白宫
华盛顿特区
2022年6月17日
今天，拜登总统将再次召集主要经济体能源和气候论坛（Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate）领导人会议，以激励采取有关行动，加强能源安全、增进全球粮食安全的健强性，并应对气候危机。这些行动在俄罗斯进一步入侵乌克兰之后变得更加刻不容缓，因为入侵行径扰乱了能源市场、给经济体造成价格上涨带来的压力，并使脆弱的国家受到严重粮食短缺的威胁。
今天的会议是拜登总统自就任以来主持的第三次主要经济体能源和气候论坛会议，世界领导人将提升雄心，并在美国率领下加入新的努力和行动计划，旨在应对气候危机，同时增进能源安全和粮食安全，其中包括：
组成能源和气候论坛的主要经济体总计约占全球GDP以及全球温室气体排放的80%。拜登总统于2021年4月和9月召集的主要经济体能源和气候论坛领导人级别的会议为格拉斯哥联合国气候变化大会（United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 26）所取得的进展作出了贡献，大会上的新承诺和计划让全世界大大接近于实现将升温控制在1.5摄氏度的限度。
主要经济体能源和气候论坛会议将继续拜登总统自格拉斯哥以来同有关领导人的持续接触，以进一步加速气候行动，包括最近举行的四方伙伴关系（Quad）会议、美国-东盟特别峰会（U.S.-ASEAN Special Summit）、印太经济繁荣框架（Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity）的发起以及这个月举行的美洲国家峰会（Summit of the Americas） 。
拜登总统将引述最近一轮国际科学评估对采取果断行动的时间越来越紧迫所作的迫切强调，敦促有关领导人加紧进行气候努力，并在今年11月定于埃及沙姆沙伊赫（Sharm el-Sheikh）举行的COP 27大会上进一步取得进展。他将强调指出由乌克兰危机引发的市场扰乱凸显了加快清洁能源转型的迫切性——以减轻气候和能源安全风险——并增强全球粮食系统的健强性。
为此，有几个国家预期将宣布新的2030年减排目标，作为他们根据《巴黎协议》（Paris Agreement）确定的国家自主贡献（NDC）的一部分，而且很多国家计划在COP 27举行之前增强他们目前的2030年国家自主贡献目标。有关领导人还将加入拜登总统在能源、运输和农业部门发起的集体努力，具体内容如下。
总统将强调指出，我们在共同努力削减排放时，还必须继续推动在适应力方面的进展。为此，拜登总统和埃及总统阿卜杜勒-法塔赫·塞西（Abdel Fattah El-Sisi）将宣布美国和埃及将合作开展一次非洲适应（Adaptation in Africa）活动，侧重于采取切实步骤以改善人民的生活并建设气候抗御力。
全球甲烷承诺全球通道：
通过捕集油气行业燃除、排气及泄漏的甲烷来增进能源安全并降低近期升温
全世界每年燃除、排气或泄漏的天然气总量相当于俄罗斯天然气年产量的三分之一以上。与此同时，国际能源机构（International Energy Agency）估计近一半的油气业的甲烷排放可被捕集和利用，而且没有净成本。甲烷排放占迄今为止的净升温的一半以上，迅速削减它们是避免近期升温的最有效的策略。油气行业采取更有力的行动是削减全球甲烷排放的最快、最节约成本的方式，可能能到本世纪中期避免近0.1摄氏度的升温——相当于消除整个公路运输业的温室气体排放。这些步骤具有双重惠益，仅仅通过捕集否则会被浪费的天然气并让它进入市场，就能够增加现有产量的全球天然气供给。
在2021年9月的主要经济体能源和气候论坛会议上，美国及欧盟邀请其他国家在COP 26上同他们一同发起全球甲烷承诺（Global Methane Pledge），到2030年将全球人为源甲烷排放降低到至少低于2020年排放水平的30%。今天，在全球甲烷承诺所取得的成果的基础上，美国和欧盟邀请各国加入新的全球甲烷承诺能源通道，以推动全球气候进展。全球甲烷承诺能源通道致力于鼓励所有国家在油气行业中把握节约成本的甲烷减排的最大潜力，并尽可能快地消除常规燃烧，而且不会晚于2030年。参与国家承诺支持这些努力，通过提供新的技术和金融资源，及/或增强国内项目和政策行动。这项行动计划将汇集全世界一些最重要的全球天然气生产商和消费者。为支持全球甲烷承诺能源通道，美国将通过全球甲烷行动计划（Global Methane Initiative）提供350万美元技术援助，并计划支持将试点拍卖机制（Pilot Auction Facility）剩余的至少150万美元转给世界银行全球减少天然气燃除伙伴关系（World Bank Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership）。
在国内，美国正在继续取得进展，在整个价值链中削减油气甲烷排放，支持美国天然气公司减排并为消费者节约成本。在2021年11月提出的新源性能标准和排放指针的基础上，环境保护署（Environmental Protection Agency）将于2022年发布一项补充拟议规则供公众评论，以削减来自新的和现有的油气设施的甲烷及其他气体排放。国内资源部（Department of Interior）正在评估削减有关在公共土地上生产的天然气的浪费性燃除和排气的新规章。运输部正在制定一套综合性的有关安全的规章，旨在削减天然气管道系统中的甲烷排放，该系统从与生产有关的集油管线，通过干线输送管道，延伸到地方配送管道。此外，根据跨党派基础设施法提供的新资金使运输部能够支出10亿美元用于更换不安全的、泄露的天然气配送管道。
清洁能源技术示范挑战：
集资900亿美元用于本十年优先重点示范项目
实现到2050年净零排放需要开发和扩大尚未投入商业使用的新型清洁技术。国际能源署的2050年净零（Net Zero by 2050）路线图指出，到2026年至少需要900亿美元公共投资来完成本十年的全球各地大型清洁能源技术示范项目。在本十年里对首批商业规模的转型技术示范项目进行投资将能够促成它们的大规模使用，从而到本世纪中期在各个经济行业实现全球净零排放，包括在重工业和长距离运输业。所针对的技术可以包括，例如，清洁氢能，二氧化碳清除，电网规模的能源存储，工业脱碳和碳捕集，先进核技术，先进燃料，以及下一代海上风电等。
在主要经济体能源和气候论坛会议上，总统将向其他国家发出挑战，请他们和美国一道支持达到国际能源署提出的900亿美元公共投资的集体目标。这些公共投资将调动更多私人投资，通过美国和世界经济论坛（World Economic Forum）发起的先行者联盟（First Movers Coalition），推动世界一些最大型公司已经在要求的创新技术。总统将邀请有兴趣的国家在前来出席美国9月份在匹兹堡召开的全球清洁能源行动论坛（Global Clean Energy Action Forum）上，宣布具体的投资规模和初步行动计划，并且明确他们将如何运用这些技术促进具有包容性的和公平的转型。
根据拜登总统签署的《两党基础设施法》（Bipartisan Infrastructure Law），美国将为最优先的重点清洁技术示范项目提供215亿美元。就在上周，总统动用《国防生产法》（Defense Production Act），推动用来产生清洁氢能的电解装置生产，能源部最近为建造世界上最大的清洁氢能储存设施之一提供了贷款担保。
2030年车辆零排放集体目标：
加速推广使用零排放车辆从而减少排放和对波动的石油市场的依赖
实现净零排放将要求包括交通运输在内的其他行业作出重大转型。要使维持1.5摄氏度的限度成为可能，全球零排车市场在2030年以前的销售必须达到至少50%是新型轻型车。在一些先进经济体，交通运输是单一最大的排放行业，而购买车辆正在使许多发展中经济体的排放迅速上升。
加快使用零排车还将有利于减少对石油的依赖，从而增进能源安全，使经济体免遭由地缘政治和其他供应干扰带来的价格波动。加快使用零排车也可减少普通污染物的排放，从而增进公众健康。
在汽车制造商、劳工和州政府的支持下，拜登总统今年早些时候为零排车——包括电池车、燃料电池车和插电式混合动力车——制定了目标，即到2030年使新型轻型车销售在美国占50%。在主要经济体能源和气候论坛，总统将邀请参与成员加入美国，把在2030年做到50%零排车作为一个集体目标。通过在主要市场加快行动，这个集体目标将有助于加速全球汽车行业的完全转型。其他国家应邀在为COP 27努力的过程中加入这个零排车目标。
为了在美国推进这一目标，环境保护署和运输部密切合作，已经确定了到2026年底的更严格的车辆标准，并且正在制定至少到2030年的更具雄心的标准。拜登政府还将实施《两党基础设施法》，动用75亿美元资助建造全国电动车充电网，另用70多亿美元建立国内强有力的电池供应链，同时创造优质工作。
绿色航运挑战：
催生本十年行动使海洋运输去碳化
航运业的排放既严重，也在不断增加，趋势与《巴黎协议》格格不入。如果航运也是一个“国家”，它会是世界第八大排放国。在COP26大会上，许多国家认识到减少航运排放的紧迫性，加入了《2050年航运零排放宣言》（Declaration on Zero Emission Shipping by 2050）和《克莱德班克宣言》（Clydebank Declaration），支持建立绿色航运走廊。美国也将宣布，美国将与挪威和丹麦一道共同引领创新使命（Mission Innovation）的零排航运研究使命（Zero-Emission Shipping research Mission）。美国和帕劳最近共同主持的“我们的海洋大会”（Our Ocean Conference）对航运去碳化作出进一步跟进努力。
为扩大这些努力，美国和挪威将宣布为COP 27发起绿色航运挑战（Green Shipping Challenge）。这项倡议鼓励各国政府、港口、海运公司、货主以及航运价值链中的其他方面拿出具体措施，帮助使国际航运业在本十年走上一条可行之路，致力于不迟于2050年做到完全去碳化。这些措施可以包括，例如，生产零排放燃料；开发零排放加油和充电能力；使用低排放或零排放船只；为绿色航运走廊建立或提供金融和技术支持。拜登总统将邀请有关领导人表述他们对绿色航运挑战的支持，并在COP 27的倡议中宣布具体行动。
全球肥料挑战：
通过提高肥料效率和采用替代方法加强粮食安全和减少农业排放
俄罗斯对乌克兰的进一步入侵使全球粮食系统受到冲击，从而表明粮食系统是多么脆弱，易受干扰。小麦和肥料价格在一些地区上涨了40%以上，加剧了全球对缺少粮食保障的担忧。即使在入侵之前，粮食和肥料价格已经由于新冠疫情、气候影响、武装冲突以及供应链承受力差等一系列因素的影响而上涨。如果不采取措施使粮食系统更健强，气候对粮食安全的冲击将继续导致粮食匮乏和生活困苦。
在许多低收入国家，无法获得肥料影响到农业生产力，而在多数主要经济体中，50%以上的肥料无法抵达服务对像作物。如将全球肥料损失和浪费减少10%，则可提供比所有非洲国家使用的无机肥料总和还多的肥料。此外，氮肥生产消耗全球天然气供应的4%；在短期内提高肥效和在中期内向更可负担的替代方式过渡，将减少对天然气的依赖。采取措施更多地使用新型、替代和有效的肥料及耕种方法将缓解对肥料和天然气供应的压力，使肥料供应更充足，降低一氧化氮的释放，并减少全球粮食紧张。
近几个月里，作为增强农业和粮食供应链复原力的持续努力之一，美国成立了一个5亿美元项目，支持新型和可持续的美国肥料生产，并加强了对农民使用精准农耕和其他技术手段的支持，以提高施肥效率。
为激发更广泛的努力，拜登总统将邀请其他国家与美国一道发起全球肥料挑战（Global Fertilizer Challenge），在COP 27以前征集1亿美元新资金。全球肥料挑战将支持创新研究、示范并提供培训，帮助肥料使用量和损失量大的国家采用有效率的养分管理和替代肥料及种植系统。它将联合气候农业创新使命（Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate）共同实施，该使命现已包含200多个政府和非政府合作伙伴。
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欲查看原稿内容:  https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/17/fact-sheet-president-biden-to-galvanize-global-action-to-strengthen-energy-security-and-tackle-the-climate-crisis-through-the-major-economies-forum-on-energy-and-climate/
本译文仅供参考，只有英文原稿才可以被视为权威资料来源。

FACT SHEET: President Biden to Galvanize Global Action to Strengthen Energy-Security and Tackle the Climate Crisis through the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate

JUNE 17, 2022•STATEMENTS AND RELEASES
President Biden today will reconvene leaders of the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate (MEF) to galvanize actions that will strengthen energy security, enhance the resilience of global food security, and tackle the climate crisis.  These actions are all the more urgent following Russia’s further invasion of Ukraine, which has disrupted energy markets, strained economies with rising prices, and threatened vulnerable countries with severe food shortages.
At today’s meeting, President Biden’s third MEF convening since taking office, world leaders will raise ambition and, following U. S. leadership, join new efforts and initiatives aimed at tackling the climate crisis while advancing energy security and food security, including:
The major economies that compose the MEF together account for roughly 80 percent of global GDP and global greenhouse gas emissions.  Leader-level MEF meetings convened by President Biden in April and September 2021 contributed to the progress achieved at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow (COP 26), where new commitments and initiatives brought the world much closer to keeping a 1.5-degree Celsius limit on warming within reach.
The MEF meeting will continue President Biden’s consistent engagement with leaders since Glasgow to further accelerate climate action, including at the recent meeting of the Quad, the U.S.-ASEAN Special Summit, the launch of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity, and this month’s Summit of the Americas.
Citing a recent round of international scientific assessments urgently underscoring the narrowing window for decisive action, President Biden will urge leaders to step up their climate efforts and to achieve further progress at COP 27 this November in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.  He will emphasize that the market disruptions triggered by the Ukraine crisis underscore the urgency of accelerating the clean energy transition — to alleviate both climate and energy security risks — and enhancing the resilience of the global food system.
To this end, several countries are expected to announce new 2030 emission targets as part of their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, with many intending to strengthen their existing 2030 NDC targets before COP 27.  Leaders will also join collective efforts launched by President Biden across the energy, transportation and agriculture sectors, as described below.
The President will underscore that as we come together to reduce emissions, we must also continue to drive progress on adaptation.  To this end, President Biden and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi will announce that the United States and Egypt will partner on an Adaptation in Africa event, focusing on tangible steps to improve people’s lives and build climate resilience.
GLOBAL METHANE PLEDGE ENERGY PATHWAY:
Increasing Energy Security and Reducing Near-Term Warming by Capturing Flared, Vented, and Leaked Methane in the Oil and Gas Sector
Every year, the world flares, vents, or leaks an amount of natural gas equivalent to over one-third of Russia’s annual gas production.  At the same time, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that nearly half of the oil and gas sector’s methane emissions can be captured and utilized at no net cost.  Methane emissions account for nearly half of net warming to date, and rapidly reducing them is the most effective strategy to avoid near-term warming.  Stronger action in the oil and gas sector is the fastest and most cost-effective way to cut global methane emissions, with the potential to avoid nearly 0.1-degree C of warming by mid-century—equivalent to eliminating the greenhouse gas emissions of the entire road transport sector.  These steps have the dual benefit of increasing global gas supplies from existing production, simply by capturing gas that is otherwise wasted and bringing it to market.
At the September 2021 MEF meeting, the United States and the European Union invited other countries to join them at COP 26 in launching the Global Methane Pledge (GMP) to reduce global anthropogenic methane emissions at least 30 percent below 2020 levels by 2030.  And today, building on the success of the GMP, the United States and the European Union invited countries to join the new GMP Energy Pathway, to advance global progress on climate and energy security.  The GMP Energy Pathway aims to encourage all nations to capture the maximum potential of cost-effective methane mitigation in the oil and gas sector, and to eliminate routine flaring as soon as possible, and no later than 2030.  Participating countries commit to support these efforts by providing new technical and financial resources and/or by enhancing domestic project and policy action.  The initiative will bring together some of the most significant global gas producers and consumers in the world.  To support the GMP Energy Pathway, the United States will provide $3.5 million in technical assistance through the Global Methane Initiative, and intends to support a transfer of at least $1.5 million remaining in the Pilot Auction Facility to the World Bank Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership.
Domestically, the U.S. is continuing its progress in reducing oil and gas methane emissions across the value chain, supporting American gas companies in cutting emissions and saving consumer costs.  Building upon the new source performance standards and emissions guidelines proposed in November 2021, the Environmental Protection Agency will issue a supplemental proposed rule for public comment in 2022 to reduce methane and other air emissions from new and existing oil and gas facilities.  The Department of Interior is evaluating new regulations to reduce the wasteful flaring and venting of gas produced on public lands.  The Department of Transportation is developing a comprehensive set of safety-related regulations that aim to reduce methane emissions from gas pipeline systems that stretch from production-related gathering lines, through trunk line transmission pipelines, and into local distribution pipelines.  In addition, new funding provided under the Bipartisan Infrastructure law is enabling the Department of Transportation to spend $1 billion on replacing unsafe and leaking gas distribution pipelines.
CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES DEMONSTRATION CHALLENGE:
Raising $90 Billion for High-Priority Demonstration Projects This Decade
Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 requires developing and scaling innovative clean technologies not yet commercially available.  The IEA’s Net Zero by 2050 roadmap identifies at least $90 billion in public investments needed by 2026 for large-scale clean energy technology demonstration projects around the world to be completed this decade.  Investing in the first several commercial-scale demonstrations of transformative technologies during this decade will enable their large-scale deployment to achieve global net-zero emissions by midcentury in every sector of the economy, including heavy industry and long-distance transport.  Targeted technologies could include, for example, clean hydrogen, carbon dioxide removal, grid-scale energy storage, industrial decarbonization and carbon capture, advanced nuclear, advanced clean fuels, and next-generation offshore wind.
At the MEF meeting, the President will challenge other countries to join the United States in supporting a collective goal to reach the $90 billion in public investment recommended by the IEA.  These public investments will leverage additional private investments and advance innovative technologies already in demand by the world’s largest companies through the First Movers Coalition launched by the United States and the World Economic Forum.  The President will invite interested countries to come prepared to announce specific investment levels at the Global Clean Energy Action Forum that the United States is hosting this September in Pittsburgh, along with preliminary action plans identifying how they will deploy these technologies to promote an inclusive and equitable transition.
Under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law signed by President Biden, the United States is devoting $21.5 billion to high-priority clean technology demonstration projects.  And just last week the President invoked the Defense Production Act to boost manufacturing of electrolyzers that will be used to produce clean hydrogen and the Department of Energy recently issued a loan guarantee to construct one of the world’s largest clean hydrogen storage facilities.
COLLECTIVE 2030 ZERO-EMISSION VEHICLE GOAL:
Reducing Emissions and Dependence on Volatile Oil Markets by Accelerating Zero-Emission Vehicle Deployment
Achieving net zero will require a profound transformation of other sectors, including transportation.  To keep a 1.5 C limit within reach, the global market share of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) must reach at least 50 percent of new light-duty vehicle sales by 2030.  In some advanced economies, transportation is the single-largest emitting sector and vehicle purchases are causing rapid emissions growth in many developing economies.
Accelerating the deployment of ZEVs will also have the additional benefit of reduced oil dependence — enhancing energy security and insulating economies from price volatility driven by geopolitical and other supply disruptions.  Accelerated ZEV deployment will also improve public health by reducing emissions of conventional pollutants.
With the support of automakers, labor, and states, President Biden earlier this year set a goal of ZEVs – including battery electric, fuel cell electric, and plug-in hybrid vehicles – achieving 50 percent of all new light-duty U.S. vehicle sales in 2030.  At the MEF, the President will invite participants to join the United States in a collective goal of 50 percent ZEVs by 2030.  By accelerating action in key markets, this collective goal will help speed a fully global transformation of the automotive sector.  Other countries are invited to join the ZEV deployment goal on the road to COP 27.
To advance this goal in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Transportation have, working closely together, finalized stronger vehicle standards through 2026 and are now considering ambitious standards to at least 2030.  The Biden Administration is also implementing the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to deploy $7.5 billion in funding for a national network of electric vehicle chargers and more than $7 billion to build a strong domestic battery supply chain and create high-quality jobs.
GREEN SHIPPING CHALLENGE:
Catalyzing Action This Decade to Decarbonize Ocean-Based Shipping
Emissions from the shipping sector are significant, rising, and on a trajectory incompatible with the goals of the Paris Agreement.  If shipping were a “country,” it would be the world’s eighth-largest emitter.  At COP 26, many countries, recognizing the urgency of reducing emissions from the shipping sector, joined the Declaration on Zero Emission Shipping by 2050 and the Clydebank Declaration supporting the establishment of green shipping corridors.  The United States also announced in 2021 that it is co-leading the Zero-Emission Shipping research Mission in Mission Innovation together with Norway and Denmark.  Further efforts on shipping decarbonization followed at the recent Our Ocean Conference co-hosted by the United States and Palau.
To build on these efforts, the United States and Norway will announce the launch of a Green Shipping Challenge for COP 27.  This initiative encourages governments, ports, maritime carriers, cargo owners, and others in the shipping value chain to come forward with concrete steps that will help put the international shipping sector on a credible pathway this decade toward full decarbonization no later than 2050.  These could include, for example, steps to produce zero-emission fuels; develop zero-emission bunkering and recharging capabilities; deploy low- or zero-emission vessels; and create, or provide financial and technical support for, green shipping corridors.  President Biden will invite leaders to express their support for the Green Shipping Challenge and to announce specific actions under the initiative at COP 27.
GLOBAL FERTILIZER CHALLENGE:
Strengthening Food Security and Reducing Agriculture Emissions by Advancing Fertilizer Efficiency and Alternatives 
Russia’s further invasion of Ukraine has shocked the global food system, showing just how vulnerable it is to disruption.  Wheat and fertilizer prices have increased more than 40 percent in some regions, exacerbating food insecurity concerns globally.  Even before the invasion, food and fertilizer prices were rising as a result of the combined effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate-related impacts, armed conflicts, and low supply-chain resilience.  Climate-driven food security shocks will continue to cause food scarcity and suffering if steps are not taken to increase food system resilience.
Inability to access fertilizer hampers agricultural productivity in many low-income countries, while in most major economies, more than 50 percent of fertilizers do not reach the intended crop.  A 10 percent reduction in global fertilizer loss and waste would free up more than the total amount of mineral fertilizer used by all African countries.  In addition, nitrogen fertilizer production consumes up to 4 percent of global natural gas supply; increasing fertilizer efficiency in the short term and transitioning to more affordable alternatives in the medium term will reduce natural gas dependence.  Steps to increase the adoption of innovative, alternative, and efficient fertilizer and cropping practices will alleviate pressure on fertilizer and natural gas supplies, increase fertilizer availability, lower nitrous oxide emissions, and reduce food insecurity globally.
In recent months, as part of a continuing effort to add resilience to the agriculture and food supply chains, the United States has established a $500 million program to support innovative and sustainable U.S. fertilizer production and has strengthened support to farmers for the use of precision agriculture and other techniques to improve fertilizer use efficiency.
To spur broader efforts, President Biden will invite countries to join the United States in launching the Global Fertilizer Challenge with the goal of raising $100 million in new funding by COP 27.  The Global Fertilizer Challenge will support innovative research, demonstrations, and training to help countries with high fertilizer usage and loss adopt efficient nutrient management and alternative fertilizers and cropping systems.  It will be implemented in partnership with the Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate, which now has over 200 government and non-government partners.
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