ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ Sinterklaas, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ renamed ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ, ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ behavior ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1878 Rudolf ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Franz Josef, ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ Vienna. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ Hofrat ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ Austrian Herrenhaus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900.

ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦgantlai, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏩᎦ. ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᎦᏃᏥ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏒᏓᎵᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1991, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎾᎢ 1 ᏒᎯᏱᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, 25 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ""14-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ"", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ, ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ apologized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ.

ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. 2,403 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ (ᎦᎪᏃ 68 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Honolulu), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ 1,178 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. ᏁᎳᏚ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ battleships.

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎥᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.

ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ dissipating ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 7 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2 m) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.

ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ , ᎠᎴ ""Reconstituted ᎦᏃᏥ"" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ 90% 100% ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᏥ tanneries ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ) ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᎢᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ), chaired ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Thomas Kean, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 2002 ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ , ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22, 2004, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.