Reconstruction, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ complex ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ""Civil ᏓᏄᏩ"" amendments ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ (ᎯᎠ XIII, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished slavery, ᎯᎠ XIV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ protections ᎠᏁᎲᎢ regardless ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ XV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished racial restrictions ᎾᎿ voting). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877 ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ intervention ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ""Jim ᎪᎦ"" ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ masculinity; ᏐᎢ societies ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ youthfulness.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ generals ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ—ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ulysses S. Grant ᎠᎴ Robert E. Lee, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ 1846 ᎠᎴ 1848. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.

ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ involving ᏙᏯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ activities ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ stimuli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ Wilson (1971) ᎠᎴ Richard (1967, 1980) ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏒᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ loudspeaker ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ plugging ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ upstream ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ.

ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1850 ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ, ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ bitterly resented ᎾᎥᎢ anti-slavery ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ mechanism ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Northerners — ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ abolitionist ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ""ᎯᎠ Liberator"" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ novels ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ influential ᎡᏚᏥ Tom ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ — ᎤᎴᏅᎲ objecting ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ legally ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ disagreement.

ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ roasted ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ consumed. ᎧᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ supplier; ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ roasted.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ currencies (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ properties (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎪᏪᎵ). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ-ᏗᎦᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎷᏨ, ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏅᏯᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ-ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.