2023/03/29
 
数字革命的第一波浪潮曾承诺将新科技用于支持民主和人权。第二波却发现专制主义走向革命的反面。现在，美国和其他民主国家正在共同努力，确保数字革命的第三波带来一个以坚韧、诚信、开放、信任和安全为特点的技术生态系统，以加强民主原则和人权。 
我们将一起组织和动员起来，确保技术为民主原则、制度和社会服务，而非反其道而行之。在此过程中，我们将继续与私营部门合作，包括对在技术平台不采取措施消除它们造成的伤害时追究其责任，以及鼓励它们践行民主原则和共同价值观。 
在首届民主峰会上，拜登总统发起了“总统民主复兴倡议”（Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal），这是美国政府通过外交和对外援助，与志同道合的合作伙伴一起，有针对性地扩展捍卫和增强民主韧性的创新性努力。美国关于推动技术以促进民主的议程构成了总统倡议的五大支柱之一。 
这项议程认识到，为了借助于现有和新兴的技术来支持民主价值观和制度，民主国家必须提出一个它们所支持的愿景——以积极平等、有说服力、安全及保护隐私、以价值观为导向并尊重权利的观点来看待科技能够如何帮助实现个人尊严和经济繁荣，以及它们所反对的——科技的误用和滥用，用于施加压制、控制、分裂和歧视以及剥夺人权。此外，民主国家必须继续向前看，以便使人工智能（AI）等新兴技术与尊重民主原则、人权和基本自由保持一致。 
拜登-哈里斯政府推动技术发展以促进民主的方式，以及美国主办的第二届民主峰会的相关活动，都以三个关键主题为指导：在数字时代增进民主及互联网自由、反对滥用技术及数字专制主义的抬头、打造新兴技术以确保尊重人权和民主原则。 
在数字时代增进民主及互联网自由 
我们关于世界的技术和数字未来的积极平等的愿景是自由、开放、安全的，并与尊重民主原则和人权保持一致。现已得到超过65个国家确认的《互联网前景宣言》（Declaration for the Future of the Internet）和《人工智能权利法案蓝图》（Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights）都是在第一届民主峰会之后发布的，有助于为这一愿景奠定基础。此外，拜登-哈里斯政府的首个《国家网络安全战略》（National Cybersecurity Strategy）概述了一系列行动，以推进我们在网络空间的积极愿景。 
自从第一届民主峰会以来，我们在更多的关键领域中推进了我们积极平等的议程，其中包括动员其他民主国家增进互联网自由、加强与人权相一致的国家技术框架的发展，并支持在技术设计和使用的每个阶段融入民主价值观的技术发展。拜登-哈里斯政府正在进行历史性投资，以消除美国的数字鸿沟，同时为帮助塑造符合民主原则和人权的生物技术奠定基础。 
第二届民主峰会宣布或强调的关键行动包括以下几项： 
扩大“快速及持久支持反审查技术多边基金”（Multilateral Surge and Sustain Fund for Anti-Censorship Technology）。这个基金是在第一届民主峰会后创建的，由美国国务院管理，旨在为那些在压制环境中最需要获取自由及开放的互联网关键工具的人士扩大获得反审查技术的途径。美国国务院和美国全球媒体机构（U.S. Agency for Global Media）已经向这个基金的独立的501(c)(3)非营利组织——开放技术基金会（Open Technology Fund​​）——提供了超过1700万美元。美国对爱沙尼亚政府最近对该基金的捐助承诺表示欢迎。 
抵制滥用技术和数字专制主义的抬头
从基于人工智能的大规模监视到大规模审查，专制政府越来越多地利用科技打压公民并控制国内外的批评人士。与此同时，专制国家和民主国家都可能出现误用和滥用技术的情况，滥用商业间谍软件以及网络骚扰和欺凌的肆虐等令人警觉的实例就是明证。
为了应对这一挑战，拜登-哈里斯政府在第二届民主峰会上公布了一套全面的行动方案，旨在从多个角度打击数字压制，包括在使用商业间谍软件的问题上以身作则，并深化在这个问题上的国际合作；倡导指导政府使用监控技术的新原则；宣布将人权视角纳入出口管制的新努力来防止双重用途的科技和产品落入那些可能滥用它们的人手中。美国政府还呼吁私营部门支持并推进抗审查技术和技术标准，以打击专制当局利用网络层级过滤技术来进行压制性审查的行为。
第二届民主峰会宣布或强调的主要行动包括：
作为对美国政府努力的补充，一些私营部门行为者也为抗击科技滥用和数字专制主义的抬头采取了具体行动。例如，150多家公司发布了一整套原则，旨在最大限度地减少与商业间谍软件有关的风险。企业所做的其他承诺还包括：Cloudflare承诺在与互联网标准机构和其他互联网服务提供商合作开发下一代隐私强化技术和协议时与公民社会进行切实磋商；Meta承诺帮助人们自由及安全地进行通信交流，包括通过新功能允许用户在互联网连接中断或被阻止时通过代理连接到WhatsApp；微软与其他云服务提供商一起制定并发布了《可信赖云原则》（Trusted Cloud Principles）；谷歌推出了200万美元的基金，以支持人权捍卫者，并向新闻工作者和人权捍卫者等面临较高网络攻击风险的个人免费提供10万个安全密钥。
此外，作为“打击基于性别的网络在线骚扰和欺凌全球行动伙伴关系”（Global Partnership for Action on Gender-Based Online Harassment and Abuse）的一部分，拜登-哈里斯政府宣布采取一系列行动，防止和应对技术所助长的基于性别的暴力行为，消除其对女性领导人造成的寒蝉效应。这包括在美国国际发展署和国务院范围内承诺投入1300多万美元的定向资金。这一全球行动伙伴关系已发展成为一项由12个国家共同启动的倡议，汇集了政府、国际组织、公民社会和私营部门，优先考虑、了解、预防和解决日益严重的技术所助长的基于性别的暴力祸患，这种暴力对妇女、女童以及LGBTQI+政治和公众人物、领导人、新闻工作者和活动人士的伤害更大。这些行动和投入还包括发布全球伙伴关系的2023年路线图和其他几项倡议。
最后，在2022年9月，美国政府发布了加强科技平台问责制的改革原则，包括为美国人民的隐私提供强有力的联邦保护，取消广泛地庇护社交媒体公司免受法律责任的特殊法律保护，以及增加科技平台算法和内容管理决策的透明度。 
打造新兴技术以确保尊重人权和民主原则 
包括人工智能和生物技术在内的新兴技术拥有从根本上打造产业、经济和整个社会的力量。自动化系统正在带动极其巨大的惠益，从帮助农民更高效地种植粮食作物的技术以及预测风暴路径的技术，到能够识别患者疾患的算法。这些工具目前正推动着跨部门的重要决策，而数据正在帮助变革全球各个产业。它们有可能重新界定我们社会的每个部分，让每个人的生活都更加美好，但它们也带来了重大的新挑战和新风险，包括在享有人权和基本自由方面。我们——私营部门、政府和公民社会——必须确保创新和进步绝不以民主价值观或对人权的尊重为代价。这就是为什么拜登-哈里斯政府正在借助于第二届民主峰会来彰显其为减轻风险而采取的措施，并确保创新为所有人带来新的机会。 
本届政府发布了根本性文件，为实现这些目标提供了路线图，其中包括商务部国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)于2023年1月发布的人工智能风险管理框架（AI Risk Management Framework），以及白宫科技政策办公室于2022年10月发布的人工智能权利法案蓝图。2023年2月，总统签署了关于通过联邦政府进一步促进种族平等并对服务欠缺社区的支持的第14091号行政命令（Executive Order 14091 on Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government），这项命令指示联邦机构彻底消除在设计和使用人工智能和其他自动化系统等新技术中存在的偏见，并保护公众免受算法歧视。本届政府还在推进总统于2022年9月发布的关于推动生物技术和生物制造创新以实现可持续、安全和有保障的美国生物经济的行政命令（Executive Order on Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustainable, Safe, and Secure American Bioeconomy ）的实施，作为国内外利益相关者就打造未来生物技术道德标准的重要意义进行参与的基础。 
在第二届民主峰会上宣布或强调的关键的可交付成果包括： 
 
欲查看原稿内容: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/29/fact-sheet-advancing-technology-for-democracy-at-home-and-abroad/
本译文仅供参考，只有英文原稿才可以被视为权威资料来源。

MARCH 29, 2023
The first wave of the digital revolution promised that new technologies would support democracy and human rights. The second saw an authoritarian counterrevolution. Now, the United States and other democracies are working together to ensure that the third wave of the digital revolution leads to a technological ecosystem characterized by resilience, integrity, openness, trust and security, and that reinforces democratic principles and human rights.
Together, we are organizing and mobilizing to ensure that technologies work for, not against, democratic principles, institutions, and societies.  In so doing, we will continue to engage the private sector, including by holding technology platforms accountable when they do not take action to counter the harms they cause, and by encouraging them to live up to democratic principles and shared values.
At the first Summit for Democracy, President Biden launched the Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal, an innovative, targeted expansion of U.S. Government efforts to defend and grow democratic resilience with likeminded partners through diplomacy and foreign assistance. The United States’ agenda on advancing technology for democracy constitutes one of the Presidential Initiative’s five pillars.
This agenda recognizes that to harness current and emerging technology in a manner that supports democratic values and institutions, democracies must put forward a vision of what they stand for – an affirmative, persuasive, secure and privacy-preserving, values-driven, and rights-respecting view of how technology can enable individual dignity and economic prosperity, and also what they will stand against – the misuse and abuse of technology to repress, control, divide, discriminate, and disenfranchise.  Additionally, democracies must continue looking ahead, so as to align emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), with respect for democratic principles, human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The Biden-Harris Administration’s approach to advancing technology for democracy, and the U.S.-hosted event undertaken as part of the second Summit for Democracy, are each guided by these three key themes: advancing democracy and internet freedom in the digital age, countering the misuse of technology and rise of digital authoritarianism, and shaping emerging technologies to ensure respect for human rights and democratic principles.
Advancing Democracy and Internet Freedom in the Digital Age
Our affirmative vision for the world’s technological and digital future is one that is free, open, secure, and aligned with respect for democratic principles and human rights. The Declaration for the Future of the Internet, now affirmed by more than 65 countries, and the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, both released following the first Summit for Democracy, help to lay the groundwork for this vision. Additionally, the Biden-Harris Administration’s inaugural National Cybersecurity Strategy outlines a series of actions to advance our positive vision for cyberspace.
Since the first Summit for Democracy, we have advanced our affirmative agenda in additional key areas, including by mobilizing fellow democracies to advance Internet freedom, bolstering the development of national technology frameworks that align with human rights, and supporting the development of technologies that embed democratic values at every stage of their design and use. And the Biden-Harris Administration is making historic investments to close the digital divide in the United States, while laying the foundation to help shape biotechnologies in line with democratic principles and human rights.
Key actions announced or highlighted at the second Summit for Democracy include:
Countering the Misuse of Technology and Rise of Digital Authoritarianism
From AI-powered mass surveillance to censorship at scale, autocratic governments are increasingly employing technology to repress their citizens and control critics at home and abroad. At the same time, misuse and abuse of technologies can occur in both autocracies and democracies alike, as evidenced by alarming instances of misuse of commercial spyware and the spread of online harassment and abuse.
To address this challenge, the Biden-Harris Administration is unveiling at the second Summit for Democracy a comprehensive package of actions meant to combat digital repression from multiple angles – from leading by example with respect to use of commercial spyware and deepening international cooperation on this issue; to championing new principles to guide governments’ use of surveillance technology; to announcing a new efforts to integrate a human rights lens into export controls so as to prevent dual-use technologies and goods from falling into the hands of those that may misuse them. The U.S. government is also calling on the private sector to combat authoritarian use of network-level filtering technology for repressive censorship by supporting and furthering censorship-resistant technologies and technical standards.
Key actions announced or highlighted at the second Summit for Democracy include:
Complementing U.S. government efforts, a number of private sector actors have also taken specific action to counter the misuse of technology and rise of digital authoritarianism. For example, over 150 companies, spearheaded by Microsoft, Meta, Cisco, Trend Micro and endorsed by Apple and Google, released a set of principles focused on minimizing the risk associated with commercial spyware. Among other corporate commitments, Cloudflare has committed to meaningful consultation with civil society as it works with Internet standards bodies and other Internet providers on the next generation of privacy-enhancing technologies and protocols. Meta has committed to helping people communicate freely and securely, including through a new feature that allows users to connect to WhatsApp by proxy when their Internet connection is disrupted or blocked. Microsoft, together with other cloud service providers, has developed and released the Trusted Cloud Principles. Google is launching a $2 million fund to support human rights defenders, and providing 100,000 security keys at no cost to individuals at higher risk of cyber attacks, such as journalists and human rights defenders.
Additionally, the Biden-Harris Administration announced, as part of the Global Partnership for Action on Gender-Based Online Harassment and Abuse, a series of actions to prevent and respond to technology-facilitated gender-based violence and counter its chilling effects on women leaders. This includes committing more than $13 million in targeted funding across USAID and the Department of State. The Global Partnership has grown to be a 12-country initiative bringing together governments, international organizations, civil society, and the private sector to prioritize, understand, prevent, and address the growing scourge of technology-facilitated gender-based violence, which disproportionately impacts women, girls, and LGBTQI+ political and public figures, leaders, journalists and activists. These actions and investments also include the release of the Global Partnership’s 2023 Roadmap and several other initiatives.
Finally, in September 2022, the Administration released principles for reforms to enhance tech platform accountability, including providing robust federal protections for Americans’ privacy; removing the special legal protections that broadly shield social media companies from liability; and increasing transparency about platform’s algorithms and content moderation decisions. 
Shaping Emerging Technologies to Ensure Respect for Human Rights and Democratic Principles
Emerging technologies, including AI and biotechnology, hold the power to fundamentally shape industries, economies, and entire societies. Automated systems are driving extraordinary benefits, from technology that helps farmers grow food more efficiently and computers that predict storm paths, to algorithms that can identify diseases in patients. These tools now drive important decisions across sectors, while data is helping to revolutionize global industries. They hold the potential to redefine every part of our societies and make life better for everyone, but they also present significant new challenges and risks including to the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms. We – the private sector, government, and civil society – must ensure that innovation and progress does not come at the price of democratic values or respect for human rights. That is why the Biden-Harris Administration is leveraging the second Summit for Democracy to shine a spotlight on steps it is taking to mitigate risks, and ensure that innovation drives new opportunities for all.
The Administration has released foundational documents providing a road map for achieving these objectives, including an AI Risk Management Framework that the Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released in January 2023, as well as the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights that the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released in October 2022. In February 2023, the President signed Executive Order 14091 on Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government, which directs federal agencies to root out bias in the design and use of new technologies, such as AI and other automated systems, and to protect the public from algorithmic discrimination. The Administration is also advancing the implementation of the President’s September 2022 Executive Order on Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustainable, Safe, and Secure American Bioeconomy as the foundation to engage stakeholders at home and abroad on the importance of shaping ethical standards for the biotechnology of the future.
Key deliverables announced or highlighted at the second Summit for Democracy include:
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