ᏙᏯ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 kg (55 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ mammal.

ᏏᏅᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎢ) ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏎᏗ-Ꭿ. ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 29.53 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ 30 ᎠᎴ 31 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏂᎭ. ᎧᎦᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎦᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ""ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ"" ᏚᏙᎣᎢ.

Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ 1860 triggered ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1861, ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ declarations. ᎾᎿ ᎧᎦᎵ 7, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ provisional ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Montgomery, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ. Pre-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᎦᎵ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ 1861 ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏄᎸ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ resolving ᎯᎠ crisis. ᎯᎠ remaining ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ rejected pleas ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ forts ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ boundaries (ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter); ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Buchanan protested ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ resupply ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ preparations. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, governors ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ, ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ weapons ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ militia units ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ.

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ (ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎤᏬᏰᏂ--ᎤᏬᏰᏂ (mêlée) ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᎬᏂᎲᎢ, ᎠᏓᏴᏖᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, strangling, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ mêlée ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎾᏕᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᏍᏛᎩ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 100 -300 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ 300–1000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 3 - 50 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ motorboats upstream ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎦᏓᏗ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏃᎴ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏃᎴ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨᎢ. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏣᏓ ᎠᏂᏲᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᏫ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᎠᏰᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎯ ᎠᎩᏌᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ. ᏯᎾᏌ ᎤᏁᎦᎸᏅ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ, ᎠᏬᎭᎵ ᏧᎩᏓᏟ ᏗᎦᏔᏅ ᎪᏚᏍᏔᏅ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᎾᏫᏍᏓ ᏙᎯᏭ ᎬᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏙᎯᎨᏒ ᎪᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏬᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᎦᏝᏅ. ᏧᏓᎾᏫᏓᏃ ᎨᏒᏃ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏛ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏧᏃᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏎᎯᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏂᏖᏢᏅᎢ.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨ pupation, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hemolymph, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎯᎠ larval ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ adhered ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ obtect pupae). ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ pupae ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.

ᎯᎠ origins ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ complex Constitutional ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ involving ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ slavery, slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ territories, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, modernization, ᎠᎴ competing nationalisms ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ sectionalism.