Repository: data-apis/array-api-strict

Issue:
`xp.roll` should not accept array `shift`
see linked issue

Discussion:

Solution patch:
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_array_object.py b/array_api_strict/_array_object.py
index 579da90..7242055 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_array_object.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_array_object.py
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def __array__(
     # NumPy behavior
 
     def _check_allowed_dtypes(
-        self, other: Array | bool | int | float | complex, dtype_category: str, op: str
+        self, other: Array | complex, dtype_category: str, op: str
     ) -> Array:
         """
         Helper function for operators to only allow specific input dtypes
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def _check_allowed_dtypes(
 
         return other
 
-    def _check_type_device(self, other: Array | bool | int | float | complex) -> None:
+    def _check_type_device(self, other: Array | complex) -> None:
         """Check that other is either a Python scalar or an array on a device
         compatible with the current array.
         """
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ def _check_type_device(self, other: Array | bool | int | float | complex) -> Non
             raise TypeError(f"Expected Array or Python scalar; got {type(other)}")
 
     # Helper function to match the type promotion rules in the spec
-    def _promote_scalar(self, scalar: bool | int | float | complex) -> Array:
+    def _promote_scalar(self, scalar: complex) -> Array:
         """
         Returns a promoted version of a Python scalar appropriate for use with
         operations on self.
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ def __abs__(self) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__abs__()
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __add__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __add__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __add__.
         """
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ def __add__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__add__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __and__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __and__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __and__.
         """
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ def __dlpack_device__(self) -> tuple[IntEnum, int]:
         # Note: device support is required for this
         return self._array.__dlpack_device__()
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: Array | bool | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:  # type: ignore[override]
+    def __eq__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:  # type: ignore[override]
         """
         Performs the operation __eq__.
         """
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ def __float__(self) -> float:
         res = self._array.__float__()
         return res
 
-    def __floordiv__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __floordiv__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __floordiv__.
         """
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ def __floordiv__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__floordiv__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __ge__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __ge__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __ge__.
         """
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ def __getitem__(
         res = self._array.__getitem__(np_key)
         return self._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __gt__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __gt__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __gt__.
         """
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Array]:
         # implemented, which implies iteration on 1-D arrays.
         return (Array._new(i, device=self.device) for i in self._array)
 
-    def __le__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __le__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __le__.
         """
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ def __lshift__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__lshift__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __lt__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __lt__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __lt__.
         """
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ def __matmul__(self, other: Array, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__matmul__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __mod__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __mod__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __mod__.
         """
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ def __mod__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__mod__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __mul__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __mul__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __mul__.
         """
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ def __mul__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__mul__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __ne__(self, other: Array | bool | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:  # type: ignore[override]
+    def __ne__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:  # type: ignore[override]
         """
         Performs the operation __ne__.
         """
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ def __neg__(self) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__neg__()
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __or__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __or__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __or__.
         """
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ def __pos__(self) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__pos__()
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __pow__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __pow__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __pow__.
         """
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ def __setitem__(
             | Array
             | tuple[int | slice | EllipsisType, ...]
         ),
-        value: Array | bool | int | float | complex,
+        value: Array | complex,
         /,
     ) -> None:
         """
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ def __setitem__(
         np_key = key._array if isinstance(key, Array) else key
         self._array.__setitem__(np_key, asarray(value)._array)
 
-    def __sub__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __sub__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __sub__.
         """
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ def __sub__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
 
     # PEP 484 requires int to be a subtype of float, but __truediv__ should
     # not accept int.
-    def __truediv__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __truediv__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __truediv__.
         """
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ def __truediv__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__truediv__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __xor__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __xor__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __xor__.
         """
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ def __xor__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__xor__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __iadd__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __iadd__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __iadd__.
         """
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ def __iadd__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__iadd__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __radd__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __radd__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __radd__.
         """
@@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ def __radd__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__radd__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __iand__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __iand__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __iand__.
         """
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ def __iand__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__iand__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rand__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __rand__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rand__.
         """
@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ def __rand__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__rand__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __ifloordiv__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __ifloordiv__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __ifloordiv__.
         """
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ def __ifloordiv__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__ifloordiv__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rfloordiv__.
         """
@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ def __rmatmul__(self, other: Array, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__rmatmul__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __imod__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __imod__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __imod__.
         """
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ def __imod__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__imod__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rmod__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
+    def __rmod__(self, other: Array | float, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rmod__.
         """
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ def __rmod__(self, other: Array | int | float, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__rmod__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __imul__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __imul__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __imul__.
         """
@@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@ def __imul__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__imul__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rmul__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __rmul__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rmul__.
         """
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ def __rmul__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__rmul__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __ior__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __ior__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __ior__.
         """
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ def __ior__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__ior__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __ror__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __ror__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __ror__.
         """
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ def __ror__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__ror__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __ipow__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __ipow__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __ipow__.
         """
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ def __ipow__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__ipow__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rpow__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __rpow__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rpow__.
         """
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ def __rrshift__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__rrshift__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __isub__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __isub__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __isub__.
         """
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ def __isub__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__isub__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rsub__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __rsub__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rsub__.
         """
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ def __rsub__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__rsub__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __itruediv__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __itruediv__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __itruediv__.
         """
@@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ def __itruediv__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__itruediv__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rtruediv__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rtruediv__.
         """
@@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@ def __rtruediv__(self, other: Array | int | float | complex, /) -> Array:
         res = self._array.__rtruediv__(other._array)
         return self.__class__._new(res, device=self.device)
 
-    def __ixor__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __ixor__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __ixor__.
         """
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ def __ixor__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
         self._array.__ixor__(other._array)
         return self
 
-    def __rxor__(self, other: Array | bool | int, /) -> Array:
+    def __rxor__(self, other: Array | int, /) -> Array:
         """
         Performs the operation __rxor__.
         """
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_creation_functions.py b/array_api_strict/_creation_functions.py
index db3897c..69d37aa 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_creation_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_creation_functions.py
@@ -68,13 +68,7 @@ def _check_device(device: Device | None) -> None:
 
 
 def asarray(
-    obj: Array
-    | bool
-    | int
-    | float
-    | complex
-    | NestedSequence[bool | int | float | complex]
-    | SupportsBufferProtocol,
+    obj: Array | complex | NestedSequence[complex] | SupportsBufferProtocol,
     /,
     *,
     dtype: DType | None = None,
@@ -135,10 +129,10 @@ def asarray(
 
 
 def arange(
-    start: int | float,
+    start: float,
     /,
-    stop: int | float | None = None,
-    step: int | float = 1,
+    stop: float | None = None,
+    step: float = 1,
     *,
     dtype: DType | None = None,
     device: Device | None = None,
@@ -248,7 +242,7 @@ def from_dlpack(
 
 def full(
     shape: int | tuple[int, ...],
-    fill_value: bool | int | float | complex,
+    fill_value: complex,
     *,
     dtype: DType | None = None,
     device: Device | None = None,
@@ -276,7 +270,7 @@ def full(
 def full_like(
     x: Array,
     /,
-    fill_value: bool | int | float | complex,
+    fill_value: complex,
     *,
     dtype: DType | None = None,
     device: Device | None = None,
@@ -302,8 +296,8 @@ def full_like(
 
 
 def linspace(
-    start: int | float | complex,
-    stop: int | float | complex,
+    start: complex,
+    stop: complex,
     /,
     num: int,
     *,
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_data_type_functions.py b/array_api_strict/_data_type_functions.py
index e318724..82d438f 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_data_type_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_data_type_functions.py
@@ -210,9 +210,7 @@ def isdtype(dtype: DType, kind: DType | str | tuple[DType | str, ...]) -> bool:
         raise TypeError(f"'kind' must be a dtype, str, or tuple of dtypes and strs, not {type(kind).__name__}")
 
 
-def result_type(
-    *arrays_and_dtypes: DType | Array | bool | int | float | complex,
-) -> DType:
+def result_type(*arrays_and_dtypes: Array | DType | complex) -> DType:
     """
     Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.result_type <numpy.result_type>`.
 
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_elementwise_functions.py b/array_api_strict/_elementwise_functions.py
index b05e0fd..d86bc27 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_elementwise_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_elementwise_functions.py
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from functools import wraps
+from types import NoneType
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from ._array_object import Array
 from ._creation_functions import asarray
 from ._data_type_functions import broadcast_to, iinfo
 from ._dtypes import (
-    _boolean_dtypes,
     _complex_floating_dtypes,
     _dtype_categories,
-    _floating_dtypes,
     _integer_dtypes,
-    _integer_or_boolean_dtypes,
     _numeric_dtypes,
     _real_floating_dtypes,
     _real_numeric_dtypes,
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ def _binary_ufunc_proto(x1, x2, dtype_category, func_name, np_func):
     return Array._new(np_func(x1._array, x2._array), device=x1.device)
 
 
-_binary_docstring_template = """
+_docstring_template = """
 Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.%s <numpy.%s>`.
 
 See its docstring for more information.
@@ -51,15 +52,15 @@ def inner(x1, x2, /) -> Array:
 # static type annotation for ArrayOrPythonScalar arguments given a category
 # NB: keep the keys in sync with the _dtype_categories dict
 _annotations = {
-    "all": "bool | int | float | complex | Array",
-    "real numeric": "int | float | Array",
-    "numeric": "int | float | complex | Array",
+    "all": "complex | Array",
+    "real numeric": "float | Array",
+    "numeric": "complex | Array",
     "integer": "int | Array",
-    "integer or boolean": "bool | int | Array",
+    "integer or boolean": "int | Array",
     "boolean": "bool | Array",
     "real floating-point": "float | Array",
     "complex floating-point": "complex | Array",
-    "floating-point": "float | complex | Array",
+    "floating-point": "complex | Array",
 }
 
 
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ def inner(x1, x2, /) -> Array:
     func = _create_binary_func(func_name, dtype_category, np_func)
     func.__name__ = func_name
 
-    func.__doc__ = _binary_docstring_template % (numpy_name, numpy_name)
+    func.__doc__ = _docstring_template % (numpy_name, numpy_name)
     func.__annotations__['x1'] = _annotations[dtype_category]
     func.__annotations__['x2'] = _annotations[dtype_category]
 
@@ -153,165 +154,134 @@ def bitwise_right_shift(x1: int | Array, x2: int | Array, /) -> Array:
 del func, _create_binary_func
 
 
-def abs(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.abs <numpy.abs>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in abs")
-    return Array._new(np.abs(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-# Note: the function name is different here
-def acos(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.arccos <numpy.arccos>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in acos")
-    return Array._new(np.arccos(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-# Note: the function name is different here
-def acosh(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.arccosh <numpy.arccosh>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in acosh")
-    return Array._new(np.arccosh(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-# Note: the function name is different here
-def asin(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.arcsin <numpy.arcsin>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in asin")
-    return Array._new(np.arcsin(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-# Note: the function name is different here
-def asinh(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.arcsinh <numpy.arcsinh>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in asinh")
-    return Array._new(np.arcsinh(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-# Note: the function name is different here
-def atan(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.arctan <numpy.arctan>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in atan")
-    return Array._new(np.arctan(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-# Note: the function name is different here
-def atanh(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.arctanh <numpy.arctanh>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in atanh")
-    return Array._new(np.arctanh(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-# Note: the function name is different here
-def bitwise_invert(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.invert <numpy.invert>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _integer_or_boolean_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only integer or boolean dtypes are allowed in bitwise_invert")
-    return Array._new(np.invert(x._array), device=x.device)
-
+def _create_unary_func(
+    func_name: str, 
+    dtype_category: str,
+    np_func_name: str | None = None,
+) -> Callable[[Array], Array]:
+    allowed_dtypes = _dtype_categories[dtype_category]
+    np_func_name = np_func_name or func_name
+    np_func = getattr(np, np_func_name)
+
+    def func(x: Array, /) -> Array:
+        if not isinstance(x, Array):
+            raise TypeError(f"Only Array objects are allowed; got {type(x)}")
+        if x.dtype not in allowed_dtypes:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Only {dtype_category} dtypes are allowed in {func_name}; "
+                f"got {x.dtype}."
+            )
+        return Array._new(np_func(x._array), device=x.device)
 
-def ceil(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.ceil <numpy.ceil>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _real_numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only real numeric dtypes are allowed in ceil")
-    if x.dtype in _integer_dtypes:
-        # Note: The return dtype of ceil is the same as the input
-        return x
-    return Array._new(np.ceil(x._array), device=x.device)
+    func.__name__ = func_name
+    func.__doc__ = _docstring_template % (np_func_name, np_func_name)
+    return func
+
+
+def _identity_if_integer(func: Callable[[Array], Array]) -> Callable[[Array], Array]:
+    """Hack around NumPy 1.x behaviour for ceil, floor, and trunc
+    vs. integer inputs
+    """
+
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(x: Array, /) -> Array:
+        if isinstance(x, Array) and x.dtype in _integer_dtypes:
+            return x
+        return func(x)
+    
+    return wrapper
+
+
+abs = _create_unary_func("abs", "numeric")
+acos = _create_unary_func("acos", "floating-point", "arccos")
+acosh = _create_unary_func("acosh", "floating-point", "arccosh")
+asin = _create_unary_func("asin", "floating-point", "arcsin")
+asinh = _create_unary_func("asinh", "floating-point", "arcsinh")
+atan = _create_unary_func("atan", "floating-point", "arctan")
+atanh = _create_unary_func("atanh", "floating-point", "arctanh")
+bitwise_invert = _create_unary_func("bitwise_invert", "integer or boolean", "invert")
+ceil = _identity_if_integer(_create_unary_func("ceil", "real numeric"))
+conj = _create_unary_func("conj", "numeric")
+cos = _create_unary_func("cos", "floating-point", "cos")
+cosh = _create_unary_func("cosh", "floating-point", "cosh")
+exp = _create_unary_func("exp", "floating-point")
+expm1 = _create_unary_func("expm1", "floating-point")
+floor = _identity_if_integer(_create_unary_func("floor", "real numeric"))
+imag = _create_unary_func("imag", "complex floating-point")
+isfinite = _create_unary_func("isfinite", "numeric")
+isinf = _create_unary_func("isinf", "numeric")
+isnan = _create_unary_func("isnan", "numeric")
+log = _create_unary_func("log", "floating-point")
+log10 = _create_unary_func("log10", "floating-point")
+log1p = _create_unary_func("log1p", "floating-point")
+log2 = _create_unary_func("log2", "floating-point")
+logical_not = _create_unary_func("logical_not", "boolean")
+negative = _create_unary_func("negative", "numeric")
+positive = _create_unary_func("positive", "numeric")
+real = _create_unary_func("real", "numeric")
+reciprocal = requires_api_version("2024.12")(
+    _create_unary_func("reciprocal", "floating-point")
+)
+round = _create_unary_func("round", "numeric")
+signbit = requires_api_version("2023.12")(
+    _create_unary_func("signbit", "real floating-point")
+)
+sin = _create_unary_func("sin", "floating-point")
+sinh = _create_unary_func("sinh", "floating-point")
+sqrt = _create_unary_func("sqrt", "floating-point")
+square = _create_unary_func("square", "numeric")
+tan = _create_unary_func("tan", "floating-point")
+tanh = _create_unary_func("tanh", "floating-point")
+trunc = _identity_if_integer(_create_unary_func("trunc", "real numeric"))
 
-# WARNING: This function is not yet tested by the array-api-tests test suite.
 
 # Note: min and max argument names are different and not optional in numpy.
 @requires_api_version('2023.12')
 def clip(
     x: Array,
     /,
-    min: Array | int | float | None = None,
-    max: Array | int | float | None = None,
+    min: Array | float | None = None,
+    max: Array | float | None = None,
 ) -> Array:
     """
     Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.clip <numpy.clip>`.
 
     See its docstring for more information.
     """
-    if isinstance(min, Array) and x.device != min.device:
-        raise ValueError(f"Arrays from two different devices ({x.device} and {min.device}) can not be combined.")
-    if isinstance(max, Array) and x.device != max.device:
-        raise ValueError(f"Arrays from two different devices ({x.device} and {max.device}) can not be combined.")
+    if not isinstance(x, Array):
+        raise TypeError(f"Only Array objects are allowed; got {type(x)}")
 
     if (x.dtype not in _real_numeric_dtypes
         or isinstance(min, Array) and min.dtype not in _real_numeric_dtypes
         or isinstance(max, Array) and max.dtype not in _real_numeric_dtypes):
         raise TypeError("Only real numeric dtypes are allowed in clip")
-    if not isinstance(min, (int, float, Array, type(None))):
-        raise TypeError("min must be an None, int, float, or an array")
-    if not isinstance(max, (int, float, Array, type(None))):
-        raise TypeError("max must be an None, int, float, or an array")
-
-    # Mixed dtype kinds is implementation defined
-    if (x.dtype in _integer_dtypes
-        and (isinstance(min, float) or
-             isinstance(min, Array) and min.dtype in _real_floating_dtypes)):
-        raise TypeError("min must be integral when x is integral")
-    if (x.dtype in _integer_dtypes
-        and (isinstance(max, float) or
-             isinstance(max, Array) and max.dtype in _real_floating_dtypes)):
-        raise TypeError("max must be integral when x is integral")
-    if (x.dtype in _real_floating_dtypes
-        and (isinstance(min, int) or
-             isinstance(min, Array) and min.dtype in _integer_dtypes)):
-        raise TypeError("min must be floating-point when x is floating-point")
-    if (x.dtype in _real_floating_dtypes
-        and (isinstance(max, int) or
-             isinstance(max, Array) and max.dtype in _integer_dtypes)):
-        raise TypeError("max must be floating-point when x is floating-point")
 
     if min is max is None:
-        # Note: NumPy disallows min = max = None
         return x
 
+    for argname, arg in ("min", min), ("max", max):
+        if isinstance(arg, Array):
+            if x.device != arg.device:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Arrays from two different devices ({x.device} and {arg.device}) "
+                    "can not be combined."
+                )
+        # Disallow subclasses of Python scalars, e.g. np.float64
+        elif type(arg) not in (int, float, NoneType):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{argname} must be None, int, float, or Array; got {type(arg)}"
+            )
+
+        # Mixed dtype kinds is implementation defined
+        if (x.dtype in _integer_dtypes
+            and (isinstance(arg, float) or
+                isinstance(arg, Array) and arg.dtype in _real_floating_dtypes)):
+            raise TypeError(f"{argname} must be integral when x is integral")
+        if (x.dtype in _real_floating_dtypes
+            and (isinstance(arg, int) or
+                isinstance(arg, Array) and arg.dtype in _integer_dtypes)):
+            raise TypeError(f"{arg} must be floating-point when x is floating-point")
+
     # Normalize to make the below logic simpler
     if min is not None:
         min = asarray(min)._array
@@ -370,330 +340,17 @@ def _isscalar(a):
     return Array._new(out, device=device)
 
 
-def conj(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.conj <numpy.conj>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in conj")
-    return Array._new(np.conj(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def cos(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.cos <numpy.cos>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in cos")
-    return Array._new(np.cos(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def cosh(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.cosh <numpy.cosh>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in cosh")
-    return Array._new(np.cosh(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def exp(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.exp <numpy.exp>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in exp")
-    return Array._new(np.exp(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def expm1(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.expm1 <numpy.expm1>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in expm1")
-    return Array._new(np.expm1(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def floor(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.floor <numpy.floor>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _real_numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only real numeric dtypes are allowed in floor")
-    if x.dtype in _integer_dtypes:
-        # Note: The return dtype of floor is the same as the input
-        return x
-    return Array._new(np.floor(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def imag(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.imag <numpy.imag>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _complex_floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only complex floating-point dtypes are allowed in imag")
-    return Array._new(np.imag(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def isfinite(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.isfinite <numpy.isfinite>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in isfinite")
-    return Array._new(np.isfinite(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def isinf(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.isinf <numpy.isinf>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in isinf")
-    return Array._new(np.isinf(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def isnan(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.isnan <numpy.isnan>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in isnan")
-    return Array._new(np.isnan(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def log(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.log <numpy.log>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in log")
-    return Array._new(np.log(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def log1p(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.log1p <numpy.log1p>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in log1p")
-    return Array._new(np.log1p(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def log2(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.log2 <numpy.log2>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in log2")
-    return Array._new(np.log2(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def log10(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.log10 <numpy.log10>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in log10")
-    return Array._new(np.log10(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def logical_not(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.logical_not <numpy.logical_not>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _boolean_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only boolean dtypes are allowed in logical_not")
-    return Array._new(np.logical_not(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def negative(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.negative <numpy.negative>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in negative")
-    return Array._new(np.negative(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def positive(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.positive <numpy.positive>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in positive")
-    return Array._new(np.positive(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def real(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.real <numpy.real>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in real")
-    return Array._new(np.real(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-@requires_api_version('2024.12')
-def reciprocal(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.reciprocal <numpy.reciprocal>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in reciprocal")
-    return Array._new(np.reciprocal(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def round(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.round <numpy.round>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in round")
-    return Array._new(np.round(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
 def sign(x: Array, /) -> Array:
     """
     Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.sign <numpy.sign>`.
 
     See its docstring for more information.
     """
+    if not isinstance(x, Array):
+        raise TypeError(f"Only Array objects are allowed; got {type(x)}")
     if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
         raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in sign")
+    # Special treatment to work around non-compliant NumPy 1.x behaviour
     if x.dtype in _complex_floating_dtypes:
         return x/abs(x)
     return Array._new(np.sign(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-@requires_api_version('2023.12')
-def signbit(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.signbit <numpy.signbit>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _real_floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only real floating-point dtypes are allowed in signbit")
-    return Array._new(np.signbit(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def sin(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.sin <numpy.sin>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in sin")
-    return Array._new(np.sin(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def sinh(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.sinh <numpy.sinh>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in sinh")
-    return Array._new(np.sinh(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def square(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.square <numpy.square>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only numeric dtypes are allowed in square")
-    return Array._new(np.square(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def sqrt(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.sqrt <numpy.sqrt>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in sqrt")
-    return Array._new(np.sqrt(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def tan(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.tan <numpy.tan>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in tan")
-    return Array._new(np.tan(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def tanh(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.tanh <numpy.tanh>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only floating-point dtypes are allowed in tanh")
-    return Array._new(np.tanh(x._array), device=x.device)
-
-
-def trunc(x: Array, /) -> Array:
-    """
-    Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.trunc <numpy.trunc>`.
-
-    See its docstring for more information.
-    """
-    if x.dtype not in _real_numeric_dtypes:
-        raise TypeError("Only real numeric dtypes are allowed in trunc")
-    if x.dtype in _integer_dtypes:
-        # Note: The return dtype of trunc is the same as the input
-        return x
-    return Array._new(np.trunc(x._array), device=x.device)
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_helpers.py b/array_api_strict/_helpers.py
index e8c6767..35fa7c8 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_helpers.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_helpers.py
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 from ._dtypes import _dtype_categories
 from ._flags import get_array_api_strict_flags
 
-_py_scalars = (bool, int, float, complex)
+_PY_SCALARS = (bool, int, float, complex)
 
 
 def _maybe_normalize_py_scalars(
-    x1: Array | bool | int | float | complex,
-    x2: Array | bool | int | float | complex,
+    x1: Array | complex,
+    x2: Array | complex,
     dtype_category: str,
     func_name: str,
 ) -> tuple[Array, Array]:
@@ -20,20 +20,26 @@ def _maybe_normalize_py_scalars(
 
     _allowed_dtypes = _dtype_categories[dtype_category]
 
-    if isinstance(x1, _py_scalars):
-        if isinstance(x2, _py_scalars):
+    # Disallow subclasses, e.g. np.float64 and np.complex128
+    if type(x1) in _PY_SCALARS:
+        if type(x2) in _PY_SCALARS:
             raise TypeError(f"Two scalars not allowed, got {type(x1) = } and {type(x2) =}")
-        # x2 must be an array
+        if not isinstance(x2, Array):
+            raise TypeError(f"Argument is neither an Array nor a Python scalar: {type(x2)=} ")
         if x2.dtype not in _allowed_dtypes:
             raise TypeError(f"Only {dtype_category} dtypes are allowed {func_name}. Got {x2.dtype}.")
         x1 = x2._promote_scalar(x1)
 
-    elif isinstance(x2, _py_scalars):
-        # x1 must be an array
+    elif type(x2) in _PY_SCALARS:
+        if not isinstance(x1, Array):
+            raise TypeError(f"Argument is neither an Array nor a Python scalar: {type(x2)=} ")
         if x1.dtype not in _allowed_dtypes:
             raise TypeError(f"Only {dtype_category} dtypes are allowed {func_name}. Got {x1.dtype}.")
         x2 = x1._promote_scalar(x2)
     else:
+        if not isinstance(x1, Array) or not isinstance(x2, Array):
+            raise TypeError(f"Argument(s) are neither Array nor Python scalars: {type(x1)=} and {type(x2)=}")
+
         if x1.dtype not in _allowed_dtypes or x2.dtype not in _allowed_dtypes:
             raise TypeError(f"Only {dtype_category} dtypes are allowed in {func_name}(...). "
                             f"Got {x1.dtype} and {x2.dtype}.")
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_linalg.py b/array_api_strict/_linalg.py
index 72d7f0a..84a31f6 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_linalg.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_linalg.py
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ def vector_norm(
     *,
     axis: int | tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
     keepdims: bool = False,
-    ord: int | float = 2,
+    ord: float = 2,
 ) -> Array:
     """
     Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.linalg.norm <numpy.linalg.norm>`.
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_manipulation_functions.py b/array_api_strict/_manipulation_functions.py
index fe4a608..7c4adda 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_manipulation_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_manipulation_functions.py
@@ -138,6 +138,10 @@ def roll(
 
     See its docstring for more information.
     """
+    if not isinstance(shift, int | tuple):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"`shift` can only be an int or a tuple, got {type(shift)=} instead."
+        )
     return Array._new(np.roll(x._array, shift, axis=axis), device=x.device)
 
 
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_searching_functions.py b/array_api_strict/_searching_functions.py
index c42ccc7..5334e8f 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_searching_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_searching_functions.py
@@ -92,17 +92,15 @@ def searchsorted(
     )
 
 
-def where(
-    condition: Array,
-    x1: Array | bool | int | float | complex,
-    x2: Array | bool | int | float | complex,
-    /,
-) -> Array:
+def where(condition: Array, x1: Array | complex, x2: Array | complex, /) -> Array:
     """
     Array API compatible wrapper for :py:func:`np.where <numpy.where>`.
 
     See its docstring for more information.
     """
+    if not isinstance(condition, Array):
+        raise TypeError(f"`condition` must be an Array; got {type(condition)}")
+
     x1, x2 = _maybe_normalize_py_scalars(x1, x2, "all", "where")
 
     # Call result type here just to raise on disallowed type combinations
diff --git a/array_api_strict/_statistical_functions.py b/array_api_strict/_statistical_functions.py
index 4160f7a..35876dd 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/_statistical_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/_statistical_functions.py
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def std(
     /,
     *,
     axis: int | tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
-    correction: int | float = 0.0,
+    correction: float = 0.0,
     keepdims: bool = False,
 ) -> Array:
     # Note: the keyword argument correction is different here
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def var(
     /,
     *,
     axis: int | tuple[int, ...] | None = None,
-    correction: int | float = 0.0,
+    correction: float = 0.0,
     keepdims: bool = False,
 ) -> Array:
     # Note: the keyword argument correction is different here


Test patch:
diff --git a/array_api_strict/tests/test_array_object.py b/array_api_strict/tests/test_array_object.py
index e950be5..ae6627a 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/tests/test_array_object.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/tests/test_array_object.py
@@ -412,10 +412,12 @@ def _matmul_array_vals():
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("op,dtypes", binary_op_dtypes.items())
-def test_binary_operators_vs_numpy_generics(op, dtypes):
-    """Test that np.bool_, np.int64, np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128
-    are disallowed in binary operators.
-    np.float64 and np.complex128 are subclasses of float and complex, so they need
+def test_binary_operators_numpy_scalars(op, dtypes):
+    """
+    Test that NumPy scalars (np.generic) are explicitly disallowed.
+
+    This must notably include np.float64 and np.complex128, which are
+    subclasses of float and complex respectively, so they need
     special treatment in order to be rejected.
     """
     match = "Expected Array or Python scalar"
@@ -635,7 +637,7 @@ def test_array_namespace():
     pytest.raises(ValueError, lambda: a.__array_namespace__(api_version="2026.12"))
 
 def test_iter():
-    pytest.raises(TypeError, lambda: iter(asarray(3)))
+    pytest.raises(TypeError, lambda: next(iter(asarray(3))))
     assert list(ones(3)) == [asarray(1.), asarray(1.), asarray(1.)]
     assert all_(isinstance(a, Array) for a in iter(ones(3)))
     assert all_(a.shape == () for a in iter(ones(3)))
diff --git a/array_api_strict/tests/test_elementwise_functions.py b/array_api_strict/tests/test_elementwise_functions.py
index 99596b4..0f740d3 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/tests/test_elementwise_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/tests/test_elementwise_functions.py
@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
 from inspect import signature, getmodule
 
-from pytest import raises as assert_raises
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from numpy.testing import suppress_warnings
 
 
 from .. import asarray, _elementwise_functions
+from .._array_object import ALL_DEVICES, CPU_DEVICE, Device
 from .._elementwise_functions import bitwise_left_shift, bitwise_right_shift
 from .._dtypes import (
     _dtype_categories,
     _boolean_dtypes,
     _floating_dtypes,
     _integer_dtypes,
+    bool as xp_bool,
+    float64,
     int8,
     int16,
     int32,
     int64,
     uint64,
 )
-from .._flags import set_array_api_strict_flags
-
 from .test_array_object import _check_op_array_scalar, BIG_INT
 
 import array_api_strict
@@ -104,6 +106,13 @@ def nargs(func):
 }
 
 
+elementwise_binary_function_names = [
+    func_name
+    for func_name in elementwise_function_input_types
+    if nargs(getattr(_elementwise_functions, func_name)) == 2
+]
+
+
 def test_nargs():
     # Explicitly check number of arguments for a few functions
     assert nargs(array_api_strict.logaddexp) == 2
@@ -126,33 +135,81 @@ def test_missing_functions():
     assert set(mod_funcs) == set(elementwise_function_input_types)
 
 
-def test_function_device_persists():
-    # Test that the device of the input and output array are the same
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("device", ALL_DEVICES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("func_name,types", elementwise_function_input_types.items())
+def test_elementwise_function_device_persists(func_name, types, device):
+    """Test that the device of the input and output array are the same"""
     def _array_vals(dtypes):
-        for d in dtypes:
-            yield asarray(1., dtype=d)
-
-    # Use the latest version of the standard so all functions are included
-    set_array_api_strict_flags(api_version="2024.12")
-
-    for func_name, types in elementwise_function_input_types.items():
-        dtypes = _dtype_categories[types]
-        func = getattr(_elementwise_functions, func_name)
+        for dtype in dtypes:
+            yield asarray(1., dtype=dtype, device=device)
+
+    dtypes = _dtype_categories[types]
+    func = getattr(_elementwise_functions, func_name)
+
+    for x in _array_vals(dtypes):
+        if nargs(func) == 2:
+            # This way we don't have to deal with incompatible
+            # types of the two arguments.
+            r = func(x, x)
+            assert r.device == x.device
+
+        else:
+            # `atanh` needs a slightly different input value from
+            # everyone else
+            if func_name == "atanh":
+                x -= 0.1
+            r = func(x)
+            assert r.device == x.device
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("func_name", elementwise_binary_function_names)
+def test_elementwise_function_device_mismatch(func_name):
+    func = getattr(_elementwise_functions, func_name)
+    dtypes = elementwise_function_input_types[func_name]
+    if dtypes in ("floating-point", "real floating-point"):
+        dtype = float64
+    elif dtypes == "boolean":
+        dtype = xp_bool
+    else:
+        dtype = int64
+
+    a = asarray(1, dtype=dtype, device=CPU_DEVICE)
+    b = asarray(1, dtype=dtype, device=Device("device1"))
+    _ = func(a, a)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="different devices"):
+        func(a, b)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("func_name", elementwise_function_input_types)
+def test_elementwise_function_numpy_scalars(func_name):
+    """
+    Test that NumPy scalars (np.generic) are explicitly disallowed.
+
+    This must notably include np.float64 and np.complex128, which are
+    subclasses of float and complex respectively, so they need
+    special treatment in order to be rejected.
+    """
+    func = getattr(_elementwise_functions, func_name)
+    dtypes = elementwise_function_input_types[func_name]
+    xp_dtypes = _dtype_categories[dtypes]
+    np_dtypes = [dtype._np_dtype for dtype in xp_dtypes]
+
+    value = 0.5 if func_name == "atanh" else 1
+    for xp_dtype in xp_dtypes:
+        for np_dtype in np_dtypes:
+            a = asarray(value, dtype=xp_dtype, device=CPU_DEVICE)
+            b = np.asarray(value, dtype=np_dtype)[()]
 
-        for x in _array_vals(dtypes):
             if nargs(func) == 2:
-                # This way we don't have to deal with incompatible
-                # types of the two arguments.
-                r = func(x, x)
-                assert r.device == x.device
-
+                _ = func(a, a)
+                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="neither Array nor Python scalars"):
+                    func(a, b)
+                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="neither Array nor Python scalars"):
+                    func(b, a)
             else:
-                # `atanh` needs a slightly different input value from
-                # everyone else
-                if func_name == "atanh":
-                    x -= 0.1
-                r = func(x)
-                assert r.device == x.device
+                _ = func(a)
+                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="allowed"):
+                    func(b)
 
 
 def test_function_types():
@@ -168,9 +225,6 @@ def _array_vals():
         for d in _floating_dtypes:
             yield asarray(1.0, dtype=d)
 
-    # Use the latest version of the standard so all functions are included
-    set_array_api_strict_flags(api_version="2024.12")
-
     for x in _array_vals():
         for func_name, types in elementwise_function_input_types.items():
             dtypes = _dtype_categories[types]
@@ -187,23 +241,23 @@ def _array_vals():
                          or x.dtype in _floating_dtypes and y.dtype not in _floating_dtypes
                          or y.dtype in _floating_dtypes and x.dtype not in _floating_dtypes
                          ):
-                        assert_raises(TypeError, func, x, y)
+                        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                            func(x, y)
                     if x.dtype not in dtypes or y.dtype not in dtypes:
-                        assert_raises(TypeError, func, x, y)
+                        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                            func(x, y)
             else:
                 if x.dtype not in dtypes:
-                    assert_raises(TypeError, func, x)
+                    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                        func(x)
 
 
 def test_bitwise_shift_error():
     # bitwise shift functions should raise when the second argument is negative
-    assert_raises(
-        ValueError, lambda: bitwise_left_shift(asarray([1, 1]), asarray([1, -1]))
-    )
-    assert_raises(
-        ValueError, lambda: bitwise_right_shift(asarray([1, 1]), asarray([1, -1]))
-    )
-
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        bitwise_left_shift(asarray([1, 1]), asarray([1, -1]))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        bitwise_right_shift(asarray([1, 1]), asarray([1, -1]))
 
 
 def test_scalars():
@@ -212,9 +266,6 @@ def test_scalars():
     # Also check that binary functions accept (array, scalar) and (scalar, array)
     # arguments, and reject (scalar, scalar) arguments.
 
-    # Use the latest version of the standard so that scalars are actually allowed
-    set_array_api_strict_flags(api_version="2024.12")
-
     def _array_vals():
         for d in _integer_dtypes:
             yield asarray(1, dtype=d)
@@ -256,7 +307,5 @@ def _array_vals():
                             assert func(s, a) == func(conv_scalar, a)
                             assert func(a, s) == func(a, conv_scalar)
 
-                        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+                        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
                             func(s, s)
-
-
diff --git a/array_api_strict/tests/test_searching_functions.py b/array_api_strict/tests/test_searching_functions.py
index 2a3a79e..abe1949 100644
--- a/array_api_strict/tests/test_searching_functions.py
+++ b/array_api_strict/tests/test_searching_functions.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 import array_api_strict as xp
 
 from array_api_strict import ArrayAPIStrictFlags
+from .._array_object import ALL_DEVICES, CPU_DEVICE, Device
+from .._dtypes import _all_dtypes
 
 
 def test_where_with_scalars():
@@ -23,6 +25,10 @@ def test_where_with_scalars():
     with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Two scalars"):
         xp.where(x == 1, 42, 44)
 
+    # The spec does not allow for condition to be scalar
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Array"):
+        xp.where(True, x, x)
+
 
 def test_where_mixed_dtypes():
     # https://github.com/data-apis/array-api-strict/issues/131
@@ -42,3 +48,55 @@ def test_where_f32():
     res = xp.where(xp.asarray([True, False]), 1., xp.asarray([2, 2], dtype=xp.float32))
     assert res.dtype == xp.float32
 
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("device", ALL_DEVICES)
+def test_where_device_persists(device):
+    """Test that the device of the input and output array are the same"""
+
+    cond = xp.asarray([True, False], device=device)
+    x1 = xp.asarray([1, 2], device=device)
+    x2 = xp.asarray([3, 4], device=device)
+    res = xp.where(cond, x1, x2)
+    assert res.device == device
+    res = xp.where(cond, 1, x2)
+    assert res.device == device
+    res = xp.where(cond, x1, 2)
+    assert res.device == device
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "cond_device,x1_device,x2_device",
+    [
+        (CPU_DEVICE, CPU_DEVICE, Device("device1")),
+        (CPU_DEVICE, Device("device1"), CPU_DEVICE),
+        (Device("device1"), CPU_DEVICE, CPU_DEVICE),
+    ]
+)
+def test_where_device_mismatch(cond_device, x1_device, x2_device):
+    cond = xp.asarray([True, False], device=cond_device)
+    x1 = xp.asarray([1, 2], device=x1_device)
+    x2 = xp.asarray([3, 4], device=x2_device)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="device"):
+        xp.where(cond, x1, x2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", _all_dtypes)
+def test_where_numpy_scalars(dtype):
+    """
+    Test that NumPy scalars (np.generic) are explicitly disallowed.
+
+    This must notably include np.float64 and np.complex128, which are
+    subclasses of float and complex respectively, so they need
+    special treatment in order to be rejected.
+    """
+    cond = xp.asarray(True)
+    x1 = xp.asarray(1, dtype=dtype)
+    x2 = xp.asarray(1, dtype=dtype)
+    _ = xp.where(cond, x1, x2)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="neither Array nor Python scalars"):
+        xp.where(cond, x1, x2._array[()])
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="neither Array nor Python scalars"):
+        xp.where(cond, x1._array[()], x2)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="must be an Array"):
+        xp.where(cond._array[()], x1, x2)