ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ eased ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ Tudor ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (1843) ᎾᎥᎢ Charles Dickens ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reinventing ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ emphasizing ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ communal ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ hedonistic ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ""ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ"" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Albert enthusiastically promoted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ 1848 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1851.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎪᎦ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ afterlife, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ) ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ mythologies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᎳᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎠᎴ b) ᎾᎾᎢ cemeteries, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ.

ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, 80,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ fingerprinted ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1940. 8,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ interviewed, ᎠᎴ 5,000 ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ detained ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 107-40 authorizing ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ""ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ."" [11] [12]

ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fueled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ displayed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Peru, ᎠᎴ Colombia.

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ, ᎨᏒᎢ purposeful ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ""ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ"" ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ""ᏓᎾᎵᎲ"" ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ matches. ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ unilateral, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ implies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢously.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, replacing ᎯᎠ battleship ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ, Ꮎ ᎪᎯ breakthrough ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ.