=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:jehYqy3+AhJU9ve55aNOaSml7wUXjF9x6z2LcCfpAhY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FiusG7LWj+4byqhbvmB+Q93B/mOxJLN2DTozDuZm4EU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:kXqgZtrWaf6qS3jZOCnCH7WYfrvFjkC51bM8fz3RsCA=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:ULiyYQ0FdsJhwwZUwbaXpZF5yUE3h+RA+gxvBu37ucc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:oDOGiMSXHL4sDTJvFvIB9nRQCGdLP1o/iVaqQK8zB+M=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/bytestream v0.0.0-20230530153820-e85fd2cbaebc/go.mod h1:ylj+BE99M198VPbBh6A8d9n3w8fChvyLK3wwBOjXBFA=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234015-3fc162c6f38a/go.mod h1:xURIpW9ES5+/GZhnV6beoEtxQrnkRGIfP5VQG2tCBLc=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234030-28d5490b6b19/go.mod h1:66JfowdXAEgad5O9NnYcsNPLCPZJD++2L9X0PCMODrA=
@@ -2235,9 +2241,9 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240826202546-f6391c0de4c7/go.mod h1:UqMtugtsSgubUsoxbuAoiCXvqvErP7Gf0so0mK9tHxU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241118233622-e639e219e697/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6Kw0yEErY5E/yWrBtf03jp27GLLJujG4z/JK95pnjjw=
 google.golang.org/grpc/examples v0.0.0-20230224211313-3775f633ce20/go.mod h1:Nr5H8+MlGWr5+xX/STzdoEqJrO+YteqFbMyCsrb6mH0=
 google.golang.org/grpc/security/advancedtls v1.0.0 h1:/KQ7VP/1bs53/aopk9QhuPyFAp9Dm9Ejix3lzYkCrDA=
diff --git a/experimental/credentials/tls.go b/experimental/credentials/tls.go
index 7b50b0a7..0e19c86a 100644
--- a/experimental/credentials/tls.go
+++ b/experimental/credentials/tls.go
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ func (c tlsCreds) Info() credentials.ProtocolInfo {
 func (c *tlsCreds) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, authority string, rawConn net.Conn) (_ net.Conn, _ credentials.AuthInfo, err error) {
 	// use local cfg to avoid clobbering ServerName if using multiple endpoints
 	cfg := cloneTLSConfig(c.config)
-	if cfg.ServerName == "" {
-		serverName, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(authority)
-		if err != nil {
-			// If the authority had no host port or if the authority cannot be parsed, use it as-is.
-			serverName = authority
-		}
-		cfg.ServerName = serverName
+
+	serverName, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(authority)
+	if err != nil {
+		// If the authority had no host port or if the authority cannot be parsed, use it as-is.
+		serverName = authority
 	}
+	cfg.ServerName = serverName
+
 	conn := tls.Client(rawConn, cfg)
 	errChannel := make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
diff --git a/gcp/observability/go.mod b/gcp/observability/go.mod
index d766a4ec..a4404558 100644
--- a/gcp/observability/go.mod
+++ b/gcp/observability/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/gcp/observability
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/logging v1.13.0
@@ -9,32 +9,32 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0
-	google.golang.org/api v0.240.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
+	google.golang.org/api v0.245.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
 	google.golang.org/grpc/stats/opencensus v1.0.0
 )
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.7.0 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.7 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.24.2 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/trace v1.11.6 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.70 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.32 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.36 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.36 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.37.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.30.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.2 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.4 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.17 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.25.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.34.0 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.27.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.32.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.36.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.5 // indirect
 	github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
@@ -43,22 +43,22 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.62.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.62.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/gcp/observability/go.sum b/gcp/observability/go.sum
index cd51f9d8..b94f7cf9 100644
--- a/gcp/observability/go.sum
+++ b/gcp/observability/go.sum
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ cloud.google.com/go v0.110.0/go.mod h1:SJnCLqQ0FCFGSZMUNUf84MV3Aia54kn7pi8st7tMz
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.2/go.mod h1:k04UEeEtb6ZBRTv3dZz4CeJC3jKGxyhl0sAiVVquxiw=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.4/go.mod h1:+EYjdK8e5RME/VY/qLCAtuyALQ9q67dvuum8i+H5xsI=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.6/go.mod h1:+EYjdK8e5RME/VY/qLCAtuyALQ9q67dvuum8i+H5xsI=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3 h1:84RD+hQXNdY5Sw/MWVAx5O9Aui/rd5VQ9HEcdN19afo=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3/go.mod h1:6vWF3nJWRrEUv26mMB3FEIU/o1MQNVPG1iHdisa2SJc=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 h1:cVvUiY0sX0xwyxPwdSU2KsF9knOVmtRyAMt8xou0iTs=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4/go.mod h1:XEBchUiHFJbz4lKBZwYBDHV/rSyfFktk737TLDU089s=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.4.0/go.mod h1:zybIuC3KpDOvotz59lFe5qxRZx6C75OtwbisN56xYB4=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.5.0/go.mod h1:HFy3tuiGvMdcd/u+Cu5b9NkO1pEICJ46IR82PoUdplw=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.6.0/go.mod h1:R0EiYnwV5fsRFiKZkPHr6mwyk2wxUJ30nL4j2pcFY2E=
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.8.0/go.mod h1:AsX2cqyNCOvEQC8RMPnoc0yEar
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.9.0/go.mod h1:kFuI1P78bplYtT77Tb1hi0FMxM0vVpRC7VVoJC3ZoT0=
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.10.0/go.mod h1:kwdUQuXcedVdsIaKgKTp9t0UJkE5+PAVNhdQm4ZVq2E=
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.11.1/go.mod h1:+F04I52Pgn5nmPG36CWFtxmav6+7Q+c5QyJoL18Lry0=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2 h1:QvBAGFPLrDeoiNjyfVunhQ10HKNYuOwZ5noee0M5df4=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2/go.mod h1:sRBas2Y1fB1vZTdurouM0AzuYQBMZinrUYL8EufhtEA=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 h1:kabzoQ9/bobUmnseYnBO6qQG7q4a/CffFRlJSxv2wCc=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3/go.mod h1:NucRGjaXfzP1ltpcQ7On/VTZ0H4kWB5Jy+Y9Dnm76fA=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 h1:keo8NaayQZ6wimpNSmW5OPc283g65QNIiLpZnkHRbnc=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8/go.mod h1:XQ9y31RkqZCcwJWNSx2Xvric3RrU88hAYYbjDWYDL+c=
 cloud.google.com/go/automl v1.5.0/go.mod h1:34EjfoFGMZ5sgJ9EoLsRtdPSNZLcfflJR39VbVNS2M0=
@@ -836,32 +836,32 @@ github.com/aryann/difflib v0.0.0-20170710044230-e206f873d14a/go.mod h1:DAHtR1m6l
 github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go v1.13.3/go.mod h1:4UKl9IzQMoD+QF79YdCuzCwp8VbmG4VAQwij/eHl5CU=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.27.0/go.mod h1:KmX6BPdI08NWTb3/sm4ZGu5ShLoqVDhKgpiN924inxo=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v0.18.0/go.mod h1:JWVYvqSMppoMJC0x5wdwiImzgXTI9FuZwxzkQq9wy+g=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5 h1:0OF9RiEMEdDdZEMqF9MRjevyxAQcf6gY+E7vwBILFj0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5/go.mod h1:EYrzvCCN9CMUTa5+6lf6MM4tq3Zjp8UhSGR/cBsjai0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17 h1:jSuiQ5jEe4SAMH6lLRMY9OVC+TqJLP5655pBGjmnjr0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17/go.mod h1:9P4wwACpbeXs9Pm9w1QTh6BwWwJjwYvJ1iCt5QbCXh8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.70 h1:ONnH5CM16RTXRkS8Z1qg7/s2eDOhHhaXVd72mmyv4/0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.70/go.mod h1:M+lWhhmomVGgtuPOhO85u4pEa3SmssPTdcYpP/5J/xc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.32 h1:KAXP9JSHO1vKGCr5f4O6WmlVKLFFXgWYAGoJosorxzU=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.32/go.mod h1:h4Sg6FQdexC1yYG9RDnOvLbW1a/P986++/Y/a+GyEM8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.36 h1:SsytQyTMHMDPspp+spo7XwXTP44aJZZAC7fBV2C5+5s=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.36/go.mod h1:Q1lnJArKRXkenyog6+Y+zr7WDpk4e6XlR6gs20bbeNo=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.36 h1:i2vNHQiXUvKhs3quBR6aqlgJaiaexz/aNvdCktW/kAM=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.36/go.mod h1:UdyGa7Q91id/sdyHPwth+043HhmP6yP9MBHgbZM0xo8=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.37.2 h1:xkW1iMYawzcmYFYEV0UCMxc8gSsjCGEhBXQkdQywVbo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.37.2/go.mod h1:9Q0OoGQoboYIAJyslFyF1f5K1Ryddop8gqMhWx/n4Wg=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.30.3 h1:utupeVnE3bmB221W08P0Moz1lDI3OwYa2fBtUhl7TCc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.30.3/go.mod h1:NDGwOEBdpyZwLPlQkpKIO7frf18BW8PaCmAM9iUxQmI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.3 h1:ptfyXmv+ooxzFwyuBth0yqABcjVIkjDL0iTYZBSbum8=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.3/go.mod h1:Q43Nci++Wohb0qUh4m54sNln0dbxJw8PvQWkrwOkGOI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.2 h1:nRniHAvjFJGUCl04F3WaAj7qp/rcz5Gi1OVoj5ErBkc=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.2/go.mod h1:eJDFKAMHHUvv4a0Zfa7bQb//wFNUXGrbFpYRCHe2kD0=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.2 h1:sPiRHLVUIIQcoVZTNwqQcdtjkqkPopyYmIX0M5ElRf4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.2/go.mod h1:ik86P3sgV+Bk7c1tBFCwI3VxMoSEwl4YkRB9xn1s340=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.2 h1:ZdzDAg075H6stMZtbD2o+PyB933M/f20e9WmCBC17wA=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.2/go.mod h1:eE1IIzXG9sdZCB0pNNpMpsYTLl4YdOQD3njiVN1e/E4=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.3 h1:bIqFDwgGXXN1Kpp99pDOdKMTTb5d2KyU5X/BZxjOkRo=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.3/go.mod h1:H5O/EsxDWyU+LP/V8i5sm8cxoZgc2fdNR9bxlOFrQTo=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.4 h1:CXV68E2dNqhuynZJPB80bhPQwAKqBWVer887figW6Jc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.4/go.mod h1:/xFi9KtvBXP97ppCz1TAEvU1Uf66qvid89rbem3wCzQ=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.17 h1:t0E6FzREdtCsiLIoLCWsYliNsRBgyGD/MCK571qk4MI=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.17/go.mod h1:ygpklyoaypuyDvOM5ujWGrYWpAK3h7ugnmKCU/76Ys4=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.25.5 h1:AIRJ3lfb2w/1/8wOOSqYb9fUKGwQbtysJ2H1MofRUPg=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.25.5/go.mod h1:b7SiVprpU+iGazDUqvRSLf5XmCdn+JtT1on7uNL6Ipc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.3 h1:BpOxT3yhLwSJ77qIY3DoHAQjZsc4HEGfMCE4NGy3uFg=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.3/go.mod h1:vq/GQR1gOFLquZMSrxUK/cpvKCNVYibNyJ1m7JrU88E=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.34.0 h1:NFOJ/NXEGV4Rq//71Hs1jC/NvPs1ezajK+yQmkwnPV0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.34.0/go.mod h1:7ph2tGpfQvwzgistp2+zga9f+bCjlQJPkPUmMgDSD7w=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.4 h1:uqXzVZNuNexwc/xrh6Tb56u89WDlJY6HS+KC0S4QSjw=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.4/go.mod h1:t1ufH5HMublsJYulve2RKmHDC15xu1f26kHCp/HgceI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.0 h1:6+lZi2JeGKtCraAj1rpoZfKqnQ9SptseRZioejfUOLM=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.0/go.mod h1:eb3gfbVIxIoGgJsi9pGne19dhCBpK6opTYpQqAmdy44=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.2 h1:oxmDEO14NBZJbK/M8y3brhMFEIGN4j8a6Aq8eY0sqlo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.2/go.mod h1:4hH+8QCrk1uRWDPsVfsNDUup3taAjO8Dnx63au7smAU=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.27.0 h1:j7/jTOjWeJDolPwZ/J4yZ7dUsxsWZEsxNwH5O7F8eEA=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.27.0/go.mod h1:M0xdEPQtgpNT7kdAX4/vOAPkFj60hSQRb7TvW9B0iug=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.32.0 h1:ywQF2N4VjqX+Psw+jLjMmUL2g1RDHlvri3NxHA08MGI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.32.0/go.mod h1:Z+qv5Q6b7sWiclvbJyPSOT1BRVU9wfSUPaqQzZ1Xg3E=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.36.0 h1:bRP/a9llXSSgDPk7Rqn5GD/DQCGo6uk95plBFKoXt2M=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.36.0/go.mod h1:tgBsFzxwl65BWkuJ/x2EUs59bD4SfYKgikvFDJi1S58=
+github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.5 h1:P9ATCXPMb2mPjYBgueqJNCA5S9UfktsW0tTxi+a7eqw=
+github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.5/go.mod h1:t1ufH5HMublsJYulve2RKmHDC15xu1f26kHCp/HgceI=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.0/go.mod h1:KWe93zE9D1o94FZ5RNwFwVgaQK1VOXiVxmqh+CedLV8=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20200222043503-6f7a984d4dc4/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20231223183121-56fa3ac82ce7/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.4/go.mod h1:NKb5HO1EZccyMpiZNbdUw/14tiXNyUJh188dfnMCAfc=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1/go.mod h1:BdsZGqgdO3b6tTc6LSE56wcDbMMLuPsw5d4ZD5f94kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2/go.mod h1:22cg9HWM1pOlnRiY+9cQYJ9XHmya1bYW8OeDM6Ku6Oo=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.10.0/go.mod h1:xUsJbQ/Fp4kEt7AFgCuvyX4a71u8h9jB8tj/ORgOZ7o=
@@ -1109,8 +1109,8 @@ github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.7.1/go.mod h1:4orTrqY6hXxxaUL4LHIPl6lGo8vAE38
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.8.0/go.mod h1:4orTrqY6hXxxaUL4LHIPl6lGo8vAE38/qKbhSAKP6QI=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.10.0/go.mod h1:4UOEnMCrxsSqQ940WnTiD6qJ63le2ev3xfyagutxiPw=
 github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.11.0/go.mod h1:DxmR61SGKkGLa2xigwuZIQpkCI2S5iydzRfb3peWZJI=
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2 h1:eBLnkZ9635krYIPD+ag1USrOAI0Nr0QYF3+/3GqO0k0=
-github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2/go.mod h1:ON64QhlJkhVtSqp4v1uaK92VyZ2gmvDQsweuyLV+8+w=
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 h1:SyjDc1mGgZU5LncH8gimWo9lW1DtIfPibOG81vgd/bo=
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0/go.mod h1:zVVkkxAQHa1RQpg9z2AUCMnKhi0Qld9rcmyfL1OZhoc=
 github.com/googleapis/go-type-adapters v1.0.0/go.mod h1:zHW75FOG2aur7gAO2B+MLby+cLsWGBF62rFAi7WjWO4=
 github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-go-testing v0.0.0-20200911160855-bcd43fbb19e8/go.mod h1:dvDLG8qkwmyD9a/MJJN3XJcT3xFxOKAvTZGvuZmac9g=
 github.com/gopherjs/gopherjs v0.0.0-20181017120253-0766667cb4d1/go.mod h1:wJfORRmW1u3UXTncJ5qlYoELFm8eSnnEO6hX4iZ3EWY=
@@ -1440,8 +1440,9 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ss
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0/go.mod h1:ZnnJkOaASj8g0AjIduWNlq2NRxL0PlBrbKVyZ6V/Ugc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Y4J0ReaxCR1IMaabaSMugxJES1EpwhBHhv2bDHklZvc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.38.0/go.mod h1:MvrbAqul58NNYPKnOra203SB9vpuZW0e+RRZV+Ggqjw=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 h1:SHs+kF4LP+f+p14esP5jAoDpHU8Gu/v9lFRK6IT5imM=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180321215751-8460e604b9de/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180807140117-3d87b88a115f/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -1618,8 +1619,9 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.34.0/go.mod h1:di0qlW3YNM5oh6GqDGQr92MyTozJPmybPK4Ev/Gm31k=
 golang.org/x/net v0.37.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
 golang.org/x/net v0.40.0/go.mod h1:y0hY0exeL2Pku80/zKK7tpntoX23cqL3Oa6njdgRtds=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
 golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20191202225959-858c2ad4c8b6/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -1677,8 +1679,9 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.14.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 h1:KWH3jNZsfyT6xfAfKiz6MRNmd46ByHDYaZ7KSkCtdW8=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180823144017-11551d06cbcc/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -1788,8 +1791,9 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2/go.mod h1:TeRTkGYfJXctD9OcfyVLyj2J3IxLnKwHJR8f4D8a3YE=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240521205824-bda55230c457/go.mod h1:pRgIJT+bRLFKnoM1ldnzKoxTIn14Yxz928LQRYYgIN0=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
@@ -1818,6 +1822,7 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.27.0/go.mod h1:iMsnZpn0cago0GOrHO2+Y7u7JPn5AylBrcoWkElMTSM=
 golang.org/x/term v0.28.0/go.mod h1:Sw/lC2IAUZ92udQNf3WodGtn4k/XoLyZoh8v/8uiwek=
 golang.org/x/term v0.30.0/go.mod h1:NYYFdzHoI5wRh/h5tDMdMqCqPJZEuNqVR5xJLd/n67g=
 golang.org/x/term v0.32.0/go.mod h1:uZG1FhGx848Sqfsq4/DlJr3xGGsYMu/L5GW4abiaEPQ=
+golang.org/x/term v0.33.0/go.mod h1:s18+ql9tYWp1IfpV9DmCtQDDSRBUjKaw9M1eAv5UeF0=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1846,8 +1851,9 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.22.0/go.mod h1:YRoo4H8PVmsu+E3Ou7cqLVH8oXWIHVoX0jqUWALQhfY=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
 golang.org/x/text v0.25.0/go.mod h1:WEdwpYrmk1qmdHvhkSTNPm3app7v4rsT8F2UD6+VHIA=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
 golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
@@ -1933,6 +1939,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxb
 golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0/go.mod h1:aCwcsjqvq7Yqt6TNyX7QMU2enbQ/Gt0bo6krSeEri+c=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0/go.mod h1:TPVVj70c7JJ3WCazhD8OdXcZg/og+b9+tH/KxylGwH0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0/go.mod h1:CIJMaWEY88juyUfo7UbgPqbC8rU2OqfAV1h2Qp0oMYI=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0/go.mod h1:pAP9OwEaY1CAW3HOmg3hLZC5Z0CCmzjAF2UQMSqNARg=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -2018,8 +2025,8 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.122.0/go.mod h1:gcitW0lvnyWjSp9nKxAbdHKIZ6vF4aajGueeslZ
 google.golang.org/api v0.124.0/go.mod h1:xu2HQurE5gi/3t1aFCvhPD781p0a3p11sdunTJ2BlP4=
 google.golang.org/api v0.125.0/go.mod h1:mBwVAtz+87bEN6CbA1GtZPDOqY2R5ONPqJeIlvyo4Aw=
 google.golang.org/api v0.126.0/go.mod h1:mBwVAtz+87bEN6CbA1GtZPDOqY2R5ONPqJeIlvyo4Aw=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0 h1:PxG3AA2UIqT1ofIzWV2COM3j3JagKTKSwy7L6RHNXNU=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
+google.golang.org/api v0.245.0 h1:YliGvz1rjXB+sTLNIST6Ffeji9WlRdLQ+LPl9ruSa5Y=
+google.golang.org/api v0.245.0/go.mod h1:dMVhVcylamkirHdzEBAIQWUCgqY885ivNeZYd7VAVr8=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.2.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.5.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
@@ -2168,8 +2175,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230629202037-9506855d4529/go.mod h1:xZnkP7mR
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230706204954-ccb25ca9f130/go.mod h1:O9kGHb51iE/nOGvQaDUuadVYqovW56s5emA88lQnj6Y=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230726155614-23370e0ffb3e/go.mod h1:0ggbjUrZYpy1q+ANUS30SEoGZ53cdfwtbuG7Ptgy108=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230803162519-f966b187b2e5/go.mod h1:oH/ZOT02u4kWEp7oYBGYFFkCdKS/uYR9Z7+0/xuuFp8=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FGOcxvKlJgRBVbXeugjljCfCgfKWhC42FBoYmTCWVBs=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:249YoW4b1INqFTEop2T4aJgiO7UBYJrpejsaLvjWfI8=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:eZTgydvqZO44zyTZAvMaSyAxccZZdraiSAGvqOczVvk=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:suyz2QBHQKlGIF92HEEsCfO1SwxXdk7PFLz+Zd9Uah4=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230525234020-1aefcd67740a/go.mod h1:ts19tUU+Z0ZShN1y3aPyq2+O3d5FUNNgT6FtOzmrNn8=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230525234035-dd9d682886f9/go.mod h1:vHYtlOoi6TsQ3Uk2yxR7NI5z8uoV+3pZtR4jmHIkRig=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230526203410-71b5a4ffd15e/go.mod h1:vHYtlOoi6TsQ3Uk2yxR7NI5z8uoV+3pZtR4jmHIkRig=
@@ -2180,8 +2187,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230726155614-23370e0ffb3e/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230822172742-b8732ec3820d/go.mod h1:KjSP20unUpOx5kyQUFa7k4OJg0qeJ7DEZflGDu2p6Bk=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.mod h1:d6be+8HhtEtucleCbxpPW9PA9XwISACu8nvpPqF0BVo=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:jehYqy3+AhJU9ve55aNOaSml7wUXjF9x6z2LcCfpAhY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FiusG7LWj+4byqhbvmB+Q93B/mOxJLN2DTozDuZm4EU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:kXqgZtrWaf6qS3jZOCnCH7WYfrvFjkC51bM8fz3RsCA=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:ULiyYQ0FdsJhwwZUwbaXpZF5yUE3h+RA+gxvBu37ucc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:oDOGiMSXHL4sDTJvFvIB9nRQCGdLP1o/iVaqQK8zB+M=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/bytestream v0.0.0-20230530153820-e85fd2cbaebc/go.mod h1:ylj+BE99M198VPbBh6A8d9n3w8fChvyLK3wwBOjXBFA=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234015-3fc162c6f38a/go.mod h1:xURIpW9ES5+/GZhnV6beoEtxQrnkRGIfP5VQG2tCBLc=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234030-28d5490b6b19/go.mod h1:66JfowdXAEgad5O9NnYcsNPLCPZJD++2L9X0PCMODrA=
@@ -2198,9 +2205,9 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240826202546-f6391c0de4c7/go.mod h1:UqMtugtsSgubUsoxbuAoiCXvqvErP7Gf0so0mK9tHxU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241118233622-e639e219e697/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6Kw0yEErY5E/yWrBtf03jp27GLLJujG4z/JK95pnjjw=
 google.golang.org/grpc/examples v0.0.0-20230224211313-3775f633ce20/go.mod h1:Nr5H8+MlGWr5+xX/STzdoEqJrO+YteqFbMyCsrb6mH0=
 google.golang.org/grpc/stats/opencensus v1.0.0 h1:evSYcRZaSToQp+borzWE52+03joezZeXcKJvZDfkUJA=
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 2ded5df8..69ed077a 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.37.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0
 	gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6
 )
 
@@ -33,15 +33,15 @@ require (
 	github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.29.0 // indirect
 	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/ratelimit v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/errs v1.4.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 )
 
 // v1.74.0 was published prematurely with known issues.
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 8ecc160e..f5a1c044 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/ratelimit v0.1.0 h1:/G9QYbddjL25KvtKTv3an
 github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/ratelimit v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Wk+tMFAFbCXaJPzVVHnPgRKdUdwW/KdbRt94AzgRee4=
 github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 h1:DEo3O99U8j4hBFwbJfrz9VtgcDfUKS7KJ7spH3d86P8=
 github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1/go.mod h1:d/C80l/jxXLdfEIhX1W2TmLfsJ31lvEjwamM4DxlWXU=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 h1:JYhSgy4mXXzAdF3nUx3ygx347LRXJRrpgyU3adRmkAI=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1/go.mod h1:BdsZGqgdO3b6tTc6LSE56wcDbMMLuPsw5d4ZD5f94kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 h1:TK/7NqRQZfgAh+Td8AlsrvtPoUyiHh0LqVvokh+1vHI=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2/go.mod h1:22cg9HWM1pOlnRiY+9cQYJ9XHmya1bYW8OeDM6Ku6Oo=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
@@ -59,24 +59,24 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 h1:HLdcFNbRQBE2imdSEgm/kwqmQj1Or1l/7bW6mx
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0/go.mod h1:TlgrlQ+PtQO5XFerSPUYG0JSgGyryXewPGyayAWSBS0=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 h1:SHs+kF4LP+f+p14esP5jAoDpHU8Gu/v9lFRK6IT5imM=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 h1:dnDm7JmhM45NNpd8FDDeLhK6FwqbOf4MLCM9zb1BOHI=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0/go.mod h1:B++QgG3ZKulg6sRPGD/mqlHQs5rB3Ml9erfeDY7xKlU=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 h1:KWH3jNZsfyT6xfAfKiz6MRNmd46ByHDYaZ7KSkCtdW8=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0 h1:5+ul4Swaf3ESvrOnidPp4GZbzf0mxVQpDCYUQE7OJfk=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0/go.mod h1:fef3am4MQ93R2HHpKnLk4/Tbh/s0+wqD5nfa6Pnwy4E=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FiusG7LWj+4byqhbvmB+Q93B/mOxJLN2DTozDuZm4EU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:kXqgZtrWaf6qS3jZOCnCH7WYfrvFjkC51bM8fz3RsCA=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:ULiyYQ0FdsJhwwZUwbaXpZF5yUE3h+RA+gxvBu37ucc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:oDOGiMSXHL4sDTJvFvIB9nRQCGdLP1o/iVaqQK8zB+M=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
diff --git a/internal/envconfig/envconfig.go b/internal/envconfig/envconfig.go
index 65fde7dc..7e060f5e 100644
--- a/internal/envconfig/envconfig.go
+++ b/internal/envconfig/envconfig.go
@@ -52,11 +52,6 @@ var (
 	// or "false".
 	EnforceALPNEnabled = boolFromEnv("GRPC_ENFORCE_ALPN_ENABLED", true)
 
-	// XDSFallbackSupport is the env variable that controls whether support for
-	// xDS fallback is turned on. If this is unset or is false, only the first
-	// xDS server in the list of server configs will be used.
-	XDSFallbackSupport = boolFromEnv("GRPC_EXPERIMENTAL_XDS_FALLBACK", true)
-
 	// NewPickFirstEnabled is set if the new pickfirst leaf policy is to be used
 	// instead of the exiting pickfirst implementation. This can be disabled by
 	// setting the environment variable "GRPC_EXPERIMENTAL_ENABLE_NEW_PICK_FIRST"
diff --git a/internal/grpcsync/callback_serializer.go b/internal/grpcsync/callback_serializer.go
index 8e8e8612..9b6d8a1f 100644
--- a/internal/grpcsync/callback_serializer.go
+++ b/internal/grpcsync/callback_serializer.go
@@ -80,25 +80,11 @@ func (cs *CallbackSerializer) ScheduleOr(f func(ctx context.Context), onFailure
 func (cs *CallbackSerializer) run(ctx context.Context) {
 	defer close(cs.done)
 
-	// TODO: when Go 1.21 is the oldest supported version, this loop and Close
-	// can be replaced with:
-	//
-	// context.AfterFunc(ctx, cs.callbacks.Close)
-	for ctx.Err() == nil {
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			// Do nothing here. Next iteration of the for loop will not happen,
-			// since ctx.Err() would be non-nil.
-		case cb := <-cs.callbacks.Get():
-			cs.callbacks.Load()
-			cb.(func(context.Context))(ctx)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Close the buffer to prevent new callbacks from being added.
-	cs.callbacks.Close()
+	// Close the buffer when the context is canceled
+	// to prevent new callbacks from being added.
+	context.AfterFunc(ctx, cs.callbacks.Close)
 
-	// Run all pending callbacks.
+	// Run all callbacks.
 	for cb := range cs.callbacks.Get() {
 		cs.callbacks.Load()
 		cb.(func(context.Context))(ctx)
diff --git a/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap.go b/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap.go
index 6c7b2332..4278702e 100644
--- a/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap.go
+++ b/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap.go
@@ -106,12 +106,6 @@ func (scs *ServerConfigs) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &servers); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("xds: failed to JSON unmarshal server configurations during bootstrap: %v, config:\n%s", err, string(data))
 	}
-	// Only use the first server config if fallback support is disabled.
-	if !envconfig.XDSFallbackSupport {
-		if len(servers) > 1 {
-			servers = servers[:1]
-		}
-	}
 	*scs = servers
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/interop/observability/go.mod b/interop/observability/go.mod
index 48f04f38..8bb16a20 100644
--- a/interop/observability/go.mod
+++ b/interop/observability/go.mod
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/interop/observability
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
 	google.golang.org/grpc/gcp/observability v1.0.1
 )
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.7.0 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/logging v1.13.0 // indirect
@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.24.2 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/trace v1.11.6 // indirect
 	contrib.go.opencensus.io/exporter/stackdriver v0.13.15-0.20230702191903-2de6d2748484 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.70 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.32 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.36 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.36 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.37.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.30.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.18.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.2 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.4 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.17 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.25.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.34.0 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.27.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.32.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.36.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.5 // indirect
 	github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20250501225837-2ac532fd4443 // indirect
 	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 // indirect
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.6 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.14.2 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.62.0 // indirect
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/api v0.240.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/api v0.245.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc/stats/opencensus v1.0.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/interop/observability/go.sum b/interop/observability/go.sum
index f4164b31..471bf15d 100644
--- a/interop/observability/go.sum
+++ b/interop/observability/go.sum
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ cloud.google.com/go v0.110.0/go.mod h1:SJnCLqQ0FCFGSZMUNUf84MV3Aia54kn7pi8st7tMz
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.2/go.mod h1:k04UEeEtb6ZBRTv3dZz4CeJC3jKGxyhl0sAiVVquxiw=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.4/go.mod h1:+EYjdK8e5RME/VY/qLCAtuyALQ9q67dvuum8i+H5xsI=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.110.6/go.mod h1:+EYjdK8e5RME/VY/qLCAtuyALQ9q67dvuum8i+H5xsI=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3 h1:84RD+hQXNdY5Sw/MWVAx5O9Aui/rd5VQ9HEcdN19afo=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.121.3/go.mod h1:6vWF3nJWRrEUv26mMB3FEIU/o1MQNVPG1iHdisa2SJc=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4 h1:cVvUiY0sX0xwyxPwdSU2KsF9knOVmtRyAMt8xou0iTs=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.121.4/go.mod h1:XEBchUiHFJbz4lKBZwYBDHV/rSyfFktk737TLDU089s=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.4.0/go.mod h1:zybIuC3KpDOvotz59lFe5qxRZx6C75OtwbisN56xYB4=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.5.0/go.mod h1:HFy3tuiGvMdcd/u+Cu5b9NkO1pEICJ46IR82PoUdplw=
 cloud.google.com/go/accessapproval v1.6.0/go.mod h1:R0EiYnwV5fsRFiKZkPHr6mwyk2wxUJ30nL4j2pcFY2E=
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.8.0/go.mod h1:AsX2cqyNCOvEQC8RMPnoc0yEar
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.9.0/go.mod h1:kFuI1P78bplYtT77Tb1hi0FMxM0vVpRC7VVoJC3ZoT0=
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.10.0/go.mod h1:kwdUQuXcedVdsIaKgKTp9t0UJkE5+PAVNhdQm4ZVq2E=
 cloud.google.com/go/assuredworkloads v1.11.1/go.mod h1:+F04I52Pgn5nmPG36CWFtxmav6+7Q+c5QyJoL18Lry0=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2 h1:QvBAGFPLrDeoiNjyfVunhQ10HKNYuOwZ5noee0M5df4=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.2/go.mod h1:sRBas2Y1fB1vZTdurouM0AzuYQBMZinrUYL8EufhtEA=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3 h1:kabzoQ9/bobUmnseYnBO6qQG7q4a/CffFRlJSxv2wCc=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.16.3/go.mod h1:NucRGjaXfzP1ltpcQ7On/VTZ0H4kWB5Jy+Y9Dnm76fA=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 h1:keo8NaayQZ6wimpNSmW5OPc283g65QNIiLpZnkHRbnc=
 cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8/go.mod h1:XQ9y31RkqZCcwJWNSx2Xvric3RrU88hAYYbjDWYDL+c=
 cloud.google.com/go/automl v1.5.0/go.mod h1:34EjfoFGMZ5sgJ9EoLsRtdPSNZLcfflJR39VbVNS2M0=
@@ -836,32 +836,32 @@ github.com/aryann/difflib v0.0.0-20170710044230-e206f873d14a/go.mod h1:DAHtR1m6l
 github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go v1.13.3/go.mod h1:4UKl9IzQMoD+QF79YdCuzCwp8VbmG4VAQwij/eHl5CU=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.27.0/go.mod h1:KmX6BPdI08NWTb3/sm4ZGu5ShLoqVDhKgpiN924inxo=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v0.18.0/go.mod h1:JWVYvqSMppoMJC0x5wdwiImzgXTI9FuZwxzkQq9wy+g=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5 h1:0OF9RiEMEdDdZEMqF9MRjevyxAQcf6gY+E7vwBILFj0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.5/go.mod h1:EYrzvCCN9CMUTa5+6lf6MM4tq3Zjp8UhSGR/cBsjai0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.17 h1:jSuiQ5jEe4SAMH6lLRMY9OVC+TqJLP5655pBGjmnjr0=
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@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2
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@@ -1111,8 +1111,8 @@ github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.7.1/go.mod h1:4orTrqY6hXxxaUL4LHIPl6lGo8vAE38
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@@ -1442,8 +1442,9 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ss
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@@ -1620,8 +1621,9 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
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@@ -1679,8 +1681,9 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
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@@ -1790,8 +1793,9 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
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@@ -1820,6 +1824,7 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.27.0/go.mod h1:iMsnZpn0cago0GOrHO2+Y7u7JPn5AylBrcoWkElMTSM=
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@@ -1848,8 +1853,9 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
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 golang.org/x/text v0.25.0/go.mod h1:WEdwpYrmk1qmdHvhkSTNPm3app7v4rsT8F2UD6+VHIA=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
 golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
@@ -1935,6 +1941,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxb
 golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0/go.mod h1:aCwcsjqvq7Yqt6TNyX7QMU2enbQ/Gt0bo6krSeEri+c=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0/go.mod h1:TPVVj70c7JJ3WCazhD8OdXcZg/og+b9+tH/KxylGwH0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0/go.mod h1:CIJMaWEY88juyUfo7UbgPqbC8rU2OqfAV1h2Qp0oMYI=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0/go.mod h1:pAP9OwEaY1CAW3HOmg3hLZC5Z0CCmzjAF2UQMSqNARg=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -2020,8 +2027,8 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.122.0/go.mod h1:gcitW0lvnyWjSp9nKxAbdHKIZ6vF4aajGueeslZ
 google.golang.org/api v0.124.0/go.mod h1:xu2HQurE5gi/3t1aFCvhPD781p0a3p11sdunTJ2BlP4=
 google.golang.org/api v0.125.0/go.mod h1:mBwVAtz+87bEN6CbA1GtZPDOqY2R5ONPqJeIlvyo4Aw=
 google.golang.org/api v0.126.0/go.mod h1:mBwVAtz+87bEN6CbA1GtZPDOqY2R5ONPqJeIlvyo4Aw=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0 h1:PxG3AA2UIqT1ofIzWV2COM3j3JagKTKSwy7L6RHNXNU=
-google.golang.org/api v0.240.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
+google.golang.org/api v0.245.0 h1:YliGvz1rjXB+sTLNIST6Ffeji9WlRdLQ+LPl9ruSa5Y=
+google.golang.org/api v0.245.0/go.mod h1:dMVhVcylamkirHdzEBAIQWUCgqY885ivNeZYd7VAVr8=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.2.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.5.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
@@ -2170,8 +2177,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230629202037-9506855d4529/go.mod h1:xZnkP7mR
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230706204954-ccb25ca9f130/go.mod h1:O9kGHb51iE/nOGvQaDUuadVYqovW56s5emA88lQnj6Y=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230726155614-23370e0ffb3e/go.mod h1:0ggbjUrZYpy1q+ANUS30SEoGZ53cdfwtbuG7Ptgy108=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230803162519-f966b187b2e5/go.mod h1:oH/ZOT02u4kWEp7oYBGYFFkCdKS/uYR9Z7+0/xuuFp8=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FGOcxvKlJgRBVbXeugjljCfCgfKWhC42FBoYmTCWVBs=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:249YoW4b1INqFTEop2T4aJgiO7UBYJrpejsaLvjWfI8=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:eZTgydvqZO44zyTZAvMaSyAxccZZdraiSAGvqOczVvk=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:suyz2QBHQKlGIF92HEEsCfO1SwxXdk7PFLz+Zd9Uah4=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230525234020-1aefcd67740a/go.mod h1:ts19tUU+Z0ZShN1y3aPyq2+O3d5FUNNgT6FtOzmrNn8=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230525234035-dd9d682886f9/go.mod h1:vHYtlOoi6TsQ3Uk2yxR7NI5z8uoV+3pZtR4jmHIkRig=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230526203410-71b5a4ffd15e/go.mod h1:vHYtlOoi6TsQ3Uk2yxR7NI5z8uoV+3pZtR4jmHIkRig=
@@ -2182,8 +2189,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230726155614-23370e0ffb3e/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230822172742-b8732ec3820d/go.mod h1:KjSP20unUpOx5kyQUFa7k4OJg0qeJ7DEZflGDu2p6Bk=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.mod h1:d6be+8HhtEtucleCbxpPW9PA9XwISACu8nvpPqF0BVo=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:jehYqy3+AhJU9ve55aNOaSml7wUXjF9x6z2LcCfpAhY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FiusG7LWj+4byqhbvmB+Q93B/mOxJLN2DTozDuZm4EU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:kXqgZtrWaf6qS3jZOCnCH7WYfrvFjkC51bM8fz3RsCA=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:ULiyYQ0FdsJhwwZUwbaXpZF5yUE3h+RA+gxvBu37ucc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:oDOGiMSXHL4sDTJvFvIB9nRQCGdLP1o/iVaqQK8zB+M=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/bytestream v0.0.0-20230530153820-e85fd2cbaebc/go.mod h1:ylj+BE99M198VPbBh6A8d9n3w8fChvyLK3wwBOjXBFA=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234015-3fc162c6f38a/go.mod h1:xURIpW9ES5+/GZhnV6beoEtxQrnkRGIfP5VQG2tCBLc=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234030-28d5490b6b19/go.mod h1:66JfowdXAEgad5O9NnYcsNPLCPZJD++2L9X0PCMODrA=
@@ -2200,9 +2207,9 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240826202546-f6391c0de4c7/go.mod h1:UqMtugtsSgubUsoxbuAoiCXvqvErP7Gf0so0mK9tHxU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241118233622-e639e219e697/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6Kw0yEErY5E/yWrBtf03jp27GLLJujG4z/JK95pnjjw=
 google.golang.org/grpc/examples v0.0.0-20230224211313-3775f633ce20/go.mod h1:Nr5H8+MlGWr5+xX/STzdoEqJrO+YteqFbMyCsrb6mH0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
diff --git a/interop/xds/go.mod b/interop/xds/go.mod
index f30eb5b8..239c00bc 100644
--- a/interop/xds/go.mod
+++ b/interop/xds/go.mod
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/interop/xds
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 replace google.golang.org/grpc => ../..
 
 require (
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.59.1
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
 )
 
 require (
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20250501225837-2ac532fd4443 // indirect
 	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy v1.32.4 // indirect
 	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250717125610-8549f4ab4f8f // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250725141939-ab8d56d297e3 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/errs v1.4.0 // indirect
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/interop/xds/go.sum b/interop/xds/go.sum
index be2cc2d8..4cbe4aa0 100644
--- a/interop/xds/go.sum
+++ b/interop/xds/go.sum
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/ratelimit v0.1.0 h1:/G9QYbddjL25KvtKTv3an
 github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/ratelimit v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Wk+tMFAFbCXaJPzVVHnPgRKdUdwW/KdbRt94AzgRee4=
 github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 h1:DEo3O99U8j4hBFwbJfrz9VtgcDfUKS7KJ7spH3d86P8=
 github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1/go.mod h1:d/C80l/jxXLdfEIhX1W2TmLfsJ31lvEjwamM4DxlWXU=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 h1:JYhSgy4mXXzAdF3nUx3ygx347LRXJRrpgyU3adRmkAI=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1/go.mod h1:BdsZGqgdO3b6tTc6LSE56wcDbMMLuPsw5d4ZD5f94kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 h1:TK/7NqRQZfgAh+Td8AlsrvtPoUyiHh0LqVvokh+1vHI=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2/go.mod h1:22cg9HWM1pOlnRiY+9cQYJ9XHmya1bYW8OeDM6Ku6Oo=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 h1:GFCKgm
 github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10/go.mod h1:t/avpk3KcrXxUnYOhZhMXJlSEyie6gQbtLq5NM3loB8=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 h1:Jamvg5psRIccs7FGNTlIRMkT8wgtp5eCXdBlqhYGL6U=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 h1:rb93p9lokFEsctTys46VnV1kLCDpVZ0a/Y92Vm0Zc6Q=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0/go.mod h1:R7ljNsLXhuQXYZYtw6GAE9AZg8Y7vEW5scdCXrWRXC0=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0 h1:ust4zpdl9r4trLY/gSjlm07PuiBq2ynaXXlptpfy8Uc=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0/go.mod h1:i/o0R9ByOnHX0McrTMTyhYvKE4haaf2mW08I+jGAjEE=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 h1:oBsgwpGs7iVziMvrGhE53c/GrLUsZdHnqNwqPLxwZyk=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2/go.mod h1:y3m2F6Gdpfy6Ut/GBsUqTWZqCUvMVzSfMLjcu6wAwpE=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0 h1:QDwzd+G1twt//Kwj/Ww6E9FQq1iVMmODnILtW1t2VzE=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0/go.mod h1:0gZns+BLRQ3V6NdaerOhMbwwRbNh9hkGINtQAsP5GS8=
-github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250717125610-8549f4ab4f8f h1:QQB6SuvGZjK8kdc2YaLJpYhV8fxauOsjE6jgcL6YJ8Q=
-github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250717125610-8549f4ab4f8f/go.mod h1:P8AwMgdD7XEr6QRUJ2QWLpiAZTgTE2UYgjlu3svompI=
+github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250725141939-ab8d56d297e3 h1:b/yrfZp3Ee3SrHXqbRT2L2zLODkY27IjZVvtEcEPES0=
+github.com/prometheus/otlptranslator v0.0.0-20250725141939-ab8d56d297e3/go.mod h1:P8AwMgdD7XEr6QRUJ2QWLpiAZTgTE2UYgjlu3svompI=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.17.0 h1:FuLQ+05u4ZI+SS/w9+BWEM2TXiHKsUQ9TADiRH7DuK0=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.17.0/go.mod h1:oPQLaDAMRbA+u8H5Pbfq+dl3VDAvHxMUOVhe0wYB2zw=
 github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 h1:N2I01KCUkv1FAjZXJMwh95KK1ZIQLYbPfhaxw8WS0hE=
@@ -77,24 +77,26 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0 h1:90lI228XrB9jCMuSdA0673aubgRobVZFh
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0/go.mod h1:cNen4ZWfiD37l5NhS+Keb5RXVWZWpRE+9WyVCpbo5ps=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 h1:HLdcFNbRQBE2imdSEgm/kwqmQj1Or1l/7bW6mxVK7z4=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0/go.mod h1:TlgrlQ+PtQO5XFerSPUYG0JSgGyryXewPGyayAWSBS0=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 h1:SHs+kF4LP+f+p14esP5jAoDpHU8Gu/v9lFRK6IT5imM=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 h1:dnDm7JmhM45NNpd8FDDeLhK6FwqbOf4MLCM9zb1BOHI=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0/go.mod h1:B++QgG3ZKulg6sRPGD/mqlHQs5rB3Ml9erfeDY7xKlU=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 h1:KWH3jNZsfyT6xfAfKiz6MRNmd46ByHDYaZ7KSkCtdW8=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0 h1:5+ul4Swaf3ESvrOnidPp4GZbzf0mxVQpDCYUQE7OJfk=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0/go.mod h1:fef3am4MQ93R2HHpKnLk4/Tbh/s0+wqD5nfa6Pnwy4E=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:FiusG7LWj+4byqhbvmB+Q93B/mOxJLN2DTozDuZm4EU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:kXqgZtrWaf6qS3jZOCnCH7WYfrvFjkC51bM8fz3RsCA=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:ULiyYQ0FdsJhwwZUwbaXpZF5yUE3h+RA+gxvBu37ucc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:oDOGiMSXHL4sDTJvFvIB9nRQCGdLP1o/iVaqQK8zB+M=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
diff --git a/resolver/resolver.go b/resolver/resolver.go
index b84ef26d..8e6af951 100644
--- a/resolver/resolver.go
+++ b/resolver/resolver.go
@@ -332,6 +332,11 @@ type AuthorityOverrider interface {
 	// OverrideAuthority returns the authority to use for a ClientConn with the
 	// given target. The implementation must generate it without blocking,
 	// typically in line, and must keep it unchanged.
+	//
+	// The returned string must be a valid ":authority" header value, i.e. be
+	// encoded according to
+	// [RFC3986](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-3.2) as
+	// necessary.
 	OverrideAuthority(Target) string
 }
 
diff --git a/scripts/vet.sh b/scripts/vet.sh
index 18c4085f..28c96962 100755
--- a/scripts/vet.sh
+++ b/scripts/vet.sh
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ for MOD_FILE in $(find . -name 'go.mod'); do
   gofmt -s -d -l . 2>&1 | fail_on_output
   goimports -l . 2>&1 | not grep -vE "\.pb\.go"
 
-  go mod tidy -compat=1.23
+  go mod tidy -compat=1.24
   git status --porcelain 2>&1 | fail_on_output || \
     (git status; git --no-pager diff; exit 1)
 
@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ NewSubConn is deprecated:
 OverrideServerName is deprecated:
 RemoveSubConn is deprecated:
 SecurityVersion is deprecated:
+.ServerName is deprecated:
 stats.PickerUpdated is deprecated:
 Target is deprecated: Use the Target field in the BuildOptions instead.
 UpdateAddresses is deprecated:
diff --git a/security/advancedtls/advancedtls.go b/security/advancedtls/advancedtls.go
index ddd67aa2..c1f7a11f 100644
--- a/security/advancedtls/advancedtls.go
+++ b/security/advancedtls/advancedtls.go
@@ -430,11 +430,10 @@ func (c advancedTLSCreds) Info() credentials.ProtocolInfo {
 func (c *advancedTLSCreds) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, authority string, rawConn net.Conn) (net.Conn, credentials.AuthInfo, error) {
 	// Use local cfg to avoid clobbering ServerName if using multiple endpoints.
 	cfg := credinternal.CloneTLSConfig(c.config)
-	// We return the full authority name to users if ServerName is empty without
-	// stripping the trailing port.
-	if cfg.ServerName == "" {
-		cfg.ServerName = authority
-	}
+	// We return the full authority name to users without stripping the trailing
+	// port.
+	cfg.ServerName = authority
+
 	peerVerifiedChains := CertificateChains{}
 	cfg.VerifyPeerCertificate = buildVerifyFunc(c, cfg.ServerName, rawConn, &peerVerifiedChains)
 	conn := tls.Client(rawConn, cfg)
diff --git a/security/advancedtls/examples/go.mod b/security/advancedtls/examples/go.mod
index 6caa4aa0..5566db73 100644
--- a/security/advancedtls/examples/go.mod
+++ b/security/advancedtls/examples/go.mod
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/security/advancedtls/examples
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc/examples v0.0.0-20250708024235-a21e37488e05
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
+	google.golang.org/grpc/examples v0.0.0-20250806063742-8729c7d017f4
 	google.golang.org/grpc/security/advancedtls v1.0.0
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/errs v1.4.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/security/advancedtls/examples/go.sum b/security/advancedtls/examples/go.sum
index e769aadd..e4fa3e3f 100644
--- a/security/advancedtls/examples/go.sum
+++ b/security/advancedtls/examples/go.sum
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 h1:JYhSgy4mXXzAdF3nUx3ygx347LRXJRrpgyU3adRmkAI=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1/go.mod h1:BdsZGqgdO3b6tTc6LSE56wcDbMMLuPsw5d4ZD5f94kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 h1:TK/7NqRQZfgAh+Td8AlsrvtPoUyiHh0LqVvokh+1vHI=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2/go.mod h1:22cg9HWM1pOlnRiY+9cQYJ9XHmya1bYW8OeDM6Ku6Oo=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
@@ -32,18 +32,18 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0 h1:90lI228XrB9jCMuSdA0673aubgRobVZFh
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0/go.mod h1:cNen4ZWfiD37l5NhS+Keb5RXVWZWpRE+9WyVCpbo5ps=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 h1:HLdcFNbRQBE2imdSEgm/kwqmQj1Or1l/7bW6mxVK7z4=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0/go.mod h1:TlgrlQ+PtQO5XFerSPUYG0JSgGyryXewPGyayAWSBS0=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 h1:SHs+kF4LP+f+p14esP5jAoDpHU8Gu/v9lFRK6IT5imM=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0 h1:5+ul4Swaf3ESvrOnidPp4GZbzf0mxVQpDCYUQE7OJfk=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0/go.mod h1:fef3am4MQ93R2HHpKnLk4/Tbh/s0+wqD5nfa6Pnwy4E=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
diff --git a/security/advancedtls/go.mod b/security/advancedtls/go.mod
index b09d96b4..cd2b4871 100644
--- a/security/advancedtls/go.mod
+++ b/security/advancedtls/go.mod
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/security/advancedtls
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
 	google.golang.org/grpc/examples v0.0.0-20250403095317-51d6a43ec597
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/errs v1.4.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/security/advancedtls/go.sum b/security/advancedtls/go.sum
index e769aadd..e4fa3e3f 100644
--- a/security/advancedtls/go.sum
+++ b/security/advancedtls/go.sum
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1 h1:JYhSgy4mXXzAdF3nUx3ygx347LRXJRrpgyU3adRmkAI=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1/go.mod h1:BdsZGqgdO3b6tTc6LSE56wcDbMMLuPsw5d4ZD5f94kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2 h1:TK/7NqRQZfgAh+Td8AlsrvtPoUyiHh0LqVvokh+1vHI=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2/go.mod h1:22cg9HWM1pOlnRiY+9cQYJ9XHmya1bYW8OeDM6Ku6Oo=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
@@ -32,18 +32,18 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0 h1:90lI228XrB9jCMuSdA0673aubgRobVZFh
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.37.0/go.mod h1:cNen4ZWfiD37l5NhS+Keb5RXVWZWpRE+9WyVCpbo5ps=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 h1:HLdcFNbRQBE2imdSEgm/kwqmQj1Or1l/7bW6mxVK7z4=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0/go.mod h1:TlgrlQ+PtQO5XFerSPUYG0JSgGyryXewPGyayAWSBS0=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 h1:SHs+kF4LP+f+p14esP5jAoDpHU8Gu/v9lFRK6IT5imM=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0 h1:5+ul4Swaf3ESvrOnidPp4GZbzf0mxVQpDCYUQE7OJfk=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.16.0/go.mod h1:fef3am4MQ93R2HHpKnLk4/Tbh/s0+wqD5nfa6Pnwy4E=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
diff --git a/stats/opencensus/go.mod b/stats/opencensus/go.mod
index 8b258ddc..a158af58 100644
--- a/stats/opencensus/go.mod
+++ b/stats/opencensus/go.mod
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/stats/opencensus
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
 )
 
 require (
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20241129210726-2c02b8208cf8 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/stats/opencensus/go.sum b/stats/opencensus/go.sum
index 0bc75d14..36f64a32 100644
--- a/stats/opencensus/go.sum
+++ b/stats/opencensus/go.sum
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20200222043503-6f7a984d4dc4/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20231223183121-56fa3ac82ce7/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.4/go.mod h1:NKb5HO1EZccyMpiZNbdUw/14tiXNyUJh188dfnMCAfc=
-github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.1/go.mod h1:BdsZGqgdO3b6tTc6LSE56wcDbMMLuPsw5d4ZD5f94kA=
+github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.2/go.mod h1:22cg9HWM1pOlnRiY+9cQYJ9XHmya1bYW8OeDM6Ku6Oo=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.10.0/go.mod h1:xUsJbQ/Fp4kEt7AFgCuvyX4a71u8h9jB8tj/ORgOZ7o=
@@ -1379,6 +1379,7 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0/go.mod h1:ZnnJkOaASj8g0AjIduWNlq2NRxL0PlBrbKVyZ6V/Ug
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Y4J0ReaxCR1IMaabaSMugxJES1EpwhBHhv2bDHklZvc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.38.0/go.mod h1:MvrbAqul58NNYPKnOra203SB9vpuZW0e+RRZV+Ggqjw=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0/go.mod h1:L+Xg3Wf6HoL4Bn4238Z6ft6KfEpN0tJGo53AAPC632U=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180321215751-8460e604b9de/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180807140117-3d87b88a115f/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -1555,8 +1556,9 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.34.0/go.mod h1:di0qlW3YNM5oh6GqDGQr92MyTozJPmybPK4Ev/Gm31k=
 golang.org/x/net v0.37.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
 golang.org/x/net v0.40.0/go.mod h1:y0hY0exeL2Pku80/zKK7tpntoX23cqL3Oa6njdgRtds=
-golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 h1:vBTly1HeNPEn3wtREYfy4GZ/NECgw2Cnl+nK6Nz3uvw=
 golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20191202225959-858c2ad4c8b6/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -1614,6 +1616,7 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.14.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180823144017-11551d06cbcc/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -1723,8 +1726,9 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2/go.mod h1:TeRTkGYfJXctD9OcfyVLyj2J3IxLnKwHJR8f4D8a3YE=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240521205824-bda55230c457/go.mod h1:pRgIJT+bRLFKnoM1ldnzKoxTIn14Yxz928LQRYYgIN0=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
@@ -1753,6 +1757,7 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.27.0/go.mod h1:iMsnZpn0cago0GOrHO2+Y7u7JPn5AylBrcoWkElMTSM=
 golang.org/x/term v0.28.0/go.mod h1:Sw/lC2IAUZ92udQNf3WodGtn4k/XoLyZoh8v/8uiwek=
 golang.org/x/term v0.30.0/go.mod h1:NYYFdzHoI5wRh/h5tDMdMqCqPJZEuNqVR5xJLd/n67g=
 golang.org/x/term v0.32.0/go.mod h1:uZG1FhGx848Sqfsq4/DlJr3xGGsYMu/L5GW4abiaEPQ=
+golang.org/x/term v0.33.0/go.mod h1:s18+ql9tYWp1IfpV9DmCtQDDSRBUjKaw9M1eAv5UeF0=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1781,8 +1786,9 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.22.0/go.mod h1:YRoo4H8PVmsu+E3Ou7cqLVH8oXWIHVoX0jqUWALQhfY=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
 golang.org/x/text v0.25.0/go.mod h1:WEdwpYrmk1qmdHvhkSTNPm3app7v4rsT8F2UD6+VHIA=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
 golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
@@ -1866,6 +1872,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxb
 golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0/go.mod h1:aCwcsjqvq7Yqt6TNyX7QMU2enbQ/Gt0bo6krSeEri+c=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0/go.mod h1:TPVVj70c7JJ3WCazhD8OdXcZg/og+b9+tH/KxylGwH0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0/go.mod h1:CIJMaWEY88juyUfo7UbgPqbC8rU2OqfAV1h2Qp0oMYI=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0/go.mod h1:pAP9OwEaY1CAW3HOmg3hLZC5Z0CCmzjAF2UQMSqNARg=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -2109,7 +2116,7 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230726155614-23370e0ffb3e/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20230822172742-b8732ec3820d/go.mod h1:KjSP20unUpOx5kyQUFa7k4OJg0qeJ7DEZflGDu2p6Bk=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.mod h1:d6be+8HhtEtucleCbxpPW9PA9XwISACu8nvpPqF0BVo=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:jehYqy3+AhJU9ve55aNOaSml7wUXjF9x6z2LcCfpAhY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:kXqgZtrWaf6qS3jZOCnCH7WYfrvFjkC51bM8fz3RsCA=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:oDOGiMSXHL4sDTJvFvIB9nRQCGdLP1o/iVaqQK8zB+M=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/bytestream v0.0.0-20230530153820-e85fd2cbaebc/go.mod h1:ylj+BE99M198VPbBh6A8d9n3w8fChvyLK3wwBOjXBFA=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234015-3fc162c6f38a/go.mod h1:xURIpW9ES5+/GZhnV6beoEtxQrnkRGIfP5VQG2tCBLc=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20230525234030-28d5490b6b19/go.mod h1:66JfowdXAEgad5O9NnYcsNPLCPZJD++2L9X0PCMODrA=
@@ -2126,9 +2133,9 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240814211410-ddb44dafa142/go.
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240826202546-f6391c0de4c7/go.mod h1:UqMtugtsSgubUsoxbuAoiCXvqvErP7Gf0so0mK9tHxU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241118233622-e639e219e697/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241202173237-19429a94021a/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250603155806-513f23925822/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 h1:pFyd6EwwL2TqFf8emdthzeX+gZE1ElRq3iM8pui4KBY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250728155136-f173205681a0/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b h1:zPKJod4w6F1+nRGDI9ubnXYhU9NSWoFAijkHkUXeTK8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250804133106-a7a43d27e69b/go.mod h1:qQ0YXyHHx3XkvlzUtpXDkS29lDSafHMZBAZDc03LQ3A=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6Kw0yEErY5E/yWrBtf03jp27GLLJujG4z/JK95pnjjw=
 google.golang.org/grpc/examples v0.0.0-20230224211313-3775f633ce20/go.mod h1:Nr5H8+MlGWr5+xX/STzdoEqJrO+YteqFbMyCsrb6mH0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
diff --git a/version.go b/version.go
index ed378662..1a0bab22 100644
--- a/version.go
+++ b/version.go
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@
 package grpc
 
 // Version is the current grpc version.
-const Version = "1.75.0-dev"
+const Version = "1.76.0-dev"
diff --git a/xds/internal/clients/internal/syncutil/callback_serializer.go b/xds/internal/clients/internal/syncutil/callback_serializer.go
index 9ad1be51..87c921a4 100644
--- a/xds/internal/clients/internal/syncutil/callback_serializer.go
+++ b/xds/internal/clients/internal/syncutil/callback_serializer.go
@@ -80,25 +80,11 @@ func (cs *CallbackSerializer) ScheduleOr(f func(ctx context.Context), onFailure
 func (cs *CallbackSerializer) run(ctx context.Context) {
 	defer close(cs.done)
 
-	// TODO: when Go 1.21 is the oldest supported version, this loop and Close
-	// can be replaced with:
-	//
-	// context.AfterFunc(ctx, cs.callbacks.Close)
-	for ctx.Err() == nil {
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			// Do nothing here. Next iteration of the for loop will not happen,
-			// since ctx.Err() would be non-nil.
-		case cb := <-cs.callbacks.Get():
-			cs.callbacks.Load()
-			cb.(func(context.Context))(ctx)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Close the buffer to prevent new callbacks from being added.
-	cs.callbacks.Close()
+	// Close the buffer when the context is canceled
+	// to prevent new callbacks from being added.
+	context.AfterFunc(ctx, cs.callbacks.Close)
 
-	// Run all pending callbacks.
+	// Run all callbacks.
 	for cb := range cs.callbacks.Get() {
 		cs.callbacks.Load()
 		cb.(func(context.Context))(ctx)
diff --git a/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/authority.go b/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/authority.go
index f50e0ba5..35411d02 100644
--- a/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/authority.go
+++ b/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/authority.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ package xdsclient
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -907,36 +908,36 @@ func (a *authority) close() {
 // after sending a discovery request to ensure that resources that were
 // unsubscribed (and thus have no watchers) are eventually removed from the
 // authority's cache.
-//
-// This method is only executed in the context of a serializer callback.
 func (a *authority) removeUnsubscribedCacheEntries(rType ResourceType) {
-	resources := a.resources[rType]
-	if resources == nil {
-		return
-	}
+	a.xdsClientSerializer.TrySchedule(func(context.Context) {
+		resources := a.resources[rType]
+		if resources == nil {
+			return
+		}
 
-	for name, state := range resources {
-		if len(state.watchers) == 0 {
-			if a.logger.V(2) {
-				a.logger.Infof("Removing resource state for %q of type %q as it has no watchers", name, rType.TypeName)
+		for name, state := range resources {
+			if len(state.watchers) == 0 {
+				if a.logger.V(2) {
+					a.logger.Infof("Removing resource state for %q of type %q as it has no watchers", name, rType.TypeName)
+				}
+				delete(resources, name)
 			}
-			delete(resources, name)
 		}
-	}
 
-	if len(resources) == 0 {
-		if a.logger.V(2) {
-			a.logger.Infof("Removing resource type %q from cache as it has no more resources", rType.TypeName)
+		if len(resources) == 0 {
+			if a.logger.V(2) {
+				a.logger.Infof("Removing resource type %q from cache as it has no more resources", rType.TypeName)
+			}
+			delete(a.resources, rType)
 		}
-		delete(a.resources, rType)
-	}
 
-	if len(a.resources) == 0 {
-		if a.logger.V(2) {
-			a.logger.Infof("Removing last watch for any resource type, releasing reference to the xdsChannels")
+		if len(a.resources) == 0 {
+			if a.logger.V(2) {
+				a.logger.Infof("Removing last watch for any resource type, releasing reference to the xdsChannels")
+			}
+			a.closeXDSChannels()
 		}
-		a.closeXDSChannels()
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 func serviceStatusToProto(serviceStatus xdsresource.ServiceStatus) v3adminpb.ClientResourceStatus {
@@ -955,3 +956,17 @@ func serviceStatusToProto(serviceStatus xdsresource.ServiceStatus) v3adminpb.Cli
 		return v3adminpb.ClientResourceStatus_UNKNOWN
 	}
 }
+
+func (a *authority) resourceWatchStateForTesting(rType ResourceType, resourceName string) (state xdsresource.ResourceWatchState, err error) {
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	a.xdsClientSerializer.ScheduleOr(func(context.Context) {
+		state, err = a.activeXDSChannel.channel.ads.adsResourceWatchStateForTesting(rType, resourceName)
+		close(done)
+	}, func() {
+		err = errors.New("failed to retrieve resource watch state because the xDS client is closed")
+		close(done)
+	})
+	<-done
+
+	return state, err
+}
diff --git a/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/xdsclient.go b/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/xdsclient.go
index 93d26217..f111e62a 100644
--- a/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/xdsclient.go
+++ b/xds/internal/clients/xdsclient/xdsclient.go
@@ -446,20 +446,16 @@ func (cs *channelState) adsResourceRemoveUnsubscribedCacheEntries(rType Resource
 	defer cs.parent.channelsMu.Unlock()
 
 	for authority := range cs.interestedAuthorities {
-		authority.xdsClientSerializer.TrySchedule(func(context.Context) {
-			authority.removeUnsubscribedCacheEntries(rType)
-		})
+		authority.removeUnsubscribedCacheEntries(rType)
 	}
 }
 
 func resourceWatchStateForTesting(c *XDSClient, rType ResourceType, resourceName string) (xdsresource.ResourceWatchState, error) {
-	c.channelsMu.Lock()
-	defer c.channelsMu.Unlock()
-
-	for _, state := range c.xdsActiveChannels {
-		if st, err := state.channel.ads.adsResourceWatchStateForTesting(rType, resourceName); err == nil {
-			return st, nil
-		}
+	n := xdsresource.ParseName(resourceName)
+	a := c.getAuthorityForResource(n)
+	if a == nil {
+		return xdsresource.ResourceWatchState{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to find authority for resource name %q", resourceName)
 	}
-	return xdsresource.ResourceWatchState{}, fmt.Errorf("unable to find watch state for resource type %q and name %q", rType.TypeName, resourceName)
+	return a.resourceWatchStateForTesting(rType, resourceName)
+
 }



Test patch:
diff --git a/credentials/alts/alts_test.go b/credentials/alts/alts_test.go
index 4710a32b..dba11dfd 100644
--- a/credentials/alts/alts_test.go
+++ b/credentials/alts/alts_test.go
@@ -153,9 +153,6 @@ func (s) TestInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	// use NewServerCreds and not NewClientCreds.
 	c := NewServerCreds(DefaultServerOptions())
 	info := c.Info()
-	if got, want := info.ProtocolVersion, ""; got != want {
-		t.Errorf("info.ProtocolVersion=%v, want %v", got, want)
-	}
 	if got, want := info.SecurityProtocol, "alts"; got != want {
 		t.Errorf("info.SecurityProtocol=%v, want %v", got, want)
 	}
diff --git a/credentials/xds/xds_client_test.go b/credentials/xds/xds_client_test.go
index 3d07c0b5..023fbd4d 100644
--- a/credentials/xds/xds_client_test.go
+++ b/credentials/xds/xds_client_test.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ const (
 	defaultTestTimeout      = 1 * time.Second
 	defaultTestShortTimeout = 10 * time.Millisecond
 	defaultTestCertSAN      = "abc.test.example.com"
-	authority               = "authority"
+	authority               = "x.test.example.com"
 )
 
 type s struct {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func Test(t *testing.T) {
 // Helper function to create a real TLS client credentials which is used as
 // fallback credentials from multiple tests.
 func makeFallbackClientCreds(t *testing.T) credentials.TransportCredentials {
-	creds, err := credentials.NewClientTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("x509/server_ca_cert.pem"), "x.test.example.com")
+	creds, err := credentials.NewClientTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("x509/server_ca_cert.pem"), "")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/balancergroup/balancergroup_test.go b/internal/balancergroup/balancergroup_test.go
index 9dfad1a7..5d3029c8 100644
--- a/internal/balancergroup/balancergroup_test.go
+++ b/internal/balancergroup/balancergroup_test.go
@@ -484,6 +484,67 @@ func (s) TestBalancerGroupBuildOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (s) TestBalancerGroup_UpdateClientConnState_AfterClose(t *testing.T) {
+	balancerName := t.Name()
+	clientConnStateCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	stub.Register(balancerName, stub.BalancerFuncs{
+		UpdateClientConnState: func(_ *stub.BalancerData, _ balancer.ClientConnState) error {
+			clientConnStateCh <- struct{}{}
+			return nil
+		},
+	})
+
+	bg := New(Options{
+		CC:              testutils.NewBalancerClientConn(t),
+		BuildOpts:       balancer.BuildOptions{},
+		StateAggregator: nil,
+		Logger:          nil,
+	})
+
+	bg.Add(testBalancerIDs[0], balancer.Get(balancerName))
+	bg.Close()
+
+	if err := bg.UpdateClientConnState(testBalancerIDs[0], balancer.ClientConnState{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected nil error, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-clientConnStateCh:
+		t.Fatalf("UpdateClientConnState was called after BalancerGroup was closed")
+	case <-time.After(defaultTestShortTimeout):
+	}
+}
+
+func (s) TestBalancerGroup_ResolverError_AfterClose(t *testing.T) {
+	balancerName := t.Name()
+	resolveErrorCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	stub.Register(balancerName, stub.BalancerFuncs{
+		ResolverError: func(_ *stub.BalancerData, _ error) {
+			resolveErrorCh <- struct{}{}
+		},
+	})
+
+	bg := New(Options{
+		CC:              testutils.NewBalancerClientConn(t),
+		BuildOpts:       balancer.BuildOptions{},
+		StateAggregator: nil,
+		Logger:          nil,
+	})
+
+	bg.Add(testBalancerIDs[0], balancer.Get(balancerName))
+	bg.Close()
+
+	bg.ResolverError(errors.New("test error"))
+
+	select {
+	case <-resolveErrorCh:
+		t.Fatalf("ResolverError was called on sub-balancer after BalancerGroup was closed")
+	case <-time.After(defaultTestShortTimeout):
+	}
+}
+
 func (s) TestBalancerExitIdleOne(t *testing.T) {
 	const balancerName = "stub-balancer-test-balancergroup-exit-idle-one"
 	exitIdleCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
@@ -505,7 +566,7 @@ func (s) TestBalancerExitIdleOne(t *testing.T) {
 	builder := balancer.Get(balancerName)
 	bg.Add(testBalancerIDs[0], builder)
 
-	// Call ExitIdle on the child policy.
+	// Call ExitIdleOne on the child policy.
 	bg.ExitIdleOne(testBalancerIDs[0])
 	select {
 	case <-time.After(time.Second):
@@ -514,6 +575,62 @@ func (s) TestBalancerExitIdleOne(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (s) TestBalancerGroup_ExitIdleOne_AfterClose(t *testing.T) {
+	balancerName := t.Name()
+	exitIdleCh := make(chan struct{})
+
+	stub.Register(balancerName, stub.BalancerFuncs{
+		ExitIdle: func(_ *stub.BalancerData) {
+			close(exitIdleCh)
+		},
+	})
+
+	bg := New(Options{
+		CC:              testutils.NewBalancerClientConn(t),
+		BuildOpts:       balancer.BuildOptions{},
+		StateAggregator: nil,
+		Logger:          nil,
+	})
+
+	bg.Add(testBalancerIDs[0], balancer.Get(balancerName))
+	bg.Close()
+	bg.ExitIdleOne(testBalancerIDs[0])
+
+	select {
+	case <-time.After(defaultTestShortTimeout):
+	case <-exitIdleCh:
+		t.Fatalf("ExitIdleOne called ExitIdle on sub-balancer after BalancerGroup was closed")
+	}
+}
+
+func (s) TestBalancerGroup_ExitIdleOne_NonExistentID(t *testing.T) {
+	balancerName := t.Name()
+	exitIdleCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	stub.Register(balancerName, stub.BalancerFuncs{
+		ExitIdle: func(_ *stub.BalancerData) {
+			exitIdleCh <- struct{}{}
+		},
+	})
+
+	bg := New(Options{
+		CC:              testutils.NewBalancerClientConn(t),
+		BuildOpts:       balancer.BuildOptions{},
+		StateAggregator: nil,
+		Logger:          nil,
+	})
+	defer bg.Close()
+
+	bg.Add(testBalancerIDs[0], balancer.Get(balancerName))
+	bg.ExitIdleOne("non-existent-id")
+
+	select {
+	case <-time.After(defaultTestShortTimeout):
+	case <-exitIdleCh:
+		t.Fatalf("ExitIdleOne called ExitIdle on wrong sub-balancer ID")
+	}
+}
+
 // TestBalancerGracefulSwitch tests the graceful switch functionality for a
 // child of the balancer group. At first, the child is configured as a round
 // robin load balancer, and thus should behave accordingly. The test then
@@ -639,3 +756,92 @@ func (s) TestBalancerGracefulSwitch(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func (s) TestBalancerExitIdle_All(t *testing.T) {
+	balancer1 := t.Name() + "-1"
+	balancer2 := t.Name() + "-2"
+
+	testID1, testID2 := testBalancerIDs[0], testBalancerIDs[1]
+
+	exitIdleCh1, exitIdleCh2 := make(chan struct{}, 1), make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	stub.Register(balancer1, stub.BalancerFuncs{
+		ExitIdle: func(_ *stub.BalancerData) {
+			exitIdleCh1 <- struct{}{}
+		},
+	})
+
+	stub.Register(balancer2, stub.BalancerFuncs{
+		ExitIdle: func(_ *stub.BalancerData) {
+			exitIdleCh2 <- struct{}{}
+		},
+	})
+
+	cc := testutils.NewBalancerClientConn(t)
+	bg := New(Options{
+		CC:              cc,
+		BuildOpts:       balancer.BuildOptions{},
+		StateAggregator: nil,
+		Logger:          nil,
+	})
+	defer bg.Close()
+
+	bg.Add(testID1, balancer.Get(balancer1))
+	bg.Add(testID2, balancer.Get(balancer2))
+
+	bg.ExitIdle()
+
+	errCh := make(chan error, 2)
+
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-exitIdleCh1:
+			errCh <- nil
+		case <-time.After(defaultTestTimeout):
+			errCh <- fmt.Errorf("timeout waiting for ExitIdle on balancer1")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-exitIdleCh2:
+			errCh <- nil
+		case <-time.After(defaultTestTimeout):
+			errCh <- fmt.Errorf("timeout waiting for ExitIdle on balancer2")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		if err := <-errCh; err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s) TestBalancerGroup_ExitIdle_AfterClose(t *testing.T) {
+	balancerName := t.Name()
+	exitIdleCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	stub.Register(balancerName, stub.BalancerFuncs{
+		ExitIdle: func(_ *stub.BalancerData) {
+			exitIdleCh <- struct{}{}
+		},
+	})
+
+	bg := New(Options{
+		CC:              testutils.NewBalancerClientConn(t),
+		BuildOpts:       balancer.BuildOptions{},
+		StateAggregator: nil,
+		Logger:          nil,
+	})
+
+	bg.Add(testBalancerIDs[0], balancer.Get(balancerName))
+	bg.Close()
+	bg.ExitIdle()
+
+	select {
+	case <-exitIdleCh:
+		t.Fatalf("ExitIdle was called on sub-balancer even after BalancerGroup was closed")
+	case <-time.After(defaultTestShortTimeout):
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap_test.go b/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap_test.go
index 88f27a4a..5d5ed90f 100644
--- a/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap_test.go
+++ b/internal/xds/bootstrap/bootstrap_test.go
@@ -1201,78 +1201,3 @@ func (s) TestNode_ToProto(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-// Tests the case where the xDS fallback env var is set to false, and verifies
-// that only the first server from the list of server configurations is used.
-func (s) TestGetConfiguration_FallbackDisabled(t *testing.T) {
-	origFallbackEnv := envconfig.XDSFallbackSupport
-	envconfig.XDSFallbackSupport = false
-	defer func() { envconfig.XDSFallbackSupport = origFallbackEnv }()
-
-	cancel := setupBootstrapOverride(map[string]string{
-		"multipleXDSServers": `
-		{
-			"node": {
-				"id": "ENVOY_NODE_ID",
-				"metadata": {
-				    "TRAFFICDIRECTOR_GRPC_HOSTNAME": "trafficdirector"
-			    }
-			},
-			"xds_servers" : [
-				{
-					"server_uri": "trafficdirector.googleapis.com:443",
-					"channel_creds": [{ "type": "google_default" }],
-					"server_features": ["xds_v3"]
-				},
-				{
-					"server_uri": "backup.never.use.com:1234",
-					"channel_creds": [{ "type": "google_default" }]
-				}
-			],
-			"authorities": {
-				"xds.td.com": {
-					"xds_servers": [
-						{
-							"server_uri": "td.com",
-							"channel_creds": [ { "type": "google_default" } ],
-							"server_features" : ["xds_v3"]
-						},
-						{
-							"server_uri": "backup.never.use.com:1234",
-							"channel_creds": [{ "type": "google_default" }]
-						}
-					]
-				}
-			}
-		}`,
-	})
-	defer cancel()
-
-	wantConfig := &Config{
-		xDSServers: []*ServerConfig{{
-			serverURI:      "trafficdirector.googleapis.com:443",
-			channelCreds:   []ChannelCreds{{Type: "google_default"}},
-			serverFeatures: []string{"xds_v3"},
-			selectedCreds:  ChannelCreds{Type: "google_default"},
-		}},
-		node: v3Node,
-		clientDefaultListenerResourceNameTemplate: "%s",
-		authorities: map[string]*Authority{
-			"xds.td.com": {
-				ClientListenerResourceNameTemplate: "xdstp://xds.td.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener/%s",
-				XDSServers: []*ServerConfig{{
-					serverURI:      "td.com",
-					channelCreds:   []ChannelCreds{{Type: "google_default"}},
-					serverFeatures: []string{"xds_v3"},
-					selectedCreds:  ChannelCreds{Type: "google_default"},
-				}},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-	t.Run("bootstrap_file_name", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testGetConfigurationWithFileNameEnv(t, "multipleXDSServers", false, wantConfig)
-	})
-	t.Run("bootstrap_file_contents", func(t *testing.T) {
-		testGetConfigurationWithFileContentEnv(t, "multipleXDSServers", false, wantConfig)
-	})
-}
diff --git a/test/balancer_test.go b/test/balancer_test.go
index 7e3280d3..ef0348d4 100644
--- a/test/balancer_test.go
+++ b/test/balancer_test.go
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@ func (s) TestCredsBundleFromBalancer(t *testing.T) {
 	te.tapHandle = authHandle
 	te.customDialOptions = []grpc.DialOption{
 		grpc.WithDefaultServiceConfig(fmt.Sprintf(`{"loadBalancingConfig": [{"%s":{}}]}`, testBalancerName)),
+		grpc.WithAuthority("x.test.example.com"),
 	}
 	creds, err := credentials.NewServerTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("x509/server1_cert.pem"), testdata.Path("x509/server1_key.pem"))
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/test/creds_test.go b/test/creds_test.go
index bedafa5b..6ef62d96 100644
--- a/test/creds_test.go
+++ b/test/creds_test.go
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ func (s) TestCredsBundleBoth(t *testing.T) {
 	te.tapHandle = authHandle
 	te.customDialOptions = []grpc.DialOption{
 		grpc.WithCredentialsBundle(&testCredsBundle{t: t}),
+		grpc.WithAuthority("x.test.example.com"),
 	}
 	creds, err := credentials.NewServerTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("x509/server1_cert.pem"), testdata.Path("x509/server1_key.pem"))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ func (s) TestCredsBundleTransportCredentials(t *testing.T) {
 	te := newTest(t, env{name: "creds-bundle", network: "tcp", security: "empty"})
 	te.customDialOptions = []grpc.DialOption{
 		grpc.WithCredentialsBundle(&testCredsBundle{t: t, mode: bundleTLSOnly}),
+		grpc.WithAuthority("x.test.example.com"),
 	}
 	creds, err := credentials.NewServerTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("x509/server1_cert.pem"), testdata.Path("x509/server1_key.pem"))
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/test/tools/go.mod b/test/tools/go.mod
index 4c8f58ed..8efb0fa2 100644
--- a/test/tools/go.mod
+++ b/test/tools/go.mod
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 module google.golang.org/grpc/test/tools
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4
-	github.com/mgechev/revive v1.10.0
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0
+	github.com/mgechev/revive v1.11.0
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.35.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6
 	honnef.co/go/tools v0.6.1
 )
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mgechev/dots v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20250620022241-b7579e27df2b // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.25.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20250718183923-645b1fa84792 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.26.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools/go/expect v0.1.1-deprecated // indirect
 )
diff --git a/test/tools/go.sum b/test/tools/go.sum
index 8e567a37..b2de7841 100644
--- a/test/tools/go.sum
+++ b/test/tools/go.sum
@@ -20,27 +20,29 @@ github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWE
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
 github.com/mgechev/dots v1.0.0 h1:o+4OJ3OjWzgQHGJXKfJ8rbH4dqDugu5BiEy84nxg0k4=
 github.com/mgechev/dots v1.0.0/go.mod h1:rykuMydC9t3wfkM+ccYH3U3ss03vZGg6h3hmOznXLH0=
-github.com/mgechev/revive v1.10.0 h1:x2oJsd7yrDp0mC6IgZqSKBTjSUC9Zk5Ob2WfBwZic2I=
-github.com/mgechev/revive v1.10.0/go.mod h1:1MRO9zUV7Yukhqh/nGRKSaw6xC5XDzPWPja5GMPWoSE=
+github.com/mgechev/revive v1.11.0 h1:b/gLLpBE427o+Xmd8G58gSA+KtBwxWinH/A565Awh0w=
+github.com/mgechev/revive v1.11.0/go.mod h1:tI0oLF/2uj+InHCBLrrqfTKfjtFTBCFFfG05auyzgdw=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0 h1:9tH6MapGnn/j0eb0yIXiLjERO8RB6xIVZRDCX7PtqWA=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0/go.mod h1:acJQ8t0ohCGuMN3O+Pv0V0hgMxNYDlvdk+VTfyZmbYo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20250620022241-b7579e27df2b h1:KdrhdYPDUvJTvrDK9gdjfFd6JTk8vA1WJoldYSi0kHo=
-golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20250620022241-b7579e27df2b/go.mod h1:LKZHyeOpPuZcMgxeHjJp4p5yvxrCX1xDvH10zYHhjjQ=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.25.0 h1:n7a+ZbQKQA/Ysbyb0/6IbB1H/X41mKgbhfv7AfG/44w=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.25.0/go.mod h1:IXM97Txy2VM4PJ3gI61r1YEk/gAj6zAHN3AdZt6S9Ww=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 h1:KWH3jNZsfyT6xfAfKiz6MRNmd46ByHDYaZ7KSkCtdW8=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20250718183923-645b1fa84792 h1:54/e+WfmhvjR2Zuz8Q7dzLGxIBM+s5WZpvo1QfVDGB8=
+golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20250718183923-645b1fa84792/go.mod h1:LKZHyeOpPuZcMgxeHjJp4p5yvxrCX1xDvH10zYHhjjQ=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.26.0 h1:EGMPT//Ezu+ylkCijjPc+f4Aih7sZvaAr+O3EHBxvZg=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.26.0/go.mod h1:/j6NAhSk8iQ723BGAUyoAcn7SlD7s15Dp9Nd/SfeaFQ=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0 h1:qIpSLOxeCYGg9TrcJokLBG4KFA6d795g0xkBkiESGlo=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0/go.mod h1:pAP9OwEaY1CAW3HOmg3hLZC5Z0CCmzjAF2UQMSqNARg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 h1:H5Y5sJ2L2JRdyv7ROF1he/lPdvFsd0mJHFw2ThKHxLA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.35.0 h1:mBffYraMEf7aa0sB+NuKnuCy8qI/9Bughn8dC2Gu5r0=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.35.0/go.mod h1:NKdj5HkL/73byiZSJjqJgKn3ep7KjFkBOkR/Hps3VPw=
+golang.org/x/tools/go/expect v0.1.1-deprecated h1:jpBZDwmgPhXsKZC6WhL20P4b/wmnpsEAGHaNy0n/rJM=
+golang.org/x/tools/go/expect v0.1.1-deprecated/go.mod h1:eihoPOH+FgIqa3FpoTwguz/bVUSGBlGQU67vpBeOrBY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
diff --git a/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/aggregate_cluster_test.go b/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/aggregate_cluster_test.go
index f1dead24..4db998b4 100644
--- a/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/aggregate_cluster_test.go
+++ b/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/aggregate_cluster_test.go
@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@ import (
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/xds/internal"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/xds/internal/balancer/clusterresolver"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/xds/internal/xdsclient/xdsresource/version"
 
 	v3clusterpb "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/config/cluster/v3"
 	v3endpointpb "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/config/endpoint/v3"
+	v3discoverypb "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/service/discovery/v3"
 	testgrpc "google.golang.org/grpc/interop/grpc_testing"
 	testpb "google.golang.org/grpc/interop/grpc_testing"
 )
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregateClusterSuccess_LeafNode(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-			mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+			mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 			// Push the first cluster resource through the management server and
 			// verify the configuration pushed to the child policy.
@@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregateClusterSuccess_LeafNode(t *testing.T) {
 // contains the expected discovery mechanisms.
 func (s) TestAggregateClusterSuccess_ThenUpdateChildClusters(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Configure the management server with the aggregate cluster resource
 	// pointing to two child clusters, one EDS and one LogicalDNS. Include the
@@ -281,7 +283,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregateClusterSuccess_ThenUpdateChildClusters(t *testing.T) {
 // policy contains a single discovery mechanism.
 func (s) TestAggregateClusterSuccess_ThenChangeRootToEDS(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Configure the management server with the aggregate cluster resource
 	// pointing to two child clusters.
@@ -356,7 +358,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregateClusterSuccess_ThenChangeRootToEDS(t *testing.T) {
 // discovery mechanisms.
 func (s) TestAggregatedClusterSuccess_SwitchBetweenLeafAndAggregate(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Start off with the requested cluster being a leaf EDS cluster.
 	resources := e2e.UpdateOptions{
@@ -450,7 +452,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregatedClusterSuccess_SwitchBetweenLeafAndAggregate(t *testing.T
 // longer exceed maximum depth, but be at the maximum allowed depth, and
 // verifies that an RPC can be made successfully.
 func (s) TestAggregatedClusterFailure_ExceedsMaxStackDepth(t *testing.T) {
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	resources := e2e.UpdateOptions{
 		NodeID: nodeID,
@@ -538,7 +540,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregatedClusterFailure_ExceedsMaxStackDepth(t *testing.T) {
 // pushed only after all child clusters are resolved.
 func (s) TestAggregatedClusterSuccess_DiamondDependency(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Configure the management server with an aggregate cluster resource having
 	// a diamond dependency pattern, (A->[B,C]; B->D; C->D). Includes resources
@@ -605,7 +607,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregatedClusterSuccess_DiamondDependency(t *testing.T) {
 // pushed only after all child clusters are resolved.
 func (s) TestAggregatedClusterSuccess_IgnoreDups(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Configure the management server with an aggregate cluster resource that
 	// has duplicates in the graph, (A->[B, C]; B->[C, D]). Include resources
@@ -683,7 +685,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregatedClusterSuccess_IgnoreDups(t *testing.T) {
 // child policy and that an RPC can be successfully made.
 func (s) TestAggregatedCluster_NodeChildOfItself(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	const (
 		clusterNameA = clusterName // cluster name in cds LB policy config
@@ -768,7 +770,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregatedCluster_NodeChildOfItself(t *testing.T) {
 // that the aggregate cluster graph has no leaf clusters.
 func (s) TestAggregatedCluster_CycleWithNoLeafNode(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	const (
 		clusterNameA = clusterName // cluster name in cds LB policy config
@@ -816,7 +818,7 @@ func (s) TestAggregatedCluster_CycleWithNoLeafNode(t *testing.T) {
 // child policy and RPCs should get routed to that leaf cluster.
 func (s) TestAggregatedCluster_CycleWithLeafNode(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Start a test service backend.
 	server := stubserver.StartTestService(t, nil)
@@ -872,10 +874,21 @@ func (s) TestAggregatedCluster_CycleWithLeafNode(t *testing.T) {
 // removed from the tree no longer has a watcher and the new cluster added has a
 // new watcher.
 func (s) TestWatchers(t *testing.T) {
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, cdsResourceRequestedCh, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
-
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
+	cdsResourceRequestedCh := make(chan []string, 1)
+	onStreamReq := func(_ int64, req *v3discoverypb.DiscoveryRequest) error {
+		if req.GetTypeUrl() == version.V3ClusterURL {
+			if len(req.GetResourceNames()) > 0 {
+				select {
+				case cdsResourceRequestedCh <- req.GetResourceNames():
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, onStreamReq)
 
 	const (
 		clusterA = clusterName
diff --git a/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/cdsbalancer_test.go b/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/cdsbalancer_test.go
index a152b78d..ac232462 100644
--- a/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/cdsbalancer_test.go
+++ b/xds/internal/balancer/cdsbalancer/cdsbalancer_test.go
@@ -183,7 +183,8 @@ func registerWrappedCDSPolicy(t *testing.T) chan balancer.Balancer {
 }
 
 // Performs the following setup required for tests:
-//   - Spins up an xDS management server
+//   - Spins up an xDS management server and and the provided onStreamRequest
+//     function is set to be called for every incoming request on the ADS stream.
 //   - Creates an xDS client talking to this management server
 //   - Creates a manual resolver that configures the cds LB policy as the
 //     top-level policy, and pushes an initial configuration to it
@@ -195,39 +196,11 @@ func registerWrappedCDSPolicy(t *testing.T) chan balancer.Balancer {
 //   - the grpc channel to the test backend service
 //   - the manual resolver configured on the channel
 //   - the xDS client used the grpc channel
-//   - a channel on which requested cluster resource names are sent
-//   - a channel used to signal that previously requested cluster resources are
-//     no longer requested
-func setupWithManagementServer(t *testing.T) (*e2e.ManagementServer, string, *grpc.ClientConn, *manual.Resolver, xdsclient.XDSClient, chan []string, chan struct{}) {
-	return setupWithManagementServerAndListener(t, nil)
-}
-
-// Same as setupWithManagementServer, but also allows the caller to specify
-// a listener to be used by the management server.
-func setupWithManagementServerAndListener(t *testing.T, lis net.Listener) (*e2e.ManagementServer, string, *grpc.ClientConn, *manual.Resolver, xdsclient.XDSClient, chan []string, chan struct{}) {
+func setupWithManagementServer(t *testing.T, lis net.Listener, onStreamRequest func(int64, *v3discoverypb.DiscoveryRequest) error) (*e2e.ManagementServer, string, *grpc.ClientConn, *manual.Resolver, xdsclient.XDSClient) {
 	t.Helper()
-
-	cdsResourceRequestedCh := make(chan []string, 1)
-	cdsResourceCanceledCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
 	mgmtServer := e2e.StartManagementServer(t, e2e.ManagementServerOptions{
-		Listener: lis,
-		OnStreamRequest: func(_ int64, req *v3discoverypb.DiscoveryRequest) error {
-			if req.GetTypeUrl() == version.V3ClusterURL {
-				switch len(req.GetResourceNames()) {
-				case 0:
-					select {
-					case cdsResourceCanceledCh <- struct{}{}:
-					default:
-					}
-				default:
-					select {
-					case cdsResourceRequestedCh <- req.GetResourceNames():
-					default:
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			return nil
-		},
+		Listener:        lis,
+		OnStreamRequest: onStreamRequest,
 		// Required for aggregate clusters as all resources cannot be requested
 		// at once.
 		AllowResourceSubset: true,
@@ -268,7 +241,7 @@ func setupWithManagementServerAndListener(t *testing.T, lis net.Listener) (*e2e.
 	cc.Connect()
 	t.Cleanup(func() { cc.Close() })
 
-	return mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, r, xdsC, cdsResourceRequestedCh, cdsResourceCanceledCh
+	return mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, r, xdsC
 }
 
 // Helper function to compare the load balancing configuration received on the
@@ -321,11 +294,23 @@ func verifyRPCError(gotErr error, wantCode codes.Code, wantErr, wantNodeID strin
 // configuration changes, it stops requesting the old cluster resource and
 // starts requesting the new one.
 func (s) TestConfigurationUpdate_Success(t *testing.T) {
-	_, _, _, r, xdsClient, cdsResourceRequestedCh, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
-
-	// Verify that the specified cluster resource is requested.
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
+	cdsResourceRequestedCh := make(chan []string, 1)
+	onStreamReq := func(_ int64, req *v3discoverypb.DiscoveryRequest) error {
+		if req.GetTypeUrl() == version.V3ClusterURL {
+			if len(req.GetResourceNames()) > 0 {
+				select {
+				case cdsResourceRequestedCh <- req.GetResourceNames():
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	_, _, _, r, xdsClient := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, onStreamReq)
+
+	// Verify that the specified cluster resource is requested.
 	wantNames := []string{clusterName}
 	if err := waitForResourceNames(ctx, cdsResourceRequestedCh, wantNames); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -616,7 +601,7 @@ func (s) TestClusterUpdate_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-			mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+			mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
 			defer cancel()
@@ -640,7 +625,7 @@ func (s) TestClusterUpdate_Success(t *testing.T) {
 // balancing configuration pushed to the child is as expected.
 func (s) TestClusterUpdate_SuccessWithLRS(t *testing.T) {
 	lbCfgCh, _, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	clusterResource := e2e.ClusterResourceWithOptions(e2e.ClusterOptions{
 		ClusterName: clusterName,
@@ -689,15 +674,21 @@ func (s) TestClusterUpdate_SuccessWithLRS(t *testing.T) {
 //     continue using the previous good update.
 func (s) TestClusterUpdate_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 	_, resolverErrCh, _, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, cdsResourceRequestedCh, cdsResourceCanceledCh := setupWithManagementServer(t)
-
-	// Verify that the specified cluster resource is requested.
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
-	wantNames := []string{clusterName}
-	if err := waitForResourceNames(ctx, cdsResourceRequestedCh, wantNames); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+	cdsResourceCanceledCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	onStreamReq := func(_ int64, req *v3discoverypb.DiscoveryRequest) error {
+		if req.GetTypeUrl() == version.V3ClusterURL {
+			if len(req.GetResourceNames()) == 0 {
+				select {
+				case cdsResourceCanceledCh <- struct{}{}:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
 	}
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, onStreamReq)
 
 	// Configure the management server to return a cluster resource that
 	// contains a config_source_specifier for the `lrs_server` field which is not
@@ -806,12 +797,31 @@ func (s) TestClusterUpdate_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 func (s) TestResolverError(t *testing.T) {
 	_, resolverErrCh, _, childPolicyCloseCh := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
 	lis := testutils.NewListenerWrapper(t, nil)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, r, _, cdsResourceRequestedCh, cdsResourceCanceledCh := setupWithManagementServerAndListener(t, lis)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	cdsResourceCanceledCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	cdsResourceRequestedCh := make(chan []string, 1)
+	onStreamReq := func(_ int64, req *v3discoverypb.DiscoveryRequest) error {
+		if req.GetTypeUrl() == version.V3ClusterURL {
+			switch len(req.GetResourceNames()) {
+			case 0:
+				select {
+				case cdsResourceCanceledCh <- struct{}{}:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+				}
+			default:
+				select {
+				case cdsResourceRequestedCh <- req.GetResourceNames():
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, r, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, lis, onStreamReq)
 
 	// Grab the wrapped connection from the listener wrapper. This will be used
 	// to verify the connection is closed.
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
-	defer cancel()
 	val, err := lis.NewConnCh.Receive(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to receive new connection from wrapped listener: %v", err)
@@ -949,15 +959,21 @@ func (s) TestResolverError(t *testing.T) {
 //   - when the cluster resource is re-sent by the management server, RPCs
 //     should start succeeding.
 func (s) TestClusterUpdate_ResourceNotFound(t *testing.T) {
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, cdsResourceRequestedCh, cdsResourceCanceledCh := setupWithManagementServer(t)
-
-	// Verify that the specified cluster resource is requested.
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
-	wantNames := []string{clusterName}
-	if err := waitForResourceNames(ctx, cdsResourceRequestedCh, wantNames); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+	cdsResourceCanceledCh := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	onStreamReq := func(_ int64, req *v3discoverypb.DiscoveryRequest) error {
+		if req.GetTypeUrl() == version.V3ClusterURL {
+			if len(req.GetResourceNames()) == 0 {
+				select {
+				case cdsResourceCanceledCh <- struct{}{}:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
 	}
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, onStreamReq)
 
 	// Start a test service backend.
 	server := stubserver.StartTestService(t, nil)
@@ -1028,7 +1044,7 @@ func (s) TestClusterUpdate_ResourceNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 func (s) TestClose(t *testing.T) {
 	cdsBalancerCh := registerWrappedCDSPolicy(t)
 	_, _, _, childPolicyCloseCh := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Start a test service backend.
 	server := stubserver.StartTestService(t, nil)
@@ -1075,7 +1091,7 @@ func (s) TestClose(t *testing.T) {
 func (s) TestExitIdle(t *testing.T) {
 	cdsBalancerCh := registerWrappedCDSPolicy(t)
 	_, _, exitIdleCh, _ := registerWrappedClusterResolverPolicy(t)
-	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t)
+	mgmtServer, nodeID, cc, _, _ := setupWithManagementServer(t, nil, nil)
 
 	// Start a test service backend.
 	server := stubserver.StartTestService(t, nil)
diff --git a/xds/internal/xdsclient/tests/fallback_test.go b/xds/internal/xdsclient/tests/fallback_test.go
index 5fad4b07..5767a76a 100644
--- a/xds/internal/xdsclient/tests/fallback_test.go
+++ b/xds/internal/xdsclient/tests/fallback_test.go
@@ -728,3 +728,177 @@ func (s) TestFallback_OnStartup_RPCSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestXDSFallback_ThreeServerPromotion verifies that when the primary
+// management server is unavailable, the system attempts to connect to the
+// first fallback server, and if that is also down, to the second fallback
+// server. It also ensures that the system switches back to the first fallback
+// server once it becomes available again, and eventually returns to the
+// primary server when it comes back online, closing connections to the
+// fallback servers accordingly.
+func (s) TestXDSFallback_ThreeServerPromotion(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultFallbackTestTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Create three listener wrappers for three management servers.
+	primaryWrappedLis := testutils.NewListenerWrapper(t, nil)
+	primaryLis := testutils.NewRestartableListener(primaryWrappedLis)
+
+	secondaryWrappedLis := testutils.NewListenerWrapper(t, nil)
+	secondaryLis := testutils.NewRestartableListener(secondaryWrappedLis)
+
+	tertiaryWrappedLis := testutils.NewListenerWrapper(t, nil)
+	tertiaryLis := testutils.NewRestartableListener(tertiaryWrappedLis)
+
+	// Start the three management servers.
+	primaryManagementServer := e2e.StartManagementServer(t, e2e.ManagementServerOptions{Listener: primaryLis})
+	secondaryManagementServer := e2e.StartManagementServer(t, e2e.ManagementServerOptions{Listener: secondaryLis})
+	tertiaryManagementServer := e2e.StartManagementServer(t, e2e.ManagementServerOptions{Listener: tertiaryLis})
+
+	// Start three test service backends.
+	backend1 := stubserver.StartTestService(t, nil)
+	defer backend1.Stop()
+	backend2 := stubserver.StartTestService(t, nil)
+	defer backend2.Stop()
+	backend3 := stubserver.StartTestService(t, nil)
+	defer backend3.Stop()
+
+	nodeID := uuid.New().String()
+	const serviceName = "my-service-fallback-xds"
+
+	// Configure partial resources on the primary and secondary
+	// management servers.
+	primaryManagementServer.Update(ctx, e2e.UpdateOptions{
+		NodeID:    nodeID,
+		Listeners: []*v3listenerpb.Listener{e2e.DefaultClientListener(serviceName, "route-p")},
+	})
+	secondaryManagementServer.Update(ctx, e2e.UpdateOptions{
+		NodeID:    nodeID,
+		Listeners: []*v3listenerpb.Listener{e2e.DefaultClientListener(serviceName, "route-s1")},
+	})
+
+	// Configure full resources on tertiary management server.
+	tertiaryManagementServer.Update(ctx, e2e.DefaultClientResources(e2e.ResourceParams{
+		DialTarget: serviceName,
+		NodeID:     nodeID,
+		Host:       "localhost",
+		Port:       testutils.ParsePort(t, backend3.Address),
+		SecLevel:   e2e.SecurityLevelNone,
+	}))
+
+	// Create bootstrap configuration for all three management servers.
+	bootstrapContents, err := bootstrap.NewContentsForTesting(bootstrap.ConfigOptionsForTesting{
+		Servers: []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`[
+            {
+                "server_uri": %q,
+                "channel_creds": [{"type": "insecure"}]
+            },
+            {
+                "server_uri": %q,
+                "channel_creds": [{"type": "insecure"}]
+            },
+             {
+                "server_uri": %q,
+                "channel_creds": [{"type": "insecure"}]
+            }
+        ]`, primaryManagementServer.Address, secondaryManagementServer.Address, tertiaryManagementServer.Address)),
+		Node: []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"id": "%s"}`, nodeID)),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create bootstrap file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create an xDS client with the above bootstrap configuration.
+	config, err := bootstrap.NewConfigFromContents(bootstrapContents)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to parse bootstrap contents: %v", err)
+	}
+	pool := xdsclient.NewPool(config)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create xDS client: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the xDS resolver to use the above xDS client.
+	resolverBuilder := internal.NewXDSResolverWithPoolForTesting.(func(*xdsclient.Pool) (resolver.Builder, error))
+	resolver, err := resolverBuilder(pool)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create xDS resolver for testing: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Start a gRPC client that uses the above xDS resolver.
+	cc, err := grpc.NewClient(fmt.Sprintf("xds:///%s", serviceName), grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()), grpc.WithResolvers(resolver))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create gRPC client: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer cc.Close()
+	cc.Connect()
+	client := testgrpc.NewTestServiceClient(cc)
+
+	// Verify that connection attempts were made to primaryWrappedLis and
+	// secondaryWrappedLis, before using tertiaryWrappedLis to make
+	// successful RPCs to backend3.
+	if _, err := primaryWrappedLis.NewConnCh.Receive(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Timeout when waiting for connection to primary: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Stop primary, client should connect to secondary.
+	primaryLis.Stop()
+	if _, err := secondaryWrappedLis.NewConnCh.Receive(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Timeout when waiting for connection to secondary after primary stopped: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Stop secondary, client should connect to tertiary.
+	secondaryLis.Stop()
+	tertiaryConn, err := tertiaryWrappedLis.NewConnCh.Receive(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Timeout when waiting for connection to tertiary after secondary stopped: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Tertiary has all resources, RPCs should succeed to backend3.
+	if err := waitForRPCsToReachBackend(ctx, client, backend3.Address); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Secondary1 becomes available, RPCs go to backend2.
+	secondaryLis.Restart()
+	secondaryManagementServer.Update(ctx, e2e.UpdateOptions{
+		NodeID:    nodeID,
+		Listeners: []*v3listenerpb.Listener{e2e.DefaultClientListener(serviceName, "route-s1")},
+		Routes:    []*v3routepb.RouteConfiguration{e2e.DefaultRouteConfig("route-s1", serviceName, "cluster-s1")},
+		Clusters:  []*v3clusterpb.Cluster{e2e.DefaultCluster("cluster-s1", "endpoints-s1", e2e.SecurityLevelNone)},
+		Endpoints: []*v3endpointpb.ClusterLoadAssignment{
+			e2e.DefaultEndpoint("endpoints-s1", "localhost", []uint32{testutils.ParsePort(t, backend2.Address)}),
+		},
+	})
+
+	secondaryConn, err := secondaryWrappedLis.NewConnCh.Receive(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Timeout when waiting for new connection to secondary: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := tertiaryConn.(*testutils.ConnWrapper).CloseCh.Receive(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Timeout when waiting for connection to the tertiary to be closed after promotion to secondary: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := waitForRPCsToReachBackend(ctx, client, backend2.Address); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Primary becomes available, RPCs go to backend1.
+	primaryLis.Restart()
+	primaryManagementServer.Update(ctx, e2e.DefaultClientResources(e2e.ResourceParams{
+		DialTarget: serviceName,
+		NodeID:     nodeID,
+		Host:       "localhost",
+		Port:       testutils.ParsePort(t, backend1.Address),
+		SecLevel:   e2e.SecurityLevelNone,
+	}))
+
+	if _, err := primaryWrappedLis.NewConnCh.Receive(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Timeout when waiting for new connection to primary: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := secondaryConn.(*testutils.ConnWrapper).CloseCh.Receive(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Timeout when waiting for connection to the secondary to be closed after promotion to primary: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := waitForRPCsToReachBackend(ctx, client, backend1.Address); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}