ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎿᎢ embargoes ᎾᎿ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ Panama ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ worsen, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Indochina. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ resource, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ 80% ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1908) ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏓᏗ ᎡᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ Albert Bigelow Paine.

Is Something Fishy Going On? ᎾᎥᎢ Judith E. Foulke, FDA Consumer, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1993 - ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ consumer ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ preceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. Southerners argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ territories. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ cited ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ jurisdiction ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. Anti-slavery ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ reversed stances ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ instars. ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ undergoes ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ apolysis, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ chitin ᎠᎴ specialized ᏤᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ moults ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ, ""ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ,"" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Mecca. ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ redesigned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Islam.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ""ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ"" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ""ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ"". ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ responded ᎾᎥᎢ promoting ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ oriented ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ triumphed ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Charles ᎠᏯ England, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ banned (1647). ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎦᎪ decorated ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ shouted royalist ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (1660) ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ).