Lyntas/mining_domain_knowledge_reference_dataset huggingface dataset:
Area: Ship Building
There are many similarities between new construction and repair processes. The primary similarities are that they both use the application of essentially the same manufacturing practices, processes, facilities and support shops. Ship repair and new construction work require highly skilled labour because many of the operations have limited potential for automation (especially ship repair). Both require excellent planning, engineering and interdepartmental communications. The repair process flow is generally as follows: estimate, plan and engineer the job; rip-out work; refitting of steel structures; repair production; test and trials; and deliver the ship. In many ways the ship repair process is similar to shipbuilding, although new construction requires a greater amount of organization because of the size of the workforce, size of the workload, number of parts and the complexity of the communications (i.e., production plans and schedules) surrounding the shipbuilding work flow.
Area: Ship Building
Cleaning and Other Cold Work
Click on an area for more specific information.       Figure 1: Cleaning and Other Cold Work Figure 1: Cleaning and Other Cold Work: Cleaning Preparation, Cleaning Operations and PPE.
Cleaning and other cold work often requires manual activities such as scraping, mucking, pumping, or gas freeing (removing liquid residues). This work often takes place in spaces containing, or that previously contained, flammable or combustible liquids, gases, or toxic or corrosive materials. A worker may be struck by high pressure equipment, slip, trip or fall while cleaning machinery spaces, bilges, or ballast tanks.
Area: Ship Building
Sliding or Rolling Caissons
These are built up box sections with a sliding or rolling surface at the base. The gate slides or rolls into a notch built into the side of the dock.
Area: Ship Building
Floating Caisson Gate
This is probably the most common type of basin closure gate. It is a watertight box girder with flooding and dewatering systems. After flooding the dock, the caisson is deballasted to raise it up off the seat. It can then be towed out of the way.
Area: Ship Building
MARINE RAILWAYS
A marine railway is a mechanical means of hoisting a ship out of the water along an inclined plane.
Lift capacities range from 100 to 6,000 tons. Theoretically, even larger sizes are possible, but generally the floating dock becomes a more economical alternative.
Area: Asset Management & Marine Structures Maintenance
The purpose of the asset management plan is to have a tool which assists Council to achieve its asset management outcomes which are consistent with Mosplan the Councils Community Strategic Plan.
This plan outlines the broad approach that Council will adopt to manage the condition of and use of marine structures assets over the next 12 years providing future directions for marine structure use, safety, and maintenance.

Routine maintenance actions are required to ensure the structures are in a safe condition and include the following items:
Area: Asset Management & Marine Structures Maintenance
Baths and Jetties
? Visual inspection of timber pile every 3 years
? Visual inspection of timber headstocks and girders every 3 years
? Borer inspections every 5 years
? Patch works to concrete jetty deck
? Tightening of decking screws
? Repainting of handrails
? Repainting of non-slip sections of decks
? Clean off marine growth on swimming turn boards and ladders
? Replacing light bulbs to jetty lights
? Repair large holes to shark netsa
Area: Asset Management & Marine Structures Maintenance
Sea Walls
? Regrout between sandstone blocks of sandstone sea walls
? Grout up cracks in concrete seawalls to prevent water ingress
? Repainting of handrails
? Vegetation growth in sea walls to be removed
? Exposed reinforcement to be repaired
? Blocked drainage holes to be flushed
? Weathering of concrete rendering to be repaired
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Flowlines
Flowlines are used as part of a crude gathering system in production areas to move produced oil from individual wells to a central point in the field for treating and storage. Flowlines are generally small-diameter pipelines operating at relatively low pressure. Typical in the United States flowlines are between 2 and 4 inches in diameters. 
Flowlines typically operate at pressures below 100 psi.
Flowlines are normally made of steel, although various types of plastic have been used in a limited number of applications.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Crude Trunk Lines
Crude is moved from central storage facilities over long-distance trunk lines to refineries or other storage facilities. Crude trunk lines operate at higher pressures than flowlines and could vary in size from 6 inches in diameter to as large as 4 feet, as in the TAPS in Alaska.10
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Product Pipelines
Pipelines carrying products that are liquid at ambient temperatures and pressures do not have to operate at excessive pressures in order to maintain the product in a liquid state. However, liquids that vaporize at ambient temperatures must be shipped at higher pressures. For instance, ethane pipelines can operate at pressures up to 1,440 psi. Product pipelines usually are 12 to 24 inches in diameter, but can be as large as 40 inches in the case of the Colonial Pipeline, which carries gasoline and distillate from the Gulf Coast to northeast markets.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Valve Manifolds
Valves are installed at strategic locations along the mainline pipe to control flows and pressures within the pipe and to isolate pipe segments in the event of upset or emergency conditions. Regardless of design, all valves require regular monitoring and maintenance.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Valves
Valves located in the mainline must be compatible with pigging equipment
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Corrosion Control Systems
Corrosion control of pipeline systems primarily composed of steel and other metals is critical to system integrity. Buried metallic objects will corrode (chemically oxidize) through participation in electrochemical reactions if not adequately protected. Corrosion control is accomplished through a variety of means. In most instances, paints and protective coatings are applied followed by wrapping and taping sections of mainline pipe prior to burial to isolate the metallic pipe and prevent its participation in electrochemical reactions. In addition, cathodic protection is provided through the use of an impressed current or sacrificial anodes to counteract.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Catholic protection involves either the use of an 
Impressed current 
For impressed-current systems, anodes are buried in the soil proximate to the section of buried pipe being protected. A current is applied to the anodes equivalent to the current that would result from the electrochemical oxidation of the pipe. This current is allowed to flow through the soil to the pipe which then completes the circuit. This impressed current counterbalances the flow of electrons from the pipe to the soil that would otherwise have resulted from the pipes oxidation, thereby canceling that reaction. Impressed-current systems can be monitored from the ground as a demonstration of their continued proper performance. Unless malfunctions occur, impressed-current system components that are buried with the pipe will typically not need replacement for 20 to 25 years, and many last over the lifetime of the pipe.
SCADA systems can be configured to monitor the performance of impressed-current systems.
Alternatively, individuals using monitoring devices can check their performance (i.e., measure the voltage being applied to the pipe) at ground-level monitoring points installed along the length of the pipeline.
Sacrificial (Galvanic) electrodes.
Composed of magnesium or zinc, both of which corrode more easily than the iron in the pipe, are electrically bonded to and buried alongside of the pipe. Current is allowed to naturally flow from the pipe to the ground; however, it is the zinc or magnesium in the electrodes that looses electrons in the process. Thus, the electrodes are sacrificed to protect the iron pipe. Galvanic electrodes must be replaced periodically. Site-specific conditions of soil moisture and electrical conductivity determine the proper anode replacement intervals.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
The major steps in pipeline system design involve establishment of critical pipeline performance objectives and critical engineering design parameters such as:
 Required throughput (volume per unit time for most petroleum products; pounds per unit time for petrochemical feedstocks); 
Origin and destination points;
Product properties such as viscosity and specific gravity;
Topography of pipeline route;
Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP); and
Hydraulic calculations to determine: Pipeline diameter, wall thickness, and required yield strengths; Number of, and distance between, pump stations; and Pump station horsepower required.14
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Pipeline Coating
Protective wrappings, followed by the application of tape to the edges of the spirally applied overlapping wrapping, are often installed on the exterior of the pipe to further assist in corrosion control, but also to primarily protect the pipe from mechanical damage at installation. Wraps and tape often are impregnated with tar or other asphalt-based materials and heated in place once applied, to ensure uniform coverage.
Figure 2.1-1 illustrates installation of an exterior pipe tape wrap prior to the pipes installation in its trench. Other coatings, such as thin-film epoxy and extruded polymers are also used as alternative to wraps and asphaltic coatings. 
Methods used to detect product leaks along a pipeline can be divided into two categories, 
Externally based (direct)
Externally based methods detect leaking product outside the pipeline, and include traditional procedures such as ROW inspection by line patrols, as well as technologies like hydrocarbon sensing via fibre optic or dielectric cables.
Internally based (inferential).
 Internally based methods, also known as computational pipeline monitoring, use instruments to monitor internal pipeline parameters (i.e., pressure, flow, temperature, etc.), which are inputs for inferring a product release by manual or electronic computation (API 1995a)
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Overpressure Protection
A pipeline operator typically conducts a surge analysis to ensure that the surge pressure does not exceed 110% of the maximum operating pressure (MOP). The pressure-relief system must be designed and operated at or below the MOP except under surge conditions. In a blocked line, thermal expansion is a concern, especially if the line is above ground.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Pumps and Pumping Stations
Desired material throughput values as well as circumstantial factors along the pipeline route are considered in designing and locating pump stations. Desired operating pressures and grade changes dictate individual pump sizes and acceptable pressure drops (i.e., the minimum line pressure that can be tolerated) along the mainline; grade changes also dictate the placements of the pump stations.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Valve Spacing and Rapid Shutdown
The spacings of valves and other devices capable of isolating any given segment of a pipeline are driven by two principal concerns:
Maintaining the design operating conditions of the pipeline with respect to throughput and flexibility and (2) facilitate maintenance or repairs without undue disruption to pipeline operation and rapid shutdown of pipeline operations during upset or abnormal conditions
Valves designed to prevent the backward flow of product in the event of a pump failure (check valves) will also be installed in critical locations. Valves may also be required on either side of an exceptionally sensitive environmental area traversed by the pipeline. Finally, valves will be installed to facilitate the introduction and recovery of pigs for pipeline cleaning and monitoring.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Electrical Interference
The question of the impact of the colocation of metallic pipelines and high-voltage transmission lines can be framed by three broad concepts: 
(a) Influence
(b) Coupling
(c) Susceptibility
Other issues that add to the overall impact are identified and discussed below.
Influence can be thought of as the sum total of the magnetic induction and ground-return currents. Coupling can be thought of as the distance between the source of the magnetic induction (power line) and the objects being affected (pipelines). Susceptibility relates to the vulnerability of the induction element (i.e., the metallic pipeline) to induced and ground-return currents.
Colocation may mean that the pipelines are located on an electric utility ROW directly underneath the power lines, usually buried in earth. This is the worse case for the coupling of magnetic induction currents, since the separation between the power line and the pipeline is very small. Thus, the full effect of the magnetic induction from the power line into the pipeline takes place.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
The actual installation of the pipeline includes these major steps:
1. Clearing the ROW as needed.
2. Ditching.
3. Stringing pipe joints along the ROW.
4. Welding the pipe joints together.
5. Applying a coating and wrapping the exterior of the pipe (except for the portions of the pipe at each end, which is sometimes coated before being delivered to the job site).
6. Lowering the pipeline into the ditch.
7. Backfilling the ditch.
8. Testing the line for leaks
9. Clean-up and drying the pipeline after testing to prepare it for operation.
10. Reclaiming impacted environmental areas.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Standard pipeline construction is composed of specific activities including survey and staking of the ROW; clearing and grading; trenching; pipe stringing, bending, welding, and lowering-in; backfilling; hydrostatic testing; and cleanup. In addition to standard pipeline construction methods, the pipeline construction contractor would use special construction.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Pipe segments are normally delivered from their point of manufacture by rail to a rail off-loading yard conveniently located to the construction ROW (see Figure 3.3-4). From there, pipe segments are loaded onto flatbed trucks and taken to a material laydown yard that is temporarily maintained in an area close to the construction site (see Figure 3.3-5). Numerous laydown yards may be constructed to support individual pipe construction spreads. A truck typically carries a maximum of 20 pipe segments at a time; however, this varies by pipeline diameter, wall thickness, weight, and pipe stacking method.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Clearing and Grading
The survey crew will carefully survey and stake the construction ROW to ensure that only the preapproved construction workspace is cleared. The clearing and grading crew leads the construction spread. This crew is responsible for removing trees, boulders, and debris from the construction ROW and preparing a level working surface for the heavy construction equipment that follows. Depending on existing soil conditions, this may require bringing in additional materials such as stone and sand to create a temporary work road adjacent to the pipeline.
The clearing and grading crew is also responsible for installation of silt fences along the edges of streams and wetlands as necessary to prevent erosion of disturbed soil. Trees inside the ROW are cut down, roots are excavated; and timber is stacked along the side of the ROW for later removal. Brush is commonly shredded or burned. The amount of clearing required varies widely. Sometimes only one pass down the ROW with a bulldozer is required.
In virtually all circumstances, topsoils and subsoils are separately stockpiled adjacent to the trench. In most instances, the subsoil can be used to backfill the trench once appropriate bedding materials have been placed at the bottom of the trench and the pipe has been installed.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Stringing Pipe Joints along the ROW
Normally, pipe segments are delivered to staging areas closest to the point along the mainline where they will be installed and then subsequently deployed along the ROW. This guarantees that each joint needs only to be moved over to the ditch when it is ready to be welded into the pipeline. Not only does this save cost and time, it also lessens the potential for damage to the pipe before installation. Figure 3.3-7 shows pipe segments being deployed along the ROW in preparation for welding and installation into the trench (not yet constructed in this photograph).
In some rugged locations, pipe segments must be staged on the ROW with helicopters
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Pipe Bedding Material
Bedding material must be clean sand or soil and must not contain stones having a maximum dimension larger than 0.5 inch. Material must be placed to a minimum depth of 6 inches under the pipe and 6 inches over the top of the pipe.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Welding Inspection
The most common inspection method relies on radiographic, or X-ray, examination of completed welds. Construction plans specify what type of inspection will be required and what portion of welds must be examined by each method. For instance, it might be specified that where the pipeline traverses open areas, 10% of the welds must be X-rayed, however, where the pipeline passes under railroads, highways, or rivers, all welds must be examined using radiography
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Pipe Bending
As welding proceeds along the pipeline, a slight change in direction or a significant change in elevation may require a bend in the pipeline. Many such bends are made by a bending machine on the job site that bends a joint of pipe to the required curvature (see Figure 3.3-11).
Even large-diameter pipe can be accommodated in todays modern bending machines, but it may also be necessary to make some bends in a shop on a special machine. Depending on the diameter and the wall thickness of the pipe, slight changes in elevation may be accommodated by flexing the pipe without the bending machine. Very small changes in direction may sometimes be made by letting the pipe lie to one side of the ditch. But changes in direction or elevation without bending must be small, especially when large-diameter, heavy-wall pipe is being used.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Pipe Coating
If not pre coated at the coating mill, the pipe exterior is coated and wrapped after welding is complete. Coating and wrapping are done using special machines that move along the pipeline ROW. Coal tar enamel is the most common pipeline coating; others include thin-film powdered epoxy and extruded polyethylene. Asphalt enamel and asphalt mastic are also used as pipe coating materials. Tape is then wrapped over this coating to provide additional protection to the pipe and to protect the corrosion coating, especially through rocky areas that might damage the pipe coating.
In some cases, coating and wrapping are yard-applied to the pipe before the pipe is delivered to the job site (see Figure 3.3-12). When this is done, a short distance at each end of the pipe joint is left bare to permit welding. Then those areas are coated and wrapped over the ditch after welding is complete.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project

Lowering the Pipeline into the Ditch
When the welding and coating are complete, the pipe is suspended over the ditch by sideboom tractors, which are crawler tractors with a special hoisting frame attached to one side.
Then the pipeline is gradually lowered to the bottom of the ditch (lowering in) (see Figure 3.3-13). In rocky soil or solid rock, it is sometimes necessary to put a bed of fine soil in the bottom of the ditch before lowering the pipeline. The fine fill material protects the pipe coating from damage.
Area:  Pipeline Construction Project
Hydrostatic Testing
All newly installed pipelines, including pipe segments that have been replaced in existing pipelines, undergo hydrostatic testing before being put into service. Hydrostatic testing involves isolating that portion of the pipeline undergoing testing, filling it with water, and then pressurizing the line to a specified pressure to check for leaks
U.S. federal safety regulations for pipelines require that pipelines used to transport hazardous or highly volatile liquids be tested at a pressure equal to 125% of the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) for at least four continuous hours and for an additional four continuous hours at a pressure equal to 110% or more of the MAOP, if the line cannot also be visually inspected for leakage during the test. A batching pig driven ahead of the water is used to remove any air and forms an efficient seal to isolate that portion undergoing testing. Without a pig in downhill portions of the line, the water will run down underneath the air, trapping pockets at the highest points within the pipe.
Temporary connections for filling and draining the pipeline are used, and a pump is used to pressure up the line. Once the specified pressure is attained, the pump is shut off and the static leak test commences. A leak is indicated if the pressure falls over the period of the test.
Once hydrostatic testing is completed, the water is removed and typically delivered to a wastewater treatment facility (e.g., a publicly owned sewage treatment works) for treatment.
While the majority of the water will be removed simply by draining the water at appropriate locations along the segment undergoing a test, some water will still remain and will contaminate the subsequent product unless it is removed. Typically a pig is used that is designed specifically to capture water and deliver it to a point where it can be removed. This dewatering pig serves a dual purpose, removing water and also removing construction debris that may still remain in the pipeline and could be very damaging to downstream pumps.
The water removal process described above is usually sufficient for crude oil and petroleum products. However, for some petrochemical feedstocks that would react adversely with water, additional steps are taken to remove the last vestiges of water before the product is introduced. Super-dry air, methanol, or inert gases such as nitrogen are typically used to flush the pipeline and capture any last remaining amounts of water.
Area: Marine Facilities
Marine facilities
The design of the marine foundations especially, is highly dependent on the results obtained from any further geotechnical and geophysical work. Thus as the final design is completed; various design details will change from what is shown on the current drawings. These design details can include, but are not limited to:
 Sizes and dimensions of structural beams and members;
 Span lengths;
 Diameter, wall thickness, length, arrangement and number of piles;
 Bracing configurations;
 Details of pile anchorage into rock;
 Dimensions of foundation elements such as pile caps and the bridge anchor block; and
 Materials used for construction such as steel versus concrete