ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ 1883 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ (Untersuchungen über ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Methode der Socialwissenschaften und der politischen Oekonomie insbesondere). ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ""Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ"" ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1884 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pamphlet ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Methodenstreit, ᎠᎴ methodological ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ-ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏩᏗᏙᎯ ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ von Wieser.

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ partisan bands ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Confederate ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ shrank ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ advantages ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ infrastructure . ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lee warned, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ devastating ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 17th ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏔᏅ Saturn, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ recalled ᎯᎠ ""ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ"" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Saturn ruled. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 17-23). ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ feasted. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ anaditsgv, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ""ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ,"" ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Catallus. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎢᏔᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ Saturnalian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ). ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ 12th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎯᎠ ""ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ"" (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ).

ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-aquatic rodent ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Castoridae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ hybridization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ.

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 1-2 ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ). Fritz Haber (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Haber ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ) ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ Germany ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unduly ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ. Ꮭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ identified. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ foreseeable ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ.