ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ—ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Doppler radar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ), videogrammetry (ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ video footage), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ vegetation.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hopi ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ settling ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ breached ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wetland ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ wetlands ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ contrasting ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ sectional agendas Ꮎ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, competed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ politicians, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, pushed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ protective ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ foster ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Southerners, ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ federally funded ""ᎭᏫᏂ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ"" (ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, canals, ports ᎠᎴ waterways), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ unanimity ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ depended ᎾᏍᎩ exports; ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ managers ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ tariffs ᎾᎿ imported ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Democrats ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ infrastructure, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Whigs ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ significance ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ exaggerated: ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ compete ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ complementary. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ depended ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ prosperity. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ fostering ᎯᎠ secessionist ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎩᎵᏏ prosperity depended ᎾᎿ ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒᎢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ) ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ independence. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ delusion ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influential ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860-61 ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ debates.

ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮝ reopening. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 20% cutback ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ exacerbated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ struggling ᎠᎹᏰᏟ airline ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ-Kolokol ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Motorin Bellfounders ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Mingun ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 200 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1737. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Moscow, Russia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kremlin.