Lyntas/mining_domain_knowledge_reference_dataset huggingface dataset:
Area: Industrial Automation
There are two basic styles of DeviceNet connectors that are used for bus and drop line connections in normal, harsh, and hazardous conditions. These are:
 An open style connector (pluggable or hard wired)
 A closed style connector (mini or micro style)

Pluggable (unsealed) connector
This is a 5 pin, unsealed open connector utilizing direct soldering, crimping, screw terminals, barrier strips or screw type terminations. This type of connector entails removing system power for connection.
Area: Industrial Automation
Mini (sealed) connector
This 18mm round connector is recommended for harsh environments (field connections).
This connection must meet ANSI/B93.55M-1981.
Area: Industrial Automation
Signaling
DeviceNet is a two wire differential network. Communication is achieved by switching the CANH wire (white) and the CANL wire (blue) relative to the V wire (black). CANH swings between 2.5VDC (recessive state) and 4.0VDC (dominant state) while CANL swings between 2.5VDC (recessive state) and 1.5VDC (dominant state).

Frame format
The format of a DeviceNet frame is shown here. Note that the data field is rather small (8 bytes) and that any messages larger than this need to be fragmented.
Area: Industrial Automation
ProfiBus
ProfiBus (PROcess FIeld BUS) is a widely accepted international networking standard, commonly found in process control and in large assembly and material handling machines. It supports single-cable wiring of multi-input sensor blocks, pneumatic valves,complex intelligent devices, smaller sub-networks (such as AS-i), and operator interfaces.

ProfiBus uses 9-Pin D-type connectors (impedance terminated) or 12mm quickdisconnect connectors. The number of nodes is limited to 127. The distance supported is up to 24 Km (with repeaters and fiber optic transmission), with speeds varying from 9600 bps to 12 Mbps. The message size can be up to 244 bytes of data per node per message (12 bytes of overhead for a maximum message length of 256 bytes), while the medium access control mechanisms are polling and token passing.
Area: Industrial Automation
Foundation Fieldbus
The concept behind Foundation Fieldbus is to preserve the desirable features of the present 420 mA standard (such as a standardized interface to the communications link, bus power derived from the link and intrinsic safety options) while taking advantage of the new digital technologies.
Area: Industrial Automation
High Speed Ethernet (HSE)
High Speed Ethernet (HSE) is the Fieldbus Foundations backbone network running at 100 Mbits/second. HSE field devices are connected to the backbone via HSE linking devices. A HSE linking device is a device used to interconnect H1 Fieldbus segments to HSE to create a larger network. A HSE switch is an Ethernet device used to interconnect multiple HSE devices such as HSE linking devices and HSE field devices to form an even larger HSE network.
Area: Industrial Automation
Process Field Bus (PROFIBUS):
The PROFIBUS protocol is based on a token passing procedure used by master stations to grant the bus access to each other, and a master-slave procedure used by master stations to communicate with slave stations. The PROFIBUS token passing procedure uses a simplified version of the Timed-token protocol

Modbus Vs Profibus
Introduction to ModbusModbus is the granddaddy of industrial communication protocols. It was originally designed in the mid-1970s by Modicon as a way to link intelligent devices with PLCs using a simple master/slave concept.

The term Modbus typically refers to one of three related protocols: Modbus
ASCII, Modbus RTU, or Modbus TCP/IP:1

 Modbus ASCII was the first Modbus and is a serial protocol, typically running on either the RS-232 or RS-485 physical layer. All slaves are polled on demand by the master, and there is only one master. The message frame can be up to 252 bytes in length, and up to 247 addresses are possible.


Modbus RTU is really just a small variation on the Modbus ASCII protocol. The only difference is in the encoding of the data. ASCII encodes the message in ASCII characters, while RTU uses bytes, thus increasing the protocols throughput.
Modbus TCP/IP was added much later. One simple way of thinking about Modbus TCP/IP is to picture it as simply encapsulating a Modbus RTU packet within a TCP/IP packet.
Area: Industrial Automation
How Modbus works
As already noted, Modbus is a simple master-slave protocol. The master has full control of communication on the bus, whereas a slave will only respond when spoken to. The master will record outputs and read in inputs from each of its slaves, during every cycle, as shown in Figure 2.
The slave devices do not join the network. They simply respond whenever a master talks to them. If the master never talks to them, then they are idle.


The physical layerModbus ASCII and RTU both typically use either the RS-232 or RS-485 physical layer, but can also use other physical layers such as phone lines or wireless. Recommended Standards (RS) 232 and 485 were established physical layers when Modbus was first developed. RS-232 is for point-to-point, while RS-485 is for multi-drop applications.
In both cases, Modbus did not add any new requirements to these physical layers. This worked, but it has caused a few problems in the case of RS-485. The problem is that the physical layer has a number of variations: 2-wire, 4-wire
Area: Industrial Automation
Introduction to Profibus
If Modbus is the granddaddy of protocols, then Profibus is the young athlete  lean and fast. Profibus was designed in the 1990s to meet all industrial communication needs for both factory and process automation (Figure 6) 
As with Modbus, there are a number of terms associated with this protocol: Profibus DP, Profibus PA, Profisafe, Profidrive, and Profinet.
Area: Industrial Automation
How does Profibus work?
Profibus is also a master-slave type protocol like Modbus (see Figure 2) but with an additional token ring protocol to allow for multiple masters. Also, unlike Modbus, all devices go through a startup sequence during which they join the network. Each slave maintains a failsafe timer. If the master does not talk to it within a certain time limit, the slave goes into a safe state; the master must then go through the startup sequence again before further data exchange can occur.
This, in combination with a watchdog timer in the master, ensures that all communication occurs every bus cycle with a certain time value.
Master A receives the token, which gives it control of the bus. It will then exchange data with each of its slaves, and when complete, pass on the token to the next master (if there is one). Profinet is built on the same principle as Profibus. But unlike Modbus  which basically took the Modbus RTU packet and encapsulated it into a TCP/IP packet  Profinet was designed to take advantage of Ethernet and permit easy addition of higher-end Profibus functions like Profisafe.
Area: Industrial Automation
Physical layer
The main physical layer for Profibus DP is based on RS-485, which Modbus uses. However, in the case of Profibus, the Profibus specification does not simply refer to the existing RS-485 specification. Instead, it extends the RS-485 specification. The physical layer was tightened up to require only two wires, with speeds as fast as 12 megabits per second. The Profibus specification also standardized the connectors to be used.
For instrumentation, Profibus PA also has another physical layer called IEC 61158-2, Manchester Encoded, bus-powered, intrinsically safe (MBP-IS).
Profibus noise immunityBoth of Profibus main physical layers (modified RS-485 and MBP-IS) are highly detailed and have excellent noise immunity, proven over and over again at countless sites. Once Profibus is designed and installed properly, it is next to bulletproof.
For example, the output from all Profibus PA transmitters is five bytes long. The first four bytes are the IEEE floating point value of the process variable. The fifth byte is the status byte that indicates whether or not the process variable can be trusted.
Area: Industrial Automation
Typical applications
Profibus was designed to automate an entire plant, regardless of its size or whether the plant is factory automation (composed of discrete input/output) or process automation (made up of analog input/output). It also does not matter if all the sections are local or remote: Profibus can handle it all well.
Area: Industrial Automation
To review: Profibus vs. Modbus
Modbus is a very simple, easy to use, modem-friendly protocol. However, there is a fair amount of variation in the protocol itself and in its physical layer definition, which creates problems in multi-vendor applications. Profibus is a very robust protocol that was designed to automate entire plants. It works extremely well in multi-vendor applications, with modems, and has detailed diagnostics.
Area: Industrial Automation
Combined application
One application that is gaining in popularity offers the best of both worlds. This application uses Modbus as the data transport between a master controller/data concentrator and has a remote station that uses Profibus. One example of this application is shown in Figure 9: A small PLC (S7-1200) polls data from some radar units (Sitrans LR250) using Profibus, and passes the information up to the control system using Modbus.
Area: Industrial Automation
PROFIBUS DP Communication 
CM572-DP as PROFIBUS DP Master Class1 (1)

Communication:
 ?Profibus DP V0 / V1 
?Cyclic user data transfer between DP master of class 1 and DP slaves
 ?Acyclic data transfer initiated from DP master of class 1 to DP slaves and from master class 2 to master class 1 ?Max nodes per network ?32 subscribers ?126 with repeaters
 ?Data rate and cable:
 ?Max RS485 network length (line topology), up to 1200 m at 9.6 kbit/s and up to 100 m at 12 Mbit/s ?2 wires, 9 pole D-Sub connector
 ?CM572-DP-XC
 ?Version for usage in enhanced ambient conditions
Area: Industrial Automation
PROFIBUS Implementation Step by Step 
1. Make PROFIBUS settings in the slaves (hardware) like addresses and if necessary communication parameters 
2. In case of non AC500 or non PDP-22 connected slaves copy the GSD file(s) to the hard disk of your Engineering tool
 3. Create a software PROFIBUS configuration according to the hardware: define master and select its right slot position in the terminal base. Define slave(s). Configure PROFIBUS addresses and communication parameters for all devices. For I/O slave modules: configure them, if necessary 
4. Create an I/O mapping: define symbol names for the slaves data as to be visible in the project 
5. Work within your project using variables generated by I/O mapping 
6. For diagnosis and additional features use the FBs from the PROFIBUS library 
7. Send the configuration (see item 2) to the CM572 acting as the PROFIBUS master

PROFIBUS: Hardware components, fieldbus topology
 ?Configuration of AC500 with PS501 Control Builder Plus version 2.x 
?Configuration with Control Builder Plus 
?Programming and download with CoDeSys
Area: Industrial Automation
SCADA 
Advanced HMI - The Free HMI / SCADA Development Package
The AdvancedHMI software allows you to create HMI's that are not possible with other off the shelf packages. The software is based on the .NET framework and uses the popular Visual Studio as its designer (even the free Community Edition). When developing with AdvancedHMI, you are creating a true executable that is blazing fast even on the lowest end hardware. Don't let Visual Studio mislead you into thinking it requires code writing experience because most HMIs are created without writing a single line of code.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Autonomous haul trucks and loaders: One person alone can already remotely operate a small fleet of these autonomous trucks. Improvements in software are likely to allow this to be performed even more efficiently by algorithm-driven computer programs. Driverless technology can lead to a 15 to 20 per cent increase in output, a 10 to 15 per cent decrease in fuel consumption and an 8 per cent decrease in maintenance costs.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Autonomous long-distance haul trains: Technologies are being piloted that allow long-haul trains carrying bulk commodities to run fully automated from the mine site to the port.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
 Tele-remote ship-loaders: Fitted with video cameras, thermal imagers, lasers and sensors, tele-remote shiploaders are operated from a control room with a line-of-sight view. This type of automotive technology is unlikely to have an adverse net impact on employment, given that the operator is just moved from the cabin of the ship-loader to the control room, but the skill set changes.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
 Semi-autonomous crushers, rock breakers and shovel swings: These machines reduce the size of large rocks and scoop up the ore at the location of extraction. The mobile crusher performs two tasks simultaneously as it transfers the crushed rock directly for processing via conveyors, eliminating the need for haul trucks within a mine.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
 Automated drilling and tunnel-boring systems: These are used in open-pit mining and exploration activities. One operator can monitor up to five machines from a remote monitoring station. The remote operator needs only an interface with the machine to tell in what order the drill pattern should be drilled. The tunnel-boring machines significantly reduce the time, cost and risks involved to build and expand an underground mine. They are likely to halve the number of contractors involved in drilling and blasting, and those required during the construction phase.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Automated long-wall plough and shearers: This technology is being implemented in the coal mining sector. Before automation, workers manned the long-wall roof supports on hydraulic jacks, called shields. Similar to the automation of blast-hole drills, remote operation keeps workers out of harms way near the drills and potential falling debris.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Geographic information systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems: GIS is now commonly used in almost all aspects of mining, from initial exploration to geological analysis, production, sustainability and regulatory compliance. Over time, however, as the use of GIS becomes more evenly dispersed on a global scale, old procedures for mine surveying will become redundant. Automated positioning systems can manage and improve the safe operation of heavy equipment such as dozers, drills, excavators, loaders, scrapers, graders, soil compactors, off road trucks and light vehicles.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Autonomous equipment monitoring: Using many different technologies, from cameras and thermal imaging to self-aware machinery able to report its progress, equipment monitoring is extremely important, as preventive maintenance workers can make up a large proportion of the workforce on a mine site.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs): Flexible PLCs are digital computers that typically automate industrial electromechanical processes and replace relays, timers, counters and sequencers. They are an enabling tool for improved process control. Once installed, they can be reprogrammed to improve the control of processes across the full spectrum of industry activity. This technology is the most crucial in the automation revolution and arguably the most important in taking away semi-skilled onsite jobs.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Control systems: Offsite control rooms are becoming bigger and more complex as mines become automated. Today, only mining companies with the most advanced technology have control systems that employ a substantial number of workers.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
If you are about to buy or rent a wheel loader, here are some excellent reasons why it should be the Hindustan 2021.
A strong legacy:
Ruling the Indian market for over 30 years now Over 8000 Machines in the field
Reliable, robust and durable design:
30-year old Machines going strong even in tough conditions
Highest Machine availability and utilization:
Over 6000 hours a year
Cost-effective and relevant technology:
Low operating cost
Simple to operate and maintain:
Less training and operator costs
Optimal matching of engine to hydraulic system:
Delivers best performance at lowest fuel burnConsumes 25-30% less fuel than competition
Twin-turbine proven transmission:
Easy to maintain and operateUse just two Forward gears through entire work process
Easy maneuverability:
Through 80 degree steer and 50 degree bucket swing
Great support across the country:
Trained engineers Easily available, low-cost and genuine spares
Good resale value:
And great Return on Investment!
Main specifications:
Operating weight  10940 to 11960 kg Engine Gross power  86 kW (115 hp) Rated Payload  2722 kg
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Tritton Mine
The Tritton Decline mine is a conventional mechanised underground operation utilising
Caterpillar R2900 LHD ( Load Haul Dump Loaders)

Tamrock DD420  60 Jumbos 
Drilling jumbos are usually used in underground mining, if mining is done by drilling and blasting. They are also used in tunnelling, if rock hardeness prevents use of tunnelling machines

Atlas Copco M2D Jumbos 
Cat 980H and 972 FEL (Front End Loaders)
Sandvik DL420 Production Drills 
Designed for vertical & inclined plane rings & fan holes, 360 degrees rotation & full parallel coverage with tilt angle ranges forwards & backwards or long single holes. This machine is fitted with a 1520 drifter, single hole automation, and an air-conditioned cabin.
Drilling range: 89 -127mm holes. Capable of 54m hole length in all directions.
Voltage:1000 V

Normet Charge Up Unit 1610B 
Cat IT28Gs (Integrated Tool carrier)
Cat AD55 Trucks (Articulated Dump Trucks)
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Al massane Mine
Category: Underground Drills 
Type: Jumbo 
Make: Sandvik 
Model: DD321-40

Atlas Copco Boomer 104
Boomer 104 is a compact single boom tunneling and mining jumbo designed for drilling narrow tunnel cross sections. This machine has an open cabin, But 4B boom, 1838ME drifter, and a BMH 2000 series split feed. Can be supplied with jaws to facilitate production drilling if required.

Voltage:1000 V
Sandvik Solo 5-5V
Versatile single boom long-hole drill for small and medium scale production in underground mines. Capable of 360 degrees rotation & full parallel coverage with tilt angle ranges forwards & backwards. Fitted with HLX5 drifter and transtronic angle measurement system.
Drilling range: 51 -64mm holes. Capable of 18m hole length in all directions.
Voltage:1000 V


Atlas Copco H1257
Compact design suited for small to medium sized drives. Boom mounted drill rig with 360 degree drilling capability and 10 rod carousel.
Drilling range: 51 to 89mm holes (reaming to 127mm). Capable of 20m hole length in all directions.
Voltage:1000 V

LIEBHERR Wheel loader L544
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Lubrication chart
The lubrication chart provides an overview of the location of the maintenance points on the machine and of their maintenance intervals.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
The hydrostatic travel drive operates in a closed circuit. The variable displacement pump 20 pumps oil directly to the variable displacement motors 35 and 40. The oil returning from the variable displacement motors is pumped back to the intake side of the variable displacement pump.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Variable displacement motors
The variable displacement motors drive the transfer gear. A high or low torque is transmitted to the gears depending on the swivel angle and the high pressure.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
The bearing flushing supplies fresh, cooled oil to the tapered roller bearings and into the housing of the variable displacement motors. The hot oil is removed by suction.
The returning flow of oil from the fan motor 1 is supplied to the connection U of the variable displacement motors. The orifice 9 ensures that the oil is evenly distributed over both variable displacement motors.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Variable displacement pump
The variable displacement pump operates in a closed circuit. It pumps the oil directly to the variable displacement motors. The oil flowing back from the variable displacement motors is fed back to the suction side of the variable displacement pump.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Pilot control hydro accumulator

The purpose of the hydro accumulator is to store hydraulic energy and supply it when needed.
It has the following applications:
 To act as an attenuator for pressure peaks, for example for the ride control system or steering attenuation.
 As an energy reserve to supply energy when needed, for example for the brake system.
Area: Mining Mobile  Equipment
Quick-change device (Option)
The quick-change device can be attached to the lift arm of the machine. It is designed to facilitate the fast changing of various attachments on the lift arm. The various working attachments are operated in different ways. For a more detailed description on the operation of the various working attachments, see the operator's manual.
Area: Mining  Cu 
SCADA Upgrade Project
TCT was engaged by Tritton Copper Mine to resolve a problem with their existing Wonderware SCADA installation. The issue was evidenced by very slow update times between the Wonderware servers & computers and the Omron PLCs. Other PLCs such as Allen Bradly PLCs and other devices including Modbus TCP were not affected by the slow communication issues.
Area: Mining  Cu 
Mine 
At the Tritton processing plant combined ore feed is fed to a conventional concentrate processing plant, which was expanded from 900,000 tpa capacity to 1.6 Mtpa in 2007.
Area: Mining  Cu 
Mining Operation
The Tritton Decline mine is a conventional mechanised underground operation utilising ?Caterpillar R2900 LHDs ?Tamrock DD420  60 Jumbos ?Atlas Copco M2D Jumbos ?Cat 980H and 972 FELs ?Sandvik DL420 Production Drills ?Normet Charge Up Unit 1610B ?Cat IT28Gs ?Cat AD55 Trucks
Area: Mining  Cu 
Processing
?The Tritton processing plant was designed by Ausenco and commissioned in 2005 with a nameplate capacity of 900,000 tpa. Plant has capacity of 1.6 Mtpa rate.
?The crushing circuit comprises an ore bin with a fixed 800 mm aperture grizzly, feeding ore via a vibratory feeder to a Kemco S7N single toggle jaw crusher with a feed opening of 1.22 x 1.02 m 
?Crushed ore of P80 100mm is conveyed to a 6,000 tonne stockpile where it is reclaimed via three vibrating feeders. 
?Grinding comprises an ANI Ruwolt fixed speed high aspect 6.7m dia X 2.13, 1500 kW SAG Mill, discharging via a trommel screen to the secondary grinding circuit. Lime is added at the SAG to target pH 10.5 for pyrite suppression. 
?Secondary grinding comprises a Marcy 3.81 m dia x 5.18 m 1250 kW ball mill operating in closed circuit with 500 mm dia Linatex hydrocyclones. Cyclone overflow discharges to two parallel Metso Vertimills (VTM800STD) installed as part of the TEP and shown in the foreground of the lower photo. 
?Each Vertimill is in closed circuit with 250mm dia tertiary hydrocyclones.
Area: Mining  Cu 

?The grinding circuit produces a cyclone overflow product of P80 75 µm at 30 to 35% w/w solids. 
?Total grinding circuit power draw is 3,160 kW. 
?The tertiary cyclone overflow feeds two 50 m³ Wemco tank cells (installed as part of the TEP) in series for primary rougher flotation. 
?Concentrate from the Wemco cells is directed to final concentrate recovering 70% of total copper. 
?Primary rougher tails are pumped to conditioning tanks before two parallel banks of ten 8 m³ Dorr Oliver (5) rougher and (5) scavenger cells. Rougher concentrate is then sent directly to rougher cleaner while scavenger concentrate is sent to regrind.
 ?Regrind is achieved by a 2.0 m dia x 3.4 m 150 kW ball mill in closed circuit with Cavex hydrocyclones. The underflow reports to regrind and overflow to scavenger cleaner, rougher cleaner and final conc. 
?The Tritton flotation circuit produces a copper concentrate typically with 25% Cu, <1 g/t gold and 30 g/t Ag from a mill feed of 2.1% Cu, 0.15 g/t Au and 6-7 g/t Ag.