Uphindaphindo luhlobo lokubala ukuze kufunyanwe isiphumo iproduct esivela kuphindaphindo kwenani ngelinye inani. Uphindaphindo ngumsebenzi wesithathu kwimathematika emva kokudibanisa ukubala kokuqala, kulandelwe kukuphungula okanye kukuthabatha, kube le kusiba luphindaphindo.

IJografi zizifundo ngeHlabathi nangeempawu zalo, izidalwa ezihlala kulo, kunye nokwenzeka kwalo. Igama elithi jografi livela kumagama esiGrike athi gê (""Umhlaba"") kunye nelithigraphein (""ukubhala, ukuzoba""). Lithetha ""ukubhala kunye nokuzoba umhlaba"". eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa ngumphandi obizwa ngokuba nguEratosthenes (276-194 B.C.).

Alukho ugonyo oluchaseneyo nesi sifo. Uthintelo lungokubaleka ukubethwa ziimpukane. Oku kungaquka ukusetyenziswa kweyeza lokugxotha izinambuzane kunye nesinxibo esifanelekileyo. Amanye amalinge aquka lawo okunciphisa isininzi seempukane ngokufefeza izibulala-zinambuzane. Asaqhubeka amalinge okuphelisa isifo ngokunyanga onke amaqela abantu kabini ngonyaka kuthotho lweendawo zasehlabathini. Unyango lwabo bosulelweyo lungechiza eliyi-ivermectin rhoqo ukusuka kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinambini. Olu nyango luyawubulala umbungu kodwa alikwazi ukwenza njalo kwiintshulube ezindala. Ichiza eliyi- doxycycline, elibulala intsholongwane eyi-associated ekuthiwa yi-Wolbachia, ibonakala izithomalalisa iintshulube kwaye iyanconywa ngabanye kananjalo. Ukususwa kweengongoma ezingaphantsi kwesikhumba ngotyando nalo lungenziwa.

Kwiinkqubo ezithile zakwa-biology, i-endogeneity ibhekisa kwezo zidalwa zifumana i-DNA (kwii-prokaryotes ubukhulu becala). Ngangona kunjalo, ngenxa ye-homeostasis, ukwahlula phakathi kwezo zenzeka ngaphandle ngaphakathi kusoloko kunzima.

Isivumelwano somanyano senziwa emva kokuba iJamani iphumelele kwiMfazwe eyayiphakathi kwe-Fransi ne-Prussia ngo-1871. KwiMfazwe yokuQala kwiHlabathi, iJamani yajoyina i-Austriya-ne-Hungari, nazo zathi makuliwe ne-France.[13] Imfazwe yayihamba okonyawo lonwabu ngakwicala lasentshona kunjalo nje uqhutywa ngokwembiwa kwemisele ukuze oyele khona amaqela ekwakusiliwa nawo, amajoni ayezikhusela ngokumba imingxuma apha emhlabeni. Abamaninzi amadoda awawayo macala omabini. Empuma amajoni ayesilwa amadabi awo namaRussia aza amaJamani aluphumelela elo dabi lwasemntla emva kokuba amaRussia enikezele. Imfazwe yaphela ngo-918 kuba iJamani yayingenakuyiphumelela imfazwe entshona ngoko ke yayingafuni ukusoloko ithumela amajoni ayo ukuba aye kufa, baza ke ubuKumkani baseJamani banikezela ngamandla abo. [13] IJamani yabanemiqathango eqatha ngakumbi, yaza ke ngoko iFransi yayithabathela kuyo i-Alsace iyixutha kwi-Jamani. Emva koqhankqalazo novukelo, ubuKumkani besibini baphela kwabe sele kuqalisa iRhiphabhlikhi yorhulumente wesininzi yase-Weimar.

Isebe lezemfundo kwinqanaba lesikolo laawonga amantombazana amane njengabona bafundi abaphuma phambili kwiphondo kwizifundo zeMathematika kunye neNzululwazi (80% 100%).

Ii-equations zingahlulwa-hlulwa ngokweendlela ezisebenza ngazo nobungakanani bazo ngokwenani nabo buyabandakanyeka. ezinye iintlobo zee-equations zezi: