美国国务院
发言人办公室
华盛顿哥伦比亚特区
2021年10月5日
经合组织(OECD)
布林肯国务卿：下午好，非常感谢你们大家。马蒂亚斯（Mathias），我首先必须要说能同乔治·马歇尔（George Marshall）相提并论令我不胜荣幸，并让我想到一点艾伦和罗西（Allen & Rossi）肯定有过的感受。对于你们之中那些不记得艾伦和罗西的人而言，这正是关键要点。在座的美国人可能知道，很多年前他们继“披头士”（Beatles）之后上过埃德·沙利文秀（Ed Sullivan Show）。（笑声）但我仍然要感谢你。
还有你，秘书长（Secretary-General），以及我们的所有同仁，特别是我的好朋友，义溶外长（Minister Eui-Yong），郑（Chung）外长，还有格拉梅尼亚财政大臣（Minister Gramegna），感谢你们的杰出努力，让我们走到了今天并举行了这次部长级会议。
而且恕我一开始先简短地讲一点个人感想。我对经合组织有着特殊的感情。很多年前，我在查阅资料后来写成大学论文时，曾经来到经合组织这里，去图书馆，去和一些专家交谈，当时我就像一个走进糖果店的孩子，因为这里有那么多有助于为那项工作提供信息的资源，既包括已经完成的了不起的研究，也包括我当时能接触到的一些专家。而且那篇论文在数年后出版成书，现在显然还在亚马逊上有售。（笑声）书名是《盟友对盟友： 美国、欧洲以及西伯利亚管道危机》（Ally Versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis）。让我警告一下任何一个试图找到这本书的人：有一条评论说那是一本一旦放下就很难再拿起来读的书。（笑声）但说完这些，我要在这么多年后感谢经合组织曾提供如此多的思考和洞察。
我们今天在这里适逢一个重要的日子和时刻：经合组织60周年纪念日。这让我们有机会反思自经合组织成立以来发生了哪些变化，以及哪些一直没有改变。
很显然，今天我们在网络空间和气候危机中所面临的一些挑战是本机构的构筑者以及二战之后的秩序所无法想见的。然而，经合组织核心的共同价值观以及世界仍然需要这个组织——实际上，我认为比以往任何时候都更加需要——保持不变。
我们相信我们的经济健康植根于民主、法治、人权以及对于开放和透明的市场经济的承诺。
经合组织的影响力一直植根于它能够将这些共同原则用于应对最迫切的时代挑战并让其他人与我们同行。今天也一样。
因此，我想要做的是集中于我们现在面临的四大艰巨挑战，以及经合组织如何能帮助应对它们。
第一个，毫不惊奇，是COVID-19疫情。我们所有国家都经受了惨重的损失，首先是480万人死亡——这些男女老幼每个人都抛下了自己的亲人。而且我们的人民还经受了一场经济危机的二次打击。
经合组织为我们提供了预测这场危机的经济影响的关键数据，并提升了基于实证的策略以便更好地重建。
经合组织是最早推动一批批国家预购疫苗的组织之一，这让有关公司能够加倍生产。这是我们所采用的通过COVID-19新冠疫苗全球获取机制（COVAX）向较低收入及中等收入国家提供安全有效的疫苗的方式。而且这将有助于实现我们最近在拜登总统于联合国大会（UN General Assembly）期间召集的峰会上做出的承诺：在2022年为至少70%的人口全剂接种疫苗——包括每一个国家以及每一个收入水平。
第二个挑战是气候危机。
每个成员国都正在经历极端的天气事件，给我们的经济和我们的生活的几乎每个方面造成连带效应，从农业到基础设施，从公共健康到粮食安全。
为制止灾难性的后果，我们必须采取立即的和大胆的行动，建设抗御能力，针对不可避免的影响作出调整，同时还要更紧迫地朝净零排放的世界前进。这是我们的共同责任，而且是我们为了即将在几个星期后召开的联合国气候变化大会（COP26）所侧重的。
经合组织成员国的碳排放总量占全世界的28%以上。我们的GDP总计占全世界的60%以上。我们的努力——我们的努力对于我们能够实现把全球升温幅度限于1.5摄氏度以内的目标将产生巨大影响。
我们的成员国必须为其他国家做出表率。这意味着制定雄心勃勃的、由国家主导的减排目标，为适应气候变化投资，迅速遏止有增无减的煤炭排放，终止国内外对煤炭的投资，并逐步取消化石燃料补贴。
经合组织的数字气候监测器将基于我们设定的目标公开监测各国的进展，帮助我们履行承诺。
我们还必须接受基础设施投资的高标准，从而提高环境和社会可持续性以及经济可行性、透明度和包容性。这意味着以显著减少碳排放的方式设计和建设港口、机场、道路、电网、互联网接入能力和其他关键基础设施，以确保我们在面对气候变化时具有更强的韧性。
这就是我们今天早些时候谈到的蓝点网络（Blue Dot Network）的设想——该网络是美国、日本和澳大利亚的一项倡议，旨在根据经合组织和多边开发银行以及其他机构制定的现有标准对基础设施项目进行认证。经合组织的商业信任团队（Trust in Business team）和由经合组织帮助成立的、由 160 多名企业、公民社会和学术界代表组成的执行咨询小组（Executive Consultation Group）已经在加强蓝点网络未来使用的方法。
据经合组织估计，要实现不超过 2 摄氏度的抑制气温目标——我们现在知道这个目标还不够大——每年需要 6.9 万亿美元的基础设施投资，因此，我们看到未来在与经合组织加强合作方面存在着巨大的机会。
基础设施投资只是一个例子，它表明我们各国为避免这场危机必须采取果断的、有魄力的行动；它还代表了一个百年不遇的机会，一个刺激经济增长和创造高薪工作的机会。
但是，即使向绿色经济的过渡将带来整体就业机会的增加——我们相信如此——并非所有这些职位都会由在旧经济部门失去工作的人员填补。我们有义务确保所有的人共同受益。
为此，我必须谈到第三个挑战：不平等。数据清楚地表明：在我们的社会中，缺少资源的人口受大规模流行病和气候危机的影响最为严重。我们在美国就看到了这种情况，少数族裔的新冠肺炎死亡率比总体人口要高得多，加快的气候变化也对他们造成了更大的伤害。
因此，我们大家都担负着责任。几十年来，我们的成员国主要根据 GDP 和股市的增长来衡量经济成功——但这并不能反映千百万工薪家庭的实际状况。相反，前所未有的增长经常伴随着日益加剧的不平等。我们各国和世界各地的人们都希望实现更大的增长和更大的公平。经合组织可以帮助实现这一目标。
正如马蒂亚斯所言，一种方法是努力推进全球企业最低税率。这将使我们能够避免一场自我伤害的逐底竞争，在这场竞争中，各国竞相降低企业税率，结果却看到其他国家把税率降得更低。这场竞争已经持续了数十年——没有一个国家是赢家。相反，更低的税率不但没有达到招商引资的目的，反而剥夺了工人和公司进行公平竞争的环境。此外，这种做法使公司更容易逃避它们理应支付的公平税额。据经合组织估计，企业避税每年导致的财政收入损失在 1000 亿美元到 2400 亿美元之间。这些资金可以用于在教育、医疗保健和绿色基础设施方面对我们的社区投资。
共同的税收方法将结束这场竞赛，创造公平的竞争环境，稳定国际税收体系。它将促进国家之间的更大平等，使发展中国家更容易通过税收为重要发展日程提供资金。我们必须完成这项工作；我们必须共同完成这项工作。
经合组织还可以向我们展示，日益加剧的不平等实际上对我们所有的人造成伤害。美国正在为一系列举措提供资金，以扩大该组织的数据收集和分析能力，评估歧视造成的实际损失。
例如，我们正在资助经合组织的一项研究，以便了解我们各国通过提高对男女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者和间性者（LGBTI）的包容性可能产生的经济和社会净效益。我们的投资使经合组织能够扩大研究范围，收集和分析按种族和性别分类的数据。此前，经合组织在另一项重要研究中证明，增强妇女的权能会带来广泛的经济效益。例如，在过去 40 至 50 年间，丹麦、冰岛、挪威和瑞典的人均 GDP 年增长率中 10% 至 20% 源于女性就业增加。
这些努力的实质是这样一个认识，即，比以往任何时候而言，我们国家的真正财富不仅在于我们的自然资源，军事实力，地理幅员，我们自然资源的富饶，而是在于我们的人民，在于我们有能力充分释放出他们的潜力。
最后，我们面对为新型和新兴技术设置规则的挑战。我们必须确保技术进步被用来提升人民生活和促进人的自由，而不是被用来压制异己，加深不平等，或打击少数群体。例如，我们已经看到，用在从维护治安，到判处徒刑，到保释的预测算法有可能在美国加剧对黑人的偏见。
通过共同努力，我们能够帮助让我们的价值观和利益有助于形成新的数据道路规则。
仅想一下人工智能这个领域。我们在2019年联合支持的经合组织的人工智能原则（Principles on AI）——这是关于这个议题的第一套政府间原则——以及在2020年启动的全球人工智能伙伴关系（Global Partnership on AI），为世界奠定了在这方面进一步加强的基础。
就在上周，我与秘书长——对不起，与美国商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多 （Gina Raimondo），美国贸易代表戴琪 （Katherine Tai）——她现在也在巴黎这里——以及欧洲联盟的代表一道在匹兹堡举行了美国-欧盟贸易和技术委员会（U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council）有史以来的首次会议。
我们通过了一项有关人工智能的联合声明，它牢牢根植于经合组织2019年的建议，并强调了值得信赖的人工智能必须尊重人权和民主价值观的重要性。就在那几天以前，美国、澳大利亚、日本、印度——即四方合作伙伴（Quad）——承诺将人权和民主价值观纳入技术的设计、开发、管理和使用中。
我们正在与成员国进行的对谈突出表明了我们也必须以同样方式处理的一些其他关键技术问题，包括有关网络安全、数字资产，以及供应链安全保障的问题。我们期待与民主伙伴国家就经合组织对如何也能为塑造这些领域承担领导角色进行磋商。
在经合组织成立至今60周年之际，我们面临一个转折。
位于本机构核心的原则和我们的民主体制正在受到专制政府的挑战，声称他们的模式更好地满足人民的基本需要。其中有些政府正在积极力图破坏基于规则的秩序，而这种秩序一直是让我们国家一代代人安全和繁荣的根本。
利益攸关尤为严峻。
因此，经合组织的工作从未像现在这样重要。我们必须证明，我们的方针能够给人民带来更好的生活——在我们国家和在所有国家。从某种意义上说，这一点比过去任何时候都更公平。
让我们牢记我们民主模式的根本优势：开放。它让我们——和我们的公民——看见我们正在取得哪些成功和存在哪些不足。相互学习。自我究责。做得更好。
特别是，经合组织——通过它强大和客观的调研——帮助指出我们可以如何做得更好，识别出有利于更好生活的更好政策。
1947年，杜鲁门总统在美国国会为马歇尔计划（Marshall Plan）争取支持时，以当时刚成立不久的欧洲经济合作组织（OEEC）——经合组织的前身——为例，说明为什么与其他民主国家结成更紧密的关系符合美国的利益。他说：
“当来自有着各种民族、历史和建制的16个主权国家的代表共下决心，要在彼此间建立更紧密的经济纽带和与自我毁灭的狭隘民族主义决裂时，重建道路上的障碍显得相形见绌。”
我们如今有38个成员国，这意味着我们战胜这些障碍的集体力量更强大。美国致力于要看到这个组织不断发展壮大。我们准备与其他成员就如何前进建立共识，从而使与我们有共同的价值观和达到经合组织高标准的申请国可以朝成员方向努力。
无论我们面前的挑战多么艰难，当我们共同面对时，它们就不是那样不可一世。每一个挑战都带来一个为我们的人民效劳的机会：加强我们相互关联的公共健康；保护我们壮丽的星球，同时创造新型优酬工作岗位；扩展我们的经济，使之托起我们全体人民；运用新型技术，使之促进人类的进步和人权。如果我们不断一道努力找出最佳政策——同时继续立足于过去60年来一直指引着我们的共同价值观——我们能取得的成就将是无限的。
非常感谢各位（掌声）
欲查看原稿内容:  https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-oecd-opening-and-keynote-address/

REMARKS
ANTONY J. BLINKEN, SECRETARY OF STATE
OECD
PARIS, FRANCE
OCTOBER 5, 2021
SECRETARY BLINKEN: Well, good afternoon, and thank you all so much. Mathias, I must start by saying that to be linked to George Marshall is humbling, reminds me a little bit about how Allen & Rossi must have felt. And for those of you who don’t remember Allen & Rossi, that’s just the point. Americans in this audience may appreciate that they were the act that followed the Beatles on the Ed Sullivan Show many years ago. (Laughter.) But I do thank you, nonetheless.
And to you, Secretary-General, to all of our colleagues and especially to my good friends, Minister Eui-Yong, to Chung, to Minister Gramegna, thank you for the great work that has brought us to today and to this ministerial.
And if I could also just start with one quick point of personal reflection. I have a particular attachment to the OECD. Many years ago, when I was doing research on what became my college thesis, I came here to the OECD to go to the library, to talk to some of the experts, and I was like a kid in a candy shop, because there was so much here that helped inform that work, both in the incredible studies that have been done and some of the experts that I was given access to. And that thesis then turned into a book some years later, which is apparently still available on Amazon. (Laughter.) It’s called Ally Versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis. Let me warn anyone who tries to find it that one reviewer said that it’s the kind of book that, once put down, is very hard to pick up again. (Laughter.) But having said that, I thank the OECD these many years later for having provided so much thought and insight.
But we are here on a momentous day and occasion, the sixtieth anniversary of the OECD. And it gives us a chance to reflect on what’s changed since the organization’s inception, but also what has not.
So obviously, some of the challenges that we face today in cyber space, the climate crisis, they would have been inconceivable to the architects of this institution and the post-World War II order. And yet, the shared values at the core of the OECD and the reasons the world still needs this organization – in fact, I would argue needs it more than ever – remain constant.
We believe that our economic health is rooted in democracy, the rule of law, human rights, a commitment to open and transparent market economies.
The OECD’s influence has always been rooted in its ability to apply these shared principles to the most urgent challenges of the time, and to bring others along with us. Today is no different.
So what I’d like to do is focus on four significant challenges that we face now, and how the OECD can help address them.
The first, no surprise, is the COVID-19 pandemic. All of our countries have experienced the devastating losses, starting with the deaths of 4.8 million children, women, men – every single one of whom left loved ones behind. And our people have suffered the secondary blow of an economic crisis.
The OECD has provided us with critical data forecasting the economic impact of this crisis and elevated evidence-based strategies to build back better.
The OECD was among the first organizations to push for groups of countries to make advance purchases of vaccines, which allowed companies to double down on production. This is the approach we’ve used to get safe, effective vaccines to lower and middle-income countries through COVAX. And it will help us meet the commitment we made at the recent summit convened by President Biden during the UN General Assembly to fully vaccinate at least 70 percent of the population in 2022 – in every country, in every income category.
The second challenge is the climate crisis.
Every member state is experiencing extreme weather events, with cascading effects on virtually every aspect of our economies and our lives, from agriculture to infrastructure to public health to food security.
To prevent cataclysmic consequences, we have to take immediate, bold action to build resilience and adapt to the unavoidable impacts, while also moving with greater urgency to achieve a net-zero world. This is our shared charge, and that’s what we’re focused on for the COP26, which is just weeks away.
Together, OECD countries produce more than 28 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. We account for over 60 percent of world GDP. What we do – what we do will have a massive impact on our ability to meet our target of limiting global warming to under 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Our member states must model the behavior that we expect from others. That means adopting ambitious, nationally determined contributions to reduce emissions and invest in climate adaptation, moving swiftly to stop unabated coal emissions, ending investments in coal at home and abroad, and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies.
The OECD digital climate tracker will help hold us to our commitments by openly tracking our nations’ progress toward the goals that we set.
We’ve got to also embrace high standards around infrastructure investment, which elevate environmental and social sustainability alongside economic viability, transparency, inclusivity. That means designing and building ports, airports, roads, power grids, internet access, and other critical infrastructure in a way that significantly reduces carbon emissions, and ensures greater resilience in the face of climate change.
That’s the idea behind something we talked about a little earlier today, the Blue Dot Network – an initiative of the United States, Japan, and Australia to certify infrastructure projects based on existing standards developed by the OECD and multilateral development banks, along with others. The OECD’s Trust in Business team and the Executive Consultation Group of more than 160 representatives from business, from civil society, and academia that the OECD helped organize are already strengthening the methods that the Blue Dot Network will use.
With the OECD estimating that $6.9 trillion per year of infrastructure investment would be required to meet a 2 degrees Celsius scenario – a target we now know isn’t – not – is not ambitious enough – we see vast opportunities for greater collaboration with the OECD going forward.
Infrastructure investment is just one example of how the swift, bold actions our nations have to take to avert this crisis represent a once-in-generations opportunity to spur economic growth and create good paying jobs.
But even if the transition to a green economy produces an overall increase in jobs – which we believe it will – not all of those positions will be filled by workers who lost old jobs. We have an obligation to bring everyone along.
This brings me to the third challenge: inequity. The data are crystal clear: Both the pandemic and the climate crisis are hitting underserved populations in our society the hardest. We see this in the United States, where minority communities have suffered a much higher proportion of deaths from COVID-19, as well as greater harm from the accelerating impacts of climate change.
Now, we all bear some responsibility for this. For decades, our member countries measured economic success chiefly in terms of rising GDP and stock markets – which don’t reflect the reality of millions of working families. Instead, our unprecedented growth has frequently come with rising inequity. People in all our countries and around the world want greater growth and greater equity. The OEC – OECD, excuse me, can help deliver on that.
One way is by advancing efforts on a global corporate minimum tax rate, as Mathias discussed. This will allow us to avoid a self-defeating race to the bottom in which all of our countries have lowered our corporate tax rates, only to see others lower theirs in response. This race has gone on for decades – and no country has won it. Instead, lower tax rates have failed to attract new business and deprived workers and companies of a fair playing field in which to compete. What’s more, this approach has made it easier for companies to avoid paying their fair share. The OECD estimates that corporate tax avoidance costs anywhere from $100 billion to $240 billion every single year. These are resources that could be invested back into our communities on education, on health care, on green infrastructure.
A shared approach on taxation will end this race, level the playing field, stabilize the international tax system. And it will advance greater equity between nations, making it easier for developing countries to collect tax revenues and fund development priorities. We’ve got to get this done; we’ve got to get this done together.
The OECD can also show us how rising inequity actually hurts all of us. The United States is investing in a series of initiatives to expand the organization’s capacity to collect and analyze data that actually measures the cost of discrimination.
For example, we’re helping fund the OECD’s research on the likely net economic and social benefits of our countries enhancing the inclusion of LGBTI people. And we’re investing in expanding the OECD’s capacity to collect and analyze data that’s disaggregated by race and by gender. This will build on the OECD’s important research demonstrating the widespread economic benefits of economically empowering women. In Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, for example, increases in women’s employment accounted for 10 to 20 percent of average annual GDP per capita growth over the past 40 to 50 years.
At the heart of all these efforts is the recognition that, more than ever, the true wealth of our nations is found not only in our natural resources, the strength of our militaries, the expanse of our geography, our abundance in natural resources, but in our people, and in our capacity to fully unleash their potential.
Finally, we face the challenge of shaping the rules for new and emerging technologies. We must ensure that advances in technology are used to lift people up and advance human freedom – not suppress dissent, further entrench inequities, or target minority communities. For example, we’ve seen the way predictive algorithms from policing to prison sentencing to parole can reinforce bias against black people in the United States.
Together, we can help ensure our values and interests help shape the new digital rules of the road.
Consider just the field of artificial intelligence. Our joint support for the OECD’s Principles on AI back in 2019 – the first set of intergovernmental principles on the topic – and the launch of the Global Partnership on AI in 2020, laid a foundation for the world to build on.
Just last week, I joined the secretary-general of – excuse me, the United States Secretary of Commerce, Gina Raimundo; our U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai, who is here in Paris as well; and European Union representatives in Pittsburgh for the first-ever meeting of the U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council.
We adopted a joint statement on AI principles that’s firmly rooted in the OECD’s 2019 recommendation, underscoring the importance of trustworthy AI that respects human rights and democratic values. Just days before that, the United States, Australia, Japan, India – the so-called Quad – committed to integrating human rights and democratic values into the way technology is designed, developed, governed, and used.
Our ongoing conversations with members have highlighted other crucial technology issues that we have to address in a similar way – including those around cyber security, digital assets, supply chain security. We’re looking forward to consulting with our fellow democracies on how the OECD can play a leading role in shaping these spheres as well.
Sixty years since the founding of the OECD, we find ourselves at an inflection point.
The principles at the heart of this organization and our democracies are being challenged by authoritarian governments that argue that their model is better at meeting people’s basic needs. Some of these same governments are actively seeking to undermine the rules-based order that’s been fundamental to security and prosperity for our countries for generations.
The stakes simply could not be higher.
And so the work of the OECD has never been so important. We’ve got to prove that our approach can make life better for people – in our countries and in all countries. And in a way that’s more equitable than it’s been in the past.
Let’s remember the fundamental advantage of our democratic model: openness. It lets us – and our citizens – see where we’re succeeding and where we’re coming up short. To learn from each other. To hold ourselves accountable. To do better.
And the OECD in particular – through its rigorous, objective research – helps point out how we can do better, identifying better policies for better lives.
In 1947, when President Truman went before the United States Congress to make the case for the Marshall Plan, he held up the recently created OEEC – the forerunner of the OECD – as an example of why forging tighter bonds with fellow democracies was in America’s interest. He said, and I quote:
“When the representatives of 16 sovereign nations – with diverse peoples, histories, and institutions – jointly determine to achieve closer economic ties among themselves and to break away from the self-defeating actions of narrow nationalism, the obstacles in the way of recovery appear less formidable.”
We now number 38 member nations, which means our collective ability to surmount these obstacles is even greater. And the United States is committed to seeing the organization continue to grow stronger. We’re ready to work with fellow members to build consensus on a way forward, so applicant countries that share our values and meet the OECD’s high standards can pursue a path to membership.
No matter how significant the challenges we face, they are less formidable when we face them together. And every one of these challenges offers an opportunity to deliver for our people: to strengthen our interconnected public health; to sustain our majestic planet while creating new and good-paying jobs; to expand our economies in a way that lifts up all of our people; to harness new technologies in ways that advance human progress and human rights. If we continue to work together to find the best policies – while staying rooted in the shared values that have guided us for the last 60 years – there is no limit to what we can achieve.
Thank you so much. (Applause.)