Lyntas/mining_domain_knowledge_reference_dataset huggingface dataset:
Area: Pipeline Construction Project
Welding Inspection
The most common inspection method relies on radiographic, or X-ray, examination of completed welds. Construction plans specify what type of inspection will be required and what portion of welds must be examined by each method. For instance, it might be specified that where the pipeline traverses open areas, 10% of the welds must be X-rayed, however, where the pipeline passes under railroads, highways, or rivers, all welds must be examined using radiography
Area: Pipeline Construction Project
Pipe Bending
As welding proceeds along the pipeline, a slight change in direction or a significant change in elevation may require a bend in the pipeline. Many such bends are made by a bending machine on the job site that bends a joint of pipe to the required curvature (see Figure 3.3-11).
Even large-diameter pipe can be accommodated in todays modern bending machines, but it may also be necessary to make some bends in a shop on a special machine. Depending on the diameter and the wall thickness of the pipe, slight changes in elevation may be accommodated by flexing the pipe without the bending machine. Very small changes in direction may sometimes be made by letting the pipe lie to one side of the ditch. But changes in direction or elevation without bending must be small, especially when large-diameter, heavy-wall pipe is being used.
Area: Pipeline Construction Project
Pipe Coating
If not pre coated at the coating mill, the pipe exterior is coated and wrapped after welding is complete. Coating and wrapping are done using special machines that move along the pipeline ROW. Coal tar enamel is the most common pipeline coating; others include thin-film powdered epoxy and extruded polyethylene. Asphalt enamel and asphalt mastic are also used as pipe coating materials. Tape is then wrapped over this coating to provide additional protection to the pipe and to protect the corrosion coating, especially through rocky areas that might damage the pipe coating.
In some cases, coating and wrapping are yard-applied to the pipe before the pipe is delivered to the job site (see Figure 3.3-12). When this is done, a short distance at each end of the pipe joint is left bare to permit welding. Then those areas are coated and wrapped over the ditch after welding is complete.
Area: Pipeline Construction Project
Lowering the Pipeline into the Ditch
When the welding and coating are complete, the pipe is suspended over the ditch by sideboom tractors, which are crawler tractors with a special hoisting frame attached to one side.
Then the pipeline is gradually lowered to the bottom of the ditch (lowering in) (see Figure 3.3-13). In rocky soil or solid rock, it is sometimes necessary to put a bed of fine soil in the bottom of the ditch before lowering the pipeline. The fine fill material protects the pipe coating from damage.
Area: Pipeline Construction Project
Hydrostatic Testing
All newly installed pipelines, including pipe segments that have been replaced in existing pipelines, undergo hydrostatic testing before being put into service. Hydrostatic testing involves isolating that portion of the pipeline undergoing testing, filling it with water, and then pressurizing the line to a specified pressure to check for leaks
U.S. federal safety regulations for pipelines require that pipelines used to transport hazardous or highly volatile liquids be tested at a pressure equal to 125% of the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) for at least four continuous hours and for an additional four continuous hours at a pressure equal to 110% or more of the MAOP, if the line cannot also be visually inspected for leakage during the test. A batching pig driven ahead of the water is used to remove any air and forms an efficient seal to isolate that portion undergoing testing. Without a pig in downhill portions of the line, the water will run down underneath the air, trapping pockets at the highest points within the pipe.
Temporary connections for filling and draining the pipeline are used, and a pump is used to pressure up the line. Once the specified pressure is attained, the pump is shut off and the static leak test commences. A leak is indicated if the pressure falls over the period of the test.
Once hydrostatic testing is completed, the water is removed and typically delivered to a wastewater treatment facility (e.g., a publicly owned sewage treatment works) for treatment.
While the majority of the water will be removed simply by draining the water at appropriate locations along the segment undergoing a test, some water will still remain and will contaminate the subsequent product unless it is removed. Typically a pig is used that is designed specifically to capture water and deliver it to a point where it can be removed. This dewatering pig serves a dual purpose, removing water and also removing construction debris that may still remain in the pipeline and could be very damaging to downstream pumps.
The water removal process described above is usually sufficient for crude oil and petroleum products. However, for some petrochemical feedstocks that would react adversely with water, additional steps are taken to remove the last vestiges of water before the product is introduced. Super-dry air, methanol, or inert gases such as nitrogen are typically used to flush the pipeline and capture any last remaining amounts of water.
Area: Industrial Automation
A VFD can be used to vary speed, direction and other parameters of a 3-phase motor. We use the 2-wire method for controlling the speed and direction of the motor.
Area: Industrial Automation
S7  200 PLC
Ethernet connection for HMI 
RS485  using Modbus RTU for SINAMICS V20 (inverter)
100KHz high speed pulse outputs, it can be configured for PWM output or motion control output
Area: Industrial Automation
Ethernet communication
All the CPU modules are equipped with Ethernet interface, which supports Siemens S7 protocol, can support many terminal connections:
 Can be used as the programs downloading port (via general network cable)
 Communicate with Simatic Key/touch HMI with Profinet/Ethernet interface, maximally support 8 sets of equipment
 Communicate with multiple Ethernet equipment through the switch to achieve fast data communication.
 Supports up to 8 active GET/PUT connections and 8 passive GET/PUT connections.
Area: Industrial Automation
Serial communication
On board RS485 port as well as additional RS232/485 port using CM01 can communicate with the inverter and touch screen and so on third party equipments. Signal board offers configurable RS232/RS485 port, maximally supports for up to 4 devices.
Serial port supports the following protocols:
 Modbus RTU
 PPI
 USS
 Free port communication (for interconnection with Bar code scanners, weighing scales, serial printers etc.)
Area: Industrial Automation
Standard type transistor output module CPU, ST30/ST40/ST60 provide three 100 kHz high speed pulse output (ST20 provides two 100 kHz), supports PWM (pulse width modulation) and PTO (pulse train output).
	 In PWM mode, the cycle of the output pulse is fixed, the pulse width and duty cycle are adjusted by the program, which can adjust the speed of the motor, the opening of valves etc.
	 In PTO mode (motion control), the output pulse can be configured as multiple modes of operation, including automatically finding the original point, for realising the control of the stepper motor or servo motor, achieving the purpose of speed adjustment and positioning;
Area: Industrial Automation
The S7-200 SMART CPUs support the use of a microSDHC card for:
	 User program transfer.
	 Reset CPU to factory default condition.
	 Firmware update of the CPU and attached expansion modules as supported
Area: Industrial Automation
You can use any standard, commercial microSDHC card with a capacity in the range 4GB to 16GB.For detailed information about the software, consult the S7-200 SMART System Manual.
Area: Industrial Automation
Visualization with User-defined Web
SIMATIC CPUs with PROFINET interface provide the opportunity to access variables of the CPU with the help of web pages provided by the system.
The CPU web server is accessed via a web browser: In addition to the standard mechanisms of the web page such as identification, diagnostic buffer, module status, messages, communication, topology, variable status and table, individual web pages can be designed and called for your particular application.
The web server with the web page is already integrated in the CPU.
To create your individual web page (user-defined web page), you can use any tools such as Microsoft FrontPage, Notepad, etc. For designing your web page, you can use all options provided by HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
In addition, there is a special command syntax (AW P command) for directed communication with the CPU.
Area: Industrial Automation
Process Data Acquisition and Monitoring SIMATIC S7-1200
Since firmware version V2.0, the development environment for SIMATIC S7-1200 includes the data logging function Data log. With these instructions, the process data can be stored in the flash memory (CPU or memory card) in CSV format. The files are then accessible via the integrated PLC web server and available for analysis, e.g. using Microsoft Excel.
The SIMATIC S7-1200 controller is suitable for routing operations and enables remote access via the Internet. To ensure secure communication we recommend the use of suitable hardware components and connection over a VPN tunnel (VirtualPrivateNetwork).
With the TM_MAIL instruction, e-mails can be sent via an account at an e-mail provider with SMTP server (SimpleMailTransferProtocol). This function is used to issue alarm messages.
The application is implemented with the STEP 7 V11 SP2 Update 5 software and the S7-1200 CPU firmware version V2.
Area: Industrial Automation
With SIMATIC WinCC, perfect process visualization stands for complete operating and monitoring functionality under Windows for all industry segments  ranging from simple single-user systems through to distributed multi-user systems with redundant servers and the structure of a cross-site solution including Web clients.
Area: Industrial Automation
Application: Connecting and analogue input to a PLC
You want to connect three analog inputs to your station. One of them should have a 2-wire current transducer and the other two should share a 4-wire current transducer.
You have the analog input module SM331, AI8x12 Bit (order number 6ES7 331-7KF02-0AB0) available. The module is diagnostic and hardware interrupt capable and can process up to 8 analog inputs. The module is diagnostic and hardware interrupt capable and can process up to 8 analog inputs (e.g. 4- 20 mA; PT 100; thermocouple).
Area: Industrial Automation
Components of the SM331
Overview
A functional analogy module consists of the following components:
? Module SM331 (in our example 6ES7331-7KF02-0AB0)
? 20-pin front connector there are two different types of front connectors:
	 With spring contacts (order number 6ES7392-1BJ00-0AA0)
With screw contacts (order number 6ES7392-1AJ00-0AA0)
Area: Industrial Automation
The benefits of physical signal RS-485 signal to RS-232
Used single supply +5 V, which is used to power most electronic devices, and chips. This simplifies construction and facilitates the coordination of devices.
Signal Transmitter RS-485 to 10 times the signal transmitter, RS-232. This allows you to connect to a single RS-485 transmitter and 32 receivers, and thus to broadcast data.
Use of symmetric signals, which has galvanic isolation with zero potential supply. As a result of possible ingress noise in the zero power cord (as in RS-232). Given the opportunity to work on the transmitter low-resistance load, it becomes possible to use the suppression of common mode noise with the properties of "twisted pair". This significantly increases the communication range. In addition, it is possible to "hot-pluggable device to the communication line (although it does not provide a standard RS-485). Note that the RS-232 hot plug device usually leads to failure of the COM port.
Area: Industrial Automation
Can anyone point out the differences between Standard RS232 and Modbus RS232?
RS232 is a hardware spec.
Modbus is a communications protocol.
Modbus itself is a software protocol that may use a serial line or TCP. It allows to address up to 254 slave devices. If you use RS232 connections you can only connect 1 master to 1 slave. With RS485 you can connect 1 master with up to 254 slave devices.
In the context of your question, serial is used as both a communication scheme and a description of the physical bus. That is, the chips on either end of the cable/wire use a sequential sequence of bits to exchange data. Commonly "serial" is used to refer to a number of buses that were generally available on PC/AT and compatibles via the "COM" port, generally RS232 and RS485 are included.
Confusingly both the physical interface and the protocol could use a serial communication scheme, or they could be different (e.g. serial data over a parallel link that shifts a byte at a time instead of a bit) so its important to distinguish between the two. A general picture of this difference is given in the OSI model, where every layer can use whatever communication scheme they choose independent of each other
RS232 is a standard that defines a physical communication scheme using a serial connection. Similarly RS485 does the same. Both of these standards dictate the physical serial bus (with voltage levels and timing details) behind the communication scheme (that could be ModBus or a proprietary printer peripheral comm protocol)
Modbus is a standard that only defines a common high level (OSI 7) protocol but leaves the physical details undefined (implementation). Officially can be implemented over TCP/IP or over a serial bus, Modbus is high level protocol and TCP/IP (for example) can be implemented even over carrier pigeon
Area: Industrial Automation
What are the major differences between using Modbus and Ethernet TCP/IP?
Modbus is a serial protocol. It's good for 9600 baud or 19200 baud. Ethernet is thousands of times faster. Modbus over TCP/IP is actually a protocol called Modbus/TCP. Other than speed, it's more or less a Modbus message encapsulated in an ethernet packet.
Area: Industrial Automation
Difference between Ethernet and TCP/IP
The short explanation is that they are different levels or layers of a network. Ethernet covers the physical medium plus some low level things like message collision detection. TCP/IP worries about getting a message to where it is going.
TCP/IP is usually found on Ethernet, but it can be used on other networks as well. Also, you can have Ethernet without TCP/IP, and in fact a lot of proprietary industrial networks do exactly that. In addition, you can also run TCP/IP in parallel with other things like UDP on the same Ethernet connection.
Internet Protocol
The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and similar networks, and generally the most popular protocol stack for wide area networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)
It has four abstraction layers, each with its own protocols. From lowest to highest, the layers are:
The link layer (commonly Ethernet) contains communication technologies for a local network.
The internet layer (IP) connects local networks, thus establishing internetworking.
The transport layer (TCP) handles host-to-host communication.
The application layer (for example HTTP) contains all protocols for specific data communications services on a process-to-process level (for example how a web browser communicates with a web server).
Area: Industrial Automation
Serial Vs Ethernet
In nearly all cases, RS-232 ports their logic-level equivalents transmit individual bytes as they are received from software, and individual incoming bytes available to software as they are received. By contrast, most Ethernet devices will wait until software has supplied an entire packet (between 64 and 1536 bytes) before they begin transmission, and will wait until they have received and validated an entire packet before they make any of it available to software. Although bits and bytes might be sent over the wire serially, software neither knows nor cares. It just knows that some short time after one controller is fed a packet and told to send it, another controller will report that a packet is available, and allow software to read it.
Area: Industrial Automation
ProfiBus
PROFIBUS is a bi-directional digital communication network for field devices.
Multi-drop network, many devices on one cable
Communicates not only process values but also diagnostics, device parameters, calibration and performance data etc.
PROFIBUS networks make use of three separate layers of the OSI Network model. First, PROFIBUS describes the application layer. There are multiple versions of PROFIBUS that handle different types of messaging at the application layer. Some of the types of messaging PROFIBUS supports include cyclic and acyclic data exchange, diagnosis, alarm-handling, and isochronous messaging.
Area: Industrial Automation
Connection Technologies
PROFIBUS DP uses 2-core RS485 screened twisted pair wiring.
9-pin sub-D or M12 connectors extensively used

DP can also use plastic or glass fibre optic cabling.
BFOC (ST) connectors widely used

PROFIBUS PA uses Manchester Bus Powered (MBP) cabling over 2 cores.
Glanded screw or M12 connection normally used

PROFINET uses 4-core Ethernet sreened twisted pair cabling
RJ45 or M12 connectors universally used.
Area: Industrial Automation
Profinet

PROFINET is an open Industrial Ethernet standard developed by the PROFIBUS Organisation.

? PROFINET
? is completely standard Ethernet (IEEE802.3).
? operates at 100Mbit/s over twisted-pair copper or fibreoptic cables,
? makes use of TCP/IP and other IT standards for non-realtime communications (i.e. configuration and parameters).
? provides a real-time channel for time-critical communications (i.e. process data)
? PROFINET is NOT PROFIBUS over Ethernet!
? However, PROFINET is well thought out to incorporate the requirements of modern systems based on the lessons learned from PROFIBUS.
Area: Industrial Automation
OSI reference model
The OSI model is essentially a data communications management structure, which breaks data communications down into a manageable hierarchy of seven layers.
By conforming to the OSI standards, a system is able to communicate with any other compliant system, anywhere in the world.
The OSI model framework specifically and clearly defines the functions or services that have to be provided at each of the seven layers (or levels).
Area: Industrial Automation
Physical layer
The mechanical and electrical properties of the transmission medium are defined at this level. These include the following:
 The type of cable and connectors used. A cable may be coaxial, twisted-pair, or fiber optic. The types of connectors depend on the type of cable.
 The pin assignments for the cable and connectors. Pin assignments depend on the type of cable and also on the network architecture being used.
 The format for the electrical signals. The encoding scheme used to signal 0 and 1 values in a digital transmission or particular values in an analog transmission depend on the network architecture being used. Most networks use digital signalling, and most use some form of Manchester encoding for the signal.
Area: Industrial Automation
Protocols
It has been shown that there are protocols operating at layers 2 to 7 of the OSI model. Layer 1 is implemented by physical standards such as RS-232 and RS-485, which are mechanisms for putting the signal on the wire and are therefore not protocols. Protocols are the sets of rules by which communication takes place, and are implemented in software.
Protocols vary from the very simple (such as ASCII based protocols) to the very sophisticated (such as TCP and IP), which operate at high speeds transferring megabits of data per second. There is no right or wrong protocol, the choice depends on a particular application.
Area: Industrial Automation
RS-232 Interface standard (CCITT V.24 Interface standard)
The RS-232 interface standard was developed for the single purpose of interfacing data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit terminating equipment (DCE) employing serial binary data interchange. In particular, RS-232 was developed for interfacing data terminals to modems.
Area: Industrial Automation
The RS-232 standard consists of three major parts, which define:
 Electrical signal characteristics
 Mechanical characteristics of the interface
 Functional description of the interchange circuits

Although not specified by RS-232C, the DB-25 connector (25 pin, D-type) is closely associated with RS-232 and is the de facto standard with revision D.
Area: Industrial Automation
RS-485
RS-485 permits a multidrop network connection on 2 wires and allows reliable serial data communication for:
 Distances of up to 1200 m (4000 feet, same as RS-422)
 Data rates of up to 10 Mbps (same as RS-422)
 Up to 32 line drivers on the same line
 Up to 32 line receivers on the same line

The maximum bit rate and maximum length can, however, not be achieved at the same time. For 24 AWG twisted pair cable the maximum data rate at 4000 ft (1200 m) is approximately 90 kbps. The maximum cable length at 10 Mbps is less than 20 ft (6m).
Better performance will require a higher-grade cable and possibly the use of active (solid state) terminators in the place of the 120-ohm resistors.

According to the RS-485 standard, there can be 32 standard transceivers on the network. If more transceivers are required, repeaters have to be used to extend the network.
Area: Industrial Automation
Modbus
Modbus ® is a transmission protocol (note: a protocol only), developed by Gould Modicon (now Schneider Electric) for process control systems. It is, however, regarded as a public protocol and has become the de facto standard in multivendor integration. In contrast to other buses and protocols, no physical (OSI layer 1) interface has been defined.

Small equipment makers are also aware that they must offer MODBUS with EIA232 and/or EIA485 to sell their equipment to system integrators.

The two transmission modes in which data is exchanged are:
 ASCII  readable; used, for example, for testing. (ASCII format)
 RTU  compact and faster; used for normal operation. (Hexadecimal format)

The RTU mode (sometimes also referred to as ModbusB for Modbus Binary) is the preferred Modbus mode. The ASCII transmission mode (sometimes referred to as Modbus-A) has a typical message that is about twice the length of the equivalent RTU message.
Area: Industrial Automation
DeviceNet
DeviceNet, developed by Allen-Bradley, is a low-level device oriented network based on the CAN (controller area network) developed by Bosch (GmbH) for the automobile industry. It is designed to interconnect lower level devices (sensors and actuators) with higher level devices (controllers).

The variable, multi-byte format of the CAN message frame is well suited to this task as more information can be communicated per message than with bit type systems.

As DeviceNet was designed to interface lower level devices with higher level controllers, a unique adaptation of the basic CAN protocol was developed. This is similar to the familiar poll/response or master/slave technique but still utilizes the speed benefits of the original CAN.

Note that DeviceNet only implements layers 1, 2 and 7 of the OSI model. Layers 1 and 2 provide the basic networking infrastructure, whilst layer 7 provides an interface for the application software. Due to the absence of layers 3 and 4, no routing and end-to-end control is possible