ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1830s, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳᏊ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏁᎩ abolitionist ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏚᎴᏅ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏤ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏂᎬᎿᎨᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, ᎠᎴ Lucretia Mott. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ slavery ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1840s ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ abolitionists ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ owning ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ abolished. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ bitterly resented ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏳᎳᏛ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Pleistocene ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏙᏯ, Trogontherium cuvieri, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.

ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏦᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏐᏈᎵᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎢᎦᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ/ᎠᏕᏲᎲ (ᎩᎵᏏ: Our Own Little Coup); ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ - ᎹrᎢᎣ, ᎢᏌbᎡl, DrᎡw CᎠᏍᏍ, D. H. TᎣrᎧᎥᎢᎠn, ᎠᎴ JᎠᏐn ᏩgᎪᏁr. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏦᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎹrᎢᎣ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏌbᎡl.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎦᎪᏘ, Coffea arabica ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Ethiopia, ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Kefa, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏛ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, Coffea canephora (robusta). Robusta, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40-50% ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ caffeine, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ arabica ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Uganda. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ arabica ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ arabica, robusta ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ""ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ"" ᎠᎴ ""ᎦᏚᎵᏓ cardboard"" ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ robustas ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ espresso ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ""crema"" (foamy ᎠᏍᎪᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏔᎵ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ espresso ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-roasted robusta. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ roasters ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ robusta ᏚᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-marketed ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Coffea liberica ᎠᎴ Coffea esliaca, ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎳᏈᎵᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Sudan ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.

ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conditioner, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ conservators ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ artifact ᎬᏙᏗ lyadvnehi chemicals, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ parameters ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ Atlantic ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎪᏢᎯ, NATO ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ 5 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12, 2001, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ NATO ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ""ᎤᏗᎴᎩ"" ᏓᏄᏩ.

ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1980s ᎠᎴ 1990s ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎴ assessed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ F-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎡᎪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ F0 F12 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ capped ᎾᎾᎢ EF5, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ""ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ≥ 200 mph (≥ 320 km/h)"". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎧᎦᎵ 2, 2007.