ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Rome, Istanbul ᎠᎴ Mecca ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ questioned ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ slavery-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ systems ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ, interdependent ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ regions ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ. Tariffs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ — ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1847 tariffs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ Midwest, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ Appalachians, ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ Ꮎ exported Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ regions ᎠᎴ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ subsistence ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, depended ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ (ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ) ᏦᎳ, ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. (ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ component ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, comprising ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.) ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏤ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎾᏬ ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ. ᎯᎠ dominance ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ""ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ."" ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, brokerage, ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ mediation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.

ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎬ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ involving ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎥᏓᎵ, Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ psuedo-ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ. ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᎭ extraordinarily ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ threatened. ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎩᏟ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ participant ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, captured ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ upward. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᏟ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ clamped ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ onto ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ separated ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ.

ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ Hindu sects Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ non-anthropomorphic symbols. Shaivism, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ linga ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Vaishnavism ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ saligrama. Similarly, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, ᎯᎠ Elunetru, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾnanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Palliyarai, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ Elunetru ᎤᏤᎵ alternative ᏚᏙᎥ, Asanam, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ""ᎦᏗ.