ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ eased ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ Tudor ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (1843) ᎾᎥᎢ Charles Dickens ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reinventing ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ emphasizing ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ communal ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ hedonistic ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ""ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ"" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Albert enthusiastically promoted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ 1848 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1851.

ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ (NWS) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ""ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ."" ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Bernoulli ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ) ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. Latte ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ espresso-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. Arfé ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ disruptive; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ roadbed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ derailments ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ-ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ dish—so ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮎ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijacked ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ hijackers ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 19 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ FBI, ᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 93 ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ (ᎤᏴᏜ Kansas) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 37) ""ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏯᏕᏁᏗ ᎣᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ"" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ""ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᏁᎭ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ."" ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ geographic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Turkey ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sicily.

ᏥᏯ ᎠᏁᎰ ᏚᏪᏴ, ᏧᏍᏗ ᏚᏪᏴ, ᎠᎹᏱᏃ ᎤᎦᏄᎸᏒ, ᎤᎿᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎰ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏱ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗᏃ ᏗᎾᏓᏍᏛᏍᎩ. ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏓᏂᎾᏙᎦ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎵᏙᎸ. ᏥᏯ ᎡᎵᏊ ᏱᏓᎳᎬᏯ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎿᏊ ᎤᎭᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴᎢ.