ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ strategist ᎠᎴ tactician ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ victories ᎾᎾᎢ: Forts Henry ᎠᎴ Donelson, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎾᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ Cumberland Rivers; Shiloh; ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Vicksburg, cementing ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ marched ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ Rosecrans ᎠᎴ defeated Bragg ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Chattanooga, ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᏱᎵᏒ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Atlanta ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᎤ ᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏪᏴ, 730 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (1,175 km) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏳᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ northeastern ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎫᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 40 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (64 km) ᎾᎾᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ. ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ canyon ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ armies ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏤ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outlawed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Boston, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ (1659-81). ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ""ᎩᎵᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ"". ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᎾᎥᎢ Washington Irving ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ homecomings ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1870.

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ Tchaikovsky' ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Nutcracker ᎠᎴ Charles Dickens ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ Nutcracker ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ nutcracker Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ' ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. Charles Dickens' ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Scrooge. Scrooge ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hijacking ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliners ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ airports, fueled ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ California. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ capacities ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 24,000 ᎠᎹ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (91,000 liters) ᎠᎴ 144,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (65,455 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ), ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ aircraft ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ guided ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

ᏣᎵ ᏙᎹᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Burma ᎠᎴ Siam, ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏧᎣᎳ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ (Oecophylla smaragdina) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ. Saville Kent, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ “Beauty, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ-ᎠᏍᏛᎩ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.” ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎴᎹᏂ ᏍᏆᏏ, “these ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.”

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎢᏅ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1500 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏔᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100,000 ᎦᏁᎳ: ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1700 ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ, ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ 300 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10,000 ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ.