美国国务院
发言人办公室
华盛顿哥伦比亚特区
2022年1月20日
简报
事实与谎言：俄罗斯炮制关于乌克兰的虚假信息
美国国务院与其他美国政府机构合作，了解到若干俄罗斯军事和情报实体正在从事针对乌克兰的信息对抗。这些活动包括传播虚假信息和宣传，试图将乌克兰和乌克兰政府官员描绘成俄乌关系中的侵略者。这些措施旨在影响西方国家，使它们相信乌克兰的行为可能引发全球冲突，并使俄罗斯公民相信俄罗斯有必要在乌克兰采取军事行动。以下是俄罗斯关于当前危机及其原因的谎言举例以及相关事实。
谎言：乌克兰和乌克兰政府官员是俄乌关系中的侵略者[i]
事实：普京政权的虚假陈述将俄罗斯的侵略归咎于受害者乌克兰。俄罗斯于 2014 年入侵乌克兰，占领克里米亚，控制顿巴斯的武装部队，目前已在乌克兰边境集结了 超过十万人的兵力，普京总统却威胁说，如果他的要求得不到满足，将采取“报复性军事和技术”措施。
谎言：西方正在将乌克兰推向冲突。[ii]
事实：莫斯科在乌克兰边境集结了超过十万人的兵力，引发了当前的危机，但在边境的乌克兰一侧并没有类似的军事活动。俄罗斯军事和情报实体通过编造虚假信息攻击乌克兰，试图将乌克兰和乌克兰政府官员描绘成俄乌关系中的侵略者。俄罗斯政府正在诱使世界相信乌克兰的行为可能引发全球冲突，并试图让俄罗斯公民相信俄罗斯有必要在乌克兰采取军事行动。俄罗斯将自己的侵略归咎于其他国家；相反，莫斯科有责任通过减缓紧张局势和外交接触和平地结束这场危机。莫斯科于 2014 年入侵乌克兰，占领克里米亚，并继续加剧乌克兰东部的冲突。俄罗斯一贯奉行侵犯该地区国家主权和领土完整的行为模式——2008 年入侵和占领格鲁吉亚的部分地区，至今未能履行其 1999 年从摩尔多瓦撤除军队和军火的承诺，而并没有得到摩尔多瓦政府的同意。
谎言：俄罗斯部署作战部队仅仅是在自己的领土上调整军队部署。[iii]
事实：在未能提供可信说明的前提下，将超过十万人的俄罗斯兵力——包括富有实战经验的作战部队和进攻性武器装备——部署到一个俄罗斯先前入侵并仍然部分占领的国家的边界​​，这不仅仅是部队轮换。这是俄罗斯对乌克兰主权和领土完整的一个明确的新威胁。这一兵力集结与紧锣密鼓地散布虚假信息的措施相结合，其目的是破坏对乌克兰政府的信心，并为俄罗斯进一步入侵提供借口。
谎言：美国计划在顿巴斯发动化学武器袭击。[iv]
事实：美国和俄罗斯是《化学武器公约》的缔约国。根据该国际协议规定的义务，美国不使用化学武器。然而，俄罗斯政府近年来两次使用化学武器攻击和企图暗杀对手，包括在外国领土上。自 2014 年以来，美国没有像俄罗斯那样加剧乌克兰东部的冲突，而是向莫斯科侵略行动的受害者提供了超过 3.51 亿美元的人道主义援助。俄罗斯正在利用高级官员的声明以及虚假信息和宣传机构散布彻头彻尾的谎言，试图为军事行动制造借口。
谎言：俄罗斯正在捍卫乌克兰的俄罗斯族人。[v]
事实：没有可信的报道提及任何俄罗斯族人或讲俄语的人受到乌克兰政府的威胁。然而，有可信的报道说，在俄罗斯占领的克里米亚和顿巴斯，乌克兰人面临着对其文化和民族认同的压制，并生活在严厉压制和恐惧的环境中。在克里米亚，俄罗斯强迫乌克兰人成为俄罗斯公民，否则他们将失去财产、医疗保健服务和工作。那些以和平方式表示反对俄罗斯占领或控制的人因毫无根据的指控面临牢狱之灾、被警察搜查住所、遭受官方认可的歧视、在某些案例中遭受酷刑和其他虐待。宗教少数派和少数民族人士被列为“极端分子”和“恐怖分子”调查和起诉。
谎言：自冷战结束以来，北约一直在密谋反对俄罗斯，以武力包围俄罗斯，违背了拒信作出的不扩大承诺，并通过让乌克兰未来加入北约威胁俄罗斯的安全。 [vi]
事实：北约是一个防御性联盟，其目的是保护其成员国。所有盟国在 2021 年 6 月的布鲁塞尔峰会上重申，“联盟不寻求对抗，不对俄罗斯构成威胁”。事实上，普京总统本人在 2002 年曾表示：“每个国家都有权选择确保其安全的方式。这也适用于波罗的海国家。其次，更具体地说，北约主要是一个防御性集团。”
北约没有包围俄罗斯——俄罗斯的陆地边界有两万多公里。其中，与北约成员国相邻的部分不到十六分之一（1215 公里）。俄罗斯与 14 个国家有陆地边界，其中只有五个是北约成员。
为应对俄罗斯对其邻国使用武力，北约于 2016 年向波罗的海国家和波兰部署了四个多国战斗群。这些部队是轮换的、防御性的、适当的，而且是应东道国的请求部署的。在俄罗斯非法占领克里米亚之前，并没有计划将盟军部队部署到北约东部。
北约从未承诺不接纳新成员。北约的扩大并非针对俄罗斯。每个主权国家都有权选择自己的安全安排并出于自卫目的加入防御性区域联盟。这是欧洲安全的基本原则，反映在《联合国宪章》中，也是俄罗斯在《赫尔辛基最终法案》及无数国际和区域契约中确认的原则。

显示北约与俄罗斯边界的地图。所示边界不一定具有权威性。
谎言：西方回避外交，直接采取制裁等措施。[vii]
事实：美国和我们的合作伙伴正在展开密集外交接触以化解这场危机，包括直接与俄罗斯政府接触。作为和平化解这一局势的全面外交努力的一部分，拜登总统与普京总统进行了两次会谈，美国官员与俄罗斯和欧洲官员举行了数十次高层会议和电话会议。俄罗斯是否愿意履行其作为国际社会一员的责任并采取措施缓解其引发的危机还有待观察。但我们也在公开和私下明确表示，如果普京总统选择进一步入侵乌克兰，我们和我们的合作伙伴将使俄罗斯经济蒙受迅速而严重的损失。
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[i] “现在他们告诉我们，战争，战争，战争。看来[乌克兰人]正在准备[在顿巴斯]进行另一次行动，并警告我们不要妨碍他们，否则将受到制裁。” —— 普京总统 https://web.archive.org/web/20220110200851/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/russian-mercenaries-deploy-into-eastern-ukraine-sources-claim/ar-AAS5OBj?hss_channel=fbp-44821210086
[ii] “我们必须注意自己的安全，不仅是今天，也不仅仅是下周，而是短期内。俄罗斯如何忍受这一切？我们是否必须始终保持警惕，观察那里发生的事情以及打击何时到来？但是，如果我们最终陷入您所询问的冲突，这一切意味着什么？这不是我们的选择，我们不希望这样”——普京总统https://web.archive.org/web/20211230075113/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/67438
[iii] “我们将自行决定在我们的领土上做什么。”——俄罗斯副外长里亚布科夫https://archive.is/8q8NK#selection-3851.30-3851.69
[iv] “我们已经确定在阿夫迪伊夫卡市（Avdeevka）和克拉斯尼-利曼市（Krasny Liman）有 120 多名美国雇佣兵团体成员，以进行挑衅……装满不明化学成分的坦克被运送到阿夫迪伊夫卡市和克拉斯尼-利曼市，以进行挑衅。”——俄罗斯国防部长谢尔盖·绍伊古https://web.archive.org/web/20211225083153/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/12/21/us-mercenaries-preparing-donbass-provocation-russian-defense-chief-a75892
[v] “我们看到并知道顿巴斯正在发生什么事情。这看起来确实像种族灭绝”——普京总统 https://web.archive.org/web/20220108143615/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59599066
[vi] “……这一切都是在北约国家在乌克兰领土上积极进行军事‘扩张’的背景下发生的，这对俄罗斯的安全构成了直接威胁。”——克里姆林宫https://web.archive.org/web/20220110013538/https://www.jpost.com/international/putin-tells-uks-johnson-nato-members-are-threatening-russia-from-ukraine-688642
[vii] “[美国未来的制裁] 将是一个错误，我们的祖先会认为这是一个严重错误。过去30年犯了很多错误，在这种情况下我们最好避免更多这样的错误。”——总统外交事务顾问尤里·乌沙科夫 https://web.archive.org/web/20220108121328/https://www.voanews.com/a/biden-affirms-sanctions-threat-putin-says-that-would-be-colossal-mistake-/6376182.html
 
欲查看原稿内容:  https://www.state.gov/fact-vs-fiction-russian-disinformation-on-ukraine/

FACT SHEET
OFFICE OF THE SPOKESPERSON
JANUARY 20, 2022
The Department of State, working with the U.S. interagency, is aware of several Russian military and intelligence entities that are engaged in information confrontation targeting Ukraine.  These activities include the spread of disinformation and propaganda attempting to paint Ukraine and Ukrainian government officials as the aggressor in the Russia-Ukraine relationship.  Such measures are intended to influence Western countries into believing Ukraine’s behavior could provoke a global conflict and convince Russian citizens of the need for Russian military action in Ukraine.  Below are examples of Russian lies about the current crisis and its causes – and the truth.
FICTION:  Ukraine and Ukrainian government officials are the aggressor in the Russia-Ukraine relationship.[i]
FACT:  False statements from the Putin regime blame the victim, Ukraine, for Russia’s aggression.  Russia invaded Ukraine in 2014, occupies Crimea, controls armed forces in the Donbas, and has now amassed more than 100,000 troops on the border with Ukraine while President Putin threatens “retaliatory military-technical” measures if his demands are not met.
FICTION:  The West is pushing Ukraine toward a conflict.[ii]
FACT:  Moscow instigated the current crisis by placing more than 100,000 troops on the border of Ukraine, with no similar military activity on the Ukrainian side of the border.  Russian military and intelligence entities are targeting Ukraine with disinformation attempting to paint Ukraine and Ukrainian government officials as the aggressor in the Russia-Ukraine relationship.  The Russian government is trying to trick the world into believing Ukraine’s behavior could provoke a global conflict and to convince Russian citizens of the need for Russian military action in Ukraine.  Russia blames others for its own aggression, but it is Moscow’s responsibility to end this crisis peacefully through de-escalation and diplomacy.  Moscow invaded Ukraine in 2014, occupies Crimea, and continues to fuel conflict in eastern Ukraine.  This follows a pattern of Russian behavior of undermining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries in the region – invading and occupying parts of Georgia in 2008, and failing to honor its 1999 commitment to withdraw its troops and munitions from Moldova, where they remain without the government’s consent.
FICTION:  Russia’s deployment of combat forces is a mere repositioning of troops on its own territory.[iii]
FACT:  Deploying more than 100,000 Russian troops, including battle-hardened combat forces and offensive weaponry with no plausible innocuous explanation, to the borders of a country that Russia has previously invaded and still occupies in places is no mere troop rotation.  It is a clear, renewed Russian threat to Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.  The buildup is paired with active disinformation measures designed to undermine confidence in the Ukrainian government and create a pretext for further Russian incursion.
FICTION:  The United States has planned chemical weapons attacks in the Donbas.[iv]
FACT:  The United States and Russia are parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention.  In accordance with its obligations under that international agreement, the United States does not use chemical weapons.  However, the Russian government has twice used chemical weapons in recent years to attack and attempt to assassinate opponents, including on foreign soil.  Rather than fuel conflict in eastern Ukraine as Russia has done, the United States has provided more than $351 million in humanitarian assistance to those affected by Moscow’s aggression there since 2014.   Russia is using statements from high-level officials as well as disinformation and propaganda outlets to intentionally spread outright falsehoods to attempt to create a pretext for military action.
FICTION:  Russia is defending ethnic Russians in Ukraine.[v]
FACT:  There are no credible reports of any ethnic Russians or Russian speakers being under threat from the Ukrainian government.  There are, however, credible reports that in Russia-occupied Crimea and in the Donbas, Ukrainians face suppression of their culture and national identity and live in an environment of severe repression and fear.  In Crimea, Russia forces Ukrainians to assume Russian citizenship or lose their property, their access to healthcare, and their jobs.  Those who peacefully express opposition to Russia’s occupation or control face imprisonment on baseless grounds, police raids on their homes, officially sanctioned discrimination, and in some cases torture and other abuses.  Religious and ethnic minorities are investigated and prosecuted as “extremists” and “terrorists.”
FICTION:  NATO has plotted against Russia since the end of the Cold War, encircled Russia with forces, broken supposed promises not to enlarge, and threatened Russia’s security with the prospect of Ukrainian membership in the Alliance .[vi]
FACT:  NATO is a defensive alliance, whose purpose is to protect its member states.  All Allies reaffirmed at the June 2021 Brussels Summit that “the Alliance does not seek confrontation and poses no threat to Russia.”  In fact, in 2002 President Putin himself stated “Every country has the right to choose the way it ensures its security.  This holds for the Baltic states as well.  Secondly, and more specifically, NATO is primarily a defensive bloc.”
NATO does not encircle Russia – Russia’s land border is just over 20,000 kilometers long.  Of that, less than one-sixteenth (1,215 kilometers), is shared with NATO members.  Russia has land borders with 14 countries. Only five of them are NATO members.
In response to Russia’s use of military force against its neighbors, NATO deployed four multinational battlegroups to the Baltic States and Poland in 2016.  These forces are rotational, defensive, proportionate, and requested by the host nations.  Before Russia’s illegal seizure of Crimea, there were no plans to deploy Allied troops to the eastern part of the Alliance.
NATO never promised not to admit new members.  NATO enlargement is not directed against Russia.  Every sovereign nation has the right to choose its own security arrangements and to enter into defensive regional alliances for purposes of self-defense.  This is a fundamental principle of European security, reflected in the UN Charter, and is one that Russia has affirmed in myriad international and regional instruments such as the Helsinki Final Act.