ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ encompass ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏓᏄᏩ goals: Confederate nationalism ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ repudiated, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ slavery ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ eliminated. ᎤᏅᏌ disagreed sharply ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ criteria ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ goals. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ disagreed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ imposed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ reintegrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ/ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ overall 'ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ' ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ aging. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ doesn't ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏃᏯᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ afterward ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ medula ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏥᏍᏓᏁᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ thinning ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accompanies aging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ baldness ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ 50. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ baldness ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ evolutionary ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.

Freshwater ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ estuaries ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ aquatic ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, amphipods, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ crustaceans ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deeper ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ (ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predation ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ siltation, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. Estuaries ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ wetlands ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. Wetlands ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, Schermerhorn ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ, ᏣᏥᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ) ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᏀᎾ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 30, 1835, ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏌᏊ proponents ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ""X"" ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ. ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎤᏓᏱᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᎸᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ (ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1829) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ urging ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Lincoln ᎠᎴᏅᏗ offensive operations, McClellan attacked ᏩᏥᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ 1862 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ Peninsula ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ York ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ James ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Richmond. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ McClellan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ gates Richmond ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Peninsula ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, Joseph E. Johnston halted ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ Pines, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Robert E. Lee defeated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ Battles ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. McClellan ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ stripped ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ reinforce John Pope ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ. Pope ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ spectacularly ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ.